text stringlengths 12 4.76M | timestamp stringlengths 26 26 | url stringlengths 32 32 |
|---|---|---|
Pilot reported over 'NHS flight path tribute' Published duration 27 April
image copyright Michael Greenwood image caption Aviation enthusiasts spotted online the plane 's flight path spelling "NHS"
A pilot has been reported to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) after apparently spelling out "NHS" with his flight path.
The Reims-Cessna F150 pilot flew over Berkshire on Saturday during a flight to check the aircraft's engine.
Aviation enthusiasts criticised the pilot for appearing to breach CAA rules restricting recreational aircraft during lockdown.
Blackbushe Airport in Hampshire said the pilot exceeded what was permitted.
Under guidance issued by the UK's aviation regulator in response to coronavirus, recreational flying has stopped with exceptions including flights to maintain engine health.
It is understood the pilot on an engine health flight broke CAA rules forbidding aircraft to travel beyond the 10 nautical mile radius unless to preserve the safety of the flight.
image copyright David Howard image caption Blackbushe Airport said it would raise the matter with the pilot involved
Aviation enthusiasts spotted the NHS tribute on the global aircraft tracking website Flightradar24.
Blackbushe Airport said the pilot had been reported to the CAA using standard reporting procedures.
In a statement on Twitter it said: "Whilst we appreciate this particular pilot's intention, it is well outside of what is permitted and we will be addressing this with the pilot concerned."
The CAA has been contacted for comment. | 2023-11-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5724 |
Welcome to New Era! A Roleplaying Site based on the Fiction book series Warriors, by Erin Hunter. This is a place where members can let their creativity flow, meet new friends and have fun! The clans moved to a new territory and have fanned out into different parts of lands, claiming it as their own. And now it’s time for a new generation of warriors to lead the clans on their quest of survival! You can make a character, join a clan and start roleplaying in the threads of that clan! Battle against other clans or tribes and protect your territory from trespassers and pesky twolegs. The possibility is endless at New Era!
Personality: (Long Description) rapidoxidation is overall a calm, cool, and collected cat. She rarely lets distractions take away her focus of lead her astray from a specific task that she's intent on preforming. She does like to play with kits in her spare time, since they're just so lovable and cute. But rapidoxidation is a cat of business, and her priorities are clear. Like any other cat, she works hard to pull her weight around the Clan. rapidoxidation can usually be found talking with other cats or helping out in little ways around camp. She's extremely loyal, to her clan and her friends, and is usually caught giving her friends advice if they're stuck in a situation.
Appearance: (Long Description) rapidoxidation is a flame-point siamese. She has large, pale blue eyes that seem to always be clouded with some sort of emotion. Her impassive expression always seems to be present to her features, the she-cat is usually lost in thought. Her beautifully cream pelt has tints of ginger along the tail, ears, paws, and muzzle. Her ears, which are somewhat large in comparison to her lithe figure, taper upwards to a point. Her lithe figure makes it easy to maneuver her way through whatever obstacles she might come into contact with, also making it much easier to hunt prey without being detected.. Or to sneak up on an unsuspecting stray or intruding Clanner. | 2023-11-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6626 |
setg RHOSTS file:
setg THREADS 255
setg RPORT 1433
use scanner/mssql/mssql_ping
run
use scanner/mssql/mssql_login
set PASS-FILE /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt
run
use scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
run
use scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump
run
| 2024-02-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8697 |
Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum on Wednesday lashed out at the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for going against “four thousand years of human history” to strike down California’s ban on same sex marriage....
Former Republican National Committee (RNC) chairman Michael Steele on Tuesday said he didn’t “appreciate” the comparison between laws banning interracial marriage to laws that prevent same sex couples from marrying. While the... | 2024-03-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9945 |
Introduction {#sec1-1}
============
First aid (FA) was defined in 2010 by the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross Guidelines as "assessments and interventions that can be performed by a bystander or by the victim with minimal or no medical equipment."\[[@ref1][@ref2]\] The main aim of FA is to relieve suffering, promote healing, and decrease damage. In addition, the FA that is applied in the first minutes after an injury is essential to the victims as it determines the future course of the disease and the possible complications.\[[@ref2][@ref3]\]
Unfortunately, significant time may pass until the arrival of an ambulance. Therefore, all the countries, regardless of their income, needs the introduction of FA programs to the general public in order to save lives. Consequently, the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Societies are focused on simple skills of lifesaving as an FA.\[[@ref4]\]
Children are the most affected age group by traffic accidents and home accidents (HA) as well.\[[@ref2]\] Burn, drowning, and choking are among the highest prevalence of injuries affecting children at home, simple and easy FA steps can save their lives after experiencing such injuries.\[[@ref5][@ref6][@ref7][@ref8]\]
Several worldwide investigators had studied the prevalence of FA awareness among different populations. However, in Saudi Arabia, there is an insufficiency of information regarding parents\' awareness about child FA in addition to their readiness to participate in FA courses. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess these issues in order to understand the parents\' perception regarding FA in children and eventually to improve the children\'s health and safety. This study is important for all physicians to achieve their duty as a health care advocate and of special importance for primary care practice to enlighten its role in community prevention through health education and opportunistic health promotion, especially as we are living the transition of the health care system structure toward the primary health care.
Literature review {#sec2-1}
-----------------
The prevalence of HA is highest among children. In the UK, 41.4% of accidents happen at home.\[[@ref2]\] The commonest HA affects children reported in the UK were falling, cuts, burns, and suffocation,\[[@ref2]\] a similar data were reported from a cross-sectional study in Egypt.\[[@ref9]\] A retrospective data analysis conducted in China rated drowning and foreign body ingestion and aspiration out of the top three causes of unintentional injuries.\[[@ref10]\] Every year 20.2 million HAs are treated by the European Union.\[[@ref2]\] Additionally, death rates and nonfatal injury rates are highest among children aged ≤4 years.\[[@ref11][@ref12]\]
Drowning is a major global public health crisis; it\'s the third leading cause of unintentional injury deaths, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths.\[[@ref11][@ref12]\] In Saudi Arabia, one of the factors associated with the bad near-drowning outcome is delayed rescue at the scene.\[[@ref13]\]
Burn injuries (BI), on the other hand, are the fourth most common type of injuries\[[@ref13]\] and a major public health problem worldwide. It has high mortality and morbidity, and economic loss, even with small burns.\[[@ref14][@ref15]\] In the USA, the costs for care of burned children exceeded US\$ 211 million.\[[@ref16]\] In Saudi Arabia, children up to age 10 accounting for the main burn victims (59.2%), with the majority of burns admitted to the hospital occurred at home.\[[@ref17]\] The number of pediatric burn admissions to our hospitals in KSA is increasing every year.\[[@ref18]\] Hospital admissions are secondary to the BI itself or due to infection in the wound area as complications of applying various substances to it. 51% of patients who experience burns apply various substances to the burn area, 33.8% of them end up with wound infection compared to those who applied nothing.\[[@ref19]\]
Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is the fifth most common cause of unintentional-injury mortality in the USA.\[[@ref8]\] 80% of FBA occur in younger than 3 years of children.\[[@ref20]\] It can cause mortality in about 7% of cases besides that it is the leading cause of unintentional-injury mortality in children younger than 1 year.\[[@ref8]\]
Despite the high prevalence of burn, drowning, and chocking a lot of community sectors are still lacking the appropriate knowledge of FA that required in these situations. In Saudi Arabia, most people don\'t know how to apply FA in required situations; moreover 40% don\'t even know the ambulance phone number.\[[@ref21]\]
Worldwide, many educational programs had shown success in changing the population knowledge or behaviors regarding FA. After applying for the FA program, in Nepal, 2005--2006, knowledge and skills were improved from 13.9% to 70.3% among schoolteachers and school management committee members.\[[@ref22]\] FA manual and on-spot demonstration among high school students in India show better FA knowledge 43% comparing to distributing FA manual alone.\[[@ref23]\] Similarly in Spain CPR educational program improve high school students knowledge from 42% to 63%.\[[@ref24]\]
Changing the community knowledge and/or behavior by the educational program has a great effect on decreasing morbidity, mortality, and cost after injury. For example, accident injury rates have decreased among factory workers after 4 h of FA training course.\[[@ref25]\] In the UK, the first aid community training project significantly reduced the accident injury rate in the community besides the direct effect on the trained individual an indirect effect of an adult on children is observed.\[[@ref26]\] In New Zealand, a public health campaign influenced behavior by altering FA treatment for burn injuries (BFAT), the need for hospital admissions, and surgical procedures are decreased.\[[@ref27]\] In the USA, more than two-fold shorter hospital stays and less full-thickness injury were observed after community education.\[[@ref28]\] In California, anoxic encephalopathy and death after drowning are less prevalent among children who got immediate resuscitations following the event.\[[@ref29]\] Accordingly, reducing the lifelong disabilities, decreasing the mortality, and hospital costs are a great advantage of FA citizens training that\'s worth its cost.
Methodology {#sec1-2}
===========
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 in Wazarat primary health care center. The study sample was recruited from all parents who are attending Well-Baby clinics in Wazarat health center (WHC) excluding parents who are doctors, medical students, and health care workers (who have to take obligatory the advanced trauma life support \[ATLS\], basic life support \[BLS\]). And those who don\'t speak and read Arabic.
Systematic sampling was conducted among all parents who fit the criteria, and every other parent was asked to participate in this study (after their consent) by filling a self-administered questionnaire that was constructed and validated by the researcher.
