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Gossypin protects primary cultured rat cortical cells from oxidative stress- and beta-amyloid-induced toxicity.
The present study investigated the effects of gossypin, 3,3',4',5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone 8-glucoside, on the toxicity induced by oxidative stress or beta-amyloid (Abeta) in primary cultured rat cortical cells. The antioxidant properties of gossypin were also evaluated by cell-free assays. Gossypin was found to inhibit the oxidative neuronal damage induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase or by a glutathione depleting agent, D,L-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine. In addition, gossypin significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta(25-35). Furthermore, gossypin dramatically inhibited lipid peroxidation initiated by Fe2+ and ascorbic acid in rat brain homogenates. It also exhibited potent radical scavenging activity generated from 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. These results indicate that gossypin exerts neuroprotective effects in the cultured cortical cells by inhibiting oxidative stress- and Abeta-induced toxicity, and that the antioxidant properties of gossypin may contribute to its neuroprotective actions. | 2023-09-21T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3647 |
"'I'm Philippa Perry." "'I've been a psychotherapist for 20 years and now I've achieved my lifelong ambition 'of becoming an agony aunt." "'In this programme I'll explore the problem page's enduring 'appeal to everyone from 17th-century men 'to 1970s teenagers.'" "Any lumpy envelopes, you were very cautious, because they tended to contain bits of body parts." "'I'll pick my way through three centuries of advice on 'broken hearts, cheating partners and adolescent angst 'to uncover a revealing portrait of our social history." "'I'll immerse myself in the world 'of agony aunts and uncles and find them fighting 'on the front line of the battle of the sexes...'" "Women think that willies are more complicated creatures than they are." "'.." "And leading a revolution in social attitudes.'" ""This lady wishes to know, 'What is a blow job?" "'"" "I said, "Leave it to me."" "'And I'll discover just what 'makes other people's problems so irresistible.'" "'Denise Robertson is proof that the nation's 'agony aunts are still in huge demand.'" "OK, so he has said he wants to leave?" "Is he physically abusive?" "Oh." "OK, then." "So what is it that you want to ask Denise today?" "How can you help him?" "She's kept her place on the This Morning sofa for over a quarter of a century and remains as busy as ever." " I want to get straight on to the phone." " We've got Sarah there." " Hello, Sarah." " You've been married for over 20 years, and since the kids left home it's just been the two of you and there's nothing there." "The only..." "Denise conforms to all our stereotypes about what an agony aunt is." "She's older, wiser and is full of common sense and gives the answer that you sort of expect to hear and want to hear." "If you ever were happy, then it's worth exploring whether you can get that happiness back again." "Find out if there's any mileage left in the marriage before you decide to go." "If you..." "Good advice is what you know anyway and might not have put into words." "Well, Denise certainly puts it into words." "'TV agony aunts like Denise may be a relatively recent 'phenomenon, but advice columnists 'have been around a lot longer than one might imagine." "'The problem page began life 'in the coffee shops of late-17th-century London." "'Aside from their wheeling and dealing, gentlemen readers 'still found time to revel in other people's agony." "'The earliest advice columns proved unputdownable because, 'just as today, they were the perfect place 'to confess unsavoury secrets.'" ""Dear sir, I addicted myself to a most grievous sin." ""Although I refrain from the commission of it when I am" ""awake, in my dreams I commit it and take pleasure in it." ""I desire your opinion whether it is still a sin."" "The very first agony aunt wasn't an aunt at all, he was an uncle." "John Dunton, a London bookseller, in 1691 founded the country's first problem page, the Athenian Mercury, a periodical made up entirely of questions and answers." "But what made Dunton's invention so brilliant was that he hit upon an idea that was a founding principle of problem pages ever since, that the questioner remain anonymous." "To help him in his pioneering work, Dunton founded the Athenian Society, a panel of the great and the good - all men, naturally - who passed down their judgment on readers' problems." "You have figures seated behind a table." "There's supposed to be 12 of them, which of course conjures up the idea of a jury or perhaps the 12 disciples." "And in the centre you have John Dunton, who is the publisher." "He is gathering up the questions that men and women are sending to him and his friends in a coffee house." "On the right we have John Norris, who was a Cambridge mathematician." "And on his left we have Samuel Wesley, who was an Anglican clergyman." "But in fact they are the only three real people here." "All of the rest of the Athenian Society are fictitious." "So basically, it's John Dunton and a couple of mates in a coffee shop." "But the way he's promoting it, it's a very canny marketing ploy, isn't it?" "It is." "And it captures something of the spirit of the times." "And it becomes a really national phenomenon." "People send in questions from all over the country." "And underneath them, what's this lot supposed to represent?" "So, this is the kind of mass of ordinary labouring people, men and women." "But this is definitely a picture of disorder among the lower orders." "So you have the woman, and she's trying to stab her husband, and he's crying "Help, help, noble Athenians"." "What sort of questions were they answering?" "I mean, really, there were no holds barred." "I think we might be surprised at how frank people could be in the 1690s about everyday life and their problems with love and courtship and relationship questions." "We have a lady here who's asking," ""Where is the likeliest place to get a husband in?"" "Where should she go to find a man?" "I really want to know." "Yes, well, they do recommend that," ""Tis likeliest place to get a lover where there are the fewest women." ""And accordingly, if she'll venture to ship herself" ""to some of the plantations by the next fleet," ""if she's but anything marketable ten to one," ""but one or another there will save her longing."" " Right." " And this is what some women were doing, they were going off and forging new families overseas." "And it's said that if you want a man, the best place to go is Alaska." " Even today." " Today, yes." "And then you get these wonderful questions that children might ask about everyday occurrences." "So, there's one here about a horse, why a horse with a round fundament emits a square excrement." "Is it so?" "Is a horse's excrement really square?" "It makes you look twice!" "And then it goes into a great, long, quasi-scientific discussion" " about the oblong cakes." " Oh!" "People were quite upfront, really, about bodily functions." "So I see in this one." ""Sphincter, anus, orifice."" "It's all coming out in the horse's, erm, excrement question." "There's no squeamishness." "That's a really interesting feature of the 17th century, I think." "We tend to think these days that problem pages are a very female-dominated area." "This is one of the really remarkable things, that in the late 1600s you had this periodical where women and men were thought to be interested in questions relating to domestic life and to happiness and to love and sex and marriage," "and as many men were writing in as women with those sorts of questions." "'In the 18th century, there was an explosion in printing, 'as Britain's rising prosperity created an insatiable demand 'for newspapers and magazines." "'Well-to-do readers had a vast array of new periodicals to choose from, 'and many of them featured the tried and tested formula 'of a problem page." "'Whether the questions came from men or women, the subject of 'relations with the opposite sex remained a perennial favourite." "'A few hundred years on, the 18th-century answers 'may be showing their age, but many of the problems 'are timeless, so I want to put a few of them 'to a modern agony uncle.'" ""I have a great mind to be rid of my wife." ""Never was man so enamoured as I was of her fair forehead, neck and arms." ""But, to my great astonishment," ""I find they were all the effect of art." ""When she wakes in the morning, she scarce seems young enough" ""to be the mother of her whom." ""I carried to bed the night before."" ""What would you advise?"" "He... was very naive, this man." "Er, I mean, you know, she must be caked in make-up." "She must be wearing so much of it," "I mean in that to the point where you'd suspect she's a man," " not just an old lady." " But everything was by candlelight." "So you could probably get away with a lot more." " No daytime dates." " Yeah, yeah, yeah." "I suppose it is that thing, you know, if you buy a miniature poodle and it grows into a dachshund, you'll never love it quite as much as you would have the miniature poodle." "You have been sold a pup." "But also here's the thing, agony aunts and uncles across time immemorial, they're not always right." "Because who knows if you're right?" "You're in an odd position, because you're meddling in strangers' lives and you're judging a whole situation from one side, you're not getting both sides of the story." "You try to imagine what else is going on in-between the lines and outside." "And do you worry a lot about the advice you give, whether it's right or it's wrong?" "Sometimes." "Look, sometimes I don't, because who cares, really, you know, because the problem is sort of like, "Duh!" "Really?" "You're writing to me?"" "Do you think being a man makes any difference to being an agony aunt?" "With women, you can give them a male perspective on this, because I think women overthink men far too much and they think that men are thinking when they're not, they're just doing." "Most men get into trouble through their wallet or their willy." "Yeah, willies do lead their poor owners astray rather a lot." "They really, really do." "That's the problem." "I think women think that willies are more complicated creatures than they are." "So don't feel TOO bad when it ends up somewhere else." " Oh, really?" " Well, you will feel bad." "Of course, you're devastated." "But..." "And trust is the worst..." " ..thing, I mean to try and rebuild trust." " Yeah, yeah." "I never know, really, what to tell people." "I just always kind of go, "Well, maybe over time."" "But really I'm thinking, "Nah." "That trust is not coming back."" "'In the 17th and 18th centuries, agony aunts and uncles addressed 'the concerns of a small elite with the money to spend on magazines, 'but in the 19th century, cheaper printing and the growth 'of the middle classes brought their columns to a massive new audience." "'These upwardly mobile new readers were desperate to learn the 'do's and don'ts of polite society and turned to the Victorian 'advice columnists as the arbiters of good taste.'" ""Madam, the expense of white kid gloves is ruining me," ""as they grow dirty so quickly." ""Would it be a great offence against etiquette" ""to wear black lace mitts instead?"" "Publishers like Samuel Beeton, husband of the original domestic goddess, Mrs Beeton, were quick to take advantage of this new middle-class market." "In 1852, Beeton launched the Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, the first cheap monthly magazine aimed at the same housewives who lapped up his wife's recipes for steamed pudding." "'Beeton was the magazine's editor and agony uncle, answering the 'usual queries about manners and morals." "'But these problem-page standards were subverted by certain 'letters which took a far darker turn.'" "And you get things like, "How do I get rid of my blackheads?"" ""What's the best kind of shampoo for greasy hair?"" ""What colours should I wear if I've got brown hair?"" "And I understand that in 1867 the problems took a different turn." "Yeah, so in 1867 something called the corset controversy started with quite an innocent letter from a lady from Edinburgh." "She sent her daughter away to school and didn't see her for quite a long time, and when she saw her again her daughter had been tight-laced, which is put into an extremely tight corset to alter the figure permanently." "And she was really annoyed that this had been done without her permission." "And this kind of started a huge, huge series of letters that went on for at least two years, almost every month people saying that they were either for or against corsets." "And mostly, it had to be said, they were for them." "So, in the very next month, you get this letter from somebody who calls themselves Staylace, because everyone has a pseudonym in this." "And she, presuming it's a woman, is very, very pro tight-lacing." "And she goes on to say, "To me, the sensation of being tightly laced" ""in a pair of elegant, well-made, tightly fitting corsets is superb," ""and I've never felt any evil to arise therefrom." ""I rejoice in quite a collection of these much-abused" ""objects, in silk, satin and coutil of every style and colour."" "I'm a little bit suspicious that this was not from a lady." "I've got a feeling this is from a gentleman who was turned on by the Edinburgh letter and now feels that this is like a confessional of his very, very private life..." " Yeah." " .." "Because he's obviously a transvestite, and he's enjoying the display he's getting through these pages." "I mean, that's just my theory, obviously." "Yeah." "Well, it's very possible, and it gave you the ability to air your most private thoughts under a pseudonym." "You quite often get men writing in saying," ""I'm very interested in the corset question." "Can you tell me more?"" "I bet you did!" "So, was that a one-off?" "Or did this type of sort of going over into sort of male fantasy happen ever again?" "It did, actually, and in 1870 there was a controversy that was even more strong." "Uh-oh." "I dread to think." "It started out being about whether it was right or wrong to whip your children, and it quickly got into quite dark avenues." "The letter starts here and it's somebody called, "A rejoicer in the" ""restoration of the rod"." "So it kind of starts off saying there's a great need for there to be kind of more discipline, and it essentially moves on to a very, very detailed description of a school in Kentish Town." ""She then laid the cane aside, and when he had taken off his" ""trousers and had tucked his shirt, at her bidding, under his waistcoat" ""and laid himself across the little bed with his person bare, she told" ""him that she should birch him now, for refusing to obey her orders."" "So..." "Ooh!" " It kind of go..." " It goes into that detail, doesn't it, that kind of shows that he is getting off on this?" "Yeah, and, I mean, this is one of the most disturbing ones, I think." "But some of them talk about things like tying a 17-year-old girl's hands to a peg on the wall so that you could beat her." "And it starts getting very kind of sexualised and weird." " It's making me feel a bit sick, actually." " It's really not nice." "So, what's going on here?" "This is a polite magazine for English women, English ladies, and it seems to be taken over by men who..." "Well, it's getting a bit pornographic, I think." "It's obvious that some of the people found it quite uncomfortable, because you get some letters, and people have written in saying," ""I used to lend this magazine to my friends, but now I don't" ""really feel comfortable doing so because of some of the content"." "In fact, people got kind of so upset about the fact that these letters were appearing that Samuel Beeton decided that he was going to separate them out from the main magazine, and he published them in a supplement instead, which you could buy separately." "On the title page it says, "Letters addressed to the editor of the." ""Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine" " "on the whipping of girls"." " Oh, my goodness." "Is this still pretending it's asking for rules to how to discipline your children and servants?" "There are genuine concerns amongst the blatant pornography, to us." "I'm actually quite annoyed, really, that men seem to have hijacked this women's magazine." "And I think they're using the unwitting woman as part of their audience." "They're getting off on the idea of women reading this and not knowing what's going on." "It's a form of abuse, really." "Yeah, I think that's what makes it so kind of weirdly transgressive, that it's in this kind of very innocent problem page and that when they were initially being published, it was in-between somebody writing in" "about what shampoo was the best to use and how to cook a salmon." "When I used to volunteer for a telephone helpline, we used to get a lot of calls from transvestites, many of whom were genuinely worried about their compulsion." "But a few just telephoned in to tell the telephone operator what they were wearing, how sharp their heels were, how big their hair was." "And I think that's not unlike the Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine." "I think a lot of those people that wrote in did so not only for the anonymity but also for the audience." "Aside from the occasional interloper, agony aunts have long been the last resort of young women with very genuine questions that nobody else could answer." "In comparison to the tight-laced Victorians, the flappers of the new century looked like thoroughly modern misses, but when it came to the birds and the bees, they were just as clueless as their predecessors." ""Dear Mrs Marriott," ""I'm getting married shortly and have asked my mother to tell me" ""the intimate facts of life." ""She says I am thoroughly nasty and morbid " and shall find out soon enough." "Can you help?"" "At one time, agony aunts really were the keepers of secret knowledge." "They were this source of answers to a whole list of unmentionable problems." "But far from breaking taboos, agony aunts kept their secrets, because the replies to this sort of question were kept private." "They were only given via the stamped, addressed envelope." "Ignorant Betty was one of the lucky ones." "She will have got her answer." "But the other readers, they will have been left in the dark." "'In the 19th century, agony aunts had become the trusted confidantes 'of the middle classes, but in the new century 'they gained true mass-market appeal." "'Newspapers looking to increase their circulation introduced problem 'pages to attract more female readers." "'The Daily Mirror was the first national paper to do so, in 1935, 'and others soon followed suit." "'The Mirror's agony aunt was the American Dorothy Dix, whose 'column was syndicated internationally in 300 'newspapers and boasted a readership of 60 million." "'Until now, agony aunts had been largely anonymous, but Dix 'was a new type of aunt and a major personality in her own right." "'And although newspaper advice columns were 'aimed at female readers, they were to prove just as popular with men." "'In the two decades after the end of the First World War, universal suffrage and improving job prospects brought women new 'opportunities and new expectations of a life that offered 'more than marriage and motherhood." "'But the problem pages of the period 'reveal that a generation of young men were left bemused and bewildered 'by this new mood of female independence." "'The discovery of an agony aunt's reply to just such a letter 'from 16-year-old Len Tebbutt sparked his daughter's interest in 'the advice columns of the inter-war years.'" "It's a little bit fragile." "Oh, goodness." "And what is the advice?" "Fairly practical, actually." "He'd clearly been writing to a girl that he'd got a bit of a crush on and she'd not been writing back to him for several months." "And her advice was that he was unlikely to get any satisfaction by just continuing writing to her." "So, it was fairly, you know, down to earth." "I think, you know, there's not much chance of this going anywhere further, really." "He must have taken the advice, because here you are." "So he must have gone on to pastures new and got better luck next time." "That was quite a long time later, I think, because he would have been about 16, I think, which is an interesting period of transition, when boys are beginning to get more interested in girls." "I kind of thought that agony columns were a sort of female domain." "I didn't realise that men used them so much." "Well, I think in those sorts of boys' cultures there was a great fear of having your leg pulled." "You know, talking about personal matters, it was kind of opening yourself up in ways that would make you look weak." "So writing to somebody who was very distant could offer an anonymous form of advice, could be very, you know, very attractive." "They speak a lot of kind of being shy, being unconfident, not being able to understand why women or girls weren't necessarily interested in them, how to make a first move, how to sort of break off a relationship, all those sorts of things." "This is from the Manchester Evening News." "The column was called The Voice Of Experience, and this is called." ""No appreciation from her"." ""For two years I have been friendly with a girl who is always" ""telling me of the wonderful times she had before she met me." ""I'm not in a position to give her much, and when I ask her if she" ""is happy with me, she puts me off with a flippant, 'Oh, I'm all right'." ""And sometimes she says it so curtly that it hurts my feelings."" " Oh, dear!" " "I do my best to give her an enjoyable time," ""but what a difference a little appreciation would make." ""Can you advise me how to make her realise this?" ""Baffled, Levenshulme."" "Oh, dear!" "I expect he was attracted to her hard-to-get manner and now it's wearing very thin." "It's quite interesting." "There are a number of..." "Letters are often described, you know... signed "Baffled" or "Fed up"." "I think part of it is to do with this frustration that girls are not sharing the same desire to settle down." "These young women are working, there's dancing, the cinema has expanded, and there's a new idea of dating rather than courtship, you know, the idea that you can go out with several young men" "and you don't have to settle down with the first one that you meet." "And I think some of these letters are expressing some of that frustration." "What was the advice that the agony aunts gave to these young people?" "I think they're often quite frustrated when young men write in and express their sort of difficulty in establishing a relationship or the fact that they're rather shy and they find it difficult to make the first movement towards a girl." "You know, they get a bit annoyed with them." "You know, they're not being sufficiently manly, masculine." "They are always encouraged to be more assertive, whereas the girls tend to be told to tone it down." "But there would be no return to the old certainties of a world where men were men and women were demure and deferential." "Instead, the outbreak of war in 1939 left agony aunts and their readers facing a host of very modern dilemmas." ""Dear Mrs Isles, I married the best husband in the world, but whilst he" ""was away in the Army I had an affair and fell pregnant." ""My husband assumes the child is his." "Should I tell him the truth?"" "A modern agony aunt might tell a woman who'd had an affair and got pregnant because of it that it would be best to come clean, but that assumption that honesty is integral to a good relationship is a very modern one." "In the 1940s, the advice would have been," ""Stay shtoom and sweep it all under the carpet"." "After the war, sales of women's magazines boomed." "On their pages, an elite band of advice columnists reigned supreme, confident in their ability to right the country's emotional wrongs." "In 1945, just after the war, Woman's Own appointed a new agony aunt," "Mary Grant, and she wrote a very rousing mission statement." "It's actually difficult not to sound a bit like Churchill when I'm reading this, but here we go." ""In the last six years, we have seen what lack of understanding," ""greed and blind selfishness can do to humanity." ""Lack of understanding of ourselves and our emotional problems" ""can have a more far-reaching effect than many of us dream," ""like a stone thrown into a pond," ""when the circles grow wider and wider." ""If only we can set our problems right" ""before the circles ripple disturbingly out of reach..."" "This reads like a rallying cry for the nation's agony aunts." "Germany may have been defeated, but there's still the battle of the emotions to be fought and won on the home front." "Mary Grant may have advocated a new era of emotional openness, but she left her readers in no doubt that their place remained very firmly in the home." "Katharine Whitehorn was one of Grant's fellow journalists at Woman's Own and witnessed at first hand the good old-fashioned family values promoted on her page." "There were certain things, I mean, that they had to be sort of extraordinarily prissy about." "I mean, here's the thing." "There was a marvellous one that always came about, was this, where you got the answer but you didn't get the question." "But the one that I particularly remember was, the answer was," ""What you describe is not unusual and very few people would call it wrong"." "So you were then going, "Well, what was it, anyway?"" "Masturbation, but you couldn't mention it on that kind of paper." "It wasn't OK." "So, let's have a look at one of these." ""I can't trust my husband." ""My husband and I have always been happy and have one little girl." ""For the past few months, I have employed a baby-sitter." ""Last week, we went out separately," ""and when I got in he had already arrived home." ""After the baby-sitter had left, I saw that my husband had" ""lipstick on his face." ""He admitted that he'd had a few drinks and had kissed the girl." ""He says it was only silliness and apologised," ""but I feel I can't trust him again."" " Oh!" " This is the reply. "I realise how upsetting an incident" ""like this can be, but I think you are exaggerating its importance." ""Your husband is right in saying it was only silliness." ""Put the incident right out of your mind." ""It certainly is not worth making yourself unhappy about."" " Yeah." " She's told by the paper, "Don't make a fuss about it"." "Is that typical?" "It was assumed that what women really wanted to do was to be happily married, and the best way to go on being that would be, on some occasions, not to make an enormous fuss about something that they could get over." "And therefore you didn't want to say," ""Kick him in the balls and go away and get a proper job."" "This was not what one was about." "Even if he has been having it off with his secretary, which he probably has, then you don't want it to ruin your marriage." "So there's a sort of double standard in Woman's Own at this time, like men were allowed to behave in one way, women were supposed to behave in another." "And the magazine just..." "They were supposed to cope with it, yeah." "I'd like to read you some of this particular problem." "It's more of a careers-based one." ""Must I be a working wife?" ""I'm engaged to a wonderful boy and we hope to marry this summer." ""We have been lucky enough to get a house," ""and so long as we do not live extravagantly" ""we'll be able to manage quite well on my future husband's salary." ""The problem is that my fiance's family seem to think" ""that I should carry on with my job after our marriage," ""but I feel that a wife only should work if it is essential." ""I have never had to run a home before, and." ""I feel that if I went on working." ""I might not be able to look after it properly."" "And the opinion of Mary Grant is that," ""You are evidently quite inexperienced in domestic" ""things, and the art of running a home has to be learnt." ""To run even a small house competently takes a good deal" ""of time and thought," ""and I think that at first you will find it a full-time job."" "How do you feel about that one?" "Would anybody say that now?" "I don't think they would." "To put it in those terms makes me froth at the mouth, actually." "You know, after all these years." "Thank God we've moved on a bit from that." "'In the past 60-odd years, the most dramatic change of all 'has been the agony aunt's attitude to sex." "'My forebears of the '50s avoided any mention of trouble in the 'bedroom, but today sex takes pride of place on the problem page.'" "I hope I brought the right clothes, Laura." "This is a sort of wrap dress thing." " Yes, that's quite Dear Deidre, yeah." " It's the only dress I've got." " That's the only dress you've got?" " The only girlie dress I've got." " Wow." " I mostly have big shifts." " OK." "Suck it and see." "I also brought a black slip..." "I don't think you'll be needing that." "...In case there was a lovely bedroom scene." "I thought, you know..." " It's also very long." " I'd have to rewrite the story, so probably not." "You're shuddering." "All right, OK." "OK, right." "Out, out, out!" "I'll go and get changed, then." "'I've been given a starring role 'in the Sun's Dear Deidre Photo Casebook, 'which brings readers' problems to life 'in photo stories run over the course of a week.'" "There!" "'The Photo Casebook is one of the Sun's most popular features 'and has been going strong for over 20 years.'" "Right..." "'I'm playing Edie, who makes the shocking discovery 'that her daughter's new boyfriend Jamie is in fact a woman...'" "Gesture with your left hand, Philippa." "'.." "And has to break the news to her homophobic husband.'" "So, um, right, Philippa, you're doing something strange with your feet." "She's not a natural." "Right." "Two, three." "Soph, you're going to tell your mum that you're a lesbian." "Not going to wear those glasses, are you?" "No, I wouldn't dream of it." " They're not very Dear Deidre." " No." "I don't want to be unkind about your glasses, but, you know..." "Here we go." "That's it." "So, you've got to look really angry." "Come off it, love." "You can't choose your sexuality, you know." "Philippa, look a bit worried." ""I can't tell a lie, Crystal, I am disappointed."" "Sophie, mouth open." "What's the most common question that you play in the Casebook?" "The recurring theme that always comes up is infidelity with members of the same sex, or the opposite sex, or whatever." "But because it takes so many forms, you can get plenty of material out of it." "I think men like looking at the pictures, they have absolutely no idea what's going on in the story, but women read the story quite closely." "There's an awful lot of bedroom scenes, aren't there?" "Well..." "I don't always have bed scenes as such." "I sometimes have a woman getting ready to go out, but I do always have a girl in her lingerie." "You know, that's the recurring theme, is the girl in her underwear." "Not necessarily always the girl in bed." "But also, lots of problems ARE based around sex." "You know, "I can't get it up," or, you know," ""I've turned the other way," or whatever." "They are sexual in nature, a lot of people's problems." "So, you know, that's what we're addressing." " I'm going to do the scenes with your daughter..." " And her girlfriend." " .." "And her girlfriend." " In bed?" "In their bras?" "Is that OK?" "Yeah." "Why can't I get in bed with my bra?" "You're looking at the phone saying, "Oh, my gosh, it's my dad." ""Shall I answer?"" "Rach, I would like to be able to see a bit more of you, so push..." "Exactly." "Right." "Three..." "And with that left hand, Sophie, just say," ""Dad, I beg you, give me a chance."" "Bring your left hand into the picture a bit." "Evelyn Home was the agony aunt for Woman magazine in the 1950s, and she wasn't allowed to say the word "bottom" in her column, as in "bottom of the garden" or "bottom of the saucepan"." "It was... too saucy." "It wasn't until the late '60s, early '70s that the agony aunts walked through the bedroom door and started to give sexual advice." "Right, this is the famous Dear Deidre sad picture, because you're torn now between your husband and your daughter." "Look up a little bit, Philippa." "Make a fist rather than the whole hand." "That's it." "By today's standards, the Photo Casebook is pretty tame." "But not so long ago, it would have been considered positively racy." "The sexual revolution on the problem page was prompted by social changes like the introduction of the pill in 1961 and the legalisation of abortion and decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1967." "Far from remaining anonymous, a new breed of frank and fearless agony aunts became household names." "Queen bee of the '70s problem page was Marje Proops, advice columnist for the Mirror, then the biggest-selling daily paper in the Western world." "People are so ignorant." "They are abysmally ignorant about sex." "And combined with a lack of education about contraceptives, about everything relating to sex produces 50,000 problems a year for me." "Marje's great rival was Claire Rayner, who started her career as a nurse in the '50s, and then in the '60s became a crusading advice columnist for Woman's Own and teen magazines Rave and Petticoat." "Claire Rayner was no holds barred when it came to giving her teenage readers of Petticoat magazine some advice." "She really got the backs up of moral campaigners like Mary Whitehouse, who actually branded her the Antichrist." "So, what was Mary getting so upset about?" "Well, I think it might have been letters like these, about masturbation." ""I am sure no-one else in the world is like me." ""It has taken me a year to pluck up the courage to write this letter." ""I am 16 and I have masturbated all my life," ""although I didn't know what I was doing." ""Lately I told a friend about it, and she was horrified." ""She said I will go blind and deaf and that my skin will become pitted" ""and it stunts your growth and makes you ugly." ""She says if you've masturbated for a long time" ""you can never have children." ""I can't believe I have ruined my life about this."" "And actually, in response to this," "Claire doesn't just give reassurance, she's really angry, and she says, "All letters like this make me seethe with anger." ""Not because of the sad people who have written them, but because" ""of the stupid, destructive rubbish they have been lumbered with." ""Look, masturbation is not wrong." ""Everybody does it at some time or another."" "This is more than reassurance, this is rabble-rousing." "This is a call to arms." "Or at least to fingers." "There's no-one else, is there?" "It's all wrong." "I mean, it shouldn't be like this." "It makes me really angry that people of 15, 16 and 17 still in touch with school should have to write to a total stranger like me." "'In 1973, Claire hit the big time 'when she became agony aunt for the Sun." "'Writing for a tabloid brought her no-nonsense sex advice 'to a huge new audience." "'But even with a readership of millions, she never 'lost her very personal approach.'" "Her standards book was her way of answering every letter." "She was very insistent that the thousand or so letters a week that she got should get an answer that had her imprint upon them." "But it would be impossible to do if you literally answered every single one, and what she'd done was come up with a set of standard answers to standard problems." "So under C it goes circumcision, contraception, climax, crabs, pubic... cross-dressing." "Then you get to D, which is discharge after intercourse." "There's a lot of them." "Claire was working at the golden age of agony aunts, and that sort of level of reach doesn't really exist any more." "The glorious thing about those years of the '60s, '70s and '80s is you could be a font of all knowledge." "You could sit on your problem page and everything would come to you." "How did the family business run?" "She had her office at the front of the house." "My father, who was her manager, was next door." "She would advertise a leaflet." "Say somebody had written in, and at the end of her answer, a short answer, you know," ""If you want a leaflet on this, write in to PO Box" blah, blah, blah." "Literally sacks of mail would be dropped in the hall." "And sometimes you'd just have a single line saying," ""Please send me the leaflet,"" "and other times you would get their whole life story, which would end with, "Please send the leaflet"." "My job was to slit open all the envelopes, check that they didn't need something else, and if they did need something else, to put it on one side for my mother to attend to." "Disgraceful, this, isn't it?" "I was 10, 11, 12 when I was doing this." "And sometimes you'd go, "Well, that's interesting." "Oh!"" "I learnt an awful lot." "And she's using those letters as a jumping-off point to do something bigger." "She was one of the first people to write in great detail about homosexuality in the '70s." "Gay men, lesbian women were writing in, concerned about how they felt about themselves and how the rest of society would deal with them, how their families would deal with them." "And she found a way to reassure them that they were normal and that everybody else had a problem, not them." "Our Christmases were basically gays, Jews and actors, people who had nowhere else to go." "And she would gather them unto her, waifs and strays." "You've turned out straight, Jay." "That must probably have been a huge disappointment to my mother, yeah!" "But it was, you know, it was a very, very open household." "And she was something of a pioneer when it came to giving frank sexual advice." "She was an extraordinarily stroppy woman, and if you told her that you couldn't do something, she'd find a way to do it." "She hated silence about things, and she wanted to kick against it." "Some people might think that intercourse with a condom ought to be a low risk." "Why isn't it?" "Claire Rayner." "Well, it is if you use the right equipment and use it properly." "First of all, choose quality." "Look for the kite mark." "A chap wrote to Claire to say that he was concerned about the shape of his erection." "He could have taken a Polaroid and sent it in so she could have a look and tell him it was... but that obviously would be unbecoming." "So he carved it lovingly out of wood and polished it up." "When the advent of safe sex and condom use came along in the early '80s, when we first begin to understood the challenges of AIDS, she used that to demonstrate putting a condom on." "So what is the proper way to use a condom?" "I need a model." "I've got this." "A reader sent me this when I published a letter from a boy who was afraid he didn't measure up, and he said he hadn't measured up when he was a lad." "Look at him now." "So we'll use that as a model." "It's my paperweight." "Right..." "So, you pinch that firmly to push the air out of the way and apply the end, the open end of the... obviously, of the condom to the erect penis." "And you need to do it in good time," "I mean as soon as a man's got an erection and well before, er, inserting it into the vagina." "Now, this is a rather wooden, hard penis." "A nice human one is soft and easier to handle." "In this new age of openness, one of the last taboos of the problem page was finally shattered as agony aunts at last published letters from readers confused about their sexuality." ""Dear Claire, I met a girl at the local tennis club, and we get on" ""really well." ""But I worry about the male sexual fantasies I indulge in when." ""I'm with her." ""Could I have been prejudiced against relationships with the" ""opposite sex by my experiences at my very expensive public school?"" "'Trailblazers like Claire Rayner had put sex on the agony aunts' agenda, 'although some of her colleagues struggled to 'answer the more upfront questions they received 'and some readers fretted that they weren't having nearly as much fun" "'as they should be.'" "In the early '70s, suddenly there were words like "penis" and "vagina"" "and "orgasm" and "premature ejaculation" on the page." "And it was absolutely extraordinary, because although I was quite a rackety girl in the '60s," "I still found it very difficult to..." "You know, I mean, I didn't like to..." "None of us would want to actually use the word "vagina"." "And indeed I don't think today one actually bandies the word around every day." "But one was expected to be quite frank in the page." "People would write in, because it was as if a cork had come out of a champagne bottle." "They'd been so repressed about sex for so long, suddenly every single question was about sex." "Can you give me an example of the sort of letter you had to answer?" "It was painful." "People would write saying, "Where is my G-spot?"" "You know, and I'd be there, sort of, "I don't know where your G-spot is"." "And it was extremely hard for me." "One woman wrote in saying, "How many calories are there in semen?"" "I mean, it was a difficult one to answer." "Did you have help answering the questions?" "I did, but unfortunately I'd inherited the letter answerers, who were 80-year-old spinsters." "And one of them actually died at her desk." "And these women were absolutely sweet and they were adept at answering any question like." ""Do I take my gloves off when shaking hands with a bishop?", or, "How do I eat an avocado pear?"" "There was actually a leaflet we had on how to eat an avocado pear." "But of course they were baffled by these, erm, sex questions." "And they'd come into me holding these letters like used tissues, saying, "What do I...?" "We don't understand."" "I always remember one of them coming into my room looking extremely worried, saying, "How can I answer this?"" "And I said, "What's it about?"" "She said, "This lady wishes to know, 'What is a blow job?" "'"" "I said, "Leave it to me."" "We've gone from a time in the early '60s when sex isn't discussed at all on the problem page to a time, just ten years later, when it's the main thing." "Yes, and what was interesting was that there was a huge pressure on women when sex wasn't discussed, of course, because there was no knowledge at all." "And the number of girls who must have gone to bed sick with worry, thinking that they were going to get pregnant because they'd kissed their boyfriends." "And that was one kind of pressure that you had then, terror of sex, and probably a great deal of anxiety surrounding it." "But then, when the sexual revolution came in, there was another kind of anxiety, which was that you weren't having enough, that it wasn't good enough, you weren't having enough orgasms, you weren't doing it, you know, on the kitchen table." "I remember there was a lot of talk about, you know," ""You must do it in every room in the house,"" "and somehow the kitchen table always came into it." "There seemed to be far too much attention paid to sex and the implication that if you didn't have a good sex life you were going to get ill and possibly get cancer, that certainly if you didn't have simultaneous orgasms, you and your" "husband were totally incompatible, and, you know, you were doomed." "There was a terrible kind of compulsory feeling about sex, that it had to be had and enjoyed or..." "Mm, there's a sort of tyranny about it." "Well, a terrible tyranny, yes." ""You will like sex, whether you like it or not."" " "You will orgasm simultaneously!"" " Yes, exactly." "And again, however much I wrote saying, "Don't worry," ""don't worry, don't worry," it didn't seem to make any difference." "'But these alarming new "anything goes" attitudes had no place 'in the last bastions of traditionalism." "'Jackie magazine, for one, 'stuck with the lighter side of teenage angst." "'Jackie was launched in 1964, and by the '70s, it was the 'country's most popular teen magazine, 'shifting over half a million copies a week.'" "When I was a teenager growing up in the 1970s, I was at an all-girls' boarding school, and boys were like alien creatures to me." "And how I found out about the world of boys was through the pages of Jackie magazine and the agony aunts, Cathy and Claire." "They replied to 100 letters a day, and they sent individual replies to every reader that wrote in." "And I've got a few of the copies of their replies here." "Now, here's some advice for everyone out there." ""Dear Jackie, love bites usually go away surprisingly quickly." ""There is no possibility of contracting cancer." ""Meanwhile, try covering them up with Max Factor's Erace Plus..."" " that's a good tip." " "And don't let it happen again." ""Love, Cathy and Claire."" "Quite a moralistic tone there at the end of that one." ""Dear Karen, well, we passed your photo round the office," ""and three boys agreed" ""there was absolutely nothing wrong with your looks," ""while the other three thought you were pretty but slightly plump."" "Poor Karen." "I don't know what I would have done if I'd got that." ""Hope we've helped!" "Love, Cathy and Claire."" "Oh, I love this one. "Dear Wendy," ""we agree that Lesley is being a bitch, love, and we suggest" ""that you have the whole thing out in the open with her."" "Ooh, that's going to be one to watch, isn't it?" "Cathy and Claire's readers confided everything to them, but Cathy and Claire themselves were keeping two pretty big secrets." "The first one was although they invited readers to write to them at this glamorous London office, actually they did all the replies from Dundee, where the Jackie offices were." "They used to get the whole bag of letters, send them up to Dundee." "They used to reply to them there, and then they'd send the bag back down to London, so all the letters could be sent out with a London postmark." "And their other big secret was that Cathy and Claire didn't exist at all." "Hundreds of miles from swinging London, in the Dundee office of Jackie publisher DC Thomson, a succession of young female journalists played the parts of Cathy and Claire." "They were kept under close watch to ensure they adhered to the publisher's strict moral code." "When I was Cathy and Claire, I saw myself not as their mother or their teacher or a nurse," "I saw myself as their big sister." "They didn't feel they can speak to their mums, they didn't feel they can speak to their teachers and all their friends." "I mean, there was no social media." "You know, now you would Google a problem, but we were Google, you know." "We were the '80s Google, really." "They were sitting there almost waiting for puberty to hit, like some kind of time bomb, and they didn't know what was going to happen." "They didn't have sex education, mainly, at schools." "We were always wary of 3D envelopes." "3D envelopes?" "Any lumpy envelopes, you were very cautious, because they tended to contain bits of body parts that had fallen off." "So usually attached to Sellotape." "There was a time when I opened an envelope and a 1/2p fell out." "And I kind of randomly just picked it up and absent-mindedly flipped it in my hand, and I read the letter." "And the letter said, "Dear Cathy and Claire, I have genital warts," ""I measured them with this 1/2p coin."" "So cue a rush to the toilets to do a Lady Macbeth on my hands." "Sandy, I think this must have been one of yours." " Oh, yes." " "They hate the boy I love." ""Dear Cathy and Claire," ""Dick and I are planning to get engaged at Christmas." ""I've saved up a lot of money." ""I know I'm only 16 and they say I'm too young."" "What did I say?" "You said, "Try and see your parents' point of view, love."" "Yes, that's right, yes." "The parents had the authority." "We were just giving advice." "I did have a couple of instances with parents phoning the office..." " Really?" " .." "And saying, "I believe my daughter's written in," ""and I'd like to know what she's written."" "You know, you had this angry parent saying, "Are you Cathy?" ""Are you Claire?" You know?" "I'd say, "No, I'm sorry, I'm the cleaner." "They've all gone home."" "When it came to talking about sex, how much were you allowed to say?" "You were allowed to say "heavy petting" or "love bites"." "You might also get away with the occasional "grope"." "But you would have letters on the Cathy and Claire page that said," ""I think I'm pregnant,"" "but you would never have any letters saying how they got to be pregnant." "They would read that someone was pregnant or read about heavy petting, but there was nothing in-between." "So as far as they were concerned, if they had heavy petting, they would be pregnant." "So perhaps it was our fault." "In the '70s, Jackie sort of held sway over teenage sexuality, love bites and everything." "But in the '80s, there were a lot of new magazines onto the market like, for instance, Just 17, and they were a lot more candid about sex." "What was that like for Cathy and Claire?" "Well, Just 17 were our biggest rivals." "And while we could compete with them on some levels, with the pop and the fashion, there was a great sense of frustration when it came to things like the problem pages, because they were allowed to say so much more" "and we were still stuck in that, you know, '70s vibe." "But readers had moved on, quite considerably, and we started to lose a lot of readers, because the advice they needed and wanted was being provided by Just 17 and other magazines, who could speak about pregnancy, who could, you know..." "They kept up with the cultural times." " Absolutely." " Jackie didn't." " Yeah." "She was just this girl stuck in the '70s with her love bites and her..." " Flared trousers." " .." "Flared trousers and..." " And her knitting patterns." " And her knitting patterns!" "'Today's agony aunts no longer have the same clout as those 'queens of the problem page from the '60s, '70s and '80s." "'But the one who comes closest 'works from an office hidden away in the leafy Home Counties." "'The Sun's Dear Deidre has been dispensing advice for the past '34 years and boasts by far the country's biggest readership.'" "This is today's problem, and I'd say it's fairly typical." "So I have "Steamy love triangle with mate's girl"." " That's quite a sexy one, isn't it?" " It absolutely is." "We've got a family row here, a mum who's very upset because she's fallen out with her grown-up daughter and partner over the kids." "And we've got someone who was abused by his baby-sitter when he was young." "Just always, of course, a very full page." "The problem page is one of the most popular parts of the paper." "I mean, it creates footfall, as they say these days." "I do get about, like, 100 problems a day, and I need that coming in." "I mean, out of that, I'm going to need seven every weekday, ten on Saturdays." "That's a lot of copy to be finding." "It's a lot of copy, so, yeah." "And you need a spread of subjects and interests all the time." "How has the column changed since you've been doing it?" "I mean, I think human nature actually evolves very, very slowly." "So while I've been doing this job for over 30 years, human nature does not change." "I feel as though the underlying issues, like loneliness or difficulty in forming a relationship, are the same, but the internet has given so much more scope for ways this can express itself." "'Deidre's promise of an answer 'to every problem ensures that her column remains a thriving cottage 'industry, just as it was in her predecessor Claire Rayner's day.'" "So, here we have my leaflet list." "This is the whole 250 of them, divided into different sections." "So you start off, we've got a whole section on abuse, going from child abuse, abuse of partners and rape." "And then everything to do with appearance, so it's breasts and cosmetic surgery, tattoos, skin, hair, weight." "Dependence, so drink, smoking, gambling, drugs." "F for family." "Adoption..." "'An endless stream of problems that shows no sign of slowing.'" ""Mum, Jamie isn't who you think."" ""I don't understand." "Is Jamie a woman?"" ""So Crystal's chosen her girlfriend over us." ""Well, she's no daughter of mine!"" ""Bob's making me choose between him and Crystal." "I can't cope."" "'Even at a time when advice is more easily available than ever before, 'the problem page is often still our first port of call.'" "The golden age of agony aunts may have passed, but after three centuries I don't think we'll ever learn to live without them, because the best agony aunts offer something that Google can't, a relationship," "even if it is at arm's length." "And another reason they may be sticking around a while yet is because I don't think we'll ever tire of reading about other people's problems... especially if they make us feel a little bit more smug about our own lives." | 2023-11-25T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4103 |
I’ve used Make for a lot for small projects, but for larger ones, it was just too tedious. Until recently, there were four things I wanted my build system to do for me that I hadn’t figured out how to do in Make:
Out-of-source builds (object files get dumped in a separate directory from the source)
Automatic (and accurate!) header dependencies
Automatic determination of list of object/source files
Automatic generation of include directory flags
Here is a simple Makefile that will do all these things and works with C, C++, and assembly:
TARGET_EXEC ?= a.out BUILD_DIR ?= ./build SRC_DIRS ?= ./src SRCS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -name *.cpp -or -name *.c -or -name *.s) OBJS := $(SRCS:%=$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o) DEPS := $(OBJS:.o=.d) INC_DIRS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -type d) INC_FLAGS := $(addprefix -I,$(INC_DIRS)) CPPFLAGS ?= $(INC_FLAGS) -MMD -MP $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET_EXEC): $(OBJS) $(CC) $(OBJS) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS) # assembly $(BUILD_DIR)/%.s.o: %.s $(MKDIR_P) $(dir $@) $(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ # c source $(BUILD_DIR)/%.c.o: %.c $(MKDIR_P) $(dir $@) $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ # c++ source $(BUILD_DIR)/%.cpp.o: %.cpp $(MKDIR_P) $(dir $@) $(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ .PHONY: clean clean: $(RM) -r $(BUILD_DIR) -include $(DEPS) MKDIR_P ?= mkdir -p
Not too bad!
Also, if you don’t care about out-of-source builds, you can use this even simpler Makefile, which takes advantage of the built-in implicit rules:
TARGET ?= a.out SRC_DIRS ?= ./src SRCS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -name *.cpp -or -name *.c -or -name *.s) OBJS := $(addsuffix .o,$(basename $(SRCS))) DEPS := $(OBJS:.o=.d) INC_DIRS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -type d) INC_FLAGS := $(addprefix -I,$(INC_DIRS)) CPPFLAGS ?= $(INC_FLAGS) -MMD -MP $(TARGET): $(OBJS) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJS) -o $@ $(LOADLIBES) $(LDLIBS) .PHONY: clean clean: $(RM) $(TARGET) $(OBJS) $(DEPS) -include $(DEPS)
To use one of them, put the Make code in a file call Makefile (make sure the TAB characters get copied! Make is very picky about those) and all of your source and headers in the directory or a subdirectory of ./src (you can change this directory by changing SRC_DIRS). Then make sure you have CC and CFLAGS set to what you need for your project or just use the Make defaults.
Then type make .
If you run into issues, running make -d can be helpful.
Here’s an overview of how it works:
Out-of-Source Builds
I want all the artifacts from a build to end up in some directory (I usually name it “./build”) that’s separate from the source. This makes is easy to do a clean (just rm -rf ./build ) even if other artifacts besides the ones generated via Make end up there. It also makes a lot of other things, such as grep’ing the source, a lot nicer.
To do this in Make, you mostly just need to prepend your output directory to the beginning of your pattern rules. For example, instead of a pattern like: %.o: %.c , which would map your .c files for .o files in the same directory, you can use $(BUILD_DIR)%.o: %.c .
Automatic Header Dependencies
Handling the header dependencies is perhaps the most tedious thing about using the classic Make technique. Especially since, if you mess it up, you don’t get any explicit errors–things just don’t get re-compiled when they ought to be. This can lead to .o files having different ideas about what types or prototypes look like.
There is documentation for this here. However, the docs seem to assume that the dependency files are generated in a separate step from the compile step, which complicates things.
If you generate the dependency files as part of the compilation step, things get much simpler. To generate the dependency files, all you have to do is add some flags to the compile command (supported by both Clang and GCC):
-MMD -MP
which will generate a .d file next to the .o file. Then to use the .d files, you just need to find them all:
which will generate a .d file next to the .o file. Then to use the .d files, you just need to find them all: DEPS := $(OBJS:.o=.d)
and then -include them:
and then -include them: -include $(DEPS)
Automatic Determination of List of Object/Source Files
First, find all of the source files in the given source directories. The simplest and fastest way I found to do this was to just shell out and use find .
SRCS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -name *.cpp -or -name *.c -or -name *.s)
But because Make works backward from the object files to the source, we need to compute all the object files we want from our source files. I basically just prepend a $(BUILD_DIR)/ and append a .o to every source file path:
But because Make works backward from the object files to the source, we need to compute all the object files we want from our source files. I basically just prepend a and append a to every source file path: OBJS := $(SRCS:%=$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o)
And then you can make your target depend on the objects files:
And then you can make your target depend on the objects files: $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET_EXEC): $(OBJS) $(CC) $(OBJS) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
Automatic Generation of Include Directory Flags
I used a similar technique to generate include directory flags. Find all the directories under the given source directories:
INC_DIRS := $(shell find $(SRC_DIRS) -type d)
And then prefix them with a -I :
And then prefix them with a : INC_FLAGS := $(addprefix -I,$(INC_DIRS))
Hope those techniques are helpful for you. | 2023-10-30T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6834 |
Feasibility of monitoring compliance to the My 5 Moments and Entry/Exit hand hygiene methods in US hospitals.
We compared the ability to observe hand hygiene opportunities using the World Health Organization My 5 Moments method to the Entry/Exit method. Under covert direct observation, Entry/Exit method opportunities were observed at all times. My 5 Moments were observable in 32.3% of episodes, with a lower rate in wards versus intensive care units (28.0% vs 39.4%; P < .01). In US hospitals, the Entry/Exit method appears to be more feasible for directly observed hand hygiene compliance monitoring due to line-of-sight issues and other barriers. | 2024-05-05T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1662 |
As each Olympic cycle comes to a close and a new quad begins, new trends emerge. Not only do we see a shift in routine construction, whether it be the back to back tumbling passes of the late 1980s or 2015’s Year of the Wolf (Turn), we also get the pleasure of witnessing the gymnastics community’s interpretation of current fashion, hair and makeup styles. When all you’ve got is a leotard, it can be difficult to let your personality show through, but these ladies didn’t let that stop them from making a statement. Join us as we reminisce on the most popular hairstyles in women’s gymnastics, from early days of the sport all the way through the glitz and glamour of today!
The Bouffant, 1964-1968
Ah yes, the mid 60s…nothing like doing gymnastics with your Jackie O bouffant gloriously perched atop your teased crown. This look was the original business in the front, party in the back, before the volume moved exclusively to the bangs a few decades later. A few ladies who sported this elegant ‘do:
Vera Caslavska
Larisa Latynina
Natalia Kuchinskaya
Ewa Rydell
Pigtails, 1969-1972
The 1972 Olympics are most fondly remembered as the year the public was introduced to Soviet pixie Olga Korbut, and with her, the trend of pigtails adorned with yarn bows. This was the exact moment that the age of gymnasts in the sport shifted from women to young girls, so it was out with the old debutante updos and in with the charming youths!
Olga Korbut
Cathy Rigby
Ludmilla Tourischeva
The Romanian Ponytail, 1973-1976
Undoubtedly the face of the Olympics this year was Nadia Comaneci. Ponytails existed before this quad, but were surprisingly NOT the go-to that they are today. I don’t know why anyone would choose an elaborate updo with a million hairpins (WHAT IF YOU FALL AND ONE STABS YOU IN THE SKULL, WHAT THEN?!) but Nadia’s sporty ponytail definitely secured the spot as THE top style in all quads from here on out.
Nadia Comaneci
Nelli Kim
Karen Kelsall
The Bowl Cut, 1977-1980
Hark! A new trend arises! The short hair trend emerged in the late 70s and was the overwhelming favorite for a decade. It fizzled out a bit by the mid 90s with Kerri Strug and Amanda Borden of the Magnificent Seven being some of the last to embrace the trend, but Svetlana Khorkina proudly carried the torch for short hair fans everywhere, all the way up until the 2000 Olympics. This quad’s look was kind of a loose and shapeless style, inspired by the popularity of Princess Diana and figure skater Dorothy Hamill’s feathery crops. Nadia Comaneci even returned to the 1980 Olympics with the on-trend gender neutral bowl cut!
Elena Davydova
Heike Kunhardt
Nadia Comaneci
Steffi Kraker
Maxi Gnauck
The Permed Bang, 1981-1984
The short hair trend continued into the early 80s, morphing into more of a mullet shape and embracing a bit of feathering around the face, but Mary Lou Retton’s signature short hair did not end up dominating the quad. That title goes hands down to the permed bang. Different from the feathered bang of later quads, the permed bang is a style all its own – just ask the entire 1984 Romanian Olympic team.
Ecaterina Szabo
Simona Pauca
Pam Bileck
Natalia Yurchenko
The Permed Hair Pile, 1985-1988
In the mid-80s, the previous two quads combined powers to form the Ultimate Gym Hair. Never has a trend made such a powerful statement, featuring both the drama of a short, above the ears cut and the whimsy of a tight ringlet curl. Towards the beginning of the quad, it leaned towards a light cumulus cloud of ear-length curls, but then slowly began inching higher and higher until Daniela Silivas wrapped things up in ’88 with her AMAZING sky high poof of curls. You know what they say – the higher the hair, the closer to God! REVEL IN IT.
Kristie Phillips
Phoebe Mills
Elena Shevchenko
Hope Spivey
Yelena Shushunova
Daniela Silivas
The Feathered Bang, 1989-1992
Different from the permed bang of the early ’80s, the feathered bang featured the same end goal (Maximum Bang) but different execution. Lots of backcombing and teasing resulted in the epitome of style for the turn of the decade, with the ideal look a lightweight halo of hair across the forehead. Whether you finished it off with a ponytail or bun, a scrunchie was required.
Kim Zmeskal
Shannon Miller
Tatiana Gutsu
Svetlana Boginskaya
Svetlana Khorkina
Henrietta Onodi
Roza Galiyeva
Maximum Scrunchie, 1993-1996
The hair accessory trend turned the corner from bows to scrunchies in the previous quad, with the scrunchies growing larger by the year until finally maxing out at the 1996 Olympics. Just look at Lilia Podkopayeva, for whom one scrunchie was not enough. Voluminous bangs and short hair were still quite prevalent as well, but look, I lived through this era. If your scrunchie was not big enough for 50% of it to be visible from the front, you were doing it 100% wrong.
Dominique Moceanu
Dominique Dawes
Shannon Miller
Lilia Podkopayeva
Dina Kotchetkova
The 1996 Hungarian Olympic Team
Dep & Hair Clips, 1997-2000
Do you guys remember Dep? What about LA Looks? If you needed your hair game to be on point, you likely had an arsenal of these gels. Combined with Aquanet and those triangular flippy hair clips, you were in business. You achieved this look by starting with your hair soaking wet, coating the front four inches or so with a fistful of gel, and combing it back with either a fine-tooth comb or a bristle brush to ensure no flyaways. Then at the end of the day when you take your hair down, you can remove all of the pins and clips and elastics and it doesn’t even matter because your hair has now formed into a helmet and it’ll take you a good 15 minutes washing with Pert Plus to remove the gel’s leftovers. Anyway, that’s where hair took us at the end of the ’90s – even Khorkina and her riot grrl pixie cut couldn’t resist the wet hair gel vibes. We also see the scrunchie trend begin to wane…fear not, though. Though you physically get smaller, you are but strong and mighty.
Andreea Raducan
Svetlana Khorkina
Elise Ray
Simona Amanar
Elena Produnova
Mo Huilan
GLITTER, 2001-2004
Carrying over a bit from the previous quad, we’re now mixing hair gel with glitter. This quad was all about ramping things up in the bling department, so naturally the hair and make-up trends came along for the ride. Seriously, look at the above leotards and then scroll down. Leotards are mostly shinier thanks to the advent of Mystique fabric (Swarovski crystals didn’t explode into abundance on every leotard to exist ever until later in the decade), but it’s cute to look back and see the shimmery trend really begin to dig its heels in everything gymnastics.
Carly Patterson
Elena Zamolodchikova
Annia Hatch
Chellsie Memmel
Overly-Straight Ponytail, 2005-2008
It’s fascinating how almost every quad so far has been a fan of the ponytail but how each generation embraces it differently. When did you get a straightener? I got my first one in 2004 and HOO BOY did no one know how to use those things. So much straight hair. EVERYONE MUST HAVE STRAIGHT HAIR. Even girls with straight hair were straightening their hair. Goodbye to the desirable volume and body of the 90s, and hello to stick-straight and swingy ponies. We also see bows begin to make a comeback, but not in the style of Olga or Nadia. No, no. This is the 2000s, baby! We’re going full cheerleader!
Jiang Yuyuan
Shawn Johnson
Ashley Priess
Vanessa Ferrari
Alicia Sacramone & Sam Peszek
Nastia Liukin
The Messy Bun, 2009-2012
This quad was all about the half pull-through “bun.” You know, the thing on pinterest you always see and you’re just like WHY WON’T MY HAIR DO THAT AND LOOK CUTE. That thing. It’s been around since the 90s, but in this quad it became the go-to style statement that says “I’m not a regular gymnast, I’m a cool gymnast.” Though the hair was a mess, this quad’s competitors brought the eye makeup A game, with Russia’s Aliya Mustafina known more for her smoky hot #shadowgoals than for winning the gold medal on bars.
Tatiana Nabieva
McKayla Maroney
Gabby Douglas
Ksenia Afanasyeva
Nastia Liukin
Maria Paseka
The Ballerina Bun, 2013-2016
The gymnasts of the current quad have really stepped it up in the hair department, and honestly, I’m finally impressed. Martha Karolyi laid down the law for the U.S. national team about competition hair being too messy, and clearly she should be in charge of everything because daaaaaaaayum do these gals look amazing. All of the best trends of years past minus the crunchy gel of the 90s plus the dramatic makeup (shoutout again to Aliya Mustafina for kicking this off in 2010)? Girl, hold onto your red lipstick cuz this look is going places. We’ve got a heavy focus on a neat ballerina bun, minimal clips, and a statement lip to match. What’s not to love?
Simone Biles & Gabby Douglas
Aliya Mustafina (okay, so she stuck by her glitter gel, but she but WORKS IT)
Kyla Ross
Shang Chunsong
Claudia Fragapane
Maggie Nichols
Eythora Thorsdottir
Super perm or pin straight, yarn bows or glitter gel, at the end of the day it doesn’t matter WHAT your hair looks like if you’re racking up medals like a boss. Simone Biles could show up at the Olympic Games fully bald this summer and Aliya Mustafina could be sporting the latest in mohawk fashion, but as long as they’re kicking butt in the sport they love, I’m on board.
Article by Erika Peterson | 2023-08-28T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4822 |
---
abstract: 'Dark and baryonic matter contribute comparable energy density to the present Universe. The dark matter may also be responsible for the cosmic positron/electron excesses. We connect these phenomena with Dirac seesaw for neutrino masses. In our model (i) the dark matter relic density is a dark matter asymmetry generated simultaneously with the baryon asymmetry so that we can naturally understand the coincidence between the dark and baryonic matter; (ii) the dark matter mostly decays into the leptons so that its decay can interpret the anomalous cosmic rays with positron/electron excesses.'
author:
- 'Pei-Hong Gu$^{1}_{}$'
- 'Utpal Sarkar$^{2,3}_{}$'
- 'Xinmin Zhang$^{4}_{}$'
title: 'Visible and Dark Matter Genesis and Cosmic Positron/Electron Excesses '
---
Precise cosmological observations indicate that dark and baryonic matter have different properties but contribute comparable energy density to the present Universe. This intriguing coincidence inspires us to propose a common origin for the creation and evolution of the dark and baryonic matter. Since the baryonic matter currently exists because of a matter-antimatter asymmetry, the dark matter relic density may also be an asymmetry between the dark matter and dark antimatter [@kuzmin1997; @kl2004; @cht2005; @klz2009]. The dark matter asymmetry and the baryon asymmetry may originate from decays of the same heavy particles, so that their coincidence is not surprising at all. On the other hand, recently cosmic-ray data [@chang2008; @torii2008; @adriani2008; @aharonian2008; @abdo2009] suggest [@mpsv2009] that (i) the dark matter should dominantly annihilate or decay into leptons with a large cross section or a long life time; (ii) the dark matter annihilation or decay should be consistent with the constraints from the observations on the gamma and neutrino fluxes. In this paper we explain these phenomena in a unified scenario where the neutrino masses originate through the Dirac seesaw mechanism [@gh2006].
We extend the standard model (SM) with a global $U(1)^{}_{lepton}
\times U(1)^{}_{dark}$ symmetry and include additional particles: singlet right-handed neutrino $\nu_{R}^{}(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{1},0)(1,1)$, heavy doublet scalar $\eta(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{2},-1/2)(0,-1)$, charged singlet scalar $\xi(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{1},1)(-2,0)$, and neutral singlet scalars $\sigma(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{1},0)(0,-1)$ and $\chi(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{1},0)(-2,-1)$, where the transformations are given under the SM gauge group $SU(3)_{c}^{}\times SU(2)_L^{}
\times U(1)_{Y}^{}$ and the global symmetry $U(1)_{lepton}^{}\times
U(1)_{dark}^{}$. For simplicity, we only present the relevant part of the Lagrangian for purpose of demonstration, $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{L} &\supset&
-y\overline{\psi_{L}^{}}\eta\nu_{R}^{}-f\xi\overline{\psi_{L}^{c}}
i\tau_2^{}\psi_{L}^{}-\mu\sigma\eta^\dagger_{}\phi-\kappa\chi^\dagger_{}\xi\eta^{T}_{}i\tau_2^{}\phi\nonumber\\
[2mm]
&&+\textrm{H.c}-M_\eta^2\left(\eta^\dagger_{}\eta\right)-m_\xi^2\left(\xi^\dagger_{}\xi\right)-m_\chi^2\left(\chi^\dagger\chi\right)\nonumber\\
[2mm]
&&-\left(\chi^\dagger_{}\chi\right)\left[\alpha\left(\xi^\dagger_{}\xi\right)
+\beta\left(\phi^\dagger_{}\phi\right)+\gamma\left(\sigma^\dagger_{}\sigma\right)\right]\nonumber\\
[2mm]
&&-\left(\sigma^\dagger_{}\sigma\right)\left[\zeta\left(\xi^\dagger_{}\xi\right)
+\epsilon\left(\phi^\dagger_{}\phi\right)+\vartheta\left(\sigma^\dagger_{}\sigma\right)\right]\,.\end{aligned}$$ Here $\psi_{L}^{}(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{2},-1/2)(1,0)$ and $\phi(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{2},-1/2)(0,0)$, respectively, are the SM lepton and Higgs doublets. The right-handed neutrinos neither have Yukawa couplings with the SM Higgs doublet nor have Majorana masses as a result of the $U(1)_{lepton}^{}\times U(1)_{dark}^{}$ conservation. The global symmetry $U(1)_{lepton}^{}$ will be exactly conserved at any energy scales while the global symmetry $U(1)_{dark}^{}$ will be spontaneously broken above the weak scale.
The singlet scalar $\sigma$ acquires a vacuum expectation value (VEV) to break $U(1)_{dark}^{}$ and then induces a small VEV of the heavy doublet scalars $\eta$ after the electroweak symmetry breaking by $\langle\phi\rangle\simeq 174\,\textrm{GeV}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\langle\eta\rangle \simeq
-\frac{\mu\langle\sigma\rangle\langle\phi\rangle}{M_{\eta}^2}~~\textrm{for}~~M_{\eta}^{}\gtrsim
\mu \gg \langle\sigma\rangle > \langle\phi\rangle\,.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore through the Dirac seesaw mechanism [@gh2006], the neutrinos obtain very small Dirac masses naturally through their Yukawa couplings to the heavy doublet, $$\begin{aligned}
m_{\nu}^{}= y\langle\eta\rangle\,.\end{aligned}$$
In our model, the heavy doublet scalar $\eta$ has three lepton number conserving decay channels: $$\begin{aligned}
\eta\,\rightarrow\, \psi_{L}^{}\nu_{R}^{c} \,,\quad
\eta\,\rightarrow\, \phi^\ast_{}\xi^\ast_{}\chi\,,\quad
\eta\,\rightarrow\, \phi\,\sigma \,.\end{aligned}$$ We consider two heavy scalars $\eta_{1,2}^{}$ to incorporate CP violation. These decays of $\eta_{1,2}^{}$ at loop orders (as shown in Fig. \[asymmetry\]) can interfere to generate three types of lepton asymmetries after $\eta_{1,2}^{}$ go out of equilibrium: the first one (including that transferred from the charged singlet scalar $\xi$) is stored in the left-handed lepton doublets $\psi_{L}^{}$; the second one is stored in the singlet right-handed neutrinos $\nu_{R}^{}$; and the third one is stored in the neutral singlet $\chi$, although the total lepton asymmetry vanishes as the lepton number is exactly conserved.
The effective Yukawa couplings of the left-handed lepton doublets to the SM Higgs doublet and the right-handed neutrinos are extremely weak, so that they can not go into equilibrium until the temperature falls well below the electroweak scale. This will prevent the $\nu_{R}^{}$ asymmetry to cancel the $\psi_{L}^{}$ asymmetry before the sphaleron transitions are over. Thus, before the electroweak phase transition, the sphaleron [@krs1985] action will partially convert the lepton asymmetry stored in the left-handed lepton doublets to the baryon asymmetry in the Universe. Therefore, we can make use of the leptogenesis [@fy1986] via neutrinogenesis [@dlrw1999] mechanism to understand the baryon asymmetry in the Universe. On the other hand, the asymmetry between the neutral singlet $\chi$ and its CP-conjugate will always survive after it is produced because there are no other processes breaking the lepton number stored in $\chi$. We will show later that this $\chi$ asymmetry corresponds to an amount of energy density, equal to the dark matter relic density, so that $\chi$ becomes the dark matter candidate.
For an estimate of the amount of CP asymmetry, we work in the basis, in which the $\eta_{1,2}^{}$ mass matrix is real and diagonal: $M_{\eta}^{2}=\textrm{diag}\left(M_{\eta_1^{}}^{2},
M_{\eta_2^{}}^{2}\right)$. We also assume $M_{\eta_2^{}}^{} \gg
M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}$, so that the final lepton asymmetry stored in the left-handed lepton doublets $\psi_{L}^{}$ and the dark matter asymmetry stored in the neutral singlet $\chi$ should mainly come from the decays of the lighter $\eta_{1}^{}$: $$\begin{aligned}
\hskip -.4cm\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}&\equiv&
\frac{\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{} \rightarrow\psi_L\nu^c_R
)-\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{\ast}\rightarrow\psi^c_L\nu_R)}{\Gamma_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}\nonumber\\
[1mm] &&+2\frac{\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{} \rightarrow
\phi^\ast_{}\xi^\ast_{}\chi)-\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{\ast}\rightarrow\phi\xi\chi^\ast_{})}{\Gamma_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}\nonumber\\
[2mm]
&=&\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{\textrm{Im}\left[\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{2}^{}\right)\left(\frac{\mu_1^\ast\mu_2^{}}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}
-\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}\kappa_1^{}\kappa_2^\ast
\frac{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}\right)\right]}
{\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)+\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}+\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}}\nonumber\\
[1mm] &&
-\frac{1}{64\pi^3}\frac{\textrm{Im}\left\{\kappa_1^{\ast}\kappa_2^{}\left[\frac{\mu_1^\ast\mu_2^{}}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}
+\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{2}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)\frac{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}\right]\right\}}
{\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)+\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}+\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}}\,,
\\
[4mm]\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}&\equiv& \frac{\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{}
\rightarrow
\phi^\ast_{}\xi^\ast_{}\chi)-\Gamma(\eta_{1}^{\ast}\rightarrow\phi\xi\chi^\ast_{})}{\Gamma_{\eta_{1}^{}}^{}}\nonumber\\
[1mm]
&=&-\frac{1}{128\pi^3}\frac{\textrm{Im}\left\{\kappa_1^{\ast}\kappa_2^{}\left[\frac{\mu_1^\ast\mu_2^{}}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}
+\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{2}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)\frac{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}\right]\right\}}
{\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)+\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}+\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}}\,.