A Chi-square test, generated by using SPSS, was used to assess any association between the variables. The level of significance was set at *P* value \< 0.05Level of awareness was categorized according to the following:\<50% → low awareness level50%--\< 75% → moderate awareness level≥75% → high level of awareness.
Result {#sec1-3}
======
This study was conducted to assess the parent\'s awareness regarding FA (N = 294). The response rate was 98%.
More than half of the participants (56.1%) had experienced drowning, choking or BIs before. Most of them heard about the term FA (89.5%), believed in the importance of having FA knowledge (89.1%), and knew the Saudi Red Crescent phone number (64.6%). However, only 18% had attended an FA course.
Overall, half of the parents (55%) were having a moderate awareness level regarding overall FA awareness (chocking + burns + drowning) 39% have low awareness level and only 6% were having a high awareness level \[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\]. A Significant difference was noted between mother\'s and father\'s awareness regarding burn, drowning & chocking first aid *P* value ≤0.05 \[See [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\] a significant relation was noted between overall awareness and educational level as 9.4% of responders who have university and above education have a high awareness level comparing to 0% of those who have high school and below educational level. 72.7% of those below high-school education having a low awareness level compared to 29.2% of those with university and above education; *P* value ≤0.05. Working mothers who have a high awareness level was 13.2% compared to 4% of housewives; *P* value = 0.01. 14.3% of responders with \>12000 SR income have a high awareness level compared to 0% of those with \< 6000 SR income; *P* value = 0.00. A lot of myth and incorrect knowledge for first aid management were observed among parents answers Tables [2a](#T2){ref-type="table"} and [b](#T3){ref-type="table"}, [3](#T4){ref-type="table"}, [4a](#T5){ref-type="table"} and [b](#T6){ref-type="table"}.
######
Parents overall first aid awareness level regarding (choking, burns, and drowning) vs sociodemographic characters *n*=294
Socio-demographic No Knowledge Chi-square *P*
----------------------- ----- ----------- ------------ ----- ------ ---- ------ -------- -------
Gender
Female 134 60 44.8 69 51.5 5 3.7 5.166 0.050
Male 160 54 33.8 93 58.1 13 8.1
Age group
\<30 93 38 40.9 50 53.8 5 5.4 0.565 0.967
30-40 159 59 37.1 90 56.6 10 6.3
\>40 42 17 40.5 22 52.4 3 7.1
Marital Status
Married 286 111 38.8 157 54.9 18 6.3 0.589 0.745
Divorced/widow 8 3 37.5 5 62.5 0 0.0
Level of education
\<High school 33 24 72.7 9 27.3 0 0.0 32.192 0.000
High school 69 34 49.3 35 50.7 0 0.0
University and above 192 56 29.2 118 61.5 18 9.4
No of children
One 77 30 39.0 40 51.9 7 9.1 3.436 0.488
2-4 138 57 41.3 73 52.9 8 5.8
5+ 79 27 34.2 49 62.0 3 3.8
Mothers job
Working 68 22 32.4 37 54.4 9 13.2 8.259 0.016
Not working 226 92 40.7 125 55.3 9 4.0
Fathers job
Working 252 95 37.7 139 55.2 18 7.1 3.529 0.133
Not working 42 19 45.2 23 54.8 0 0.0
Family income\*
\<6000 31 15 48.4 16 51.6 0 0.0 21.193 0.000
6000-\<12000 179 79 44.1 94 52.5 6 3.4
\>12000 84 20 23.8 52 61.9 12 14.3
\**P* value 0.00
{#F1}
######
Parent's answers regarding chocking first aid for below 1 year\*
Characteristics No (294) Percentage
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------
Slapping the victim on the back 229 77.9
Not encouraging the victim to cough 181 61.6
Not hanging the victim upside down by their feet 104 35.4
Not inserting a finger into the victim's mouth looking for the toy and trying to remove it 147 50.0
\*Please revise the questionnaire in Appendix 1 regarding the scenarios
######
Parent's answers regarding chocking first aid for \>1-year child\*
Characteristics No (294) Percentage
-------------------------------------- ---------- ------------
Performing abdominal thrusts 199 67.7
Not asking him to take a deep breath 184 62.6
Not giving him some water to drink 132 44.9
\*Please revise the questionnaire in Appendix 1 regarding the scenarios
######
Parent's answers regarding burn first aid
Characteristics No (294) Percentage
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------
Not placing ice on the burn area 115 39.1
Not placing honey over the affected area 161 54.8
Not applying burn ointment to the injured area 49 16.7
Lay the affected area under cool running water until the pain is relieved 126 42.9
Not Remove clothing adherent to the affected skin 148 50.3
Wrap a clean towel dampened with cool tap water around the burn area 122 41.5
######
Parent's answers regarding drowning first aid in not responsive but breathing victim
Characteristics No (294) Percentage
------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------
Laying the victim in a left lateral position 189 64.3
Not starting a chest compression 58 19.7
Not removing victim's clothes 202 68.7
Cover him with jacket or sweater 110 37.4
Not laying him on his back "supine position" 186 63.3
Not shaking him vigorously trying to awaken him 150 51.0
\*Please revise the questionnaire in Appendix 1 regarding the scenarios
######
Parent's answers regarding drowning first aid in nonresponsive not breathing victim
Characteristics No (294) Percentage
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------
Starting chest compression and mouth to mouth ventilation 266 90.5
Not performing abdominal compression to push the water out of the victim's chest and abdomen 70 23.8
Not slapping him on the back 193 65.6
Not laying him in a left lateral position 133 45.2
\*Please revise the questionnaire in Appendix 1 regarding the scenarios
70% of the parents think that one of the causes of deficient FA awareness is that no interest from community members and 57.8% believe that underestimation of problem size by parents is one of the causes. Fear of applying FA wrongly was the cause in 64.6% of the responses and 50% think that because it\'s not obligatory in school subject and preemployment.
77.6% of the parents are willing to attend an FA course. Lack of time accounted for 65.2% of the causes behind those who are not willing to attend.
78.9% of the participants think that adding FA to school subjects is the solution for improving awareness, 53.7% prefer to read books or leaflets about FA and 68.7% see that establishing FA educational programs in PHCCs is a proper solution.
Discussion {#sec1-4}
==========
Most of the participants (89.1%) agreed that having FA awareness is important, their perception of FA importance may be considered as a base to build up an educational program. However, 82% of the participants did not receive any previous FA training course which is almost near to what\'s reported by a cross-sectional study done in Madinah in 2019 which shows that only 34.6% of the parents had attended an FA training course,\[[@ref30]\] in contrast to 60% in 2012 according to a Saudi study by AL Faris *et al*.\[[@ref21]\] In addition, most of the parents didn\'t even know where to attend the FA courses (64.6%) which can explain the deterioration in the frequency of having FA courses between this study and the previously mentioned one. Fortunately, most of the participants in the current study (77.6%) showed their willingness to attend an FA course, similarly, a cross-sectional study in Madinah report that 90.3% of parents show their willingness to attend FA courses if it\'s held in their primary care centers.\[[@ref30]\] These results should encourage policymakers to establish educational programs. However, a need for a wider announcement regarding FA courses by the Saudi Red Crescent Society is indicated to attract the attention of the community to its existence.
The current study showed that 94% of the participants were having low-to-moderate FA knowledge regarding chocking, burn, and drowning overall, similarly in Al-Madinah\'s parents, the overall level of FA knowledge for different incidents was not satisfactory (37.5%), burn and drowning were included among those incidents.\[[@ref30]\]
Burns injuries are considered among the most devastating of all injuries and the fourth common type of trauma worldwide.\[[@ref13]\] Unfortunately, more than half of parents (56.5%) were having low awareness and only 5.8% were having a high awareness level. As reported in a cross-sectional study in 2019, less than half of the parents have sufficient FA knowledge regarding burns.\[[@ref30]\] There was a clear deficit in knowledge regarding not removing the adherent\'s cloth to burn area as half of the participants will remove it, hearing the information from unreliable sources will lead to these wrong practices. Only 42.9% will place the affected area under running water and 41.5% will wrap it with a clean towel damped in cool water. A study in USA showed that there is a clear defect in parents first aid knowledge regarding keeping the burn areas moist and covered, as 79% of the parents felt that drying it is better.\[[@ref31]\] On the other hand, another study conducted in the UK to assess parents\' ability to provide burn FA and showed that 73% of the parents will run the affected area underwater.\[[@ref32]\] This huge differences may contribute to the fact that a lot of community educational program regarding FA has been held by Red Cross Society across Europe in addition to the presence of compulsory FA training at schools, at the workplace, or when applying for a driving license.
Myth and incorrect practice are prevalent in managing burns as 45.2% of the parents will place honey over the burn area and 60.9% will place ice. 83.3% will apply burn ointment to the affected area. Similarly, a systematic review done in Africa 2018 shows that 45 different substances, sometimes used in combination, are reported to have been applied to BIs: water, food items, pharmaceutical products, traditional treatments, and minerals.\[[@ref33]\] These results agreed with a mixed-method study in Southern Malawi as well.\[[@ref34]\] Our community still believes in traditional medicine as what most of them learned from their parents and from those around them. Every day, in our practice, we are facing many examples that cultural values and beliefs affect their health and even compliance with medications. Applying one substance or another to the burn area will increase the infection risk and interfere with the healing process.\[[@ref19]\]
Chocking is the leading cause of unintentional injury mortality in children younger than 1 year.\[[@ref8]\] Having the proper FA to act rapidly in such a situation is crucial. A questionnaire survey was structured in Nottingham to assess parents\' knowledge and confidence with regard to infant FA. 75% of the participants knew the correct FA for chocking.\[[@ref35]\] Unfortunately, less than half of the parents (49%) were having moderate colonization factor antigen (CFAA) and 38% having low awareness. Moreover, 64.6% of our participants would hang a chocking child upside down by the feet trying to expulse toy from his mouth, 55.1% would give water to drink to a choking child, and 62.6% will ask choking victim to take a deep breath. These incorrect practices not only will delay proper FA but also will harm the victim as well.
Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death.\[[@ref11]\] Unfortunately, only half of the study participants (56.8%) have a moderate awareness level while 38.7% have a low level.
80% parents have the knowledge that CPR is effective in case of drowning but they are lacking the knowledge when to start CPR and how the FA will be different with different scenarios regarding pulse and breathing, as 80% agreed to do CPR in a patient with pulse and 76.2% of the participant will do abdominal compression to push the water out of a drowning victim who is not breathing and not responding. Only 37.4% will cover the victim. This makes hypothermia as a risk of threatening a drowning victim of great concern in our children.
Significantly, cultural aspects are guiding people\'s attitudes to FA. According to European Red Cross in Nordic and Anglo-Saxon countries, people are more attached to their society\'s welfare; resources, effort, and lives could be saved if the citizen becomes more aware that their skills and behavior after injury may affect morbidity and mortality. This can be achieved through FA educational program.\[[@ref36]\]
This unfortunate low knowledge level could be explained by the lack of a national law that obligates all the citizens to attend FA training courses, for example, before car license or preemployment or even as a compulsory subject in Saudi schools. Additionally, this result could imply the insufficient role of the media in public education regarding these important subjects.
While lack of time was the cause in 65.2% of those who don\'t want to attend an FA course, this problem can be overcome by introducing FA courses to the community in many different ways so those who don\'t have an extra time for FA learning will take it as part of their work or school curriculums.
Finally, 78.9% of the participants think that adding FA to school subjects is the solution for improving awareness, 53.7% prefer to read books or leaflets about FA, and 68.7% see establishing FA educational programs in primary care clinics is a proper solution.
Conclusion {#sec1-5}
==========
This study emphasizes the need for appropriate interventions to improve the parents\' knowledge regarding the FA method for common home injuries. Health care providers should take the opportunity to educate parents during their clinic and ER visit about appropriate FA actions. Additionally, FA courses or educational materials could be added as a part of the huge preventive services that are introduced to the public by primary health care in order to decrease morbidity and improve the survival rate after these injuries.
Financial support and sponsorship {#sec2-2}
---------------------------------
Nil.
Conflicts of interest {#sec2-3}
---------------------
There are no conflicts of interest.
| 2024-06-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2260 |
" Asynchronous Vim script evaluation.
"
" Author: Peter Odding <peter@peterodding.com>
" Last Change: September 17, 2014
" URL: http://peterodding.com/code/vim/misc/
"
" The `xolox#misc#async#call()` function builds on top of `xolox#misc#os#exec()`
" to support asynchronous evaluation of Vim scripts. The first (and for now
" only) use case is my [vim-easytags][] plug-in which has a bunch of
" conflicting requirements:
"
" 1. I want the [vim-easytags][] plug-in to be as portable as possible.
" Ideally everything is implemented in Vim script because that's the only
" thing I can rely on to be available for all potential users of the
" plug-in!
"
" 2. Because of point one I've been forced to implement tags file reading,
" parsing, (fold case) sorting and writing in Vim script. This is fine for
" small tags files but once they grow to a couple of megabytes it becomes
" annoying because Vim is unresponsive during tags file updates (key
" presses are fortunately buffered due to Vim's input model but that
" doesn't make it a nice user experience :-).
"
" 3. I could (and did in the past) come up with all sorts of hacks to speed
" things up without switching away from Vim script, but none of them are
" going to solve the fundamental problem that Vim's unresponsive hiccups
" become longer as tags files grow larger.
"
" By now it should be clear where this is heading: _Why not handle tags file
" updates in a Vim process that runs in the background without blocking the
" Vim process that the user is interacting with?_ It turns out that there are
" quite a few details to take care of, but with those out of the way, it might
" just work! I'm actually hoping to make asynchronous updates the default mode
" in [vim-easytags][]. This means I need this functionality to be as
" portable and robust as possible.
"
" **Status:** This code has seen little testing so I wouldn't trust it too
" much just yet. On the other hand, as I said, my intention is to make this
" functionality as portable and robust as possible. You be the judge :-).
"
" [vim-easytags]: http://peterodding.com/code/vim/easytags/
if !exists('g:xolox#misc#async#counter')
" Increasing integer number used to match asynchronous responses to the
" requests that generated them.
let g:xolox#misc#async#counter = 1
endif
if !exists('g:xolox#misc#async#requests')
" Queue of asynchronous requests that haven't received a response yet.
let g:xolox#misc#async#requests = {}
endif
function! xolox#misc#async#call(options) " {{{1
" Call a Vim script function asynchronously by starting a hidden Vim process
" in the background. Once the function returns the hidden Vim process
" terminates itself. This function takes a single argument which is a
" dictionary with the following key/value pairs:
"
" - **function** (required): The name of the Vim function to call inside
" the child process (a string). I suggest using an [autoload][] function
" for this, see below.
"
" - **arguments** (optional): A list of arguments to pass to the function.
" This list is serialized to a string using [string()][] and deserialized
" using [eval()][].
"
" - **callback** (optional): The name of a Vim function to call in the
" parent process when the child process has completed (a string).
"
" - **clientserver** (optional): If this is true (1) the child process will
" notify the parent process when it has finished (the default is true).
" This works using Vim's client/server support which is not always
" available. As a fall back Vim's [CursorHold][] automatic command is
" also supported (although the effect is not quite as instantaneous :-).
"
" This functionality is experimental and non trivial to use, so consider
" yourself warned :-).
"
" **Limitations**
"
" I'm making this functionality available in [vim-misc][] because I think it
" can be useful to other plug-ins, however if you are going to use it you
" should be aware of the following limitations:
"
" - Because of the use of multiple processes this functionality is only
" suitable for 'heavy' tasks.
"
" - The function arguments are serialized to a string which is passed to
" the hidden Vim process as a command line argument, so the amount of
" data you can pass will be limited by your operating environment.
"
" - The hidden Vim process is explicitly isolated from the user in several
" ways (see below for more details). This is to make sure that the hidden
" Vim processes are fast and don't clobber the user's editing sessions in
" any way.
"
" **Changes to how Vim normally works**
"
" You have to be aware that the hidden Vim process is initialized in a
" specific way that is very different from your regular Vim editing
" sessions:
"
" - Your [vimrc][] file is ignored using the `-u NONE` command line option.
"
" - Your [gvimrc][] file (if you even knew it existed ;-) is ignored using
" the `-U NONE` command line option.
"
" - Plug-in loading is skipped using the `--noplugin` command line option.
"
" - Swap files (see [swap-file][]) are disabled using the `-n` command line
" option. This makes sure asynchronous Vim processes don't disturb the
" user's editing session.
"
" - Your [viminfo][] file is ignored using the `-i NONE` command line
" option. Just like with swap files this makes sure asynchronous Vim
" processes don't disturb the user's editing session.
"
" - No-compatible mode is enabled using the `-N` command line option
" (usually the existence of your vimrc script would have achieved the
" same effect but since we disable loading of your vimrc we need to spell
" things out for Vim).
"
" **Use an auto-load function**
"
" The function you want to call is identified by its name which has to be
" defined, but I just explained above that all regular initialization is
" disabled for asynchronous Vim processes, so what gives? The answer is to
" use an [autoload][] function. This should work fine because the
" asynchronous Vim process 'inherits' the value of the ['runtimepath'][]
" option from your editing session.
"
" ['runtimepath']: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#'runtimepath'
" [autoload]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/eval.html#autoload
" [CursorHold]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/autocmd.html#CursorHold
" [eval()]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/eval.html#eval()
" [gvimrc]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/gui.html#gvimrc
" [string()]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/eval.html#string()
" [swap-file]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/recover.html#swap-file
" [vim-misc]: http://peterodding.com/code/vim/misc/
" [viminfo]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/starting.html#viminfo
" [vimrc]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/starting.html#vimrc
let unique_number = g:xolox#misc#async#counter
let g:xolox#misc#async#counter += 1
let request = {'function': a:options['function']}
let request['arguments'] = get(a:options, 'arguments', [])
let request['starttime'] = xolox#misc#timer#start()
let request['number'] = unique_number
let callback = get(a:options, 'callback')
if !empty(callback)
let request['callback'] = callback
endif
if get(a:options, 'clientserver', 1) && !empty(v:servername)
let request['servername'] = v:servername
else
let temporary_file = tempname()
let request['temporary_file'] = temporary_file
endif
let vim_command = printf('let &rtp = %s | call xolox#misc#async#inside_child(%s)', string(&rtp), string(request))
call xolox#misc#msg#debug("vim-misc %s: Generated asynchronous Vim command #%i: %s", g:xolox#misc#version, unique_number, vim_command)
let quoted_program = xolox#misc#escape#shell(xolox#misc#os#find_vim('vim'))
let quoted_command = xolox#misc#escape#shell(vim_command)
let shell_command = printf('%s -u NONE -U NONE --noplugin -n -N -i NONE --cmd %s', quoted_program, quoted_command)
call xolox#misc#msg#debug("vim-misc %s: Generated asynchronous shell command #%i: %s", g:xolox#misc#version, unique_number, shell_command)
call xolox#misc#os#exec({'command': shell_command, 'async': 1})
let g:xolox#misc#async#requests[unique_number] = request
endfunction
function! xolox#misc#async#inside_child(request) " {{{1
" Entry point inside the hidden Vim process that runs in the background.