\phantom{xxx}\end{aligned}$$ As the decays of $\xi$ into two leptons $\psi_L$ are in equilibrium, we included the lepton asymmetry in $\xi$ for estimating the total lepton asymmetry involved in the sphaleron process. Here $\Gamma_{\eta_i^{}}^{}$ denotes the total decay width of $\eta_{i}^{}$ or $\eta_{i}^{\ast}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma_{\eta_i^{}}&\equiv&\Gamma\left(\eta_{i}^{}\rightarrow
\psi_{L}^{}\nu_{R}^{c}\right)+\Gamma\left(\eta_{i}^{}\rightarrow
\phi^\ast_{}\xi^\ast_{}\chi^{}_{}\right) +\Gamma\left(\eta_{i}^{}\,
\rightarrow
\phi^{}_{}\sigma^{}_{}\right)\nonumber\\[2mm] &=&
\frac{1}{16\pi}\left[\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{i}^{\dagger}y_i^{}\right)
+\frac{1}{32\pi^{2}_{}}|\kappa_{i}^{}|^{2}_{}+\frac{|\mu_{i}^{}|^{2}_{}}{M_{\eta_{i}^{}}^{2}}\right]M_{\eta_{i}^{}}^{}\,.\end{aligned}$$ The unitarity and the CPT conservation imply the total decay width of $\eta_1$ and $\eta^\ast$ to be the same $\Gamma_{\eta_i}
= \Gamma_{\eta_i^\ast}$. For simplicity, we assume $y_{2}^{}=y_{1}^{}e^{i\varphi}_{},\,\kappa_{2}^{}=\kappa_{1}^{}e^{i\varphi}_{},\,\mu_{2}^{}=\mu_{1}^{}e^{i(\delta-\varphi)}_{}$ and then derive $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}&=&\frac{\sin\delta}{4\pi}\frac{\left[\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)
-\frac{1}{16\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}\right]\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}}
{\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)+\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}+\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}}\,,\\
[1mm]
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}&=&-\frac{\sin\delta}{4\pi}\frac{\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_2^{}}^2}}
{\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)+\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}+\frac{|\mu_1^{}|^2_{}}{M_{\eta_1^{}}^2}}\,.\end{aligned}$$ The ratio between $\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_L^{}}$ and $\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}$ then becomes, $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}:\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}=\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^{\dagger}y_{1}^{}\right)
-\frac{1}{16\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}:-\frac{1}{32\pi^2_{}}|\kappa_1^{}|^2_{}\,.\end{aligned}$$
The final baryon asymmetry and dark matter asymmetry would contribute energy density to the present Universe as below [@kt1990], $$\begin{aligned}
\label{baryon-asymmetry}
\rho_{B}^{0}&=&n_{B}^{0}m_{N}^{}=\frac{n_{B}^{0}}{s_0^{}}m_{N}^{}s_0^{}
=-\frac{28}{79}\frac{n_{L_{SM}^{}}^{}}{s}\left|_{T\simeq M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}m_{N}^{}s_0^{}\right.\nonumber\\
&\simeq&
-\frac{28}{79}\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}\frac{n_{\eta_1^{}}^{eq}}{s}\left|_{T\simeq
M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}m_{N}^{}s_0^{}\right.\,,\\
[1mm] \label{dark-matter-asymmetry}
\rho_{\chi}^{0}&=&n_{\chi}^{0}m_{\chi}^{}=\frac{n_{\chi}^{0}}{s_0^{}}m_{\chi}^{}s_0^{}
=\frac{n_{\chi}^{}}{s}\left|_{T\simeq M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}m_{\chi}^{}s_0^{}\right.\nonumber\\
&\simeq&
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}\frac{n_{\eta_1^{}}^{eq}}{s}\left|_{T\simeq
M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}m_{\chi}^{}s_0^{}\right.\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $m_{N}^{}\simeq 1\,\textrm{GeV}$ is the masses of the nucleons, $s$ is the entropy density, $n_{B}^{}$ and $n_{\chi}^{}$, respectively, are the number density of baryon and dark matter, $n_{\eta_{1}^{}}^{eq}$ is the equilibrium distribution of the heavy singlet $\eta_{1}^{}$. The solutions (\[baryon-asymmetry\]) and (\[dark-matter-asymmetry\]) for the baryon and dark matter density are obtained, assuming that the decays of $\eta_1$ satisfies the out-of-equilibrium condition, $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma_{\eta_1^{}}^{}\lesssim H(T)\left.\right|_{T=
M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}=
\left(\frac{8\pi^{3}_{}g_{\ast}^{}}{90}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}_{}\frac{M^{2}_{\eta_1^{}}}{M_{\textrm{Pl}}^{}}
\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $H(T)$ is the Hubble constant with relativistic degrees of freedom $g_{\ast}^{}\simeq 100$ and the Planck mass $M_{\textrm{Pl}}^{}\simeq 10^{19}_{}\,\textrm{GeV}$. In the presence of the fast annihilation between the dark matter and dark antimatter, the dark matter asymmetry should be equivalent to the dark matter relic density. In this scenario, the contributions from the baryonic and dark matter to the present Universe should have the following ratio, $$\begin{aligned}
\Omega_{B}^{}:\Omega_{\chi}^{}\equiv\rho_{B}^{0}:\rho_{\chi}^{0}=-\frac{28}{79}\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}
m_{N}^{}: \varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi} m_{\chi}^{}\,.\end{aligned}$$ Conventionally, we define $$\begin{aligned}
\eta_{B}^{0}&=&\frac{n_B^{0}}{n_{\gamma}^{0}} \simeq
7.04\times\left[-\frac{28}{79}\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}\frac{n_{\eta_1^{}}^{eq}}{s}\left|_{T\simeq
M_{\eta_1^{}}^{}}^{}\right.\right]\nonumber\\
[1mm]
&\simeq&\frac{7.04\,\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_{L}^{}}}{15\,g_\ast^{}}\,,\end{aligned}$$ to describe the current baryon asymmetry. Here $n_{\gamma}^{}$ is the number density of photon.
For giving a numerical example, we take $M_{\eta_1^{}}
=0.1M_{\eta_2^{}}^{}=5\times 10^{13}_{}\,\textrm{GeV},\, |\mu_1^{}|
=|\mu_2^{}|=10^{12}_{}\,\textrm{GeV}$ and obtain $\langle\eta_{1}^{}\rangle =100\langle\eta_{2}^{}\rangle\simeq
1\,\textrm{eV}$ for $\langle\sigma\rangle=1.5\times
10^4_{}\,\textrm{GeV}$. Consequently the neutrino masses would be, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{parameter-3} m_{\nu}^{}\sim \mathcal{O}(0.01\,\textrm{eV}) ~~
\textrm{for} ~~y_1^{}=y_2^{}e^{-i\varphi}=\mathcal{O}(0.01)\,.\end{aligned}$$ We further input $m_\chi^{}=4\,\textrm{TeV}$, $|\kappa_{1}^{}|=|\kappa_{2}^{}|=0.02$, $\sin\delta=-0.5$ and $\textrm{Tr}\left(m_{\nu}^\dagger
m_\nu^{}\right)=\textrm{Tr}\left(y_{1}^\dagger
y_1^{}\right)\langle\eta_{1}^{}\rangle^2_{}=3\times
10^{-3}_{}\,\textrm{eV}^2_{}$ to obtain a lepton asymmetry $$\begin{aligned}
\label{parameter-6}
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\psi_L^{}}\simeq-2.3\times 10^3_{}\,
\varepsilon_{\eta_1^{}}^{\chi}\simeq -1.4\times 10^{-7}_{}\,.\end{aligned}$$ Eventually, we obtain the baryon asymmetry and the dark matter asymmetry as below $$\begin{aligned}
\label{parameter-7} \eta_{B}^{0}\simeq 6.2\times
10^{-10}\,,~~\Omega_{\chi}^{}:\Omega_{B}^{}\simeq 5\,,\end{aligned}$$ which are fully consistent with the experimental observations [@amsler2008].
In the non-relativistic limit, the annihilation cross-section of dark matter and dark antimatter reads, $$\begin{aligned}
\hskip -.5cm\langle\sigma v\rangle =
\frac{1}{32\pi}\left[\left(\alpha-\frac{\gamma\zeta}{2\vartheta}\right)^{2}_{}+2\left(\beta-\frac{\epsilon\zeta}{2\vartheta}\right)^2_{}
+2\gamma^2_{}\right]\frac{1}{m_\chi^2}\,,\end{aligned}$$ which could be very high as $\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\zeta,\epsilon,\vartheta<\sqrt{4\pi}$. For example, we obtain $\langle\sigma
v\rangle=18\,\textrm{pb}\,\left({4\,\textrm{TeV}}/{m_\chi^{}}\right)^2_{}$ for $\alpha,\beta,\vartheta=0.1$ and $\gamma,\zeta,\epsilon=1$. The thermally produced dark matter, with the mass within the range of a few GeV to a few TeV, should have an annihilation cross section slightly smaller than $1\,\textrm{pb}$ to give the desired relic density (\[parameter-7\]). If the cross section is much bigger than $1\,\textrm{pb}$, the thermally produced relic density should be negligible. Therefore the dark matter relic density can be well approximated by the dark matter asymmetry.
The recent cosmic-ray experiments [@chang2008; @torii2008; @adriani2008; @aharonian2008; @abdo2009] suggest [@mpsv2009] that (i) the TeV-scale dark matter should mostly annihilate or decay into the leptons with a large cross section or a long life time; (ii) the dark matter annihilation or decay should not result in overabundant gamma and neutrino fluxes. For demonstration, we take the rotation, $$\begin{aligned}
&&Z_1^{}\left[\langle\phi\rangle\phi+\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle\eta_1^{}+\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle\eta_2^{}\right]
\rightarrow\phi =\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}h+\langle\phi\rangle\\
0\end{array} \right)\,,\nonumber\\
[1mm]
&&Z_1^{}Z_2^{}\left[\langle\phi\rangle\left(\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle\eta_1^{}+\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle\eta_2^{}\right)
-\left(\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle^2_{}+\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle^2_{}\right)\phi\right]\rightarrow\eta_1^{}
\,,\nonumber\\
[2mm] &&Z_2^{}\left[
\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle\eta_2^{}-\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle\eta_1^{}\right]
\rightarrow\eta_2^{}\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $Z_1^{} =
[\langle\phi\rangle^2_{}+\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle^2_{}
+\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle^2_{}]^{-\frac{1}{2}}_{}$ and $Z_2^{} =
[\langle\eta_1^{}\rangle^2_{}
+\langle\eta_2^{}\rangle^2_{}]^{-\frac{1}{2}}_{}$. Clearly, the Yukawa couplings of the heavy doublet scalars to the quarks are highly suppressed by $\displaystyle{\mathcal{O}(\langle\eta\rangle/\langle\phi\rangle)}$. Therefore, the dark matter $\chi$ should mostly decay into the charged singlet scalar $\xi$, the left-handed charged leptons $\ell_L^{}$, the right-handed neutrinos $\nu_R^{}$ and the physical Higgs boson $h$. We show the dominant decay channels in Fig. \[dm\]. Here we have taken into account that (1) $\xi$ can uniquely and rapidly decay into the left-handed leptons $\ell_L^{}$ and $\nu_L^{}$ through the Yukawa coupling $f\xi\overline{\psi_{L}^c}i\tau_2^{}\psi_{L}^{}$; (2) $h$ can dominantly decay into the bottom quarks. The decay width is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma_{\chi}^{}&=&\frac{1}{192\cdot
(2\pi)^3}\Sigma_{i,j=1}^{2}\kappa_i^{\ast}\kappa_j^{}\textrm{Tr}\left(y_i^{}y^\dagger_j\right)
\frac{\langle\phi\rangle^2_{}m_\chi^3}{M_{\eta_i^{}}^2M_{\eta_j^{}}^2}\nonumber\\
[1mm]
&&\times\left[1+\frac{1}{96\cdot\left(2\pi\right)^2_{}}\frac{m_\chi^2}{\langle\phi\rangle^2_{}}\right]\,.\end{aligned}$$ For giving a numerical example, we choose the parameters considered before and then determine the life time, $$\begin{aligned}
\tau_\chi^{} = \frac{1}{\Gamma_\chi^{}}&\simeq & 0.74\times
10^{26}\,\textrm{sec}\,.\end{aligned}$$ We notice that the SM Higgs boson and then the bottom quark appear in the final states of the dark matter decay. However, the branching ratio is small (less than $4\%$) for the present choice of the parameters. This means the dark matter mostly decays into the leptons. Compared with the good fitting in [@mpsv2009], we find that the dark matter decay in our model can induce the desired positron/electron excesses but avoid the overabundant gamma and neutrino fluxes.
The quartic coupling of the dark matter scalar $\chi$ to the SM Higgs doublet $\phi$, i.e. $\beta\left(\chi^\dagger_{}\chi\right)\left(\phi^\dagger_{}\phi\right)$, will result in an elastic scattering of dark matter on nuclei and hence a nuclear recoil [@aht2008]. The spin-independent cross section of the dark-matter-nucleon elastic scattering would be, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{dama3} &&\sigma\left(\chi N \rightarrow \chi N\right)=
\frac{\beta^2_{}}{4\pi}\frac{\mu_r^2}{m_h^4
m_\chi^2}f^2_{}m_N^2\nonumber\\
[2mm] && \hskip -.5cm\simeq 10^{-44}_{}\,\textrm{cm}^2_{}\,\times
\frac{\beta^2_{}}{4\pi}\left(\frac{f}{0.3}\right)^2_{}\left(\frac{120\,\textrm{GeV}}{m_h^{}}\right)^4_{}
\left(\frac{4\,\textrm{TeV}}{m_\chi^{}}\right)^2_{}\,,\phantom{xxx}\end{aligned}$$ which is below the current experimental limit [@angle2007; @ahmed2008], however, reachable for the future experiments. Here $\mu_{r}^{}=m_\chi^{} m_N^{}/(m_\chi^{} + m_N^{})$ is the nucleon-dark-matter reduced mass, $m_h^{}$ is the mass of the physical Higgs boson $h$ (The mixing between $h$ and $h'$ (from $\sigma$) is negligible for $\langle\sigma\rangle\gg\langle\phi\rangle$.), the factor $f$ with a central value $f=0.30$ [@aht2008] parameterizes the Higgs to nucleons coupling from the trace anomaly, $fm_{N}^{}\equiv\langle
N|\sum_q^{}m_q^{}\bar{q}q|N\rangle$.
In this paper we connect the neutrino masses with the origin of the dark matter relic density and the baryon asymmetry in the present Universe. In our model, the dark matter relic density is a dark matter asymmetry because the thermal relic density of dark matter is negligible in the presence of the fast annihilation between the dark matter and dark antimatter. This dark matter asymmetry originate simultaneously with a lepton asymmetry, which can explain the baryon asymmetry via the sphaleron process, and given by the amount of CP violation in out-of-equilibrium decays of heavy scalars. The dark matter mostly decays into the leptons to generate the positron/electron excesses without the overabundant gamma and neutrino fluxes so that we can explain the results from the recent cosmic-ray experiments.
**Acknowledgement**: We thank Xiao-Jun Bi and Goran Senjanovi$\rm\acute{c}$ for helpful discussions. US thanks the Department of Physics and the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis for inviting him as Clark Way Harrison visiting professor. XZ is supported in part by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China under grants 10533010 and 10675136, and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences under grant KJCX3-SYW-N2.
[99]{}
V.A. Kuzmin, arXiv: hep-ph/9701269.
R. Kitano and I. Low, Phys. Rev. D **71**, 023510 (2005).
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For example, P. Meade, M. Papucci, A. Strumia, and T. Volansky, arXiv:0905.0480 \[hep-ph\].
P.H. Gu and H.J. He, JCAP **0612**, 010 (2006).
V.A. Kuzmin, V.A. Rubakov, and M.E. Shaposhnikov, Phys. Lett. B **155**, 36 (1985).
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K. Dick, M. Lindner, M. Ratz, and D. Wright, Phys. Rev. Lett. **84**, 4039 (2000).
E.W. Kolb and M.S. Turner, *The Early Universe*, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990.
C. Amsler [*et al.*]{}, \[Particle Data Group\], Phys. Lett. B **667**, 1 (2008).
S. Andreas, T. Hambye, and M.H.G. Tytgat, JCAP **0810**, 034 (2008).
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Z. Ahmed [*et al.*]{}, \[CDMS Collaboration\], Phys. Rev. Lett. **102**, 011301 (2009).
| 2024-03-02T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1183 |
Personality characteristics of alcoholic children of alcoholics.
Among 1929 alcoholics, the number of alcoholic biological parents was directly related to elevations on MMPI measures of psychopathology, especially aggression. Subjects with only alcoholic fathers did not differ from subjects with only alcoholic mothers, nor did the personality measures reveal any sex-of-child by sex-of-alcoholic-parent interactions. | 2024-04-08T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6842 |
Q:
How to redirect to another page when a network-related or instance-specific error in asp.net mvc
I always get the error :
A network-related or instance-specific error occurred while establishing a connection to SQL Server. The server was not found or was not accessible. Verify that the instance name is correct and that SQL Server is configured to allow remote connections. (provider: Named Pipes Provider, error: 40 - Could not open a connection to SQL Server)
Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code.
Now, I want to redirect my project to one page that show the message "We will back soon" or something else beside that error message that occurred.
Could anyone can tell me how can I do this in my asp.net mvc 2.0 project?
Thanks.
A:
You could use the Application_Error event in your Global.asax:
protected void Application_Error()
{
var exception = Server.GetLastError();
var sqlException = exception as SqlException;
// See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645603.aspx
// for a full list of error numbers that you might be interested in
if (sqlException != null && sqlException.Number == 2)
{
// it was a SqlException with error number = 2 meaning that this
// is the exception that you wanted to handle => we redirect to some page
Response.Clear();
Server.ClearError();
Response.Redirect("~/Offline.htm");
}
}
| 2024-02-15T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6048 |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a powdery, melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate and a process for producing the same. More particularly, it relates to a powdery, melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate used as a component of flame-retardants to be added to or impregnated in thermoplastic resins, paints, etc. or paper, etc., and a process for producing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ammonium polyphosphate is very easily hydrolyzed due to its chemical structure; hence when it is used as a component of flame-retardants by adding it to or impregnating it in thermoplastic resins, paints, etc. or paper, etc., there are raised drawbacks that various characteristics of the resulting product, such as electrical insulation properties, mechanical physical properties and flame-retardancy are notably lower due to the hygroscopicity, water-solubility and hydrolytic properties.
In order to overcome these drawbacks, a number of proposals have so far been made as regards the improvements in water-solubility and hydrolytic properties of ammonium polyphosphate. For example, Japanese patent publication No. Sho 53-15478 discloses a process wherein 5 to 50% by weight of melamine or melamine phosphate as a melamine component, ammonium phosphate and urea or crystalline area phosphate are mixed, followed by heat-condensation, to produce a modified ammonium polyphosphate. However, the modified ammonium polyphosphate disclosed therein has a high solubility in water; hence its use as a component of flame-retardants raises a problem.
Japanese patent publication No. Sho 52-39930 discloses a process wherein powder of ammonium polyphosphate (100 parts by weight) is uniformly mixed with powder of melamine (60 parts by weight), followed by heating the mixture at 320.degree. C., cooling and crushing the resulting melt to obtain powder of a melamine-added ammonium polyphosphate. However, as to the powder of melamine-added ammonium polyphosphate obtained according to the process disclosed in the above publication, since the melt is crushed, the surfaces of particles of ammonium polyphosphate are not uniformly coated by melamine, and the product is still insufficient in hygroscopicity, water-solubility and hydrolytic properties, and moreover it is necessary to crush the melt.
Further, Japanese patent applications laid-open No. Sho 59-207819 and No. Sho 61-103962 disclose that ammonium polyphosphate is microcapsulated using a thermosetting resin such as melamine/formaldehyde resin to improve hygroscopicity, water-solubility and hydrolytic properties. However, according to such a process, since the use of a wet slurry constitutes a condition of its production and further since a thermosetting resin is used, when the ammonium polyphosphate is added to a thermoplastic resin or the like, there is raised a drawback that the resulting product is colored due to the heat deterioration of the thermosetting resin.
Problem to Be Solved by the Invention:
The present inventors have made extensive research in order to obtain a powdery ammonium polyphosphate which is not hygroscopic, is difficultly soluble in water and is, hardly susceptible to hydrolysis, and as a result, have found that a powdery, melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate obtained by adding and/or adhering melamine onto the surface of powdery ammonium polyphosphate particles by sublimation of melamine, constitutes a powdery ammonium polyphosphate provided with the above-mentioned properties, and at the same time, when the thus obtained powdery, melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate is added as a component of a flame-retardant, to a thermoplastic resin or the like, ammonia gas does not evolve due to decomposition even if the product is exposed to the molding temperature of the thermoplastic resin, and yet melamine is added and/or adhered to the surface of ammonium polyphosphate particles by its sublimation; and according to the above production process, the powdery ammonium polyphosphate particles as a raw material barely agglomerate during the process of coating melamine to thereby obtain a melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate keeping the initial particle size; hence it is unnecessary to further crush the ammonium polyphosphate. The present invention has been completed based upon the above-mentioned findings.
As apparent from the foregoing, the object of the present invention is to provide a melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate which is not hygroscopic, barely soluble in water and hardly susceptible to hydrolysis, and a process for producing a melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate which is in the form of powder even when not crushed. | 2023-09-19T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3722 |
Cardiotoxicity of Jamesoni's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) venom and its fractionated components in primary cultures of rat myocardial cells.
Primary cultures of spontaneously beating myocardial cells isolated from neonatal rat hearts were used to screen the cardiotoxic effects of Jamesoni's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) venom and components isolated from the venom by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated on the basis of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), changes in morphology, cell membrane lysis, cellular viability, and alterations in spontaneous beating activity. The whole venom caused dose- and time-dependent leakage of LDH, disruption of the cell monolayer, decreases in viability, and inhibition of beating activity. Gel filtration of the venom yielded eight fractions (DjI to DjVIII). DjI (30 micrograms/ml), DjII (20 micrograms/ml), and DjV (20 micrograms/ml) caused significant (P less than 0.001) leakage of LDH, extensive morphologic damage, and decreases in viability. At lower concentrations DjI to DjVIII caused progressive inhibition of spontaneous beating activity. The main fraction (DjV), which was the most toxic, was further separated into 14 polypeptides (Dj1 to Dj14) by ion-exchange chromatography using Bio-Rex 70. Based on the ability to induce LDH leakage, produce morphologic damage, lyse cell membranes, and arrest beating activity, four categories of polypeptides were identified: cardiotoxins, Dj1 and Dj2; cardiotoxinlike polypeptides, Dj3 to Dj8; less active membrane lytic polypeptides, Dj9 to Dj13; and membrane lytic polypeptide, Dj14. | 2023-11-14T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1470 |
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a1296n.06
No. 12-1324
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Dec 18, 2012
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
v. )
) OPINION
GARY KLIEBERT, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and DLOTT, District Judge.*
DLOTT, District Judge. Gary Kliebert challenges the procedural and substantive
reasonableness of his above-Guidelines, statutory maximum sentence for receipt of child
pornography. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Information from Italy’s Centre for Combating Pedophilia Online directed Homeland
Security Investigations (“HSI”) agents to an Internet Protocol (“IP”) address registered to Martha
Kliebert, wife of Defendant Gary Kliebert. Agents obtained a search warrant for the Kliebert home,
and Gary Kliebert consented to be interviewed by the agents. Kliebert confessed to frequently
downloading child pornography and led agents to a hidden location in his basement where he had
stored two laptop computers, an external hard drive, a hand video recorder, a wireless router, money,
*
Honorable Susan J. Dlott, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
and letters. Kliebert had hidden these items below a fake panel in a shelving unit in his basement.
Kliebert admitted to the agents that he had started looking at child pornography about eight
years previously while working as a special education teacher and that his viewing of child
pornography “got worse” after his retirement. Kliebert told an agent that he masturbated to child
pornography and adult pornography each day and spent approximately two to three hours each day
viewing child pornography. However, he told the agents that he could never molest a child.
Initial forensic investigation of one of Kliebert’s two laptops revealed 1,492 images of known
child pornography including 16 images of child pornography with animals and 9 images of child
pornography involving bondage; 1,112 images of suspected child pornography; 556 child
pornography videos; 3 child pornography videos involving bondage; and 1 child pornography video
involving bestiality. Initial forensic review of the external hard drive revealed 15,375 images of
known child pornography including 1 image specifically identified as a bondage/torture image and
470 known child pornography videos, 23 suspected child pornography videos, and over 100,000
additional images of suspected child pornography. According to the Presentence Investigation
Report (“PSIR”), investigators did not come up with a precise number of child pornographic images
on the hard drive due to the sheer number of images. A forensic examination of Kliebert’s electronic
media completed subsequent to the preparation of the revised PSIR found the equivalent of 872,138
images of rape, abuse, and sexual exploitation of children. When asked at his plea hearing the
quantity of child pornographic images he had received, Kliebert responded that it was approximately
one million.
-2-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
During a consensual polygraph examination that took place after his initial interview with
investigating agents, Kliebert admitted that, in fact, he had sexually abused a child. Specifically, he
admitted that he once had sexual contact with his minor niece five or six years ago when she was
approximately sixteen years old.
Agents then interviewed Kliebert’s niece, at that point a college student. She informed them
that Kliebert had had sexual contact with her not once, but numerous time over a period of five years
beginning when she was eleven years old. The incidents of contact typically entailed Kliebert
touching his minor niece’s breasts and vaginal area over her clothing. Kliebert continued to molest
his niece until she was sixteen, when Kliebert’s wife found his laptop computer with the
pornography on it and alerted the victim’s mother. Kliebert was never alone with his niece after that.
A few weeks after his release on bond, Kliebert consulted Dr. Gerald A. Shiener, M.D., a
fellow with the American Psychiatric Association, for a psychiatric evaluation. Kliebert told Dr.
Shiener that he cooperated with the police and told them “everything.” He also described “an
incident” with his niece in which he admitted he “went too far” and touched her perineum. Based
on his interview with Kliebert, Dr. Shiener concluded that Kliebert’s interest in child pornography
was “more in keeping with a fetish than with any diagnosis of pedophilia,” that Kliebert had no
history of pedophilic behavior, and that Kliebert was unlikely to be a threat to the community. Dr.
Shiener was unaware of the extent and frequency of Kliebert’s molestation of his niece.
Three days after his psychiatric evaluation with Dr. Shiener, Kliebert began psychotherapy
with licensed social worker Martha Maceroni. Kliebert participated in therapy sessions weekly or
a minimum of twice per month from August 2011 until at least January 2012. Maceroni wrote in
-3-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
a Clinical Progress Report provided to the district court that Kliebert had complied with psychiatric
medication treatment, that he remained on anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications, and that he
reported significant positive outcomes. Maceroni stated that Kliebert had done much self-
examination, was committed to this work, and had made impressive therapeutic gains. Maceroni
also reported that Kliebert took full responsibility for his actions and had remorse for those choices.
In conclusion, Maceroni opined that there was a high probability that Kliebert could and would
resolve his sexual preoccupation.
Kliebert pleaded guilty to one count of receipt of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(a)(2). Kliebert’s sexual abuse of his niece is not a charged offense in this case. Kliebert’s
total offense level was thirty-five following various enhancements and a reduction for the acceptance
of responsibility. Kliebert had no criminal history, corresponding to a criminal history category of
I. Kliebert’s resulting advisory sentencing guidelines range was 168 to 210 months of imprisonment.
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(b)(1), the minimum term of imprisonment was five years with a
maximum term of twenty years.
In its sentencing memorandum, the Government asked the district court to sentence Kliebert
to 210 months, the top of the Guideline range, focusing largely on the fact that the number of images
and the number of children involved in Kliebert’s collection of child pornography was simply
staggering.
In his sentencing memorandum, Kliebert requested a downward variance to a below-
Guidelines sentence of 60 months, the mandatory minimum for the crime. Kliebert’s attorney
emphasized that Kliebert had been a participant in group therapy, had taken full responsibility for
-4-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
his inappropriate conduct, and was taking steps to address his psychiatric and criminal issues through
medication and therapy.
A few days before Kliebert’s sentencing hearing, the agents assigned to the case received a
phone call from one of Kliebert’s sisters, who put them in touch with another sister who then
provided a statement to the agents. A woman who identified herself as Kliebert’s sister told the
agents that Kliebert himself, in addition to their father, sexually abused her when they were living
together and growing up as kids. She also said that she did not believe that Kliebert was sexually
assaulted by their father. The agents gave the woman an opportunity to make a written statement,
but she declined to do so. The Assistant United States Attorney provided this information to the
district court and defense counsel prior to the sentencing hearing.
At the outset of the sentencing hearing, the district court advised the parties that it had
carefully reviewed the PSIR, the Government’s Sentencing Memorandum and victim letters, the
Defendant’s Sentencing Memorandum, Dr. Shiener’s and the therapist’s letters, and letters from
Kliebert’s friends and family.
The district court then considered an objection raised by Kliebert’s attorney regarding the
statement Kliebert’s sister had recently made to the agents. Counsel urged the court not to consider
the sister’s allegations when fashioning a sentence for Kliebert, asserting that it would violate
Kliebert’s Sixth Amendment rights because he was not in a position to cross-examine that individual
regarding her statement or even determine if she was who she claimed to be. The court did not rule
on Kliebert’s objection.
-5-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
During argument to the district court, Kliebert’s counsel reiterated his request for a below-
Guidelines sentence. Whereas he initially requested a five-year sentence in his sentencing
memorandum, at the sentencing hearing defense counsel suggested that a sentence of eight years
would be fair, noting that Kliebert sought help to overcome his psychiatric disorder and had
expressed complete remorse for his conduct.
After hearing arguments from both sides and a statement from Kliebert, the district court
discussed Kliebert’s offense conduct. He described the images Kliebert collected as “disturbing,”
referring particularly to those showing child torture and forced bestiality. He also discussed
Kliebert’s molestation of his niece. He then addressed the following factors under 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a): (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense, (2) Kliebert’s history and characteristics,
(3) the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense; (4) the need for the
sentence imposed to promote respect for the law and just punishment; (5) the need for the sentence
to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct and protect the public from further crimes; (6) the
need to provide the defendant with correctional treatment; and (7) the kinds of sentences available
and the sentencing range under the Guidelines. The district court did not mention the need to avoid
unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who had been found guilty
of similar conduct, a sentencing factor specified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6).
The district court mentioned Kliebert’s sister’s statement three times during the sentencing,
each time in a reference to Kliebert’s dishonesty or lack of credibility. First, the court said, “[y]ou
assert that you and your sisters were the victims of sexual abuse, yet your sister in her statement . .
. states that she does not believe you are or were the victim of sexual abuse.” Later, the court said,
-6-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
“[y]ou also . . . assert that somehow you may be a sympathetic . . . person because of abuse that
occurred to you in the past, which again has been thrown into question by your sister’s statement .
. . that you were not the victim of abuse as a child.” Finally, the court noted, “I argue that you’ve
been less than candid and I think you’ve tried to foster some sort of sympathy about being molested
as a child by your father. And again, [your sister] asserts that you were not molested by your father.”
Prior to announcing Kliebert’s sentence, the district court noted defense counsel’s request
for a downward variance to eight years’ imprisonment. Then, the district court sentenced Kliebert
to 240 months imprisonment and recommended placement in a residential sex offender treatment
program. The district court specified that it had considered the following factors when varying
above the Guidelines range to arrive at a sentence of 240 months: (1) the vast number of images
involved; (2) the disturbing nature of the images including bestiality, bondage, and torture of
children; (3) the trauma to the victims of the child pornography, and (4) Kliebert’s molestation of
his niece.
The district court again acknowledged that defense counsel had asked for a downward
variance to eight years. “In response,” the court said, “considering the nature of the defendant’s
conduct, the disturbing, troubling child pornography he had, his actions, his repeated attempts in
acquiring of this pornography involving our children, real children, I just could not vary, Mr. Rabaut,
and I could not vary, I should say, the way you wanted me to vary.”
Following the district court’s imposition of the sentence, Kliebert’s counsel again raised the
issue of the sister’s interview with the agents and specifically objected to the court’s repeated
reference to that statement during the hearing. The district court indicated that it recognized there
-7-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
were two potential messages to be drawn from Kliebert’s sister’s statement: (1) that Kliebert was not
credible, and (2) that Kliebert had molested her when she was a child. The district court dismissed
the suggestion that it had relied on the sister’s statements in deciding that Kliebert had been
dishonest, saying that “the issue of his being candid . . . was already raised in another fashion . . .
what he initially told the agent regarding his niece, and what he told his treating physician regarding
his contact with his niece[,] and what the niece has told us in the presentence report that was received
without objection.” Similarly, the district court refuted that it had given weight to the sister’s
allegation of molestation, saying “I note that she has made a claim that she was molested, but, in fact,
we already have the presentence report, clearly outlining an act or acts of multiple molestation of a
child. So whatever impact that had, that statement by his sister that he molested – your client
molested her as a child, was certainly, if anything, minimal to any sentence that I gave or
nonexistent.” The district court then asked if it had covered all of defense counsel’s objections to
the sentence, and counsel said that the court had. Kliebert now brings this appeal challenging the
reasonableness of the sentence imposed.
II. ANALYSIS
We review Kliebert’s sentence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v. Novales, 589 F.3d 310, 314 (6th Cir. 2009).1 We first
1
While sentencing review generally is conducted under the abuse-of-discretion standard, “‘if a
sentencing judge asks . . . whether there are any objections not previously raised, in compliance with
. . . [United States v .] Bostic, 371 F.3d 865 [6th Cir. 2004,] and if the relevant party does not object,
then plain-error review applies on appeal’ to those procedural-reasonableness arguments that were
not previously raised in the district court.” United States v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 694 (6th Cir.
2012) (quoting United States v. Penson, 526 F.3d 331, 337 (6th Cir. 2008)). The plain-error standard
is the standard most favorable to the prosecution. Novales, 589 F.3d at 313. The Government in this
-8-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to properly
calculate the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the factors
set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or “failing to
adequately explain the chosen sentence — including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. If the district court’s decision is procedurally sound, we
then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed, taking into account the totality
of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range. Id. If the
sentence is outside the Guidelines range, the court “may consider the extent of the deviation, but
must give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify
the extent of the variance.” Id.
Kliebert points to several factors that he believes demonstrate the unreasonableness of the
statutory maximum sentence imposed on him. First, he contends that the district court committed
procedural error by failing to consider his non-frivolous arguments supporting a downward variance,
by relying on impermissible factors in determining the sentence, and by failing to consider all
relevant § 3553(a) factors. Second, he contends that the sentence is substantively unreasonable
because it was based upon factors already subsumed in and considered in calculating the sentence
Guideline range. The Court will discuss each of these contentions in turn.
case did not raise the issue of whether the Defendant failed to object to his sentence during the
sentencing hearing in response to a Bostic question such that plain-error review would apply. Rather,
the Government stated that an abuse-of-discretion standard was appropriate for all aspects of this
Court’s review.
-9-
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
A. Procedural Reasonableness This Court recently discussed the parameters for
evaluating an above-Guidelines sentence for procedural reasonableness. United States v. Zobel, 696
F.3d 558 (6th Cir. 2012). We explained,
[f]or a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, “a district court must explain its
reasoning to a sufficient degree to allow for meaningful appellate review.” United
States v. Brogdon, 503 F.3d 555, 559 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation and editorial
marks omitted). A district court commits reversible procedural error by “failing to
calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as
mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on
clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence —
including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586, 169 L. Ed. 2d 445 (2007). Further,
if the sentence imposed is outside the advisory range, the court is required to state
“the specific reason for the imposition of” its departure or variance. 18 U.S.C. §
3553(c)(2); United States v. Johnson, 640 F.3d 195, 205 (6th Cir. 2011).
Id. at 566. Where the defendant presents “nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence
. . . the judge will normally go further and explain why he has rejected those arguments.” Rita v.
United States, 551 U.S. 338, 357 (2007). However, there is no requirement that the sentencing judge
give a particularly lengthy explanation. Id. Neither does § 3553(c) require the district court to give
its reasons for rejecting any and all arguments made by the parties for alternative sentences. United
States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 387 (6th Cir. 2008). What procedural reasonableness requires is that
the sentencing judge “‘set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the
parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.’”
United States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 356).
Kliebert claims that the sentence is procedurally unreasonable in three respects: (1) the court
failed to address mitigation evidence, particularly the psychological report of Dr. Gerald Shiener and
- 10 -
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
the letter from therapist Martha Maceroni; (2) the court based its thirty-month upward variance from
the Guidelines range on allegations of Kliebert’s deception not found by a preponderance of the
evidence, and (3) the court failed to consider other 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, including the need
to avoid unwarranted disparity.
1. Mitigation Evidence
Kliebert filed with the district court a sentencing memorandum and exhibits he claimed
supported a downward variance. In particular, counsel submitted the report and evaluation by Dr.
Shiener, which concluded that Kliebert was “unlikely to be a threat to the community,” and a letter
from therapist Martha Maceroni, which stated that Kliebert reported “significant positive outcome”
since participating in therapy and taking medication. Although it acknowledged reading them, the
district court did not specifically discuss either of these items during the sentencing hearing and
never explained why Kliebert’s voluntary treatment and reported progress should not support a lower
sentence.
The district court’s lack of discussion of these items, however, does not render the sentence
procedurally unreasonable. The district court was not obligated to address the report of Dr. Shiener
as grounds for a lower sentence because it was clear that any argument for mitigation based on that
report was meritless. Kliebert told the psychiatrist that he acted inappropriately with his niece only
one time when, in fact, he had sexually abused his niece on multiple occasions over an extended
period of time. Kliebert told the psychiatrist that he had told the police everything, when in fact he
had not told the police about his pedophilic acts toward his niece. Dr. Shiener’s report also stated
that Kliebert had never acted on his sexual impulses, a clearly erroneous statement.
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
“‘A sentencing judge has no more duty than we appellate judges do to discuss every
argument made by a litigant; arguments clearly without merit can, and for the sake of judicial
economy should, be passed over in silence.’” United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 940 (6th Cir.
2006) (quoting United States v. Cunningham, 429 F.3d 673, 678 (7th Cir. 2005)). Because Dr.
Shiener’s report and conclusions therein were based on incomplete and false information provided
by Kliebert, the district judge was not required to consider them as mitigating factors.
The letter from therapist Martha Maceroni, however, warranted consideration by the district
court. In that letter, prepared nine months after Dr. Shiener examined Kliebert, Maceroni states that
Kliebert has been seen weekly for therapy since the preceding August. She reports that Kliebert has
complied with psychiatric medication treatment, that he remains on anti-depressant and anti-anxiety
medications, and that he has displayed “considerable improvement regarding anxiety, obsessive
thought patterns and impulse control.” Whether Kliebert lied to Dr. Shiener during the week of his
arrest has no bearing on the clinical outcome reported by Martha Maceroni nine months later, after
Kliebert had participated in regular therapy and medication treatment. That Kliebert exhibited
demonstrable improvement after nine months of therapy cannot be construed as a frivolous argument
in favor of a lower sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Corum, 354 F. App’x 957, 960 (6th Cir.
2009) (holding that it would be clear error for a sentencing judge to adopt a policy that it would not
consider post-arrest treatment for a child pornography addiction because it would prevent the judge
from giving the defendant the individualized assessment required).
Nonetheless, the sentencing transcript sets forth enough information for this Court to
conclude that the district court did consider Kliebert’s argument for a mitigated sentence based on
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
his treatment with Maceroni, even though he did not expressly discuss it. A sentencing judge’s
stated reasons for a sentence need not be lengthy to be legally sufficient. Rita, 551 U.S. at 358. In
Rita, the defendant argued for a below-Guidelines sentence based on three factors: “health, fear of
retaliation in prison, and military record,” Id. The sentencing judge listened to each argument and
was fully aware of the facts defendant relied on as mitigating factors. Id. However, the judge did
not expressly mention any of those factors when announcing Rita’s within-Guidelines sentence. The
Supreme Court found that, although he did not mention the defendant’s specific arguments, the
sentencing judge’s brief statement of reasons was sufficient because “context and the record [made]
clear” that the judge found that the defendant’s circumstances were insufficient to warrant a different
sentence. Id. at 359.
In this case, the district court read Maceroni’s letter, acknowledged that Kliebert had mental
health issues, and discussed various § 3553(a) factors, including Kliebert’s history and characteristics
and the need to provide him with needed correctional treatment in the most effective manner. R. 24,
Sent. Tr., Page ID # 131-32. The district court recommended that Kliebert be incarcerated in a
prison with a residential sex offender treatment program, and — due to Kliebert’s “self-reported
history of mental or emotional problems” — ordered him to participate in mental health counseling
upon his release. The district court also acknowledged Kliebert’s request for a downward variance
to eight years, both before and after announcing Kliebert’s sentence, but explained that it could not
grant that request because of Kliebert’s actions and the disturbing nature of Kliebert’s collection of
child pornography. In short, the sentencing judge made it clear that notwithstanding any mitigating
factors, he felt a 240-month sentence was necessary to reflect the seriousness of the offense (which
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
involved a staggering number of child pornographic images including those showing bestiality,
bondage, and torture), to deter the criminal conduct of receiving child pornography, and to protect
the public from future crimes. Id. at Page ID 148-49.
Certainly, “the better practice . . . is for a sentencing judge to ‘go further and explain why he
has rejected [each of the defendant’s non-frivolous] arguments’ for imposing a sentence lower than
the Guidelines range.” United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Rita, 551
U.S. at 357). However, the reasoning set forth by the district court in this case is sufficient to satisfy
this Court that it considered Kliebert’s mitigation evidence but found it did not justify the downward
variance he sought.
2. Evidence of Kliebert’s Deception
Kliebert also contends that, when determining the sentence, the district judge considered
statements allegedly made by Kliebert’s sister, which attacked his credibility, without first ruling on
defense counsel’s objection to the Court’s consideration of those statements.
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(c)(1) states that “[a]t the sentencing hearing . . . [f]or
each matter controverted, the court must make either a finding on the allegation or a determination
that no finding is necessary because the controverted matter will not be taken into account in, or will
not affect, sentencing.” The Sixth Circuit requires “literal compliance” with this provision. United
States v. Aleo, 681 F.3d 290, 298 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Tackett, 113 F.3d 603,
613 (6th Cir. 1997)). “This strict requirement helps to ensure that defendants are sentenced on the
basis of accurate information and provides a clear record for appellate courts.” Tackett, 113 F.3d
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
at 613-14. If the sentencing court fails to make these factual findings, the circuit court must remand
for resentencing. Id. at 614 (citing United States v. Edgecomb, 910 F.2d 1309, 1313 (6th Cir. 1990)).
Contrary to Kliebert’s argument, the district court was not required to make a finding of fact
that Kliebert molested his sister or that he was not molested by his father as he claimed. It was
unnecessary for the district court to make these findings by a preponderance of the evidence because
neither issue affected Kliebert’s sentence. As the court noted, other evidence demonstrated that
Kliebert had molested a child – his niece. Also, other evidence demonstrated that Kliebert was
deceptive. He told the investigators that he would never actually molest a child, and he told Dr.
Shiener that he had molested his niece on only one occasion. In fact, he had molested his niece
numerous times over a period of years. Accordingly, it was unnecessary for the district court to
determine the truth of Kliebert’s sister’s allegations by a preponderance of the evidence because the
information attributed to her did not affect Kliebert’s sentencing.
3. Unwarranted Sentence Disparity
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the sentencing court “in determining the particular sentence
to be imposed, shall consider” each of the seven factors enumerated in the statute. In this case, the
district court did not mention on the record whether it considered the need to avoid unwarranted
sentence disparities pursuant to § 3553(a)(6). Kliebert contends that this constitutes procedural error
requiring reversal.
The fact that a district court does not explicitly discuss a particular § 3553(a) factor does not,
alone, render a sentence procedurally unreasonable. See United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620,
625 (6th Cir. 2007) (finding sentence procedurally reasonable despite the fact that the district court
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
did not explicitly discuss § 3553(a)(6)). This Court has observed that while “the sentencing judge
must consider the list of sentencing factors articulated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)[, s]uch consideration
. . . need not be evidenced explicitly.” United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006).
A district judge is under a duty to make explicit its consideration of the § 3553 factors only when
a defendant makes a particular argument and when a factor is particularly relevant. Simmons, 501
F.3d at 625 (citing United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006) and United States
v. Husein, 478 F.3d 318, 330 (6th Cir. 2007)).
In this case, the district court did not ignore the need for uniformity in sentencing. He
addressed the appropriate Guidelines range before explaining his reasons for varying upward from
that range to the statutory maximum. Because the avoidance of unwarranted disparities was
considered by the Sentencing Commission when setting the Guidelines ranges, a district court’s
correct calculation of and review of the Guidelines range necessarily requires consideration of the
need to avoid unwarranted disparities. Gall, 552 U.S. at 54. The district court was not required to
make his consideration of sentence disparities explicit because Kliebert did not argue that the need
for uniformity was particularly applicable in this case. The record provides sufficient evidence that
the district court considered national uniformity; therefore, there was no procedurally unreasonable
error.
B. Substantive Reasonableness “For a sentence to be substantively reasonable, it must
be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances of the offense and offender, and sufficient
but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of § 3553(a).” United States v. Vowell,
516 F.3d 503, 512 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A sentence is substantively
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
unreasonable if the district court ‘selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible
factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to
any pertinent factor.’” United States v. Hall, 632 F.3d 331, 335 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United
States v. Baker, 559 F.3d 443, 448 (6th Cir. 2009)). Although sentences within the Guidelines may
be afforded a presumption of substantive reasonableness, a sentence outside the Guidelines is not
presumed unreasonable. United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir. 2007). In reviewing
a sentence, we give “‘due deference’ to the district court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed is
warranted by the § 3553(a) factors.” Id.
Kliebert claims that the sentence is substantively unreasonable because it was based upon
factors already subsumed in and considered in calculating the sentence Guideline range. In
particular, Kliebert states that the number of images he possessed were already taken into account
because he was assessed a five-level upward adjustment for possessing in excess of 600 images
under United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) 2G2.2(b)(7)(D). Additionally, the district
court drew attention to the victim letters and repeated several times that the offenses involved “real
children.” Kliebert correctly notes that if the images had not involved “real children,” an offense
would not have been established. See U.S.C. § 2256(8). Kliebert also argues that the court’s
characterization of him as a “real threat” was taken into account by the Guidelines, in particular the
five-level upward enhancement for a “pattern of activity involving the sexual abuse or exploitation
of a minor” under U.S.S.G. 2G2.2(b)(5). Finally, Kliebert argues that by giving him the maximum
sentence allowable under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), the court has effectively determined that Kliebert has
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
committed the “worst possible variation” of the crime of possession of child pornography without
adequately articulating how his offense was worse as compared to other offenders.
Imposition of the statutory maximum sentence is appropriate when the sentencing court
concludes that the defendant’s conduct was egregious when compared to the conduct of other
offenders. In an unpublished decision, this Court affirmed the imposition of a 360-month maximum
sentence in a case in which the defendant had targeted his own niece by encouraging individuals over
the internet to abduct and rape her, and when he possessed over 3,000 images of child pornography.
United States v. Massey, 349 F. App’x 64, 69 (6th Cir. 2009). Regarding the number of images, the
Massey court noted that the offense level is increased by five levels if the offender has 600 images
and that Massey had five times that amount. Kliebert, by comparison, possessed 870,000 images,
or 1450 times that amount. This certainly warrants classifying Kliebert’s conduct as egregious.
Additionally, in Massey, the forensic examiner said that the collection was one of the most disturbing
he had seen. Similarly, the district court in this case stated that the images in Kliebert’s collection
were “very, very disturbing and troubling” as they included images of children being tortured.
Additionally, the nature of Kliebert’s offense against his niece, namely that the abuse
occurred on numerous occasions over a number of years, contributed toward a finding that Kliebert’s
conduct was egregious. See United States v. Sanchez, 440 F. App’x 436 (6th Cir. 2011) (finding that
above-Guidelines sentence of 360 months in child pornography production case was substantively
reasonable when district court emphasized that he knew of no case in which a defendant had abused
a child for a longer period of time); see also United States v. Sprague, 370 F. App’x 638 (6th Cir.
2010) (affirming 360-month sentence as substantively reasonable in child pornography transportation
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No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
case, even though the Guideline sentence was 180 months, because the district court concluded that
the defendant was a child sexual predator who was actively seeking victims).
The record supports the district court’s conclusion that a statutory maximum sentence was
proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances of Kliebert’s offense, even when compared to
the conduct of other offenders, because he possessed nearly a million images of child pornography
(many of which involved torture, rape, and bestiality) and covertly committed a hands-on sex offense
against a minor family member for five years — conduct which presumably would have continued
had Kliebert’s wife not put a stop to him spending time alone with the minor family member. The
30-month upward variance amounted to a 14% increase over the top of the Guideline range. The
discussion that took place during the sentencing hearing provides the reviewing court with enough
information to determine that the district court felt this relatively small degree of upward variance
was justified.
The district court made clear that this was not a garden-variety case but rather an offense that
involved “very, very troubling, disturbing, disgusting circumstances.” R. 24, Sent. Tr., Page ID #
130. Because “[t]he sentencing judge is in a superior position to find facts and judge their import
under § 3553(a) in the individual case,” this Court “must give due deference to the district court’s
decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” Gall, 552 U.S.
at 51. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court’s decision to sentence Kliebert to the statutory
maximum was deliberate and substantively reasonable.
- 19 -
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert
III. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM Kliebert’s sentence.
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| 2024-05-07T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1386 |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an air-bag device which can be inflated as a protective wall in front of a vehicle side wall.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
A known air-bag device of the generic type (DE 296 10 920 U1; WO 96/26087) can be inflated as a protective wall in front of a vehicle side wall having vertical pillars. For this purpose, the air-bag device includes a gas generator having fillable restraint cushions which, in the folded-up inoperative state, are concealed under a paneling part of a lateral roof longitudinal member. In the event of a side impact, the gas generator is activated by means of an impact sensor. The restraint cushions are filled by means of a gas mass flow and moved into a restraint position in which they cover the upper region of the side window of the vehicle wall. In this arrangement, the restraint cushions are connected to one another to form a restraint mat which remains secured essentially along its entire longitudinal extent in the region of the lateral roof longitudinal member. The filling procedure of the restraint cushions takes place via a filling pipe in the form of a metal pipe having outlet openings offset over the length. The filling pipe likewise extends along the entire longitudinal extent in the region of the lateral roof longitudinal member and is connected to the gas generator. Filling pipes of this type as gas lances made of metal or plastic have the disadvantage of a relatively large overall volume and heavy weight.
A protective wall of this type is used in particular as a side airbag for the head in order to dampen a head impact of an occupant in the event of a side impact and/or overturning. The intention is furthermore thereby to prevent particles, for example of destroyed side windows, paneling parts etc., from flying into the occupants compartment.
On account of the occupants head not being very far from vehicle side parts, it is precisely inside air-bag devices that very rapid inflating procedures of the restraint cushions are required in order to still bring the latter in front of the vehicle side parts before a head impact. In spite of the high filling speeds achieved up to now, further improvements are desirable here. One problem of the air-bag devices resides generally in the aggressiveness shown with respect to occupants, which can occur, in particular if an occupant is xe2x80x9cout of positionxe2x80x9d (OOP).
In a similar known air-bag device (DE 196 47 679 A1) a mat consisting of pneumatically connected beads is inflated as the protective wall in such a manner that a gas generator is connected at one location on the mat and a gas mass flow is blown in. A filling pipe in the form of a gas lance inserted into the mat is not provided here. Because the filling takes place only via one location without additional filling or unfolding aids, the filling procedure may be relatively slow with the mat only having a slightly defined position in the restraint position.
Furthermore, a side impact protection device for vehicle occupants is known (DE 196 45 031 A1) in which in the event of a side impact an unfoldable protective curtain is merely pulled from above over the region of the vehicle window. For this purpose, a vertical rail guide is provided in which a projectile connected to a side corner of the protective curtain can be moved downwards with the aid of a gas generator. This protective curtain does not contain any inflatable restraint cushions and so the protective effect is relatively mall as compared with air-bag devices.
The object df the invention is to provide an air-bag device which has a very rapid inflating procedure with good occupant protection and low aggressiveness, in particular when xe2x80x9cout of positionxe2x80x9d.
According to the present invention at least one of the restraint cushions is designed as a distributor cushion which is the first of the plurality of restraint cushions to be subjected to a gas mass flow from the gas generator. In the restraint position the distributor cushion at least partially covers an assigned vertical pillar. In addition, the distributor cushion has discharge openings through which portions of the gas mass flow from the gas generator can be supplied to the other restraint cushions, optionally via filling channels. The restraint cushions can be designed as air-bag chambers of an air bag of single- or multi-part design.
By means of the design of a distributor cushion which is the first to be subjected to a gas mass flow from the gas generator and which is inflated in front of a vertical pillar, there is advantageously already effective impact protection with respect to a vertical pillar shortly after the inflating procedure has begun. Only a relatively small gas mass flow is required in order to inflate the distributor cushion and thus the distributor cushion can be inflated very rapidly. No aggressiveness with respect to a vehicle occupant is to be expected from the inflating procedure of the distributor cushion in the region of the vertical pillar. Since the distributor cushion is inflated very rapidly and the inflating procedure for the other restraint cushions takes place via a plurality of discharge openings of the distributor cushion, suitable dimensioning of the discharge openings with respect to the arrangement and the diameter can also result in a very rapid inflation of the protective wall for the entire air-bag device. In conjunction with the dimensioning of the discharge openings and of the filling channels, specific influencing of the time sequence and of the inflating volume of the other restraint cushions is possible, which makes possible adaptation to vehicle-specific and individual conditions.
For a specific distribution of the gas mass flow, the distributor cushion may also consist of chambers or gas channels. Furthermore, the filling procedure and/or the service lives of the restraint cushions may, depending on the requirements, optionally be influenced by panels and/or gas diverters and/or nonreturn valves.
In the event of a vehicle overturning, both air-bag devices on both sides of the vehicle are expediently triggered. In addition, use can be made of stepped generators which are known per se and with which gas can subsequently be blown into the restraint cushions in order to extend the service life and/or in the event of a multiple collision.
As a stable part, the gas generator is to be arranged outside a potential head-impact region of front and rear occupants of the vehicle, preferably in a lateral roof strut in the vicinity of the B-pillar. Depending on the specific conditions, an arrangement of the gas generator in the vertical pillars, in the boot or in the engine compartment may also be expedient.
To give specific and rapid filling of the restraint cushions, it is proposed to connect at least one filling channel which is connected to the restraint cushions to the discharge openings of the gas distributor cushion.
In a particularly advantageous arrangement, in the restraint position the gas distributor cushion covers the B-pillar, it then being possible, depending on the embodiment in each case, to provide at least one inflatable filling channel in the direction of an A-pillar and/or at least one inflatable filling channel in the direction of a C-pillar and/or D-pillar. By this means, in conjunction with a rapid inflating procedure, extensive covering of a possible head-impact region on the vehicle side wall can be carried out.
In the restraint position an upper filing channel is to be provided in a fixed position in the region of a lateral roof longitudinal member and a lower filling channel is to lie somewhat above the window parapet. A simple and rapidly fillable arrangement is achieved if the upper filling channel and the lower filling channel are connected at their ends to form an annular channel, and the restraint cushions can be filled in their position on the respective annular-channel region by the annular channel through corresponding discharge openings. The restraint cushions are then expediently rapidly inflated from the roof lining and/or from the window parapet by corresponding lower and upper filling channels via the annular channel.
In order to protect front and rear occupants, starting from a gas distributor cushion in the region of the B-pillar, front and rear filling-channel and annular-channel arrangements having assigned restraint cushions are used. During inflation of the gas distributor cushion the lower filling channels and lower regions of the annular channels are then moved downwards in the direction of the window parapet. In a preferred embodiment, the restraint cushions are then filled both from above and from below via the upper and lower filling channels and parts of the annular channels.
As a result of the restraint cushions (when the restraint cushions have not yet been inflated or are only partially inflated, as a result of their fabric material), right at the beginning of the inflating phase, a curtain is extended from the roof lining or the roof paneling as deflection protection, for example against broken glass in the event of overturning.
With appropriate dimensioning of the size ratios of the components, in particular of cross-sectional ratios of the filling channels and/or discharge openings, time sequences during the inflating procedure of the restraint cushions can be influenced and predetermined. For this purpose, the at least one filling channel or annular-channel section which is assigned to the A-pillar advantageously has a larger cross section than the at least one filling channel or annular-channel section assigned to the C- and/or D-pillar. This has the effect that the front restraint cushions for the front occupants are filled more rapidly than the restraint cushions for the rear occupants, since the rear seats for rear occupants are, in statistical terms, only infrequently occupied.
In an advantageous further embodiments, it is proposed for the distributor cushion and/or the filling channels to be assigned a valve arrangement which can be used to control individual or groups of discharge openings with respect to the gas mass flow. In this arrangement, the valves can be controlled electrically or pneumatically. However, valve control preferably takes place automatically by means of the gas mass flow, optionally in conjunction with gas mass counterflows.
With appropriate valve controls, at the beginning of the inflating procedure the main gas mass flow, for example, can then be directed into the restraint cushions for the front occupants. If, using means which are known per se, it is recognized that a seat is occupied, an appropriately controlled valve in the distributor cushion, for example when rear seats are not occupied, can deflect the gas mass flow only to the restraint cushions for the front occupants and the restraint cushions for the rear occupants are not filled.
In principle, the protective wall is unfolded during the inflating procedure by the gas mass flow directed into the distributor cushion, the filling channels and the restraint cushions. In order to accelerate the unfolding and positioning of the distributor cushion, use can additionally be made of a drive assembly which is connected to the distributor cushion via a tensile element. In this arrangement, use can advantageously be made, in a manner known per se, of a pyrotechnically operated pretensioning device, optionally in conjunction with a seat-belt pretensioning device. As the tensile element, a cable requiring little installation space can be integrated in a side paneling, for example on the rear side of a pillar. With an arrangement of this type, the unfolding of the protective wall can advantageously be accelerated and an opening fright for an affected occupant as well as loading in an xe2x80x9cout of positionxe2x80x9d case can be reduced.
The elements of the air-bag device can be integrated all together or partially in paneling parts or a roof inside lining and/or can be preassembled thereon, as a result of which favorable installation costs in the case of a small installation space are obtained. In this arrangement, the gas channels are produced from the cushion fabric, which enables a reduction on installation space and weight as compared with known gas lances made of steel or plastic. Valve arrangements also advantageously contribute to this because of the sewn-in valve flaps. | 2024-03-09T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2424 |
Ruby’s Choice is a coming of age story set in the late 1970’s in Middle Tennessee with a splash of paranormal which will blossom in the second and third books of the series.
Ever since Ruby discovered an amber-encased spider web in the Campbell Ridge Cave, she has had dreams of births, deaths and glimpses into the future.
Ruby’s shift is coming to a close at Everglade General Store. As she stacks the last row of bath soap, Ruby recalls the delicious dream she had the night before. In the dream, a gorgeous guy is kissing a tickle spot, just behind her left earlobe, sending shivers up her spine. If only that dream could come true, instead of the one where a state trooper gives her a seventy-five dollar speeding ticket!
Ruby snaps back to reality when she hears the store’s front door bells chime. If she didn’t know any better, she’d say the frickin’ Adonis from her sexy dream just walked through the door.
Reed Jackson and Brent Brown introduce themselves to Ruby as members of the local baseball team her brother, George, manages. Brent mentions they specifically came out to the store to meet George’s hot, little sister. Ruby is slightly confused when she hears Reed murmur Tap It under his breath, but then she remembers the rumor going around campus about Reed and Brent’s dating game, where the two best friends compete to have a girl profess undying love to one of them. And Tap It is a winner takes all—all of what, though, Ruby has no clue. Ruby decides that she’ll play along, but according to her rules. She’ll suss out if either of these players is worthy of her love and respect.
Prologue
Ca m p b e l l Ri d g e Ca v e 1972
RUBY, ANNA AND SANDY HAD their backpacks filled with water, extra flashlights and batteries for spelunking the cave on Campbell Ridge. Ruby had discovered the entrance of the cave with her brother, George, five years ago, when they were looking for Indian arrowheads. George had told her never under any circumstances to go inside of the cave. But today, Ruby and her best friends, Anna and Sandy, were looking for new adventures.
The girls were deep inside the cave, surrounded by complete darkness with only their flashlights to illuminate the interior walls. The limestone cave had beautiful rock formations, crystals and stalactites. The cave underground had seemed alien, almost unworldly. The air smelled of the dank earth, and the only sound was running water from the stream that ran through the cave.
Ruby was forced to climb over a boulder on her belly to squeeze through a narrow pass. The boulder opened up into a hidden room. Ruby was still hanging onto the rock when she yelled back at the girls, “Hey, guys, you have to see this!” And then she slid down the rock into the room.
Anna and Sandy scrambled up and over the boulder, shining their lights into the hidden room. Anna slid down the boulder and entered with Sandy right behind her. The hidden room was roughly the size of a bedroom. “Holy cow, there are ancient drawing’s on the wall.”
Thousands of years of groundwater had caused the rocks on one
side of the cave to drop down forming large stalactites the size of a pickup truck. The large drawings revealed intricate details of each person etched in the stone wall. Sandy inspected the drawings closer as she walked down the length of the wall. “It’s a story. I read about ancient drawings like these in one of my National Geographic magazines. This is far out.”
Ruby tripped over a small rock, dropping her flashlight. The light on the ground lit the far left corner, revealing a massive figure carved in the stone. “Geez Louise! This dude looks like a freaking astronaut. Look at his helmet!”
Anna bumped into Ruby, nearly making them both fall down. She held onto Ruby’s shoulder and said, “That’s some spooky shit.”
Anna walked past Sandy to the next group of drawings. “Here’s the same dude again. He’s holding a totem and there are three people kneeling before him. This looks like a ritual or rite of passage.”
Sandy sat down on a rock, mesmerized by what they had discovered. She flashed her light toward Ruby and Anna as they traced their fingers over the different drawings. Sandy asked, “Do you think we should tell our parents or teachers?”
Anna and Ruby walked over sit to on the ground next to Sandy. Ruby’s light fused with Sandy’s as Anna’s light circled around to the other parts of the room. There was only one wall dedicated to the drawings. Anna replied, “I don’t think so. A tribe sealed this room for some reason. We should leave. I’ve got a weird feeling, like we’re being watched.”
Sandy stood, tipping over the rock she had been sitting on, causing her flashlight to point downward. “Hey, look, something’s under this rock. Bring your lights over here.” Anna and Sandy shined their lights over the place where the rock had been, as Ruby knelt down, reached in and pulled out the object.
The girls plopped back down on the hard ground, staring wide-‐ eyed at the totem. Ruby’s voice trembled. “It’s the totem in the drawing, the same one the deity is handing over to the people kneeling on the ground. I know this sounds weird, but this thing is pulsing in my hands.”
Sandy reached over to pluck the totem out of Ruby’s hand. The totem was around six inches tall, made out of crystal and quartz with piercing sapphire eyes. The detailed carvings made the image of the
RU BY’ S C H O I C E
face appear real, smooth as glass to the touch, as though sculpted by a master artisan, and no matter which way they turned the totem, it seemed to be watching them. “It’s a smaller version of the big guy in the corner. He is looking at me.”
Sandy handed the totem to Anna, who turned it over in her hands. “I see what you mean. This little dude is shooting energy to my fingertips. We need to place this thing back where we found it and get the hell out of Dodge. I have the creeps in here.”
Ruby took the totem and put it back in the hole. In another part of the cave, Ruby could hear rocks falling. “We need to get out of here because the cave is shifting.” The girls rolled the boulder back in place and made a hasty exit.
Outside in the daylight, they sat on a rock ledge, out of breath and speechless. Ruby opened her backpack and pulled out an amber-‐ encased spider web. “Well, shut the front door, what the heck? Look y’all, it’s a spider web inside a piece of amber?”
Anna found an amethyst stone in her pocket, and Sandy opened her thermos finding a hiddenite stone. Anna shook her head in bewilderment. “Well, I’m pretty sure these stones weren’t with us before we went inside the cave. If I wasn’t so dad blame scared, I’d take this back inside the cave, right now.”
Sandy stared at her stone and then spoke quietly. “I don’t want to spook you any further, but holding this stone gave me a vision of the deity who gave us the stones. In the vision, he is relaying that we’re to keep the stones on our person at all times. He will reveal to us in time what it means and we aren’t supposed to talk about this again until he reveals it to Ruby in a dream.”
The girls looked at each other wide-‐eyed, holding their stones in eerie silence. They never uttered a single word about the totem or the stones again—until years later.
Chapter 1
Dr e a m We a v e r
Everglade, Tennessee Summer 1977
RUBY STOCKED THE SHELVES FOR tomorrow’s store traffic. Summer always brought in an influx of tourists, along with the store regulars. Her workday was coming to a close, which meant it was time to party. As she stacked the last rows of Dove soap and Jergens body lotion, she began to daydream. She bit back a playful smile, recalling the delicious dream from the night before.
In Ruby’s dream, she walked hand-‐in-‐hand with a stranger down a long sidewalk lined with pink dogwood trees in full bloom. The sun shone brightly as she looked up at him. She raised her hand, framing her eyes to deflect the sun so she could see his face more clearly. Her dream man turned and looked down at her with kind, expressive eyes and laughed. Ruby felt love; it surrounded and embraced her.
The dream shifted as she followed him into a bedroom. The wall-‐ to-‐wall bay window in the room overlooked the night lights of a city. Ruby stood only inches from him, not touching, but just looking into his eyes.
The dream shifted again. The man had disappeared and Ruby turned around frantically looking for him. She found him sitting on the edge of the bed. Ruby trembled as she walked toward him. He reached for her.
The edges of her dream blurred as purple, yellow and blue hues
distorted in her vision, and he seemed to shimmer away. Ruby tried hard to zero in on his face, and then he reappeared, clear and in focus. She sat down beside him, and he reached up to run his finger across her bottom lip. He cradled her face with his hand, and then he leaned down slowly covering her mouth with his, as she circled her arms around his neck. His kiss was so soft and tender that it sent a wave of pleasure washing over her so acute her mind seemed to go blank. Ruby felt him smile against her lips, and then he pulled back slightly and adjusted his angle so he could nibble on her earlobe, sending shivers up her spine.
Ruby ran her fingers over his shoulders and down his well-‐ defined biceps, as she arched toward him. Every nerve ending in her sizzled, and she cried out to him, “I love you.” Red-‐hot sensations spread through her like wildfire in a parched forest.
Ruby lay back on the bed, and his body rose over hers and then he pressed his face so close to hers, his lips barely brushed against her cheek. Mr. Dreamy traced his finger down her jawline and whispered, “I’m on fire for you and now you’re mine.”
Snap out of it! Ruby quickly recovered from her daydreaming as she heard her boss call her name.
Mr. Burns asked, “Ruby, honey, would you work the cash register for me so I can work on my books?”
Ruby replied politely, “Yes, sir, Mr. Burns.”
Mr. Burns had been teaching Ruby the art of running a small business since she was sixteen. She dreamed of owning her own grocery store, some day, and she had saved nearly five hundred dollars to use for start-‐up capital. She had a five-‐year plan from the time she graduated college in two years to the time she would open her doors.
Everglade General Store had been in the Burns family for forty years. The wooden exterior of the old-‐fashioned store had been painted white, and the interior walls revealed exposed logs and wood beams. The store had been renovated several years ago, but Mr. Burns had purposely kept the interior the same to reflect the era when his father had built it in 1938. Several huge wicker ceiling fans hung overhead, and the checkout counter still had glass-‐encased bins for candy and treats.
Ruby took off her apron and was making her way behind the
counter when she saw the front door open and two guys stroll into the store. She was checking the guys out when the one on the left looked up and caught her staring.
Holy smokes! It’s the guy in my dream!
It always blew Ruby away whenever something from her dreams appeared in real life. Ever since she had found the piece of amber that day in the cave with Sandy and Anna, she’d had life-‐or-‐death dreams, and occasionally she would see glimpses into the future. Typically, her life dreams would foretell the birth of a child for a friend or relative, and then she would find out days after her dream, a friend or relative was pregnant.
Ruby’s worst dreams were the ones about death. She hated those dreams. The first one had been about her Aunt Sammie. In Ruby’s dream, her aunt had been driving down the interstate and tried to miss debris from a jackknifed tractor-‐trailer. Her car had slammed into the guardrail. The dream shifted to the emergency room, where the family had decided not to continue life support. Thirty minutes after Ruby had woken from that awful dream she had received a phone call and learned her aunt had been in a terrible car accident. Ruby learned her aunt had indeed hit a tractor-‐trailer, but in reality the truck had crossed into her traffic lane. Ruby had rushed to the hospital, where the scene in the ER had unfolded just like the latter part of her dream—the family had pulled her aunt’s life support. To this day, Ruby hated having death dreams, but thankfully, they were few and far between.
Occasionally, she would have a dream like the one she’d had last night that involved people she had never met before. The guy in her dream last night apparently was real. Watching her real-‐life dream man walk into the store sent chills straight up her arms.
Ruby locked on his beautiful dark eyes, the color of espresso and framed with thick, luscious lashes. A fireball ripped through her as she ogled the dark-‐haired, warrior-‐like god who stood at least six feet tall. She could see his rippling muscles bursting through his tight, white T-‐shirt, which starkly contrasted with his suntan. He smiled at her with dazzling white teeth, and Ruby’s knees literally went weak.