" Invoked indirectly by `xolox#misc#async#call()` because it runs a command
" similar to the following:
"
" vim --cmd 'call xolox#misc#async#inside_child(...)'
"
" This function is responsible for calling the user defined function,
" capturing exceptions and reporting the results back to the parent Vim
" process using Vim's client/server support or a temporary file.
try
let response = {'number': a:request['number']}
let starttime = xolox#misc#timer#start()
try
" Call the user defined function and store its result.
let response['result'] = call(a:request['function'], a:request['arguments'])
catch
" Intercept errors raised by the user defined function.
let response['exception'] = v:exception
let response['throwpoint'] = v:throwpoint
endtry
" Record the elapsed time.
let response['elapsed_time'] = xolox#misc#timer#convert(starttime)
" Communicate the results back to the master Vim process.
let servername = get(a:request, 'servername', '')
if !empty(servername)
" Actively notify the parent process using Vim's client/server support?
call remote_expr(servername, printf('xolox#misc#async#callback_to_parent(%s)', string(response)))
else
" 'Passively' notify the parent process by creating the expected
" temporary file.
call xolox#misc#persist#save(a:request['temporary_file'], response)
endif
finally
" Make sure we terminate this hidden Vim process.
quitall!
endtry
endfunction
function! xolox#misc#async#callback_to_parent(response) " {{{1
" When Vim was compiled with client/server support this function (in the
" parent process) will be called by `xolox#misc#async#inside_child()` (in
" the child process) after the user defined function has returned. This
" enables more or less instant callbacks after running an asynchronous
" function.
let unique_number = a:response['number']
let request = g:xolox#misc#async#requests[unique_number]
call xolox#misc#timer#stop("vim-misc %s: Processing asynchronous callback #%i after %s ..", g:xolox#misc#version, unique_number, request['starttime'])
call remove(g:xolox#misc#async#requests, unique_number)
let callback = get(request, 'callback')
if !empty(callback)
call call(callback, [a:response])
endif
endfunction
function! xolox#misc#async#periodic_callback() " {{{1
" When client/server support is not being used the vim-misc plug-in
" improvises: It uses Vim's [CursorHold][] event to periodically check if an
" asynchronous process has written its results to one of the expected
" temporary files. If a response is found the temporary file is read and
" deleted and then `xolox#misc#async#callback_to_parent()` is called to
" process the response.
"
" [CursorHold]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/autocmd.html#CursorHold
if !empty(g:xolox#misc#async#requests)
let num_processed = 0
call xolox#misc#msg#debug("vim-misc %s: Checking for asynchronous responses (%i responses not yet received) ..", g:xolox#misc#version, len(g:xolox#misc#async#requests))
for unique_number in sort(keys(g:xolox#misc#async#requests))
let request = g:xolox#misc#async#requests[unique_number]
let temporary_file = get(request, 'temporary_file', '')
if !empty(temporary_file) && getfsize(temporary_file) > 0
try
call xolox#misc#msg#debug("vim-misc %s: Found asynchronous response by %s in %s ..", g:xolox#misc#version, request['function'], temporary_file)
call xolox#misc#async#callback_to_parent(xolox#misc#persist#load(temporary_file))
let num_processed += 1
finally
call delete(temporary_file)
endtry
endif
endfor
call xolox#misc#msg#debug("vim-misc %s: Processed %i asynchronous responses (%i responses not yet received).", g:xolox#misc#version, num_processed, len(g:xolox#misc#async#requests))
endif
endfunction
" }}}1
" The interval in the options below is set to one (1) although the default
" value for &updatetime is four seconds. Because vim-misc never modifies
" &updatetime the interval will effectively default to four seconds unless the
" user has set &updatetime to a lower value themselves.
call xolox#misc#cursorhold#register({'function': 'xolox#misc#async#periodic_callback', 'interval': 1})
" vim: ts=2 sw=2 et
| 2024-02-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8612 |
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use warnings;
use strict;
$ENV{"DALE_TEST_ARGS"} ||= "";
my $test_dir = $ENV{"DALE_TEST_DIR"} || ".";
$ENV{PATH} .= ":.";
use Data::Dumper;
#use Test::More tests => 8;
use Test::More skip_all => "problems";
my @res = `dalec $ENV{"DALE_TEST_ARGS"} --print-expansions $test_dir/t/src/eval-expression.dt -o eval-expression `;
ok((grep { /expansion: \(pow' 2 1\) -> 2/ } @res),
'Found first short-circuit expansion');
ok((grep { /expansion: \(pow' 2 2\) -> \(\* 2 2\)/ } @res),
'Found second short-circuit expansion');
ok((grep { /expansion: \(pow' 2 3\) -> \(\* 2 2 2\)/ } @res),
'Found third short-circuit expansion');
ok((grep { /expansion: \(pow' 2 4\) -> \(pow 2 4\)/ } @res),
'Found first non-short-circuit expansion');
ok((grep { /expansion: \(pow' 2 n\) -> \(pow 2 n\)/ } @res),
'Found second non-short-circuit expansion');
ok((grep { /unable to evaluate/ } @res),
'Found note about second non-short-circuit expansion');
@res = `./eval-expression`;
is($?, 0, 'Program executed successfully');
chomp for @res;
is_deeply(\@res, [qw(2 4 8 16 32)], 'Got expected results');
`rm eval-expression`;
1;
| 2024-05-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1244 |
Rapper Chance the Rapper slammed the Heineken Light beer advert Heineken has pulled a TV advert which was labelled as racist by a rapper. The advert was for the beer company’s 99-calorie Heineken Light beer.
ABUJA, Nigeria, March 23, 2018/ — A High Court sitting in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria, has quashed the declaration of Executive Vice Chairman of Aiteo, Benedict Peters, as ‘wanted’ by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). In a judgement given on March 22, 2017, the court stated that the anti-graft agency has no power to declare Peters …
Microplastics have been found in more than 90 per cent of popular brands of bottled water. Researchers examined 11 brands of water bought in nine countries, and their findings call into question the manufacturers’ claims that bottled water is healthier than tap water.
As part of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), TGI Group, through its CSR arm, CHI Foundation, has commissioned two ultra-modern water treatment plants in Isolo and Ejigbo Local Government Areas of Lagos State.
Trade and investment experts have appealed to President Muhammadu Buhari not to append his signature to the proposed Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) agreement because of the likely negative impact on private businesses and the country’s economy in general. | 2024-04-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7921 |
Analysis of physiologic alterations in intensive care unit patients and their relationship with mortality.
To analyze patient physiologic alterations (events) and multiple organ failure during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and examine their relationship with ICU mortality. A total of 17598 consecutive patients were studied for 10 months (1997-1998) in 55 European ICUs (EURICUS-II). Hourly data were collected on critical and noncritical systolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and urinary events throughout ICU stay. Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was collected daily (6409 patients). SAPS-II was 31.2 +/- 18.4 and ICU mortality 13.9%. There were 3.4 +/- 9.2 noncritical (duration, 3.9 +/- 11.4 hours) and 2 +/- 7.5 critical (3.8 +/- 13.1 hours) systolic blood pressure events per patient. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and urinary events had similar values. Nonsurvivors had significantly more and longer physiologic alterations vs survivors. Mortality was significantly related to mean daily duration of events and mean and maximum daily SOFA. Discrimination capacity to predict ICU mortality was measured using various models: with SAPS II, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80; with APACHE III-classified diagnosis added, 0.84; with mean duration of events/ICU day, 0.91; and with mean and maximum SOFA scores, 0.95. Routinely gathered ICU data on physiologic variables and multiple organ failure can offer considerable complementary information not provided by usual mortality prediction systems; and their weight in daily care policy decisions may need to be revisited. | 2024-02-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6143 |
Q:
How can I forbid access to a directory on my server?
I run a music blog and I have a player at the top that plays mp3s. I don't want the user to be able to look at my code to get where the mp3 is kept, go to the site, and save the mp3. I'm guessing I can forbid them from directly accessing the mp3 by going to its file location, but still allow my mp3 player to work. My intuition is to add some lines to my .htaccess file, but I know very little about htaccess, so could someone help me out?
A:
It's impossible. The browser can look (In Chrome, press F12 and go to the Network tab) at where the file is actually downloaded, and save it directly from there.
You can't prevent a user from saving what he's already downloading.
| 2024-01-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4998 |
Cor’s Core! Simple exercises to build leg and core strength
A strong core and strong legs will pay dividends when you are slogging out those miles up and down a wind-blasted or sandblasted fell.
Here is a quick but very effective ultra exercise routine that will hit your core and your legs. You can do it at home or in the gym. If you don’t have weights, use full water bottles.
The routine has been designed and is demonstrated by coach Cor de Jonge, a former track star.
The most important thing is to get your posture right and do the drills slowly and steadily. Five good ones are worth twenty mediocre efforts, as the Actress said to the Bishop.
Air Squat (works on quads and glutes)
20 – 40 reps
Stand straight with your feet hip distance apart and your toes pointing slightly outwards. Start from your hips, bring your butt down, keep your upper body straight. As you bend down bring your arms out in front of you to shoulder height. Your knees should go straight towards your toes but not over them. When you reach 90 degrees between knees and hips, start the upward movement. Push your heels hard into the floor to engage the glutes and move back up to standing position. Bring your arms down to your sides as you do this. Don’t come forward with your upper body or you will be working your lower back rather than your legs.