For crying out loud, she was acting like a lovesick fool, fidgeting back and forth, trying not to look directly at the guy. Dreamy’s head
lifted and his eyes locked on hers again, sucking her in. She felt an instantaneous spark, a strange sort of electricity radiating from him to her. Only a moment had passed before she looked away, embarrassed for being caught gawking at him like he was a hot piece of Southern pecan pie and she hadn’t eaten for a month.
And then, Ruby noticed the second guy. He had the most striking green eyes, jet-‐black hair, and lips that made her want to kiss them. She just didn’t see gorgeous guys like these two every day in Everglade.
They were whispering to each other and chuckling as they walked past the counter. Ruby knew the blood must be rushing to her face. The two guys walked with such confidence, and they were so self-‐assured. Her gaze followed them to the refrigerated section in the back of the store. She watched them grab two Sundrop sodas and then head toward the candy aisle. When the guys walked toward the check-‐out, Ruby started straightening the items on the counter, trying to look busy. On the surface, she maintained a cool demeanor, but on the inside her nerves were bouncing off the walls.
Mm
REED HAD DRIVEN OUT TO Everglade with Brent to check out the hot sister of George Glenn, the manager of their summer baseball team. George had invited Reed and Brent to a party tonight at Ditch Lane, a local hangout for college students. Since the season started, the guys on their baseball team had been talking about George’s little sister, and those who had been brave enough to ask her out had been shot down. Reed had always loved a challenge, though.
Reed whispered to Brent, “Tap It! That little honey is going to be mine.”
Brent chuckled, as he tried to push Reed out of the way for a better look at the girl behind the counter. “No way, dude. The game is on.”
Reed and Brent had always competed against each other—from sports to women. Because they were always chasing the same women, during their freshman year at Middle Tennessee State University, they came up with a game called Tap It. In Tap It, they would choose one girl, and then they both dated her until she
professed her undying love for either Brent or Reed. The winner of the game would get to date the girl exclusively while the loser had to pay the other one’s bar tab for a month.
Reed and Brent walked to the front of the store and placed their sodas and candy on the counter. Reed hooked his thumbs in his blue-‐ jean pockets as Brent rested his hand on top of the cash register. Both of the guys were checking out every inch of George’s little sister’s body.
Mm
RUBY STRAIGHTENED HER SPINE, LIFTED her chin, looked Dreamy straight in his eyes, and flashed him a Colgate Ultra Brite smile. “Will that be all for you today?”
Mr. Dreamy said, “Yes, ma’am. This is it. Y’all been busy today?” His voice had a sweet Southern drawl.
Ruby began ringing up their items on the cash register. “Yes, Fridays and Saturdays are the worst.” She tossed a glance over her shoulder to make sure Mr. Burns hadn’t heard her.
Green Eyes turned to see who she was looking at and then turned back to her and winked. “You’re safe; he’s not looking.” He paused slightly and then said, “Hey, we’re looking for Ditch Lane. George Glenn invited us to a party there tonight. Would you mind giving me directions?”
Ruby placed their items in a brown paper bag. Her head shot up when she heard the bells chime from the store door opening again, and more people came in. Crap, it’s time to close. Don’t people ever read the hours on the front door? She looked back to the guys at the counter. “That’ll be sixty-‐five cents.” She paused and then said, “George Glenn? He’s my brother.”
Dreamy placed sixty-‐five cents on the counter and leaned in a little too close. “I didn’t realize George had such a pretty sister. I’m Reed Jackson, and this is my friend, Brent Brown.”
Ruby picked up the money and opened the register drawer, dropping the coins in their specified slots, and said casually, “Nice to meet you. I’m Ruby.”
Reed pulled his drink out of the bag and popped the top. “Well, hello, Ruby. I like your name. It’s a good ole Southern name.”
Good ole Southern name…is he joking? She smiled inwardly— surely he had a better pickup line. Ruby’s name had been in the Glenn family tree for generations.
Brent reached for the bag and pulled out his drink and Snickers bar. He handed the empty bag back to Ruby. “We’re playing on your brother’s baseball team this summer. Do you ever come out and watch him play?”
Ruby noticed the other customers in the store were nearly finished shopping, and then she returned her attention to Brent. “I haven’t seen him play this year, but I’ll make it to one of his baseball games before the season ends.”
George had formed an adult men’s baseball team to compete in the Williamson County League in Franklin. He looked for talent around the Middle Tennessee area to play on his team. She wondered where George had found these two. Ruby planned on getting the scoop on Reed and Brent tomorrow when she went swimming with George’s wife, Lizzie.
Ruby watched Reed as he turned his head around to check out the other shoppers in the store. There was a little boy who was running up and down the aisle with a toy wind fan, and his mother was shouting to the boy to put it back. The little boy was screeching, refusing to let go of the toy.
Reed shook his head and turned his attention back to her. Reed’s gaze flickered to her lips and then rose back up to her eyes, which made her nervously shift her feet. Her palms began to sweat.
Reed lifted a brow and then asked, “So, are you going to the party tonight?”
Ruby sat back on the little stool behind the counter and crossed her arms. Her knee was unconsciously bouncing up and down. She tried to exude a laid-‐back attitude, but her blood thundered through her veins. “Yeah, I’m meeting some friends there later.”
Reed placed his arm on the glass bin, leaned closer and asked, with a sly and very sexy sideways grin, “Are they ‘girl’ friends or ‘guy’ friends?”
Ruby arched her brow and leaned closer to him. “Both.”
Brent and Reed both laughed loudly at Ruby’s comeback. Brent slapped Reed on the back and said, “She’s got your number, brother.” Reed shrugged his right shoulder and took a step back.
Little Tommy, the kid who had been running in the aisle, was throwing a huge temper tantrum now as his mother physically removed the toy from his fingers. Mr. Burns walked out of his office to go talk with the boy’s mother. He rustled the hair on the boy’s head and Ruby overheard Mr. Burns tell Tommy’s mom the boy could have the toy.
Ruby’s eyes were drawn back to Brent. He straightened his shoulders and flexed his chest muscles, as he rubbed his hand down his bicep. Dang, that boy is off the charts!
Brent placed his arm on the register. “So, what time are you going?”
“I have to close tonight, so probably in an hour or so. Why?” Brent stepped around the counter and whispered in her ear, “So,
I can kiss you.”
Reed shook his head, laughing under his breath. Brent stepped back and shoved his hands in his pockets. He looked so cool—like he expected her to fall at his feet or something.
Ruby’s face flushed, but she remained in control and brushed off his advance. The lady and her son were walking toward the front of the store now. She jumped off the stool. “Oh, you need directions. Ditch Lane isn’t far from here. Take a right when you pull out of the store’s parking lot onto Highway 99, and then take your first right onto Concord Road. Follow the road for about three miles.”
Reed raised a hand to interrupt her. “Hold on a minute. Do you have a pencil so I can write this down on my paper bag?” Ruby reached into the drawer under the counter and handed him a pencil. Reed began to write down what she had just told them and then said, “Okay, I’ve got it. What’s after the three miles?” He poised the pencil in his hand to continue writing.
Ruby slowed down her directions so Reed could keep up. “You’ll come to a huge curve that bears to the right—take the street on the left. That’s Taylor Road. You’ll drive about three more miles, and then you’ll see an old white plantation house on the left. Ditch Lane is on the left before the house’s driveway. You’ll see the cars.”
Reed finished writing the directions down and then read them back to Ruby to verify he had them correct. His smile broadened. “Cool. Thanks for the directions, and if we don’t see you tonight, I’ll be looking for you at one of the games.”
Ruby’s hand rested on top of the cash register. Brent gently picked up her hand and rubbed his thumb across the top. “I’ll be looking for you, sweet girl.”
She stared at Brent but didn’t reply as she nervously bit her bottom lip. She had been unconsciously holding her breath. When they walked out the door, she let out a sigh. Ruby turned her attention to ringing up the last customers of the day.
Did that just really happen? Those two guys are smoking hot!
Ruby walked over to Mr. Burns. “Is it okay to place the closed sign on the door and close out the register?”
He looked up and scratched his head. Mr. Burns walked over to the cash register. “Sure Ruby. I’ll get the register and close out. You’re off tomorrow, but I have you scheduled to work next week on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday, two o’clock to eight.”
“Yes, sir. I have marked it on my calendar. Then it’s okay for me to leave?”
Mr. Burns rubbed his lower back and then tapped her shoulder. “Yes, honey, go have fun, but be safe.”
Mm
RUBY DROVE DOWN THE BACK roads of Everglade. She had her radio blasting while she howled at the full moon. Thirty minutes later she arrived at Ditch Lane. She parked her car and headed out to find her friends and the two hunks from the store.
Ditch Lane was a dead-‐end road where a small bridge had been washed out from years of flooding from the creek. During this time of the year, the creek at the end of the lane was not deep enough to swim in, but on a hot summer night it was nice to sit on the bank and let your feet dangle in the water while you partied with your friends. Laughter echoed throughout the hollow, and tunes from the Steve Miller Band’s “Fly like an Eagle” had been cranked up on someone’s car radio. Ruby walked through what seemed to be fifty people, stopping to chat for a second or two with old high school friends, before seeing Anna and Sandy sitting on a log next to the bonfire.
“Hey, girlie, where have you been?” Sandy asked. She had been talking to Rusty Sanders, an old high school flame.
“This girl has to work for a living. Guess what?” Ruby said, and
continued on without a pause, “Mr. Burns has decided to allow me to negotiate with two of the major food reps for the store. I’m so excited!”
Anna gave her a hug. “Ruby, that’s rocks!”
Ruby gave them both high fives. “Yeah, I know I’m pretty psyched about the whole thing.” She took a step closer to Sandy and Anna and then whispered in a low voice so no one else could hear her, “By any chance have y’all seen two gorgeous guys out here looking for my brother?”
Sandy grabbed a brew from the cooler next to Rusty’s truck and walked with Ruby and Anna to the creek. “Hot dang! They were here with George. I haven’t seen Grade A choice meat like that in a long time.” Sandy fanned herself like she had the vapors and then tipped the can to her lips and took a long drink of her beer.
The girls sat down by the creek, took off their sandals and placed their feet in the water. The full moon shone through the trees as a gentle warm breeze caressed them. The smell of honeysuckle and a symphony of crickets filled the summer air.
Anna’s eyes widened and then she looked around to make sure no one had followed them. “Reed and Brent were here. They left because George had to take Lizzie home. She wasn’t feeling very well.” Ruby lay down on the ground and looked up at the stars. Anna turned around to face her and sat cross-‐legged while Sandy continued to splash her feet in the water.
Anna looked as though she was getting ready to reveal a big secret. “I met Reed and Brent last semester at a frat party. Girl, that Brent is too hot to handle, and I’ve never seen him date the same girl more than a few times. And Reed is such a hunk! He’s from East Tennessee but lives in Murfreesboro. He’s a senior at MTSU. I think he may have a girlfriend.”
Ruby rose up with a frown. “Reed has a girlfriend, eh? Dang it, that’s just my luck.”
Anna caught a firefly and then let it go. She turned to Ruby and asked, “Did y’all talk?”
Ruby replied, “They needed directions here. They both play on Georgie’s baseball team this summer, and Brent wanted to know if I ever came out to watch the games. Those two made me weak in the knees. Y’all, we have to go to the next game.”
Sandy stood up and looked back to the bonfire—and at Rusty Sanders. Rusty was motioning for her to come back to him. “Nah, I hate baseball fields. They’re too dusty, even if the dudes are hot.”
Ruby walked over to the cooler and pulled out a drink as Anna and Sandy headed back to the bonfire. As Ruby daydreamed about Reed and Brent, Jerry McDaniel came up behind her and squeezed her bum.
“Ruby Jane, you look sweet enough to eat.” Jerry circled his arm around her waist and twirled her around to face him. His eyes were bright and happy while he gently pulled a twig from her hair.
Ruby threw her arms around his neck and went to give him a kiss on the cheek, but he quickly turned, catching the kiss on his lips instead. She giggled. “Hey, Jerry, I thought your family was at Centerhill Lake this weekend.” They held hands and walked over to the bonfire.
He grinned mischievously at her, giving her a nudge with his shoulder. “They are at the lake this weekend.” Jerry inched closer to Ruby, burrowing his face in her hair. “Hey, you wanna come over and watch TV? We could make it by the time The Tonight Show starts. So let’s get out of here, okay?”
Ruby looked around the bonfire and noticed a few new faces, but most of the people here tonight were her friends from high school. She looked up at him and replied, “Okie dokie, Jerry. But I have to tell the girls. I’m supposed to hang out with them tonight.”
Jerry had been one of Ruby’s best friends ever since he allowed her to cut in line on pizza day when she was eight and he had just turned nine. He lived a short distance from Everglade Farms and would come over after school to play. Back then, he had been a tall, skinny boy with a buzz cut, and now he was a strapping, six-‐foot-‐ three hunk. He had shoulder-‐length blond hair, sea blue eyes, and the cutest dimples on either side of his hopelessly beautiful grin. Half the time they’d been at each other’s throats, and the other half, he was trying to stick his tongue down her throat. She loved Jerry; she just wasn’t in love with him.
Ruby walked over to where Sandy and Anna were standing near the fire. The music and the people were getting louder as the night wore on. “Hey, I just wanted to let you guys know I’m leaving with Jerry, ’kay?”
“Honey, if you don’t, I will,” Anna said, with a sly smile.
Ruby linked her arm around Jerry’s waist as he slung his arm over her shoulder. She looked up at him and said, “Come on, Jerry, let’s ride.” Jerry pressed his face into her hair and she laughed. “Jerry, stop. That tickles.” He lifted his head and threw Anna a peace sign.
As they walked to their cars, Ruby heard Sandy yelling at her in the background. “Don’t sleep late. We’re going swimming tomorrow!”
Mm
RUBY DROVE DOWN ONE OF the curviest roads of Everglade toward Jerry’s house. She turned off her radio and rolled down her windows. It was getting late, and most of the people in the homes she passed had already gone to sleep. The steam from the heat of the day rose off the asphalt and caught in her headlights. She heard the crickets and the occasional bullfrog singing in the night air. The full moon was rising higher in the sky as Ruby climbed Campbell Ridge.
As Ruby pulled into Jerry’s driveway, she noticed he had flipped on the back floodlights which illuminated the brick ranch-‐style house, casting long shadows across the yard. Ruby walked along the stone sidewalk and stepped onto the concrete patio that led to the sliding glass doors of the house. She walked over to admire the huge red geraniums and ferns in the clay pots scattered around the perimeter of the patio. There was a black iron patio table and chairs to the far right. The table had a basket of wildflowers as a centerpiece. Ruby inhaled the flowers catching a whiff of lavender and heather. Then she walked through the sliding glass doors without knocking.
Jerry gave her a big hug. “Did you have a hard day at work, honey?”
“Uh huh, I sure did. I’m dying of thirst. Do you have any Cokes or sweet tea?” Ruby plopped down on a barstool, swinging her legs back and forth as she thumbed through the pages of the most recent People magazine. Jerry walked over to the fridge and grabbed a couple of Cokes and a big bag of Peanut M&M’s. Jerry handed her a Coke and then poured the candy into a big glass bowl and placed it on the coffee table.
Jerry turned on one of the crystal table lamps that flanked the oversized, orange floral couch. Jerry’s mom, who spent her First Savings and Loan lunch breaks stealing ideas from the discount furniture store next door, had arranged their den with Sunday afternoon football games in mind.
Jerry grabbed the remote off the coffee table and clicked the television on. He stretched his legs out in front of the couch and motioned for Ruby to sit by him. “Come here, honey bun. Tell me about your day.”
Ruby sat down beside Jerry and crossed her legs. She grabbed a handful of M& M’s and popped them in her mouth one at a time. “Oh, you know, same ole, same ole. It was busy today. I worked on the display window. I set up the front sale aisle with all the new items for the summer store traffic. And then a couple of shipments came in I had to price and shelf. What did you do?”
“I cut hay in the hundred-‐acre field. I hope to get the bales up before the rain sets in. I had a few minor tractor issues, but at least the hay is cut.”
Jerry flipped to channel four. Johnny Carson had just wrapped up his monologue. Johnny was introducing Angie Dickenson when Jerry draped his arm around Ruby and, scooting her closer to him, began nibbling on her ear. “Mmmm, Ruby, you smell just like pickles.”
Ruby laughed so hard her shoulders shook. “I dropped a jar of pickles unloading one of the cartons this afternoon. I thought I cleaned all the juice off. Guess I missed a few spots.”
Jerry and Ruby had never been boyfriend and girlfriend in a traditional sense. He had first kissed her at the age of ten. They had been exploring Campbell Ridge and Ruby had reached down to pick up what she assumed was a civil war bullet. She had been turning it over in her hand when, out of the blue, Jerry had kissed her.
Ruby looked up at him, perplexed. “What did you do that for?” She placed her hand on her hips and frowned at him.
Jerry shrugged. “I don’t know. You just look sort of cute standing there. Are you mad?”
Ruby shoved the bullet in her bag of goodies and then took a step closer to him and punched him in the arm. “I don’t care if you kiss me, but next time, tell me first. Wanna kiss me again?”
Jerry grabbed her bag and placed it on the ground. He looked at
her with his lips pressed tightly together. Then shook his head no and turned his back to her. Ruby walked slowly around to face him. He grabbed her quickly and gave her a smooch on the lips. Ruby pushed him back and he fell on the ground. She ran over and jumped on top of him and he started tickling her.
Jerry quickly let her go and rolled away from her and then stood up. He brushed the grass off his pants. “Ruby Jane, don’t you know anything? Guys would never kiss girls if you had to ask them first.”
From that moment on, Ruby had looked at Jerry differently. Later on in middle school, they had agreed to be kissing buddies, even though neither of them had much experience with kissing. They just made a pact to stay friends no matter what, but would use each other for kissing practice. That had been ten years ago, and they were still practicing.
Tonight, instead of concentrating on kissing practice with Jerry, Ruby’s mind kept wandering back to Reed and Brent. Just thinking about those two made her hot as she imagined Reed making love to her on a white sand beach, with the crystal blue water of the ocean crashing on the shore. Then she pictured Brent, with his dangerously sexy eyes, undressing her in a secluded tropical garden with a waterfall cascading over a cliff. The way they had looked at her in the store had set her skin aflame and she had burned all the way to her toes. Ruby had never felt pretty; at best, she was cute on a good day. But Reed and Brent had made her feel pretty—even sexy. Every word out of their mouths dripped with charisma and charm. It didn’t hurt that they were both so dad-‐blame handsome.
Ruby climbed onto Jerry’s lap and began to kiss him gently—at first. But she couldn’t get Reed and Brent out of her mind. She covered Jerry’s mouth with her lips, increasing the pressure, lingering for a deeper taste. Ruby glided her tongue over his teeth. She probed inside his mouth, her tongue circling his tongue. She wanted to drown in the warmth and comfort of his kiss. Ruby was safe with Jerry and knew he would never hurt her. Her hands traveled down his arms, across his muscled chest and around to his back. She wanted Jerry to kiss away the emptiness and longing she felt inside.
Jerry stopped and pulled away from Ruby, looking a bit perplexed. He stared into her half-‐lidded eyes, so full of desire. “What the heck is the matter with you, Ruby Jane? You’ve never kissed me this way before. But I’m ready to give you more than kissing if that’s what you really want.”
Ruby snapped back to reality. She didn’t want to hurt Jerry’s feelings by telling him the truth—her skin blazed from the flirtatious duo in the store. “I’m sorry. I don’t know why I did that. I kinda got carried away.”
Jerry squeezed her bottom. “No need to apologize. Just let me know when you want me to give you something more than kissing. I’m ready, been ready for a long time now.”
“Hardy, har, har, Steve Martin. I can go home right now if you want me to.” Ruby jumped off his lap and grabbed another handful of M&M’s.
Ruby noticed Jerry’s expression had changed from lighthearted to one of pain. She had told him repeatedly they would never be together sexually. But she had pushed him too far tonight.
He brushed her hair off her shoulder and kissed her forehead. “I’m not trying to push you away, Ruby Jane, but you turn from hot to cold quicker than my shower faucet. Sometimes you act like you really love me, and then other times, I feel like we’re brother and sister. It’s driving me freaking nuts!”
She had hurt him. “Geez, Jerry. I should have realized this thing between us could only go so far. I never want to hurt you, ever, but I can’t have sex with you. Sex would ruin our friendship and I won’t risk it. I love you, but as a friend, not a lover. You understand? There are so many pretty girls who like you.”
Jerry eyes lit up and he tilted his head as he locked her in a death-‐grip hug. “What pretty girls? Who?”
Ruby didn’t exactly know for sure, but she had a hunch. “Anna, for one.”
Jerry let go of Ruby and reached for the bowl of candy. “Anna, really? I never even thought she knew I existed.” He grabbed a handful of M&M’s, tipped his head back and filled his mouth with candy.
Ruby pulled her hair back off her shoulders and then she stretched out across the couch. “Well, for god sakes, don’t tell her I said it. Better yet, don’t say anything. Just ask her out.”
They watched the rest of The Tonight Show and then Ruby stood to leave. “Jerry, I’ve got to go. I’m going swimming tomorrow.”
He caught her hand and smiled at her with soft, dreamy eyes. “I’ll walk you to your car.”
“Okay, Romeo,” she said. He walked with her outside to her car holding her hand.
Ruby placed her hand on his cheek and brushed his jawline with the back of her fingers. “Sweetie, I’ll talk to you soon, okay?”
Jerry pulled her against his chest, not wanting to let her go. “Aw, Ruby Jane. Sure you can’t stay just a little longer?”
Ruby had turned him on in ways she hadn’t done before tonight, and she knew better. This was Jerry, for crying out loud. She kissed and hugged him again tightly, then got into her car, and rolled her window down to wish him a goodnight. “Bye, sweet boy.”
Jerry smiled as he watched her pull out of the driveway, then turned and walked back inside the house.
On her drive home to Everglade Farms, Ruby’s mind drifted back to Reed and Brent again. Out of the two, she had been drawn the most to Reed. He gave her a look like she was moonshine and he was Eliot Ness, which should’ve been against the law.
When her eyes had locked with Reed’s, it had sent a jolt of electricity straight to her stomach, but when Brent had said he wanted to kiss her, and ran his thumb across her hand, white-‐hot lightning shot down her spine, shaking the ground she stood on.
Why couldn’t she be in love with Jerry? They had been friends since they were kids. They were so comfortable with each other. It would have made everything easier. If only she could look at Jerry and feel the raw desire she had when she looked at Brent or Reed, she could be happy for the rest of her life. But, she didn’t.
That was it. She realized Jerry was her comfort zone—nothing scary there. Just looking at Reed and Brent scared the daylights out of her.
Did you always wanted to be a writer? If not what did you want to be?
I’ve always been a story teller. I enjoy being creative whether it’s writing, painting or developing a television spot. I have been writing creative through my ad agency for 17 years.
When did you first consider yourself a “writer”?
September 17, 2014
How long did it take to get your first book published?
10 months
Do you do another job except for writing and can you tell us more about it?
Yes, I own Jones Media. I started in the business as a broadcast consultant at the ABC Affiliate in Nashville and then opened my own company in 1998. I develop advertising campaigns for clients, from newspaper, billboards, and television spots as well as digital campaigns.
What is the name of your latest book, and if you had to summarize it in less than 20 words what would you say?
Ruby’s Choice is my debut novel. It is a coming of age story set in Tennessee in the late 1970’s with a splash of paranormal.
Who is your publisher? Or do you self-publish?
Self-publish
How long does it usually take you to write a book, from the original idea to finishing writing it?
I have finished one book and one short to date. It took three months for the rough draft of Ruby’s Choice. I had a two month set back when I made a switch in editors. Time from start to finish: September 17, 2014 to July 17, 2015. The short is roughly 8k words and it took around four weeks to complete.
What can we expect from you in the future? ie More books of the same genre? Books of a different genre?
Ruby’s Choice is a series, called the Ditch Lane Diaries. I am slated for two more books. The next one, Anna’s Way should release in first quarter 2016 and estimating that Sandy’s Story will release in the summer 2016. I just finished a short, titled, Antique Mirror, which will be released this month in a Halloween Anthology titled, Mirror, Mirror with Kate Baray, Steve Statham, S.R. Bond and MG Heron. I love my short and I’m kicking around the idea of developing it into a standalone. It has time travel.
What genre would you place your books into?
Paranormal Romance. Ruby’s Choice has a splash of paranormal that kicks up in book two. The paranormal is a subtle thread throughout the story. I have placed Ruby’s Choice in this genre. Although she could easily fit in New Adult/College
What made you decide to write that genre of book?
I like romance because I like happy endings. We get bombarded with bad news on a daily basis. I love the other worldly possibilities or realms which could exist and the implications of time travel.
Do you have a favorite character from your books?
Tough one because I love them all. But with Ruby’s Choice, I will have choose Reed Jackson. And why are they your favorite? Reed is hot, but not arrogant. He is playful, funny and still sexy. He is strong physically, mentally and emotionally. He is also kind and honest.
How long have you been writing?
I’ve been writing creative since I was twelve. and who or what inspired you to write? My mom. I nearly lost her when I was twelve when she was in a bad car accident. Writing became form of therapy for me to get through the loneliness of her being in and out of hospitals.
Do you have a certain routine you have for writing? ie You listen to music, sit in a certain chair?
I have a home office and a favorite couch where I write. I’m a night owl. Yes, I listen to music. I have beats and I will listen to the songs from the era that I’m writing. Ruby’s Choice is set in the late 1970’s so I listened to Marvin Gaye and Barry White. Anna’s Way is in the 1980’s so now I’m listening to Robert Palmer and Michael Jackson among other artists.
Do you read all the reviews of your book/books?
So far --I have read my reviews. As long as the reviewer is honest about their opinion I will respect it. Every one reads a book differently. I may love one scene or even a book that you hate and vice versa. At the end of the day, it’s my book and I love my story and characters.
Do you choose a title first, or write the book then choose the title?
I knew I wanted Ruby in my title, but played around with different combinations. Ruby was my grandmother. The series name hit me while I was driving and it’s based on a real place.
How do you come up with characters names and place names in your books?
My mother’s family came to America in the 1700’s from Scotland. One of my relatives, Dallas Burns along with his son Billy, wrote a book titled, “The Burns Chronicle’s.” As a resource, I have family names stretching over a four hundred year time span. There is enough information in the book alone to write several novels about family secrets and places. There was a real Everglade General Store that was the basis for the store in Ruby’s Choice which was owned by Mr. Burns.
In fact, Everglade General Store and Post Office owned by Mr. Burns, and he was really my great- great grandfather and he eventually partnered with my great- grandfather, from 1865 to 1910. They also owned a lumber yard, saw mill, and blacksmith shop. It was known as the Burns Dynasty
Are character names and place names decided after their creation? Or do you pick a character/place name and then invent them?
I normally come up with an idea for a storyline and then noddle on it for a day or two to allow the idea to flourish. Once I have the idea, then I start to work on the names.
Do you decide on character traits (ie shy, quiet, tomboy girl) before writing the whole book or as you go along?
I have a basic idea about the character before I write and then build upon the profile as the story pushes forward.
Are there any hidden messages or morals contained in your books? (Morals as in like Aesops Fables type of "The moral of this story is..")
Yes. Choices: We all make choices and each choice that we make has consequences, both good and bad.
Which format of book do you prefer, eBook, hardback, or paperback?
I love hardbacks or paperbacks, but as I get older the convenience of e-books is less taxing on the old eyes.
What is your favorite book and Why?
Outlander. Have you read it more than once? I have probably read the whole series at least three times.
Do you think books transfer to movies well?
A director may take the idea of a novel and the general storyline to screen. But, there is no way to tell the richness of a story from a novel with small blocks of times. It is the director’s responsibility to choose those scenes which best represent the story. Which is you favorite/worst book to movie transfer? Favorite: One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest Worst: The Great Gatsby (2013)
D.F. Jones is a native of Middle Tennessee and is a graduate of Middle Tennessee State University. After college she landed a job with the ABC Affiliate in Nashville as a broadcast consultant. She opened her advertising agency in 1998. After years of writing creative for other people through her media company, she decided to write something for herself. It turned into her debut novel, Ruby’s Choice. If you love to read and get immersed into the characters of a book, then you will catch a small drift of how incredible it is to write your own characters and breathe them into life. | 2023-10-16T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4841 |
Q:
Printing all matches in a line using regular expression in awk
Say i have a line:
Terminal="123" Pwd="567"
I want to select only number portion using awk
awk 'match($1, /[0-9]+/){print substr($1, RSTART, RLENGTH)};match($2, /[0-9]+/){print
substr($2, RSTART, RLENGTH)}' file
This gives the desired result.
123 567.
However there must be other better way to select both numbers without writing two match statements.
Thanks.
A:
does grep work for you?
kent$ echo 'Terminal="123" Pwd="567"'|grep -o '[0-9]\+'
123
567
quick and dirty with awk:
awk -F'[^0-9]*' '{$1=$1}7'
test:
kent$ awk -F'[^0-9]*' '{$1=$1}7'<<< 'Terminal="123" Pwd="567"'
123 567
or:
kent$ awk '{gsub(/[^0-9 ]/,"")}7'<<< 'Terminal="123" Pwd="567"'
123 567
A:
Here is a nice little solution with awk:
awk '{gsub("[^0-9]+"," "); print}'
Just converts all consecutive non-digit characters into one space, so it leaves one space before the digit sequence 123.
| 2024-06-30T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2929 |
18 USC 117 - Domestic Assault by an Habitual Offender
(a) In General.—Any person who commits a domestic assault within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States or Indian country and who has a final conviction on at least 2 separate prior occasions in Federal, State, or Indian tribal court proceedings for offenses that would be, if subject to Federal jurisdiction—
(1) any assault, sexual abuse, or serious violent felony against a spouse or intimate partner; or
(2) an offense under chapter 110A,
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for a term of not more than 5 years, or both, except that if substantial bodily injury results from violation under this section, the offender shall be imprisoned for a term of not more than 10 years.
(b) Domestic Assault Defined.—In this section, the term "domestic assault" means an assault committed by a current or former spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse, parent, child, or guardian, or by a person similarly situated to a spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim. | 2023-09-17T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3682 |
Hollow glass microspheres having an average diameter of less than about 500 micrometers, also commonly known as “glass microbubbles”, “glass bubbles”, “hollow glass beads”, or “glass balloons” are widely used in industry, for example, as additives to polymeric compositions. In many industries, hollow glass microspheres are useful, for example, for lowering weight and improving processing, dimensional stability, and flow properties of a polymeric composition. Hollow glass microspheres have been incorporated into polypropylene composites for certain applications. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,144 (Ka et al.) The need for light weight solutions in polymer industry, for example for automotive applications, raises more and more interest in thermoplastic compounds including hollow glass microspheres.
The addition of glass bubbles to thermoplastics may, however, reduce the impact properties of the compounds. For polypropylene which is widely used in automotive interior applications also a decrease of tensile strength can be observed. In automotive interior applications, safety issues always have to be considered, and, therefore, the lack of sufficient impact properties, particularly notched impact strength, limits the possibilities to use thermoplastic compounds with added glass bubbles. In order to retain the impact properties, impact modifiers may be used. The positive effect on impact strength by impact modification combined with appropriate compatibilization was presented during the ANTEC conference 2014 (SPE ANTEC 2014, 2223-2228).
However, it has to be considered that the use of impact modifiers not only improves impact properties but also decreases strength and tensile modulus. For automotive interior applications, however, well balanced properties are required.
Therefore, a need still exists to improve the mechanical properties, i.e. tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength, of thermoplastic compounds with hollow glass microspheres. | 2024-05-14T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9614 |
Leading carmakers will meet Formula One team bosses before the start of the season on March 6 to outline their blueprint for a 'rival' series from 2008.
A spokesman for the Grand Prix World Championship (GPWC) being planned by Mercedes, Renault, Ferrari and BMW said on Monday that no date or location had been confirmed but the meeting would be before the Australian Grand Prix.
"We are progressing into the key areas that the new series needs to have in place to start on time," he said. "We will present them to the team principals before the start of the season for their input and approval."
Representatives of the key circuits -- including Hockenheim, the Nuerburgring, Magny-Cours and Monza -- either met GPWC bosses in Paris a few weeks ago or are in the process of discussions.
"We made a lot of progress in November and December and now we start working again this week," said the spokesman.
A report in Britain's Times newspaper on Monday said the GPWC planned to promise the teams 80 percent of the sport's revenues, quadrupling their current combined share of about $190 million a year, as well as control of the business.
However the spokesman could not confirm the percentage.
"We can say that all of the profits in the sport will go to the teams but revenue structures will be changed in such a dramatic way that they cannot be compared (to the existing system," he said.
Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo mentioned the 80 percent figure last month as a goal and warned that this year would be decisive for the sport's future.
"From 2008 there will be only one Formula One world championship and the decision on this will fall in 2005," he said.
"If there is no solution then from 2008 there will be a new series organised on our behalf."
Formula One supremo Bernie Ecclestone is under pressure to relax his grip after a court ruling last month found in favour of three shareholder banks in a boardroom dispute with far-reaching implications.
The banks are keen to reach a deal with the carmakers to protect a billion dollar investment that could otherwise be worth little by the end of 2007.
Bayerische Landesbank, JP Morgan and Lehman Brothers control 75 percent of the SLEC holding company that owns the commercial rights to Formula One.
While many in Formula One think there will be an agreement to prevent a damaging split, SLEC chairman Gerhard Gribkowsky of Bayerische Landesbank said last month the banks took the threat of a breakaway seriously and were interested in reaching a deal with the carmakers.
Renault and champions Ferrari run their own teams while Mercedes own part of McLaren and BMW are partners with Williams. Honda and Toyota are the other major carmakers involved in the 10 team championship. | 2024-06-09T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9890 |
81 B.R. 119 (1987)
In re MARILL ALARM SYSTEMS, INC., and Marill Security Services, Inc., Debtors.
MARILL ALARM SYSTEMS, INC., Marill Security Services, Inc., Eddy Marill and Mirtha Marill, Plaintiffs/Appellees,
v.
EQUITY FUNDING CORPORATION, Theodore Moss and Donald Braverman, Defendants/Appellants.
Nos. 87-6450-CIV, 85-02033-BKC-SMW, 85-02034-BKC-SMW.
United States District Court, S.D. Florida, Miami Division.
December 1, 1987.
*120 Michael Winer, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., for plaintiffs/appellees.
Chad P. Pugatch, P.A., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., for defendants/appellants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER INVALIDATING FINAL JUDGMENT OF BANKRUPTCY COURT, PARTIALLY ADOPTING PROPOSED FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS AND ENTERING FINAL JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFFS
SPELLMAN, District Judge.
This adversary proceeding is before the Court on defendants/appellants' appeal from a final judgment of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Florida, awarding plaintiffs/appellees $260,500.44 in damages, 68 B.R. 399. The bankruptcy court held that defendants/appellants violated the Florida RICO statute, Fla.Stat. §§ 895.01 et seq., by their scheme to charge usurious interest on a loan to plaintiffs/appellees.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs/appellees Marill Security Services, Inc., Marill Alarm Systems, Inc., and owners Eddy and Mirtha Marill (hereinafter collectively referred to as "Marill") provide security systems and protection to condominiums, shopping centers and industrial parks. Defendant/appellant Donald Braverman ("Braverman") acted as Marill's accountant since shortly after the inception of the business. In 1982 Marill began to experience the first of a series of financial difficulties. Braverman met with defendant/appellant Theodore Moss ("Moss") and arranged for financing from an organization known as Open Door Corporation ("Open Door") and Open Door's owner, Richard Stein, defendants below, procuring an initial loan of $20,000 at a stated interest rate of 18%. On the same date that this initial loan transaction was closed, Braverman created Equity Funding Corporation ("Equity Funding"), another defendant/appellant herein. Braverman represented to the Marills that they were required to make additional payments on the loan in order to secure a relationship with Open Door and to keep open the possibility of additional financing. These "additional loan payments" were paid to Equity Funding and collected by Braverman. Over the next three years, Open Door loaned additional funds to Marill until, ultimately, Marill had borrowed a total of approximately $175,000 from Open Door. Throughout that time period, a pattern developed whereby the amount collected by and paid to Equity Funding in "additional loan payments" increased each time Open Door loaned more funds to Marill. Ultimately, Marill paid a total of $86,833.48 to Equity Funding in additional payments.[1]
Marill Alarm Systems and Marill Security Services filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Florida on September 9, 1985. On October 11, 1985, Eddy and Mirtha Marill also filed for voluntary bankruptcy under Chapter 11 in the same court. On February 3, 1986, this adversary proceeding was filed. The Complaint alleges that Open Door and Equity Funding, through Moss and Braverman, conspired to charge and/or collect usurious interest from Marill on the Open Door loans. Count I claims that appellants violated Fla.Stat. § 687.071 (the Florida usury statute) and prays that Open Door's notes be cancelled and that all principal and interest paid be returned to *121 Marill. Count II alleges that appellants' conduct constitutes a "pattern of racketeering activity" pursuant to Fla.Stat. § 895.02(1)(a) (Florida RICO) and prays for treble damages thereunder. Count III prays for a determination as to the validity and priority of Open Door's liens. Count IV seeks an order enjoining appellants from collecting the debt. On October 3, 1986, Marill amended its complaint by adding two counts. Count V alleges that the funds paid to Equity represent a fraudulent conveyance under 11 U.S.C. § 548 and Count VI makes a similar claim under Florida's fraudulent transfer statute (as made applicable through 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)). Marill settled with Open Door and Richard Stein prior to trial.
On November 3 and November 6, 1986, a trial was held before the Honorable Sidney M. Weaver in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Florida. After trial, the Court permitted Marill to amend its complaint to conform to the evidence by adding a claim under Fla.Stat. § 817.035 (obtaining property under false pretenses).
On December 30, 1986, Judge Weaver entered his Findings of Fact and Conclusions of law and entered Final Judgment on the adversary complaint for Marill in the amount of $260,500.44 (representing $86,833.48 in damages, trebled). This appeal followed.
II. THE BANKRUPTCY JUDGE'S FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
The bankruptcy judge based his findings and conclusions solely on Marill's Florida RICO claim. The judge found that the facts and circumstances surrounding the financial arrangement between appellants and Marill indicated that appellants were in fact charging Marill interest at a usurious rate. He also found that there was a fraudulent practice here because Braverman collected the payments under false pretenses, thus violating Fla.Stat. § 817.035.
Specifically, the judge doubted the credibility of Braverman's testimony that the payments to Equity Funding represented "consulting fees" and not additional interest. The judge did find Marill's testimony to be credible in light of the circumstantial evidence presented at trial. The payment history, presented at trial, as to both Open Door and Equity Funding, reflected a tie-in as to amounts and dates of payments which he believed to be more than coincidental. Equity Funding, with its purported consulting arrangement, was incorporated on the very same date that the first loan was made by Open Door. Braverman's testimony as to the consideration for the "consulting arrangement" contradicted the actual payments. There was no comprehensive billing arrangement, engagement letter or other documentation reflecting the basis for the purported consulting arrangement. Moreover, there was no satisfactory explanation of services provided to warrant the amount of fees claimed in excess of charges for normal accounting services.
Accordingly, the judge concluded that either of these violations (usury or obtaining property under false pretenses) would support liability under Florida's RICO statute as a pattern of racketeering activity. Because he awarded treble damages in the amount of $260,500.44, the judge further concluded that this award encompassed all damages sustained by Marill and found it unnecessary to reach the remainder of Marill's claims.
III. DISCUSSION
Appellants argue that the bankruptcy judge was without jurisdiction to enter a dispositive judgment in this action because it is a related, "non-core" proceeding and his jurisdiction was limited by 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1).[2] Pursuant to this section, the *122 bankruptcy judge must determine, on his own motion or by the motion of a party, whether an adversary proceeding is core or non-core. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(3). In the case at bar, the bankruptcy judge did not make this critical determination. On March 25, 1986, Open Door filed its Motion for Determination of Nature of Proceedings with the bankruptcy judge, which requested that he determine whether the proceeding was core or non-core. The judge denied Open Door's Motion without prejudice on April 16, 1986.[3] Therefore, this action proceeded to trial without a determination as to the nature of the proceedings.
It is a critical and mandatory duty of the bankruptcy judge to determine the nature of an adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(3). If the bankruptcy judge enters a final judgment without having made such a determination, it must be invalidated. In In re Nell, 71 B.R. 305 (D.Utah 1987), the court held that even if the parties do not move for a determination as to the nature of the proceedings, the ultimate responsibility to do so lies with the bankruptcy judge, and stated:
Section 157(b)(3) of title 28 requires the bankruptcy judge to initially determine whether the proceeding is core or non-core; it does not prescribe when that determination is to be made. When parties fail to timely move the bankruptcy court for an early determination of whether the proceeding is core or non-core, they waive their right to object to the reference of a non-core matter to the non-article III tribunal. The parties' failure to so move the court, however, does not alter the statutory limits on the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction. Section 157(b)(3) still requires the bankruptcy judge to determine the nature of the proceeding, and section 157(c)(1) still places limits on the bankruptcy judge's jurisdiction in non-core matters. Rather, failure to timely move the court places the timing of that determination entirely within the discretion of the bankruptcy judge. The bankruptcy judge need not make the sua sponte determination until the time when either the final order or proposed findings are to be prepared.
In re Nell, 71 B.R. at 311 (emphasis added). See also In re STN Enterprises, Inc., 73 B.R. 470, 479 (Bankr.D.Vt.1987); In re Nanodata Computer Corp., 52 B.R. 334, 341 (Bankr.W.D.N.Y.1985).
The reason this function is so critical stems from the Supreme Court's decision in Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipeline Co., 458 U.S. 50, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982). In Marathon, a plurality held that Congress' Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 involved an unconstitutional grant of power because it empowered an article I bankruptcy court to hear controversies required by the constitution to be heard by an article III court. Id. at 60-61, 102 S.Ct. at 2865-66; see also Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 3245, 3256, 92 L.Ed.2d 675 (1986).[4] It was partly in response to the Marathon holding that Congress enacted the 1984 amendments to the Bankruptcy Act, including section 157, which limited the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction. In re I.A. Durbin, Inc., 62 B.R. 139, 143 (S.D.Fla.1986); In re Nanodata Computer Corp., 52 B.R. at 339. Accordingly, the Final Judgment entered by the bankruptcy judge in the case at bar is invalid because it was rendered outside of his jurisdiction. Cf. Matter of Kubly, 818 F.2d 643, 645 (7th Cir.1987) (bankruptcy court's "power must be conferred, and it may not be enlarged by the judiciary because the judge believes it wise to resolve *123 the dispute").[5]
Marill argues that, notwithstanding the possible lack of jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, the Final Judgment is valid because appellants impliedly consented to the full jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2),[6] by their failure to raise a timely objection. See, e.g., Rainey v. International Harvester Credit Corp., 59 B.R. 987, 990 (N.D.Ill.1986); Energy Savings Center, Inc. v. Council, 54 B.R. 100, 102 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1985). To accept this argument here, however, where the bankruptcy judge has not even made an initial determination as to the nature of the proceedings, would be absurd because there is nothing to which any party could object in the first place. Cf. In re Nell, supra. Moreover, to hold that any party impliedly consented here would be tantamount to obliterating the critical distinction between article I and article III courts underlying the Court's decision in Marathon. Therefore, a party in a related proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 et seq. cannot be held to have consented, impliedly or otherwise, to the full jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court until the bankruptcy judge, by his own motion or by the motion of a party, explicitly determines that the proceeding is noncore. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(3) and (c)(2); In re Lombard-Wall Inc., 48 B.R. 986, 990 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ("Only after determining that a proceeding is not a core proceeding should a court consider whether the parties consented to the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction").[7] The Final Judgment entered by the bankruptcy judge, therefore, is invalid. See In re Nell, 71 B.R. 305, 310 (D.Utah 1987).[8]
*124 Appellant is now entitled to a de novo review of the proceedings below. This court will therefore view the bankruptcy judge's findings of fact and conclusions of law as proposed findings and conclusions and will view the parties' appellate briefs as the objections thereto. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1). In so doing, this court may disregard the bankruptcy judge's findings completely. Matter of Ferris, 764 F.2d 1475, 1478 (11th Cir.1985); Matter of Emergency Beacon Corp., 52 B.R. 979, 987 (S.D.N.Y.1985); In re G & L Packing Co., Inc., 41 B.R. 903, 913 (N.D.N.Y.1984); but see 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1) (district court should enter final order "after reviewing de novo those matters to which any party has timely and specifically objected") (emphasis added).
The bankruptcy judge found that appellants' scheme to collect usurious interest from Marill provided the predicate "racketeering activity" upon which to base a violation of Florida's RICO statute, Fla. Stat. §§ 895.01 et seq.[9] Appellants object to the bankruptcy judge's conclusion that Equity Funding and/or Open Door collected a usurious rate of interest from Marill pursuant to the Open Door loans. They argue that the payments to Braverman and Equity Funding were merely commissions paid by a borrower to its agent and, as such, do not amount to additional interest payments. See Investment Funds Corp. v. Bomar, 303 F.2d 592, 596 (5th Cir.1962). But upon a de novo review, it appears to this Court that Braverman was not acting as an agent solely on Marill's behalf. Indeed, Braverman testified that he was the "go-between" on the loans. Trial transcript at 246. Braverman may have initially procured the loans for Marill, but his relationship with Open Door developed in such a way that it could appear that Braverman was Open Door's agent as well. Accordingly, appellants' "commission" argument must fail. See North American Mortgage Investors v. Cape San Blas Joint Venture, 378 So.2d 287 (Fla.1979) (court held that fees paid to an agent who represents both the borrower and the lender could be usurious interest payments).
It is well settled that a court must look to the substance of a transaction and not the form to determine whether a transaction not cast in the form of a loan nevertheless constitutes a usurious loan transaction. Beausejour Corp., N.V. v. Offshore Development Co., Inc., 802 F.2d 1319, 1320 (11th Cir.1986); In re Mickler, 50 B.R. 818 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1985); Growth Leasing, Ltd. v. Gulfview Advertiser, Inc., 448 So. 2d 1224 (Fla. 2nd DCA 1984). From the facts and circumstances surrounding the transactions between Marill and appellants, the payments to Equity Funding pursuant to the Open Door loans could certainly be viewed as usurious interest payments. Equity Funding was created on the very same date that the first loan from Open Door was arranged. The payments to Equity Funding were usually made on the same date as the payments to Open Door and the amounts were curiously tied-in to the amount of the actual loan payment. This Court finds these circumstances to be more than coincidental, as did the bankruptcy court. See Findings and Conclusions at 5. Moreover, the amount of the payments to Equity Funding increased each time Open Door loaned more funds to Marill. Braverman *125 exerted a great deal of control over Marill as its sole accountant, and the relationship between Braverman and Open Door, according to much of the testimony at trial, is suspiciously vague.[10] Therefore, this Court adopts the findings and conclusions of the bankruptcy judge with respect to appellants' liability under the Florida Usury Statute, Fla.Stat. §§ 687 et seq.
IV. CONCLUSION
This Court has independently found that Marill met its burden of proof in establishing that the pattern of activities engaged in by appellants constitutes a violation of the Florida RICO statute. Appellants' charging and collecting what appears to be usurious interest constitutes a sufficient pattern of racketeering activity as contemplated by Fla.Stat. § 895.02. Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the Final Judgment of the bankruptcy court is invalidated for having been entered without jurisdiction. It is further ORDERED that the proposed findings and conclusions of the bankruptcy judge are adopted insofar as those findings and conclusions base appellants' liability on their violation of the Florida usury and RICO statutes.[11] In addition, the proposed findings and conclusions of the bankruptcy judge are adopted with respect to Marill's civil remedy pursuant to Fla.Stat. § 895.05(7), which mandates an award of treble damages in the amount of $260,500.44. Marill is also entitled to recover attorneys' fees and costs. See Banderas v. Banco Central del Ecuador, 461 So.2d 265 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985). Marill is hereby directed to submit to this Court, within 15 calendar days, a Final Judgment in accordance with this Opinion and Order.
NOTES
[1] The amount of these payments is not in dispute. The parties agree that the amount in controversy is the $86,833.48 in payments. See Trial Transcript at 9.
[2] 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1) provides:
A bankruptcy judge may hear a proceeding that is not a core proceeding but that is otherwise related to a case under title 11. In such proceeding, the bankruptcy judge shall submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court, and any final order or judgment shall be entered by the district judge after considering the bankruptcy judge's proposed findings and conclusions and after reviewing de novo those matters to which any party has timely and specifically objected.
(West supp.1987).
[3] The bankruptcy judge denied the Motion "without prejudice to its reconsideration at a later date." The Motion was never reconsidered, however.
[4] Former sections 1471(a)-(c), Title 28 U.S.C., conferred the full jurisdictional authority of the district court over bankruptcy cases and proceedings to the bankruptcy court.
[5] In the case at bar, the bankruptcy judge's failure to determine the nature of the proceeding is innocuous because this Court ultimately adopts his findings and conclusions. See infra. The failure to make this determination in other cases, however, could result in the unconstitutional final adjudication of a non-core adversary proceeding by an article I bankruptcy court.
[6] 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2) provides, in pertinent part:
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the district court, with the consent of all the parties to the proceeding, may refer a proceeding related to a case under title 11 to a bankruptcy judge to hear and determine and to enter appropriate orders and judgments. . . .
(West supp.1987) (emphasis added).
[7] It should be noted that effective August 1, 1987, Bankruptcy Rule 7008, pertaining to pleading requirements, was amended to read: "In an adversary proceeding before a bankruptcy judge, the complaint . . . shall contain a statement that the proceeding is core or non-core and, if non-core, that the pleader does or does not consent to entry of final orders or judgment by the bankruptcy judge." The Advisory Committee Note to that Rule provides that "Only express consent in the pleadings or otherwise is effective to authorize entry of a final order or judgment by the bankruptcy judge in a non-core proceeding." Accordingly, in any adversary proceeding in a bankruptcy court which was filed after August 1, 1987, the parties cannot impliedly consent to a final judgment by the bankruptcy court.
The case at bar was filed approximately two years ago and is not subject to the new bankruptcy rules. Yet this subsequent amendment bears out this Court's analysis and exemplifies Congress' concern over the power to be exercised by an article I court, discussed at length in Marathon.
[8] Had the judge determined the nature of this proceeding, he would have found it to be noncore. Numerous courts have noted the necessity of defining core proceedings narrowly so as to conform to the constitutional proscription of Marathon. E.g., Matter of Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 95 n. 25 (5th Cir.1987); Piombo Corp. v. Castlerock Properties, 781 F.2d 159, 162 (9th Cir.1986); In re Satelco, Inc., 58 B.R. 781, 788 (Bankr.N.D. Tex.1986). Moreover, in determining the nature of a proceeding for purposes of determining core status, the court must look to both the form and the substance of the proceeding. Matter of Wood, supra, 825 F.2d at 97. The substance of this proceeding does not support a finding of core status. While Marill sets forth six causes of action in its complaint, two of which arguably "arise under" title 11, the essential issue in this proceeding is whether appellants are liable under Florida law for their alleged scheme to collect usurious interest from and defraud Marill. Accordingly, the bankruptcy judge's jurisdiction was limited pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 et seq. See, e.g., In re Counts, 54 B.R. 730, 735 (Bankr.D.Colo.1985) (court held claims for "breaches of contract, fraud, and usury, are related proceedings, and . . . this Court is without jurisdiction to finally determine them"); Matter of Shell Materials, Inc., 50 B.R. 44, 46 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1985) (same).
The only arguable basis for conferring core status to this proceeding would be pursuant to the "catch-all" provision of section 157 (28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(O)) because Marill's claim "affects the liquidation of the assets of the estate." If this Court conferred core jurisdiction on that basis, however, virtually any claim which could increase the assets in the estate would entitle the bankruptcy court to ignore the constitutional proscription set forth in Marathon. This Court will not interpret section 157 so broadly. See In Re STN Enterprises, Inc., 73 B.R. 470, 481-82 (Bankr.D.Vt.1987).
[9] Section 895.02(1)(a)(8) provides that a violation pursuant to Fla.Stat. §§ 687 et seq. is a "racketeering activity" for purposes of that statute. Fla.Stat. § 687.071(3) provides, in pertinent part:
. . . any person making an extension of credit to any person, who shall willfully and knowingly charge, take or receive interest thereon at a rate exceeding forty-five percent per annum or the equivalent rate for a longer or shorter period of time, whether directly or indirectly or conspire so to do, shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree. . . .
(West supp.1987). The judge found that the payments to Equity Funding in conjunction with those to Open Door reflected a total interest rate greater than 74 percent when figured on an annual basis. See Findings and Conclusions 68 B.R. at 401.
[10] Many of the bankruptcy judge's findings are based upon the fact that he simply did not believe a good portion of appellants' testimony at trial. See Findings and Conclusions 68 B.R. at 401-02. Therefore, this Court should accord those findings the deference to which they are entitled. E.g., In re Chalik, 748 F.2d 616, 619 (11th Cir.1984) ("the trial judge is best able to assess the credibility of the witnesses before him and thus the evidentiary content of their testimony").
[11] Appellants also object to the bankruptcy judge's conclusion that their conduct was a fraudulent practice pursuant to Fla.Stat. § 817.035(1). This Court need not reach that objection, however. Appellants have independently violated the Florida RICO statute by their scheme to collect usurious interest from Marill on the Open Door Loans. See Fla.Stat. § 895.02(1)(a)(8).
| 2023-10-06T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9541 |
Find the perfect queen elizabeth rose stock photo. Huge collection, amazing choice, + million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. No need to register. The Queen Elizabeth Rose is a Grandiflora rose which is a cross between a If you look closely at the picture above you can just see the beautiful colour. "Queen Elizabeth Rose" No English garden is complete without this beauty! Rosa Queen Elizabeth Rose Reference, Color Rosa, Flower Pictures, Garden. | 2024-07-11T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8674 |
Management and Outcomes of Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes in Relation to Previous Use of Antianginal Therapies (from the Canadian Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events [CANRACE])
Study Questions:
What are temporal changes in the chronic use of antianginal therapy among patients presenting to the hospital with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), and is pretreatment with antianginal therapy associated with differences in the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)?
Methods:
This was a retrospective analysis of 10,019 Canadian patients in the GRACE/GRACE2/CANRACE database who had a final diagnosis of NSTE-ACS between 1999 and 2008, and for whom information regarding previous treatment with antianginal therapy was available and complete. The authors compared in-hospital outcomes among patients who did and did not receive chronic antianginal therapy before hospitalization.
Results:
Overall, 54.5% of patients were being treated with ≥1 antianginal medication. The rates of beta-blocker use were 39.3%; nitrate use, 24.4%; and calcium antagonist use, 23.6%. There was a significant decline in the chronic use of nitrates over time. Chronic antianginal use with a single agent or multiple agents was not a significant predictor for in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-1.37; p = 0.30 for use of one antianginal agent and adjusted OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.29-1.25; p = 0.17 for ≥2 antianginal agents). Compared with patients not on any antianginal therapy before presentation, those on treatment were less likely to present with positive biomarkers (p < 0.001). In particular, NSTEMI and UA were the final diagnosis in 72.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of patients not treated with chronic antianginal agents; of those on chronic antianginal therapy, 57.5% presented with NSTEMI and 42.5% with UA (p < 0.001). Any previous antianginal use was a negative predictor of cardiac catheterization (adjusted OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.98; p = 0.03).
Conclusions:
Over the preceding decade, there have been multiple temporal trends in the chronic use of antianginal therapy among patients presenting to the hospital with NSTEMI and UA. In particular, beta-blockers remain the most commonly used antianginal agents before presentation for ACS; the chronic use of nitrates has declined over time; ACS patients on chronic antianginal therapy were less likely to have NSTEMI in the hospital and were less likely to undergo in-hospital coronary angiography; and there was no independent association between previous use of antianginal therapy and in-hospital mortality.
Perspective:
Although not capable of establishing the efficacy of chronic antianginal therapy in this population of patients presenting to the hospital with NSTE-ACS, this observational retrospective study does suggest some temporal patterns about the prescription of antianginal medications, illuminates real-world practice patterns, and draws attention to the potential underutilization of select secondary prevention therapies after ACS.
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Management and Outcomes of Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes in Relation to Previous Use of Antianginal Therapies (from the Canadian Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events [CANRACE]) | 2023-10-07T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9955 |
St. Armand, New York
St. Armand is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 1,548 at the 2010 census. The town was named by an early settler for Saint-Armand, Quebec, in Canada.
The town of St. Armand is in the northwestern corner of the county and is southwest of Plattsburgh.
History
The town was first settled around 1829. The early industry was based on lumber production. After most of the trees were harvested, farming became predominant.
The town was set off from the town of Wilmington in 1844.
By the end of the 19th century, the town had become the locale for sanatoriums intended for tuberculosis (TB) cures. Dr. Edward Trudeau in 1884 was one of the first to establish a sanatorium within the town, near the village of Saranac Lake.
Notable residents
Robert Louis Stevenson, author, spent a year in the town for a TB cure
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.63%, is water.
The northern and eastern town lines are the border of Franklin County. The town is in the Adirondack Park. The Saranac River flows through the northwest part of St. Armand.
New York State Route 3 passes through the western part of the town.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 1,321 people, 543 households and 349 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.4 per square mile (9.0/km²). There were 689 housing units at an average density of 12.2 per square mile (4.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.43% White, 0.38% African American, 0.61% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.
There were 543 households of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04.
Age distribution was 25.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
The median household income was $39,500, and the median family income was $51,250. Males had a median income of $36,696 versus $23,828 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,828. About 4.0% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.
Communities and locations in St. Armand
Bloomingdale – A hamlet near the north town line on NY-3. The community was founded around 1852.
Camp Woodsmoke – A youth camp formerly located at the north end of Lake Placid.
Franklin Falls Pond – A wide part of the Saranac River at the north town line.
Lake Placid – A small part of the north end of the lake is within the town.
Moose Pond – A small lake in the western part of St. Armand.
Saranac Lake – A small part of the village of Saranac Lake is in the southeast part of the town.
St. Armand – A location near the north town line on NY-3.
Trudeau – A hamlet northeast of Saranac Lake village on NY-3, named for Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau.
References
External links
Town of St. Armand official website
Historical summary of St. Armand
Early history of St. Armond, NY
Historic St. Armand photos
Category:Towns in New York (state)
Category:Towns in Essex County, New York | 2023-08-18T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6546 |
In vitro inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase by spherical and polygonal starch nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles are novel and fascinating materials for tuning the activities of enzymes. In this study, we investigated the influence of spherical and polygonal starch nanoparticles (SNPs) on α-amylase activity and revealed the reaction mechanisms by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. We discovered that both spherical and polygonal SNPs could inhibit the α-amylase activity, with half-inhibitory concentration values of 0.304 and 0.019 mg mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, spherical and polygonal SNPs followed competitive and mixed competitive inhibition mechanisms, respectively. The fluorescence data indicated that static quenching was dominant in the interaction between SNPs and α-amylase. The CD results demonstrated that the inhibition of α-amylase by SNPs was accompanied by the decreased intensity of the CD spectra of α-amylase. Our findings provide a novel strategy to inhibit α-amylase to reduce the digestion of starch, thus managing blood glucose levels. | 2024-02-19T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5922 |
Q:
What is the meaning of Maude words to Harold after throwing the gift?
In Harold & Muade, Harold gave her a small gift to maude:
Maude:This is the nicest present...that I've received in years.
Maude: (She threw the gift)
Maude: So I'll always know where it is.
What is the meaning of Maude words to Harold after throwing the gift?
A:
When you get a gift and keep it, you have to put it somewhere and then you have to remember where you put it. Each time you move to a new home, you have to pack the gift, then unpack it and put it in a new place that will also have to be remembered. Maude's action of throwing away the gift at the moment she got it meant she'll always remember exactly where it is, even though she will no longer have it.
The movie Harold & Maude is all about how age affects your perceptions of the world and of others. Young Harold sees a situation from one angle, but the elderly Maude looks at the same situation and has a totally different perception.
Maude has reached the age where possessions are not that important any more, but memories are. She's lived in many different places and has had many different things, and now realizes how ephemeral places and things are. But memories last as long as you do.
| 2024-05-10T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4659 |
[Applied study of voice function rehabilitation by mucosa tube performed in operation of late laryngocarcinoma.].
To study the voice function rehabilitation by mucosa tube performed in operation of late laryngocarcinoma and to improve the survival quality of patients with late laryngocarcinoma. Forty-six patients were treated between Oct. 1991 and May 2006, including 41 males and 5 females. The average age of the patients was 54. Seventeen cases were glottic carcinomas (T3N0M0 12, T3N1M0 5), 27 cases were supraglottic carcinomas (T3N1M0 16, T4N1M0 5, T3N0M0 6), 2 cases were pyriform sinus cancer (T4N1M0 2). For those patients with late laryngocarcinoma, who had lost the chance of partial laryngectomy, mucosa tube shaping during the operation could realize voice functional rehabilitation. Only the survive arytenoids of healthy side was preserved, in order to rehabilitate voice, a mucosa tube was sutured using healthy survive arytenoids and a mucosa strip was connected to the trachea and the mucosa of hypopharynx. Survival analysis was performed by using Kaplan-Meier method. Forty-one out of 46 patients obtained almost normal voice and swallow function. The 5-years survival was 76%. The operation of voice function rehabilitation by mucosa tube performed can get good voice and swallow function to patients with late laryngo carcinoma. | 2023-08-12T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9337 |
Grow-Your-Own Microgreens Kit
Our Grow-Your-Own Microgreens Kit contains everything you need to get started growing your very own nutrient-dense microgreens in your home or office.
Even if you are a notorious plant-killer, we've made it pretty easy for you to grow microgreens because our step-by-step instructions are the result of months of trial and error. We've saved you the learning curve! And trust us, that alone is worth the price of this kit. And if you end up liking it and want to grow more, simply reorder our seeds and grow pads. The rest of the items in the kit are reusable. | 2023-10-16T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5340 |
Effects of European mistletoe (Viscum album L. subsp. album) extracts on activity rhythms of the Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).
Antitumor drugs may have some significant nervous system side-effects such as disrupted sleep, eating and drinking patterns. European Mistletoe has been investigated for many decades for its potential use against cancer. To test the hypothesis that the non-antineoplastic effects of mistletoe might be mediated by the actions on the circadian timing system, we have applied mistletoe extracts and vehicle and have measured locomotor activity, feeding and drinking rhythms under constant darkness. Four groups (vehicle, 20 mg kg(-1) ip injection, 40 mg kg(-1) ip injection and 6 g kg(-1) oral administration) were performed for both heat-treated and freeze-dried extracts. None of the administrations changed the locomotor activity, feeding and drinking rhythms in the groups except for 40 mg kg(-1) freeze-dried injected group. The locomotor activity levels decreased in 40 mg kg(-1) freeze-dried extract injected group. These results suggest that, side-effects of mistletoe on circadian timing system of the Syrian hamster depend on the dose and the preparation method of the extract. | 2023-10-30T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8042 |
Paudie Lynch
Paudie Lynch (born 1952 in Beaufort, County Kerry) is a former Irish Gaelic footballer. He played for his local club Beaufort and was a member of the Kerry senior inter-county team from 1972 until 1982.
References
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Beaufort Gaelic footballers
Category:Gaelic football backs
Category:Kerry inter-county Gaelic footballers
Category:Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
Category:Winners of five All-Ireland medals (Gaelic football) | 2023-12-01T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8905 |
Algorithms for early management of pelvic fractures.
The successful management of pelvic fractures depends upon proper diagnosis and timely treatment. Severe pelvic fractures are life-threatening injuries in which a clear-cut treatment strategy is required to make decisions within the shortest possible time. An algorithm is presented in the form of a flow chart that has proven useful in facing difficult situations in the initial management of pelvic fractures. Decision-making is based on progressive clinical examination and a series of key questions. The sequence starts with the arrival of the patient, followed by the resuscitation phase, proceding through the initial examination and assessment of the patient to the final diagnosis and appropriate treatment. A safe approach to pelvic fractures is gained by following the proposed algorithm. The algorithm is an excellent teaching tool, but no guarantee can be given since every case is different and requires a specific approach. | 2023-11-08T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3809 |
ACCC Constitution
STATUTES OF THE AUSTRALIAN CONFRATERNITY OF CATHOLIC CLERGY
As revised at the Annual General Meeting of 20 June 2013
Preamble
These Statutes are inspired by the documents of the Second Vatican Council, the Sacred Scriptures, and Tradition of the Church, and are largely drawn from the Code of Canon Law, January 25, 1983.
In the original Statutes the organisation was named the Australian Association of Catholic Clergy. These Interim Statutes were approved by the Inaugural Meeting of October 9, 1985, at Riverwood, Sydney, and became the Statutes after the first Annual General Meeting on January 28, 1987, at Wahroonga, Broken Bay. The texts of Statute IX §5 & §6 were added at the Annual General Meeting of April 5, 1988, Monash University, Melbourne, to meet the requirements of the taxation laws. This final version of the Statutes and the renaming from an association to a confraternity were passed by the Annual General Meeting on July 13, 1989, at Brisbane.
Abbreviations used in this document are: Australian Confraternity of Catholic Clergy – ACCC; Annual General Meeting – AGM.
Statute I — Status
The ACCC is a private, voluntary, and fraternal association of Catholic clerics of the Dioceses of Australia.
This confraternity of clerics gives expression to Canon 275 §1:
“Since all clerics are working for the same purpose, namely the building up of the body of Christ, they are to be united with one another in the bond of brotherhood and prayer. They are to seek to cooperate with one another, in accordance with the provisions of particular law.”
The right of association is granted by Canon 278 §1:
“The secular clergy have the right of association with others for the achievement of purposes befitting the clerical state.”
The ACCC is also mindful of Canon 298 §1:
“In the Church there are associations which are distinct from institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life. In this association, Christ’s faithful, whether clerics or laity, or clerics and laity together, strive with a common effort to foster a more perfect life or to promote public worship or Christian teaching. They may also devote themselves to other works of the apostolate, such as initiatives for evangelization, works of piety or charity, and those which animate the temporal order with the Christian spirit.”
The ACCC acknowledges that its autonomy is subject to the Australian Catholic Bishops’ Conference and the Holy See, as laid down in Canon 305 §1:
“All associations of Christ’s faithful are subject to the supervision of the competent ecclesiastical authority. This authority is to ensure that integrity of faith and morals is maintained in them and that abuses in ecclesiastical discipline do not creep in. The competent authority has therefore the duty and the right to visit these associations, in accordance with the law and the statutes. Associations are also subject to the governance of the same authority in accordance with the provisions of the canons which follow.”
And §2:
“Associations of every kind are subject to the supervision of the Holy See. Diocesan associations are subject to the supervision of the local Ordinary, as are other associations to the extent that they work in the diocese.”
Statute II — Name and Address
The name of the association is the: AUSTRALIAN CONFRATERNITY OF CATHOLIC CLERGY.
The canonical address of the ACCC, its headquarters or “centre” as required by Canon 304 §1, shall be that address of its National Chairman.
Statute III — Patrons
The Patroness of the ACCC is Our Lady Help of Christians. The other heavenly patrons are:
Sts Peter and Paul;
St John Fisher;
St Thomas More;
St John Baptist Mary Vianney;
St Charles Borromeo;
St Pius X; and
St Mary of the Cross.
Statute IV — Aims
The aims of the ACCC are:
To give glory and honour to the Most Blessed Trinity.
To assist the eternal salvation and holiness of the members of the ACCC.
To foster unity among Catholic Priests and Deacons, with the Bishops, in loyalty to the Pope and his Supreme Magisterium, particularly in heeding Canon 273:
“Clerics have a special obligation to show reverence and obedience to the Supreme Pontiff and to their own Ordinary.”
and Canon 333 §1:
“By virtue of this office, the Roman Pontiff not only has power over the universal Church but also has pre-eminent ordinary power over all particular Churches and their groupings. This reinforces and defends the proper, ordinary, and immediate power which the Bishops have in the particular Churches entrusted to their care.”
To encourage all members of the clergy to be faithful to the priestly life and ministry, in accord with Canon 276§1:
“Clerics have a special obligation to seek holiness in their lives, because they are consecrated to God by a new title through the reception of orders and are stewards of the mysteries of God in the service of His people.”
To provide assistance to Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the fulfillment of their ministry of teaching, sanctifying and ruling. The following canons are especially relevant:
Canon 375 re Bishops:
§1 “By divine institution, Bishops succeed the Apostles through the Holy Spirit who is given to them. They are constituted Pastors in the Church, to be the teachers of doctrine, the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance.”
§2 “By their Episcopal consecration, Bishops receive, together with the office of sanctifying, the offices also of teaching and of ruling, which however by their nature, can be exercised only in hierarchical communion with the head of the College and its members.”
Canon 519 re Priests:
“The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ’s faithful, in accordance with the law.”
Canon 204 §1 re the divine institution of sacred ministers:
“By divine institution, among Christ’s faithful there are in the Church sacred ministers, who in law are also called clerics; the others are called lay people.”
Statute V — Objectives
The objectives of the ACCC to be pursued in the fulfillment of its aims (see Statute IV), include:
The active promotion of the Magisterium through study groups, sermons, talks, written works, conventions, distribution of printed matter, etc.
Upholding and practising the Church’s way of life for clerics, particularly noting the following canons:
Canon 276:
§1: “Clerics have a special obligation to seek holiness in their lives because they are consecrated to God by a new title through the reception of orders, and are stewards of the mysteries of God in the service of His people.
§2: “In order that they can pursue this perfection:
“They are in the first place faithfully and untiringly to fulfill the obligations of their pastoral ministry.
“They are to nourish the spiritual life at the twofold table of the Sacred Scripture and the Eucharist; priests are therefore earnestly invited to offer the Eucharistic Sacrifice daily, and deacons to participate daily in the offering.
“Priests and deacons aspiring to the priesthood are obliged to carry out the Liturgy of the Hours daily, in accordance with their own approved liturgical books; permanent deacons are to recite that part of it determined by the Episcopal Conference.
“They are obliged to make spiritual retreats, in accordance with the provisions of particular law.
“They are exhorted to engage regularly in mental prayer, to approach the Sacrament of Penance frequently, to honour the Virgin Mother of God with particular veneration (eg. The daily recitation of Her Rosary, as indicated for seminarians in Canon 246 §3), and to use other general and special means to holiness.”
Canon 277:
§1: “Clerics are obliged to observe perfect and perpetual continence for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven, and are therefore bound to celibacy. Celibacy is a special gift of God by which sacred ministers can more easily remain close to Christ with an undivided heart, and dedicate themselves more freely to the service of God and of their neighbour.”
Canon 909:
“A priest is not to omit dutifully to prepare himself by prayer before the celebration of the Eucharist, nor afterwards to omit to make thanksgiving to God.”
Canon 284:
“Clerics are to wear suitable ecclesiastical dress, in accordance with the norms established by the Episcopal Conference and legitimate custom.”
(See the statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops’ Conference, October, 1985.)
And also by spending some time each day before the Blessed Sacrament.
Providing a structured framework at three levels, namely:
National Executive for Australia;
Councillor for each ecclesiastical province; and
Branches for local groups of the clergy, so that members of the ACCC may meet for consultation, prayer, study, retreats, and fraternal support at regular and publicised intervals.
Publishing a Newsletter and supplying, promoting and publishing other materials that accord with the aims and objectives of the ACCC to help the clergy in their life and ministry.
Fostering priestly vocations by advice based on discernment and by support for clerical students throughout their seminary years.
Bringing to the attention of the Episcopal Conference and the Congregations of the Holy See suitable proposals from the members of the ACCC.
Encouraging Religious in fidelity to their life and apostolate, noting especially Canons 573, 576 and 801.
Encouraging the laity to take their place in Church, civic and public life to spread the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, as stated in Canon 275 §2:
“Clerics are to acknowledge and promote the mission which the laity, each for his or her own part, exercises in the Church and in the world.”
Entering into fraternal relations with other Confraternities of Catholic Clergy in other countries, especially in any English-speaking country, as long as they have similar aims and statutes.
Statute VI — Doctrine and Discipline of the Church
Each and every motion presented at the Annual General Meeting, National Executive or Local Branch shall in all respects be in total accord with the Code of Canon Law, with the Magisterium and the faith and morals of the One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Church. Such motions shall be in utter obedience to, and reflect respect for and reverence towards the authority, position, and person of the Supreme Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ and Bishop of Rome, and the Bishops teaching in union with him.
Any motion which is contrary to, opposed to, or seeks to modify, mollify or nullify in any way whatever Statute VI §1 shall be null and void.
In case of dispute about motions mentioned in Statute VI §1 and §2 which occur at the Branch level, the matter shall be referred to the National Executive. An appeal may be made to the AGM after a six (6) months or more cooling off period, calculated from the date on which the National Executive hands down its decision. All appeals to the AGM must be circulated to every financial member within three (3) months of the AGM.
Statute VII — Membership
Membership of the ACCC shall consist of ordinary and associate membership according to the following:
Ordinary members are from the Clergy mentioned in Canon 266 §1:
“By the reception of the diaconate a person becomes a cleric, and is incardinated in the particular Church or personal Prelature for whose service he is ordained.”
From these alone the National Executive and other Officers are drawn.
Associated membership is for priests and deacons who are members of religious institutes or secular institutes. Associate members are to heed Canon 307 §3:
“In accordance with their own law, members of religious institutes may, with the consent of their Superior, join associations.”
Ordinary membership and associate membership in the ACCC shall require:
A signed application accepting these Statutes;
The acceptance of this application by the National Executive; and
The payment of the annual membership fee.
The annual fees, for both ordinary and associate membership, shall be as determined from time to time by the Executive, and published in The Priest.
The laity may enjoy a lesser sort of associated membership as subscribers to the Newsletter for an amount to be set by the National Executive sufficient to cover costs. They shall be called Lay Associates of the ACCC.
Statute VIII — the National Executive, Councillors, and Branches
The governing body of the ACCC shall be its National Executive, consisting of its Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, and Editor of the Journal, plus no more than seven Councillors representing the ecclesiastical Provinces.
The only authorised spokesman for the ACCC shall be its National Chairman or any of its other five chief National Executive Officers in matters pertaining to their office and in consultation with the National Chairman.
The election of the National Executive shall be at the AGM in odd years and is for a period of two years. Nominations must be made in writing, either in advance by post to the secretariat or in person to the secretary no less than two hours before commencement of the AGM. Nominations must be seconded. Those nominated and those nominating and seconding them must be financial members. The election shall be at the AGM by a show of hands of those financial members present. Postal votes for candidates received in advance are also acceptable.
The AGM shall normally be arranged to coincide with a major convention of the ACCC at which the principal speaker shall be a cleric or lay person of acknowledged eminence and loyalty to the Magisterium.
A Councillor shall act only in the name of members of his own Province. A Councillor shall be elected for a period of two years at a meeting of the financial members of the Province normally to take place during the AGM in odd years (the same as for members of the Executive). Nominations must be made in writing, either in advance by post to the secretariat or in person to the secretary no less than two hours before commencement of the AGM. Nominations must be seconded. Those nominated and those nominating and seconding them must be financial members belonging to that province. Postal votes for candidates known in advance are also acceptable.
The ACCC, besides the National Executive, shall have a Councilor in each ecclesiastical Province where there are enough members to form at least one Branch. A Councilor shall act only in the name of members of his own Province. A Councilor shall be elected at a meeting of the financial members of the Province or, if such a meeting is considered inconvenient for those entitled to attend, by a postal vote organised by the National Executive, with new elections held by the end of each AGM.
The ACCC shall have Branches in each Province, usually several in each Diocese consisting of no less than three (3) members each, from whom a Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer shall be elected. The Officers of a Branch shall act only in the name of the Branch members. A Branch must meet at least annually.
Any group of three (3) clerics, whether Bishops, Priests or Deacons may set up a Branch of the ACCC provided that:
There are at least three (3) clerics ready and willing to fulfill the membership requirements set out in Statute VII; and
The National Executive gives its consent.
Both office and membership in the ACCC can be terminated by the next higher body of its structure, in accord with Canon 308:
“No one who was lawfully admitted is to be dismissed from an association except for a just reason, in accordance with the law and the statutes.”
If a Branch lapses its goods are to be transferred to the National Executive.
Statute IX — Financial Administration
The funds of the ACCC shall be administered by the Treasurer as administrator according to Canon Law, particularly:
Canon 1280:
“Every juridical person is to have its own finance committee, or at least two counselors, who are to assist in the performance of the administrator’s duties, in accordance with the Statutes.”
Canon 1286:
“Administrators of temporal goods:
In making contracts of employment, are accurately to observe also, according to the principles taught by the Church, the civil laws relating to labour and social life;
Are to pay to those who work for them under contract a just and honest wage which will be sufficient to provide for their needs and those of their dependents.”
The Finance Committee for the National Executive and the Finance Committees for the respective Branches shall consist of their Chairmen, Secretaries, and Treasurers.
At least three-quarters of the requisite membership fee shall go to the National Executive and the other quarter shall, on request, be returned to the Branch.
The National Executive may levy the Branches where there are extraordinary circumstances.
The income and property of the ACCC whencesoever derived shall be applied solely towards the promotion of the objectives of the ACCC, and no portion thereof shall be paid or transferred directly or indirectly by way of a dividend bonus or otherwise howsoever by way of profit to the members of the ACCC, provided that nothing herein shall prevent the payment in good faith of remuneration to any officer or servant of the ACCC or to any member of the ACCC in return for any services actually rendered to the ACCC or reasonable and proper rent for the premises let by any member to the ACCC.
The ACCC shall not be dissolved except by a General Meeting of the ACCC specially convened for the purpose and by a Resolution carried by a majority of four-fifths of the votes recorded in respect of the same. If upon the winding up or dissolution of the ACCC there remains after the satisfaction of its debts and liabilities any property whatsoever the same shall not be paid to or distributed among the members of the ACCC but shall be given or transferred to some other institution or institutions having objects similar or in part similar to the objects of the ACCC and which also shall prohibit the distribution of its or their property among its or their members, such institution or institutions to be determined by the members of the ACCC at or before the time of dissolution or in default thereof by the Chief Judge of such Court as may have or acquire jurisdiction in the matter.
Balance sheets are required from:
All Branches, to be presented to the National Executive at least two (2) months prior to the AGM; and
The National Executive to be presented at the AGM.
Statute X — Dissolving the ACCC
The ACCC lapses if it lacks enough members to continue in operation according to these Statutes, or by provision of Canon 326 §1:
“A private association of Christ’s faithful is extinguished in accordance with the norms of the Statutes. It can also be suppressed by the competent authority if its activity gives rise to grave harm to ecclesiastical teaching or discipline, or is a scandal to the faithful.”
If the ACCC disbands its goods are to be disbursed to the Society of St Peter the Apostle, of the Pontifical Mission Aid Societies according to the prescriptions of Church Law and Civil Law.
Canon 326 §2 states that:
“The fate the goods of a private association which ceases to exist is to be determined in accordance with the statutes, without prejudice to acquired rights and to the wishes of the donors.”
Statute IX §6 states the prescriptions of Civil Law.
Statute XI — Changes to the Statutes
These Statutes can be amended only at an AGM by a two-thirds majority vote of the financial members, provided that notice of motion has been given in an issue of the Newsletter at least thirty (30) days before the AGM, and due regard has been taken for Statute VI. | 2023-10-10T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2303 |
Q:
effects::effect not recognizing data in purrr::map
Consider a dataset like this:
library(lme4)
data(sleepstudy)
head(sleepstudy, 10)
Reaction Days Subject
1 249.5600 0 308
2 258.7047 1 308
3 250.8006 2 308
4 321.4398 3 308
5 356.8519 4 308
6 414.6901 5 308
7 382.2038 6 308
8 290.1486 7 308
9 430.5853 8 308
10 466.3535 9 308
I'm trying to run some mixed-effects linear models when stratifying based on a grouping variable. I can do:
library(dplyr)
libary(tidyr)
library(purrr)
sleepstudy %>%
group_by(grp = gl(2, n()/2)) %>%
nest() %>%
mutate(fit = map(data, ~ lmer(Reaction ~ Days + (Days | Subject), data = .)))
obtaining:
grp data fit
<fct> <list<df[,3]>> <list>
1 1 [90 × 3] <lmrMdLmT>
2 2 [90 × 3] <lmrMdLmT>
Now I would like to use the effect() function from effects library:
library(effects)
sleepstudy %>%
group_by(grp = gl(2, n()/2)) %>%
nest() %>%
mutate(fit = map(data, ~ effect(term = "Days",
mod = lmer(Reaction ~ Days + (Days | Subject), data = .))))
however, I'm always getting an error:
Error in is.data.frame(data) : object '.' not found
When I use it outside of tidyverse context:
sleepstudy2 <- sleepstudy %>%
mutate(grp = gl(2, n()/2))
effect(term = "Days", mod = lmer(Reaction ~ Days + (Days | Subject),
data = sleepstudy2,
subset = grp == 1))
then it works normally:
Days effect
Days
0 2 4 7 9
252.2916 267.0686 281.8455 304.0110 318.7880
Any idea how to fix this problem and do it using the tidy approach?
A:
So the effects() function seems to have a real problem when the data you are using is not in the global environment. It's referenced in the "Warnings and Limitations" section of the ?effects help page. They point to the "embedding" vignette from the car packages for possible work around. The workaround they suggestion is making a copy of data data in the global environment. It's not elegant but this works
poo <- sleepstudy %>%
group_by(grp = gl(2, n()/2)) %>%
nest() %>%
mutate(fit = map(data, function(x) {
assign(".dta", x, env=.GlobalEnv)
eff <- effect(term="Days", mod=lmer(Reaction ~ Days + (Days | Subject), data=.dta))
remove(".dta", envir=.GlobalEnv)
eff
}))
| 2023-10-19T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4990 |
Declassified Documents Detail US Cozying to Saddam
The non-governmental National Security Archive has published a
series of declassified US documents detailing the US embrace of Saddam Hussein in the early 1980's, including the renewal of diplomatic relations that had been suspended since 1967. The documents show
that during this period of renewed U.S. support for Saddam, he had invaded his neighbor (Iran), had long-range nuclear aspirations that would "probably" include "an eventual nuclear weapon capability," harbored known terrorists in Baghdad, abused the human rights of his citizens, and possessed and used chemical weapons on Iranians and his own people. The US response was to renew ties, to provide intelligence and aid to ensure Iraq would not be defeated by Iran, and to send a high-level presidential envoy named Donald Rumsfeld to shake hands with Saddam.
The declassified documents posted to the Archive's web site include the briefing materials and diplomatic reporting on two Rumsfeld trips to Baghdad, reports on Iraqi chemical weapons use concurrent with the Reagan administration's decision to support Iraq, and decision directives signed by President Reagan that reveal the specific U.S. priorities for the region: preserving access to oil, expanding U.S. ability to project military power in the region, and protecting local allies from internal and external threats. | 2024-02-02T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2734 |
Latest 'Game of Thrones' episode leaked online
by The Associated Press
FILE - This file image released by HBO shows Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister in a scene from "Game of Thrones." In the eagerly-awaited season 7 premiere of HBO’s hit TV series, “Game of Thrones,” Lannister and Jon Snow learned some tough lessons about the importance of managing resources. (HBO via AP, File)
Media company Star India acknowledged Friday that it was the source of the leaked episode and said it is investigating how it happened.
The news comes just days after HBO said hackers had broken into its systems and stolen "proprietary information." HBO, however, said that Friday's leaked "Game of Thrones" episode was not a part of that hack.
Episode 4 of the show's seventh season is due to air Sunday.
Star India, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox, reaches more than 700 million viewers a month across India and more than 100 other countries. | 2024-03-20T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3325 |
Stop me if you've heard this one before, but Iowa has more troubles involving one of its running backs.
Freshman Barkley Hill, who suffered a torn ACL in preseason camp and missed the season, was arrested for operating while intoxicated Friday night in Blackhawk County, Iowa. Iowa coach Kirk Ferentz announced Saturday that Hill will face a minimum one-game suspension and internal discipline.
"Obviously, I was extremely disappointed to learn about this," Iowa athletic director Gary Barta said in a prepared statement. "Barkley will go through the UI Student Athlete Code of Conduct process, and will be subject to any other University and/or team rule sanctions as we gather additional information."
I could rehash all the issues Iowa has had at running back in recent years, but you've heard it all before. The bottom line is Iowa won't have Hill on the field when it opens the 2013 season. | 2024-01-10T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4150 |
Cat scratch encephalopathy.
Cat scratch disease is usually a self-limited illness associated with tender lymph nodes, fever, malaise, and fatigue. Lymphadenopathy usually resolves spontaneously within three to four months. Cat scratch disease can be atypical as indicated by the presentation of our patient. | 2024-02-09T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7308 |
# encoding: UTF-8
=begin
BETTERCAP
Author : Simone 'evilsocket' Margaritelli
Email : evilsocket@gmail.com
Blog : http://www.evilsocket.net/
This project is released under the GPL 3 license.
=end
module BetterCap
module Parsers
# MySQL authentication parser.
class TeamViewer < Base
def on_packet( pkt )
begin
if pkt.tcp_dst == 5938 or pkt.tcp_src == 5938
packet = Network::Protos::TeamViewer::Packet.parse( pkt.payload )
unless packet.nil?
StreamLogger.log_raw( pkt, 'TEAMVIEWER', "#{'version'.blue}=#{packet.version.yellow} #{'command'.blue}=#{packet.command.yellow}" )
end
end
rescue; end
end
end
end
end
| 2024-01-08T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7546 |
Q:
add an item in kendo grid column
I want to add an item in kendo grid's column menu to remove column.
(Success)1.Add an item.
(Success)2.Remove a column.
(Fail) 3.Close Menu after selecting.
I found that other kendo grid's column menu item will close menu after selecting.But my item won't close menu.
I have tried This(bind select event) And This(setOptions).
Could anyone give me a hand?
A:
Using destroy() works.
menu.bind("select", function (select) {
grid.hideColumn(field);
this.destroy();
});
Demo #1
select:function (select) {
var menuText = $(select.item).text();
grid.hideColumn(field);
this.destroy();
}
Demo #2
| 2024-02-29T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8819 |
Q:
How to efficiently delete text in Vim while in insert mode
Using Vim, I want to efficiently delete text while I am in insert mode. I can use Backspace or I can use CTRL+h. What does is it mean? Should I stop using Backspace and only use CTRL+h to edit efficiently? If yes, then should I disable Backspace in my .vimrc (like what I have done for arrow keys)?
Thanks.
A:
You can always use Ctrl-o to do a single normal mode command. Eg if you start a sentence, and decide you want to deleting it and start again, you could enter Ctrl-o d( while in insert mode.
To be honest though, I've been using vim for at least 5 years, and I never feel the need for this. I think the key trick for vim is to make entering normal mode really easy. Esc is a bit of a pain to hit honestly, it is pretty far away in most keyboards. I remap Capslock to Ctrl to help with this. This makes the Ctrl-[ shortcut really easy to hit for entering normal mode. You can also use inoremap kj <Esc> to make entering kj leave insert mode (you rarely type kj in typing, even with code).
The ultimate solution is to remap Capslock to Escape. I find though that mapping Capslock to Ctrl is a lot more useful in many other programs so that binding is more useful in general.
A:
Vim is a modal editor. This means there are advantages to using the right mode for the right task.
General Rules of thumb:
Make a quick correction as you type in insert mode - use backspace (or maybe <c-w>)
Need to delete/change a word or something larger you should probably jump back to normal mode and do a d with a motion or c with a motion.
Need to delete many lines then it is time to break out macros or ex commands. e.g :g/foo/d
Few things to remember:
You should only be in insert mode for short bursts. Normal mode should be considered your default or "normal" mode
It is often a good practice to making your changes work well with the . command. e.g. using daw, >, or ciw and repeating the change via .
Vim's modal nature makes the undo history nice and chunky. Abusing insert mode will make the undo history less useful.
| 2024-03-20T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5221 |
The experiences of African-American living kidney donors.
In many cases, optimal treatment for end stage renal disease (ESRD) is living kidney donation. African Americans are of interest because of high incidence of ESRD, documented disparities regarding kidney transplantation, and under-representation in living kidney donor research. An interpretive qualitative study was conducted among African Americans to improve understanding of living donation to genetically or emotionally related recipients. Two major themes emerged - context of living kidney donation and work of living kidney donors. Specially noted are the influence of spiritual and religious practices, and experiences of participants with history of substance abuse. Research recommendations and clinical implications are presented. | 2024-01-26T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8627 |
Q:
How does Rails ActiveRecord chain "where" clauses without multiple queries?
I'm a PHP developer learning the awesomness of Ruby on Rails, I'm loving ActiveRecord and i noticed something really interesting, Which is how ActiveRecord methods detect the end of method chain to execute the query.
@person = Person.where(name: 'Jason').where(age: 26)
# In my humble imagination I'd think that each where() executes a database query
# But in reality, it doesn't until the last method in the chain
How does this sorcery work?
A:
The where method returns an ActiveRecord::Relation object, and by itself this object does not issue a database query. It's where you use this object that matters.
In the console, you're probably doing this:
@person = Person.where(name: "Jason")
And then blammo it issues a database query and returns what appears to be an array of everyone named Jason. Yay, Active Record!
But then you do something like this:
@person = Person.where(name: "Jason").where(age: 26)
And then that issues another query, but this one's for people who are called Jason who are 26. But it's only issuing one query, so where'd the other query go?
As others have suggested, this is happening because the where method returns a proxy object. It doesn't actually perform a query and return a dataset unless it's asked to do that.
When you run anything in the console, it's going to output the inspected version of the outcome of whatever it is you ran. If you put 1 in the console and hit enter, you'll get 1 back because 1.inspect is 1. Magic! Same goes for "1". A variety of other objects don't have an inspect method defined and so Ruby falls back to the one on Object which returns something ghastly like <Object#23adbf42560>.
Every single ActiveRecord::Relation object has the inspect method defined on it so that it causes a query. When you write the query in your console, IRB will call inspect on the return value from that query and output something almost human readable, like the Array that you'd see.
If you were just issuing this in a standard Ruby script, then no query would be executed until the object was inspected (via inspect) or was iterated through using each, or had the to_a method called on it.
Up until one of those three things happen, you can chain as many where statements on it as you will like and then when you do call inspect, to_a or each on it, then it will finally execute that query.
A:
There are a number of methods that are known as "kickers" that actually fire off the query to the database. Prior to that, they just create AST nodes, which once kicked, will generate the actual SQL (or language being compiled to) and run the query.
See this blog post for a deeper explanation of how this is done.
A:
You can read the code, but one concept here is the proxy pattern.
Probably @person is not the real object but a proxy to this object and when you need some attribute there the active record finally execute the query. Hibernate has the same concept.
| 2023-12-15T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8553 |
Dallas Baker
Dallas Leon Baker (born November 10, 1982) is a former American football wide receiver. Baker played college football for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he has played professionally for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League (AFL). As a member of the Steelers, he won Super Bowl XLIII against the Arizona Cardinals. He is currently the wide receivers coach at Marshall University.
Early years
Baker was born in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and attended New Smyrna Beach High School, where he was a star wide receiver for the New Smyrna Beach Barracudas high school football team. In 2001, he set the single season Barracudas' record with seventeen touchdowns, 67 catches and 1,142 yards He attended Northfield Mount Hermon for a Post Graduate year. Dallas led Mount Hermon to the New England championship in football and was a standout player on Mount Hermon's basketball team. Baker graduated from NMH in 2002.
College career
Baker accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and played for coach Ron Zook and coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football teams from 2003 to 2006. He originally signed to play for the Gators in February 2001 as a member of what would become coach Steve Spurrier's final recruiting class at Florida, but due to NCAA academic eligibility issues, Baker instead enrolled at Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school in Massachusetts, for one year. While at Mt. Hermon, Baker led his team to the New England Championship game. After Spurrier left Florida for the NFL and Zook was hired to replace him, Baker stuck with Florida and enrolled as a partial-qualifier in 2002.
Urban Meyer's hiring at Florida three seasons later marked a turning point in Baker's career at Florida. In 2005, he made fifty-six receptions, doubling his total from the previous season. Afterward, Baker's college grades were good enough to earn back the year of eligibility lost to the partial qualification.
As a senior team captain in 2006, Baker delivered career highs for receptions (60), receiving yards (920), and receiving touchdowns (10), and was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. Baker's 25-yard touchdown catch provided the winning margin in the Gators' 21–14 victory over the rival Florida State Seminoles. The following week, the Gators defeated Arkansas to win the SEC Championship Game for the first time in six years. The Gators would go on to rout the heavily favored Ohio State Buckeyes and capture their second national championship, with Baker catching a touchdown pass for the Gators first score in their 41–14 victory in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game. Throughout his college career, the college football analysts on ESPN called him "Dallas Baker, Touchdown Maker," hearkening back to his nickname from his New Smyrna Beach High School days.
He graduated from the University of Florida in December 2006 with a bachelor's degree in health and human performance.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Steelers
The Pittsburgh Steelers chose Baker in the seventh round (227th pick overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft, and he played for the Steelers from to . He was cut by the Steelers on September 1, 2007, but quickly re-joined the organization as a member of the practice squad on September 2.
Baker made the Steelers' 53-man roster out of training camp in 2008. He played in eight games, recording one catch for six yards, before being waived on November 15 to make room for cornerback Roy Lewis; the Steelers' re-signed Baker to their practice squad on November 19.
Baker signed a future contract with the Steelers in February 2009. He was released in final cuts on September 5, 2009.
Jacksonville Sharks
Baker joined the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League in the early part of the 2010 season, making his AFL debut in the third game of the season against the Orlando Predators.
CFL
Baker signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL on April 5, 2011.
On August 8, 2011, he was traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders for Luc Mullinder.
Coaching
Baker was the Wide Receivers Coach at Warner University, a Christian college in Lake Wales, Florida.
On March 10, 2017, Baker accepted the position of Wide Receivers Coach at Marshall University in Huntington, WV.
Football family
Baker is the nephew of Wes Chandler, who is a former All-American Gator wide receiver, NFL standout and professional football coach. Baker's younger brother Perry Baker is a professional rugby sevens player and represented the USA in the 2016 Olympics.
See also
2006 Florida Gators football team
List of Pittsburgh Steelers players
List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL
List of University of Florida alumni
References
Bibliography
Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). .
External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders profile
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American coaches of American football
Category:African-American players of American football
Category:African-American players of Canadian football
Category:American football wide receivers
Category:Canadian football wide receivers
Category:Florida Gators football players
Category:Jacksonville Sharks players
Category:Marshall Thundering Herd football coaches
Category:Montreal Alouettes players
Category:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
Category:People from New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players
Category:Players of American football from Florida
Category:San Antonio Talons players
Category:Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Category:Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida
Category:Super Bowl champions
Category:Warner Royals football coaches | 2023-10-18T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7020 |
Q:
how to shorten php condition?
hello i have the following problem:
i have a form in that i would like to check via php for some input errors. beside that i would like to display an user information about whats being wrong.
the problem i have is, that i only like to display one message and not all at same time. therefor i need to filter all error messages from php to limit that to one.
so php is looking for this:
<?php if (isset($errors['for_a']):?><div id="errormessage">some text</div><?php endif; ?>
and the php rule is:
(case1) ... if ( isset($errors['for_a']) AND (!isset($errors['for_b'])) AND (!isset($errors['for_c'])) OR (!isset($errors['for_d'])) ...
OR
(case 2) ...AND (!isset($errors['for_b'])) AND (!isset($errors['for_c'])) AND (!isset($errors['for_d'])) ...
and so on for input field a...
so the problem is that i have 7 input fields and this would mean i have to write all possibilities. is there a way to shorten this?
thanks a lot.
UPDATE:
okay, maybe its not clear enough what i like to achieve.
i do not have problems displaying the error message. this works fine. each error message for each specific input field could be displayed correctly.
the problem is that i have different error messages for each of it. i do store that in a more dimensional array:
if(empty($a)){$errors['a'][]="first failure for a"}
if(something else happens($a)){$errors['a'][]="second failure for a"}
...
if(empty($b)){$errors['b'][]="first failure for b"}
if(something else happens($b)){$errors['b'][]="second failure for b"}
...
displaying that error messages is also not the problem.
<?php if (isset($errors['a'])):?>
<?php echo "<div class='erl'>";
echo $errors['a'][0];
echo "</div>";
endif;?>
<?php endif;?>
the problem is the conditions for displaying only one error message at same time!
so here are some graphics to show what i mean:
this is the situation at the moment, all error divs will be displayed at the same time:
this is what i like to achieve, that only one error message will be displayed at the same time start checking by the first input field:
so that user will be forced to correct the first input field before displaying the second error layer:
hope it gets clear now.
A:
I'm not sure what you're asking. Usually with forms, if you have lots of fields you can create an array of errors, and either display the errors as a bullet list at the top of the form, or inline with its corresponding form element.
<?php
$errors = array();
if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
// for each form field check it's valid, if it's not add a key to the errors array, i.e.
if (empty($_POST['name'])) {
$errors['name'] = 'Name is a required field';
}
}
// display form
?>
You'll now have an $errors array. If it's not empty, your form had errors. You can then display these errors in one of two ways. As a bullet list at the top of your form:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post">
<?php if (!empty($errors)): ?>
<p>Please correct the following errors:</p>
<ul>
<?php foreach ($errors as $error): ?>
<li><?php echo $error; ?></li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
<?php endif; ?>
<!-- the rest of your form -->
</form>
</body>
</html>
Or inline with each form field:
<form method="post">
<div class="input">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="name" id="name" />
<?php if (isset($errors['name'])): ?>
<div class="error"><?php echo $errors['name']; ?></div>
<?php endif; ?>
</div>
</form>
Hope that helps.
| 2024-05-13T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4310 |
s = 0. Let g be 6 + l + r + -2. Give x(g).
2
Let j(u) = 59*u - 3 - 54*u + 8*u**2 + 2 - 7 + u**3. Determine j(-7).
6
Suppose -2*j + 2 + 2 = -4*d, 3*d - 15 = -3*j. Let g(c) = -c**3 + 4*c**2 + 3*c - 4. What is g(j)?
8
Let d = -33 + 32. Let a(s) be the second derivative of -s**3/2 - s**2/2 + s. Give a(d).
2
Let j(u) = 3*u + 4. Let k be 4/(-5)*(-30)/4. Let c be (-3)/k*(1 + -1). Suppose c = 5*w - 3*d + 9, d - 4 = -2*w + 4*w. What is j(w)?
-5
Let r(d) = d**2 - 6*d. Let t = 16 + -4. Let z = t + -7. Calculate r(z).
-5
Let r(d) = -d**3 + 6*d**2 - 5. Let z(h) = 2*h**3 - 5*h**2 + 4. Let p(f) = -5*r(f) - 6*z(f). Suppose k - 4 = -3*k. Give p(k).
-6
Let s(p) = -p**2 + 2*p - 2. Suppose 0*b - b + 4 = n, n = b + 2. Determine s(n).
-5
Let j = 121/156 - -3/52. Let i(v) be the third derivative of 1/24*v**4 + 0*v + j*v**3 + 0 - v**2 - 1/60*v**5. Give i(4).
-7
Let p = 78 - 73. Let w(k) = -k**3 + 5*k**2 - 7*k + 6. Calculate w(p).
-29
Let b(u) be the second derivative of -u**5/120 + u**4/4 + u**3/3 - 5*u. Let n(t) be the second derivative of b(t). Give n(5).
1
Let g(f) be the third derivative of 0*f**4 + 0 + 1/60*f**5 + 7/6*f**3 - 2*f**2 + 0*f - 1/120*f**6. What is g(0)?
7
Let y(p) = -5 + 4 - 9 + p + 4. Let w = -5 + 7. Suppose w*j + 5*u - 12 = 15, 0 = 2*j - 3*u - 3. Give y(j).
0
Suppose 143*m - 140*m + 3 = 0. Let o(h) = -15*h + 1. Give o(m).
16
Let l(w) = -w**3 + 3*w**2 + 3*w - 3. Let u(a) = -4*a**3 + 8*a**2 + 10*a - 10. Let t(k) = -7*l(k) + 2*u(k). Let r be (0 + -1)/(2/10). Determine t(r).
6
Let k(o) be the third derivative of -11*o**6/120 - o**5/60 - o**4/24 - o**3/6 - 5*o**2. Give k(-1).
10
Suppose -w = 5*a + 2, -10 = -2*a + 8*w - 3*w. Let u = -4 + a. Let c(l) = -l + 1. Let n be c(u). Let z(b) = -2*b + 5. Calculate z(n).
-5
Suppose 0 = 4*l - 2*r - 34, -2*l - 2*r - 2*r - 8 = 0. Let i(x) = x**3 - 6*x**2 + x + 1. Give i(l).
7
Let d(p) = p**3 - 8*p**2 + 5. Let k = 16 - 8. Let s be d(k). Let j(v) = v + 2. Give j(s).
7
Let b(j) = j + 1. Let q(o) = -8*o - 1. Let u(f) = -6*b(f) - q(f). What is u(7)?
9
Let v(k) = -k. Let h(c) = 1. Let i(b) = h(b) + 3*v(b). What is i(3)?
-8
Let z(m) be the third derivative of -m**4/12 - 5*m**3/6 - 2*m**2. Suppose 3*a + 5 = 2*a. Determine z(a).
5
Let o(l) = -l + 1. Let t(b) = b**2 - b - 1. Suppose 0*p + 5 = -5*p. Let d be (1 + -2)/((-1)/p). Let i be t(d). Give o(i).
0
Let s(u) be the first derivative of u**2/2 + 5*u - 28. What is s(-3)?
2
Let t(u) = u**2 + 4*u + 3. Let n be -25*3*4/(-30). Let p be 12/(-36)*(n - 1). Determine t(p).
0
Suppose r - 17 - 1 = -5*p, -p = 3*r - 12. Let s(x) = -x**2 + 2*x + 2. What is s(r)?
-1
Let n(z) = z - 2. Let k(q) = 2*q - 2. Let y be k(4). Suppose -5*i - 2*v - y - 2 = 0, v = 1. What is n(i)?
-4
Let i = 114 - 118. Let q(s) be the second derivative of s**5/20 + s**4/6 - 7*s**3/6 - 5*s**2/2 - s. Calculate q(i).
-9
Let s(f) be the third derivative of f**7/1260 + f**6/180 + f**5/120 + f**4/24 - 5*f**2. Let k(b) be the second derivative of s(b). What is k(-3)?
7
Let j = 3 + 2. Let l(p) = p**3 - 5*p**2 - 2*p + 6. Give l(j).
-4
Let q(a) = -3*a**3 + 4*a**2 - 4*a + 2. Suppose -6*b = -5*b. Let c = b + 2. Calculate q(c).
-14
Let w = 39 + -46. Let g(x) = x**2 + 8*x + 9. Determine g(w).
2
Let d(i) be the third derivative of i**4/8 + 7*i**3/6 - 16*i**2. Give d(-5).
-8
Let v = 10 + -8. Let x(k) = 2 - v + k**2 - 5*k**3 - 1 + 4*k**3 + k. Determine x(2).
-3
Let s(z) = -2*z**3 - 4*z**2 - 3*z. Let i = -20 - -18. What is s(i)?
6
Let i(q) be the first derivative of -3*q**2/2 - 8*q - 8. Give i(-7).
13
Let n be (0/(-6))/(-2 - 0). Suppose -k = -4 - n. Let y(i) = -i + 2. Determine y(k).
-2
Let g(y) be the first derivative of y**3/3 - 2*y**2 - 6*y + 2. Suppose -5*u = -4*n + 5 - 49, 2*u + 44 = -4*n. Let c = -6 - n. What is g(c)?
-1
Let s(o) = 15*o - 7*o - 6*o + 8. Give s(-7).
-6
Suppose 3*z + 114 = -0*z. Let a be (-2)/10 - z/(-10). Let b(v) = -v**3 - 3*v**2 + 2*v - 2. Determine b(a).
6
Let t(i) = i**3 - 2*i**2 - 4*i + 1. Let v(y) = 5*y - 6. Let o(a) = -6*a + 7. Let r(d) = -4*o(d) - 5*v(d). Let l be r(0). Let b = l - -1. Determine t(b).
-2
Let d(h) = -3*h**3 - h**2 + 1. Let n be ((-1 - -1)/(-2))/1. Let u(t) = t**2 - 1. Let f be u(n). Determine d(f).
3
Let b(c) = c**3 - 3*c**2 - 8*c - 6. Let a be b(5). Let d(l) = l**3 - 3*l**2 - 5*l - 1. What is d(a)?
-5
Let l = 3 + 1. Let b(w) = -6*w**3 + 4*w**2 + 2*w + 14*w**3 - 4*w - 4 - 9*w**3. Calculate b(l).
-12
Let j(t) be the first derivative of 2 + t**2 + t + 4 - t. Calculate j(3).
6
Let v be 4/(-14) + 16/7. Suppose -6*w - 12 = -v*w. Let u(t) be the first derivative of t**2/2 - 3*t - 4. Give u(w).
-6
Let f(t) = 3*t - 5. Let w(d) = 4*d - 6. Let r(h) = -5*f(h) + 4*w(h). Calculate r(0).
1
Let s = -5 + 0. Let n = s + 4. Let d = n + 3. Let q(o) = o**3 - 3*o**2. What is q(d)?
-4
Let o(j) = 2*j + 4. Let u = -17 + 20. Suppose -5*d - 34 = u*k, d + 3*k + 6 = -8. Calculate o(d).
-6
Let r(j) = -j**2 + 6*j - 5. Let h be (33/4)/((-36)/(-96)). Suppose 3*a - h = -4*i + 2*i, 4*a = 5*i - 9. Give r(i).
0
Let n(v) = -v - 8 + 2*v**3 + v**3 - 2*v - 5*v**2 - 2*v**3. Calculate n(6).
10
Let f(i) be the second derivative of -i**5/5 - i**4/12 - i**3/6 + i**2/2 - 10*i. What is f(1)?
-5
Let p = -37 - -35. Let y(c) = -c**3 - 2*c**2 + 2*c + 1. Determine y(p).
-3
Let n(v) = v**2 + 1. Let s(r) = -3*r**2 - 2*r + 1. Suppose 0 + 6 = 3*f. Let u(d) = -2*d + 3. Let l be u(f). Let g(m) = l*s(m) - 2*n(m). Calculate g(-4).
5
Let j be (-4)/(-18) - (-25)/9. Let d(n) = 2*n - 8*n**2 + 5*n**2 + n**2 - n**3 + j. Suppose 6 = -y - 2*y. Determine d(y).
-1
Let y(q) = -6*q**3 + 2*q - 6 - q + 5. Determine y(1).
-6
Suppose 10 = -k + 4*a, -3*k + 4*a - 7 - 7 = 0. Let u(z) = z - 1. Let s(q) = q**2 + q - 1. Let x(w) = 2*s(w) - u(w). Determine x(k).
5
Let s(f) = -3*f - 2*f**2 - f**3 + 4*f + 0*f**3 - 1 + 0*f**3. What is s(-3)?
5
Let n(r) be the first derivative of -r**4/4 + 10*r**3/3 + 5*r**2 + 8*r - 26. Calculate n(11).
-3
Let j(o) = o - 4 - 2*o + 4*o + o**2. Give j(-4).
0
Let m(d) = -d**3 + d - 2. Let g be ((-48)/20 - -2)*(5 - 0). Determine m(g).
4
Let z(m) = m**3 - m**2 - m. Let q(x) = 7*x**3 - 8*x**2 - 9*x. Let j(p) = q(p) - 6*z(p). Let s = -2 + 2. Suppose s = b - 2*b + 3. Calculate j(b).
0
Let z(i) = i**2 + i - 1. Let b be ((-2)/1)/(1/(-2)). Suppose -o = b*o. Give z(o).
-1
Let h(b) be the second derivative of 0 - 4*b - b**3 + 5/2*b**2 - 1/12*b**4. Calculate h(-6).
5
Let y = 4 - 2. Let h(j) = -j**3 + 4*j**2 - 2*j + 2. What is h(y)?
6
Let p(k) be the second derivative of k**5/20 - k**4/6 - k**3/3 - k**2/2 + 2*k. Let j be 1 - (-1 - (3 + -3)). Let f be (-2 - 1) + j + 3. Calculate p(f).
-5
Let z(y) be the second derivative of y**7/2520 - y**6/240 + y**5/60 - y**4/4 - y. Let u(k) be the third derivative of z(k). What is u(3)?
2
Suppose -p - 1 = -2*p. Let i be ((-5)/5)/(p/3). Let c(d) = -d + 2. Give c(i).
5
Let j = 20 + -14. Let m(p) = p**2 - 5*p - 2. Give m(j).
4
Let o(n) be the first derivative of -n**4/4 + 2*n**3/3 + n**2/2 - n + 5. Give o(2).
1
Let d(r) = 5*r**2 - 3 - 1 - 6*r + r**3 + 0. Give d(-6).
-4
Let g(r) = -24 - r + 2*r + 2*r**3 + 23 - 3*r**3. Suppose 0 = 5*s - 5*k - 30, 8 = 3*s - 0*s + 2*k. Suppose -3 = -s*y + y. Calculate g(y).
-1
Let b(x) be the first derivative of -1 - 7*x - 1/2*x**2. Give b(-3).
-4
Let z be 1 + 0 + 1/(-1). Let t(j) = j**2 - 2*j - 1. Let i be t(-1). Let g(x) = 2 + i + 2 - x + 0. What is g(z)?
6
Let s(w) = w**3 - 4*w**2 + 4*w - 2. Let k be s(3). Let d = 9 + -7. Let v(r) = -r - r**2 + 2*r**2 + 6*r**d. What is v(k)?
6
Let h(x) = -2*x - 1. Let t(m) = -m**3. Let n be t(0). Suppose n = -5*c - 2 + 7. Give h(c).
-3
Let v be 3*1 - (-2 + 3). Suppose m = -v*m + 3. Let b(x) = 1 - 3*x**2 + 0*x**2 - 8*x**2. Determine b(m).
-10
Let i(g) = 3*g + 6. Suppose 0 = 3*y - 4*y - 5. What is i(y)?
-9
Suppose -5*u = -4*r + 19, 0 = 5*u + r + 9 + 5. Let f = u + 3. Suppose -5*y + f*y + 19 = 2*p, -5*y = -3*p - 34. Let d(g) = g**2 - 2. Calculate d(p).
7
Let p = 2 - 9. Let z(r) = -11*r - 15. Let t(u) = 6*u + 8. Let f(c) = p*t(c) - 4*z(c). Calculate f(3).
10
Let s(p) = -p**2 - 3*p + 4. Let u be (0 - -1) + (-2 - -4). Let c be 3 + (0 - 3/u). Suppose c*w + m - 6*m = 4, -3*w - 13 = 2*m. Calculate s(w).
4
Suppose 4*z = 2*w - 2, 2*z = -5*w + w + 4. Suppose 0 = -5*c - 4*t + 29, z = -c + 7*t - 3*t + 1. Let f(o) = o**2 - 6*o + 2. Calculate f(c).
-3
Suppose -d = 2*d + | 2023-11-10T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5905 |
Armenian Adoption Adventure explores the latest in Adoption news from Armenia. Armenian Adoption Adventure has a network of 40 people worldwide that have adopted from Armenia. God Bless you on this difficult journey.
Saturday, January 21, 2017
Proposed Adoption rules could gut already low adoption numbers
Proposed rules
A sweeping set of proposed State Department regulations on foreign adoption have encountered opposition from international adoption agencies and others who fear they will dramatically reduce the number of adoptions to families in the United States. Here are the proposals that are causing the most concern:
Agencies would effectively be prevented from charging prospective adoptive parents for the cost of caring for their child in the period between getting matched with a child and taking him or her home. Families say because they are adopting from impoverished countries, they feel obliged to pay for food, clean water and medical care during that time, but advocates of the change say it offers protection against financial fraud.
A second level of authorization would be required to adopt from a specific country on top of the existing accreditation process already in place. Adoption agencies say this creates yet another layer of bureaucracy, requiring more staffing and more potential hurdles to adoption.
Parents pursuing international adoptions would be required to participate in their state’s foster care training. Critics say some states don’t offer the level of training required by the new regulations, and that the foster training doesn’t provide the specialized training that adopting a child from a foreign country might require. | 2023-12-03T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2239 |
~ Thoughts and randomness from a (so far) unknown romance writer
Well, hello there, 2015!
Fourth quarter was a tough one for me, and I have not been blogging nor have I spent much time on social media. So, hi and Happy New Year!
One of my resolutions for this year is to write more– I’d really like to release more than one book this year!– and one of those books needs to be the as yet unfinished SPEEDING that started me on this journey. Looking at it now, I see it needs A LOT of editing and revision to go along with the final chapters, but that is something I would love to do this year. I will also be taking it down from the site in the next few weeks so when it is finished and released it won’t bring up any plagiarism alarms, and it will of course be free (charging for something I’ve offered for free for years seems a bit, um, wrong.)
BURN is first up, and it in full swing, with characters you know along with new ones that will anchor the Aylesford stories. That said, how about a snippet with some old and new characters?
“You’re living with Nate? Oh my god!” Kendall shrieked as she sat down to lunch, meeting Belle, Claire, and Taylor.
Belle felt her cheeks heat with color. “It’s not like that.” At the disbelieving looks of her friends, she gave in. “Okay, it’s kinda like that, but not.”
“Sure, that makes sense,” Taylor commented, a smile on her lips.
Belle took a deep breath, held it a moment, blew it out and tried to explain. “He wants to keep me safe. After my building was burned down, they’re worried.”
“So, naturally, you move in with a yummy firefighter you’ve had the hots for forever,” Taylor finished.
“And the other part? Where you said it’s kinda like that?” Claire asked.
“We kissed last night, and let’s just say…” Was there really a word to describe it? She settled on, “Wow.”
“That’s all you’re giving us? Really, Belle?” Claire complained.
“How’s Owen these days?”
“Touché, sister mine.”
“That’s what I thought.” She stared her little sister down. “You’d better not forget.”
“Tell!” Kendall ordered.
Claire looked away, took a breath. “Belle made me promise to go after Owen if she took a step with Nate.”
Kendall and Taylor both gasped at that. “What? You’re dating Daniel,” Kendall sputtered.
“He’s boring!” Belle drew the word out.
“Boring, huh?” Taylor asked, eyes on Claire.
“Total vanilla, home to watch TV by nine, meatloaf every Wednesday, boring,” Belle continued with a smirk.
“Maybe not that boring,” Claire defended halfheartedly. “He’s just so… So…,” she trailed off to search for a word.
“Just so-so?” Taylor asked.
“We broke up this morning. It was,” she paused, “really easy.”
“He wasn’t feeling it either?” Kendall asked.
“Guess not,” Claire agreed with a shrug. “We were much better friends than lovers.” She blew her hair out of her eyes. “We really weren’t great lovers.”
“So, what’s your plan, baby sister?”
Claire shook her head, her cloud of dark hair flying. “I called him.” Three sets of eyes focused on her as she swallowed and continued, “I left him a message and asked him to call.”
“A message?” Belle repeated.
“I called his office.” When Belle rolled her eyes, Claire added, “After hours. Tonight.”
“Please tell me you left him your cell.”
“I’m doing this, Belle. I’m making the first move. I’m sorry if it’s not as big as you moving in with your lickable firefighter, but I’m doing it.”
“Good for you,” Kendall encouraged. | 2024-01-17T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8114 |
We are a family that loves our dogs and birdhunting. We raised the parents who have natural hunting ability, great bloodlines, and are fantastic family dogs. All dogs are AKC registered. The Sire is solid black and the dam is solid liver. There are 3 black pups and 4 liver pups including 4 males and 3 females. Males $700. Females $750. Tails docked, dew claws removed, all shots will be up-to-date. Vet checked, health guaranteed. Shipping is available. Born November 21, 2012. They will be ready for their new homes after January 16th. Pictures will be updated periodically. | 2024-07-11T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4360 |
Principles in the biomodulation of cytotoxic drugs by interferons.
The interferons (IFNs) were identified as novel, endogenous antiviral agents in 1957. Shortly thereafter, antiproliferative and immunostimulatory activities were identified for these compounds. Based on these observations, partially purified IFNs entered clinical trials in the 1970s and recombinant IFNs in 1980. IFNs have demonstrated important clinical activity in hairy cell leukemia, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma as monotherapy. Shortly after their introduction into clinical trials, however, preclinical studies demonstrated synergistic interactions between IFNs and cytotoxic drugs. Numerous preclinical trials have demonstrated a broad spectrum of interactions between IFNs and at least 20 cytotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Early clinical trials suggest a benefit to combinations of fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa in refractory gastrointestinal malignancies. Combinations of IFNs and cytotoxic agents deserve further investigations; however, different principles apply for combining IFNs with cytotoxic drugs than for the design of combination chemotherapy regimens. | 2024-04-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6169 |
Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with focus on emerging drugs.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The economic and social cost of disease is very high and there is a need for effective treatments. The available and potential future treatments for NAFLD are reviewed. Weight loss remains the cornerstone of treatment of hepatic steatosis, but difficult to pursue. A pragmatic approach relies on generic recommendations for weight loss and physical activity in the whole population and limiting interventions to subject at risk of disease progression, but the type of preferred treatment remains a matter of debate. The large number and mechanistic diversity of drugs that have so far been investigated bear testimony to the lack of a specific, effective agent. Insulin resistance remains the pivotal alteration responsible for liver disease and its progression and insulin sensitizers are regarded as the treatment of choice. Several ongoing studies are testing the effectiveness of new approaches on histological outcomes and new metabolic pathways are under scrutiny. | 2024-03-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1992 |
Q:
Chrome Extension - event page inactive after less than 20 seconds
I am trying to create a feed reader that checks for an updated version of the feed every hour or so.
My problem is that the event page seems to turn inactive after less than 20 seconds.
How do I make it last longer?
Here's some of the important parts of the code:
in manifest.json:
"background": {
"scripts": ["eventPage.js"],
"persistent": false
},
and in eventPage.js:
function testFunc () {
alert("test")
}
setInterval(testFunc, 10 * 1000) // was testing the number of seconds here
What am I doing wrong?
Thank you!
Regards,
John
A:
Using setInterval to periodically run some code works fine on background pages, but not on event pages, because the event page goes inactive when the page is idle for a long while.
The correct way to schedule a periodic task on event pages is to use the chrome.alarms API:
chrome.alarms.onAlarm.addListener(function(alarm) {
if (alarm.name == 'name-of-alarm') {
// Do something...
testFunc();
}
});
// Create the alarm:
chrome.alarms.create('name-of-alarm', {
periodInMinutes: 60
});
| 2024-03-12T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7238 |
Transendothelial cell diapedesis of neutrophils in inflamed human skin.
The mode of extravasation of neutrophils (PMNs) in cutaneous inflammation was studied in sequential biopsy specimens taken from human skin. Inflammatory skin reactions were produced by intracutaneous injection of endogeneous mediators of inflammation--C5ades arg, LTB4, neutrophil-activating peptide (NAP) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Within 30 min after injection neutrophils were observed in close contact with endothelial cells of postcapillary venules and, following cytoplasmic engulfment, the cells were found to be transported transcellulary through the endothelial layer. In a total of 20 biopsy specimens taken at various times, cell migration via interendothelial gaps was absent. Instead, the transcellular pathway appeared to be the first and foremost mode of diapedesis. During this migratory process PMNs lacked signs of degranulation and numerous electron-lucent vesicles and secondary lysosomes were found. In addition, coated pits present on leukocyte as well as endothelial-cell membranes were indicative of receptor-mediated endocytotic processes. | 2024-05-18T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1423 |
Q:
Acrobat displays double value in fillable field
Whilst using Acrobat Pro 9, I've created a fillable form and used the "simplified code" to calculate some values. Then I applied some font formatting and set the field to display in the number format and display the currency marker.
Now my form displays the value twice and in both fonts! It does it on every form field, no matter if I've added code or not.
It also doesn't matter whether "Highlight Fields" is enabled.
I tried using different fonts: Courier Bold, Trebuchets and others and still get the same problem. You can see in my picture that there the value is repeated "behind the scenes" in a smaller, grayer font.
How can I fix this?
A:
Well, after long last and trying to reproduce the error, I think it must have been a rendering issue in Adobe Acrobat. I can't seem to reproduce it again (it figures), not even in Adobe Reader.
Thanks to whoever took an interest! I leave this "solution" here in case anyone runs into the same issue.
| 2023-11-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7655 |
[An increase in the knowledgeability of the population on the problem of arterial hypertension as a result of conducting a secondary prevention program in a nonorganized rural population].
The paper is concerned with evaluating the efficacy of sanitary and health measures carried out within the framework of the program of secondary prophylaxis of arterial hypertension (AH) in an open rural population in terms of changes in the information of the community about hypertension. The program included regular radio transmissions, talks and lectures pertaining to the problems of essential hypertension prevention and treatment. During 4 years, the information of the respondents about hypertensive action of table salt increased 4-fold (from 8 to 32.3%), especially among persons suffering from AH. The number of persons who referred to overweight as one of AH causes rose 6-fold (from 2.6 to 18.1%). The information did not depend on the sex, age, or the presence of hypertensive factors in the examinees. Alterations were recorded in the attitude of the examinees to AH and its treatment: the portion of those who took hypotensive drugs increased more than 2-fold (from 10.9 to 23.4%) whereas the percentage of subjects treated successfully from 6.8 to 10.1%. The data obtained attest to a high enough efficacy of sanitary and health measures in relation to AH in the rural population. | 2023-11-11T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6000 |
Asher Peres\
[*Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel*]{}\
[**Abstract**]{}
> Popper conceived an experiment whose analysis led to a result that he deemed absurd. Popper wrote that his reasoning was based on the Copenhagen interpretation and therefore invalidated the latter. Actually, Popper’s argument involves counterfactual reasoning and violates Bohr’s complementarity principle. The absurdity of Popper’s result only confirms Bohr’s approach.\
24:10
The emergence of quantum mechanics led to considerable progress in our understanding of physical phenomena. However, it also led to serious misconceptions. In my current work as a theoretical physicist, I recently examined a conceptual experiment that was proposed some time ago by Karl Popper (1982). Its feasibility was challenged by Collett and Loudon (1987) who claimed that such an experiment would be inconclusive. Nevertheless, an actual experiment is currently under way (Kim and Shih, 1999). The rigorous theoretical analysis of these experiments is quite intricate and I shall only briefly outline it here. Most of the present article is an attempt to analyze the meaning of what Popper wrote and to understand his way of reasoning. I found it most surprising when I read the original argument in his book.
Popper’s experiment is a variant of the one considered long ago by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (1935): a source S emits pairs of particles having a broad angular distribution but precisely opposite momenta,
\_1+[**p\_2**]{}=0. The example given by Popper is that of pairs of photons emitted by the decay of positronium at rest. Actually, the wavelength of gamma rays emitted by positronium is much too short for realizing Popper’s experiment, but pairs of photons resulting from parametric down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal (Kim and Shih, 1999) are suitable for that purpose: these photons have precisely correlated (though not opposite) momenta, and this is all we need. If we wish, we can refer our calculations to a Lorentz frame moving with a constant velocity $c\,({\bf p}_1+{\bf p_2})/(E_1+E_2)$, so that Eq. (1) holds in that frame.
Note that Eq. (1) seems to conflict with the quantum “uncertainty principle.” Popper writes “we consider pairs of particles that move in opposite directions along the positive and negative $x$-axis.” If these were classical particles, opposite momenta would indeed lead to opposite positions. However, the quantum dynamical variables in Eq. (1) do not commute with $({\bf q_1}+{\bf q_2})$. For the components along any axis, we have uncertainty relations
(p\_1+p\_2)(q\_1+q\_2), which set a limit on how precisely opposite the positions of the particles will be observed. This issue was analyzed by Collett and Loudon (1987) who came to the conclusion that Popper’s experiment (described below) could not give conclusive results. This is just one example of how hazardous it is to use classical reasoning when we discuss quantum phenomena. I shall return to this point later.
However, it is no less hazardous to make heuristic use of the “uncertainty principle” in order to draw quantitative conclusions. What must be done in case of doubt is to write the Schrödinger equation that describes the physical situation, and to derive rigorously unambiguous results. As will be shown below, the analysis of Popper’s experiment is much subtler than either Popper, or Collett and Loudon, were inclined to think.
Popper’s proposed experiment proceeds as follows: two observers, whom I shall call Alice and Bob in accordance with current practice in quantum information theory, are located on opposite sides of the source, with arrays of detectors as shown in Figure 1. Alice can place an opaque screen with a narrow slit of width $a$ in the way of her photons, so that those passing through the slit are diffracted by an angle of the order of $\lambda/a$, where $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the photons. The narrower the slit, the wider is the scattering angle.
On this point, Popper writes that “the wider scattering angles go with a narrower slit, according to the Heisenberg relations.” Actually, the diffraction angle $\lambda/a$ is a well known result of classical optics. The wavelength of the photons, which is the quantity that we can actually measure, is related to their momentum by the relation $\lambda=h/p$, which readily follows from Einstein’s equation for the photoelectric effect, $E=h\nu$. The latter predates Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle by more than 20 years. Still before Heisenberg, it was de Broglie’s bold intuition to extend the relation $\lambda=h/p$ to massive particles, and in that case $\lambda$ is called the de Broglie wavelength. However, the issue is not just one of misappropriation of credit. Here, Popper wanted to invoke Heisenberg’s “uncertainty” because he had in mind that the detection of a particle that had passed through Alice’s slit was a measurement of the $y$-coordinate of that particle at it passed through the slit, and therefore also a virtual measurement of the position of the other particle, since the two had precisely opposite directions. Let us examine Popper’s text:
> According to the EPR argument, we have measured $q_y$ for both particles … with the precision $\Delta q_y$ \[$\equiv a$\] … We can now calculate the $y$-coordinate of the \[other\] particle with approximately the same precision … We thus obtain fairly precise [*‘knowledge’*]{} about the $q_y$ position of this particle—we have ‘measured’ its position indirectly. And since it is, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, our [*knowledge*]{} which is described by the theory … we should expect that the momentum of the \[second\] beam scatters as much as that of the beam that passes through the slit …
>
> To sum up: if the Copenhagen interpretation is correct, then any increase of our [*mere knowledge*]{} of the position … of the particles … should increase their scatter …
The italics that appear in the above excerpt are those in the book. Popper refrains from openly saying that the above prediction is absurd (as it obviously is). He only says that he is “inclined to predict” that the test will decide against the Copenhagen interpretation. On this, I have several comments.
First, is not at all clear why Popper associates this absurd prediction (particle scatter due to potential knowledge by an observer) with the Copenhagen interpretation. This is another example of credit misappropriation, much worse than having quoted Heisenberg instead of Einstein or de Broglie. Whatever the “Copenhagen interpretation” is (a point that I shall discuss later), it is reasonable to expect that it is somehow related to the views expressed by Niels Bohr. However, Popper himself wrote explicitly that his proposed experiment was an extension of the argument of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (1935). It is well known that their argument was promptly criticized by Bohr (1935). I find it quite remarkable that an opinion which is diametrically opposite to Bohr’s be called the “Copenhagen interpretation.”
I also have other, more serious objections to the terminology used in the passage quoted above. In particular, I take exception to the phrase “we have measured $q_y$” of some particle. Here however, my criticism is not aimed at Popper because we are all guilty of occasionally talking like that. This is a misleading language, as explained long ago by Kemble (1937):
> We have no satisfactory reason for ascribing objective existence to physical quantities as distinguished from the numbers obtained when we make the measurements which we correlate with them. There is no real reason for supposing that a particle has at every moment a definite, but unknown, position which may be revealed by a measurement of the right kind, or a definite momentum which can be revealed by a different measurement. On the contrary, we get into a maze of contradictions as soon as we inject into quantum mechanics such concepts carried over from the language and philosophy of our ancestors… It would be more exact if we spoke of “making measurements” of this, that, or the other type instead of saying that we measure this, that, or the other “physical quantity.”
Terms that Popper used, such as “knowledge of the $y$-coordinate … or the $q_y$ position of this particle” are flagrant (and admittedly quite common) abuses of an improper language. When we are discussing quantum theory, we should refrain from using classical terminology—or at least be aware that we do so at our own risk.
In classical mechanics, a particle has (ideally) a precise position and a precise momentum. We can in principle measure them with arbitrary accuracy and thereby determine their numerical values. In quantum mechanics, a particle also has a precise position and a precise momentum. However, the latter are mathematically represented by self-adjoint operators in a Hilbert space, not by ordinary numbers. Their nature is quite different from that of the classical position and momentum. In the early quantum literature, operators were called $q$-numbers, while plain numbers were $c$-numbers (Dirac, 1926). Likewise, to avoid confusion, we should have used in quantum theory names such as $q$-position and $q$-momentum, while the corresponding classical dynamical variables would have been called $c$-position and $c$-momentum. If such a distinction had been made, it would have helped to prevent much of the present confusion about quantum theory. It is the imperfect translation from the $q$-language to the $c$-language that led to the unfortunate introduction of the term “uncertainty” in that context.
We may note, incidentally, that the theory of relativity did not cause as much misunderstanding and controversy as quantum theory, because people were careful to avoid using the same nomenclature as in nonrelativistic physics. For example, elementary textbooks on relativity theory distinguish “rest mass” from “relativistic mass” (hard core relativists call them simply “mass” and “energy”).
The criticism above was aimed at the terminology used by Popper in proposing his experiment. Now, it is time to analyze the substance. First, we have to find out how precisely the two particles of each pair will be aligned opposite to each other, in spite of the uncertainty [*relation*]{} in Eq. (2). Note that, contrary to the so-called “uncertainty principle” which is an ill defined concept and has only a heuristic meaning, Eq. (2) is a rigorous mathematical consequence of the quantum formalism. It puts a lower bound on the product of the standard deviations of the results of a large number of measurements performed on identically prepared systems. Each one of these measurements is assumed to have perfect accuracy (any experimental inaccuracy would have to be added to the quantum dispersion). There is no “uncertainty” connotation here, unless this uncertainty merely refers to future outcomes of potential, perfectly accurate measurements that may be performed on such systems (Ballentine, 1970).
A long calculation (to be published separately) is needed to estimate how precise is the angular alignment of two particles emitted with opposite momenta. Actually, what Eq. (2) says is that if an ensemble of pairs of particles is prepared in such a way that $(p_1+p_2)$ is sharp, then the positions of the points halfway between the particles are very broadly distributed. It says nothing on the angular alignment of distant particles. On that issue, a detailed calculation shows that if one particle is found in the direction given by polar and azimuthal angles $\theta$ and $\phi$, then the other will be found very nearly in the opposite direction, with angles $\pi-\theta$ and $\phi\pm\pi$, respectively. The allowed deviation from perfect alignment is too small to be of any consequence in the present discussion.
It is therefore correct to assume, as Popper did, that if a particle is detected behind Alice’s slit, and if an identical slit were placed by Bob in a symmetric position, then Bob would definitely detect the other particle of that pair there. However, this does not mean that Bob’s knowledge creates a “virtual slit” through which his particles are diffracted by the same angle $\lambda/a$. Bob’s knowledge has no physical consequence because it is manifestly counterfactual. This can easily be seen by considering other counterfactual experiments. For example, Bob also knows, after he was informed by Alice of what she found, that if he had placed a slit of width $a/2$ at a position whose distance from the source is one half of the distance of Alice’s slit, then he would have detected his particle within that slit with certainty. In that case, his “virtual slit” is narrower, and therefore the diffraction angle is wider by a factor 2. In brief, we can imagine infinitely many such counterfactual experiments (which are mutually exclusive, of course), and each one of these conceptual slits leads to a different observable diffraction angle, which is absurd.
There is no doubt that Popper was right when he was “inclined to predict” that the test would give a negative result. However, Popper concluded that “the test decides against the Copenhagen interpretation” and this assertion requires further scrutiny. What is, indeed, the Copenhagen interpretation? There seems to be at least as many different Copenhagen interpretations as people who use that term, probably there are more. For example, in two classic articles on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Ballentine (1970) and Stapp (1972) give diametrically opposite definitions of “Copenhagen.” There is no real conflict between Ballentine and Stapp on how to understand quantum mechanics, except that one of them calls Copenhagen interpretation what the other considers as the exact opposite of the Copenhagen interpretation. I shall now explain my own Copenhagen interpretation. It relies on articles written by Niels Bohr. Whether or not you agree with Bohr, he is the definitive authority for deciding what is genuine Copenhagen.
Quantum mechanics provides statistical predictions for the results of measurements performed on physical systems that have been prepared in specified ways (Peres, 1995). (I hope that everyone agrees at least with that statement. The only question here is whether there is more than that to say about quantum mechanics.) The preparation of quantum systems and their measurement are performed by using laboratory hardware which is described in [*classical*]{} terms. If you have doubts about that, just have a look at any paper on experimental physics. The necessity of using a classical terminology was emphasized by Bohr (1949) whose insistence on this point was very strict:
> However far the \[quantum\] phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. The argument is simply that by the word ‘experiment’ we refer to a situation where we can tell others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangement and the results of the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics.
The keywords in that excerpt are: [*classical terms …unambiguous language … terminology of classical physics*]{}. Bohr did [*not*]{} say that there are in nature classical systems and quantum systems. There are physical systems for which we may use a classical description or a quantum description, according to circumstances, and with various degrees of approximation. It is according to our assessment of the physical circumstances that we decide whether the $q$-language or the $c$-language is appropriate. Physics is not an exact science, it is a science of approximations. Unfortunately, Bohr was misunderstood by some (perhaps most) physicists who were unable to make the distinction between language and substance, and he was also misunderstood by philosophers who disliked his positivism.
It is remarkable that Bohr never considered the measuring process as a dynamical interaction between an apparatus and the system under observation. Measurement had to be understood as a primitive notion. Bohr thereby eluded questions which caused considerable controversy among other authors (Wheeler and Zurek, 1983). Bohr willingly admitted that any intermediate systems used in the measuring process could be treated quantum mechanically, but the [*final*]{} instrument always had a purely classical description (Bohr, 1939):
> In the system to which the quantum mechanical formalism is applied, it is of course possible to include any intermediate auxiliary agency employed in the measuring process \[but\] some ultimate measuring instruments must always be described entirely on classical lines, and consequently kept outside the system subject to quantum mechanical treatment.
Yet, a quantum measurement is not a supernatural process. Measuring apparatuses are made of the same kind of matter as everything else and they obey the same physical laws. It therefore seems natural to use quantum theory in order to investigate their behavior during a measurement. This was first attempted by von Neumann (1932) in his treatise on the mathematical foundations of quantum theory. In the last section of that book, as in an afterthought, von Neumann represented the apparatus by a single degree of freedom whose value was correlated to that of the dynamical variable being measured. Such an apparatus is not, in general, left in a definite pure state, and does not admit a classical description. Therefore, von Neumann introduced a second apparatus which observes the first one, and possibly a third apparatus, and so on, until there is a final measurement, which is [*not*]{} described by quantum dynamics and has a definite result (for which quantum mechanics can only give statistical predictions). The essential point that was suggested, but not proved by von Neumann, is that the introduction of this sequence of apparatuses is irrelevant: the final result is the same, irrespective of the location of the “cut” between classical and quantum physics. (At this point, von Neumann also speculated that a final step would involve the consciousness of the observer—a rather bizarre statement in a mathematically rigorous monograph.)
These different approaches of Bohr and von Neumann were reconciled by Hay and Peres (1998), who introduced a dual description for the measuring apparatus. It obeys quantum mechanics while it interacts with the system under observation, and then it is “dequantized” and is described by a classical Liouville density, which provides the probability distribution for the results of the measurement. Alternatively, the apparatus may always be treated by quantum mechanics, and be measured by a second apparatus which has such a dual description. Hay and Peres showed that these two different methods of calculation give the same result, provided that the measuring apparatus satisfies appropriate conditions (otherwise, it is not a valid measuring apparatus).
The other fundamental feature of Bohr’s presentation of quantum theory is the principle of complementarity, which asserts that when some types of predictions are possible, others are not, because they are related to mutually incompatible experiments. For example, in the situation described by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (1935), the choice of the experiment performed on the first system determines the type of prediction that can be made for the results of experiments performed on the second system (Bohr, 1935).