Air Squat
Air Squat - side view
Front Squat with weight (works on quads, glutes and abs)
20 – 40 reps
Assume the same position as above but with a weight held between both hands under your chin. Follow the movement as above for the Air Squat. Working with the weight in front of you, means that you have to switch on your abs to maintain your balance. So, keep your core rock hard for full benefit.
Squat with weight
Squat with weight - side view
Lunge (works on hams, quads and glutes)
10 reps each side, repeat to 20
Start by standing straight with your feet at hip distance apart to give you stability. Step back with one foot. Make it a big step. Bring that knee to the floor and keep the other one at a 90-degree angle and check your position and adjust if necessary. Come back up and you are ready to begin the movement.
Keep your weight in the middle, then kneel down with the knee of your extended leg. Lengthen your back and switch on your abs. The back knee leads the movement. Get to a 90/90 position with your back knee just off the ground. At the end of the down movement, push the heel of your front foot down and the toes of your back foot down and push back up.
Don’t bring your weight forward as this means you will only work with your front leg. Your knee should not go over your toes.
Lunge
Lunge - side view
Lunge with weights (works on hams, quads and glutes and core)
10 reps each side, repeat to 15
Take a weight in each hand, keep these nice and relaxed by your sides and repeat the exercise above. The weight asks more from your core and also helps strengthen the legs.
Lunge with weights
Lunge with weight above head (works on hams, quads and glutes and obliques)
10 reps each side, repeat to 15
A variant that will help your obliques, is to work with one side weighted. Hold the weight on the same side as your extended leg. Lift your arm straight above your head and keep it there. Repeat the exercise as above.
Try not to wobble like a jelly. You will need to switch on your obliques to keep you straight.
10 -30 reps
Lie on your back with your legs bent. Keep your hands down by your sides. You should be able to touch your heels with your fingertips. Relax your arms. Push your shoulders and heels down and your pelvis up. Squeeze your lower back, butt and hamstrings as tight as you can.
If you want to increase it, put a weight on your abdomen.
Don’t just thrust up and down like John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever, go slow and squeeze.
10 reps each side – repeat to 20
This is a tricky one to get right, so take it easy till you feel it bite. Stand with your legs together and your back straight. Your arms should be straight down in front of you, holding a weight or weighted ball. Move one leg out and go into the squat position. At the same time reach your arms away from you. Not too high. You have to switch on your abs and lower back harder the further you reach away from your middle. Then push back hard with your extended foot and leg back to centre.
Don’t bring the ball/weight up too high, and keep your body centred.
Side squat with weighted ball
Back leg raise and forward drop with weight (core, hams and glutes, feet and ankle stabilisers)
10 reps each side
Balance and rock hard abs from this exercise. Start in a relaxed standing position with a weight in your right hand. Drop your body forward and bring your left leg straight up behind you. Switch on that core. When you have reached a position where your right hand is touching your right toe and your left leg is fully extended, swing back up.
Try not to fall over... the more slowly and controlled you can do this one, the better.
Back leg raise
That’s it. If you do that twice a week you will see a marked difference in your core stability and your leg strength, which will help you battle fatigue and fight injury as the runs get longer. | 2023-09-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8400 |
Game Of Box Offices: “The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part” assembles a win but fails to impress
When a film is projected to earn $55 million and only comes up with $34.1 million, that is considered a failure. “The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part” was the winner of the weekend, but celebrations were halted when the numbers failed against expectations. Fellow newcomer “What Men Want” also underperformed, earning $18.2 million on a projection of $24 million. Even newcomer “Cold Pursuit” came in slightly below its $12 million projection, with a debut of $11 million. Considering the backlash on star Liam Neeson at the moment, I’d say Lionsgate is lucky to have gotten that close. The only debut that actually hit its projection was the thriller “The Prodigy,” which grabbed $5.8 million, up a thousand from its projection. The Chinese science fiction film “The Wandering Earth” was the surprise entry on the List this weekend, landing at Number 13 and earning $1.6 million. Its average of $26,333 per 64 theaters was enough to earn it the POPCORN AWARD. And, with the Academy Awards just around the corner, the Oscar-nominated Shorts made a place on the List at Number 17, making just under $1 million.
Another big story this weekend was that no film within the Top 25 increased percentage-wise, meaning there was no GOLDEN PERCENTAGE AWARD to be given. The only film to move up the List was “Cold War,” but even that had a percentage decrease of -0.9%. Outside the List, it was the Oscar-nominated foreign film “Never Look Away” that took the award, with an increase of +102.4%. Across the List, eight films took a five or more spot decrease, including “Miss Bala,” which debuted last weekend, as well as “The King Who Would Be King” and “Mary Poppins Returns,” which were two spots away from a BOMB. Dropping off the List, as expected, was “Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga,” which had a surprise debit last weekend. Also, the expectation that either “Stan & Ollie” or “Dragon Ball Super: Broly” would fall off, resulted in both films taking the final dive, with “Cold War” moving up rather than falling off. “Free Solo” ended its reemergence on the List while “Ralph Breaks The Internet” concluded its twelve-week run and the Matthew McCaughney/Anne Hathaway bomb “Serenity” ended its three-week run, already aiming to lose $16 million.
With a smaller than expected debut, one has to wonder if “The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part” will be able to hold onto the Crown next weekend. Anything close to a 50% drop would put it in second, third, or even fourth place, with a slew of new releases coming to theaters. The Blumhouse sequel “Happy Death Day 2U” looks to debut with $20 million and the best chance at a Number One finish. The long delayed Robert Rodriguez film “Alita: Battle Angel” looks to debut around $17 million. And the Rebel Wilson comedy “Isn’t It Romantic” aims for a $15 million opening. It seems as though the Dwayne Johnson produced/Stephen Merchant directed “Fighting With My Family” aims to release a week early and could see an $8 million opening, putting that in the Top Five as well, especially with the decent reviews its been garnering. The four films could put the bottom of the List on notice. “The Mule,” which finished at Number 25 is the likeliest to fall off, along with Number 24, which was “On The Basis Of Sex.” Unless “Cold War” can continue its recent uptick, I would also imagine that would be falling off the List as well. And after an almost BOMB this past weekend, “Mary Poppins Returns” could be the last victim in making room for the newcomers. | 2024-04-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4995 |
psql -d orcid -U orcid -t -A -h 127.0.0.1 -F\; < sql/find_single_space_commas.sql
| 2024-04-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9880 |
PORT WASHINGTON, WI - JANUARY 05: Dustin Diamond waits for his preliminary hearing at Ozaukee County Courthouse on January 5, 2015 in Port Washington, Wisconsin. Diamond, best known for his role as Screech on "Saved by the Bell," was arrested for possession of a switchblade and charged with reckless endangerment, carrying a concealed weapon and disorderly conduct on December 26, 2014 in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. (Photo by Jeffrey Phelps/Getty Images)
PORT WASHINGTON, Wis. (AP) — TV actor Dustin Diamond was convicted Friday of two misdemeanors stemming from a barroom fight, but a Wisconsin jury cleared the former “Saved by the Bell” actor of the most serious felony charge.
The jury’s verdict came just hours after the 38-year-old actor testified that he never intended to stab anyone in the fight last Christmas Day. He had pleaded not guilty to a felony charge of recklessly endangering public safety, plus two misdemeanors — carrying a concealed weapon and disorderly conduct.
Diamond, who played the character Screech on the popular 1990s show, said some people had wanted to shake his hand and pose for photos at the bar, but that others were badgering him and his girlfriend, Amanda Schutz. He said he was trying to scare bar patrons in Port Washington after his girlfriend was punched in the face.
“I felt like we were being set up for antagonistic purposes,” he said.
Witnesses testified that Schutz pushed one woman at the bar and grabbed another woman’s hand, initiating the incident. Schutz also faces a misdemeanor disorderly conduct charge.
Diamond said he tried to help Schutz and took out his pocketknife to deter the group from hurting her more.
The man who was stabbed, 25-year-old Casey Smet, testified Thursday that he didn’t know he had been stabbed until he had left the bar and was talking to police.
After maintaining a serious facade during most of the trial, Diamond grinned Friday when a defense attorney asked if he liked being compared to the character Screech. Diamond said he, like his character, enjoyed nerdy things. And Diamond said he liked being identified in public as the goofy television character.
“That means they love you,” Diamond said. “That means you’re doing your job.”
No apparent “Saved by the Bell” fans sat in the galleries during the three-day trial. But another apparent fan, Diamond’s defense attorney Thomas Alberti, wrote “Good Luck to Dustin & Amanda” on his car window Wednesday ahead of the trial. Circuit Court Judge Paul Malloy scolded Alberti and told him to remove it because it was “inappropriate.”
Port Washington is 25 miles north of Milwaukee.
___
Follow Dana Ferguson on Twitter at https://twitter.com/bydanaferguson.
Copyright 2015 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | 2024-02-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1332 |
Subscribers are entitled, at any time,
to inform Haaretz-IHT of their desire to cancel their subscription by leaving a clear telephone message on 03-5121750 , or by sending written notification (hereinafter: the cancellation notice) by fax (to 03-5121703), by registered mail (to Subscription Department, 18 Salman Schocken Street, PO Box 35029, Tel Aviv, Israel 61350), by opening a customer service request or by email (to nyti@haaretz.co.il).
The cancellation notice must include the subscriber's full name and I.D. number.
Green Line
The Green Line refers to the 1949 armistice lines established between Israel and its Arab neighbors in the aftermath of the 1948 War of Independence. The war led to sovereignty of the fledgling Jewish state over 78.5% of historic Palestine, now commonly referred to as Israel inside the Green Line. Beyond the Green Line lay the Jordanian-controlled West Bank and the Egyptian-ruled Gaza Strip.
The Green Line effectively divided the holy city of Jerusalem in half, with the Israel-Jordan border running through the middle of the city, with the Old City and its holy sites on the Jordanian side.
The 1967 Six-Day War changed the geopolitical landscape and resulted in territories beyond the Green Line falling under Israeli authority. Internationally, these areas are not recognized as part of Israel, although shortly after the war Israel annexed East Jerusalem and in 1980 did the same to the Golan Heights, previously part of Syria.
Since the 1967, successive Israeli governments have built settlements beyond the Green Line, on lands that the Palestinians claim as theirs, but Israel’s control over the Palestinian territories is still unrecognized according to international law.
The 1993 Oslo Accords stipulated that steps be taken toward attaining Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. As agreed upon in talks, the Israel Defense Forces evacuated its posts in most Palestinians cities, and Israel agreed to a negotiated peace deal roughly based on the Green Line, or pre-1967 lines.
In the years since the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority has sought to establish an independent Palestinian state along the Green Line, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The ultimately unsuccessful Camp David summit between late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and then Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak in July 2000 focused on a solution that would see areas beyond the Green Line handed over to the Palestinians.
Most recently, a 2002 Arab initiative proposed that in return for a complete Israeli withdrawal to the Green Line, all Arab states would recognize and establish normalized relations with Israel.
Similar initiatives - such as George W. Bush's "Road Map" and Bill Clinton's "Parameters" - have also assumed an Israeli withdrawal to the Green Line, with some territorial exchanges allowing for the major settlement blocs to remain in Israeli hands.
Fahima and Jihad Hirsheh, like many of their neighbors, are fighting for their right to cultivate their land on the other side of the West Bank separation barrier. As a consolation, they grow vegetables on their roof
This should have been our moment to stand our ground: Reject conflating Israel with West Bank settlements, reject slurring Airbnb as anti-Semitic. Sadly, mainstream U.S. Jewish groups gave in to the right wing's dangerous campaign – and did so in our name
Some of Ramat Shlomo homes will be built on privately owned Palestinian land ■ Palestinian Foreign Ministry slams move, which it says proves Trump's administration's bias in favor of settlement enterprise
Israel Public Broadcasting Corporation won the bidding process to broadcast World Cup preliminary games. But under pressure from a Qatari broadcasting company, UEFA is barring the airing of the games beyond the Green Line
The Palestinian land owners noticed work on their land in 2015 and petitioned the High Court. In July, the state admitted it had instructed the lands taken out of the West Bank settlement construction plan
The deliberate vagueness of the bill's future geographic scope is at the base of the annexationist right's strategy: to advance a controversial agenda under a feigned cover of statesmanship and consensus
Haaretz.com, the online edition of Haaretz Newspaper in Israel, and analysis from Israel and the Middle East. Haaretz.com provides extensive and in-depth coverage of Israel, the Jewish World and the Middle East, including defense, diplomacy, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the peace process, Israeli politics, Jerusalem affairs, international relations, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Israeli business world and Jewish life in Israel and the Diaspora. | 2024-06-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7140 |
Albania parliament backs government reshuffle Albania's parliament has backed a government reshuffle in a vote called by the prime minister after the country's president declined to accept his nominee for the foreign minister
TIRANA, Albania -- Albania's parliament has backed a government reshuffle in a vote called by the prime minister after the country's president refused to accept his nominee for the foreign minister.
The parliament, dominated by the governing Socialist Party of Prime Minister Edi Rama, on Wednesday voted overwhelmingly for the nomination of nine new ministers.
The opposition boycotted the vote.
Lawmakers also voted for Rama to be foreign minister after President Ilir Meta refused to accept Rama's nominee, saying he does not meet standards. Meta also did not accept the removal of the previous minister, without giving an explanation.
Rama pushed for the Cabinet reshuffle at the end of December following a students' protest. He expects to lead Albania into membership negotiations with the European Union later this year. | 2024-05-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6977 |
Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage can help you find Peachland-Polkton Elementary School, Peachland, NC homes for sale. Refine your Peachland-Polkton Elementary School real estate search results by price, property type, bedrooms, baths and other features. Need more information? View Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Peachland real estate agents or offices and let us help you find the perfect property. We also have area guides that show more information about properties in Peachland, NC. | 2024-07-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7767 |
Determination of ammonium turnover and flow patterns close to roots using imaging optodes.
The physical effect of nitrogen upon plants has been studied thoroughly; however, direct studies of nitrogen turnover close to roots have been limited by analytical techniques with low spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, little is known about differences in turnover taking place along and between intact root structures over time as well as how root arrangement, root cell type, plant age, microbial activity, and the dark/light cycle influence uptake and supply of nutrients to root structures. In this study an imaging (planar) optode was used to quantify ammonium over time close to an intact root system of a large fruit bearing tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum). Images throughout the experiment made it possible to define the ammonium depletion zone and active turnover potential as well as determine turnover rate and flow patterns around the root system over time. The results indicated that ammonium uptake for tomato plants proceeds over the entire root structure but transverse thin peripheral roots are about twice as efficient as the main root and that the uptake process might influence nutrient availability. The flow patterns close to the root structure revealed that apical regions seem to have a central role in ammonium acquisition. | 2023-10-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2405 |
No. 6 Tigers win twice, head to NWCA finals
Heavyweight Dom Bradley ended his career undefeated at Hearnes Center
The Missouri wrestling team grappled inside the Hearnes Center for the last time this season at the NWCA Cliff Keen Midwest Regional Duals. The No. 6 Tigers won both of their duals and will head to the University of Minnesota next weekend to compete for the National Duals championship.
Missouri opened the day with Maryland and made quick work of the Terrapins. Senior 133-pounder Nathan McCormick, ranked No. 5 in his weight class, got a key win over Maryland’s Geoffrey Alexander, ranked No. 12.
“He went out today and pretty much dominated and I liked that,” coach Brian Smith said. “He’s been just very consistent all year.”
After winning the first six matches of the dual, the Tigers’ first loss of the match came at 174 pounds when senior Todd Porter fell to Maryland’s Josh Asper after a late takedown. Asper is ranked No. 5 in his weight class and broke Porter’s eight-match winning streak.
Despite two more losses at 184 and 197, the Tigers cruised to a 27-13 victory.
The final match of the day versus No. 16 Purdue proved to be just as decisive, with Missouri winning 27-15. Junior 125-pounder Alan Waters started off the match with his second win by major decision of the day and is looking closer to full strength after missing nearly a month with an injury.
“I think I’m feeling a lot better this week,” Waters said. “I’m just still working on getting back into my flow and getting everything together.”
Sophomore Drake Houdashelt picked up his second win of the day, 20-5, by technical fall, getting the Tigers more bonus points. Houdashelt has had 10 major decisions this season.
Senior 197-pounder Brent Haynes had a tough day on the mat. He was pinned in both of his matches on Sunday.
“I’m frustrated for him, but he made mistakes,” Smith said. “He was winning both of those matches and just makes mistakes. He gets caught on his back and he can’t do that. He’s got to bounce back.”
In his final home match, senior heavyweight Dom Bradley finished off the day with a 21-7 rout over Purdue’s Alex White. Bradley is a perfect 30-0 on the season and finished his Missouri career never losing a match at the Hearnes Center. His only loss inside the stadium was when he was as a freshman at Blue Springs High School.
“Once I committed here, I said I never wanted to lose here,” Bradley said. “I made sure it happened. You don’t want to lose at home. You don’t want to lose in front of your family and friends. You want to represent your state to the fullest.”
The Tigers head to the finals next week and will take on seven other teams, all ranked in the Top 10 of the Coaches’ Poll. After this weekend, the only tournaments remaining for Missouri are the MAC Championships in Buffalo, N.Y., and the NCAA Championships in Des Moines, Iowa.