In Popper’s experiment, Bob can predict what would have happened if he had placed slits of various sizes at various positions, or no slit at all. However, all these possible setups are mutually incompatible. In particular, if Bob puts no slit at all, the result he obtains is not the one he would have obtained if he had put a slit. Counterfactual experiments need not have consistent results (Peres, 1978).
Note that Bohr did not contest the validity of counterfactual reasoning. He wrote (Bohr, 1935):
> Our freedom of handling the measuring instruments is characteristic of the very idea of experiment … we have a completely free choice whether we want to determine the one or the other of these quantities …
Thus, Bohr found it perfectly legitimate to consider counterfactual alternatives: observers have free will and can arbitrarily choose their experiments. However, each experimental setup must be considered separately. In particular, no valid conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of possible results of mutually incompatible experiments. Bohr was sometimes accused of being elusive, because his approach does not provide answers to questions in which people may be interested. There are indeed questions that seem reasonable but do not correspond to any conceivable experiment: quantum theory has no obligation to answer meaningless questions.
To conclude this article, let me report the result of a rigorous analysis of Popper’s experimental setup, where only Schrödinger’s equation is used, without invoking any controversial interpretation. The irony of the answer is that Bob does observe a diffraction broadening, as if he had a virtual slit! However, that slit is not located between him and the source, but is precisely located where Alice’s real slit is, and is indeed identical to it. An experiment similar to Popper’s proposal was actually performed by Strekalov [*et al.*]{} (1995), who used a double slit, so that Bob had a virtual double slit, producing a neat interference pattern, not only a diffraction broadening. Figure 2 is a simplified sketch of that experiment. Its complete theoretical analysis involves advanced concepts of quantum optics and is quite intricate. I shall now give a brief outline of the theory, based on Schrödinger’s equation.
The only “knowledge” needed in the analysis of the experiment is the factual one, on the preparation and observation procedures. That knowledge is formally encapsulated in the Hilbert-space vectors $|\Ps_0\9$ and $|\Ps_d\9$, whose coordinate-space representation is localized in the source of particles and in the detectors that were excited, respectively. (These vectors are also known as “quantum states.”) Schrödinger’s equation asserts that the initial vector $|\Ps_0\9$ evolves in time, as long as there is no detection event, according to a unitary transformation
|\_0|\_t=U\_t|\_0,where $U_t=e^{-iHt/\hbar}$ for a time-independent Hamiltonian $H$. In the present case, the double slit can be represented by an infinite potential in $H$, or by an equivalent boundary condition.
Born’s rule (which makes the connection between the quantum formalism and observed probabilities of macroscopic events) asserts that the probability that a particular pair of detectors will “click” at time $t$ is $P=|\6\Ps_d,\Ps_t\9|^2$, where the symbol $\6u,v\9$ denotes the scalar product of two vectors, $|u\9$ and $|v\9$. We thus have (Peres, 1995)
P=|\_d,U\_t\_0|\^2 |U\_t\^\_d,\_0|\^2,where $U_t^\dagger=U_{-t}$ is the unitary operator for the time-reversed dynamics. It may be practically impossible to realize experimentally that reversed dynamics, but it is legitimate to perform the calculation of the ordinary dynamics by proceeding backwards, starting at the detectors and ending at the source. In the present case, this is indeed much easier, because $|\Ps_0\9$ is entangled and has to satisfy Eq. (1), while
|\_d=|\_1|\_2, is a tensor product of two vectors, whose coordinate-space representations are well separated, since they are localized in the two detectors. Moreover, the Hamiltonian is the sum of those of the two particles, since the latter do not interact after they leave the source. Therefore the unitary evolution also factorizes: $U_{-t}=U_1\0U_2$. We thus propagate $|\psi_1\9$ and $|\psi_2\9$ from the detectors toward the source. We have to compute
P=|\_0,(U\_1\_1U\_2\_2)|\^2. Now, since $|\Ps_0\9$ satisfies Eq. (1), the only contribution to $P$ comes from components of $|U_1\psi_1\0U_2\psi_2\9$ with opposite momenta that also satisfy Eq. (1). This is illustrated in Figure 2. For example, if we record all the detections on Bob’s side that are in coincidence with one particular detector of Alice, then Bob will observe an ordinary double-slit interference pattern, generated by a “virtual” double-slit, that actually is Alice’s real slit.
Note that it is necessary, for such an observation to be possible, that the region of the nonlinear crystal from where the rays emerge be very broad (Hong and Mandel, 1985) and the emergence point be undetermined. Likewise, if the experiment were done with positronium as Popper originally suggested, the positronium ought to be prepared with $\Delta
y$ much larger than the distance between the slits. Expressed in an informal language, the requirement is that each one of the two photons that pass through both slits must also originate in [*both*]{} regions of the source. This demand is similar to the conditions required for the Pfleegor and Mandel (1967) experiment, where a single photon originates from two different lasers and gives rise to first order interference. A similar analysis also applies to Popper’s original experiment with a single slit (however, it would be more difficult to draw for it a figure like Figure 2).
In summary, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, as Bohr apparently understood it, quantum theory is not a description of physical reality. It also does not deal with anthropomorphic notions such as knowledge or consciousness. All it does is to provide correct answers to meaningful questions about experiments done with physical systems.
[**Acknowledgments**]{}
I am grateful to Rainer Plaga for bringing Popper’s experiment to my attention, and to Amiram Ron for clarifying discussions. This work was supported by the Gerard Swope Fund and the Fund for Encouragement of Research.
[**References**]{}
Ballentine, L. E. (1970) ‘The Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics’ [*Reviews of Modern Physics*]{} [**42**]{}, 358–381.
Bohr, N. (1935) ‘Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?’ [*Physical Review*]{} [**48**]{}, 696–702.
Bohr, N. (1939) ‘The causality problem in modern physics’ in [*New Theories in Physics*]{} (Paris: International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation) pp. 11–45.
Bohr, N. (1949) ‘Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics’ in P. A. Schilpp (ed.) [*Albert Einstein, Philosopher-Scientist*]{} (Evanston: Library of Living Philosophers) pp. 201–241.
Collett, M. J., and Loudon, R. (1987) ‘Analysis of a proposed crucial test of quantum mechanics’ [*Nature*]{} [**326**]{}, 671–672.
Dirac, P. A. M. (1926) ‘Quantum mechanics and a preliminary investigation of the hydrogen atom’ [*Proceedings of the Royal Society A*]{} (London) [**110**]{}, 561–569.
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., and Rosen, N. (1935) ‘Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?’ [*Physical Review*]{} [**47**]{}, 777–780.
Hay, O., and Peres, A. (1998) ‘Quantum and classical descriptions of a measuring apparatus’ [*Physical Review A*]{} [**58**]{}, 116–122.
Kemble, E. C. (1937) [*The Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics*]{} (New York: McGraw-Hill, reprinted by Dover) pp. 243–244.
Kim, Y. H., and Shih, Y. H. (1999) ‘Experimental realization of Popper’s experiment: violation of the uncertainty principle?’ [*Fortschritte der Physik*]{} (in press).
Hong, C. K., and Mandel, L. (1985) ‘Theory of parametric frequency down conversion of light’ [*Physical Review A*]{} [**31**]{}, 2409–2418.
Peres, A. (1978) ‘Unperformed experiments have no results’ [*American Journal of Physics*]{} [**46**]{}, 745–747.
Peres, A. (1993) [*Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods*]{} (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
Pfleegor, R. L., and Mandel, L. (1967) ‘Interference of independent photon beams’ [*Physical Review*]{} [**159**]{}, 1084–1088.
Popper, K. R. (1982) [*Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics*]{} (London: Hutchinson) pp. 27–29.
Stapp, H. P. (1972) ‘The Copenhagen Interpretation’ [*American Journal of Physics*]{} [**40**]{}, 1098–1116.
Strekalov, D. V., Sergienko, A. V., Klyshko, D. N., and Shih, Y. H. (1995) ‘Observation of two-photon “ghost” interference and diffraction’ [*Physical Review Letters*]{} [**74**]{}, 3600–3603.
von Neumann, J. (1932) [*Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik*]{} (Berlin: Springer); transl. by R. T. Beyer (1955) [*Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics*]{} (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
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FIGURE 1. Popper’s conceptual experiment. A pair of photons with opposite momenta is emitted by the source S. Alice’s detectors are on the left, those of Bob on the right.
FIGURE 2. Simplified sketch of the experiment of Strekalov [*et al.*]{} (1995). The figure shows a [*single*]{} pair of photons with opposite momenta, emitted by the source S. When many such pairs are detected in coincidence, interference patterns appear on both sides.
| 2023-08-11T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8879 |
Q:
Eigenvalues of anti-circulant matrix
Is there any theorem to find the eigenvalues of any anti-circulant matrix with real entries?
By anti-circulant matrix, I mean any $n\times n$ matrix of the form :
$$ \begin{pmatrix}a & b & c & d & e & f \\ b & c & d & e & f & a \\ c & d & e & f & a & b \\ d & e & f & a & b & c \\ e & f & a & b & c & d \\ f & a & b & c & d & e \end{pmatrix}$$
A:
Let $v_k=\pmatrix{1&\zeta^k&\zeta^{2k}&\cdots&\zeta^{-k}}^\top$
where $\zeta=\exp(2\pi i/n)$. Of course the $v_k$ are the eigenvectors
of the $n$-by-$n$ circulant matrix, but for an anticirculant $A$ one
has $Av_k=\lambda_k v_{-k}$ instead. Here $\lambda_k=\sum_j \zeta^{jk}a_j$
where $\pmatrix{a_0&a_1&\cdots&a_{n-1}}$ is the top row of $A$. So
$\lambda_0$ is an eigenvalue and so is $\lambda_{n/2}$ if $n$ is even.
The rest of the space of column vectors split up into subspaces with
bases $\{v_k,v_{-k}\}$, where $0<k<n/2$. On this space $A$ acts
like $\pmatrix{0&\lambda_k\\\lambda_{-k}&0}$ which gives eigenvalues
$\pm\sqrt{\lambda_k\lambda_{-k}}$.
| 2024-02-24T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7689 |
Solving a Tough Guarding Challenge
The guard would have to be manufactured from a material that could withstand a catastrophic electric or fire event so that the smoke from the guard would not damage the electrical equipment in the building.
Editor's note: This case study describes Soo Locks plant operators' four requirements for guards to be placed on four turbine and generator shafts in the plant and how those requirements have been met.
The Challenge
Low head hydraulic power plants have turbines set at or close to the discharge level of the water, with a generator placed above the turbine. (See Figure 1, below.) These two large pieces of equipment are made by different manufacturers and they are connected by an exposed, rotating shaft.
Operators must stand on top of the turbine for inspection and maintenance. Some of the inspection must be done while the unit is operating, placing the operators in close proximity to the shaft. Our company was asked to design guards for four turbine and generator shafts at the Soo Locks in Sault Sainte Marie, Mich.
Background/RequirementsThe turbines are down in moderate-sized pits with little extra room for movement of the operator. Access ports on top of the turbine, close to the shaft, meant that any guarding solution could not be too large or it would interfere with the necessary maintenance of the unit.
The Soo Locks Safety Manager asked the operators of the plant what they wanted in a guard. Their requirements were quite clear:
They did not want a bulky structure that would make working in the confined area on top of the turbine even more awkward.
They did not want loose fasteners that could slip free and get lost in the turbine.
The guard would have to be manufactured from a material that could withstand a catastrophic electric or fire event so that the smoke from the guard would not damage the electrical equipment in the building.
The guard would have to be easy to install and remove.
Given the list of requirements from the staff, options were limited. A safety lock, preventing users from performing maintenance while the unit was running, was not an option because the generators cannot shut down without scheduled downtime. Completely enclosing the shaft with a fabricated box was discussed. A metal box would be much too unwieldly and heavy for this application. A plastic box would be lighter in weight but still too big for the space requirements given.
The final option was to custom-tool a fitted shaft cover with ribs for stability and captured hardware for mounting. Although this option was the most expensive, it was the best option given the requirements.
Solution
We received prints from when the units were installed, dated in the mid-1940s. Although the prints gave a good starting point, we still had to construct solid models of the units, double-checking the models against the actual units.
The first requirement was that the guard be close fitting to the shaft, in order to keep as much space in the pit as possible for the operator. By choosing to have a custom-tooled shaft cover, this guard was drawn to the specifications. The main plastic guard sections were pre-assembled using our safety captured fastener system—to ensure that the fasteners would stay with the guards and prevent accidental loss. These fasteners met requirement number two.
This modular guard was made from Kydex T, a thermoformable plastic with a rating of UL Std. 94 V-0, 5V. This met requirement number three, the ability to withstand a fire or electrical catastrophic event. When fully assembled, the guard would be over 18 inches wide and 8 feet tall; by making the guard in identical sections, the cost for tooling stayed low, as only one mold was necessary.
To meet the fourth requirement, each half of the guard, although 8 feet tall, weighed less than 20 pounds. This made the halves easy to transport and easy for one person to install around the shaft.
We worked with the staff at the power plant to devise a way of fastening the guards to the top of the turbines. The power plant operator did not want to drill and tap into the structure of the turbines because, if a problem occurred, it would be extremely expensive to correct. Instead, the guards were fastened to the turbines with weld nuts that could not compromise the structural integrity of the turbines.
The guard had to be stabilized toward the top of the unit, as well as securely fastened on the bottom. We used commercially available extruded aluminum for the braces.
Results
We were able to meet all of the requirements listed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, as well as stay on budget. The customer was so pleased with the shaft guard that it has returned for further projects.
This article originally appeared in the February 2016 issue of Occupational Health & Safety.
Get the latest on trends you can expect to hear more about in 2019, including continued growth of mobile safety applications, wearable technology, and smart PPE; autonomous vehicles; pending OSHA recordkeeping rulemaking; and increased adoption of international safety standard, ISO 45001.
When it comes to safety training, no matter the industry, there are always questions regarding requirements and certifications. We’ve put together a guide on key safety training topics, requirements for certifications, and answers to common training questions.
Record and manage your organization’s inspection data with IndustrySafe’s Inspections module. IndustrySafe’s pre-built forms and checklists may be used as is, or can be customized to better suit the needs of your organization. | 2024-04-06T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7905 |
We spoke to him ahead of the grand final in Milan on 13–15 October about the importance of patience as a young chef and how he misses the long hours.
What advice would you offer to the young chefs of today?
Take your time. Being a chef is a long road – it’s a great, wonderful road, but you should take your time and enjoy the process.
What’s the best advice anyone has ever given to you?
Jean-Georges Vongerichten’s advice was always, “Keep it simple.” So many cooks are inclined to think, “What can I add to the dish to make it better?” Jean-Georges taught me to take things away, instead. When you serve only a few components on a plate, each one of them has to be strong – there’s nowhere to hide.
Tell us about a time when you remember making a mistake as a young chef: what happened, where were you working and what did you learn?
When I was working at Jean-Georges Vongerichten’s JoJo in the mid-1990s, the chef de cuisine sent me to get a venison loin from the walk-in during the middle of dinner service. He asked me to trim it, and I didn’t have the courage to tell him that I didn’t know how to do it. I hacked away at it, and the chef looked over and saw that I had destroyed the loin, then one of the servers started laughing. I was so embarrassed. I should have been honest and asked him to show me how to trim it. You should never be afraid to ask how something should be done.
What advice would you offer to the young chefs of today?
Take your time. Being a chef is a long road – it’s a great, wonderful road, but you should take your time and enjoy the process.
What do you miss most about being a young chef?
I miss the craziness – the long hours, the nervousness, the excitement of dinner service, all of it!
What’s exciting you most about contemporary cuisine in the US?
There was a time when the best food in America was primarily concentrated in big cities, but now great chefs are opening restaurants all over the country, in unexpected places.
You have famously helped to train many successful young chefs – what’s a common problem you see amongst all young chefs?
They should read more! There’s more information available to chefs than ever before – and more cookbooks than they could read in a lifetime.
Everyone is waiting to hear what you will do next – are there any plans on the horizon that you can share with us? What are you dreaming about doing?
Yes – I’m opening a doughnut shop in the new William–Vale hotel in Williamsburg later this year. | 2024-03-18T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6341 |
Photodynamic therapy of experimental choroidal neovascularization in the mouse.
To evaluate the qualitative and quantitative effects of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the mouse. PDT was applied to the normal mouse fundus using light doses of 32, 64, and 83 s, and histological analysis of the treated areas was performed. CNV was induced using krypton laser photocoagulation of the fundus, and the CNV lesions were subsequently treated with PDT using light doses of 32, 64, and 83 s. Enucleated eyes were analyzed with light and transmission electron microscopies, and measurements of CNV size were done on histologic sections and on isolectin B4-stained choroidal flat mounts. PDT induced a light dose-dependent damage to the surrounding neural retina in normal eyes. At a light dose of 32 s, minimal damage was detected in the neural retina, whereas higher light doses caused distortion and disruption of the outer and inner nuclear layers and of the retinal pigment epithelium. When PDT was applied over laser-induced CNV lesions, the relative height of the lesions was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) using all light doses. Transmission electron microscopy 1 day after PDT treatment revealed occlusion of many of the CNV vessels. One week after PDT treatment, the CNV lesions contained patent vessels irrespective of light dose applied. Accordingly, PDT treatment inhibited (p < 0.05) but did not halt CNV lesion growth. PDT treatment of laser-induced CNV may create an acute occlusion of neovessels and an inhibition of CNV lesion growth without apparent injury to the surrounding neural retina. However, PDT-treated areas will remain vascularized with continued growth of the CNV lesion, which in turn may explain the often limited effect of PDT in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Elevating the PDT light dose will not increase the treatment effect substantially but may lead to increased collateral injury. | 2023-08-15T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6089 |
Ruiju Myōgishō
The , alternatively misread as Ruijū myōgishō, is a Japanese dictionary from the late Heian Period. The title, sometimes abbreviated as Myōgishō, combines the ruiju ("classified dictionary") from the Wamyō Ruijushō and the myōgi ("pronunciation and meaning/definition") from the Tenrei Banshō Myōgi. Additional Buddhist titles, like Sanbō ruiju myōgishō (三宝類聚名義抄), use the word sanbō (三宝 "Three Jewels") because the text was divided into butsu (仏 "Buddha"), hō (法 "Dharma"), and sō (僧 "Sangha") sections.
The origins of the Ruiju myōgishō are uncertain. Bailey (1960:6) concludes it was "compiled early in the twelfth century, presumably by a priest." Kaneko (1996:269) believes the received edition dates from the late 12th century, but the original version was compiled around 1081-1100 CE. There are various received texts of the Ruiju myōgishō and several indexes.
Like other early Japanese dictionaries, the Ruiju myōgishō borrowed heavily from Chinese dictionaries, in particular the (ca. 543 CE) Yupian and the (601 CE) Qieyun. For collation of character entries, the Chinese Yupian has a system of 542 logographic radicals. The Ruiju myōgishō cuts them down into 120 radicals (bu 部), even simpler than the (ca. 900 CE) Japanese Shinsen Jikyō system of 160.
The Ruiju myōgishō lists over 32,000 characters and compounds. The entries give both on'yomi Sino-Japanese borrowings and kun'yomi native Japanese readings for kanji, using Chinese fanqie spellings (from the Qieyun), Man'yōgana, and katakana. Meanings are often illustrated by quotations from over 130 Chinese classic texts and classical Japanese literature. These quotes have two types of Kanbun ("Chinese writing") annotations, shōten (声点 "tone marks") for Chinese tones and Japanese accents, and occasional kunten (訓点 "reading marks") for Japanese pronunciations. "Many passages contain no Japanese readings at all," says Bailey (1960:6), "but there are a total of approximately 10,000 Japanese readings given in the whole work." While special care is needed for its commentary nature (Li et al., 2016), the Ruiju myōgishō remains a standard Japanese source of information regarding Heian era pronunciation.
Editions
There are various extant editions that still exist today. The main editions include:
The edition. It is part of the collection in the Imperial Household Agency. Compiled between 1081 and 1100. It retains signs of the original; however, it is incomplete and only contains the first half of the section. It provides detailed literary citations for entries.
The edition. It is part of the Tenri Central Library and is a national treasure of Japan. It is a mid-Kamakura period facsimile. While it is an expanded and revised edition of the original, it is the only complete edition surviving today.
The Kōzan-ji edition. Part of the Tenri Central Library collection. It is entitled , and is a revised edition. It only contains the section and part of the 巻上 section found in the Kanji-in edition.
The edition. It is part of the Tō-ji Hōbodai-in collection. Revised and incomplete.
In addition to the above, the and revised editions exist, but both are incomplete.
References
Category:12th-century books
Category:Japanese dictionaries
Category:Late Old Japanese texts | 2023-10-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7872 |
Data Privacy, Security Top Microsoft’s Hot Button Tech Issues In 2018
Data privacy isn’t only a top concern for Microsoft. It will go before the U.S. Supreme Court to argue the issue involving the data stored abroad
Microsoft has published its list of the top ten technology issues that the company is monitoring and using its expertise to address in 2018. Among them is data privacy, a cause that is taking the companies legal team all the way to the nation’s top court.
The company’s lawyers are set to appear before the U.S. Supreme Court on Feb. 27 to argue their side of the Ireland email privacy case, with a decision expected to be handed down by June. The high-profile case, involving attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to obtain emails stored in an Irish data center using a search warrant, could have major implications for online services and cloud providers with users overseas.
U.S.-based cloud companies aren’t the only ones keeping a close eye on the case. Before the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) takes effect on May 25, 2018, lawmakers on the other side of the Atlantic have been airing their concerns.
Microsoft in 2018
“Europe’s privacy regulators have called the DOJ’s unilateral reach into Ireland ‘an interference with the territorial sovereignty of an EU member state.’ That type of concern prompted the EU to include a provision in the GDPR to require governments to respect each other’s borders and work under international agreements rather than act unilaterally,” remarked the authors of the top 10 list, Brad Smith, Microsoft president and chief legal officer and Carol Ann Browne, the company’s director of executive communications.
GDPR is a set of stringent data privacy and security regulations that affects businesses that affect businesses that process and store user data belonging to EU citizens, particularly personal identifiable information. The rules apply to companies based outside of the EU if they hold or manage the data of EU citizens. The cost of non-compliance can reach 4 percent of a company’s global revenue.
Another major issue that Microsoft is focusing on for 2018 is cyber-security.
From major breaches, weaponized vulnerability exploits to alleged election interference, 2017 was an eventful year in cyber-security. Hoping to avoid a repeat performance in 2018, Smith and Browne teased that Microsoft will have news to share about an industry-backed cyber-security accord that will enable technology companies to act as so-called “internet first responders” when the next WannaCry malware attack surfaces on the internet.
Meanwhile, Microsoft indicates it will continue to invest heavily in artificial intelligence while taking its societal impact into account. Mirroring the workers’ concerns that robots are coming for their jobs, the company will be paying close attention to AI’s effect on the employment market.
Immigration is also high on Microsoft’s list of issues affecting the IT industry. Microsoft is monitoring the U.S. Government’s moves on Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), travel bans and a “green card backlog,” noted Smith and Browne. Other priorities include bridging the digital divide for rural communities, diversity, sustainability, net neutrality, the globalization of the IT sector and programming and computer science in schools.
The full list with commentary from the Microsoft executives is available here. | 2023-10-31T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8609 |
Open Source Should Come with Warranties (From the Companies Who Use It) - mplanchard
https://writing.kemitchell.com/2020/01/27/Killjoy-Warranties.html
======
brodouevencode
So liability should be assumed by it's users? Isn't this a reversal of Landes-
Posner?
| 2024-06-12T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2984 |
I came across this WSJ article today, about the Canadian McGill University taking over a decade to close the gender gap in pay among its own workers. It sounded reasonable, until I got to this paragraph:
Another conundrum involved a mostly female team of assistant cooks and a mostly... | 2024-04-24T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6714 |
U.S.
But with Democrats falling short in those races, all eyes have turned to Georgia. Ossoff did not support raising taxes, even on the wealthy, and he did not support a move to a single-payer health care system, according to the Times. There will be predictable responses from both sides, regardless of who wins or loses. The contest has attracted national attention as a test of whether Democrats can turn anti-Trump energy into results at the ballot box, and whether Republicans can avoid being ...
Vice President Mike Pence has hired his own lawyer to represent him in the special counsel investigation and congressional inquiries into Russia's role in the 2016 election. US intelligence agencies have concluded that Moscow interfered in last year's presidential campaign to try to tilt the vote in Trump's favor. Mueller's investigation of the President's conduct is a major watershed in the FBI probe, which over nearly the past year has focused on uncovering Moscow's attempts to ...
Mr. Sessions' clash with the Democratic senators was the latest chapter in a saga that has dogged President Trump in his first five months as president and distracted from his domestic policy agenda including major health care and tax cut initiatives.
Spicer held another off-camera briefing today, but this time audio was not recorded. The three people said he has reached out to possible successors at the podium and as communications director . David Martosko , the USA political editor of London's Daily Mail , who covered the president's campaign, has also interviewed for senior communications jobs, according to a person familiar with the interviews who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss the private deliberations.
The downing of the warplane - the first time in the six-year conflict that the us has shot down a Syrian jet - came amid another first: Iran fired several ballistic missiles Sunday night at IS positions in eastern Syria in what it said was a message to archrival Saudi Arabia and the United States.
The 5'5 Gruden won a gold medal at the global powerlifting competition, according to ESPN's Neeta Sreekanth. The 5-5, 180-pound Gruden squatted 600 pounds, bench pressed 418 pound and deadlifted 638 pounds. "I remember back in the day he taught me". Between the 2002 Buccaneers and Deuce, Gruden has now coached up two world champions. The 23-year-old is a strength and conditioning assistant for the Washington NFL team and on Monday, he competed in the IPF World Classic Powerlifting ...
Trump is understandably ticked, he said . In the letter to Comey informing him of his dismissal, the president said he was acting on a recommendation from Rosenstein. "His answer was that he misunderstood the question", said Speaker Gingrich , and he believes that to be true. The Washington Post report Wednesday that Special Counsel Robert S.
For example, in 2012, the Republican Party received about 49 percent of the vote but won 60 of the 99 seats in the state Assembly. In 2014, the party garnered 52 percent of the vote and 63 Assembly seats. If there is any indication from today's decision by the Supreme Court to hear arguments about the threat of partisan gerrymandering to the health of our democracy, politicians on both sides of the aisle should be anxious about their growing and excessive use of this practice as a ...
Mr Trump wrote on Twitter - Crooked H referring to Mrs Clinton. The FBI probe headed by Mueller, a former FBI director appointed special counsel following Trump's firing of Comey last month, is running parallel with separate investigations by committees in both the Senate and House of Representatives.
Scalise, Tyson Foods lobbyist Matt Mika, congressional aide Zach Barth and US Capitol Police officer Crystal Griner were shot during an attack on the Republican congressional baseball team as it practiced Wednesday morning. "[We've] controlled the internal bleeding, and [his] vital signs have stabilized", Sava said. Scalise remains in critical condition at a hospital near the Capitol and has undergone multiple surgeries.
But it is also true that statewide maps can be drawn in a way to give one party a clear advantage in most of the districts. "Justice Anthony Kennedy cast the fifth and deciding vote, declaring that he might someday embrace a challenge to a partisan gerrymander if someone could come up with workable standards".
The challengers in the Wisconsin case argued that the state's electoral map was carefully drawn so that the GOP was virtually guaranteed to control the Legislature for the entire decade. It is unclear whether all these cases will be consolidated by the court. Their lawsuit states that in the first election after the 2011 redistricting, Republican candidates won 60 of the Assembly's 99 seats even though Democratic candidates won a majority of the statewide votes cast for Assembly.
In a manner that would probably please his boss, Sekulow twice made mention of television ratings when comparing the reach of a cable network with President Trump's reach on social media. "There is an audience for that, and the base is important when you're under fire", Confessore said. "I don't know what the facts will show or what the special counsel will conclude, but Kasowitz, Sekulow & Dowd is not the dream team", he tweeted after the Fox News exchange.
RUSSIA'S Defence Ministry warned yesterday, following the United States downing of a Syrian Su-22 fighter-bomber, that it will treat USA coalition planes west of the Euphrates river as targets . The Syrian army said the jet was shot down while flying a mission against Islamic State. Regime ally Moscow also condemned the downing of the Syrian plane, with deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov saying: "This strike has to be seen as a continuation of America's line to disregard the norms of ...
Shelby is chairman of the Senate committee Sessions originally was scheduled to testify in front of on Tuesday on matters pertaining to the Department of Justice budget. After Comey met in a classified meeting with the intelligence committee, reports leaked out that Sessions may have had a third meeting with Kislyak previous year.
Mr Gomes said 54 people were also injured in the fire, five of them seriously, including four firefighters and a minor. "Although most of the wildfires in Europe are ignited by humans (either accidentally or intentionally), it is widely recognized that weather conditions and the accumulation of fuel play dominant roles in affecting the changes in fire risk over time", it said.
Simple math says the Yankees scored thirty more runs than Baltimore in just three games. "It really is [remarkable]". Bundy has won his last two starts against the Yankees , and won't be intimidated by the Bronx Bombers, who are one of the league leaders in homeruns, thanks to the play of rookie Aaron Judge and Gary Sanchez .
He was injured by shrapnel during the shooting and used crutches to walk to the mound. "They saved the lives of our Members of Congress and prevented that dark day from becoming a tragedy beyond imagination". Democrat Cedric Richmond, a fellow Louisiana congressman, said as many others did that Scalise is a fighter. "I don't condone or find the humor in what happened", she wrote in response to Ms.
At around 6pm, Lewis was involved in a auto accident and was taken to hospital in an ambulance. "She would say to me, good morning". This is not Lewis' first run-in with Harris County law enforcement. The local CBS affiliate described the scene as so horrific that chaplains were dispatched to console family members of the little girl and the deputies who responded to the crime scene.
Slants founder Simon Tam tried to trademark the band name in 2011, but the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office denied the request on the ground that it disparages Asians. Based on the ruling in Tam , it appears that the Redskins' registrations will not be canceled. This journey has always been much bigger than our band: "it's been about the rights of all marginalized communities to determine what's best for ourselves", Tan said.
Wolfeboro Police Officer, Michael Straugh said that it was hard to find the right words to describe the condition they found these dogs in. Investigators described the conditions as squalid, while images and footage taken at the scene speak for themselves.
The Post said one subject of scrutiny is Kushner's meeting with Russian development banker Sergey Gorkov in December, when Kushner's family real estate business was seeking financing for a Manhattan office building. Special counsel Robert Mueller has brought 13 lawyers on board to handle the Russian Federation investigation, with plans to hire more, according to his spokesman Peter Carr.
The Republican president has repeatedly complained about the probe, calling it a witch hunt and saying Democrats can not accept his election victory. Last week, it was widely reported that Attorney General Jeff Sessions had offered to resign because of Trump's criticism of his decision to recuse himself from all investigations related to the Russian Federation and the Trump election campaign, in which Sessions had played a prominent role.
Naomi's body was located in the water around 4 p.m.by two local fishermen scouting a place to fish in the creek near the intersection of Detroit Boulevard and Ashland Avenue. "I don't care why, you killed one of my citizens, that's all I care about", Morgan said Monday. Electronic billboards went up across the south during the search for Naomi, who disappeared May 31. | 2023-11-01T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5199 |
Where does LeClair go from here?
'But after missing nearly all of the past regular season because of a back injury that led to surgery and a staph infection, it's uncertain how much interest LeClair will draw from other teams. He already reportedly had turned down at least one Flyers' offer of more than $8.5 million for another season.' | 2023-12-30T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4178 |
//
// This file is auto-generated. Please don't modify it!
//
package org.opencv.ml;
import java.lang.String;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.core.TermCriteria;
import org.opencv.ml.SVMSGD;
import org.opencv.ml.StatModel;
// C++: class SVMSGD
//javadoc: SVMSGD
public class SVMSGD extends StatModel {
protected SVMSGD(long addr) { super(addr); }
// internal usage only
public static SVMSGD __fromPtr__(long addr) { return new SVMSGD(addr); }
public static final int
SGD = 0,
ASGD = 1,
SOFT_MARGIN = 0,
HARD_MARGIN = 1;
//
// C++: Mat getWeights()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getWeights()
public Mat getWeights()
{
Mat retVal = new Mat(getWeights_0(nativeObj));
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: static Ptr_SVMSGD create()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::create()
public static SVMSGD create()
{
SVMSGD retVal = SVMSGD.__fromPtr__(create_0());
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: static Ptr_SVMSGD load(String filepath, String nodeName = String())
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::load(filepath, nodeName)
public static SVMSGD load(String filepath, String nodeName)
{
SVMSGD retVal = SVMSGD.__fromPtr__(load_0(filepath, nodeName));
return retVal;
}
//javadoc: SVMSGD::load(filepath)
public static SVMSGD load(String filepath)
{
SVMSGD retVal = SVMSGD.__fromPtr__(load_1(filepath));
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: TermCriteria getTermCriteria()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getTermCriteria()
public TermCriteria getTermCriteria()
{
TermCriteria retVal = new TermCriteria(getTermCriteria_0(nativeObj));
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: float getInitialStepSize()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getInitialStepSize()
public float getInitialStepSize()
{
float retVal = getInitialStepSize_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: float getMarginRegularization()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getMarginRegularization()
public float getMarginRegularization()
{
float retVal = getMarginRegularization_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: float getShift()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getShift()
public float getShift()
{
float retVal = getShift_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: float getStepDecreasingPower()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getStepDecreasingPower()
public float getStepDecreasingPower()
{
float retVal = getStepDecreasingPower_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: int getMarginType()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getMarginType()
public int getMarginType()
{
int retVal = getMarginType_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: int getSvmsgdType()
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::getSvmsgdType()
public int getSvmsgdType()
{
int retVal = getSvmsgdType_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: void setInitialStepSize(float InitialStepSize)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setInitialStepSize(InitialStepSize)
public void setInitialStepSize(float InitialStepSize)
{
setInitialStepSize_0(nativeObj, InitialStepSize);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setMarginRegularization(float marginRegularization)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setMarginRegularization(marginRegularization)
public void setMarginRegularization(float marginRegularization)
{
setMarginRegularization_0(nativeObj, marginRegularization);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setMarginType(int marginType)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setMarginType(marginType)
public void setMarginType(int marginType)
{
setMarginType_0(nativeObj, marginType);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setOptimalParameters(int svmsgdType = SVMSGD::ASGD, int marginType = SVMSGD::SOFT_MARGIN)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setOptimalParameters(svmsgdType, marginType)
public void setOptimalParameters(int svmsgdType, int marginType)
{
setOptimalParameters_0(nativeObj, svmsgdType, marginType);
return;
}
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setOptimalParameters()
public void setOptimalParameters()
{
setOptimalParameters_1(nativeObj);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setStepDecreasingPower(float stepDecreasingPower)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setStepDecreasingPower(stepDecreasingPower)
public void setStepDecreasingPower(float stepDecreasingPower)
{
setStepDecreasingPower_0(nativeObj, stepDecreasingPower);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setSvmsgdType(int svmsgdType)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setSvmsgdType(svmsgdType)
public void setSvmsgdType(int svmsgdType)
{
setSvmsgdType_0(nativeObj, svmsgdType);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setTermCriteria(TermCriteria val)
//
//javadoc: SVMSGD::setTermCriteria(val)
public void setTermCriteria(TermCriteria val)
{
setTermCriteria_0(nativeObj, val.type, val.maxCount, val.epsilon);
return;
}
@Override
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
delete(nativeObj);
}
// C++: Mat getWeights()
private static native long getWeights_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: static Ptr_SVMSGD create()
private static native long create_0();
// C++: static Ptr_SVMSGD load(String filepath, String nodeName = String())
private static native long load_0(String filepath, String nodeName);
private static native long load_1(String filepath);
// C++: TermCriteria getTermCriteria()
private static native double[] getTermCriteria_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: float getInitialStepSize()
private static native float getInitialStepSize_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: float getMarginRegularization()
private static native float getMarginRegularization_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: float getShift()
private static native float getShift_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: float getStepDecreasingPower()
private static native float getStepDecreasingPower_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: int getMarginType()
private static native int getMarginType_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: int getSvmsgdType()
private static native int getSvmsgdType_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: void setInitialStepSize(float InitialStepSize)
private static native void setInitialStepSize_0(long nativeObj, float InitialStepSize);
// C++: void setMarginRegularization(float marginRegularization)
private static native void setMarginRegularization_0(long nativeObj, float marginRegularization);
// C++: void setMarginType(int marginType)
private static native void setMarginType_0(long nativeObj, int marginType);
// C++: void setOptimalParameters(int svmsgdType = SVMSGD::ASGD, int marginType = SVMSGD::SOFT_MARGIN)
private static native void setOptimalParameters_0(long nativeObj, int svmsgdType, int marginType);
private static native void setOptimalParameters_1(long nativeObj);
// C++: void setStepDecreasingPower(float stepDecreasingPower)
private static native void setStepDecreasingPower_0(long nativeObj, float stepDecreasingPower);
// C++: void setSvmsgdType(int svmsgdType)
private static native void setSvmsgdType_0(long nativeObj, int svmsgdType);
// C++: void setTermCriteria(TermCriteria val)
private static native void setTermCriteria_0(long nativeObj, int val_type, int val_maxCount, double val_epsilon);
// native support for java finalize()
private static native void delete(long nativeObj);
}
| 2024-02-22T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5138 |
Q:
Using LINQ to get DataGridView row index where first column has specific value
I'd like to get the index of a DataGridViewRow, where the value of its first column matches.
My code so far:
string SearchForThis = "test";
int index = from r in dgv.Rows
where r.Cells[0].Value == SearchForThis
select r.Index;
The compiler error:
Could not find an implementation of the query pattern for source type 'System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewRowCollection'. 'Where' not found. Consider explicitly specifying the type of the range variable 'r'.
A:
DataGridViewRowCollection doesn't implement IEnumerable<T>, that is why you can't use LINQ, use Enumerable.Cast method.
int index = (dgv.Rows.Cast<DataGridViewRow>()
.Where(r => r.Cells[0].Value == SearchForThis)
.Select(r => r.Index)).First();
Or with Query Syntax:
int index = (from r in dgv.Rows.Cast<DataGridViewRow>()
where r.Cells[0].Value == SearchForThis
select r.Index).First();
You will need to get a single result back from the collection, that is why I have used First, but remember if there are no items matching the criteria, it will throw an exception. To overcome that see the solution at the end of answer.
See: Enumerable.Cast<TResult> Method
The Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) method enables the standard query
operators to be invoked on non-generic collections by supplying the
necessary type information. For example, ArrayList does not
implement IEnumerable<T>, but by calling
Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) on the ArrayList object, the standard
query operators can then be used to query the sequence.
(You can also use Enumerable.OfType method, that will ignore all those which are not DataGridViewRow, but with DataGridView, Cast is fine as well)
You can also use FirstOrDefault to get the row first and then get the index like:
int index = 0;
var item = dgv.Rows.Cast<DataGridViewRow>()
.FirstOrDefault(r => r.Cells[0].Value == (object)1);
if (item != null)
index = item.Index;
| 2024-02-07T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3999 |
Tag: Nani Hotel
My love of South Indian Breakfast took me to various places and Nani Hotel in Vijayapura is one among in recent times. Thanks to my friends who understood my craving and did accompany me to visit here after a couple of decades. Nani Hotel is a hotspot for some of the bikers, long drive lovers […] | 2023-12-28T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5673 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to forming housing for electronic devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
The manufacture of devices that include metal parts often includes the formation of features, e.g., complex mechanical structures, on surfaces of the metal parts. In order to ensure the structural integrity of such features, the features are often affixed to the surfaces of the metal parts using an adhesive material. By way of example, an internal feature has been obtained and glued in an appropriate location on a surface of a metal parts or housings.
Alternatively, internal features have been welded to the surface of metal parts or housings. Utilizing a welding process to attach internal features to metal parts is limiting in terms of the number and the complexity of the internal features that is possible using a welding technique. Furthermore, the cosmetic quality of a metal part may be degraded as a result of a welding process. For instance, the heat associated with a welding process may alter the shape and/or the color of a metal part.
Internal features may also be formed using an injection molding process. When a manufacturing process includes an injection molding process, a through-hole may be formed in a metal part or housing, and a plastic or a resin may be injected through the through-hole. The plastic or resin may form a feature on one side of the metal part, e.g., a metal sheet, while additional plastic or resin may form an undercut on the other side of the metal sheet. The undercut, in cooperation with the plastic or resin that hardens in the through-hole, may effectively serve to anchor or otherwise hold the feature in place. Often, the side of a metal sheet on which an undercut is located may be arranged to be exposed. That is, the side of a metal sheet on which an undercut is located may be an external surface of an apparatus or device. As such, the presence of an undercut on the side of the metal sheet may be aesthetically undesirable, e.g., when the metal sheet is arranged to serve a cosmetic purpose. | 2023-09-28T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5317 |
Q:
Why are my variables undefined outside of my function?
I'm new to javascript and I'm trying to build a website which displays te temperature in the user's area, but my la and lg variables are undefined outside of my showPosition() function, so I can't succesfully call the API to get the weather.
Here's the full code:
var la;
var lg;
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation)
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
}
function showPosition(position) {
la= position.coords.latitude;
lg= position.coords.longitude;
}
getLocation();
var url="https://fcc-weather-api.glitch.me/api/current?lat=" + la + "&lon=" + lg;
document.getElementById("im").innerHTML="Latitude:" + la;
fetch(url)
.then((resp) => resp.json())
.then(function(data) {
document.getElementById("temper").innerHTML="Temperature:" + data.main.temp;
})
.catch(function(error) {
console.log("error: " + error);
});
I decided to test if my la and lg variables are correct with the document.getElementById("im").innerHTML="Latitude:" + la line, but I get Latitude:undefined. I did the same test inside the showPosition() function and the variables are correctly defined. How can I solve this?
A:
The problem is that showPosition doesn't get called immediately (for example it takes some while to initialize the GPS). Therefore you have to wait with your request until you have received your position data:
var la;
var lg;
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation)
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
}
function showPosition(position) {
la = position.coords.latitude;
lg = position.coords.longitude;
var url="https://fcc-weather-api.glitch.me/api/current?lat=" + la + "&lon=" + lg;
document.getElementById("im").innerHTML="Latitude:" + la;
fetch(url)
.then((resp) => resp.json())
.then(function(data) {
document.getElementById("temper").innerHTML="Temperature:" + data.main.temp;
})
.catch(function(error) {
console.log("error: " + error);
});
}
getLocation();
| 2024-02-21T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7482 |
<% content_for :foo do %>foo<% end %>
<% content_for :foo do %>bar<% end %>
<% content_for :baz do %>WON'T RENDER ME<% end %>
<% content_for :foo do %>baz<% end %>
| 2024-01-24T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3133 |
Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and radical prostatectomy in the treatment of clinical stage T3 cancer of the prostate.
We evaluated the results of a treatment protocol that consisted of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy followed by radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for clinical stage T3 (cT3) prostate cancer. Sixty-six patients with cT3 prostate cancer underwent staging procedures that included metastatic work-up and evaluation under anesthesia. Neoadjuvant hormonal treatment was given for 3 to 6 months, followed by re-evaluation under anesthesia. Patients considered to have a resectable prostate following neoadjuvant treatment underwent operation. Disease-free survival [prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 0.1 ng/ml] was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method for cT3 patients and for a group of patients with clinical stage 1 and 2 disease (cT1-2), who underwent RRP without neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Patients with pT3 disease in both groups received early adjuvant radiation treatment. Patients in the cT3 group who were not clinically downstaged were treated with radiation. Patients with positive lymph nodes continued hormonal therapy. The pretreatment PSA for the cT3 group was 43.6 ± 55.6 ng/ml, and 10.64 ± 7.18 ng/ml for the cT1-2 group (p < 0.05). Of 66 cT3 patients, 53 (80%) were clinically downstaged and operated on and 47 (71%) underwent RRP. At 36 months, there was no significant difference in the PSA relapse rate between these two groups; both had significantly lower rates than did patients in the cT3 without RRP. At 48 months, 79% (21 patients) of the patients in the cT3-RRP group were disease free compared with 50% of those in the cT3 without RRP (4 patients). Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy for stage cT3 prostate cancer selects patients whose cancer can be controlled by RRP for an extended period of time. | 2024-03-23T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7708 |
Following last week’s Evan trailer, Bandai Namco has released a new trailer for Ni no Kuni II: Revenant Kingdom introducing Roland.
Roland, a visitor from another world sent to the world of Ni no Kuni, is a protector, a mentor and a brilliant tactician.
Ni no Kuni II: Revenant Kingdom is due out for PlayStation 4 and PC on March 23.
Watch the trailer below. | 2024-05-14T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5354 |
# 2.0.0.2 -> 2.0.1
- Fixed various bugs.
- Added newer Java versions to the project properties dialog.
- Added the ability to run tests for multiple test classes.
- Added the ability to rerung failed tests.
- Fixed a Jigsaw issue with test source sets.
| 2024-06-16T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6084 |
const fs = require('fs');
const jsonToResultsObject = require('./jsonToResultsObject');
const testOrTests = numberOfTests => (numberOfTests === 1 ? 'test' : 'tests');
const getTestReport = filepath => {
try {
const file = fs.readFileSync(filepath);
const testReportJson = JSON.parse(file);
const testReport = jsonToResultsObject(testReportJson);
const { failedTests } = testReport;
const numFailedTests = failedTests.length;
if (numFailedTests === 0) {
return '';
}
const failureReportMsg = `
<details>
<summary>
<b>${numFailedTests} failed ${testOrTests(numFailedTests)} 😱</b>
</summary>
---
${failedTests
.map(
({ fullName, failureMessages }) =>
`
**${fullName}**
<details>
<summary>
See what went wrong
</summary>
\`\`\`bash
${
Array.isArray(failureMessages) ? failureMessages.join('\\n') : failureMessages
}
\`\`\`
---
</details>
---
`
)
.join('\n\n')}
</details>
`;
return failureReportMsg;
} catch (e) {
// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
console.log('Error generating test report', e);
return '';
}
};
module.exports = getTestReport;
| 2023-10-26T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1346 |
DESCRIPTION (adapted from the Abstract): Barrett Memorial Hospital (BMH) is a public non-profit, 32-bed hospital that serves Beaverhead County in southwest Montana, population 8,424 in a 5,500 square mile area (1.5 people per square mile.) The hospital is in Dillon, which has a population of 4,008. The closest hospital and medical library, also a rural facility, is 60 miles away. BMH is requesting funds of $7,935.00 to purchase a computer system, fax machine, photocopier from the National Library of Medicine?s Information Access Grant in order to better obtain medical information for the 15-member medical and 147 member hospital and community health center staff. The medical community is often without the resources typically available in larger more densely populated areas. A medical library plays an important role in providing access to medical information, which directly affects patient care in this isolated area. The ability to meet the information needs will be greatly enhanced by the addition of these capital items. A new medical office building will be built by BMH to alleviate overcrowded conditions in the summer 1999, next to the existing hospital. The Hospital Board has committed 416 square feet in the new building for a medical library (Appendix 1). This dedicated space is a major advancement in the continuing efforts that began in 1997 to establish a formal library. However, the current library is in a shared basement area and the only equipment transferable to the new space will be a single computer. The requested funds from this grant will allow the medical library to purchase essential office equipment that would otherwise take years to obtain. | 2023-09-14T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1807 |
Washington, the only state named after a U.S. president, gained its statehood in 1889 .
The Evergreen State is an outdoor enthusiast’s dream with its geological diversity, ranging from mountains to deserts, rainforests and a Pacific coastline. It offers the Olympic Mountains, the San Juan Islands and the nation’s highest peak in the Lower 48 at Mount Rainier.
In addition to its scenic treasures, Washington is known as the birthplace of Starbucks coffee, The Boeing Co., and Microsoft Corp. Because of its coastal location, Washington is a key exporter for the U.S., particularly for transportation equipment. Additionally, Washington is crucial to the nation’s food and agriculture industry, generating 70 percent of the country’s apples , and also leading in milk, potato and cattle production. | 2024-04-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5490 |
Background
==========
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not only a significant independent risk factor for developing of atherosclerotic ischemic heart disease or ventricular hypertrophy but it is also able to trigger a diabetic cardiomyopathy due to some dysmetabolic processes: inhibition of switching within the cardiomyocite from free-fatty acid (FFA) to glucose metabolism, dysregulation of FFA metabolism with increased uptake, reduced FFA oxidation, reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), increase of PPAR-γ and insulin-resistance, increased intracellular lipogenesis which leads to cardiomyocite lipotoxiocity \[[@B1]\].
The patients with type-2 DM are at 2-5 folds higher risk for developing heart failure (HF) \[[@B2]\]. Some large trials reported that the prevalence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure is around 30% and close to 50% in those with acute HF \[[@B3]-[@B5]\] The first stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy is represented by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) with preserved systolic function, in an asymptomatic pattern \[[@B6]-[@B9]\]; the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction largely ranges from 30% to 75%, depending on the echocardiographic parameters used to define it \[[@B7],[@B10]-[@B13]\].
Internationally, there is an increased focus on prevention since even pre-clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy can impair significantly event-free survival \[[@B14]\], thus, in order to deal with this issue, neurohormonal profile of diabetic patients could be a good tool to screen subclinical ventricular dysfunction instead of cardiac imaging technique, which required elevated costs and human resource expenditure. For this purpose, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was demonstrated to be a good diagnostic and prognostic marker in diabetic patients with heart failure \[[@B15]\], systolic dysfunction \[[@B16]\], silent myocardial ischemia \[[@B17]\] and vascular complications \[[@B18]\]. The diagnostic role of natriuretic peptides for detecting LVDD in asymptomatic diabetic patients is still debated \[[@B14],[@B17],[@B19]-[@B21]\].
Hence, the aim of the present study is to verify whether BNP might detect pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction in type-2 diabetic patients.
Methods
=======
Study population
----------------
One hundred and twenty-seven consecutive outpatients (age range 35-65 years, mean ± SD 55 ± 7 years), with type-2 diabetes mellitus according to ADA/WHO criteria \[[@B22]\] were enrolled into the study. Subjects with overt heart failure or NYHA class \> 1, history of coronary artery disease, severe valvulopathy or chronic atrial fibrillation were excluded from the study.
All patients underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory assessment of BNP and echocardiographic examination (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Concerning antidiabetes therapy, 9% of them were on insulin treatment, 60% took oral antidiabetes agents and 6% had both treatments; the remaining 31% of patients were on diet. Other therapies were ACE-inhibitors (22%), ARB (9%), β-blockers (10%), calcium-channel blockers (6%), α-blockers (4%) and diuretics (12%).
######
Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POPULATION OVERALL\ Group A\ Group B\ p-value
n = 127 N = 74 N = 53
----------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------
Age (years) 55.2 ± 6.8 54.5 ± 6.8 56.3 ± 6.8 0.155
Gender (M/F) 65/62 38/36 24/29 0.500
BMI (Kg/m2) 29.2 ± 5.0 29.1 ± 5.1 29.5 ± 5.2 0.867
Diabetes duration (years)\* 3 (1-10)\* 3 (1-10)\* 3 (1-9) 0.954
Smokers 28 (22%) 14 (19%) 14 (26%) 0.577
Ex-smokers 40 (31%) 25 (34%) 15 (28%) 0.504
Hypertension 51 (40%) 27 (37%) 24 (45%) 0.361
Hypercholesterolemia 29 (23%) 19 (26%) 10 (19%) 0.447
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.89 ± 0.21 0.87 ± 0.21 0.94 ± 0.21 0.115
Microalbuminuria 34 (29%) 18 (28%) 16 (31%) 0.666
LVEF (%) 59.4 ± 4.8 60.5 ± 5.5 58.8 ± 3.7 0.143
LVMI (g/m2.7) 43.7 ± 11.8 42.6 ± 12.1 45.2 ± 11.3 0.198
LVH 51 (40%) 27 (36%) 24 (45%) 0.361
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI = left ventricular mass index, LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy.
\*data are expressed as median and interquartile range
All patients gave their written informed consent; the investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the study was approved by the local ethics committee (The University of L\'Aquila).
Laboratory
----------
Blood samples were taken after 5 minutes of supine rest. BNP was measured using the commercially available AxSYM BNP assay, produced by Axis-Shield and Abbott Laboratories. Glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) were measured using Menarini HA8140 assay. Microlabuminuria was defined as extemporary albuminuria value equal or greater than 20 mg/L.
Echocardiography
----------------
M-mode, two-dimensional images and pulsed-wave and color-flow-Doppler examinations were performed on the same day of BNP assays, with a commercially available imaging system (ESAOTE MyLAB 30). Left ventricular systolic and diastolic volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were derived from the biplane apical modified Simpson\'s rule algorithm. Left ventricular dimensions were measured from M-mode images according to standard criteria. Diastolic dysfunction was assessed by means of transmitral pulsed-wave Doppler velocity (E/A ratio), deceleration time. In addition, pulmonary venous systolic and diastolic flow velocities were obtained as the maximal value reached during the corresponding phase of each cardiac cycle. Diastolic dysfunction was classified into 3 categories as follows: impaired relaxation, pseudonormal filling pattern and restrictive-like filling pattern, as previous reported \[[@B23]\]. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated according to the following formula: 0.8 × \[1.04 (IVS + LVDD + PWT)^3^- LVDD^3^\] + 0.6 g \[[@B24]\]. All echocardiographic data were indexed by height to the allometric power of 2.7 \[[@B25]\] Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as an LVM ≥ 50 g/m^2.7^in men and ≥ 47 g/m^2.7^in women.
A single observer (LG) made all measurements. Using digital archiving images, intraobserver variability was tested in a blinded fashion. Intraobserver variability was 3.3%, 3.9%, 5.1%, 8.5% and 9.2% for E/A ratio, E wave deceleration time, pulmonary venous systolic and diastolic flow velocities, EF and calculated left ventricular mass index (LVMI), respectively.
End-points
----------
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic role of BNP assays in early identification of diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients, asymptomatic for heart failure. Particularly, since that an uncontrolled diabetes is strongly related to development of left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure \[[@B21]\], a further analysis has been performed in this particular subset of patients. To define uncontrolled diabetes, an average of last two years HBA1C values were used; HBA1C equal or higher of 8% was chosen as threshold for uncontrolled diabetes, more prone to develop heart and vascular complications \[[@B26]\].
Statistics
----------
Results were expressed as mean (± standard deviation) for normally distributed continuous variables, whereas non-normally distributed data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR): 25^th^and 75^th^percentile; Categorical variables were reported as count and percentage. Distribution of continuous variables was tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Paired-comparison was performed by means of Wilcoxon test whereas unpaired-comparison was performed by means of t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were compared by X2-test or Fisher exact test where appropriate. Logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors for LVDD. The variables initially inserted into the regression model were: age, gender, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, diabetes duration (years) smokers/ex-smokers, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity (BMI \> 30 Kg/m2), left ventricular mass index (g/m2.7), last 2-year average HBA1C (%), creatinine (mg/dl), microalbuminuria, type of antidiabetic therapy, type of anti-hypertensive medication, BNP, hypertension plus left ventricular hypertrophy (duration of diabetes and BNP were non-normally distributed and so they underwent log-transformation before being inserted into the initially model). Variables included in the final model were reported as odd ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify predictive cut-offs. Each statistical analysis was validated in 1000 bootstrap samples. A probability value p \< 0.05 was considered significant. The retrospective power calculation, using as target end-point the comparison of BNP levels between uncontrolled diabetic patients with versus without diastolic dysfunction, estimates that 18 cases were the minimum sample size per each group to achieve a power of 80% with an α-error of 0.05.
All analyses were performed with the statistical software package SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, US).
Results
=======
No patients showed systolic impairment of left ventricular function, whereas diastolic dysfunction was detected in 53 (42%) cases; all of them were classified as impaired relaxation pattern; all the remaining 74 cases showed normal diastolic function. All the population had a creatinine equal or below 1.5 mg/dl; microalbuminuria was present in 29% of cases without any difference between patients with and without ILDD (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"})
Overall BNP median value was 27 pg/ml (IQR = 6-55) without any significant difference between 76 patients with normal left ventricular function (Group A) and those ones with diastolic dysfunction (Group B) (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The only variable included into the final logistic regression model was the contemporary presence of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.1-6.5, p = 0.044).
{#F1}
Last two-year average HBA1C value was 7.7 ± 1.8 without any difference between the two groups (diastolic dysfunction 7.7 ± 1.8 vs normal function 7.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.905); Fifty-four (43%) out of 127 patients showed HBA1C≥8 (uncontrolled diabetes) with a mean value of 9.3 ± 1.7. The remaining group of patients (73) showed a mean HBA1C of 6.5 ± 0.6 (p vs uncontrolled diabetes \< 0.001). In 73 patients with well-controlled diabetes, BNP level was not predictive for diastolic dysfunction (p = 0.244), whereas BNP seems to be a good predictive in the uncontrolled-diabetes cohort
The uncontrolled diabetes group was split into 2 groups: normal function (Group A, n = 32) and diastolic dysfunction (Group B, n = 22). The two groups did not show any difference concerning demographic, clinical, echocardiographic data (table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
######
Difference between patient without and with diastolic dysfunction, in uncontrolled diabetic cohort (HBA1C≥8%).
-------------------------------------------------------------------
POPULATION Group A\ Group B\ p-value
n = 32 n = 22
----------------------------- ------------- ------------- ---------
Age (years) 52.6 ± 6.8 54.5 ± 8.4 0.355
Gender (M/F) 17/15 9/13 0.377
BMI (Kg/m2) 29.5 ± 5.1 30.2 ± 5.7 0.691
Diabetes duration (years)\* 4 (0.7-10) 7 (3-10) 0.225
Smokers 6 (19%) 8 (36%) 0.303
Ex-smokers 8 (25%) 5 (23%) 0.848
Hypertension 7 (22%) 8 (36%) 0.243
Hypercholesterolemia 8 (25%) 5 (23%) 0.848
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.90 ± 0.22 0.95 ± 0.24 0.407
Microalbuminuria 33 (33%) 30 (30%) 1.000
LVEF (%) 58.8 ± 5.2 58.9 ± 3.4 0.922
LVMI (g/m2.7) 38.7 ± 9.8 40.9 ± 11.4 0.461
LVH 4 (13%) 6 (27%) 0.170
HBA1C 9.3 ± 1.6 9.4 ± 1.8 0.707
Insulin 7 (22%) 4 (18%) 0.741
Oral antidiabetic agents 18 (56%) 15 (68%) 0.377
-------------------------------------------------------------------
LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI = left ventricular mass index, LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy.
\*data are expressed as median and interquartile range
The value of BNP was significantly higher in group B than in group A (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}); the binary logistic regression confirmed that BNP was related to higher prevalence of LVDD (Log-transformation: OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.3-5.6, p = 0.006) along with the duration of diabetes (Log-transformation: OR = 1.6, 95%CI = 1.1-2.9, p = 0.046). Moreover, BNP was a strong predictor for LVDD in uncontrolled diabetes cohort (AUC = 0.80, 95%CI 0.66-0.89, p \< 0.001) with a cut-off value of 25 pg/ml above that the likelihood to show a DD is high (sensitivity = 77% and specificity = 78%) (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}); the rate of patients having BNP \> 25 pg/ml was significantly higher in group B (77% vs 22%, p \< 0.001).
{#F2}
{#F3}
Discussion
==========
Prevalence of subclinical isolated diastolic dysfunction in type-2 diabetic population
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our data show a prevalence of asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction of roughly 42%, perfectly included within the range, from 30% to 63%, reported by those studies where LVDD was assessed by means of conventional echocardiography \[[@B7],[@B10]-[@B13],[@B27],[@B28]\]. In our series, the presence of LVDD was independent by age and gender unlike reported by other Authors which clearly found a relationship between these factors and the prevalence of LVDD in diabetic patients \[[@B7],[@B10],[@B11]\]. Anyway, the presence of hypertension along with left ventricular hypertrophy increased the prevalence of LVDD up to 61% (14/23) versus 38% (39/104), p = 0.040; this result was confirmed also by binary logistic regression (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.1-6.5, p = 0.044), corroborating that combination of DM and HTN has more severe impact on ventricular filling pattern \[[@B27]\].
However, the diastolic function was impaired also in 38% of 104 diabetic patients without HTN+LVH, similar either in presence of HTN or not (p = 0.819). To explain the patho-physiological basis of this left ventricular impaired relaxation, the concept that diabetes per se might cause a stand-alone cardiomyopathy should be accepted \[[@B1]\]. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as the presence of myocardial abnormalities in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension or other significant etiology \[[@B29]\] In a very recent report, Anderson and coworkers \[[@B30]\] compared two cohorts of 31 patients having EF \> 35%, without significant coronary artery disease (CAD), prior myocardial infarction, cardiac pacemaker, atrial fibrillation, or significant valve disease, one diabetic and the other one controls, matching the two groups on age, gender and presence of hypertension. The Authors concluded that In this set of patients diabetes is anyway associated with global diastolic dysfunction. This finding is in accordance with the hypotheses of increased myocardial stiffness, increased resting myocyte tension and deposition of advanced glycated end products associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy; In fact, intracellular hyperglycemia is at basis of formation of advanced-glycated end products (AGEs) as collagen, elastin and other connective tissue proteins \[[@B31]\] which produce myocardial fibrosis resulting in diastolic dysfunction.
BNP and diastolic dysfunction
-----------------------------
The diagnostic role played by BNP in early detection of asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction in type-2 diabetes is still controversial \[[@B14],[@B16],[@B19]-[@B21],[@B32]-[@B34]\]. In our, series, we failed to identify any difference between patients with normal function and those ones with LVDD regarding BNP value (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The possible explanation of this results can be the presence of just impaired relaxation in our population which represents the mild grade of LVDD \[[@B19],[@B20]\]. In fact, Magnusson et al, \[[@B19]\] described a detecting role of BNP with respect to LVDD, but only in case of moderate-to-severe LVDD; comparing patients with and without mild LVDD the Authors did not find any difference (lnBNP 1.3 ± 0.8 vs 0.98 ± 0.85, p = 0.09) and this finding was confirmed also at multivariate analysis. Conversely, comparing patients with moderate-to-severe LVDD, lnBNP was significantly higher (2.1 ± 1.4 vs 0.98 ± 0.85, \' \< 0.0001). Kiencke and co-workers \[[@B14]\] analyzed 100 adults with diabetes in order to evaluate if BNP could predict pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. They concluded that BNP had higher prognostic than diagnostic role. Although the ROC curve analysis identified BNP as predictor for diastolic dysfunction, the area under curve (0.70) showed a low accuracy of BNP test and the identified cut-off value of 34 pg/dl showed a moderate sensitivity (66%) and specificity (71%). The suggestion that BNP is very likely unable for early detection of LVDD was confirmed by others \[[@B20]\].
On the contrary, Albertini and co-workers \[[@B16]\] assessed BNP value in 91 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, finding that BNP level was significantly higher in patients with LVDD, especially in case of untreated hypertension (87 ± 20 vs 13 ± 2, p \< 0.0001); anyway, comparing the mean value of patient with normal LV function with those ones with LVDD, independently from the anti-hypertensive treatment, BNP was significantly higher in the latter group (p \< 0.001). In another report, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for NT-proBNP to separate normal versus diastolic dysfunction, in type 2 diabetic patients, was even 0.96 \[[@B32]\]. Kim et al \[[@B33]\] assessed NT-proBNP levels in a group consisted of 130 diabetic patients referred for echocardiography, finding that in diastolic dysfunction were significantly higher than normal group (1491.1 pg/mL versus 232.3 pg/mL, P = 0.01), even though there was no difference in ejection fraction (EF) (61.2+/-7.9% versus 60+/-8.4%, P = 0.773).
BNP and diastolic dysfunction in uncontrolled diabetic subset
-------------------------------------------------------------
Also Dencker et al \[[@B21]\] demonstrated that BNP was significantly higher in patients with abnormal diastolic dysfunction (26.0 ± 3.4 vs 5.3 ± 3.4, p \< 0.001) but in a cohort of 33 patients with poorly regulated type 2 diabetes. The authors defined \"poorly regulated\" when HBA1C \> 7%. In 2001, Menzin J et al \[[@B26]\] found that HBA1C \<8% had roughly 60% fewer hospital admissions for complications, especially heart complications. Thus, we decided to perform a sub-analysis in 54 patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HBA1C≥8%), in order to verify if BNP might be a good tool for early detection of LVDD at least in this subset of patients. Both univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed that higher levels of BNP were associated with LVDD and ROC curve analysis demonstrated the good accuracy of this parameter for detecting LVDD; furthermore, a cut-off value was also identified BNP\> 25 pg/ml, with a good sensitivity (77%) and specificity (78%) (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This finding is consistent with the one reported by Albertini et al \[[@B16]\]. Conversely, in 73 patients with well-controlled diabetes, BNP level was not predictive for diastolic dysfunction.
Limitations of the study
------------------------
The main limitation of this study is the small sample size. Another important limits is related to the echocardiographic assessment of diastolic dysfunction, that, nowadays, is more and more evaluated by means of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).
Clinical implications and Conclusion
====================================
There is an important concept raising up from the present study, BNP is a good marker for detecting pre-clinical LVDD in a subset of patients particularly prone to develop cardiovascular complications, like those ones with uncontrolled diabetes. In clinical practice it is very difficult to submit all asymptomatic diabetic subjects to echocardiographic lab; so BNP could be a cheap, easy and useful tool to screen those ones with preclinical ventricular diastolic dysfunction among patients with high HBA1C. Furthermore, BNP could be use for serial assessment of this specific cohort of patients asymptomatic for heart failure.
Another clinical implication concerns the possibility to better control glycemic profile in order to reduce heart disease progression or even to reverse it, especially in patients with short duration of diabetes without history of cardiovascular event \[[@B35],[@B36]\]; In fact, in the early stages of diabetes, structural modifications seem to be partially reversible \[[@B8]\]. Finally, early screening of those patients with subclinical diastolic dysfunction, is useful to plan a cardiologic therapy to prevent the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
MP and LG conceived and designed the study protocol, moreover gave their final approval of the manuscript. LG performed echocardiography. SF, FG, GP provided collection of data. SR and MDM performed analyses and prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
| 2024-05-07T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9600 |
---
abstract: 'We present explicit expressions for Fock-space projection operators that correspond to realistic final states in scattering experiments. Our operators automatically sum over unobserved quanta and account for non-emission into sub-regions of momentum space.'
address:
- |
Consortium for Fundamental Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester,\
Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
- |
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham,\
Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
author:
- Robert Dickinson
- Jeff Forshaw
- Peter Millington
title: 'Fock-space projection operators for semi-inclusive final states'
---
quantum field theory, projection operators
Introduction
============
When calculating matrix elements for scattering processes, it is necessary to sum over all final states that contribute to an observable, which often necessitates summing over unmeasured quanta. The classic example is the computation of the cross-section for $e^+e^-~\to~\text{hadrons}$, in which infra-red singularities cancel between the virtual gluon corrections and corresponding zero-energy real gluon emissions (at the level of the squared matrix element) by the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem [@Kinoshita:1962ur; @Lee:1964is] (see also Refs. [@Bloch:1937pw; @Weinberg:1965nx]). Infra-red divergences can in fact be avoided at the amplitude level (see e.g. Refs. [@Chung:1965zza; @Kulish:1970ut; @Catani:1984dp; @Forde:2003jt]), by absorbing unobserved emissions into a re-definition of the asymptotic states. In this paper, we instead pursue the direct calculation of probabilities and focus on effect operators that correspond to the measurement of general semi-inclusive final states. These effect operators have the virtue that unobserved emissions simply do not enter the calculation.
The probability $\mathbb{P}$ that a system, described by some density operator $\rho$, will register an outcome, described by some effect operator $E$, is $$\mathbb{P} \ =\ {\text{Tr}}(E \rho)~.$$ Furthermore, if the measurement is performed at time $t_f$ and the system is known to be described at time $t_i$ by the density operator $\rho_i$ then, in the Interaction Picture, $$\rho_f \ =\ U{\!}_{fi}\, \rho_i\, U^\dag{\!}_{fi}~,$$ where $$U_{fi} \ = \ \mathrm{T} \exp\bigg(\,\tfrac{1}{i}\!\int_{t_i}^{t_f} \! {\mathrm{d}}t\; H_{\mathrm{int}}(t) \bigg)$$ is the unitary time-evolution operator and $H_\text{int}$ is the interaction Hamiltonian. If the initial state is a pure state, i.e. $\rho_i=\ket{i}\!\bra{i}$, the probability takes the form $$\mathbb{P} \ =\ \bra{i} (U^\dag{\!}_{fi}\,E\,U{\!}_{fi}) \ket{i}\;.