“This is the start,” Smith said. “We’re going to have to win one on Friday night and two on Saturday. We’re going there to win it.” | 2024-03-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4001 |
const execSync = require("child_process").execSync;
const packageJSON = require("../package.json");
const path = require("path");
const fs = require("fs-extra");
const root = path.resolve(__dirname, "..");
const distRoot = path.resolve(__dirname, "../dist");
const npmOrganization = "@wenyan";
const packages = ["cli", "core", "render", "runtime"];
const fileToCopy = ["README.md", "CHANGELOG.md", "LICENSE"];
const fieldsInPackageJSONToRemove = [
"devDependencies",
"lint-staged",
"husky",
"scripts",
"private"
];
async function Build() {
console.log(`Building...`);
execSync("npm run build");
}
async function CopyFiles() {
for (const package of packages) {
console.log(`Copying files for ${package}...`);
for (const file of fileToCopy) {
await fs.copyFile(
path.join(root, file),
path.join(distRoot, package, file)
);
}
}
}
async function MakePackageJSON() {
for (const package of packages) {
console.log(`Generating package.json for ${package}...`);
const json = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(packageJSON));
json.name = `${npmOrganization}/${package}`;
json.main = "./index.min.js";
json.unpkg = "./index.min.js";
for (const field of fieldsInPackageJSONToRemove) delete json[field];
if (package === "cli") {
json.bin = {
wenyan: "./index.min.js"
};
}
const jsonString = JSON.stringify(json, null, 2) + "\n";
await fs.writeFile(
path.join(distRoot, package, "package.json"),
jsonString,
"utf-8"
);
}
}
async function Publish() {
for (const package of packages) {
console.log(`Publishing ${npmOrganization}/${package}...`);
execSync("npm publish --access public", {
cwd: path.join(distRoot, package)
});
}
}
(async () => {
await Build();
await CopyFiles();
await MakePackageJSON();
await Publish();
})();
| 2024-04-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3800 |
Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether vestibular evoked myogenic potentials from the sternocleidomastoid muscle in response to bone-conducted clicks and short tone-bursts can be used to assess vestibular apparatus function in patients with conductive hearing problems, particularly bilateral external auditory canal atresia. Evoked-potential responses to bone-conducted auditory stimuli were recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle of 15 patients (11 male and four female, aged 4--20 years) with congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, with or without the middle ear anomalies. This study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of the Tokyo University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo. Diagnostic. Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in response to clicks and short tone-bursts were recorded with surface electrodes over both sternocleidomastoids in each patient. In all patients, bone-conducted clicks and short tone-bursts evoked larger biphasic responses from the sternocleidomastoid ipsilateral to the stimulated ear. Short tone-bursts evoked vestibular evoked myogenic potentials with higher amplitude and better waveform morphology than clicks at the same subjective intensity. Loud auditory stimuli delivered by bone conduction can evoke myogenic potentials from the sternocleidomastoid. This method is a noninvasive, rapid, and convenient test for investigating the vestibular system function in patients with bilateral external auditory canal atresia, with or without the middle ear anomalies. | 2023-10-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7591 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import "WXPBGeneratedMessage.h"
@class NSString;
@interface ModChatRoomMemberDisplayName : WXPBGeneratedMessage
{
}
+ (void)initialize;
// Remaining properties
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSString *chatRoomName; // @dynamic chatRoomName;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSString *displayName; // @dynamic displayName;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSString *userName; // @dynamic userName;
@end
| 2024-01-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2451 |
Knemometry in children with atopic dermatitis treated with topical glucocorticoids.
Recently the knemometer, a lower leg length measuring device, has been introduced for sensitive assessment of systemic activity of exogeneous glucocorticoids in children. The aim of this study was to assess by means of knemometry whether the topical glucocorticoid budesonide affects short-term growth in children with atopic dermatitis. Fourteen children 5 to 12 years old were studied in an open longitudinal trial with three periods of 2 weeks duration. In periods 1 (run-in) and 3 (run-out), the children were treated with emollient. In period 2, budesonide cream 0.025% was followed by emollient twice daily to all of the body except the face. Eczema was evaluated according to a score based on extent and activity. Knemometry was performed twice weekly. Compared to the run-in and run-out periods the mean growth rate during budesonide treatment was reduced by 0.11 mm/wk (p > .05) and 0.40 mm/wk (p < .05), respectively. The mean growth rate during run-out was increased by 0.29 mm/wk as compared to run-in (p < .05). Compared to run-in the mean severity indices during budesonide treatment and run-out were reduced by 1.55 (p < .05) and 1.55 points (p <.05), respectively. The concomitant variations in lower leg growth rate and disease activity suggest that short-term treatment with topical glucocorticoids may provide a better growth potential during the weeks after withdrawal of the treatment. Whether this is due to improved disease control needs further study. Being a noninvasive method, knemometry may be useful for comparing different topical glucocorticoids and administration regimens in children in whom vasoconstrictor assays are difficult. | 2023-11-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5834 |
LOS ANGELES -- The Clippers got their franchise-record 50th victory in their fourth try. It didn't come without some fireworks that had nothing to do with celebrating.
DeAndre Jordan had 20 points and 12 rebounds, Chris Paul added 14 points and 12 assists, and Los Angeles led all the way in beating the last-place Phoenix Suns 126-101 on Wednesday night as tempers flared in the fourth quarter.
"It's big," Jordan said about the landmark win, "but we're looking at the bigger picture. This is one thing we can check off."
Willie Green and Caron Butler scored 15 points each, and Blake Griffin had nine points, seven assists and five rebounds to help the Clippers end a three-game skid with their second-highest scoring total of the season. They improved to 50-26 overall, bettering the single-season record for wins set in 1974-75 when the team was in Buffalo. They're 29-9 at home.
"Whenever you do something first it's significant, but we expect more and we should," coach Vinny Del Negro said.
Griffin added, "We feel like we could have been a 60-win team."
The Clippers needed to win and have Golden State lose to New Orleans to clinch the franchise's first division title. But the Warriors won 98-88, postponing another first by this Clippers team.
"Ever since I got here, we talked about setting a precedent," Paul said.
Wesley Johnson scored 20 points and Jermaine O'Neal added 18 for the last-place Suns, who have lost seven straight overall, 13 of their past 15 and six in a row on the road. Goran Dragic, who didn't score his first basket until the start of the third quarter, finished with 12.
"We didn't contend while they were penetrating and scoring some easy baskets," Dragic said. "We're not going to make the playoffs, so just try to compete until the end of the season."
The Clippers pulled away in the third, outscoring the Suns 38-20 to lead 95-70 going into the fourth. Jordan's teammates set him up for three high-flying dunks -- he had eight total in the game -- while Griffin and Paul got ones of their own in, too.
"It's all energy and effort," Del Negro said about Jordan. "He was active and running the court. When he moves like that, it makes the game easier for him and the team."
Griffin and Phoenix teammates P.J. Tucker and O'Neal had to be separated at one point after they tangled with Griffin while double-teaming him.
The bad blood didn't stop there.
With 8:57 left in the game and the Clippers' starters on the bench, Jamal Crawford hit a 3-pointer and Ryan Hollins put his left arm around Dragic's neck as they scrambled for position under the basket. Their momentum carried them over to the Suns' bench, with Hollins keeping Dragic in a headlock before shoving him and Michael Beasley shouting at Hollins in the tangle of players.
Lamar Odom pulled on Hollins' jersey to get him away. After the referees reviewed the play, Hollins was called for a flagrant foul 2 and ejected, while Beasley received a technical.
"It was just a quick play in the heat of the moment," Hollins said. "I definitely didn't have intent to hurt and I don't think he did, either."
In the first quarter, Griffin and Tucker received double technicals.
"Ryan had a nice 45 seconds there when he and Goran Dragic almost had a WWE battle," Jordan joked.
The Clippers dominated the paint with a season-high 72 points to Phoenix's 32 and had a 25-11 edge in fast-break points.
"We played fast, we got tempo up and got some stops," Paul said. "We forced 19 turnovers and only had six ourselves."
Los Angeles opened the game on a 15-0 run for its largest lead of the half. The Suns twice got within two points on baskets by Beasley, but the Clippers used a 10-5 spurt, including six free throws by Paul, to lead 57-50 at the break.
"To come out and give up 15 points without them executing one single play is embarrassing," Suns interim coach Lindsey Hunter said.
Game notes
The Clippers, Memphis and Charlotte are the only teams in NBA history that have yet to win a division crown. ... Clippers G Chauncey Billups missed his fourth straight game with a strained right groin. ... The Suns play four of their final seven games on the road, where they are 7-30. ... The Clippers won the season series 3-1. ... Crawford has made 33 straight free throws since Feb. 23. He set the franchise record of 58 in a row earlier this season. | 2024-06-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6417 |
I just started developing for the microsoft band, but cant seem to figure out how to make external web calls. For example to scrape the html source of a web page.
All the code I have tried so far has simply failed with the same error.
EDIT: Would be great if someone has a working demo already | 2024-05-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4918 |
Q:
Comparing Haskell and Scala Bind/Flatmap Examples
The following bind(>>=) code, in Haskell, does not compile:
ghci> [[1]] >>= Just
<interactive>:38:11:
Couldn't match type ‘Maybe’ with ‘[]’
Expected type: [t] -> [[t]]
Actual type: [t] -> Maybe [t]
In the second argument of ‘(>>=)’, namely ‘Just’
In the expression: [[1]] >>= Just
But, in Scala, it does actually compile and run:
scala> List( List(1) ).flatMap(x => Some(x) )
res1: List[List[Int]] = List(List(1))
Haskell's >>= signature is:
>>= :: Monad m => m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
So, in [[1]] >>= f, f's type should be: a -> [b].
Why does the Scala code compile?
A:
As @chi explained Scala's flatMap is more general than the Haskell's >>=. The full signature from the Scala docs is:
final def flatMap[B, That](f: (A) ⇒ GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[List[A], B, That]): That
This implicit isn't relevant for this specific problem, so we could as well use the simpler definition:
final def flatMap[B](f: (A) ⇒ GenTraversableOnce[B]): List[B]
There is only one Problem, Option is no subclass of GenTraversableOnce, here an implicit conversion comes in. Scala defines an implicit conversion from Option to Iterable which is a subclass of Traversable which is a subclass of GenTraversableOnce.
implicit def option2Iterable[A](xo: Option[A]): Iterable[A]
The implicit is defined in the companion object of Option.
A simpler way to see the implicit at work is to assign a Option to an Iterable val:
scala> val i:Iterable[Int] = Some(1)
i: Iterable[Int] = List(1)
Scala uses some defaulting rules, to select List as the implementation of Iterable.