\label{eq:prob}$$ Of course, if the measurement also corresponds to a pure state, i.e. $E=\ket{f}\!\bra{f}$, we obtain the usual squared matrix element $$\mathbb{P} \ =\ |\bra{f} U_{fi} \ket{i}|^2~.$$ However, we may compute Eq. (\[eq:prob\]) directly by treating $E$ as an operator. We then view Eq. as an “in-in” expectation value, which can be written in the form [@Dickinson:2016oiy] $$\label{eq:probfull}
\mathbb{P}\ =\ \sum_{j\,=\,0}\int_{t_i}^{t_f}{\rm d}t_1\,{\rm d}t_2\,\dots\,{\rm d}t_j\;\Theta_{12\dots j}\braket{i|\mathcal{F}_j|i}\;,$$ where
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{F}_0\ &=\ E\;,\\
\mathcal{F}_j\ &=\ \tfrac{1}{i}\Big[\mathcal{F}_{j-1},H_{\rm int}(t_j)\Big]\;,\end{aligned}$$
and $\Theta_{ijk\dots }\equiv 1$ if $t_i>t_j>t_k\dots$ and zero otherwise.
Whilst the explicit consideration of effect operators is ubiquitous in the description of measurement processes in quantum mechanics, they have, to our knowledge, been ignored in the context of particle physics. In what follows, we will present expressions for effect operators corresponding to general semi-inclusive measurements.
Our operators will be projection operators in Fock space and they all have the feature that unobserved quanta do not appear explicitly. For example, the effect operator corresponding to the inclusive cross-section for $e^+e^-\ \to$ one $q\,\bar{q}$ pair + anything is simply $$E\ =\ \ket{q,\bar{q}}\!\bra{q,\bar{q}}\:\otimes\:\mathbb{I}_{e^+}\:\otimes\:\mathbb{I}_{e^-}\:\otimes\:\mathbb{I}_{\gamma}\:\otimes\:\mathbb{I}_g\;,$$ where the sums over unobserved final-state electrons, positrons, photons and gluons appear as unit operators in their respective Fock spaces, which trivially commute through the structure in Eq. . These implicit summations over unobserved quanta are not present at the amplitude level, and this motivates further development of techniques along the lines of Ref. [@Dickinson:2016oiy] aimed at directly computing probabilities in quantum field theory.
Projection operators in Fock space:\
bosonic case
====================================
It is a well-known result in quantum optics that the vacuum projection operator can be written as the exponential of the photon number operator (see e.g. Refs. [@Louisell; @Fan; @Blasiak]): $$\begin{aligned}
E^{(0)}_{\mathbb{R}^3} \ &\equiv \ \mathbb{I} \;+\; \sum_{j\,=\,1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^j}{j!} : \big(N_{\mathbb{R}^3}\big)^j : \nonumber\\
&=\ : {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathbb{R}^3}} : \nonumber \\ &=\ \ket{0}\bra{0}~,
\label{eq:0psipo}\end{aligned}$$ where the number operator $$\label{eq:NR}
N_{\mathcal{R}} \ \equiv\ \sum_\lambda \int_{\mathcal{R}} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3\mathbf{k}}{(2\pi)^3 2E}\; a_\lambda^\dag({\mathbf{k}})a_\lambda(\mathbf{k})$$ counts the number of quanta in a region $\mathcal{R}$ of momentum space, i.e. $$N_{\mathcal{R}}\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \ =\ n\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}~,$$ where $$n \ =\ \sum_{a\,=\,1}^N\mathbf{1}_{\mathcal{R}}(\mathbf{k}_a)$$ and $\mathbf{1}_A(x)$ denotes the indicator function of set $A$, which is 1 if $x\in A$ and 0 otherwise. The colons indicate normal ordering. The sum is over all physical polarizations $\lambda$, if the projection is to be independent of polarization, or it could be over some subset of all allowed polarizations. Moreover, the region of momentum space need not be common to all polarizations, i.e. $\mathcal{R}\to\mathcal{R}_{\lambda}$. For ease of notation, we suppress the polarization indices that are needed to fully specify Fock states.
Whilst $E^{(0)}_{\mathbb{R}^3}$ is the projection operator corresponding to zero quanta (anywhere in configuration space), we can show that $$E^{(0)}_{\mathcal{R}}\ \equiv\ : {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}} :$$ is the projection operator corresponding to zero quanta in the region $\mathcal{R}$, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
E^{(0)}_{\mathcal{R}}\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}
&=\ \begin{cases}
\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} &\text{if zero quanta in } \mathcal{R}~, \\
0 & \text{otherwise~.}
\end{cases} \label{eq:sud0}\end{aligned}$$ The proof of this result, and of those that follow, is contained in the appendix. For $\mathcal{R}=\mathbb{R}^3$, we project out the vacuum state, as in Eq. . For the opposite extreme $\mathcal{R}=\emptyset$ (the empty set), the effect operator is just the unit operator, i.e. $E^{(0)}_{\emptyset}=\mathbb{I}$, and the measurement is inclusive over all final states \[cf. Eq. \]. Everywhere in between, we automatically sum over states with zero quanta inside $\mathcal{R}$ and *any number* of quanta outside $\mathcal{R}$.
These non-emission operators are specific cases of a more general projection operator: $$\begin{aligned}
E^{\{j_a\}}_{\{\mathcal{R}_a\subseteq \mathcal{R}\}} \ &\equiv\ : \Bigg[\prod_a \frac{1}{j_a!}\big(N_{\mathcal{R}_a}\big)^{j_a} \Bigg]\, {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}} :~.
\label{eq:jpsipo}\end{aligned}$$ This operator projects onto the subspace of states in which exactly $\sum_a j_a$ quanta have momenta in $\mathcal{R}$, distributed so that exactly $j_a$ quanta have momenta in each disjoint subset $\mathcal{R}_a \subseteq\mathcal{R}$. Again, there is no restriction on quanta lying outside of $\mathcal{R}$. The special case of $$\begin{aligned}
E^{(j)}_{\mathcal{R}} \ &\equiv\ : \frac{1}{j!}\big(N_{\mathcal{R}}\big)^{j}\, {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}} : \end{aligned}$$ projects onto exactly $j$ particles in $\mathcal{R}$ and resembles the operator form of the photon counting distribution in quantum optics (see e.g. Ref. [@Klauder]).
To illustrate Eq. (\[eq:jpsipo\]), we might consider the simple case where one quantum has momentum in the range $\mathbf{k} \to \mathbf{k}+{\mathrm{d}}^3 \mathbf{k}$ and there are no other quanta anywhere, i.e. $\mathcal{R} = \mathbb{R}^3$. In this case, the projection operator is $$\begin{aligned}
E^{(1)}_{\mathcal{R}_1 \subset \mathbb{R}^3} \ &=\ : N_{\mathcal{R}_1} {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathbb{R}^3}}: \nonumber\\ & =\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3 {\mathbf{k}}}{(2\pi)^3 2E} : a^\dag({\mathbf{k}}) a({\mathbf{k}}) \ket{0} \bra{0} : \nonumber\\ &= \ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3 {\mathbf{k}}}{(2\pi)^3 2E} \ket{{\mathbf{k}}} \bra{{\mathbf{k}}}~.\end{aligned}$$ With $j_a=1$ $\forall$ $a$, Eq. (\[eq:jpsipo\]) could be employed in situations where the observable final state has the form of $n$ particles with given momenta $\mathbf{k}_a \to \mathbf{k}_a+{\mathrm{d}}^3 \mathbf{k}_a$, accompanied by any number of undetectable particles below a given energy and/or transverse momentum threshold.
Since these projection operators share a common eigenbasis — the Fock basis — they mutually commute and can be combined straightforwardly. For example, $E^{(j)}_{\mathcal{R}_1} E^{(k)}_{\mathcal{R}_2}$ projects onto states with exactly $j$ quanta in $\mathcal{R}_1$ *and* exactly $k$ quanta in $\mathcal{R}_2$, regardless of whether $\mathcal{R}_1$ and $\mathcal{R}_2$ are disjoint.
We may now construct a projection operator ${\mathrm{d}}E_{\mathcal{R},v_n}(V)$ for an $n$-particle final state satisfying a constraint of the form $V \leq v_n(\mathbf{k}_1,\ldots,\mathbf{k}_n) \leq V+{\mathrm{d}}V$, which is symmetric under interchange of any two momenta, and inclusive of particles outside region $\mathcal{R}$. In the low-density regime in which Fock state occupation numbers rarely exceed unity, this is $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{{\mathrm{d}}E_{\mathcal{R},v_n}}{{\mathrm{d}}V}\ &= \ \Bigg[\prod_{i\,=\,1}^n \int_{\mathcal{R}} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3\mathbf{k}_i}{(2\pi)^3 2E_i} \Bigg] \frac{1}{n!}\,\delta(v_n(\{\mathbf{k}_i\})-V)\nonumber\\&\qquad\qquad \times\: :\Bigg[\prod_{i\,=\,1}^n a^\dag(\mathbf{k}_i)a(\mathbf{k}_i) \Bigg] {\mathrm{e}}^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}} :~.\end{aligned}$$ Where a single choice of particle number $n$ is not appropriate, we may bring the particle number into the constraint function $v\big( \{\mathbf{k}_i\};n \big) = v_n(\mathbf{k}_1,\ldots,\mathbf{k}_n)\;\forall\;n$, and define $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{{\mathrm{d}}E_{\mathcal{R},v}}{{\mathrm{d}}V} \ =\ \sum_n \frac{{\mathrm{d}}E_{\mathcal{R},v_n}}{{\mathrm{d}}V}~.\end{aligned}$$
Projection operators in Fock space:\
fermionic case
====================================
The projection operators for fermions are analogous to the bosonic case. We may regard the sum over $\lambda$ in Eq. to be inclusive of particle ($b_s^{\dag}({\mathbf{k}})b_s({\mathbf{k}})$), anti-particle ($d_s^{\dag}({\mathbf{k}})d_s({\mathbf{k}})$) and spin states (indexed by $s$), i.e. $N_{\mathcal{R}} \to N_{\mathcal{R}}+\bar{N}_{\bar{\mathcal{R}}}$, where
$$\begin{aligned}
N_{\mathcal{R}}\ =\ \sum_s \int_{\mathcal{R}} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3\mathbf{k}}{(2\pi)^3 2E}\;b_s^\dag({\mathbf{k}})b_s(\mathbf{k})~,\\
\bar{N}_{\bar{\mathcal{R}}}\ =\ \sum_s \int_{\bar{\mathcal{R}}} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3\mathbf{k}}{(2\pi)^3 2E}\; d_s^\dag({\mathbf{k}})d_s(\mathbf{k})~.\end{aligned}$$
As was true of the polarization sum, the regions $\mathcal{R}$ and $\bar{\mathcal{R}}$ need not be common to all spin projections, i.e. $\mathcal{R}\to\mathcal{R}_s$ and $\bar{\mathcal{R}}\to\bar{\mathcal{R}}_s$. The anti-commutativity of the fermion creation and annihilation operators is accounted for in the definition of normal ordering:
$$\begin{aligned}
:b_s^{\dag}(\mathbf{k})b_s(\mathbf{k}):\ =\ +\:b^{\dag}_s(\mathbf{k})b_s(\mathbf{k})~,\\
:b_s(\mathbf{k})b_s^{\dag}(\mathbf{k}):\ =\ -\:b^{\dag}_s(\mathbf{k})b_s(\mathbf{k})~,\end{aligned}$$
with analogous expressions holding for the anti-fermion operators $d^{\dag}_s({\mathbf{k}})$ and $d_s({\mathbf{k}})$.
For a general product of $j$ operators, we find $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:fermionprod}
&:\prod_{a\,=\,1}^{j}b^{\dag}_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a)b_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a):\nonumber\\&\qquad\qquad =\ (-1)^{j(j-1)/2} \prod_{a\,=\,1}^jb^{\dag}_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a)\prod_{b\,=\,1}^jb_{s_b}(\mathbf{k}_b)~.\end{aligned}$$ The normal ordering has given rise to an overall factor of $(-1)^{j(j-1)/2}$. However, after acting on a given state with the annihilation operators, the order of the creation operators is reversed relative to the original state. Using anti-commutation to recover the original order, we pick up an additional factor of $(-1)^{j(j-1)/2}$, with the result that there is no overall sign relative to the bosonic case. We can account for this directly at the level of Eq. by re-ordering the creation operators, picking up the same additional factor of $(-1)^{j(j-1)/2}$: $$:\prod_{a\,=\,1}^{j}b^{\dag}_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a)b_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a):\ =\ \prod_{a\,=\,j}^1b^{\dag}_{s_a}(\mathbf{k}_a)\prod_{b\,=\,1}^jb_{s_b}(\mathbf{k}_b)~.$$ The behaviour of the normal-ordered products of fermion number operators is therefore identical to that of the normal-ordered boson number operators described previously. This can also be understood by virtue of the fact that fermionic number operators are *commutative* not anti-commutative.
As an example, the operator projecting onto the subspace of states in which there are exactly $j$ fermions (of any spin) and zero anti-fermions in $\mathcal{R}$ is $$\begin{aligned}
E^{(j,0)}_{\mathcal{R}}\ &\equiv\ :\frac{1}{j!}(N_{\mathcal{R}})^je^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}-\bar{N}_{\mathcal{R}}}:\nonumber\\& =\;:\frac{1}{j!}(N_{\mathcal{R}})^je^{-N_{\mathcal{R}}}:\otimes:e^{-\bar{N}_{\mathcal{R}}}:~.\end{aligned}$$
In all cases, the projection operators of a given degree of freedom are built from the corresponding number operator. The results presented here may therefore be generalized readily to include additional gauge structure, multiple flavours or higher-spin representations, simply by accounting for summations over the additional quantum numbers. Since the number operators of different degrees of freedom mutually commute — for fermions as well as bosons — their projection operators may be combined straightforwardly by tensor multiplication. One can then imagine constructing semi-inclusive projection operators able to deal with final states of any content and complexity by combining those of different species across various disjoint and/or overlapping regions of momentum space.
Conclusions
===========
These projection operators have the interesting property that unobserved quanta never appear in the calculation. This may have a significant impact upon the way in which we deal with infra-red divergences in gauge theories. In order to take advantage of this property, we must compute probabilities *directly*, bypassing amplitude-level calculations altogether. Were we to revert to the latter, we would need to break the projection operators apart again, reintroducing the explicit sums over unobserved emissions that we intend to avoid. It remains to develop technology that makes tractable the explicit calculation of these probabilities, perhaps building on the results of Ref. [@Dickinson:2016oiy] and the earlier ideas of Ref. [@Dickinson:2013lsa] by exploiting the connection to the path-integral approach of the in-in (or closed-time-path) formalism.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
The work of PM is supported by STFC Grant No.\
ST/L000393/1 and a Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership Award.
Proofs of results quoted in the main text
=========================================
It is useful to be able to compute the eigenvalues of normal-ordered products of number operators. The eigenvalue equations themselves have identical forms for bosonic and fermionic number operators, and we will suppress all but the momentum dependence of states for conciseness. The first non-trivial example is $$\label{eq:N2}
: N_{\mathcal{R}_1}N_{\mathcal{R}_2} : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} =\;(n_1 n_2-n_{12})\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}\,,\\$$ where $n_i$ counts the number of quanta lying in $\mathcal{R}_i$ and $n_{12}$ counts the number of quanta lying in the overlapping region $\mathcal{R}_1 \cap \mathcal{R}_2$. Similarly, $$\begin{aligned}
&: N_{\mathcal{R}_1}N_{\mathcal{R}_2}N_{\mathcal{R}_3} : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \;=\;(n_1 n_2 n_3- n_{12} n_3\nonumber\\&\qquad -n_{13} n_2-n_{23} n_1+2 n_{123})\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}\,.\end{aligned}$$ These are the simplest examples of the more general formula: $$\begin{aligned}
& : N_{\mathcal{R}_1}N_{\mathcal{R}_2} \ldots N_{\mathcal{R}_p} : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\&\qquad=
\Bigg{[}\prod_{r\,=\,1}^{p} n_r \Bigg{]} \Bigg{[} 1 \nonumber\\&\qquad \qquad +\: \;\sum_{i < j} \frac{(-1)n_{ij}}{n_in_j} \nonumber\displaybreak \\ &\qquad\qquad + \: \!\sum_{i < j < k} \frac{(-1)(-2)n_{ijk}}{n_in_jn_k} \nonumber\\ & \qquad\qquad +\: \sum_{i < j < k<l} \!\!\!\frac{(-1)(-2)(-3)n_{ijkl}}{n_in_jn_kn_l} +\ldots \nonumber \\ &
\qquad\qquad +\: \!\!\!\!\!\sum_{i < j, i<k< l} \!\!\!\frac{(-1)n_{ij}(-1)n_{kl}}{n_in_jn_kn_l} \nonumber\\ & \qquad\qquad +\: \!\!\!\!\sum_{i < j, k < l<m} \!\!\!\frac{(-1)(-2)n_{ijk}(-1)n_{lm}}{n_in_jn_kn_ln_m} \:+\: \ldots \nonumber \\ &\qquad\qquad
+\: \frac{(-1)^{p-1} (p-1)! n_{12\ldots p}}{n_1n_2\ldots n_p}
\Bigg]
\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}\,,
\label{eq:partitionseval}\end{aligned}$$ in which a sum is listed for every integer partition of $p$.
The eigenvalue of this normal-ordered product of number operators counts the total number of ways to select $p$ quanta from the set specified by the state $\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}$ such that one quantum is in each of the regions $\mathcal{R}_i$. If the regions are nested, such that $\mathcal{R}_1 \subseteq \mathcal{R}_2 \subseteq \ldots$, Eq. reduces to $$:\prod_{i\,=\,1}^p (N_{\mathcal{R}_i}) : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} = \Bigg[\prod_{i\,=\,1}^p \big(n_i-(i\!-\!1)\big)\Bigg]\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}\,,
\label{eq:nestedns}$$ and, if all the $\mathcal{R}_i$ are identical, this becomes $$:(N_{\mathcal{R}})^p : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} = \begin{cases} \dfrac{n!}{(n-p)!} \,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}&\text{if}\ n\geq p~, \\
0 &\text{otherwise~.} \end{cases}
\label{eq:identicalns}$$
We now consider more than one sequence of nested regions in the case that the regions in different sequences are disjoint. If we have $j_1$ copies of region $\mathcal{R}_1$, $j_2$ copies of region $\mathcal{R}_2$ and so on, with $\mathcal{R}_i \cap \mathcal{R}_j = \emptyset\;\;\forall\; i\neq j$, then $$\begin{aligned}
&:\prod_{a} (N_{\mathcal{R}_a})^{j_a}: \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\ &\qquad =\ \begin{cases} \displaystyle \Bigg[\prod_{a} \frac{n_a!}{(n_a-j_a)!}\Bigg]\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}&\text{ if }n_a\geq j_a \ \forall\ a~, \\
0 &\text{ otherwise~.} \end{cases}
\label{eq:bunchedns}\end{aligned}$$ The product form of the eigenvalues is a consequence of the fact that the operator factorizes into mutually commuting operators of the form given in Eq. (\[eq:identicalns\]).
Now we consider a set of disjoint regions within a superset. Let us augment the case of the previous paragraph with $k$ copies of a region $\mathcal{R} \supset \mathcal{R}_i$. After selecting $j_a$ particles from each disjoint region $\mathcal{R}_a$, the number of particles remaining in $\mathcal{R}$ is $n_x \equiv n-\sum_a j_a$. The number of ways of selecting these $k$ particles is then $n_x!/(n_x-k)!$, and $$\begin{aligned}
&:\Bigg[\prod_{a} (N_{\mathcal{R}_a})^{j_a}\Bigg](N_{\mathcal{R}})^{k}: \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\& = \begin{cases} \displaystyle \frac{n_x!}{(n_x - k)!}\Bigg[\prod_{a} \frac{n_a!}{(n_a-j_a)!}\Bigg]\!\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}&\begin{array}{l}\hspace{-0.9em}\text{if}\ n_a\geq j_a \ \forall\ a \\\hspace{-0.9em}\text{and}\ n_x\geq k~, \end{array} \\
0 &\ \ \hspace{-1em}\text{otherwise~.} \end{cases}
\label{eq:bunchedsupns}\end{aligned}$$ These results for the action of normal-ordered products of the number operator are the key to proving the results quoted in the main text.
Specifically, using Eq. (\[eq:identicalns\]), we can go ahead and prove Eq. (\[eq:sud0\]): $$\begin{aligned}
E_{\mathcal{R}}^{(0)}\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \ &=\
\sum_{p\,=\,0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^p \, n!}{p!(n-p)!} \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N}\nonumber\\
&\ =\ \lim_{x\,\rightarrow\, -1}(1+x)^{n}\, \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\
&\ =\ \begin{cases}
\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} &\text{if } n=0~, \\
0 & \text{otherwise~.}
\end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ A proof of Eq. (\[eq:jpsipo\]), using Eq. (\[eq:bunchedsupns\]) with $n_x \equiv n-\sum_a j_a$, runs as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
&E^{\{j_a\}}_{\{\mathcal{R}_a\subseteq \mathcal{R}\}}\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\ &=\ \sum_{k\,=\,0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} : \Bigg[\prod_a \frac{1}{j_a!}(N_{\mathcal{R}_a})^{j_a}\Bigg] (N_{\mathcal{R}})^k : \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\
&=\ \displaystyle\sum_{k\,=\,0}^{n_x} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \frac{n_x!}{(n_x-k)!}\Bigg[\prod_a \frac{n_a!}{j_a!(n_a-j_a)!}\Bigg] \ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \end{aligned}$$ provided $n_a\geq j_a \;\forall a$, and zero otherwise. The eigenvalue may be written $$\Bigg[\prod_a {n_a\choose j_a}\Bigg]\!\sum_{k\,=\,0}^{n_x} \!{n_x \choose k}(-1)^k = \Bigg[\prod_a {n_a\choose j_a}\Bigg] \!\lim_{x\,\rightarrow\, -1} (1+x)^{n_x} ~,$$ which vanishes unless $n_x=0$. Since $n \geq \sum_a n_a \geq \sum_a j_a = n-n_x$, this implies $n_a=j_a \;\forall \;a$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
&E^{\{j_a\}}_{\{\mathcal{R}_a\subseteq \mathcal{R}\}}\,\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} \nonumber\\&\ =\ \begin{cases}
\ket{\mathbf{k}_1\ldots\mathbf{k}_N} &\text{if } n_a = j_a \;\forall\; a \text{ and }n = \sum_a j_a~, \\
0 & \text{otherwise~.}
\end{cases}\end{aligned}$$
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| 2024-01-07T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1928 |
A Brief Look Back Down the Road
About This Guest Post
The IWMW event is 20 years old this year. But – clearly – the event for university web managers was reliant on the existence of the web (W3 as it was referred to in the early days). In this guest blog post George Munroe revisits the early days of the web.
A Brief Look Back Down the Road
About My Guest Post
I’ve known Brian Kelly for about 30 years. He is one of those guys with whom I feel instantly at home, with half a universe of common understanding and opinion born from living through the same eras and being excited or concerned by the same developments. We bump into each other at meetings, conferences, deliver the odd workshop together—but never go looking for each other in between, it just happens. So it was at Jisc’s Digifest this year. But of course Brian is not the sentimental old dozer than I am. No sooner had I put my arm round his shoulder with a “good to see you mate” than he was out with “oh, would you like to write a blog post for me”“but sure I only ever took a workshop activity at your IWMW meetings”“that doesn’t matter, you could mention how things have changed since the early 90s”“no problem Brian!”.
Putting Things in Perspective
So, what on earth can I share that would be of interest to readers today, in an age where we dip our heads into the fast flowing stream of passing multi-faceted mish mash of bumf, news and information gems, then lift it out gasping for relief from the intake and pay no heed to what else passes in the interim and that never gets a chance to impress on our consciousness because there just isn’t time and space! Hmm… maybe that’s the first thing to say, how email and lists used to be the real source of collaboration and sharing ideas, before the only spam we knew about was in a tin or on Monty Python, how Mailbase (Jiscmail’s predecessor) was revered and productively employed all over the world, how we could have spent an hour or more writing a post, knowing it would be read considerately and responded to with due attention. This social media of the day was focused, quite academic and the pre-runner to the best interactive blogs you’ll find anywhere today. Of course we did have the whole gamut of trivia and serious topics dealt with in the leviathan News that rolled through subscribing sites—but that was always seen as somewhat “recreational”.
Of course everything got a little more exciting with internet information services. I remember playing with what we would now call “intranets” essentially campus information systems (anyone remember CWIS). But as Europe gave way to TCP/IP and the internet started to look like the global network it was to become, the tantalising prospect of information systems that worked across very remote sites, began to form.
Early Internet Information Services
Alan Emtage, inventor of Archie
and co-founder of Bunyip Systems
Brewster Kahle, inventor of WAIS and champion
of many more Internet initiatives
The first and most basic was genius in its simplicity: Archie. All credit to Peter Deutsch and Alan Emtage from McGill University in Montreal. Lots of universities and other sites had anonymous ftp and a list of available files in different directories, so Peter and Alan just compiled a master list, built a trivial search facility around it and let people find what they were looking for in one place rather than having to visit every site. Hats off to you Peter and Alan, you went on to create one of the first true internet companies, Bunyip, above a Dunkin Donuts shop in downtown Montreal, and for years kept sending staff to IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) meetings contributing to discussions and development that are still guiding our online world.
Then came Brewster Kahle and his Wide Area Information System (WAIS) connecting rich databases across the internet. And for anyone who regards Al Gore as the father of the internet (rather than Vint Cerf) then it is only because Brewster was at his side advising on the potential and encouraging an admirably receptive mind to go forward. Brewster later installed mega storage discs in the Presidio in San Francisco when he developed Alexa, the information engine that Amazon later adopted to match customers to what they might like to buy. Today his “Wayback Machine” archives over 150 billion web pages that have appeared since 1996.
Along with WAIS came what we all thought would be the de facto standard, and it was for a while, Gopher. Plain text and a few images. That was multimedia enough to begin with, and the ease with which “pages” could be created and include “links” to different gopher “sites” globally really did set the scene for more hypertext systems.
At the 1992 Network Services conference in Pisa we heard how Cornell University were trying to provide a standard package of interfaces to internet resources, they called it “Bear Access”. We also had a presentation about Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) but everyone thought this was far too complicated to ever catch on! Not so Tim Berners-Lee and his supportive colleagues, principally Robert Cailliau, at CERN. They were already using a command line interface to something they called web sites made up of HTML pages, and had started to look at graphical versions on Next workstations.
Emergence of the World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of
the World Wide Web
Web page for the first WWW conference
held in 1994
Marc Andreessen and the first
ubiquitous graphical browser
Robert Cailliau, whose support for
Tim Berners-Lee made it all possible
At this time I had been persuaded to head up a TERENA task force to review what a “unifying” desktop computer interface to internet resources could be, and I had established the UNITE (User Network Interface To Everything) discussion list and prompted the interest of a global audience in having a say and dreaming about our ideal “screen to a universe of connected stuff”. We issued a position paper in November 1992, which read a bit like a blueprint for a web browser. In this group was a young, impatient and very talented programmer at Illinois by the name of Marc Andreessen who wanted to know why we just didn’t get on with it… he had already been shaping up something he called Mosaic on expensive Unix graphic workstations.
By the time the 1993 Network Services conference in Warsaw arrived the matter was just about settled. Yes, I gave a talk about UNITE and presented all our views on what the ideal interface was. Yes, we were told about other hypertext systems such as the Austrian Hyper-G and our own Wendy Hall’s Microcosm being developed at Southampton. But when George Brett, director of the Centre for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval (CNIDR) in the US sat Jill Foster and myself down in the lobby of the Europejski Hotel, with a “wait till you see this” as he pulled out his Mac notebook and fired up Marc’s Mosaic for Macintosh, showing off an early web site that Jim Croft of the Australian National University had compiled (it even included a sound file of a Kookaburra)—that was when I knew the world had just changed… irrevocably!
Mosaic went from strength to strength and Jim Clarke eventually took Marc to the west coast, changing the name of the company from Mosaic Communications Corporation to Netscape later in 1994 (a name we had used to label the next phase of the UNITE ideas in creating the infrastructure required to satisfy user needs identified via the desktop interface). And of course Netscape went on to represent the biggest initial public offering (IPO) in history.
But before that we had, what I had dubbed, the “Woodstock of the internet” in the Spring of 1994 at CERN—the very first World Wide Web conference. And what a party that was. Never had so many leading edge technologists, developers, engineers, game and virtual reality geeks and all other types of luminaries usually involved in changing the world, come together with such expectation. Robert Cailliau’s biggest fear at this first web conference was that the web would become a broadcast medium rather than interactive. And to some extent his fears were certainly valid. But who could deny that Tim Berners-Lee’s infectious enthusiasm stole the show, as it has done ever since.
Spreading the Word
I went on to set up a small company in Northern Ireland, in the spirit of Peter and Alan’s Bunyip, called UNITE Solutions. This was only after campaigning fruitlessly within my university that we should create a resource centre for the web and partner with business to develop it’s wealth of opportunities. I was unable to convince certain authorities that the web would become significant. And when I sought support from local economic development agencies outside the university, I was told my ideas didn’t fit into any existing categories and therefore they could do nothing!
In Europe there was a little more open mindedness and we participated in a large multinational Framework IV project, DESIRE, to develop information services in a number of community, educational and business scenarios. At the same time in Northern Ireland many were requesting UNITE’s services as they realised that something big was happening. My “demo” web projects at the university had attracted attention both locally from organisations such as Anthony McQuillan’s Conservation Volunteers, and as far away as the Washington Post (from whence a delegation appeared at the Vice Chancellor’s office one day to learn more about Michael McGrath’s Gaelic Football news site that had attracted a large US audience). In Geosciences we launched the first fully electronic peer reviewed international journal, Brian Whalley’s GGG (Glacial Geology and Geomorphology). We compiled instructional web pages from old 35mm slides of Orthopaedic Surgery scenarios in the BONE (Base for Orthopaedic Expertise) project. And of course we forged down some new inroads, such as getting local politicians to answer questions from the public online, or setting up a web camera in the Crown Bar in Belfast (a first) for expatriates all over the world to view and feel at home (the keyboard got so sticky that we eventually had to change the access password to use only a single key).
Commercialisation
Since those early innovative years I do feel that business has hijacked the internet. In terms of hardware CPU, RAM, storage and bandwidth, we have progressed at a rate that would have seemed incredible back then. But in terms of achieving what should be possible in terms of managing content, we have only scratched the surface. Tim has lamented that we haven’t yet embedded sufficient metadata in web pages to provide the semantics and convey universal context to everything. His remark that he should have called it the Giant Global Graph, GGG, instead of WWW, is so pertinent. I also view with nostalgia old web pages in that simple innocent “Times” font format with blue underlined links and the odd image awkwardly perched to one side. They raise the long ago thoughts that we really had found a common format for sharing information in all possible shapes and forms. It was about information engineering, not gloss and marketing… alas!
The Pioneering Spirit
However, more than the mild sadness of conceding that a certain amount of lag was inevitable in progressing the web towards our early visions, as the rest of the world on-boarded, I regard with more concern the relative indifference that many “web managers” exhibit compared to the zeal and fervour of early “webmasters”. The concept of a webmaster has changed over the years and evolved into a plethora of organisational roles and functions. Many of the early “web pioneers” will mostly remain nameless, not having clambered onto a social media stage that to them seems too self-promoting compared to the real work of pushing back the frontiers of global networking and related services, the sort of work that has made our current online world possible.
The substance of the workshop I led for Brian at IWMW in 2011 focused on the responsibilities of “institutional web managers” and how contemporary roles compared to the first webmasters. I was disappointed to find attitudes that insisted a web manager should be cautious and not “waste” time on new technologies (the example at the time was HTML5) until such technologies had been properly tried and tested by others! Today I am regularly flabbergasted at the genuine ignorance nursed by some web managers when it comes to matters of how the web actually works and what it can and should do for them. Some seem to even regard it as their duty to discard discussion about technology as it could conflict with their views of how a web site or application should work!
And Now—Service is Being Resumed, Brace Yourself
Am I disheartened… resoundingly “NO”. Behind today’s facade of online torrents of individual experience minutiae there’s still a wealth of first class blogs in the spirit of the old email lists, which actually still survive in many Jiscmail and other fora also, despite email being plagued by spam. But more than that, there are still real webmasters around too. Often they’re the jacks of all web trades and masters of many, perhaps a bit risk averse, feared by authorities, thinking they can change the world a little and just getting on with it. Tim Berners-Lee’s GGG is not dead, it’s growing every day; embedded metadata is becoming more of a standard; the World Wide Web Consortium that Tim created is bigger than ever and co-ordinates web related development globally with every bit as much clout as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has coordinated the underlying network protocols over the years. We have only dipped our toe in the possibilities unfolding, enabled by the web and all its derivatives. Progress is inevitable. The value of a real webmaster is higher than ever. The compunction for web managers to think things through properly has never been more, and the risk they must face is not embracing change but ignoring or missing it!
Biography
George Munroe first got interested in the internet when supporting researchers at Queens University Belfast 30 years ago. He has since served with many related organisations as a volunteer, managing director, advisor, instructor, developer and, of course, webmaster. He currently leads a small group of subject specialists in Jisc helping champion the appropriate use of technology and the web in UK Education. | 2023-12-25T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9146 |
Gunman kills nun, parishioner in Russian cathedral
Feb. 9, 2014
|
Breaking News / Tory Hargro, USA TODAY
by USA TODAY
by USA TODAY
MOSCOW (AP) - A man employed as a private security guard opened fire Sunday in a cathedral on Russia's Sakhalin Island in the Pacific, killing a nun and a parishioner and wounding six others, investigators said.
Law enforcement officers detained the 24-year-old man at the scene and were trying to determine why he had attacked the Russian Orthodox cathedral in the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the federal Investigative Committee said in a statement. The man worked for a private security firm in the city and was armed with a rifle. His name was not released.
Concerns about security in Russia are especially high because of the Winter Olympics in Sochi, but there was no apparent connection to the games. Sakhalin Island is about 7,500 kilometers (more than 4,500 miles) from Sochi.
The six parishioners who were wounded were hit in the legs and their lives were not in danger, state news agency RIA Novosti reported, citing the regional archbishop.
The gunman entered the cathedral shortly after a service had ended and began shooting at parishioners and religious icons on the wall, priest Viktor Gorbach said in a telephone interview with the LifeNews cable television channel.
He said not too many people were left in the cathedral and some managed to flee, but the nun and a male parishioner tried to stop the attacker and were killed. The priest said the man, who also destroyed a cross, expressed his hatred of the church.
In Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church honored the dead as heroes.
"Those who died today, they in any case died in the temple of God," Patriarch Kirill said after a service in a Kremlin cathedral, the Interfax news agency reported. "They tried to prevent that person from defiling our sacred place. They died as heroes, as soldiers on the front line."
Kirill said the attacker may be mentally ill or may have been influenced by those who speak ill of the church.
The Russian Orthodox Church has been criticized by those who oppose its resurgence and symbiosis with the Kremlin under President Vladimir Putin. | 2023-10-26T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7618 |
/*
* Create Author : xiaopeng.li
* Create Date : 2013-1-23
* Project : dianping-java-samples
* File Name : DemoApiToolTest.java
*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2015 by Shanghai HanTao Information Co., Ltd.
* All rights reserved.
*
*/
package com.dianping.open.samples;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import junit.framework.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* <p>
*
*
* @author : xiaopeng.li <p>
*
* @version 1.0 2013-1-23
*
* @since dianping-java-samples 1.0
*/
public class DemoApiToolTest
{
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DemoApiToolTest.class);
@Test
public void testRequestApi()
{
String apiUrl = "http://api.dianping.com/v1/business/find_businesses";
String appKey = "XXXXXXXX";
String secret = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
Map<String, String> paramMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
paramMap.put("city", "上海");
paramMap.put("latitude", "31.21524");
paramMap.put("longitude", "121.420033");
paramMap.put("category", "美食");
paramMap.put("region", "长宁区");
paramMap.put("limit", "20");
paramMap.put("radius", "2000");
paramMap.put("offset_type", "0");
paramMap.put("has_coupon", "1");
paramMap.put("has_deal", "1");
paramMap.put("keyword", "泰国菜");
paramMap.put("sort", "7");
paramMap.put("format", "json");
String requestResult = DemoApiTool.requestApi(apiUrl, appKey, secret, paramMap);
LOGGER.info(requestResult);
Assert.assertNotNull(requestResult);
}
@Test
public void testSign()
{
String appKey = "XXXXXXXX";
String secret = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
Map<String, String> paramMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
paramMap.put("city", "上海");
paramMap.put("latitude", "31.21524");
paramMap.put("longitude", "121.420033");
paramMap.put("category", "美食");
paramMap.put("region", "长宁区");
paramMap.put("limit", "20");
paramMap.put("radius", "2000");
paramMap.put("offset_type", "0");
paramMap.put("has_coupon", "1");
paramMap.put("has_deal", "1");
paramMap.put("keyword", "泰国菜");
paramMap.put("sort", "7");
paramMap.put("format", "json");
String sign = DemoApiTool.sign(appKey, secret, paramMap);
LOGGER.info(sign);
Assert.assertNotNull(sign);
}
}
| 2023-09-13T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3247 |
Risk factors for sleep-related hypoxia in primary school children.
Sleep-related hypoxia has adverse effects on cognition in children. Knowledge of factors contributing to sleep-related hypoxia is sparse. We aimed to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with mild (nadir arterial oxygen saturation 91-93%), moderate (nadir arterial oxygen saturation <or=90%), and recurrent (oxygen desaturation index > 3.9) sleep-related hypoxia in children. Parental questionnaires were distributed and overnight recordings of arterial oxygen saturation performed in a population-based cross-section of primary school children (n = 995). Associations were determined using unconditional logistic regression as well as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR), and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) calculated. Male sex, overweight (i.e., body mass index >or= 75th percentile), household smoking, symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, a current respiratory tract infection, and histories of asthma and respiratory allergy were all significantly associated with sleep-related hypoxia. In multiple regression analysis, (i) overweight (OR, 95% CI: 2.7, 1.7-4.3) and a history of respiratory allergy (1.7, 1.1-2.7) were independent risk factors for mild sleep-related hypoxia, (ii) overweight (3.2, 1.7-5.8), a history of respiratory allergy (2.4, 1.4-4.4), and household smoking >10 cigarettes/day (1.8, 1.1-2.8) were independent risk factors for moderate sleep-related hypoxia, and (iii) overweight (2.3, 1.04-5.3), a history of respiratory allergy (2.5, 1.2-5.1), and a current respiratory tract infection (4.4, 2.0-9.8), were independent risk factors for recurrent sleep-related hypoxia. Our data suggest that overweight, passive smoking, respiratory allergies, and acute lung disease may independently contribute to sleep-related hypoxia in children. | 2024-02-19T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3237 |
.class Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
# interfaces
.implements Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardViewDelegate;
# instance fields
.field private mCardBackground:Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;
.field final synthetic this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
# direct methods
.method constructor <init>(Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;)V
.locals 0
iput-object p1, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V
return-void
.end method
# virtual methods
.method public getCardBackground()Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;
.locals 1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->mCardBackground:Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;
return-object v0
.end method
.method public getCardView()Landroid/view/View;
.locals 1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
return-object v0
.end method
.method public getPreventCornerOverlap()Z
.locals 1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->getPreventCornerOverlap()Z
move-result v0
return v0
.end method
.method public getUseCompatPadding()Z
.locals 1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->getUseCompatPadding()Z
move-result v0
return v0
.end method
.method public setCardBackground(Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;)V
.locals 1
iput-object p1, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->mCardBackground:Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-virtual {v0, p1}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->setBackgroundDrawable(Landroid/graphics/drawable/Drawable;)V
return-void
.end method
.method public setMinWidthHeightInternal(II)V
.locals 1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget v0, v0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mUserSetMinWidth:I
if-le p1, v0, :cond_0
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-static {v0, p1}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->access$101(Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;I)V
:cond_0
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget v0, v0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mUserSetMinHeight:I
if-le p2, v0, :cond_1
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
invoke-static {v0, p2}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->access$201(Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;I)V
:cond_1
return-void
.end method
.method public setShadowPadding(IIII)V
.locals 5
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v0, v0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mShadowBounds:Landroid/graphics/Rect;
invoke-virtual {v0, p1, p2, p3, p4}, Landroid/graphics/Rect;->set(IIII)V
iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v1, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v1, v1, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mContentPadding:Landroid/graphics/Rect;
iget v1, v1, Landroid/graphics/Rect;->left:I
add-int/2addr v1, p1
iget-object v2, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v2, v2, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mContentPadding:Landroid/graphics/Rect;
iget v2, v2, Landroid/graphics/Rect;->top:I
add-int/2addr v2, p2
iget-object v3, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v3, v3, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mContentPadding:Landroid/graphics/Rect;
iget v3, v3, Landroid/graphics/Rect;->right:I
add-int/2addr v3, p3
iget-object v4, p0, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView$1;->this$0:Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;
iget-object v4, v4, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->mContentPadding:Landroid/graphics/Rect;
iget v4, v4, Landroid/graphics/Rect;->bottom:I
add-int/2addr v4, p4
invoke-static {v0, v1, v2, v3, v4}, Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;->access$001(Landroid/support/v7/widget/CardView;IIII)V
return-void
.end method
| 2024-04-04T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2422 |
extern int otb_6s_hrv_(
otb_6s_integer *iwa
);
| 2024-03-06T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1219 |
Contemporary Lampshades
The drum lamp shade shown on this antique candelabra lamp is about 60 years old yet
it is called a contemporary style.
Customers often request these and generally refers to styles currently in vogue and often seen in recent design magazines and
other current home lighting publications and advertisements.
Definition: Marked by characteristics of the present period,
immediately relevant to the present, a certain perspective of the modern time
period
Ironically, most contemporary lamp shades have their origin many
decades ago. The most popular ones today are
the drum and shallow drum, both which originated in the
early 1900's. Are they contemporary, retro or vintage styles ? The answer is
yes, yes and yes.
So the question remains as to which shade styles are not contemporary ? The
answer is very few because of the popular
eclectic style of decorating which incorporates various cultures, periods, methods, composed of elements drawn from various sources.
There are numerous sub categories of contemporary lamp shades which I may
address in a future article. These include, Funky, Industrial and other
specialty styles that are growing in popularity. | 2023-12-12T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9925 |
/*
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2013 Clover Studio Ltd. All rights reserved.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
*/
#import "HUBaseViewController.h"
#import "Models.h"
@protocol HUImageUploadViewConrollerDelegate;
@interface HUImageUploadViewController : HUBaseViewController
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIImage *image;
@property (nonatomic, strong) ModelGroup *targetGroup;
@property (nonatomic, strong) ModelUser *targetUser;
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^onUploadBlock)(HUImageUploadViewController *viewController);
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<HUImageUploadViewConrollerDelegate> delegate;
@end
@interface HUImageUploadViewController (Factory)
+(HUImageUploadViewController *) wallUploadViewControllerWithImage:(UIImage *)image;
+(HUImageUploadViewController *) userAvatarUploadViewControllerWithImage:(UIImage *)image;
+(HUImageUploadViewController *) groupAvatarUploadViewControllerWithImage:(UIImage *)image;
@end
@protocol HUImageUploadViewConrollerDelegate <NSObject>
- (void) imageUploadViewController:(HUImageUploadViewController *)viewController
didUpdateObject:(id)object;
@end | 2023-10-27T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/1929 |
1 of 6 View Caption
President Donald Trump talks with House Speaker Paul Ryan of Wis., in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, Thursday, President Donald Trump, accompanied by GOP House members, speaks in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, Thursday, Ma Ivanka Trump, daughter and assistant to President Donald Trump, andher husband White House senior adviser Jared Kushner board Air President Donald Trump boards Air Force One before his departure from Andrews Air Force Base, Md. Thursday, May 4, 2017. Trump is Cindy Fandhu, front right, holds her 18-month-old daughter, Jocelyn, as they wave to supporters during a protest outside the offic President Donald Trump talks with House Speaker Paul Ryan of Wis. in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, Thursday, M | 2024-07-14T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6827 |
A long talk about complicated feelings
In lesbian films, as in lesbian life, there are a lot of feelings to be discussed. The preferred locale is a coffee shop (not as loud as a bar) but the deep and meaningfuls can also take place in the bath, on long walks or on the sofa – as here, with Annette Bening and Julianne Moore in The Kids Are All Right
The pensive walk in a dark forest
Women love nature, particularly forests, and particularly forests in which they can walk dramatically and talk about their feelings, or maybe steal a forbidden kiss in a leafy enclave (not a euphemism) - like this one in My Summer of Love
The long, chatty bath for two
In the male gay movie, you have the long shower scene. If there is exposition needed in the lesbian movie, then expect a scene in which two women get into the bath, scrub down and talk about their feelings - like Elizabeth Taylor and Mia Farrow in Secret Ceremony
The spontaneous outdoor swim
Alternatively, you can combine woodland and water by leaping recklessly into an open-air pool and splashing around a bit. Emily Blunt and Nathalie Press did it arthouse style in My Summer of Love; Neve Campbell and Denise Richards did it non-arthouse style in Wild Things
The tragic, high-concept death
Not all gay films end in the girl getting the girl at some giant fantasy Center Parks cafe (coffee, forests, baths, swimming). Sometimes being gay is hard, and there are doomy, don’t-watch-on-a-Sunday films to reflect this, such as Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art
Bottomless hate turning to uncontainable lust
Trashcore classic Showgirls is the epitome of this trope, in which two headstrong opposites (played by Gina Gershon and Elizabeth Berkley) realise that their passionate loathing of one another is actually a front for strong gay feelings
Sudden-onset homosexuality
This well-worn plot device involves a previously heterosexual woman having a surprising revelation that she is attracted to the gay-leaning free spirit who has suddenly entered her life. It's mostly limited to the alt romcom with aspirations towards quirk - like Kissing Jessica Stein
A cameo by Chloë Sevigny/Piper Perabo/Clea DuVall
If any of the above women is in the cast, there is likely to be some talk about feelings. After Boys Don’t Cry, Chloë Sevigny straddled a motorbike in If These Walls Could Talk 2; and in 90s teen alien film The Faculty, Clea DuVall even plays a character pretending to be a lesbian
A discerningly indie/retro soundtrack
Kissing Jessica Stein went for the Woody Allen jazz feel. Grungey 90s riot grrrl romance All Over Me featured Sleater-Kinney and Babes in Toyland. More recently, Lisa Cholodenko’s The Kids Are Alright had a very Pitchfork-friendly roster, then named a character after Joni Mitchell
Generally not being very good
There are plenty of decent films with gay content – but if there is a possibility of two female characters getting off with each other, lesbians will also watch any old rubbish - even if the dialogue is as bad as season six of The L Word.
Following our roundup of the top 10 gay-movie cliches earlier this week, Rebecca Nicholson reveals the top lesbian tropes – including high-concept deaths, sudden-onset homosexuality and spontaneous skinny-dipping | 2024-07-22T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/8853 |
NBA’s Silver quells mob; Sterling still Sterling
NBA commissioner bans, fines Clippers owner Donald Sterling, promises to force him to sell. But what has Sterling to lose by fighting a league that has abandoned him?
For a rookie, he seized the moment boldly. Then again, what choice did Adam Silver have — defend the indefensible?
The recorded racial beliefs of Clippers owner Donald Sterling, whe admitted to Silver were his, were so offensive on so many levels that new commissioner Adam Silver had to unload his full ordnance Tuesday in order to stave off a player revolt, even if the act of recording and disclosing a private conversation without Sterling’s permission apparently broke California law.
Some say Silver was thrown into a difficult situation. Certainly, the moment was awkward — coming in the middle of compelling playoffs and compromising a team in it — and the subject mortifying for a league that has had a leading reputation for equal opportunity in sports.
But how difficult emotionally could it be to blow up Sterling, a guy who gives dirtbags a bad name?
Silver’s decision to ban Sterling for life and fine him the NBA-maximum $2.5 million was basic. The decision to set in motion throwing him out of the club is more problematic, but nevertheless a step that needed to be done to avert a boycott.
Think about it: On what other topic beyond, say, the fact that sunshine is nice, have owners and players voluntarily reached agreement? Once Silver heard the admission from Sterling that the voice on the recording was his . . . game over. For the moment.
At a packed press conference in New York City, Silver spoke forcefully:
“The central findings of the investigation are that the man whose voice is heard on the recording, and on a second recording from the same conversation — that was released on Sunday — is Mr. Sterling, and that the hateful opinions voiced by that man are those of Mr. Sterling.
“Accordingly, effective immediately, I am banning Mr. Sterling for life, from any association with the Clippers organization or the NBA. Mr. Sterling may not attend any NBA games or practices, he may not be present at any Clippers facility, and he may not participate in any business or player personnel decisions involving the team.”
Regarding the less defined punishment of ousting Sterling as owner, believed to be an unprecedented action in the modern NBA that didn’t involving gambling or financial insolvency, Silver was adamant that he would get the necessary three-quarters vote from his bosses, the owners.
“I fully expect to get the support I need to remove him,” Silver said.
But if Sterling, notoriously litigious in his real estate dealings, decides to fight the action, the NBA could be in for a headache. Besides acting on information that came from an illegal act, a lawyer could probably argue that the league had long been aware of Sterling’s views. And given all the stories already known and others being disclosed, the lawyer is probably right.
Silver attempted to thwart that notion. Answering media questions, he was asked if the decision was based partly on Sterling’s notorious “body of work.”
“In meting out this punishment we did not take into account his past behavior,” he said. “When the board ultimately considers his overall fitness to be an owner in the NBA, they will take into account a lifetime of behavior.”
That’s where it might be tricky — and a mortal embarrassment for Silver’s predecessor, David Stern, who knows everything on the record about Sterling’s previous misdeeds, and probably considerably more.
A vengeful Sterling might want to take to court his one-time protector and ask him under oath, “If I’m being punished for free speech, why was I not punished for actions that you knew to be discriminatory and against the league’s best interests?”
Relatively easy as it was for Silver to destroy Sterling’s Death Star, the villain survives. He might go quietly. He never has before. Nor, according to reporting done on his real-estate business, has he ever sold any of his acquisitions of significant value.
By his actions, Silver held off a threatened player boycott and, for the moment, capped a volcano. But the urgency for action, driven by emotions of the mob, has left Sterling with options. Why? Because he has nothing left to lose. Bigots are used to the world being against them.
YourThoughts
Lawsuit is a given, but kudos to Silver for an impressive pre-emptive strike. Now let’s see how good the NBA lawyers are.
art thiel
I don’t know if a sports league has come across a mad-as-hell 80-year-old billionaire with nothing to lose.
maoling
Even though he doesn’t make the late Marge Schott look any more cuddly, I think he’s beaten her to the top of the Cracker Barrel
art thiel
It’s a high standard you set.
It was good Marge got out before social media.
Jamo57
Yes, the Stern legacy was certainly an unspoken undercurrent to today’s proceedings. Stern enabled this guy for decades and has been such an ‘inspiration’ for those frackers from OKC.
On the one hand I think we would all like to see Sterling slither off into the night and go away, but on the other hand his testimony about being a welcome partner in the league for decades in a trial would be like a car wreck with us unable to take our eyes off it.
art thiel
I’m sure the possibility has crossed the minds of NBA lawyers. But they had to play protest-free games tonight.
Try this on. NBA buys out Sterling. Clippers are disbanded. Players are put in a dispersal draft. NBA expands by one. Expansion fee is used to reimburse the NBA for the Clippers purchase price and the rest is history!
art thiel
Not a fit, Sam. NBA wants two teams in LA. Both are successful.
Gary
Still dreaming up scenarios where the NBA returns…………Really! This scum bag has been a part of the good old boy club of NBA owners for years, elected in and tolerated. Do you think he is the only one with similar views? These guys keep showing their slimy underbellies, as Art so accurately calls it, to everyone and everyone wants them back?
art thiel
I wouldn’t paint all the owners with the shame brush as Sterling, although many have business skeletons in the closet.
jafabian
I’m a bit surprised at this. I’m sure a lot went on behind the scenes that the public doesn’t know about to reach this decision. Wish we were privvy to it. As much as I’d love to see the Clippers come here and get former Sooner Blake Griffin to wear a jersey that says Seattle that just won’t happen. Even Chris Hansen knows that won’t happen. If the Clippers can weather 25 years of bad basketball and never even entertain moving to another market then they’re fine.
I’m wondering if Sterling reduces his stake in the team, becomes a minority owner, will that satisfy the league? It’d be less of a headache for all parties involved if that happens.
art thiel
The union wants to cut all ties, and in this case, they have a strong hand. The NBA lawyers are very good at bullying, so Sterling will have himself a match.
Kim
This will be interesting. After watching Stern operate, & taking into account Silver was hand pick by him, I find it hard to believe that all the pieces aren’t in place. Stern never seemed to bluff, he seemed to always have the deck stacked exactly as he wanted it before he got in front of a mic. That & the third day stories about Sterns past in this make it hard for me to believe he is not still lurking in the background wielding his considerable influence to bring this mess to a quick & quite end.
art thiel
I don’t think Stern had much hand in the decision, because Sterling was someone he protected. This is clean-up only a successor could do.
Ray
Glad you all joined the totalitarian heard! You might ask yourself what did I ever say or do that could not be seen in public? If I understand correctly UCLA return 3 million he gave them for kidney research. I guess Art never considered that some may have needed that help or that we do not live in utopia. I am glad to see free speech dead. Hope the journalist Art is to?
poulsbogary
He will repent in public. He will make the necessary donations to the usual charities. And he will be welcomed back inot the fold. That’s how these things work. America loves a comeback story.
HOWEVER. If he is booted and then there is a trial, weasel Stern will take the witness stand. Must see for all Sonic fans. But he will take the 5th.
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Q:
Get the time from XML using AS3
I have an XML file of various auction items that will display based on the time. I want to use AS3 to getUTCDate based on the hour set in the field of the XML file and then display the appropriate XML node. I'm pretty much intermediate with AS3+XML so I could use some help. I've got everything setup but something isn't quite right.
AS3 Code:
import flash.net.URLRequest;
import flash.net.URLLoader;
import flash.events.Event;
import flash.text.TextFormat;
var xmlData:XML = new XML();
var theURL_ur:URLRequest = new URLRequest("sample_auction.xml");
var loader_ul:URLLoader = new URLLoader(theURL_ur);
loader_ul.addEventListener("complete", fileLoaded);
var my_date:Date = new Date();
var currentHour:Number = my_date.getUTCHours() + (my_date.getUTCMinutes() / 60);
trace(currentHour);
function fileLoaded(e:Event):void
{
xmlData = XML(loader_ul.data);
for(var i:uint = 0; i < xmlData.auction.length(); i++)
{
if(xmlData.auction[i].time < currentHour)
{
auctionName_txt.text = xmlData.auction[i].title;
auctionDesc_txt.text = xmlData.auction[i].description;
}
}
}
do I need to declare the various times from xml such as doing a var on each time or something? how can I get it so the AS3 knows that the time node is an actual time? Here is some sample XML code. (also I'm not calling the image yet I'm just trying to get this thing to read the appropriate nodes first.) It's not throwing a complier error but it's also not sure what to do yet.
The XML Code:
<auctionlist>
<auction>
<time>6:00</time>
<title>Example Auction 1</title>
<description>Placeholder Text blah blah.</description>
<image>sampleimage1.jpg</image>
</auction>
<auction>
<time>7:00</time>
<title>Example Auction 2</title>
<description>Placeholder text blbalblbladflknsdf</description>
<image>imagepath11.jpg</image>
</auction>
<auction>
<time>8:00</time>
<title>Sample Auction 3</title>
<description>Placeholder text asflkamdflkmasdfm</description>
<image>imagepath12.jpg</image>
</auction>
<auction>
<time>9:00</time>
<title>Sample Auction 4</title>
<description>Placeholder text blabjadsflkm afdlkmasf afmlksf mmasdflkm</description>
<image>imagepath12.jpg</image>
</auction>
any help would be greatly appreciated.
Ok based on the comments below, I now have this:
import flash.net.URLRequest;
import flash.net.URLLoader;
import flash.events.Event;
import flash.text.TextFormat;
flash.system.Security.allowDomain('*');
var xmlData:XML = new XML();
var theURL_ur:URLRequest = new URLRequest("sample_auction.xml");
var loader_ul:URLLoader = new URLLoader(theURL_ur);
loader_ul.addEventListener("complete", fileLoaded);
var my_date:Date = new Date();
var currentHour:Number = my_date.getUTCHours() + (my_date.getUTCMinutes() / 60);
trace(currentHour);
function fileLoaded(e:Event):void
{
xmlData = XML(loader_ul.data);
for(var i:uint = 0; i < xmlData.auction.length(); i++)
{
var started:XMLList = xmlData.auction.(parseTime(time) >= currentHour);
for each (var item:XML in started)
{
auctionName_txt.text = xmlData.auction[i].title;
auctionDesc_txt.text = xmlData.auction[i].description;
}
}
}
function parseTime(time:String):Number {
var hour:int = time.split(":")[0];
var minute:int = time.split(":")[1];
return hour + minute / 60;
}
This returns the last node no matter what time I set my clock to. I can tell this is close but it seems to not restrict to the node time but just loop through to the end.
UPDATED
Ok here is latest code - now produces no data but throws no compiler errors. Doesn't matter what the clock is adjusted to:
import flash.net.URLRequest;
import flash.net.URLLoader;
import flash.events.Event;
import flash.text.TextFormat;
flash.system.Security.allowDomain('*');
var xmlData:XML = new XML();
var theURL_ur:URLRequest = new URLRequest("sample_auction.xml");
var loader_ul:URLLoader = new URLLoader(theURL_ur);
loader_ul.addEventListener("complete", fileLoaded);
var my_date:Date = new Date();
var currentHour:String = my_date.getUTCHours() +":" + my_date.getUTCMinutes();
trace(currentHour);
function fileLoaded(e:Event):void
{
xmlData = new XML(loader_ul.data);
var started:XMLList = xmlData.auction.(parseTime(time) < currentHour);
for each (var item:XML in started)
{
auctionName_txt.text = item.title;
auctionDesc_txt.text = item.description;
}
}
function parseTime(time:String):Number {
var hour:int = time.split(":")[0];
var minute:int = time.split(":")[1];
return hour + minute / 60;
}
A:
var my_date:Date = new Date();
var currentHour:String = my_date.getUTCHours() +":" + my_date.getUTCMinutes();
— You will get UTC time in HH:MM format.
trace(xml.auction.(time == currentHour))
Will trace node, which has "time" tag value == currentHour
But in your case we are comparing time.
Make sure you parse xml time value and cast it to Number right way.
Your fileLoaded function should look like this:
function fileLoaded(e:Event):void
{
xmlData = new XML(loader_ul.data);
var started:XMLList = xmlData.auction.(parseTime(time) < currentHour);
for each (var item:XML in started)
{
auctionName_txt.text = item.title;
auctionDesc_txt.text = item.description;
}
}
Also define parseTime function, if your XML time is UTC:
function parseTime(time:String):Number {
var hour:int = time.split(":")[0];
var minute:int = time.split(":")[1];
return hour + minute / 60;
}
or if your XML time is your local time:
function parseTime(time:String):Number {
var hour:int = time.split(":")[0];
var minute:int = time.split(":")[1];
var date:Date = new Date();
date.setHours(hour);
date.setMinutes(minute);
return date.getUTCHours() + date.getUTCMinutes() / 60
}
| 2023-08-17T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9538 |
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Information from sources other than the Listing Agent may have been
included in the MLS data. Unless otherwise specified in writing, Broker/Agent has not and will not verify any information obtained from other sources. The Broker/Agent providing the information
contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.
Buying and Selling Multifamily, Duplex, Triplex, and Fourplex Properties in Los Angeles City
Los Angeles is located in Los Angeles County and is a great place to buy or sell multifamily, duplex, triplex, fourplex and larger commercial apartment properties. Its job industry, conveniences, and attractions make this a great place to live and there is a good market available to buy multifamily rental properties such as duplexes, triplexes, and fourplexes. These properties can bring in great income and can be sold quickly if you need to move your investments around. There is rent control, unless the building falls under one of the exceptions, which are listed under the definition of "Rental Unit" in LAMC 151.02.
Los Angeles’s population was 3,857,799 as of 2012, which makes it the most populous city in California. The estimated median household income in 2011 was $46,148 (it was $36,687 in 2000). This is lower than the California median which was $57,287 in 2011. Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research and has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index. The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions, video games, and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production. The biggest employers in the city are: the County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Unified School District, University of California, Los Angeles, Kaiser Permanente, Northrop Grumman Corp., University of Southern California, Target Corp., Kroger Co., and many others who employ thousands of employees.
The city also enjoys having a large variety of conveniences. It hosts the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro), which provides public transportation throughout the city and county. There are 21 hospital in LA including, Ceders-Sinai Medical Center, Kaiser, USC Medical Center, Los Angeles Metropolitan Medical Center, and Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. There are also numerous colleges and universities in Los Angeles, but the biggest ones are University of California Los Angeles, University of Southern California, and California State University Los Angeles. Los Angeles has many attractions, including Walt Disney Concert Hall, the Kodak Theatre, the Griffith Observatory, the Getty Center the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the Hollywood Sign,Hollywood Boulevard, the Capitol Records Building, the Hollywood Bowl, the Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and many more. There are more museums per capita than any other city in the world. For shopping there are large centers such as Westside Pavilion Shopping Center, Century City Center, and the Beverly Center, just to name a few. For restaurants, nightlife, entertainment, recreation, boutique shopping, and historical or art appreciation, Los Angeles offersit all.
All of these features make Los Angeles a great city to buy or sell multifamily investment rental properties such as duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes and larger commercial apartment buildings. This vibrant, growing community has great attractions, a healthy work industry, and many renters. The density of the city and the desire for people to live here, make it an ideal location for multifamily living and the city does have great duplex, triplex, and fourplex properties.
This information was gathered from www.lacity.org, city-data.com, and wikipedia.
Thank you for choosing TopAgentRealestate.com in your search for a duplex, triplex, fourplex or commercial apartment for sale in Los Angeles (City).
TopAgentRealestate.com is California's #1 TopAgentRealestate property website to search thousands of TopAgentRealestate listings for sale, for rent and for lease throughout Orange County, Los Angeles and San Diego California. Find large commercial apartment buildings, duplexes, triplexes and fourplexes with TopAgentRealestate's advanced residential income property search features. The multi-family listings include in-depth descriptions, operating financials and high resolution property photos to help you get an inside look. Stay informed with our blog and be notified of new California multi-family and multi-unit residential income property listings by following our social media accounts. Email us at contact@smsold.com | 2024-01-24T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2092 |
Detection of volatile organic compounds in breath using thermal desorption electrospray ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry.
A thermal desorption unit has been interfaced to an electrospray ionization-ion mobility-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The interface was evaluated using a mixture of six model volatile organic compounds which showed detection limits of <1 ng sample loaded onto a thermal desorption tube packed with Tenax, equivalent to sampled concentrations of 4 microg L(-1). Thermal desorption profiles were observed for all of the compounds, and ion mobility-mass spectrometry separations were used to resolve the probe compound responses from each other. The combination of temperature programmed thermal desorption and ion mobility improved the response of selected species against background ions. Analysis of breath samples resulted in the identification of breath metabolites, based on ion mobility and accurate mass measurement using siloxane peaks identified during the analysis as internal lockmasses. | 2023-11-06T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2025 |
Why British Parliament Is Threatening to Slam the Door on Trump
MOST POPULAR
Two weeks into his brief presidency, most of the headlines about Donald Trump’s foreign policy efforts have been negative. They’ve addressed angry phone calls with allies and other world leaders, and a further poisoning of Washington’s relationship with Mexico over Trump’s border wall.
Until now, most of the damage appears to have emanated from Trump himself. That changed on Monday, when a senior British lawmaker revealed that the so-called “special relationship” between the United States and the United Kingdom apparently doesn’t extend to welcoming President Trump to speak before the Houses of Parliament.
John Bercow, who has served as Speaker of the House of Commons since 2009, said on Monday that he would block any effort to give trump the opportunity to address the Commons and the House of Lords during a widely-expected state visit later this year, a promise he has the authority to follow-through on.
The talk of a Trump visit to the UK intensified last week after British Prime Minister Theresa May came to the White House and extended an invitation to the new president to meet Queen Elizabeth. The offer incensed many in the British public. A petition demanding that the invitation be rescinded was submitted to Parliament, and with 1.8 million signatures to date, easily satisfied a trigger requiring lawmakers to debate the proposition.
“We value our relationship with the United States,” Bercow said in the Commons on Monday, according to the BBC. He also pointed out that it is not really within his power to thwart the Queen if she wishes to extend an invitation, saying, “If a state visit takes place, that is way beyond and above the pay grade of the Speaker.”
However, Bercow said that Trump’s accumulated attacks on migrants and refugees, his history of sexist behavior and his disdain for the role of the judiciary in a democratic society show that the U.S. president has not “earned” the right to address Parliament. He said those feelings only intensified after Trump announced an executive order banning refugees from entering the country.
“Before the imposition of the migrant ban, I would myself have been strongly opposed to an address by President Trump in Westminster Hall,” Bercow said. “After the imposition of the migrant ban I am even more strongly opposed to an address by President Trump in Westminster Hall.”
He added, “As far as this place is concerned, I feel very strongly that our opposition to racism and sexism and our support for equality before the law and an independent judiciary are hugely important considerations in the House of Commons.”
While Trump and Prime Minister May made a public display of graciousness and restated their two countries’ promises of mutual support, Bercow’s statement pulls back the curtain on what may have become a much more complicated relationship between the two countries.
As part of the “five eyes” intelligence-sharing network, the U.S. and UK, together with Australia, New Zealand and Canada, work closely together to monitor terrorism and other threats. It will not have been lost on British leaders that the Australian Prime Minister was on the receiving end of one of Trump’s outbursts last week over an agreement by the U.S. to take in refugees.
There have also been reports that British intelligence officials are requesting guarantees from their U.S. counterparts that their most sensitive information on sources and methods won’t be compromised, either purposefully or inadvertently, by a president that they do not regard as disciplined. Trump’s actions while in office, including a widely noted affection for Russian president Vladimir Putin, haven’t helped.
If Bercow’s comments about Trump are just the beginning of a broader rejection of Trump as a leader among U.S. allies, the impact on U.S. standing around the world, and on national security, could be vast.
A longtime reporter on the intersection of the federal government and the private sector, Rob Garver served as a National Correspondent, based in Washington, D.C., for four years. He has written for ProPublica, The New York Times and other publications. | 2023-08-26T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4035 |
I think being a Noah is cool, the good thing being a Noah is you don't need to rely on innocence (which can be destroyed, apparently ._.) to fight. But the whole awakening-of-inner-noah (or whatever it's called) looks pretty darn awful o_o; | 2023-12-15T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/4284 |
1911 NSWRFL season
The 1911 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the fourth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season for the premiership and the Royal Agricultural Society Challenge Shield.
The League’s turnover for the 1911 season was £15,889, up £2,477 on the previous year.
Teams
For the first time in its short history, the premiership consisted of the same teams for two consecutive seasons. The same eight teams from the 1910 season played in 1911.
Annandale
Balmain, formed on January 23, 1908, at Balmain Town Hall
Eastern Suburbs, formed on January 24, 1908, at Paddington Town Hall
Glebe, formed on January 9, 1908
Newtown, formed on January 14, 1908
North Sydney, formed on February 7, 1908
South Sydney, formed on January 17, 1908, at Redfern Town Hall
Western Suburbs, formed on February 4, 1908
Ladder
Finals
The finals system used for the 1910 season was similar in the 1911 season. The top two teams at the end of the year were to play each other in a final to decide the premiership, but in the event of the minor premiers losing, they were deemed to have the "right of challenge" to play a Grand Final. However, because both Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney finished on equal premiership points in second place, a playoff was used to decide who would play minor premiers Glebe in the final.
Eastern Suburbs ended up beating local rivals South Sydney 23-10 at the Sports Ground in front of 14,000 people on September 2, 1911, to win the play-off in order to play minor premiers Glebe. The following week, Eastern Suburbs beat Glebe in front of 16,000 at the Agricultural Ground 22-9. Glebe immediately exercised their right for a rematch the following week for a match to be held at the Agricultural Ground on September 16, 1911.
Final
After Glebe won the toss, Dally Messenger kicked off at 3:31pm on what was a very windy Saturday afternoon. Glebe winger Cubitt scored early and Easts were only able to post a penalty goal in the first half and trailed 5–2 at the break.
The referee was Tom McMahon (the elder of the two Sydney top-grade referees of that name) who in the first half sent off Glebe’s Sid Pert and Rooster Larry O'Malley, the former Australian Kangaroo captain.
Early in the second half, Cubitt scored again for Glebe to take an 8–4 lead. However, in the final ten minutes, Eastern Suburbs were able to score a try after a high kick was misjudged by the Glebe fullback, and Charlie Lees took the loose ball to score a try. Dally Messenger converted to take the lead 9–8 with only minutes to play, and consolidated the win with another penalty kick to win the game 11–8 for the Roosters and allowing them to take their first premiership in front of 20,000 people.
Eastern Suburbs 11
(Tries: Lees. Goals: Messenger 3. Fld Goal: Messenger )
defeated
Glebe 8 (Tries; C Cubitt 2 Goals: 1.)
Notable events
On June 22, the first game of rugby league was played on the Sydney Cricket Ground. NSW defeated New Zealand in the match, 35–10.
References
External links
Rugby League Tables - Notes AFL Tables
Rugby League Tables - Season 1911 AFL Tables
Premiership History and Statistics RL1908
1911 - Minor Premiers Glebe Beaten By Messenger RL1908
Hadden, Steve History of the NSWRL Finals
Results: 1911-20 at rabbitohs.com.au
Category:New South Wales Rugby League premiership
NSWRFL Season | 2023-10-10T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/6655 |
We have some unusual votes in the confirmation for and against Roberts
Edited on Thu Sep-29-05 03:28 AM by fujiyama
OK, I find the list very weird...and leads me to suspect the true motivations in some that are voting for and against him.
For example, voting for him are Russ Feingold and Carl Levin. There are a few others that have been pretty steadfast in opposing Bush's legislative agenda that are still voting for him. I'll admit, I don't expect even politicians I generally agree with to vote the way I want all the time (hey, the only way that would work is if I were the politician), but I'm disappoinetd. I would have preferred them to against. I like both of them. They've been pretty consistant in voting against BUsh's legislation (though Feingold has his own 'funky' principles regarding nominees). Still, I feel regarding their general philosophy, Roberts will likely work against much of what they've worked for. Roberts may have charmed these folks, but is likely an ideologue.
Voting against him are some that have voted for quite a few pieces of Bush's legislation and or agenda. Here we have Feinstein, Biden, and to a lesser extent Clinton.
I'll admit, I would have rather had many just vote no. I wasn't expecting a filibuster and I'm not surprprised he's getting some 77 votes or so. Still, how does a 'no' vote hurt? As if that by itself will convince Bush to send a more moderate nominee for O'Conner's replacement.
Some of the Democrats who will vote yes, including Bill Nelson of Florida, are up for reelection and want to be sure to grab as many center-leaning Republican votes as possible. Those Dems are voting incorrectly but I can understand the reason. Others who are voting yes don't have that justification and are betraying the party. They ignore the record number of citizen groups, environmental groups and others who have taken a unified stand in record numbers against Roberts. It's pathetic!
They knew he would get confirmed and that he's replacing Rehnquist, so it's a wash. They'll save the fight for the next nominee to replace O'Connor. I know a lot of people have said "I won't vote for Carl when he comes up for re-election," but what are they going to do? Vote for the Republican? I think a lot of people react too quickly on one issue and don't take into account all the good things people like Carl do on a regular basis. This was unwinnable, so give it a rest, folks. Save it for the next one, which won't be far behind.
It really bugs me when I read people on DU saying they're not going to vote for Carl because he voted for Roberts. I suppose they'll vote for the Repukes. Then they'll complain about them when they win.
then this party has a major problem....the republicans always vote as a party....it doesn't matter which issue......they show a unity which the press picks up on...and its shown 24/7 a day.the republicans very very very rarely stray from the party.......... and here we are at an advantage point in this term......but we always............have members stray from what is best for this country..what the hell gives here.........
are our reps so weak...in a republican state that they have no spine to REALLY stand up for what they believe?.......I would rather have a rep that says what is what and walk the talk instead of a "what if I don't get releected offical"........I just think both parties esp.the Republicans have gotten out of control..........they are suppose to represent us....not anyone else and when every voter realizes that maybe things will change,.....for me I would love to see.where people get to vote on every god dam f'ing issue.........the will of the people.....thats what this country is based on....not on the will of either party....
and vote on their own convictions. I don't want them to be sheeple and vote as a block all the time, just for the sake of appearing united. Isn't that what we're all about -- independence and people thinking for themselves?
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38/17.
-2*(v - 19)*(v - 1)/17
Factor -5*t**4 + 95*t**3 + 835*t**2 - 12495*t - 78030.
-5*(t - 17)**2*(t + 6)*(t + 9)
Factor 2*n**4/7 - 8*n**3/7 - 120*n**2/7 + 576*n/7.
2*n*(n - 6)**2*(n + 8)/7
Factor -2*b**3/11 + 102*b**2/11 + 210*b/11 + 106/11.
-2*(b - 53)*(b + 1)**2/11
Factor -29*n**2 - 56*n + 4.
-(n + 2)*(29*n - 2)
Suppose 3*f**5 + 9*f**4 + 9*f**3 + 3*f**2 = 0. What is f?
-1, 0
Factor 4*u**2 - 6744*u + 2842596.
4*(u - 843)**2
Factor u**2 - 3398*u + 2886601.
(u - 1699)**2
What is o in 2*o**5 + 26*o**4 - 166*o**3 + 246*o**2 - 108*o = 0?
-18, 0, 1, 3
Determine q, given that 4*q**4/5 - 4*q**2 + 16/5 = 0.
-2, -1, 1, 2
Factor 2*i**3 - 4*i**2 - 58*i + 60.
2*(i - 6)*(i - 1)*(i + 5)
Determine q so that -6*q**4/5 + 966*q**3/5 - 39348*q**2/5 + 7296*q + 15360 = 0.
-1, 2, 80
Factor 3*x**5/4 - 3*x**4/4 - 9*x**3/4 + 15*x**2/4 - 3*x/2.
3*x*(x - 1)**3*(x + 2)/4
Factor -20*k**3 + 1508*k**2 - 600*k.
-4*k*(k - 75)*(5*k - 2)
Factor 2*h**4 + 4*h**3 - 24*h**2 - 16*h + 64.
2*(h - 2)**2*(h + 2)*(h + 4)
Solve -4*j**5/3 - 196*j**4/3 - 3256*j**3/3 - 19072*j**2/3 - 10240*j/3 + 32768/3 = 0.
-16, -2, 1
Find j such that -18*j**5/7 - 240*j**4/7 + 166*j**3/7 - 4*j**2 = 0.
-14, 0, 1/3
Factor -3*r**2 + 1407*r - 4194.
-3*(r - 466)*(r - 3)
Determine j, given that -4*j**4/9 - 16*j**3/9 - 20*j**2/9 - 8*j/9 = 0.
-2, -1, 0
Find o such that -6*o**4 + 3261*o**3 - 448755*o**2 + 1539000*o - 1093500 = 0.
1, 5/2, 270
Factor v**3 + 173*v**2 + 8051*v + 48223.
(v + 7)*(v + 83)**2
Let 2397536256*y**3 - 7750656*y**2 + 8352*y - 3 = 0. What is y?
1/928
Solve 3*c**2/4 - 867*c/2 = 0 for c.
0, 578
Suppose 3*a**5 + 3*a**4 - 18*a**3 + 6*a**2 + 15*a - 9 = 0. What is a?
-3, -1, 1
Factor 136*g**2 + 677*g - 15.
(g + 5)*(136*g - 3)
Factor -p**2/2 + p/2 + 171.
-(p - 19)*(p + 18)/2
Factor 5*o**2/3 - 35*o - 110/3.
5*(o - 22)*(o + 1)/3
Factor m**4 - 30*m**3 - m**2 + 30*m.
m*(m - 30)*(m - 1)*(m + 1)
Determine j so that -2*j**2/15 - 8*j/15 + 8/5 = 0.
-6, 2
What is u in -2*u**5/5 - 18*u**4/5 - 46*u**3/5 - 6*u**2 = 0?
-5, -3, -1, 0
Factor 27*p**3 - 164*p**2 + 147*p - 10.
(p - 5)*(p - 1)*(27*p - 2)
Let 4*f**2/5 + 496*f + 76880 = 0. What is f?
-310
Factor u**3 - 135*u**2/4 + 223*u/2 + 30.
(u - 30)*(u - 4)*(4*u + 1)/4
Suppose s**2/5 + 78*s/5 + 1521/5 = 0. What is s?
-39
Let 2*l**4/13 + 36*l**3/13 + 118*l**2/13 + 84*l/13 = 0. What is l?
-14, -3, -1, 0
Find v such that 5*v**2 + 11075*v + 22130 = 0.
-2213, -2
Determine s, given that -2*s**3/11 - 24*s**2/11 - 34*s/11 + 60/11 = 0.
-10, -3, 1
Solve 4*g**3 + 52*g**2 + 156*g + 108 = 0 for g.
-9, -3, -1
Factor -3*j**2 + 327*j + 2808.
-3*(j - 117)*(j + 8)
Determine h so that -20*h**4 + 12*h**3 + 6828*h**2 - 48092*h - 20328 = 0.
-21, -2/5, 11
Solve -2*z**2/5 + 976*z - 595360 = 0 for z.
1220
Solve 2*n**5/7 + 20*n**4/7 + 62*n**3/7 + 44*n**2/7 - 64*n/7 - 64/7 = 0 for n.
-4, -2, -1, 1
Suppose z**4 - 48*z**3 + 714*z**2 - 2312*z - 14739 = 0. Calculate z.
-3, 17
Determine j so that -2*j**4/13 - 12*j**3/13 + 96*j**2/13 - 148*j/13 + 66/13 = 0.
-11, 1, 3
Factor -2*p**3/7 - 8*p**2/7 + 6*p/7 + 36/7.
-2*(p - 2)*(p + 3)**2/7
Factor h**2 - 7*h - 8.
(h - 8)*(h + 1)
Let -3*m**4 - 11*m**3 + 237*m**2 - 69*m - 154 = 0. What is m?
-11, -2/3, 1, 7
Determine h so that h**5 + 78*h**4 - 161*h**3 - 78*h**2 + 160*h = 0.
-80, -1, 0, 1, 2
Solve 3*z**5 + 15*z**4 + 18*z**3 = 0 for z.
-3, -2, 0
Determine b so that 3*b**4 + 111*b**3 + 969*b**2 - 1083*b = 0.
-19, 0, 1
Solve 5*i**5 + 30*i**4 + 20*i**3 - 30*i**2 - 25*i = 0 for i.
-5, -1, 0, 1
Determine q, given that -5*q**5 - 310*q**4 + 2055*q**3 + 920*q**2 - 6740*q + 4080 = 0.
-68, -2, 1, 6
Suppose -4*f**2 + 8932*f + 8936 = 0. What is f?
-1, 2234
Factor -2*s**3/9 - 14*s**2/9 + 80*s/3.
-2*s*(s - 8)*(s + 15)/9
Determine y so that -2*y**3/9 + 26*y**2/3 + 260*y/9 - 112/3 = 0.
-4, 1, 42
Factor -2*v**3/7 - 40*v**2/7 - 38*v - 84.
-2*(v + 6)*(v + 7)**2/7
Factor -4*v**3/3 + 20*v**2/3 - 8*v/3 - 32/3.
-4*(v - 4)*(v - 2)*(v + 1)/3
Find x, given that -3*x**5/2 - 51*x**4/2 - 141*x**3 - 237*x**2 + 285*x/2 + 525/2 = 0.
-7, -5, -1, 1
Suppose -36*o**4 - 440*o**3 - 1068*o**2 - 216*o = 0. What is o?
-9, -3, -2/9, 0
Factor 4*d**5 + d**4.
d**4*(4*d + 1)
Factor -3*w**3 + 35*w**2 - 76*w + 36.
-(w - 9)*(w - 2)*(3*w - 2)
Determine f, given that -5*f**4 + 250*f**3 - 3705*f**2 + 12980*f + 16940 = 0.
-1, 7, 22
Find z such that -z**2/3 - 572*z/3 - 81796/3 = 0.
-286
Determine i so that -27*i**4/4 + 9*i**3/4 + 42*i**2 + 36*i = 0.
-4/3, 0, 3
Factor -l**3/4 - 3255*l**2/4 - 3531675*l/4 - 1277289125/4.
-(l + 1085)**3/4
Determine y so that -15*y**5 - 50*y**4 + 85*y**3 + 120*y**2 - 220*y + 80 = 0.
-4, -2, 2/3, 1
Let -10*q**2/3 - 68*q/3 - 16 = 0. Calculate q.
-6, -4/5
Factor -8*v**2 - 1324*v + 4044.
-4*(v - 3)*(2*v + 337)
Let 3*f**3 + 87*f**2 + 672*f + 588 = 0. Calculate f.
-14, -1
Let 12*d**2 + 675*d + 168 = 0. Calculate d.
-56, -1/4
Determine q so that 2*q**5/11 + 18*q**4/11 - 68*q**3/11 - 228*q**2/11 + 450*q/11 + 54 = 0.
-11, -3, -1, 3
Let j**2/4 - 7*j/2 + 49/4 = 0. What is j?
7
Find i such that 2*i**2/7 + 244*i/7 + 7442/7 = 0.
-61
Determine i so that -3*i**4/7 - 15*i**3/7 + 162*i**2/7 - 372*i/7 + 264/7 = 0.
-11, 2
Factor 4*v**4 - 120*v**3 + 1008*v**2 - 1568*v.
4*v*(v - 14)**2*(v - 2)
What is x in 8*x**5 - 142*x**4/3 + 6*x**3 + 548*x**2/3 - 152*x + 80/3 = 0?
-2, 1/4, 2/3, 2, 5
Suppose -2*w**5/15 + 34*w**4/15 - 14*w**3 + 110*w**2/3 - 100*w/3 = 0. Calculate w.
0, 2, 5
Determine y so that -220*y**3 + 1566*y**2 - 170*y - 84 = 0.
-2/11, 3/10, 7
Let 4*o**4 - 236*o**3 + 1308*o**2 - 1924*o + 848 = 0. What is o?
1, 4, 53
Factor 4*j**2/3 - 32120*j/3 + 64480900/3.
4*(j - 4015)**2/3
Suppose 6*i**5/5 - 154*i**4/5 - 1174*i**3/5 + 5794*i**2/5 - 928*i - 2232/5 = 0. What is i?
-9, -1/3, 2, 31
Factor 81*g**3 - 652*g**2 + 1247*g - 60.
(g - 5)*(g - 3)*(81*g - 4)
What is g in -g**3/2 + 3*g**2/2 + 2*g - 6 = 0?
-2, 2, 3
Suppose 2*a**5/5 + 4*a**4/5 - 24*a**3/5 - 36*a**2/5 + 54*a/5 = 0. What is a?
-3, 0, 1, 3
Determine l so that -l**3/6 + l**2/2 + l/6 - 1/2 = 0.
-1, 1, 3
Let -2*b**5/13 + 20*b**4/13 + 102*b**3/13 + 136*b**2/13 + 56*b/13 = 0. What is b?
-2, -1, 0, 14
Let -2*k**4 - 22*k**3 - 22*k**2 + 238*k + 240 = 0. What is k?
-8, -5, -1, 3
Solve -2*k**4/7 - 4*k**3/7 + 6*k**2/7 + 16*k/7 + 8/7 = 0 for k.
-2, -1, 2
Solve 2*t**2/9 - 70*t/9 + 44/3 = 0.
2, 33
Let h**5 + 15*h**4/2 - 19*h**3/2 - 99*h**2/2 - 91*h/2 - 12 = 0. What is h?
-8, -1, -1/2, 3
Solve 3*d**5 + 66*d**4 + 291*d**3 - 792*d**2 + 432*d = 0 for d.
-12, 0, 1
Find b, given that b**3 + 13*b**2 + 47*b + 35 = 0.
-7, -5, -1
Factor r**2/8 + 3*r/8 - 5/4.
(r - 2)*(r + 5)/8
Determine l so that -l**4 - 4*l**3 + 12*l**2 = 0.
-6, 0, 2
Determine k, given that -315*k**2 - 957*k - 36 = 0.
-3, -4/105
Determine l, given that 2*l**5 - 20*l**4 + 32*l**3 + 4*l**2 - 34*l + 16 = 0.
-1, 1, 8
Factor 6*o**5/7 - 10*o**4/7 - 6*o**3/7 + 18*o**2/7 - 8*o/7.
2*o*(o - 1)**3*(3*o + 4)/7
Factor 2*i**3 + 30*i**2 - 234*i + 378.
2*(i - 3)**2*(i + 21)
Factor -f**3/4 + 7*f**2/2 - 35*f/4 + 11/2.
-(f - 11)*(f - 2)*(f - 1)/4
Determine g, given that -2*g**5 + 6*g**4 - 2*g**3 - 6*g**2 + 4*g = 0.
-1, 0, 1, 2
Find b such that 12*b**4/7 + 208*b**3/7 + 828*b**2/7 - 648*b/7 = 0.
-9, 0, 2/3
Factor 3*j**2 + 33*j - 828.
3*(j - 12)*(j + 23)
Factor 5*w**2 + 130*w - 280.
5*(w - 2)*(w + 28)
Determine k, given that k**4/4 - 59*k**3/4 + 509*k**2/4 - 901*k/4 - 735/2 = 0.
-1, 5, 6, 49
Let -2*i**3 + 728*i**2 - 64010*i - 410700 = 0. What is i?
-6, 185
Suppose 3*y**5/4 - 129*y**4/4 - 411*y**3/4 - 147*y**2/4 + 102*y + 69 = 0. What is y?
-2, -1, 1, 46
Let -o**3 - 2*o**2 + 11*o + 12 = 0. What is o?
-4, -1, 3
Let -2*d**2/9 - 19652*d/9 - 48275138/9 = 0. Calculate d.
-4913
Solve -3*r**5 - 27*r**4 - 96*r**3 - 168*r**2 - 144*r - 48 = 0 for r.
-2, -1
Suppose -5*g**3 + 675*g**2 + 1365*g + 685 = 0. Calculate g.
-1, 137
Suppose 2*y**3/11 + 376*y**2/11 + 746*y/11 + 372/11 = 0. Calculate y.
-186, -1
Factor -2*v**4 - 10*v**3 - 16*v**2 - 8*v.
-2*v*(v + 1)*(v + 2)**2
Determine d so that -6*d**4/7 - 54*d**3/7 + 72*d**2/7 + 552*d/7 - 864/7 = 0.
-9, -4, 2
Suppose -9*u**2/2 + 192*u - 126 = 0. What is u?
2/3, 42
Factor 6*q**3 - 112*q**2 - 38*q.
2*q*(q - 19)*(3*q + 1)
Suppose 2*d**3/9 - 20*d**2/9 - 2*d/9 + 20/9 = 0. Calculate d.
-1, 1, 10
What is o in o**2/4 + 13*o/4 + 3 = 0?
-12, -1
Determine r, given that -3*r**5/5 + 12*r**4/5 + 12*r**3/5 - | 2023-10-25T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/2720 |
LISTEN: Local mom creates resource for parents about used needles. Your browser does not support the audio element.
Lauri Watkins is raising her 9-year-old son Oscar in Seattle’s Capitol Hill neighborhood where part of their daily life includes trips to Cal Anderson Park.
It’s a park that has become notorious for drug use.
RELATED: Mother spends weekends picking up used syringes
“In 2015, there were three overdoses over the course of one weekend in the park,” Watkins said. “So, that’s our park and he’s seen some stuff.”
Piles of used needles are a continuing problem and something she first experienced with her son years ago.
“I don’t remember whether I saw it first or we were together … He was around three or four and I thought, OK, let’s have this conversation because I don’t want him touching it.”
But she admits she didn’t know exactly how to handle it back then.
“I didn’t know what to do with it. I feel terrible admitting it, but the first dozen times [I saw] a needle [I was] like, OK, let’s not touch it and kept walking and I didn’t deal with the problem. And now, I’m like, great, I left it for other people.”
Last year, a pathway at Lowell Elementary — her son’s school — was closed down because of issues with waste, including needles. That’s when she realized just how big an issue this was.
Watkins points out that schools send home packets of information about nutrition and other issues families may face. Why not send home information about needles, too?
During a PTA meeting, the school district gave an update on the cleanup efforts and measures being taken, such as installing fencing, to keep drug users off the path. But Lauri had another question: Is the issue being talked about at school?
“I kind of got that look like, oh gosh, that’s a thing we should do, isn’t it?”
Watkins took to the Internet, hoping to find something quickly. After a few hours, she realized there was no “one-stop shop” for information on dealing with used needles. There were just hundreds of “horror stories” about children finding them.
Watkins, being a believer in taking action when she sees a problem, took the matter into her own hands. She did more research and compiled it all on her website See A Needle. It launched just in time for the school year.
The site includes the basics on what children should do if they find a needle. It also includes information for adults and additional resources.
Watkins knows not all parents are going to want to address these issues with their children. She says that as long as their children know enough not to touch the needles, their parents are protecting them.
Lauri says she would like to see information like what’s on the website in school districts. But for now, she just wants to get the word out. | 2024-01-24T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5588 |
1.. Introduction {#S0001}
================
The ability to generate mesoscale metal structures is essential for modern mechanical science and technology since the physical properties of devices are quite diverse and depend on their sub-atomic structure and surface chemistry effects \[[1](#CIT0001)--[4](#CIT0004)\]. Owing to the continuous miniaturisation of device technologies, 1D metallic nanostructures play a significant role in many applications, acting as basic building blocks for electromechanical systems \[[1](#CIT0001)\] and also as fillers or nanocontacts to reinforce composite materials in a strident environment \[[5](#CIT0005)\]. Nevertheless, constructing and determining the mechanical properties of metal nanostructures, which differ from their corresponding bulk ones, remain quite challenging, despite the improvements in characterisation equipment and methods. Therefore, to realise the full potential of 1D metallic nanostructures in numerous applications, for example in field-emitter displays and enantioselective separators, it is essential to identify and resolve the main challenges related to their synthesis, mechanical performance and reliability.
Tailored 1D nanostructures, such as ultra-long nanowires, uniform nanorods, nanobelts with diverse facets and nanotubes ([Figure 1(a](#F0001))), are predominantly classified by their physicochemical properties, which are related to morphology. In particular, 1D metallic nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, have been intensively studied owing to their remarkable nanomechanical characteristics, namely ultra-high specific strength and strength-to-weight ratio. The distinct morphology of 1D metallic nanowires, which includes predominance of low-energy crystal facets, long segments of smooth crystal planes and low defect density, makes them ideal candidates for potential applications. Those application include nanoreinforcement of composite materials \[[2](#CIT0002),[6](#CIT0006)--[9](#CIT0009)\], nanoelectrochemical systems \[[10](#CIT0010)--[12](#CIT0012)\], wearable nanoelectronics with distinctive sensitivity to force and electricity \[[13](#CIT0013),[14](#CIT0014)\], nanopipette probes \[[15](#CIT0015),[16](#CIT0016)\], and transparent flexible thin films \[[17](#CIT0017)--[20](#CIT0020)\]. The ability of 1D metallic nanowires to channel the flow of electrons or ions in one specific direction is a useful property for building blocks in nanotechnology. The behaviour of surface atoms depends on their coordination number. Those properties result in surface stresses, which vary depending on the type of nanowires and their crystal structure, and lead to high yield strength and mechanical modulus.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0001Figure 1.(a) 1D metal nanostructures comprise nanowires, nanobelts, nanorods and nanotubes \[[26](#CIT0026)--[28](#CIT0028)\]. (b) A collection of experimental measurements and predictions regarding the yield strength of pure Au nanostructures as a function of lateral specimen dimension. Smaller specimens tend to be stronger. At nanoscale length, Au nanowires demonstrate excellent yield strength compared to single-atom chains that typically undergo atomic separation. The relative sizes of Au atom and human hair are included for comparisons \[[30](#CIT0030)\]. (c) An example of stress vs strain plot of Ag nanowire system at different strain rates \[[31](#CIT0031)\]. (*Reproduced from* \[[26](#CIT0026)\] *by permission of the Nature Publishing Group* \[[27](#CIT0027)\], *by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry* \[[28](#CIT0028)\], *Copyright (2013) American Chemical Society* \[[30](#CIT0030)\], *Copyright (2004) American Chemical Society, reprinted with permission from* \[[31](#CIT0031)\] *copyright (2016) American Chemical Society*).
This review focuses on the synthesis methods and mechanical characterisation techniques of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanowires. These Group 10 transition metals are sometimes called coinage metals. In [Section 2](#S0002), we review and analyse several synthesis techniques of coinage metal nanowires, as well as the nucleation and growth of heterostructures. In [Section 3](#S0003), we describe mechanical characterisation techniques. In [Section 4](#S0004), we discuss modelling of several measured properties via atomistic simulations and continuum models, as well as size effects in nanostructures. The final section presents perspectives of future mechanical analysis techniques and applications of metallic nanowires.
The experimental investigations on Au, Ag and Cu nanowires are sparse despite numerous potential applications. The ability of these nanowires to be functionalised and integrated into flexible electronic devices depends on their surface atomic arrangement and crystallographic orientation. For instance, the disfigured orientation of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires is mainly due to the generation of dislocation slip planes caused by the strain under tensile load while the compression load causes only partial dislocation slip. Recent studies have demonstrated the interplay between atomic arrangement and the output behaviour of by these single-crystalline nanowires with face-centred cubic (*fcc*) structure. It follows the 'smaller is stronger' trend, that is, the reduced dimensional scale of the nanowire increases the yield strength \[[21](#CIT0021)--[25](#CIT0025)\]. Here we review most of the available synthesis methods, mechanical and modelling studies of metal nanowires, and nanowire properties that arise from their intrinsic atomic arrangement.
Au nanowires have been extensively studied. They are widely used for improving thermal and current flows in various applications (nanoimprints of metal grids), for instance, in piezoelectric nanogenerators, roofing materials and brass furnishing. Implementation of Au nanowire as a junction in the interconnection of nanoscopic device components, which are subjected to the constant pushing or pulling forces, proved to increase the resistance of the system towards deformation while retaining the high strength of molecular device \[[29](#CIT0029)\]. For example, a summary of experimental yield strength of high-purity Au nanostructures \[[30](#CIT0030)\] is presented in [Figure 1(b](#F0001)), where the stress measured for the yield strength is expressed as force per unit cross-sectional area. On this basis, it is crucial to understand how the early formation stage of coinage metal nanowires can improve their strength without sacrificing the ductility.
Ag, another precious metal, is a primary candidate for nanoelectronic devices owing to its low electrical resistivity. The use of Ag nanowires enables realisation of soft device systems, which can bear mechanical loads even during their fabrication and operation at room temperature as shown in [Figure 1(c](#F0001)) \[[31](#CIT0031)\]. The excellent mechanical properties of Ag nanowires make them a leading nanowire candidate to substitute the commercially available indium tin oxide (ITO) in a variety of loading-related optoelectronic and nanomechanical devices \[[32](#CIT0032)\].
Cu has numerous applications such as storage media, catalysis, microwave absorption and clinical treatment, while being thousands of times more abundant compared to other coinage metals. Owing to their high stretchability that allows manipulation of reversible sliding characteristic, Cu nanowires are excellent materials for stretchable electronics \[[33](#CIT0033)\]. Apart from that, when these potential features of the nanowires are structure-tailored to certain substrates using selective polymer molecules, the possibilities in developing better application of Cu nanowire-based stretchable electrodes become enormous. Further investigations on improving Cu nanowires have focused on improving their strength and ductility.
The described structures and their associated mechanical properties and modelling efforts evolved from advances in numerous fields that aim to link synthesis and physical properties with state-of-the-art performance in materials devices as summarised in [Scheme 1](#SCH0001). 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-SCH0001Scheme 1.Synthesis, nanomechanical characterisation and simulation of coinage metal nanowires presented in this review (*reprinted with permissions from* \[[34](#CIT0034)\] *licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, with permission from* \[[35](#CIT0035)\] *licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License, with permission from* \[[36](#CIT0036)\] *Copyright (2011) American Chemical Society, with permissions from* \[[37](#CIT0037),[38](#CIT0038)\] *under IOP Publishing* \[[39](#CIT0039),[40](#CIT0040)\], *are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, reproduced from* \[[41](#CIT0041)\] *with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry*).
2.. Bottom-up approaches and solution-driven assemblies {#S0002}
=======================================================
Considerable efforts have been devoted to improve the quality of coinage metal nanowires, specifically at morphological control stage that stands as the premise for new nanotechnology building blocks \[[42](#CIT0042)\]. Bottom-up synthesis technique which is the flip over of the top-down approach is preferable as it allows flexible alterations and promises a better opportunity to obtain unique properties of nanostructures. In the case of a bottom-up approach, the assembling of atoms and the clusters or the tiniest precursors of the metallic particles formed has a better chance to be controlled at a particular stage of synthesis until the required size of the nanostructures is accomplished \[[43](#CIT0043),[44](#CIT0044)\]. Based on the established crystal growth structures, there are numerous bottom-up synthesis techniques used to produce 1D Au, Ag and Cu nanowires, the most widely explored schemes. Here, we limit the rest of this section to the description of a few strategies in exploiting the 1D coinage metal nanowires based on the solution-driven assemblies, namely Hydro/solvothermal synthesis andTemplate-assisted electrochemical deposition.
Apart from that, self-organisation seeds mechanism that involves the physical vapour deposition (PVD) starting from condense phase allows the growth of coinage metal nanowires of high purity with well separation of nanowires. Here, PVD on artificial cracks and directional solidification are presented.
The construction of hierarchical nanowires is a novel approach to improving the strength of coinage metals through the control of microstructure rather than modifying chemical composition. The synthesis methods should be able to control the initial and final size and morphology of wires and provide pure nanowires at high yield; they should be inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
2.1.. Solution-driven assemblies {#S0002-S2001}
--------------------------------
### 2.1.1.. Hydro/solvothermal synthesis {#S0002-S2001-S3001}
#### 2.1.1.1.. Ag {#S0002-S2001-S3001-S4001}
Hydro-solvothermal synthesis for nanometre-sized metal particles in the liquid solution was initially introduced by Fievet et al. \[[45](#CIT0045)\]. Reactions for the synthesis involved the dissolution of the ionic precursor, reduction in the solution, homogeneous nucleation and growth of the metallic structures within the solution. The famous method employed for Ag nanowire synthesis involved the modification surface of single crystal Ag nanoparticles using capping agent \[[46](#CIT0046)--[49](#CIT0049)\]. The method further became a fundamental reference for a reliable synthesis technique to optimise the Ag nanowires growth, which strongly favours nanowires with high aspect ratios. A high aspect ratio can be achieved by using simultaneous drop-wise injection and a mixture of a solvent, precursor and surfactant at a designated constant solution temperature. The most popular chemical reagent combination for Ag nanowires synthesis is the one pioneered by Lu et al. using ethylene glycol (EG) solvent, silver nitrate (AgNO~3~) precursor and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) surfactant ([Figure 2(a](#F0002))) \[[50](#CIT0050)\]. The surfactant not only hindered aggregation of nanowires, but also induced anisotropic growth of Ag nanowires. Various types of surfactants are also frequently used to assist and control the anisotropic growth of the atomic Ag nanoparticles to Ag nanowires that include hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) \[[51](#CIT0051)--[53](#CIT0053)\], sodium dodecyl sulfonate \[[54](#CIT0054)--[56](#CIT0056)\], vitamin B~2~ \[[57](#CIT0057)--[59](#CIT0059)\], polyvinyl acetate (PVA) \[[60](#CIT0060),[61](#CIT0061)\], dextran \[[62](#CIT0062)\] and polymethyl vinyl ether \[[63](#CIT0063)\]. In most chemical approaches, the employed charged precursor contains ions of the desired metal \[[64](#CIT0064)\].10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0002Figure 2.(a) Top: Schematic of Ag ions complexation with PVP chains. PVP owns polyvinyl skeleton structure with the strong pyrrolidone ring polar group. The polar groups (N-C = O) of the PVP chains interact with silver ions and form a coordinating complex. The illustration of 1D Ag-PVP coordination condition shows that high molecular weight (MW) PVP has relatively large silver ions coordinated along the long chain \[[72](#CIT0072)\]. Bottom: Schematic of the formation of *fcc* single-crystalline subunits from fivefold-twinned nanowires \[[75](#CIT0075)\]. (b) Schematic of the role of Cu salt in the surfactant-assisted soft chemistry process. The presence of molecular oxygen during the early stage of seeds formation allows absorbance and dissociation on the surface of the seeds \[[80](#CIT0080)\]. (*Reprinted with permission from* \[[72](#CIT0072)\] *under Creative Commons Attribution License* \[[75](#CIT0075)\], *copyright (2013) American Chemical Society and reproduced from* \[[80](#CIT0080)\] *with permission from The Royal Society Chemistry).*
Usually, both solvent and a reducing agent would act as reductant while the surfactant molecules would influence the interaction and reaction of the metallic element in the system \[[65](#CIT0065)--[67](#CIT0067)\]. For Ag nanowires, EG is usually used as a solvent in the solvo- or hydrothermal synthesis, as it enhances the reproducibility and scalability of the end product (Ag nanowires suspension) \[[68](#CIT0068)\]. This occurs because heating generates much oxygen (O~2~) within the solution, which creates an autocatalytic effect owing to the high oxidation rate of EG to glycolic acid (GA, oxidation product) \[[69](#CIT0069)\]. Then the newly formed Ag nanoparticles (the initial form of Ag nanowires) react with O~2~ at high temperature in the presence of an additional reducing agent (GA). GA is a strong reducing agent compared to other acetaldehydes. With continuous exposure to high-temperature surrounding and the aid from a surfactant, metals tend to crystallise into highly ordered symmetric face-centred cubic structures.
The strategies of hierarchy subnanometre granular structures and the refinement to nanograins can increase the strength of the coinage metal nanowires. The growth of Ag nanowires is derived from the hierarchical {100} planes \[[70](#CIT0070),[71](#CIT0071)\] of multiply twinned particles (MTPs) from the self-seeding process, which yields non-uniform crystals. The MTPs with hierarchical nanotwinned structures can greatly alter the mechanical performance compared with that of the twinned bulk counterpart in other dimensionalities. For example, PVP molecules made the growth direction unified and produced a full coordination place around the Ag seeds. Besides, the long chains of PVP (MW \~ 800,000), added at a proper concentration, significantly improve the aspect ratio of Ag nanowires \[[72](#CIT0072)\]. The higher the number of PVP carbonyl group within one PVP molecule, the more of coordinated Ag ions are attached, and the higher is the tendency for self-assembly into a 1D structure. Hence, a hierarchical assembly of relatively large Ag seeds is easily formed. Particularly, Ag nanowires imply that within the system, there coexist primary, secondary and tertiary twins and higher-order MTP structures in a single grain. Although the formation of nanoparticles is inevitable during the formation of nanowires, a selective scalable precipitation could solve these problems. The anisotropic growth assisted by growth agent through {100} facets results in their passivation while the bare facets of {111} are still active on the site. Specifically, the tendency of Ag^+^ to strongly interact with the lone pair electrons of an oxygen atom originating from polymer would also leads to a simultaneous reaction between the capping agent and AgNO~3~. Hence, the chemical potential of Ag^+^ would deteriorate during the nucleation process and thus increase the generation of Ag crystal seeds that form nanoparticles structures. Accordingly, the hierarchical MTPs formed, and the coordination, as well as the growth of 1D Ag nanowires with the aid of capping agent, generated the selective adsorption on the {100} lattice orientation facets. At the same time, the molar ratio between a repeating unit of polymer molecules in the presence of additional external Ag atoms increased the rate of formation of unconventional nanostructures via the spatial displacement \[[73](#CIT0073),[74](#CIT0074)\]. Thus, the formation of unconventional nanostructures between nanowires with a high aspect ratio can retain their continuous network structures, which function as an electrical field path, while releasing the strain accumulated during stretching.
Such process usually generates coinage metal nanowires with fivefold penta-twinned structure, which is split by two {111} facets from a stacking fault arrangement. While the angle between the facets on the surface should be 72° (360°/5 facets), the measured value is 70.53°, which indicates the presence of lattice distortion of the atoms surrounding within the space filling direction ([Figure 2(a](#F0002))) \[[75](#CIT0075)\]. The total deficiency in each nanoparticle leads to the lattice distortion that forms the seamless nanowires. The angular mismatch between the five twinned crystallites created gapless rods, thereby controlling the growth rate of nanowires and shifting their orientation towards {110}.
Nonetheless, surfactant alone will not be able to promote the growth of the nanowires as it is also essential to lower the surface energy difference between {111} and {100} facets. In the absence of additional seeding agents, the growth of Ag nanowires could be halted. The seeding agent would leverage the size of the initial nucleus, and the final size of nanowires fully depends on the type of the seeding agents used. Basically, the Ag precursor is reduced to form the Ag seeds at low concentration \[[76](#CIT0076)--[79](#CIT0079)\]. Later, generated zero-valent Ag atoms are selectively deposited onto the seeds that results in 1D growth at a relatively higher concentration in the subsequent step. For instance, CuCl and CuCl~2~ are used as the ideal seed agents for the growth of Ag nanowires \[[80](#CIT0080)\]. The oxidative etching effect has not occurred even at a high ionic seed concentration due to the dissolution of oxygen during the reduction process. The decrement in the amount of dissolved oxygen during reduction reaction slows down oxidative etching and retains the high concentration of ionic seeds in the system ([Figure (2b](#F0002))). Therefore, the formation of Ag nanowires could rapidly accelerate in the absence of oxygen as the free ionic seeds promote the formation and dissolution of the nanoparticles \[[80](#CIT0080)--[82](#CIT0082)\].
Ag nanowires can also be grown by microwave-solvothermal synthesis \[[83](#CIT0083)\]. The selection of seeding agent is crucial to ensure the success of the method. Apart from the Cl^−^ ions, Na^+^ can be used in the microwave-solvothermal technique \[[83](#CIT0083),[84](#CIT0084)\]. The smallest mean size of the Ag nanowires could go down to \~45 nm with the length of wires up to 12 µm. Apart from Na^+^, several metal chloride have shown almost the same performance such as FeCl~3~, CuCl~2~ and KCl \[[42](#CIT0042)\]. Cl^−^ limits the reduction of Ag^+^ to Ag°, thus, allowing direct growth under microwave radiation in the absence of the additional growth of new nuclei. Fe^3+^ and Fe^2+^ were also reported to show good control of the oxidative etching of Ag seeds \[[85](#CIT0085)\]. Fe^x+^ ions with a higher charge \[[86](#CIT0086)\] react with the absorbed oxygen on the surface, inhibiting the oxidative etching of MTPs. The oxidative etching induced the formation of tiny Ag nuclei which then grow into nanowires through the arrangement of individual atoms \[[84](#CIT0084)\].
A similar process is applied to Au and Cu nanowires. Although they share a similar process flow, the resulting aspect ratio and other properties are different, as they depend on chemical reactants, reaction parameters, surface chemical conditions and dislocation behaviour.
#### 2.1.1.2.. Au {#S0002-S2001-S3001-S4002}
Similar to Ag nanowires, significant work has been carried out to improve the synthesis of Au nanowires in the liquid solution. The most frequently used seeding agents in the hydrothermal synthesis of Au nanowires are PVP \[[87](#CIT0087),[88](#CIT0088)\] and CTAB surfactants \[[22](#CIT0022),[89](#CIT0089)--[92](#CIT0092)\].
Generally, the aggregation of low-dimensional nanoparticles takes place during the assembly process to form 1D nanowires. When using CTAB, the reaction mixture does not require a temperature treatment but needs an acidic-containing solvent to achieve tuneable length and diameter of nanowires in the oriented attachment process. Thus, Au nanowires with diameters between 15 and 70 nm and lengths up to 12 µm were produced by a three-step seeding process based on self-assembly \[[93](#CIT0093)\]. In this method, the first step involves a rapid reduction of an Au precursor in the presence of strong reducing agent, producing Au seed particles with a size range of 3--4 nm. The second stage requires the cooperation of Au seeds in the growth of Au nuclei through a slow reduction of Au salts with the help of seeding agent and surfactant \[[94](#CIT0094)\]. The role of seed agent is to decrease the state of Au ion to meta-stable Au(I) from the *in situ* autocatalytic reduction that induces the increase of seed particles formation. The solvent-driven crystallisation entropy and reconstruction process minimises high-surface-energy facets and interfaces between nanoparticles, leading to the coalescence of nanoparticles and formation of a large crystal. For example, by using CTAB, the twinned crystal rods of Au with {111} orientation acted as specific surface passivation agent adsorbs onto specific Au facets \[[94](#CIT0094)--[96](#CIT0096)\]. In the third stage, the seeds grow into a single crystal nanorod. Self-assembly of CTAB molecules promotes the formation of longer rods. Interestingly, the capability of CTAB to form the spheroidal micelles can be accelerated by the addition of salts or co-surfactants to change their micellar behaviour during the reaction by the transition from sphere to the rod- or worm-shaped micelles \[[97](#CIT0097)\]. During the process, salts or co-surfactants induce electrostatic repulsion between the polar heads of the surfactant molecules according to the Hofmeister series order (i.e. NaBr, NaCl and NaNO~3~) \[[98](#CIT0098)\]. The Hofmeister order indicates the relative salt capacity to precipitate molecules in solution. The dimension of the short nanowire (rod) is controlled by adding small amounts of Hofmeister salts to increase the seed-mediated synthesis of short Au nanowires \[[99](#CIT0099)\]. For instance, the use of oxalic acid to form nanochain of the Au networks depends on the ratios of Au^3+^/CTAB with oxalic acid concentrations in which accelerate the reaction. The reaction indicated the growth mechanism that is susceptible to crystal modifications which dominated by epitaxial micellar adsorption and adatom reorganisation \[[100](#CIT0100)\]. As long as the appropriate quantity of other type surfactant depending upon the level of reactivity is added into the reactant solution, a continuous short range of Au nanowires will be formed. Additionally, the reactant parameters such as temperature, time, the solvent used and another type of additive affect the crystal growth of Au nanowires.
Interestingly, the chemical reduction of p-nitroaniline to diaminophenylene with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution proceeds six times faster in presence of Au nanowires that are stabilised by urea than by EG \[[23](#CIT0023)\]. The higher amount of diaminophenylene is produced, from the reduction of aniline group, the higher is the number of corners and edges of Au metals produced on the surface of Au nanowires in deep eutectic solvents. As proven, eutectic solvents accelerated the formation of Au nanowire networks. Clearly, there is limitless variation in the combination of chemical reagent and reaction conditions used in the synthesis. Although variations on the chemical reagent used will produce similar structural output but with different properties. The same principle with different chemical reagents takes place for the case of Cu nanowires as further discussed in the next sub-section.
#### 2.1.1.3.. Cu {#S0002-S2001-S3001-S4003}
Through the assistance of modified solvothermal reaction, it is possible to tune the speed of nucleation and growth of 1D Cu nanowires in a liquid system. To produce Cu nanowires, the reactant solution should be heated up to 300 °C in the presence of seeding agent \[[101](#CIT0101),[102](#CIT0102)\]. PVP is a common seeding and reducing agent that prevents nanowires from becoming thicker as they grow longer. It is used for the synthesis of both straight and coiled structures. PVP would have selective adherence towards various crystal orientation facets, which should favour anisotropic growth of Cu nanowires. The introduction of PVA in the reaction solution would enable the formation of single-turn nanorings or nanobelts of Cu. The synthesis involves the dissolution of Cu ions and PVP in liquid medium upon continuous stirring. The principal driving forces of this reaction are the oxidative power of Cu ions, the reducing power of the reducing agent, the solvent and efficient manipulation of the reaction conditions.
The solvothermal reaction induced the formation of sliding planes in single crystals of Cu with relative low stacking fault energy. Hence, the residual internal stresses of the prepared samples can affect their final morphologies, resulting in perfect circular shapes of Cu nanowires. A wide variety of chemical reactant species, including surfactants, polymers, biomolecules and anions, could be employed for controlling the morphology and size of Cu nanowires, via preferential adsorption of particular species on particular crystal surfaces \[[70](#CIT0070),[101](#CIT0101),[103](#CIT0103),[104](#CIT0104)\].
The hydro/solvothermal synthesis involves a direct chemical reaction of the precursors in solution. It produced metallic nanowires at high yield. The undesired by-products, such as nanoparticles or other nanostructures, are relatively minor and can be easily precipitated by centrifugation. Furthermore, this method does not require acidic or alkaline reagents for removing the synthesis template. Besides, the hydro/solvothermal synthesis is relatively simple and inexpensive, and its products depend solely on the types of the chosen chemical reagents. This approach is more attractive than the solid-state reaction (top-down method), as it guarantees mixing of the starting reagents at the atomic level, leading to a better control over the nanowire products.
### 2.1.2.. Template-assisted electrochemical deposition {#S0002-S2001-S3002}
#### 2.1.2.1.. Ag {#S0002-S2001-S3002-S4001}
The composition of immiscible segments formed by co-block polymers has been widely used as the most applicable soft template-mediated technique for the synthesis of Ag nanowires. The initial structure (nanoparticles) formed from the surface-active agents and porous template materials aligned as the structural directing growth \[[105](#CIT0105),[106](#CIT0106)\]. The method alters the morphology of the nanowires produced by mainly controlling the crystal nucleation and growth routes at each stage of template-directed growth reaction. The soft template usually formed from a surfactant or polymer and biopolymer. The formation path can be divided into three main phases as shown in [Figure 3(a](#F0003)): Phase 1: Template preparation,Phase 2: Template reaction through the incorporation of synthetic approach including hydrothermal, precipitation and sol-gel reactions to produce the nanowires, andPhase 3: Template removal. 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0003Figure 3.(a) Schematic of two soft-template methods of growing Ag nanowires. These two conventional procedures consist of polymerisation-condensation of inorganic (mark with (i)) and inorganic precursor incorporation that form the organic-inorganic phase as a product (mark with (ii)) \[[107](#CIT0107)\]. (b) Schematic illustration of Ag nanowires inside polystyrene nanotube as a soft template and anodic alumina membrane as a solid template \[[113](#CIT0113)\]. (c) The schematic illustration of the concept of nanowires synthesis within a composite. Keilbach et al. \[[108](#CIT0108)\] chose the AAM pores as a template for the columnar nanowires. The columnar will be then used as the mould for the electrodeposition process for nanowires. (*Reproduced with permission from* \[[107](#CIT0107)\] *Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society, reproduced from* \[[113](#CIT0113)\] *with permission from Nature Publishing Group, adapted with permission from* \[[108](#CIT0108)\] *copyright (2010) American Chemical Society).*
The soft template possesses broad potential as they have excellent repeatability and simplicity \[[109](#CIT0109)--[112](#CIT0112)\]. The use of template-based salt mixtures such as tetra propylammonium chloride (TPA-C) and tetra propylammonium bromide (TPA-B) offered much more adjustment in fabricating highly organised Ag nanowires. A liquid crystal of copolymer block is present before the addition of Ag ion. The copolymer with hydrophilic or hydrophobic aggregates formed the initial sphere micelles followed by the cylindrical micelles in the solution system. When the adherence of copolymer is sufficient, a pentagonal hollow array of liquid crystal structure steadily built up. The Ag ions, which were dissolved and reduced inside the solution, will precipitate within the cavities around the micelle rods by attraction reaction between the hydrophilic surfaces and hydration repulsion of the micelles. The Ag ion will then be reduced and solidified to create the Ag walls. Random assembly of rod-like copolymer interacts with Ag atom to yield two or three monolayers of encapsulated Ag at the outside surface of the micelles. The nanowires spontaneously assemble themselves into a long-range ordered structure (pentagonal packing). Usually, the transfer process experiencing adhesion problem at the interface between the substrate and the Ag nanowire electrode, which needs accurate transfer conditions to remain the quality and quantity of Ag electrodes in the medium. The difficulty of the transfer process includes the constraints in retaining the selection of substrate shape and large-area fabrication. If the polymer core layer remains after the process, it will significantly reduce the conductivity of the whole system; further downsides emerge from the use of a metal etchant and the waste of materials.
A new type of 1D Ag nanostructures, that is Ag nanocables (with larger aspect ratios and smaller line widths) has been synthesised using a combination of hard and soft templates growth methods ([Figure 3(b](#F0003))) \[[113](#CIT0113)\]. The hybrid nanocable structure of Ag- polymer involve a complex process with hybrid organic reagents, where the system requires more than one different blocks or topologies \[[114](#CIT0114)\]. The anodic membrane (e.g. anodic alumina membrane (AAM)) is the type of hard template used in the process to assist the uniform and ordered pores structure. For example, Ag nanocables wrapped in nanosheath polystyrene involves the channelling of metal solution into the void channels was through the self-assembly of Pluronic F127 and EG. F127 acted not only as the soft template but also as the guiding agent and reductant to the precursor used in the solution. The system is indeed highly conductive compared to other nanocables reported before. In the case of Ag nanotubes, the first hollow nanotube was created through the assistance of fatty acid (e.g. octanoic acid) \[[115](#CIT0115)\].
Owing to the heterogeneity and its structural stability, electrodes made of Ag nanowires typically exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in a supercapacitor. For the electrochemical reaction, the improvement occurs at the interfaces between electrode and electrolyte. By reducing the path of the electron and improve the performance of active materials through the nanosized particles, improving the conductive network of the materials using carbonaceous matrix is improved, and the hollow or hierarchical structures could fit in high volume changes or the electrolyte which rapidly spread through into the inner of active materials \[[116](#CIT0116)\].
Porous AAMs \[[71](#CIT0071),[117](#CIT0117),[118](#CIT0118)\] and polycarbonate track-etched membranes \[[119](#CIT0119),[120](#CIT0120)\] are frequently used as hard templates for the synthesis of Ag nanowires because their channel diameters and densities can be easily altered; they are also commercially available and easy to handle without breaking or tearing. The pore size in AAM template, such as Pluronic P123, is influenced by the types of electrolyte and the range of anodisation voltage during the reaction process ([Figure 3(c](#F0003))). The channel of the substrate is oriented perpendicular to the membrane surface to enable the build-up of Ag atomic layer which eventually induced the particles accumulation for the early formation of nanowires (nanorod). For porous membrane, chemical composition at the surface accelerates the diffusion. The AAM gives access to high aspect ratios of nanowires and permitted not only reproducible synthesis with precisely defined morphology but also with the precisely defined structure. The alteration of the synthesis condition such as the electrolyte salts increases the fraction of ordered pentagonal columnar over the pentagonal circular phase. In this case, the columnar elongates upon increasing of direct and under applied alternating current \[[121](#CIT0121)\]. Further increase in the filling of these mesopores through the alteration of the electrodeposition parameter process (pulse or continuous deposition, thinning voltage and electrolyte concentration) led to excellent pore-filling uniformity with stable Ag nanowires inside the pore.
Current virtual electrode-solution interface process using classical double-layer theory permits digitised controlled electrodeposition system in a microfluidic device for the Ag nanowires synthesis \[[122](#CIT0122),[123](#CIT0123)\]. The system employed a programmable light pattern to control the localised electric fields within the microfluid chip that promoted the local electrochemical deposition of free-standing nanowires. Specifically, the method involves a three-stage reaction:
- The reduction of Ag ion (Ag^+^) to elemental zero-valent Ag atom (Ag°),
- Comprehends the nucleation and growth of the reduced of Ag atom to form small seeds, cluster structures and,
- Delineate the particles growth stage, where the final Ag nanowires are formed.
The applied voltage and liquid conductivity control the final structural morphology of the as-produced thin double-layer film. The applied voltage typically set to 50 kHz, which is favourable for the formation of nanowires rather than compact electrodes of Ag.
The electrochemical redox reaction in the absence of dilute electrolyte using galvanic-cell supports is also possible for the formation of Ag nanowires. The galvanic support usually used to reduce the resistance of the solution. The Ag layer coated on the plate surface indicated the reaction took place on the galvanic support. As the concentration of the electrolyte reduced and getting low, the diffuse area of the double layer becomes significant with the layer formation thickness increase up to a micron depth. This induced the electro-migration of the ions towards the tip of the diffuse island layer in the direction of current flow. Therefore, nanowires develop around the sharp tip. As the electric field gradient increased, a massive accumulation of Ag ions deposition occurred near the tip than the ones close to the smooth or boundary area, which further contribute to the formation of nanowires. The larger the magnitude of the electric current field, the higher the density of incoming Ag ions within that region and subsequently, the tip of the layer becomes thicker. Lengthier Ag nanobelt could be grown in hard AAM nanochannel templates with dimensions depending on the AAM template \[[124](#CIT0124),[125](#CIT0125)\]. Also, the biomass-derived monolithic activated carbon (MAC) template has been used for high yield and lengthier Ag nanowires through this method \[[126](#CIT0126)\]. MAC is also known for its role as growth initiator surface, which commonly used for the formation of both nanowires and nanobelts within the system.
Furthermore, through this method, the formation of Ag nanowires could be accelerated through exposure of oxygen plasma under pulsed electrodeposition process \[[127](#CIT0127)\]. The pulsed response helps in the fast formation of uniform and homogeneous pore filling within the template which assists by an adequate Ag ion concentration at the deposition interface.
Some of the significant factors influencing 1D Ag nanostructures are as follows: Ag ion species that form walls and their effectivity to promotes walls crystallisation,The concentration of surfactant (micelles, emulsion, liquid crystal and molecules) and molar ratio of surfactant to reaction precursor that includes their ionic intensity, pH and type of solvent used,environmental conditions (temperature, growth time, stabiliser), andcontrolling of product morphology (diameter, length and shape) \[[110](#CIT0110),[115](#CIT0115),[128](#CIT0128),[129](#CIT0129)\].
#### 2.1.2.2.. Au {#S0002-S2001-S3002-S4002}
The template growth involves the electrochemical redox deposition of Au nanorods inside a porous template, derived from a polymer thin film, through a track-etched template; it was developed by Martin \[[130](#CIT0130)--[132](#CIT0132)\]. Some of the well-known organic molecules or polymers used as a soft template for Au nanowires synthesis include 1-octadecene (ODE), insulin powder, PVP and octadecylamine (ODA) as listed in [Table 1](#T0001). Through the alteration of the aspect ratio of the initial nanorods, the length of nanowires can be changed as well \[[133](#CIT0133)\]. For instance, Au nanowires can be synthesised using a lipid nanotube template with streptavidin that serves as a stabiliser. In this way, the organic template can be eliminated and particles can be linked using oxygen plasma \[[134](#CIT0134)\]. The process involves the deposition of Au nanosized electrodes on the polymeric membrane via electrochemical plating reaction.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-T0001Table 1.Summary of template-assisted syntheses of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires (NWs).MetalTemplateNW Diameter (nm)NW Length (nm)Ref.AgPVP80--130\>10,000\[[157](#CIT0157)--[163](#CIT0163)\]AAM with gold nucleation layer76183\[[127](#CIT0127)\]Nanofibrillated cellulose2012,000\[[164](#CIT0164)\]Deoxyribose nucleic acid AAM with PVP45200\[[165](#CIT0165)\]AAM with porous silica30--40200\[[113](#CIT0113)\]AuOleylamine (ODE) and octadecylamine (ODA)1.64,000\[[157](#CIT0157)\]Triton X-100 and Triton X-114\< 1010,000\[[166](#CIT0166)\]Lipid nanotube 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)201,000\[[134](#CIT0134)\]Hydrogel of wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)200--3001,000\[[167](#CIT0167)\]Collagen (L-aspartate and L-lysine)\
Tobacco mosaic virus30--70\
2--30500\
300--1200\[[168](#CIT0168),[169](#CIT0169)\]CuTrack-etched polycarbonate membranes200--40010,000\[[170](#CIT0170),[171](#CIT0171)\]AAO membrane15--2005,000--25,000\[[172](#CIT0172)--[174](#CIT0174)\]Copper salt in water oxidation catalyst25--802,000--100,000\[[175](#CIT0175)\]Polyaniline nanotubes\
Pd-activated tobacco mosaic virus250\
24--467,000\
\>300\[[176](#CIT0176)--[180](#CIT0180)\]
Apart from lipid nanotube template, porous silica template is of interest in the formation process of Au nanowire via electrochemical redox method \[[135](#CIT0135)--[137](#CIT0137)\]. This method was best understood for coinage metal nanowires, where the functionalised surface binds well to the depositing cation on the template pores through polymeric strands induced by aurophilic interaction \[[50](#CIT0050)\]. Although the claims about the aurophilic interactions were more speculative, it is still a fascinating reported study in proving the formation of ultra-thin Au nanowires with high aspect ratios. Au nanowires with a high aspect ratio exhibit outstanding mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties.
The high aspect ratio of Au nanowires formed by the electrodeposition template method (diameter less than 50 nm) resulted in a unique porous morphology owing to the assembly of small surface particles. A popular method to grow porous Au nanowires at high yield involves a filtration membrane where the residual Au ions deposited on Au nanostructures remain within the pores even after the rinsing stage \[[138](#CIT0138)\]. Coarsening of the Au nanostructures results in the formation of solid Au nanorod segments upon further deposition of Au ions. The vertically aligned Au channel on the substrate cleaved the Au nanowires film and yielded individual Au nanowires that are independently interconnected with each other \[[139](#CIT0139)\].
This approach involves a soft-enveloping function on the surface of the Au ion precursor immersed in mesoporous silica and a phase transfer method that takes place at the interface of the solid-liquid solution phase. The formation of Au nanostructures on silica composites with different morphologies and sizes prepared through different reaction time and temperature (i.e. goes up to 6 h reaction time). The Au precursor is initially distributed homogenously in the ordered mesoporous silica template. The formation of Au networks that develop from homogenously distributed Au ion precursors efficiently within a small space can be described by the classical LaMer curve \[[140](#CIT0140)\]. The Au network formation comprises of three distinct stages: an induction stage,a nucleation stage, anda growth stage of Au nanowires.
In the induction stage, Au^x+^ ions are reduced to Au atoms. During this stage, Au nanoparticles are distributed over the entire silica template and separated from each other. Particularly, a liquid solvent which could not dissolve the Au ion precursor is employed as a block layer and is fully created to halt the Au ion species from moving towards the outer layer of a solid mesoporous channels template. Following the induction stage, Au atoms begin to form through a self- (or homogeneous) nucleation mechanism once the concentration of Au atoms reaches the maximum limit (supersaturation) point. On subsequent growth stage, a phase transfer mechanism takes place spontaneously across the interface of the liquid solution that typically contains the reducing agent ions and the liquid solvent which induce the reduction process at the interface between the Au electrodes and liquid solvent phases. The possibility for additional secondary nucleation to occur is none, and most of the reaction time is used only in the growth process.
It should be stressed that the mechanism of metal nanowire formation using a soft or hard template is complex and involves various chemical and physical routes. For example, if Au and Ni nanowire arrays are sequentially deposited using a nickel film on glass as a template, then the Ni array should be carefully removed after the growth \[[141](#CIT0141)\]. Also, by increasing the applied voltage between the two electrodes, a gradual growth of the Au nanowire segment will occur owing to the increase in the current density. The wires had a length of tens of micrometres and tended to aggregate despite being horizontally aligned on a substrate \[[142](#CIT0142)\]. There is a demand for a simple and inexpensive method of Au nanowire electrodeposition, which can be addressed by an electrochemical redox process through 3D cavities in a crosslinked gelatine layer that allows fabricating gelatine-templated Au nanostructures \[[143](#CIT0143)\]. In this case, glucose additive is used in the synthesis solution to create the morphology of the Au nanostructures. Generally, soft- and hard-template methods have achieved good pore size and structural control. Nonetheless, research efforts in forming Au nanowires faced some limitations due to the difficulties to confine the soft nanowires structure within the template. Hence, some of the reported works are focused on Au-alloy nanowires since the dealloying finishing processes, which are believed could facilitate the formation of high-quality Au nanowires. These limitations are very critical for further development of these coinage metals since in most technological areas such as biomedicine and electronic devices, the requirement to have a well-defined morphology, composition and crystal structure of these metals to avoid averaging effects are crucial \[[144](#CIT0144)\].
Relatively little work has been conducted using genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-coated protein assemblies for direct and selective deposition of Au nanowires. The TMV template is known to create various assembly intermediates under a wide range of pH, including highly stable helices in acidic conditions \[[145](#CIT0145)\]. The fabrication of Au nanowires involves the TMV-based platinum nanowires via electroless deposition of platinum precursors onto the outer area of the wild-type TMV disk. The tagged rods, which exclude from the recombination with wild-type protein, it then binds with Au nanorods, the initial structures after the nanoparticles formed and before it changed to nanowires.
#### 2.1.2.3.. Cu {#S0002-S2001-S3002-S4003}
The morphology of nanostructure materials which are encapsulated by the closed shells of surfactant molecules varies according to the soft templates specification \[[146](#CIT0146)\]. Anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membrane and polycarbonate membrane are frequently used as templates with polyelectrolyte coatings to grow and modify the surface charge of Cu nanowires. The AAO membrane has nanosized straight parallel pores, which have diameters of 300--400 nm, thickness of 50--60 μm and porosity of 0.25--0.50. The modification of surface charge in the membrane depends on the multiple layers of charged polyelectrolytes. The transient electrochemistry signals are quantified in Cu ion solutions of different salt concentrations, where Faradaic reactions dominantly authorised the Cu electrodeposition at the cathode and Cu dissolution at the anode. The most common approach in fabricating the cathodes is to deposit Cu or Au metals onto one side of the AAO membrane with the clamping approach. This procedure removes the initial distribution of the deposited metal that would influence the morphology of the electrodeposits \[[147](#CIT0147)\]. In this case, polycarbonate membrane serves as a better template option compared to AAO owing to a simpler procedure of dissolving the template to obtain free-standing Cu nanowires. Additionally, polycarbonate membrane is more flexible regarding the template pore size selection, where the size can be made as small as 10 nm by controlling the etching conditions. Upon the deposition process, the Cu nanowires in polycarbonate can be directly integrated into the device fabrication depending on the properties obtained \[[148](#CIT0148),[149](#CIT0149)\].
Besides the template method mentioned above, Cu nanowires can also be grown via electrochemical deposition in a scanning electrochemical microscope between metal ultramicroelectrode and oxide electrode \[[150](#CIT0150)--[152](#CIT0152)\]. Atomic contact was generated through the employment of another type of oxide electrode such as ITO encapsulated within highly ordered packed silica template with the vertical hexagonal alignment of small pore channels. The template which is also a promising candidate for hard-template casting \[[153](#CIT0153),[154](#CIT0154)\] can be functionalised with organic groups \[[155](#CIT0155)\]. The method generated encapsulated Cu nanowires with quantum conductance. Specifically, the Cu nanowires are fabricated through the electrochemically driven cooperative self-assembly of surfactant micelles and formation of silica by hydroxyl ions electrogeneration to catalyse the polycondensation of Cu ion precursor encapsulated around the amphiphilic molecules at the electrode or solution interface. A gap between two electrodes is connected through the electrochemical deposition of metal until they are linked and a nanowire is formed. The benefits of this approach are (1) the applied potential can be governed by means of a reference electrode in absence of mechanical deformation and (2) various arrangements and metals can be employed. Additionally, the electrodeposition tends to halt easily, producing atomic contact through the self-terminated process \[[150](#CIT0150)\].
Basically, the Cu nanowires, similar to Au and Ag nanowires possesses polycrystalline microstructure in the initial growth level (\<1 μm in length) and develops into highly dense coherent twin boundaries in the subsequent stage. They usually have a restricted capacity for lattice shift. As a grain boundary in a nanocrystalline Cu reaches a surface, it creates a groove. As a pair of coherent twin boundaries in a multiply nanotwinned Cu reaches a surface, they form a faceted zig-zag structure. The grooves and facets play different roles in chemical kinetic reactions. Typically, the chemical reactivity of Cu nanowires with pack coherent twin boundaries intercepting the free surface differs with the spacing of coherent twin boundaries. The smaller the coherent twin boundaries spacing, the better the properties. The Cu nanowires surface changes into a faceted structure of a very low atomic step density when intercepted by abundant CTBs. Understanding the nanoscale voiding kinetics becomes essential for controlling the void-free microstructure and the physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials.
A significant aspect of the template-assisted electrochemical deposition growth is that it can synthesise the nanostructures with an infinite variety of structures. The combination of versatility and different types of the soft template including organic molecules or polymers such as ODE, an insulin powder, PVP, ODA ([Table 1](#T0001)), creates an infinite resource for 1D nanostructure development. The main result of this methodology was the new concept of a combine hard conductive core wrapped with the soft insulating shell.
The vast development in bioconjugation technologies permitted the use of 'unfriendly' biological molecules and this includes the famous rod-like plant TMV as an ideal soft biological templates for forming high aspect ratio Cu nanowires \[[156](#CIT0156)\]. TMV 'template' is a useful biological template which is stable over a wide range of pH. TMV is a non-toxic plant virus structured as a hollow cylinder with a length of ca. 300 nm and the outer and inner diameters of 18 and 4 nm, respectively. TMV-templated Cu-nanorods were fabricated through a two-step electroless deposition process on immobilised wild-type TMV consisted of two stacked rings each of 17 subunits and helical rods. In the first stage, the surface of the virus template was activated by Pd nanoparticles on the surface. In the second stage, the Pd nanoparticles acted as an active site for selective catalytic reduction of Cu^2+^, leading to the growth of nanocrystal and the continuous formation of Cu coating on the template.
A method for the mass production of compound semiconductor nanowires that involves the direct reaction of component elements in a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) chamber is presented. This method results in nanowires, without the associated production of any other by-products such as nanoparticles or three-dimensional (3D) bulk crystals. Furthermore, no unreacted reactants remain mixed with the nanowire product in this method. This by-product-free nanowire production thus circumvents the need to tediously purify and collect nanowires from a mixture of products/reactants after their synthesis
Hence, it can be argued that through both the soft- and hard-template methods, the desired produced controlled density, spatial distribution, length, and orientation either horizontal or vertically aligned of 1D nanostructures through particular types of the substrate can be achieved to complement the constantly miniaturizing industries.
2.2.. Physical vapour assemblies {#S0002-S2002}
--------------------------------
### 2.2.1.. PVD on artificial cracks and directional solidification {#S0002-S2002-S3001}
#### 2.2.1.1.. Ag {#S0002-S2002-S3001-S4001}
PVD allows to easily grow metallic nanowires of high purity. Note that despite their differences, both CVD and PVD allow to produce endotaxial structures, which indicate a fascinating event of growth. The endotaxy term refers to the growth formation of precipitate phases in a bulk matrix, with the formation of coherent interfaces surrounding the precipitate \[[181](#CIT0181)\]. Conventionally, endotaxial nanostructures were synthesized using molecular beam epitaxy in ultra-high vacuum conditions of PVD approach \[[182](#CIT0182)\]. The control on the position and morphology of Ag nanostructures is introduced in the form of Ag thin film cladded between the interfacial layer of GeO~x~ and SiO~x~ in the silicon substrate. Such control is difficult in the CVD process. The process involves the growth of symmetry-driven Ag nanostructures on a silicon substrate through annealing treatment (up to 800 °C) in air. The mechanism involved enhanced desorption of SiO~x~ and GeO~x~ layers at initial stages \[[183](#CIT0183)\]. The Ag tends to diffuse into silicon through an interstitial-substitution mechanism during the annealing process \[[184](#CIT0184)\]. The Ag nanostructures embedded coherently in the substrate and are quite stable system. Ag diffusion to reach the silicon surface has been enhanced due to desorption of SiO~x~ and GeO~x~. The process mainly involves low-temperature etching of intermediate oxide layer of the silicon/GeO~x~ or silicon/SiO~x~ substrate to help the formation of the endotaxial Ag nanostructures. In the initial cooling process, oxidation of the silicon substrate takes place which becomes a reason for increased thickness of the SiO~x~ layer, and later the condensation of GeO~x~ might occur at a lower temperature compared to SiO~x~. The morphological variation of Ag nanowires depends on the orientation of the substrate. The morphology of Ag nanowires is commensurate with the surface symmetry of the substrate either in twofold, threefold or fourfold symmetry for {100}, {110} and {111} orientations. The typical mean diameter and length of the Ag nanowires is in the range of 10--80 nm and 30--200 nm, respectively, with a wide distribution of sizes.
Basically, the PVD deposition can involve no interruption of vacuum. Indium is used as a self-organised seed deposited onto a Si substrate and creates islands instead of a typical continuous film as a result of the non-wetting interaction ([Figure 4(a](#F0004))) \[[185](#CIT0185)\]. Ag is then deposited and Ag atoms subsequently bind to the indium islands. This process is used for two reasons \[[186](#CIT0186),[187](#CIT0187)\]. Firstly, the bonding of Ag atoms is stronger to indium than to the Si oxide layer. Secondly, more Ag atoms are deposited on the indium islands than on the Si substrate as a result of the geometrical shadowing due to the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) condition for short nanowires growth \[[188](#CIT0188)\]. As a result, the vertical indium islands serve as seeds to differentiate the isolation of short Ag nanowires, and hence affect the mean diameter of short Ag nanowires. To separate the vertical indium components, it is important to deposit more indium atoms so only fewer indium elements remain in the vertical group. The isolation is a result of shadowing from adjacent seeds during the early deposition processes. The seeds that are fully shadowed receive very low flux and do not heighten. The mean diameters of the deposited indium islands are small enough for the further growth of nanowires.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0004Figure 4.Schematic illustration from (a) on short Ag nanowires growth using PVD method deposited on the Si substrate \[[185](#CIT0185)\] and (b) on the concept of the twin boundaries arrangement, coloured in brown with (i) single crystal nanowires without twin boundaries, (ii) horizontal, (iii) inclined and (iv) fivefold vertical twin boundaries \[[200](#CIT0200)\] (*adapted with permission from* \[[185](#CIT0185)\] *licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and* \[[200](#CIT0200)\] *copyright (2015) American Chemical Society*).
A GLAD method is used with a combination of rapid switching deposition direction between crystal symmetry positions. The angle-switched GLAD can be practically expanded to form complex structures, such as 3D helical and segmented or core-shell metal heterostructures \[[189](#CIT0189),[190](#CIT0190)\]. Such novel structures have significantly expanded the range of metal nanowires applications by exploiting various crystal orientations of nanowires.
PVD can yield coinage metal nanowires with tuneable length, hole dimensions and shapes; tailored wall composition; microstructure; porosity and structure. The nanowires are formed by tailoring the walls with controlled nanostructure with specific thickness (from a few nanometres up to several hundred). PVD offers the following features: Shell composition and microstructure: Although we focus on the growth of coinage metal nanowires (Ag, Au and Cu), the formation of other inorganic metal shell is also straightforward and effortless through vacuum deposition at low and mild temperatures.Substrate: The templates used for growing nanowires should be compatible with optical substrates, metal oxide thin films, silicon, metal nanostructures and flexible substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate.
#### 2.2.1.2.. Au {#S0002-S2002-S3001-S4002}
Au nanowires can be grown within cracks of a thin film by PVD \[[191](#CIT0191)\]. The cracks act as efficient templates because they are straight, tuneable down to nanometre size and can be easily aligned via controlled strain. The benefit of this method is that the Au nanowire forms concomitantly with macroscopic contacts \[[192](#CIT0192)\]. The method involves mask deposition, crack generation, deposition of the nanowire material and lift-off of the mask. The Au nanowires are formed in cracks of the template thin film deposited on glass. The template is removed using an ultrasonic bath to obtain free-standing nanowires. This method has a limited freedom in the alignment of nanostructures. Also, only selected adsorbents and substrates that support self-organisation processes can be used, such as transition metal dichalcogenide crystals, Nafion, Teflon, amorphous fluoropolymers and polyamide films \[[193](#CIT0193),[194](#CIT0194)\]. The artificial crack method requires a high degree of self-organisation approach that needs special materials in which the option for other materials with different functionality other than the self-organisation is restricted.
Directional solid-state decomposition in metal-Au eutectoid alloy system has been explored as a new method in synthesising ordered Au nanostructures \[[195](#CIT0195)\]. The method employed phase separation through selective etching. The directional transformation of eutectoid alloys is a derivation of the eutectics directional solidification. In the formation of Au nanostructures based on the binary system, Au contributes as a minor phase (\< 10%) in the eutectic-like reaction, resulting in a fibrous morphology. Interestingly, Fe-Au diagram is the only existing binary Au diagram that met the requirement in forming the Au nanostructures \[[196](#CIT0196)--[198](#CIT0198)\]. In the experiment, the bulk eutectoid alloy was cut into 1 × 1 × 0.1 cm pieces, which were dipped into the specific solution and left stirring for 24 h. The formation of reddish solution produced after the treatment was then characterised to obtain the total content of the Au and Fe elements. The produced structures in the form of fibril are not systematically distributed and are only partially well-ordered. The high portion of unorganised structures indicated that the steady state growth is not easily fulfilled. One main reason is related to the initial microstructure. The microstructure in the eutectoid phases is well known to be influenced by the condition of the initial structure and the level of homogeneity at the high-temperature phase. Hence, the solidification of that phase takes place. In this method, a range of Au nanostructures, including Au nanoparticles, short nanorods and nanofibres can be formed through this approach.
#### 2.2.1.3. Cu {#S0002-S2002-S3001-S4003}
PVD can yield high-quality single-crystalline Cu-based nanostructures with the thickness down to 1 nm, which include CuI nanosheets and nanowires. For example, CuI nanostructures with different crystal phases (*x* = α, β and γ) can be synthesised by PVD on a SiO~2~/Si substrate using *x*-CuI powder as the precursor and a noble gas (e.g. argon) as the carrier gas. The *x*-CuI nanostructures could growth on 2D transition metal dichalcogenides to form vertical heterostructures via a two-step PVD approach. The reaction starts with the growth of single-crystal metal dichalcogenides (e.g. WSe~2~ and WS~2~) on a silicon-type substrate using a PVD method. Later, the CuI nanostructures are grown on the as-grown 2D single-crystal metal dichalcogenides substrate. The *x*-CuI nanowires nucleate and grow on the top surface of single-crystal metal dichalcogenides, creating the vertical *x*-CuI/metal dichalcogenides. Briefly, for the synthesis procedure, a certain amount of CuI powder loaded in a small ceramic boat was placed at the centre of a horizontal tube furnace. The silicon-type substrate was placed in another ceramic boat downstream at a distance range of 8--10 cm away from the centre of the quartz tube. Before the reaction growth, the tube was purged with the carrier gas flow for several minutes at room temperature to remove the existence of oxygen in the reactor. The growth was stopped by turning the furnace power off and let the temperature of the system cool down to room temperature.
2.3.. Summary {#S0002-S2003}
-------------
Comparison of synthesis techniques indicates that both the solution-driven and physical assembly routes allow much flexibility in the growth of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. The capability of surfactants, precursor, reducing agent and seeding agent in solution-driven assemblies to assist in the alteration of metal nanowires surface combined with selective growth towards specific crystal facets, give additional advantages especially in tuning the morphological control and other surface properties. Still, a primary drawback from this method is the delineated accessibility of the particle surface (necessary for specific applications such as biosensing). Although solution-controlled methods tend to produce some aggregated nanowires, the dispersibility and properties of the nanowires can be enhanced through a post-functionalisation procedure. In some cases, several types of surfactants suffice to yield a stable and monodispersed nanowire dispersions. The nanoporous template, either as a pure metal, single-phase or two-component metal alloy has become imperative for better economic and latest improvised nanosynthesis technologies. Both the soft and hard templates are relatively a simple synthetic technique to produce a high yield of metal coinage nanowires and provide a high level of control over the wire dimensions and the composition either as a porous or solid nanowire. However, the growth of thin nanowires (\<50 nm), beyond the range of template pore size, is still limited. As for industrial application, it seems that solvo/hydrothermal synthesis offers a better option, as the method can neglect tedious post-processing treatment involves high-temperature process in eliminating the synthesis residue. The use of temperature or acidic solution that needed in post-processing treatment of template method is quite incompatible with plastic substrate especially in the fabrication industry of flexible electronic devices. Hence, solution-driven assembly-based synthesis may have advantages and limitations depending upon the type of applications.
Orientation-controlled growth through the artificial crack and directional solidification via PVD method work well not only for coinage metal nanowires, but can also be extended to any material that can be deposited as a biaxial film. So far, PVD has been employed only at laboratory scale, using vacuum evaporation as an adjustable tool to obtain the structures. Additionally, the eutectoid transformation mechanism is non-cooperative and influences the limited uniformity and regularity of the obtained nanostructures.
Overall, there is still a great potential for the improvement in coinage metal nanowire syntheses. Their pronounced effects for Ag, Au and Cu nanowires, specifically for several nanomechanical properties, are reviewed in the next section.
3.. Probing the nanomechanical properties {#S0003}
=========================================
Recent advancements in experimental tools have facilitated the probing of nanomechanical properties down to single atomic chains \[[199](#CIT0199)--[201](#CIT0201)\]. General methods for probing nanomechanical properties of small-diameter nanowires (diameters of few tens nanometres and lengths of few micrometres) have been successfully developed in the last several years through a variety of techniques such as nanoindentation \[[202](#CIT0202),[203](#CIT0203)\], tensile \[[204](#CIT0204)--[208](#CIT0208)\] and bending tests \[[209](#CIT0209),[210](#CIT0210)\]. These quantitative tests often bring valuable insight into the atomic structures and potential development of the tested structures.
3.1.. Nanoindentation {#S0003-S2001}
---------------------
Ag, Au and Cu nanowires exhibit ultra-high yield strength and low hardening level as well as low ductility (tensile strength to fracture) \[[211](#CIT0211)--[215](#CIT0215)\]. Inadequate hardening is preferable as it can significantly affect the mechanical coherency of the constituent nanostructures in nanomechanical integration devices and other technological applications. The lack of decent hardening caused the absence of intrinsic obstacles within the nanowires, which halt the delocalisation of the crystalline defects to induce the macroscopic hardening \[[214](#CIT0214)\]. Single crystalline nanowires of *fcc* metals such as Ag, Au and Cu distort via dislocation-mediated plasticity or deformation twinning and lattice reorientation without displaying noticeable hardening as indicated in [Figure 4(b](#F0004))(i) \[[200](#CIT0200)\]. The horizontal ([Figure 4(b](#F0004))(ii)) and inclined ([Figure 4(b](#F0004))(iii)) twin boundaries are prone to migrate, causing twin coarsening effect. The twin boundaries play a significant role in ductility properties where low strain hardening is fully controlled through dislocations motion of the twin boundary barriers ([Figure 4(b](#F0004))(iv)) \[[216](#CIT0216)\].
*In situ* indentation and retraction response are typically obtained from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) test \[[217](#CIT0217),[218](#CIT0218)\]. The study on nanoindentation technique is mainly focused on ductility deformation process of nanostructures, particularly related to the determination of their hardening properties including the size-dependent properties of Young's modulus \[[206](#CIT0206),[219](#CIT0219)\]. Most of the studies evolved around in pertaining the plastic deformation of a single nanowire under axial loading for diameters less than 5 nm, that is, below the typical size of grown nanowires \[[220](#CIT0220),[221](#CIT0221)\]. For instance, the smallest Ag nanowire diameter possesses higher strain hardening than the larger ones. It has been tested through nanoindentation with diameters ranging from 38 to 130 nm with the ultimate tensile strength of 4.8 GPa using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the strain rate \~10^−1^ s^−1^ \[[222](#CIT0222)\]. The uniaxial tension of suspended nanowires using SEM was conducted using the actuator of nanomanipulator with the cantilever of the SEM as the load sensor inside the SEM. The ratio of force value over the corresponding instantaneous contact area yields the indentation stress. While the indentation strain is defined as the ratio between the immediate contact radius and tip radius. In this system, the nanowire is fixed to the tip of the nanomanipulator tungsten, and the process occurred with the aid of electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) of carbonaceous materials inside the SEM chamber \[[222](#CIT0222)--[225](#CIT0225)\] ([Figure 5(a](#F0005))). The nanowire is drawn away from the Si wafer, and brought close to the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever where it is then fixed on the side of the cantilever with the aid of EBID. Generally, the nanowires possess a linear elastic behaviour until a fracture occurred without considerable plasticity under repeated loading and unloading during tensile tests. Basically, Young's modulus of most metal nanowires decreases with decreasing diameters where the softening trend is prominent in smaller diameter nanowire system \[[30](#CIT0030),[200](#CIT0200),[210](#CIT0210),[226](#CIT0226),[227](#CIT0227)\]. The loading force-depth curve converted to the indentation stress-strain curve. Yu et al. \[[205](#CIT0205)\] also presented a similar tensile testing technique that differs in the type of tips used. Tungsten tips show better functionality over other types in picking up metal nanowires during the process. Single-crystal and polycrystalline Cu nanowires with diameters of 500 nm show hardness values of 1.8 and 2.1 GPa, respectively \[[228](#CIT0228)\], which are close to that of bulk nanocrystalline Cu (\~2.2 GPa). Generally, the displacement during indentation is controlled by these two factors, namely, deformation in the sample and the bending of the nanowires caused by the high aspect ratio. Usually, a larger diameter tip (e.g. 500 nm to 5 µm) is used in order to correct the bending and thus produced only the bending displacement without indenting the sample.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0005Figure 5.(a) Experimental setup of AFM cantilevers on the SEM stage \[[225](#CIT0225)\]. The cantilever is mounted on a metal block of screw nut using a stable glue, providing excellent electrical contact with the close-up on the fracture area of the wire. (b) TEM images are used to monitor quantitative tensile tests before, right before and after breaking 20 nm diameter Au nanowires \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. (c) TEM nanoindentation holder with the sample mounted on the metal rod. The image is originally courtesy of the Model 2030 Ultra-Narrow Gap Tomography Holder from Eden Instruments (<http://www.eden-instruments.com>). (d) Reversible compressive deformation through twinning and de-twinning transition during cyclic tension-compression. The first tensile loading near the tensile grip (image 1 to 2) and eliminated entirely by de-twinning during compression (images 2 and 3). The successive nucleation and extension of parallel nanotwins along the same slip area (images 4 and 5) with the accommodation of de-twinning during subsequent compression (image 6) \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. (*Reproduced from* \[[225](#CIT0225)\] *with permission from IOP Publishing and reproduced from* \[[4](#CIT0004)\] *with permission from Nature Publishing Group).*
*In situ* transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been extensively used for characterising mechanical properties of nanostructures owing to its ability to directly visualise dislocations at the nanoscale. This method is particularly favoured in analysing individual nanowires with a small strain rate between 10^−3^ and to 10^−1^ s^−1^. Specifically, for fivefold vertical twin plane of nanowires, the obvious transition deformation occurs from slip dislocation to twinning under tension loading condition. While, the cyclic compressive-tensile deformation yields both compression and tensile deformations once the twinned nanowires were constantly twinned and de-twinned instead of being dislocated. For example, Au nanowires subjected to the tension force of nanosized punch showed the initial trailing of partial slip dislocations within the compressive strain areas \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. In a compressive strain, the de-twinned deformation is primarily dominated in the structure ([Figure 5(b](#F0005))) \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. The slip dislocation of the system is absent when the system is subjected to tension load. Instead, the twinned deformation of the structure took place when the nanowires are subsequently pulled into tension. For example, the twin boundaries of {110}Au nanowires annihilated the stacking fault on the twin boundary.
For nanoindentation experiments, a TEM holder ([Figure 5(c](#F0005))) is typically used in conjunction with a flat diamond punch for the compression test which facilitates the simultaneous acquisition of force-displacement curves which can be observed from the captured TEM images during deformation. The procedure of the process starts when the nominal flat diamond punch makes the contacts with the specimen that is normal angle to the imaging direction. Specifically, the nanoindenter is attached to a small transducer, which is coupled to a piezo tube. The hysteric behaviour produced from the piezo actuator is kept to the stationary condition during indentation process as to overcome the piezoelectric nonlinearities problems such as hysteresis and creep. The displacement signal output generated by the transducer directly measures the penetration depth of the nanoindenter, which can be programmed with a predefined displacement profile as a function of time to use the feedback system.
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are often placed inside SEM or TEM systems for *in situ* tensile testing of nanowires \[[229](#CIT0229)\]. For example, incorporating a nanoindenter inside SEM \[[230](#CIT0230),[231](#CIT0231)\] allowed precise control of load and displacement, yielding high-resolution force-displacement data from a silicon-based micro-mechanical device (MMD). Once the metal nanowires were released from the AAM, a micromanipulator inside the SEM was used to pick up a single nanowire to be placed between the sample stages. Later, the MMD was attached to an Au or tungsten rod with conductive glue to minimise charging effects. The setup was equipped with a nanoindenter, bearing a blunted diamond tip for manual indentation through coarse displacement of tens to hundreds microns. The nanoindenter was engaged under large elastic deformation, and continuously stretched the metal nanowire until its fracture ([Figure 5(d](#F0005))) \[[4](#CIT0004)\].
Nanoindentation is an efficient method to quantify mechanical properties of nanowires within the classical elasticity theory. The time-dependent deformation behaviour of penta-twinned Ag nanowires, which is related to stress relaxation for loading and complete strain recovery for unloading condition, has also been reported. The strain hardening test is performed using a MEMS-based testing system where the load is applied using a thermal actuator and is measured through the differential capacitive sensor on the other side. Carbon is used for displacement markers on the nanowires \[[3](#CIT0003)\]. Both loads and displacement are measured simultaneously and accurately \[[232](#CIT0232)--[234](#CIT0234)\]. As the load on the nanowire specimen is decreased, the specimen elongation is increased. The temperature at the end of specimen is usually higher as compared to other areas as the stress is accumulated at the end of the specimen ([Figure 6(a](#F0006),[b)](#F0006)) \[[204](#CIT0204)\]. During the recovery process, the actuator is turned off, and the specimen is retracted to the initial position ([Figure 6(c](#F0006))). The stress relaxation typically emerged from the nucleation of initial partial dislocations created by vacancy diffusion. Meanwhile, the complete strain recovery occurred from the reverse movement of partial dislocations exerted by the repulsive force both from the twin boundaries and the intrinsic stress field of the fivefold twin.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0006Figure 6.(a) The *in situ* tensile test of Ag nanowires using SEM with the scale bar of 200 nm \[[3](#CIT0003)\]. (b) The low magnification of TEM image on the sample area of the nanowire bridge between the actuator and the load sensor with the scale bar of 500 nm \[[3](#CIT0003)\]. (c) The stress-strain curves of penta-twinned Ag nanowires with a diameter of 120 nm. The relaxation and recovery states took 15 min to complete \[[3](#CIT0003)\]. (d) Schematic of a bimetallic Ni-Au nanowire with the Au segment (yellow) attached to an amino-functionalised glass slide \[[236](#CIT0236)\]. (e) Nanowire cross-sections indicate the acceptable indentation region (left) and the contact depth, *h~c~* during deformation (right) \[[236](#CIT0236)\]. (f) AFM images and line profiles before and after the indentation test for both Au and Ni nanowires segments \[[236](#CIT0236)\]. (*Adapted from* \[[3](#CIT0003)\] *with permission from Nature Publishing Group and reproduced from* \[[236](#CIT0236)\] *with permission from Elsevier*).
Nanoindentation of crystalline metals exhibits a size effect that depends on the sample morphology \[[235](#CIT0235)\]. This effect is extensively observed in AFM nanoindentation tests. In the experiment shown in [Figure 6(d](#F0006)), a piezo-scanner indented both the bare substrate and the bimetallic nanowire until the desired positive force was attained. Each of the indentations performed should reach the maximum height of the nanowires. The offset opening is as far as 30° from the nanowire apex within the acceptable measuring contact depth, *h~c~* ([Figure 6(e](#F0006))). For instance, as the individual bimetallic Ni-Au nanowires are indented at each end and in the middle, the permanent deformation and pile-up surrounding the indented area occurred especially in Au segments as shown in [Figure 6(f](#F0006)).
3.2.. Nanobending {#S0003-S2002}
-----------------
Crystallinity, defects and grain boundaries crucially affect properties of bulk metals. For instance, the strength of bulk metals can be increased via cold work hardening, precipitation hardening and grain-boundary hardening techniques which depend upon the restriction and hindering of dislocation movements \[[2](#CIT0002),[237](#CIT0237)\]. However, the strengthening methods of nanoscale structures which rely on the similar concept of incorporation of impurities may be ineffective due to the facile surface segregation and expulsion. For quite a while, physicists and chemists believed in the concept of 'the smaller is stronger'. That is, as the diameter of nanowires is reduced, and the yield strength or hardness increases accordingly. Thus, nanowires possess ultra-high strength compared to that of their macroscopic counterpart. As mentioned above, the high yield strength of nanowires stems from the presence of tiny particles that control dislocation activity. The microstructure control is one of the effective ways of controlling the mechanical properties of nanowire structures. Precise control of grain orientation and grain-boundary organisation within the penta-twinned nanowires account for their exceptional local strength and brittle failure. The principle underlying this theory is that the intersect grains within the twinning boundaries extend along the entire wire length to produce the homogeneous hardened structure. Free-standing coinage metal nanowires demonstrated grain-boundary hardening owing to the ability to fully control the grain orientation and boundaries within the structures. Therefore, observing and studying bending deformation or elastic resonance allow researchers to control quantum states in nanowires, which is useful for producing novel nanowire-based spintronic and photonic devices \[[238](#CIT0238)--[240](#CIT0240)\].
The AFM lateral bending method permits measurements of various mechanical properties, ranging from elasticity to plasticity and failure \[[241](#CIT0241)\]. The three-point AFM bending test involved the trench patterns of a substrate coated with 10--20 nm TiN film. Ag nanowires bridged the trenches through double-clamping at the trench edges using melted platinum. The phase transition from brittle to ductile occurred as a small displacement and elastic recovery took place. This was followed by the reduction in hardening as the grain boundaries slowly disappeared during the annealing which caused the plastic deformation. A dramatic increase in ductility was observed after 48 h annealing ([Figure 7(a](#F0007))) \[[241](#CIT0241)\]. The Young's modulus of the penta-twinned Ag nanowires with the diameter range of 22--35 nm is higher than that of bulk Ag (83 GPa, [Figure 7(b](#F0007))) \[[241](#CIT0241)\]. The nanomechanical bending test has also been conducted using Nano R AFM equipped with a high-speed digital pulse frequency modulator (DPFM) electric control unit \[[242](#CIT0242)\]. Typically, the results exhibit a deviation ranging from 0 to 6% ([Figure 7(c](#F0007))) \[[242](#CIT0242)\]. Therefore, the values of elastic modulus are uncertain as they depend on the contributions of machine errors and possible defects present during the experiment. The shear defect along the localised stress contributed to the total nanowire deflection and plastic deformation behaviour. 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0007Figure 7.(a) The AFM images of a 23.6 nm Ag nanowire under the tapping mode test before and after the brittle failure occurred with the scale bar of 250 nm \[[241](#CIT0241)\]. (b) The Young's modulus plot as a function of Ag nanowire radius. The modulus remains the same before (circle) and after (star) the thermal annealing process \[[241](#CIT0241)\]. (c) The plot of the elastic modulus vs diameter of the Ag nanowires with the nanowire diameter assigned from the fixed beam model (\*), simple beam model (\*\*) and simple fixed beam model (\*\*\*) \[[242](#CIT0242)\]. (d) *In situ* micro-diffraction pattern sequence for the Au 111 and Si 011 Laue spots evolution during the bending test \[[243](#CIT0243)\] with (e) the bending angle plot as a function of the AFM cantilever movement \[[243](#CIT0243)\]. (f) The snapshots of strain exerted on the nanowires \[[248](#CIT0248)\]. (*Adapted with permission from* \[[241](#CIT0241)\] *copyright (2006) American Chemical Society, reproduced from* \[[242](#CIT0242)\] *with permission by AIP Publishing LLC, adapted with permission from* \[[243](#CIT0243)\] *under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence and adapted from* \[[248](#CIT0248)\] *with permission from Nature Publishing Group).*
Recently, the *in situ* three-point bending test is used to determine the elastic properties of nanowires carried out using µLaue diffraction \[[243](#CIT0243)\]. The setup involves an AFM combined with a scanning force microscope for *in situ* nanofocused X-ray diffraction (SFINX). SFINX is compatible with various synchrotron end stations and can be combined with X-ray beams of sub-micrometre diameter. The setup allows both *in situ* imaging and *in situ* mechanical loading of individual nanowires to be carried out at the same time. The SFINX for nanomechanical testing was introduced by Ren et al. \[[244](#CIT0244)\] and Cornelius et al. \[[245](#CIT0245)\]. For example, the SFINX will bend the self-suspended Au nanowires where the deflection is measured based on the initial displacement of the detector point towards the Laue spots. The AFM tip was positioned above the centre of the suspended nanowire. The distance between the focused X-ray beams with respect to the nanowires is in the range of 16--18 µm. Allowing the bending and rotation of the nanowire enables the detection of crystal orientation of nanowires. The constant speed of the tip (5 nm s^−1^) pressing against the suspended nanowire deflected the structure. The µLaue diffraction recorded the piezo movement pattern, where the diffraction mapping sequence shows the reversible displacement of Au (111), and Si (001) Laue spots indicate a purely elastic deformation ([Figure 7(d](#F0007))) \[[243](#CIT0243)\]. The overall output pattern of the piezo movement represents both the bending of the crystal of Au nanowire (inset) behaviour and the deflection of the AFM cantilever ([Figure 7(e](#F0007))) \[[243](#CIT0243)\].
Since the 1920s, the limit of computed strain has predictably surpassed 30% of the upper limit of lattice deformation strain in metals \[[246](#CIT0246),[247](#CIT0247)\]. The upper limit of lattice strain indicates the inelastic discrete dislocation activities, twinned deformation or stress-induced deformation phase transformation. Theory predicted that the continuous lattice shear strain could be as significant as 34.6% conserved within the confined crystalline lattice of metal nanowires \[[248](#CIT0248)\]. The nanowires are bent or stretched by expansion or contraction of the continuous time Fourier series \[[249](#CIT0249)\]. Deformation with continuous bending is observed via the snapshots of the time- and position-resolved atomic-scale imaging with the percentage of strain exerted on the nanowires usually in the range of 1.9% to approximately 27.6% ([Figure 7(f](#F0007))) \[[248](#CIT0248)\].
Therefore, mechanical properties are crucial for ensuring normal operation and efficient reliability of coinage metal nanowires in flexible electronic devices. [Table 2](#T0002) presents a summary of quantitative *in situ* nanomechanical tests. Understanding the mechanical properties of these metal nanowires is essential for the successful development of such applications. 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-T0002Table 2.Representative quantitative *in situ* nanomechanical tests for nanowires.Nanomechanical testMeasured propertiesRef.Magneto-actuationElasticity and ductility\[[250](#CIT0250)\]Dual-beam focused ion beam and SEM/TEM using AFM cantileverTensile, resonance, bending, buckling, shear and compression\[[199](#CIT0199),[251](#CIT0251),[252](#CIT0252)\]Thermal and piezoelectricStress and strain\[[252](#CIT0252),[253](#CIT0253)\]Digital micromirror device in MEMSCyclic torsional and tensile fatigue\[[254](#CIT0254)\]Peeling force spectroscopy in AFMAdhesion\[[255](#CIT0255)\]Nanoindentation in AFMHardness and elastic modulus\[[206](#CIT0206)\]3D Bragg peaks using coherent X-raysEvolution of strain (bending) and rotation for boundary conditions\[[256](#CIT0256),[257](#CIT0257)\] 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-T0003Table 3.Calculated mechanical properties of Ag, Au, Cu and bi-metallic nanowires.MetalLoadingTwin orientation (°)Grain size (nm)Strain\
Rate (×10^8^ s^−1^)Temperature (K)Strength (GPa)Ref.AuTensile-24-\~2.4[\[276\]](#CIT0276) Tensile-4.34300\~0.6[\[295\]](#CIT0295)AgTensile-1526-\~1.15\[[296](#CIT0296)--[298](#CIT0298)\] Tensile-146500\~200 Compressive-3,000^−^2980.056 CuTensile90°49.6160\~181\[[299](#CIT0299)--[305](#CIT0305)\] Torsion120°17.40.00009 rad.step^−1^700- Tensile30°10.810-\~5.1 Tensile-3.61-\~4 Tensile70.5°402.9300\~1.23 Tensile30°1005-\~3.8 Tensile35.2°251.2-\~107 Cu-AgTensile-106298\~969[\[306\]](#CIT0306)Ag-AuTensile-101600\~7.7\[[307](#CIT0307),[308](#CIT0308)\] Tensile30°42800\~3.2
3.3.. Summary {#S0003-S2003}
-------------
The validity of the deformation mechanism of these coinage metal nanowires majorly depends on their crystal orientations. Such crystalline nanowires have impacts on nanomechanical properties owing to their ultrahigh flexibility and toughness. The reduction to the typical four-fold symmetry in coinage metal nanowire diameter prior to the fracture at large strain plasticity proved their high crystallinity. Generally, the high strain rates induced a continuous transformation of crystalline phase to an amorphous phase to give rise to a considerable change in a short-range atomic order and a disappearance of the shear elastic strain perpendicular to the tensile direction.
In this respect, a very close deformation progress can be observed directly and intuitively until the system reach their maximum conditions before a failure takes place. The trends and magnitude of the mechanical properties may give consistent values with the predicted ones. In this case, more descriptive method to measure the interactions between nanowires and the mechanism deformations beyond laboratories range becomes the subject matter. It should be noted that the extent and enlargement of the experimental zone beyond or below the maximum and minimum boundaries are of interest as the ability to accurately explain the dynamic response of the system is more desirable. Hence, more focus is necessary in the interpolation of refined physical continuum theories between the mechanical deformation and size effect. Several simulation approaches are discussed in the next section.
4.. Modelling and simulation {#S0004}
============================
Many of the complex geometrical conditions of nanostructures observed during growth are induced from the interplay of three fundamental processes: facets growth; droplet statics and the initiation of new facets. The incorporation of these process parameters into the numerical simulation model would be one of the efficient ways in obtaining insights that are not generated from the experimental methods. Given the additional inherent difficulties in producing a uniform aligned nanowires and geometrical growth of 1D nanostructures have not been fully realised, additional processing steps to achieve the desired nanowires assembly is necessary. Several simulation techniques can be employed for such studies. As the dimensions of the nanowire structures become comparable to the radiation wavelength *λ*, mechanical modelling and simulation methods can be performed rigorously using several available modelling and simulation analysis software depending on the desired outcome. The consideration of the laboratory data concerning the strength, strain hardening, fracture toughness, compression and strain rate sensitivity observations can be produced from mechanistic modelling. In this section, we reviewed several simulations and theoretical models in addressing the potential and reliability of exceptional mechanical properties of nanowires.
4.1.. Atomistic and molecular dynamic simulations {#S0004-S2001}
-------------------------------------------------
Most theoretical studies on plastic deformation in single metallic nanowires subjected to axial load \[[221](#CIT0221),[258](#CIT0258)\] are limited to nanowires with diameters below 5 nm. The small diameters of nanowires hinder direct correlation between theoretical and experimental results. The most frequent molecular simulation method that has been applied for nanostructures is molecular dynamic (MD) simulation \[[259](#CIT0259),[260](#CIT0260)\]. MD simulation is mainly used as a method to measure the interaction between a set of atoms based on the integration of their finite motion equation. The integration involves Newton's second law applied to each atom in the molecular structure based on the time discretisation. Most of the times, it is quite impossible to obtain an analytical solution that explicitly describes the atomic trajectories. Typically, the analysis involves several parameters that include the initial positions of atoms, which elucidated as the crystal lattice of the metal, while the initial velocities are granted according to the Boltzmann distribution at a particular simulation temperature. The MD studies identified two distinct mechanisms that mediate the structural response in noble metal nanowires: lattice orientation \[[261](#CIT0261)\] and phase transformation \[[220](#CIT0220)\]. These mechanisms are associated with reversibility and temperature dependence of structures as well as their pseudo-elastic behaviour. The MD simulation method becomes increasingly essential especially when it comes to the prediction of the embedded atom which could give a good approximation in the underlying interatomic potential of the nanostructures. The detailed understanding of energies and non-uniformities within the nanostructures is necessary. Thus, in turn, requires the models of the solid which should be both accurate and computationally simple. There are some common problems associated with the application of the simulations when the local environment of nanostructures is considerably different from the homogeneous bulk structure. The difficulties include surfaces, grain boundaries, internal voids and fracture characteristics.
The pair-potential approach based on density functional frames \[[259](#CIT0259),[262](#CIT0262)\] also known as a semi-empirical embedded-atom method (EAM), under MD simulation methodology is commonly used for modelling of metallic systems. EAM has been used for more than two decades for nanoscale structures and has been validated to generate reliable results, as it offers a more realistic description of the metallic cohesion. EAM is based on the density functional theory and thus primarily aim in illustrating the strength and weakness of particular nanostructures \[[263](#CIT0263),[264](#CIT0264)\]. The simulation starts with the initial velocities corresponding to the Boltzmann distribution at the simulation temperature. Later, the relaxation phase is carried out to permit the system to achieve an equilibrium state corresponding to the lowest energy state at that temperature. Finally, the tension or compression test can be exploited. The model for nanowires is typically extracted from bulk counterpart crystals according to the desired crystalline orientation that is similar to the method of top-down processing method. Through the pair-potential approach, specifically. However, the uncertainty of the volume dependence from the model is unavoidable. For an accurate approach, the results from first execution are usually precise. To achieve this, the use of a quantum chemical or density function method is important related to several parameters. The EAM parameters that usually requires for the simulation is based on the parameters of bulk structure (standard parameters for nanostructures measurement) that includes the equilibrium lattice constant, cohesive bulk energy, bulk modulus, vacancy formation energy, cubic elastic constants and diatomic molecule bond strength and bond length \[[265](#CIT0265)\]. In general, the simulation for coinage metal nanowires start with the atoms placed in positions that mimic to the bulk face-centred cubic crystal lattice, with a pentagonal cross-section. The axial oriented nanowires along the {110} direction expand preferentially at the {100} lateral surfaces with the periodic boundary conditions were not imposed in any direction. The MD simulation then determines the deformation effect on nanowire size which merely focused on the surface condition during deformation. For instance, a 15 nm diameter of Ag nanowire under the tensile strain of 19.3% showed a final deformation stage before failure with the narrowest section comprising of 6--10 number of Ag atoms following the necking around the indented area of the original cross-section of the nanowire ([Figure 8(a](#F0008))) \[[266](#CIT0266)\]. For nanowires of smaller diameter, MD exhibits similar atomic deformation process with the bulk ones but exerted onto a smaller size of neck limit. Based on the MD prediction, the 15 nm nanowire deforms elastically under the strain of about 4%, in which the tensile stress increases with strain up to the yield strength point. The simulation predicted serial occurrence of dislocations until failure ([Figure 8(a](#F0008))). 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0008Figure 8.(a) The atomic modelling of Ag nanowire with a diameter of 15 nm under tensile stress before the deformation corresponds to the AFM image after the nanoindentation test. The tensile stress-strain plot shows prediction results from atomistic simulations \[[266](#CIT0266)\]. (b) The multishell nanowire with the yield strength takes place at the local tensile fracture in the atomic junction \[[30](#CIT0030)\]. (c) The tensile yield of the metal nanowires with the coloured atoms is defined according to the slip vector, and only the atoms that have slipped are shown in *a* to *d*, while all of the present atoms are shown in *e* \[[268](#CIT0268)\]. (d) Slip during the yielding and twinning during deformation of the Au nanowire. The left snapshot shows all atoms, while the right snapshot presents only atoms on the slip planes. The atoms are coloured based on the magnitude of the potential energy \[[267](#CIT0267)\]. (*Adapted from* \[[266](#CIT0266)\] *with permission copyright (2008) by the American Physical Society, adapted with permission from* \[[30](#CIT0030)\] *copyright (2004) American Chemical Society, reproduced from* \[[268](#CIT0268)\] *with permission from Elsevier, reproduced from* \[[267](#CIT0267)\] *with permission from Springer).*
The application of EAM to a single atomic chain is controversial because it is not well suited to these extremely low-coordination systems. An argument is raised between the atomistic predictions of nanowire strength with the ideal strength calculated based on the bulk atomistic simulation. The quantitative result similarities are only achieved for diameter size range of 1--2 nm between the ideal strength of atomistic level and the predicted ones \[[30](#CIT0030)\]. There is a counterbalance of strength enhancement from intrinsic surface stress restriction and strength reduction due to the availability of free surfaces and corners for defect nucleation, similar to the one observed in the bulk system. For example, the simulation yields local tensile bond fractured at the surface of multishell Au nanowire, followed by relative shear of surrounding atoms ([Figure 8(b](#F0008))). The sequence shows the contribution of atomic positions before nucleation on the wired peripheral near the centre, which then proceeds to the formation of a point-like defect on the wire surface and subsequently yield the adjacent shearing atoms of wire necking. The process indicates the differences between perfect atomic separation forced in individual atom chains with the dislocation plasticity in bulk *fcc* nanowires.
The two main key control factors in yielding the metal nanowires include the intrinsic stress induced by surface stress and different active slip systems for the propagation of dislocations. Typically, the magnitude of tensile yield stress is much higher than that of the compressive yield stress for small nanowires due to the effect of surface stress and different slip systems active in tensile and compressive yielding. For instance, the mechanical properties of Au nanowires strongly depend on the cross-sectional size \[[268](#CIT0268)\]. The smaller the cross-sectional size, the stronger the nanowires as they could preserve their crystal structure during deformation. For instance, the yield strength of Ag nanowires of diameter from 6 to 1.4 nm increased from 4 to 4.4 GPa ([Figure 8(c](#F0008))). As the trailing partial dislocation nucleated in the middle of quad stacking fault at different strain rates, larger cross-sectional areas enhanced the chances of dislocation motion that lead to a decrease in both yield strain \[[221](#CIT0221)\] and yield stress \[[30](#CIT0030),[210](#CIT0210)\], with the stacking fault and surface energies enrolled in the fundamental deformation process. The orientations of partial and perfect slip dislocations governed the yielding of tensile property. The perfect slip formed by sequential partial slip occurs on the same plane. The trailing of dislocation in tensile caused the consistency in trailing dislocations under tension.
As for the *fcc*-type metal coinage nanowires \[[222](#CIT0222),[269](#CIT0269)\], plastic deformation is usually found to initiated by the Shockley partial dislocation from the free surface condition. Slip and twinning can be understood by examining the influence of Schmid factors \[[270](#CIT0270)\]. The lead trail of partial dislocations is nucleated from the surface or grain boundary \[[31](#CIT0031)\], and thus, creates more partial dislocation on other slip planes, producing subsequent parallel stacking fault planes. The MD simulation using Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) code showed the occurrence of twinning that leads to partial dislocations nucleated on the plane right above the existing partial slip plane. For instance, tensile simulations were carried using LAMMPS MD at constant number of particles N, volume V and temperature T (NVT parameters) with the nanowire being elongated by 0.01% strain every 10 ps. The absence of a sharp decrease in stress reveals the presence of perfect nanowires. The difference between slip and twinning ([Figure 8(d](#F0008))) depends not only on the force type and heating level, but also on the geometry of the wires (different crystal orientations). The competition between partial dislocation slip and deformation is affected by material type \[[271](#CIT0271)\]. For example, the axial orientation and side surfaces of Ni nanowires deform by twinning under tensile load (force parameter). Au nanowires are mainly deformed by twinning due to the heat at low simulation temperatures (\< 5 K), and feature partial dislocation slip at high temperatures (\> 200 K). The twinnability factors for Ni and Au are 0.878 and 0.828, respectively \[[271](#CIT0271)\]. Different materials have dissimilar twinnability factors, according to theory of Tadmor and Bernstein \[[272](#CIT0272)\]. The height of energy barriers, which are associated with deformation twinning and slip, is related to the twinnability factor.
For the structural re-orientation in nanowires with the diameters below 4 nm, large surface stress causes the phase transformation from *fcc* structure into a body-centred tetragonal (*bct*) structure \[[220](#CIT0220),[273](#CIT0273),[274](#CIT0274)\]. The phase transformation is mainly driven by the surface stresses and allows the reduction in the surface energy of the wire. For wider wires (\> 100 nm), a similar surface stress results in other structural transformation mechanisms that alter the crystal structure orientation. For instance, Gall et al. \[[30](#CIT0030)\] proposed that *fcc* Au nanowires with the diameter less than 6 nm should exhibit a re-orientation from initial \<100\> direction with {100} side surfaces to \<110\> orientation with {111} side surface. A different scenario is observed for a bi-metallic system, in which the slip system glides along the planes and travels through the bi-metallic nanowire structure, leaving several stacking faults within the material ([Figure 9(a](#F0009))). In this case, the Au atoms show different atomic structures according to the atomistic defects in which green is used for hexagonal close-packed (*hcp*) atoms, blue is used for non-12-coordinated atoms and red corresponds to the Ag atoms using LAMMPS software. EAM potential is included where it used to describe the inter-atomic interactions. The Young's modulus decreases as the ratio of surface Ag atoms increases. Bimetallic nanowires have a distinct surface modification potential, and thus can lower the residual surface stress and delay the formation of dislocations at the free surfaces. The Young's modulus decreases linearly with increasing temperature. The mechanism involved relates to the minimum potential energy gained from the equilibrium distance between two adjacent particles. The balance of the repulsion and attraction forces between the atoms caused the exerted force to be zero. The equilibrium distance is an analogue to the elastic modulus. Increasing the temperature system will increase the distance of the particles at equilibrium. This causes the reduction in elastic modulus and results in a rapid progress of dislocation formation ([Figure 9(b](#F0009))) as well as quicker phase transformation towards plastic region. It shall be noted that Young's modulus of the nanowires varying with the strain rate within the elastic region. The partial dislocation formation illustrated in [Figure 9(c](#F0009)) within the twin boundaries of nanograins showed declined trend with respect to the discrete stress within a stress relaxation region. In this case, the atomic configuration of the simulated samples is 30 nm in diameter and 30 nm in length each comprises approximately 1.3 million atoms. Stress relaxation is a direct consequence of dislocation formation in the penta-twinned nanowires. The subsequent of unloaded forces yield a zero-stress state in which continuing relaxation produced a complete recovery of the residual strain. The deformation started by exerting the sample to the first stretch to a particular strain rate under the NVT ensemble, and later the relaxation process takes over under fixed strain. The MD simulation accelerates the thermal activation mechanism of vacancy diffusion. It is proved that as the nanowire diameter decreases, the relaxation time increases due to the size effects.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0009Figure 9.(a) The atomic model of Ag nanowires for the evolution of dislocation and their microstructure changed under different applied strain. The coloured atoms are specified according to the CAN method with the yield strength and their effective surface elastic modulus of Ag nanowires as a function of the surface fraction \[[279](#CIT0279)\]. (b) The effect of increasing temperature and engineering strain on Young's modulus inelastic region \[[280](#CIT0280)\]. (c) The stress relaxation and strain recovery of the metallic nanowires \[[3](#CIT0003)\]. (d) The twinning and de-twinning processes with the growth of a twin under tension and de-twinning by reverse glide dislocation with the same Burgers vector \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. (*Reproduced from* \[[279](#CIT0279),[280](#CIT0280)\] *with permissions from Elsevier, adapted from* \[[4](#CIT0004)\] *with permission from Nature Publishing Group).*
EAM simulations can predict the stacking fault energy and the surface energy through the implementation of Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) \[[275](#CIT0275)\]. FDS optimised the entire structure where the lattice constant at designated temperature is homogeneously equilibrated using standard MD. The simulation setup comprises more than 4.4 million atoms for smaller diameter of thin wires, and with more than 175 million atoms for the larger diameter of the wire. Both the stacking fault energy and the surface energy caused the dislocation. The partial dislocation twinning glided downwards on the twin boundary (shown by white atoms). This resulted in layer-by-layer twin growth, producing the Burgers vectors of a/6{11$\overset{ˉ}{2}\}$ ([Figure 9(d](#F0009))) \[[4](#CIT0004)\]. Meanwhile, de-twinning deformation glides through the opposite direction but within the layer-by-layer twin growth areas, eliminating one twin layer after the other via partial dislocation of the reverse glide. This posed a similar Burgers vector as the one produced from partial twinning dislocation.
The MD approach based on Sutton-Chen (SC) simulation is mainly focused on the size- and strain rate-dependent response, particularly for small-diameter nanowire systems (e.g. 2, 4 and 6 nm) \[[276](#CIT0276)\]. The deformation characteristics observed include crystalline-ordered deformation, mixed-mode deformation and amorphous-ordered deformation. The utilisation of atomistic simulation to determine the strength level of nanowire geometry and the surface structure based on these characteristics proved the influence of the response outcomes \[[277](#CIT0277)\]. For example, Au nanowires with a diameters smaller than 10 nm were successfully studied using the Nose-Hoover method \[[278](#CIT0278)\]. The Nose-Hoover method is used to regulate the temperature to avoid any complex effects of the atomic thermal fluctuations in the NVT ensemble. The Au nanowire with a diameter of 3.85 nm intrinsically showed the re-adjustment of the atoms under the tension to minimise their kinetic energy. The length shrinks, the cross-sectional area increases upon relaxation, and the crystal structure is no longer *fcc*. The contradiction in the results typically related to the different stretching directions, and the dependency on the cross-sectional shape of the nanowire.
Modelling reveals important factors to be understood, which are mostly related to the optimisation of the intrinsic performance of nanowires. The optimisation was based on the re-construction of grain boundary, as due the particle migration mechanism is the primary focus for all the modelling studies described so far. The simulations particularly signify the hidden role of twin boundaries both during diffusion and gliding processes. The simulations also provide essential pieces of information regarding the phase transformation of desired physicochemical properties. However, the aforementioned theoretical discussions were limited to the fundamental properties of nanowires (e.g. grain boundary), while other complex properties are almost impossible to model analytically through the proposed simulations. Elucidation of the surface elastic effect, crack tip surrounding and other critical mechanical behaviours through continuum numerical methods has also garnered significant interest, and finite element modelling (FEM) is typically employed for that. FEM software has efficiently linked the fundamental conditions of bulk nanomechanical deformation to continuum failure scales. The importance and differences of the FEM simulation compared to the MD approach are discussed in the next sub-section.
4.2.. FEM {#S0004-S2002}
---------
Modelling of the size-dependent properties of nanowires is complicated because it requires high precision of parameters. The parameters should describe short and long nanowires, as well as various types of surface orientation and geometry. FEM can model 2D materials comprising multiple arbitrary finite planes of nanostructures with inhomogeneities and geometric nonlinearities of irregular surface structure. The Cartesian coordinates (*x,y,z*) are adopted in the simulation. The underlying aim of the method is to fuse the essential features of the individual single-scale simulations while edging the less desirable features. As mentioned in the previous sub-section, MD can increase the resolution of atomic-scale physics features from atomic to continuum systems. Computational efficiency where specific surface elements are taken into account as part of the measurement is attainable through FEM simulation \[[281](#CIT0281)\].
Experimental data that can be analysed with classical beam theories using FEM are constrained to small wire deformations. Generally, the AFM bending test embedded with FEM simulator will have the maximum bending angle of 1° \[[282](#CIT0282)\]. The displacement of the wire at the centre will be half of the wire thickness. Typically, simulation overestimates the experimental data due to the change of the contact between the AFM tip with the nanowire during the testing, and the deflection result of the lateral force applied. The minimum force to obtain the maximum bending angle depends on the total piezo movement. The calculated stress of the nanowires usually exceeds the bulk limit by a minimum of two orders of magnitude and that remains below the theoretical limit of ultra-high strength nanowires. For instance, the Au nanowire deflection is about 190 nm with the piezo movement of 280 nm along the stress *σ~yy~* axis and the volumetric strain field $\frac{\Delta V}{V} = \varepsilon_{xx} + \varepsilon_{yy} + \varepsilon_{zz}$ within the nanowire ([Figure 10(a](#F0010))). Therefore, the calculated stress along the nanowires exceeds the limit of bulk Au by a minimum of two orders of magnitude. It is still below the theoretical limit of ultra-high strength Au nanowires.10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0010Figure 10.(a) FEM of bending angle with and without geometric nonlinearities of Au nanowires as a function of the piezo movement. Both the position and size of the AFM tip and X-ray beam during the test are illustrated. The illustrations of the total displacement, the stress *σ~yy~* along the wire and the volumetric strain for the gold based on the FEM simulation are presented accordingly \[[243](#CIT0243)\]. (b) Radial stress shown in panel *a* and azimuthal stress in panel *b* demonstrate the axial symmetry of a stretched nanowire with a diameter and length of 6.66 nm \[[29](#CIT0029)\]. (c) The meshing hexagonal cross-section FEM of nanowire specimen (left) and the diameter dependence of the effective Young's modulus (right), which compares FEM and other models under prescribed stress \[[283](#CIT0283)\]. (d) The SEM image of clamping nanowires with the comparison of finite element analysis (FEA) of nanowires against the experimental data and another simulation method \[[285](#CIT0285)\]. (e) Displacement in various nanowire geometries (*a* -- circular, *b* and *c* -- hexagonal, *d --* pentagonal and *e* to *f* -- rectangular) with the comparison of FEM results to the experimental data \[[287](#CIT0287)\]. (*Reproduced from* \[[243](#CIT0243)\] *with permission under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, reproduced from* \[[29](#CIT0029)\] *with permission under AIP Publishing LLC, reproduced from Ref* \[[283](#CIT0283),[285](#CIT0285)\]. *with permission from Elsevier and adapted from* \[[287](#CIT0287)\] *with permission under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License*).
For a broad range of length distribution, the mapping of length-dependent deformation behaviour is useful for revealing the unique properties of the nanowires. The main characteristic, which is responsible for the high strength produced during deformation and is experimentally expressed by a virtual force (e.g. the image force), is the transition of constrained atoms to the formation of first partial dislocation. Typically, the FEM result will deviate significantly from the MD. The 'two-phase' FEM flow is applied where the matrix and the fixed atoms are treated as constituents that have different shear modulus. The screw dislocation in an infinitely long wire builds up from the fixed atoms; it is then evaluated regarding the distance between the fixed atom and the dislocation and the distance between the bottom atoms. In this case, the Burgers vector and shear moduli employed in the model explain the dislocation formation due to the shear stress neglecting the force. For example, FEM simulation of 3.53 nm Au nanowires proves the presence of multiaxial stress and large stress gradient with the maximum stress accumulated at the corner of the tip from the simulation results ([Figure 10(b](#F0010))) \[[29](#CIT0029)\].
FEM is also used to solve the surface elasticity of the nanowires where the classical matrix and vector forms of the domain are discretised into volume elements \[[283](#CIT0283)\]. As noted before, the surface free energy is larger in nanowires than in nanoparticles. The surface stress is important in theoretical modelling as the continuum theory of nanowires involves the second derivative of the effective energy derived from the strain gradient element \[[284](#CIT0284)\]. For example, the FEM created a standard diameter and length of *L* = 4*d* for nanowires indicating different meshes with increasing element densities for the production of first relaxing radial strains ([Figure 10(c](#F0010))). The interpolation of field displacement is obtained from the FEM linear shape function based on continuous radial displacement and also the primary radius of the nanowire.
Further elastic-plastic bending behaviour of a finer mesh nanowire is possible to achieve since the FEM simulation permits better balance in terms of accuracy and computing time by using ANSYS system. The properties of tetrahedral nanowire such as plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection and substantial strain capabilities are more accurate as compared to the experimental reading at some point. The nanowires are clamped at both ends to established zero-displacement boundary condition in all axes (*x, y* and *z*) \[[285](#CIT0285)\]. The bending deformation obtained at specified nodal displacement at the midpoint of the nanowire and the displacement involved increased linearly through several time steps. The displacement applied at the midpoint node in every time step and the total cycle of step time during the loading is deduced according to the laboratory data which typically varies between 13 and 22 cycles for Ni nanowires. The reaction force calculated at the support points where the force applied is maximum at the midpoint based on the simulation. The loading and unloading curves for various combinations of elastic modulus and yield strength nanowires were defined clearly by ANSYS through the comparison of experimental and the best correlation fitting data. For instance, the 80 nm tetrahedral cylindrical Ni nanowire provides more than 30 segments along the nanowire cross-section. FEM of four independent bending experiments predicted the variation of elastic modulus to be between 190 and 255 GPa ([Figure 10(d](#F0010))). Meanwhile, the yield strength varies between 3.1 and 4.7 GPa. Clearly, the yield strength of nanowires is typically higher than that of bulk material due to a lower defect density \[[210](#CIT0210),[286](#CIT0286)\].
According to the beam theory, the circular nanowires at the onset of the plastic deformation demonstrated the effects of flexural rigidity and deflections in the elastic region at the maximum displacement. In this case, FEM involves a two-step method to determine the stress-strain curve of the cross sections: Linear elastic, andNon-linear analyses based on ABAQUS modelling.
The first step known as linear behaviour stage involved the small force displacement that requires the 'OFF' set to activate the non-linear geometry (NLGEOM) effect. During this stage, certain eigenvalues of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and density are used. Meanwhile, the second step needs the 'ON' set to obtain the non-linear behaviours. In a plastic region, the isotropic hardening with the eigenvalue of yield stress is used. Usually, FEM simulations of elastic deformation and the load-displacement curve agree well with the experiment. There are three main reasons behind the small differences between the results. First, swinging or slipping error may occur during the AFM testing. Second, the displacement influences the loading position at the mid-span of the nanowire that is beyond the SEM resolution. Third is the presence of pores and defects in the loaded samples. Consequently, circular Au nanowires showed the lowest deflection, followed by hexagonal, pentagonal and rectangular nanowires ([Figure 10(e](#F0010))) \[[287](#CIT0287)\].
FEM provides an approximate solution to boundary value problem through the implementation of partial differential equations. In this case, COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to simulates the model, meshing and execute computations \[[288](#CIT0288)\]. In the simulation, the whole constituent geometry is divided into small regions of a simple shape that have finite elements and interconnected points known as nodes. The various methods are then used to solve the problem based on the system approximation condition in the presence of local shape function for finite elements which subsequently could lower the associated error function. As previously mentioned, the physical properties of the bulk counterpart such as thickness, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus and density are assigned to the elements. However, a simplification to a smaller dimension than 3D is not possible with this method due to the real-world boundary conditions of breaking symmetry. The homogenisation Monte Carlo (MC) method applied to the transport and reactions near the surface of nanowires allows to compute the charges of microscopic particles in the boundary layer. Nonetheless, the charge-transport problem still exists. In the following sub-section, MC simulation and other parallelisation techniques are described in detail.
4.3.. MC simulation {#S0004-S2003}
-------------------
The study on the dynamic elongation of nanowires is one of the critical parameters in building the sophisticated molecular nanoelectronic devices \[[289](#CIT0289)\]. The understanding of electron transport through metal-molecule-metal junction configuration is critical in order to relate the bonding structure with the elongation behaviour of nanowires for a particular system. Few critical parameters such as the number of nanowires, the temperature of the system and the area of the substrate are included in the system. The constraints such as volume constant and number of atoms are automatically included in the periodic boundary condition simulation. A small random displacement of atom within the nanowires yields an intrinsic change in the potential energy function. If the resulting change in energy is positive under the influence of heat, the Boltzmann factor is considered to contribute to a random number for a new random configuration. Meanwhile, if the resulting change in energy is adverse, the displacement of the atom is considered as a new configuration.
The random displacement points in the *x* and *y* directions give effect in the movement which results in a uniformly distributed surface displacement. The maximum value of the surface displacement can reach 0.1*d*, where *d* stands for diameter. Generally, the surface displacement involved the total Columbic potential *U~total~* and hence, the configuration *ΔU* obtained with certain probability measured as considered in the work by Triplett et al. \[[290](#CIT0290)\]. Each of the simulations is equilibrated for a minimum MC step, which is the average of one attempted movement per nanowire. At the atomic level, a minimum of 10 production cycles is set for each nanowire length with the output of one production cycle is taken as an input to the next one. The snapshots presented in [Figure 11(a](#F0011)) indicates the simulation of 4 µm Au nanowire for no end charges (zeta potential, *z* = 0). As the *z* is increased, there is an increase in smectic order as the well-defined smectic peak layer is present. The broad peak with a sharp central peak indicates the average mass of the wire rows. The MC simulation is capable in finding the lowest end-point charge that further indicated the flexural deformation within any point of atoms along the nanowires. 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145-F0011Figure 11.(a) A 4 µm nanowire with various end charge shows the pair-longitudinal distribution function from MC simulation \[[290](#CIT0290)\]. (b) Snapshot of a 256-atom Au nanowire, which broke in solvent and then reconnected, bridging a Au-BDT-Au junction at room temperature. The order is: i -- breaking at Δz = 2.3 nm, ii -- reconnecting at Δz = −0.5 nm and iii -- reconnecting at Δz = −0.1 nm \[[291](#CIT0291)\]. (*Adapted with permission from* \[[290](#CIT0290)\] *copyright (2010) American Chemical Society, reprinted with permission from* \[[291](#CIT0291)\] *Copyright (2010) American Chemical Society).*
A MC-embedded MD simulator can be used to investigate the bonding structure and elongation behaviour of metal nanowires \[[291](#CIT0291)\]. It is desirable to increase the accuracy of the multi-time-scale simulation that provides insights on the structural nature of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires in a sophisticated environment. The concerning situation is the presence of sandwiched molecules in between the metal nanowires contact. The universal force field is used to optimise the structure as rigid molecules using MC simulation. The simulation typically runs under specific designated temperature with specific simulation box lengths in the *x-, y*- and *z*-dimensions with periodic boundary conditions are applied in all direction orientations. For instance, the intrinsic local bonding structure of benzene dithiolate (BDT) and Au nanowires is simulated based on the adsorption of BDT molecules on Au nanowire surface. In the presence of additional molecule between the interfaces of Au nanowires, the elongation behaviour found to be significantly decreased from the simulation result. The breaking of the Au nanowire is on 256-atom at room temperature and that subsequently brought the Au-BDT-Au junction in contact ([Figure 11(b](#F0011))). The breakage of the Au nanowire is only allowed when the solvent is evaporated under the ambient conditions \[[192](#CIT0192)\]. After removing the non-bonded BDT monolayer, the rapid breaking process takes place in the MC simulation. The simulation results reflect the real situation of stretching Au nanowire joint in the experiment.
Another essential function of MC simulation is when the Morse potential \[[292](#CIT0292)\] with the function of temperature variation, number of atoms involves and the type of force exerts on the nanowires are included in the inter-atomic interaction analysis. The Morse potential parameters \[[293](#CIT0293)\] governed the reproducibility of experimental lattice constant, bulk modulus and the cohesive energy of bulk metal nanowires. For example, force relaxation occurs at each of yielding step takes place at smaller strains at 600 K, and the elongation is at 300 K describes the breakage of Au nanowires \[[294](#CIT0294)\]. The number of atomic layers at the top and bottom remains although the wires are elongated. The atomic arrangement after the yield undergoes abrupt slipping typically along the {111} plane for Au nanowires with the numbers of atomic layers increases from 5 to 6 and further build up to the fourth with the number of atomic layers becomes 8. After the breaking, the wire shrinks quickly, and the necking occurs as to release accumulated elastic energy. The simulation of shear deformation responsible for the slip happens on the plane perpendicular to the wire axis. The first yield takes place just after the disordered arrangement. The shear deformation proceeds in alternating elastic and yielding stages where the number of atomic layers decreases from 5 to 4 at the first yield. This suggests that the invariant in the elastic constant depends upon the size of nanowires.
4.4.. Summary {#S0004-S2004}
-------------
The distinctive mechanical properties of metallic nanowires arise from dislocation-twin boundaries interactions which differ from the dislocations-grain boundaries and dislocation-dislocation interactions. Hence, the twin boundaries with perfect structures are crucial for strengthening metallic nanowires. Their characteristics deformation modes (e.g. ductile and brittle) are affected by the wire diameter and temperature. The reported simulations used realistic conditions to mimic the reactions and mechanisms of failure (brittle-to-ductile) in nanowires, and the effects of nanowire diameter and temperature were observed.
The computational methods, especially the atomistic MD simulation, are beneficial when dealing with the investigation of the structural assembly and thermodynamic properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. Nevertheless, the values obtained are considerably overestimated, as the method does not take into account the sink-in or the barrelling effects of these nanowires. These effects, including the specific properties of different types of nanowires (crystallinity) and the effects of lateral confinement lack, all take into account in the FEM simulations. The MC modelling and its consideration of field-effect and other similar simulations are more complicated than the conventional ones due to the presence of additional boundary layer. In the best case, the influences of the conductive charges are taken into account and usually achieved by solving the MC simulation. These considerations indicate that physical modelling and simulation gives rise to several effects including field effect and charge transport that then translated to solve the multiscale problem inherent in the real products. Hence, quantitative understanding and predictive simulations allow for better rational design and the optimisation of the nanowire products. A summary of representative simulations of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires is presented in [Table 3](#T0003).
5.. Conclusions and future trends {#S0005}
=================================
As Cu is much cheaper and more abundant than Ag and Au, 1D Cu nanostructures are important for a broad range of science and technology fields. In spite of recent advances in their production, challenges and opportunities remain, especially those related to the reaction mechanisms and improving the synthesis efficiency.
High precision micromechanical testing devices have been utilised in intriguing quantitative mechanical tests of nanowires systems. With details for improvement in the design and laboratory set-up, these nanowires can be tested to ensure the accuracy and validity of the measurements. Micromechanical tests efficiently facilitate the probing of desired structural-mechanical property at the nanoscale, with the possibility of testing a wide variety of different small-dimensional nanoscale materials. Most of the techniques used in this field are frequently employed without much variation regarding the equipment setting and parameters, however, for these nanowires, recent trends have been towards improving the compatibility of the system with the techniques. Despite these advancements, new micromechanical testing methods need to be developed. Also, the limitations exist within these techniques, and the harsh natures of the necessary conditions of metal nanowires need to be addressed.
Ag, Au and Cu nanowires are used in numerous applications. However, the understanding of their mechanical properties remains elusive. Most of the simulations reveal that size-dependent nanomechanical properties of nanowires for diameter below 10 nm are influenced by the nanowire structure, surface stress and defect formation mechanism. Free surfaces are critical in determining the mechanical behaviour of nanowires as they influence intrinsic deformation (compressive or tensile) and dislocation. The quantitative and qualitative agreements between experimental measurements and modelling predictions highlight the utility of atomistic tools in examining the mechanical behaviour of metal nanowires.
Regarding the nanomechanical characterisation, most researchers find their own solutions from the integrated technologies based on the stress--strain relationships, atom-by-atom structural and chemical analysis as well as the electronic properties to suit the emerging applications. Overall: For polycrystalline metallic nanowires, atomic-scale imaging is compulsory. Dynamic atomic-scale imaging allows monitoring and controlling strain and stress for nanotechnology applications.Microscopic deformation mechanisms, which involve grain boundary sliding, rotation and diffusion, are crucial for developing novel nanowire materials.Progress in this field requires atomic-scale understanding of the twinning nucleation and propagation processes in single-crystalline and poly-crystalline nanowires.
There are still many challenges in this field which are crucial for applications, such as increasing the yield of metallic nanowires, optimising their defect density and improving their mechanical properties.
Acknowledgments
===============
N.A.C. Lah thanks the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia for the financial support through the Seed Money Grant RDU 161117 and Internal Grant RDU 1703152.
Disclosure statement {#S0006}
====================
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
| 2024-01-21T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/5375 |
Q:
Outlook 2010 Folder Structure Search
I work at a helpdesk and today I received a call from a user who lost a folder in Outlook.
When I connected to the user's PC, I discovered that the user has several hundreds of folders. She had the same name folder in several different locations.
When we used Advanced Find we found the messages. It said that messages are located in folder X. The only problem was, we could not locate the folder X in the list.
Does anyone know of any way to quickly and easily browse all the folders or look up a folder in Outlook 2010?
A:
For anyone who might happen to come across this question (I'm sure the original poster is long gone), the solution (under Windows 7, at least) is to use the Windows Search utility (the one available when you click the "Windows Orb" on your deskbar). You can search using the same terms that you searched outlook with, then filter your results to just Outlook items (by clicking on the section header "Microsoft Outlook" in the Windows Search results list). Select an item in the list and the Folder path (w/in Outlook) is in the status at the bottom of the window. (You can also add "Path" to the list of columns in your Details display, which would allow you to sort the results list by the path).
| 2024-07-05T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/3627 |
Bulls rally in ninth to secure home opener
DURHAM — The Durham Bulls provided dramatics with a little help in their home opener Monday night at Durham Bulls Athletic Park.
At least they didn’t waste a splendid pitching performance.
With a ninth-inning error by the Gwinnett Braves, two Durham runs scored in a 2-1 victory, giving most of the 8,035 spectators something to cheer about after the teams played eight scoreless innings.
Pinch runner Jason Bourgeois scored from second base, following Wil Myers home when Gwinnett shortstop Sean Kazmar couldn’t field Brandon Guyer’s grounder. The ball dribbled into shallow left field, so the Bulls did their damage without the Braves recording an out in the last inning.
“It started on the mound, that was good to see,” Bulls manager Charlie Montoyo said. “Even if we lost, I would have been happy seeing (Jake) Odorizzi pitch like that.”
Odorizzi pitched 6 2/3 shutout innings with eight strikeouts. He gave up four hits in his debut for the Tampa Bay organization after arriving in the offseason trade with the Kansas City Royals.
“For the first time out, it was really good,” Odorizzi said. “It feels great. There were a lot of people here. …
“Anytime you start somewhere new, you want to make a good impression. If you think about it, (you probably) make a bad impression.”
Myers and Leslie Anderson began the bottom of the inning with consecutive singles, putting runners on the corners. Then Chris Gimenez drew a full-count walk before Guyer took his turn.
“We just do it when it counts,” Guyer said. “We worked some good at-bats. You fight and claw and scratch and try to get runs whenever you can. We got them when they counted.”
Gwinnett, which won its first four games of the season, scored in the ninth when the Bulls were trying to turn an inning-ending double play. But after the second out of the inning was recorded, shortstop Hak-Ju Lee lost control of the ball as he turned to attempt to complete the back-end of the play.
With the ball popping out of Lee’s glove, Gwinnett’s Jordan Parraz, who began the play at second base, raced home.
Josh Lueke (1-0) was the winning pitcher. Adam Liberatore, who was called up from Class AA Montgomery earlier in the day, threw 1 1/3 scoreless innings out of the bullpen. | 2024-05-15T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/9026 |
---
title: WDI_FRAME_ID
description: This topic describes the WDI_FRAME_ID data type for WDI miniport drivers.
ms.assetid: 7D886BA2-EDD2-4770-948C-9C891D07EF58
keywords:
- WDI_FRAME_ID, WDK WDI_FRAME_ID network drivers
ms.date: 11/27/2017
ms.localizationpriority: medium
---
# WDI_FRAME_ID
The WDI_FRAME_ID data type is a UINT16 value that defines a frame ID. This is only an identifier. It does not convey information about the ordering of frames.
```c++
typedef UINT16 WDI_FRAME_ID;
```
## Requirements
**Minimum supported client**: Windows 10
**Minimum supported server**: Windows Server 2016
**Header**: Dot11wdi.h
| 2023-12-09T01:26:59.872264 | https://example.com/article/7224 |
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