The fact that you can combine different subtypes of TraversableOnce with monad operations comes from the implicit class MonadOps:
implicit class MonadOps[+A](trav: TraversableOnce[A]) {
def map[B](f: A => B): TraversableOnce[B] = trav.toIterator map f
def flatMap[B](f: A => GenTraversableOnce[B]): TraversableOnce[B] = trav.toIterator flatMap f
def withFilter(p: A => Boolean) = trav.toIterator filter p
def filter(p: A => Boolean): TraversableOnce[A] = withFilter(p)
}
This enhances every TraversableOnce with the methods above. The subtypes are free to define more efficient versions on there own, these will shadow the implicit definitions. This is the case for List.
A:
Quoting from the Scala reference for List
final def flatMap[B](f: (A) ⇒ GenTraversableOnce[B]): List[B]
So, flatMap is more general than Haskell's (>>=), since it only requires the mapped function f to generate a traversable type, not necessarily a List.
| 2024-05-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2811 |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Malaria remains a serious public health problem among pregnant women in Nigeria, as high prevalence has been recorded even among antenatal care attendees in different parts of the country \[[@CR1]--[@CR5]\]. Similarly, through the years 2009--2015, high prevalence, ranging from 33.9 to 60.3% has been reported in the city of Maiduguri, Nigeria \[[@CR6]--[@CR10]\]. Malaria is associated with several complications, including abortions \[[@CR11]\], anaemia \[[@CR12]--[@CR15]\], pre-term delivery \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\], stillbirth \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\] and low birth weight \[[@CR20], [@CR21]\].
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN), intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine--pyrimethamine (IPT--SP) and prompt treatment of malaria and anaemia, for all pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa \[[@CR22]\]. A systematic review of five trials, of which four were conducted in Africa, and the other in Thailand, had shown that ITN use was effective in reducing the incidence of placental parasitaemia, low birth weight and miscarriage/stillbirth \[[@CR23]\]. Results from another trial had also shown that a judicious use of ITNs by pregnant women in malaria endemic areas was very effective in reducing the incidence of both malaria infection and its complications to an extent where taking IPT--SP did not even provide additional benefits \[[@CR24]\]. Despite these recommendations by the WHO \[[@CR22]\], the practice of sleeping under an ITN has been generally poor. The Nigerian National Demographic and Health Survey of 2008 reports that out of 34,070 households sampled, only 8.0% owned at least one ITN, and only 44.4% of the women living in households with an ITN were sleeping under them \[[@CR25]\]. In the subsequent survey of 2013, the proportions of pregnant women who slept under any type of net the night before the survey were 17.4% and 18.4% for rural and urban dwellers respectively, while only 13.8% of the pregnant women in Borno state reported sleeping under an ITN the night before the survey \[[@CR26]\]. In a tertiary health centre in Maiduguri, Borno state, only 2.3% of antenatal care attendees were sleeping under an ITN \[[@CR7]\].
Motivation has been identified as an important factor in the performance of health behaviours, even among persons with adequate knowledge of the particular health behaviour \[[@CR27]\]. Motivation comprises of personal motivation and social motivation \[[@CR28]\]. Personal motivation entails the beliefs about the consequences of performing a particular task, while social motivation entails perception of the possible level of support from significant others to perform those tasks \[[@CR29]\] The role of social motivation is also buttressed by findings of a systematic review which identified household decision as an important predictor of ITN use among pregnant women in Africa \[[@CR30]\]. Self-efficacy on the other hand refers to a person's perception of his/her abilities to perform a certain task \[[@CR31]\]. It is believed to play a great role in determining how much a person is able to cope with, and sustain efforts to perform a task, in the face of obstacles \[[@CR32]\]. A study among women in the Democratic Republic of Congo revealed that higher self-efficacy for ITN use was a predictor of its use \[[@CR33]\]. Those who were confident of being able to hang or use an ITN were also more likely to sleep under it, compared to those who were not \[[@CR34]\].
As previous studies have pointed out the important roles knowledge \[[@CR35], [@CR36]\], motivation \[[@CR37]\] and self-efficacy \[[@CR33], [@CR34]\] play in influencing health behaviour, identifying the association between ITN use and these factors, would improve the present understanding of ITN use. It would also guide the development of more focused interventions to promote these practices, since individual items of these constructs would be studied. The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, motivation, self-efficacy, and their association with ITN use among pregnant women at the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Study area {#Sec3}
----------
The study area was Maiduguri, the Borno state capital in north-eastern Nigeria. It has a population of 540,016, comprising of 282,409 males and 257,607 females \[[@CR38]\], and a literacy rate of 30.2% for English language, and 33.1% for any language among its adult females \[[@CR39]\]. The study location was the ante-natal care clinic of the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri. This location was chosen because it is the biggest of the three state hospitals in Maiduguri; centrally located in the city; geographically most accessible of all the three hospitals, and has the highest patient load. Also in a previous study, less than half of the women attending the clinic reported sleeping under an ITN \[[@CR10]\].
Study design and study subjects {#Sec4}
-------------------------------
A cross-sectional study design was used for this study, recruiting participants at their first ante-natal care visits. The study was to be extended to a prospective intervention study which had pregnancy outcomes as part of its dependent variables, and as such, those who were not resident in Maiduguri, and those with hypertension, and/or diabetes mellitus were excluded, as these conditions could affect the pregnancy outcomes \[[@CR40]--[@CR42]\]. The one proportion formula was used to calculate the minimum required sample size \[[@CR43]\]. The expected proportion (P) was substituted with the prevalence of ITN use among pregnant women in Borno State \[[@CR26]\], while the Z-statistic and precision level (d) were substituted with 1.96 and 0.05 respectively \[[@CR44]\], to obtain a minimum sample size requirement of 183 respondents. Respondents were recruited in batches, from eight consecutive antenatal booking clinic sessions, with each clinic session having a total of approximately 150 antenatal care attendees, who sat on the ten rowed seats in the waiting area. A systematic random sampling method was used to select respondents from the eligible attendees, based on the row and position in which they were seated, in the waiting area. This was done by serially going through the rows in which they were seated, starting from the front row, selecting one eligible attendee, and skipping the next eligible person to select other one, up to the last eligible person seated on the last row.
Study instrument and data collection {#Sec5}
------------------------------------
The questionnaire used for this study was developed based on the information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) model, and consisted of five sections (respondents' characteristics, knowledge of ITN, motivation, self-efficacy and practice of ITN use) ([Appendix](#Sec10){ref-type="sec"}). Section one asked questions on respondents' socio-demographic characteristics as well as some obstetric and gynaecological factors. Items of the second section, which was on knowledge of ITN, were derived from questionnaires of previous researchers \[[@CR45]--[@CR47]\] after obtaining their consent. This section had a total of 12 questions, each with three options, 'Yes', 'No' and 'I don't know', which were re-coded as 'Correct', 'Incorrect' or 'I don't know'. The third and fourth sections were, respectively, on motivation and self-efficacy for ITN use, and were developed by modifying the respective items of a previous study instrument on diabetes mellitus \[[@CR48]\], which had also been developed based on the same theory. Both sections had responses on Likert scales.
Motivation was assessed by asking them how good or bad they felt sleeping under an ITN was for their pregnancies, and how pleasant or unpleasant they felt it was. Self-efficacy on the other hand was assessed by asking of how easy or hard they felt it would be for them to sleep under an ITN every night; and how effectively or ineffectively they felt they could perform certain tasks related to ITN use and ITN care. Respondents' use of ITN was categorized based on the number of days per week in which they slept under an ITN. Those who slept under an ITN for at least 3 days every week were categorized as 'ITN users', while those who slept under an ITN less frequently or not at all, were categorized as 'ITN non-users'.
Pre-testing of the questionnaire performed on a sample of 190 respondents revealed Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 for the section on motivation and 0.77 for the section on self-efficacy. For the test of reliability, 50 respondents out of the initial 190, were made to complete the questionnaire again after 2 weeks, and the Cohen's Kappa scores for each of all the 23 items from the knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy sections, were above 0.7, except one item in the knowledge section. Due to the low literacy rates, interviews by trained enumerators were used to obtain the information from the respondents.
Statistical analysis and ethical consideration {#Sec6}
----------------------------------------------
The data obtained was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Descriptive statistics with frequency and percentage were used to present the respondents' responses. Bivariate analyses were performed using Chi squared test, to determine the association between ITN use and the factors studied. For this purpose, the respondents' income levels were categorized into three: those with no income; those with income below the Nigerian minimum income wage (N18,000) and those with income up to, or above the minimum wage. The first sub-section for motivation was re-coded into three levels: 'bad' (comprising 'very bad' and 'somewhat bad'); 'neither good nor bad', and 'good' (comprising of 'somewhat good' and 'very good'). The second sub-section was also re-coded into three categories: 'unpleasant' (comprising 'very unpleasant' and 'somewhat unpleasant'), 'neither unpleasant nor pleasant', and 'pleasant' (comprising 'somewhat pleasant' and 'very pleasant'); while the third sub-section was re-coded into two categories: 'untrue' (comprising 'very untrue', 'mostly untrue', and 'untrue') and 'true' (comprising 'true', 'mostly true' and 'very true'). For self-efficacy, both sub-sections were re-categorized into two thus: hard (comprising very hard and hard) and easy (comprising easy and very easy); and ineffectively (comprising very ineffectively and ineffectively) and effectively (comprising effectively and very effectively).
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed on 18 variables, all of which had had a significance value of at least 0.25 or had shown very strong association with ITN-use, in previous studies. Following this, four variables were dropped, which did not significantly contribute to the model, leaving 14 variables, which were then analysed using the 'ENTER' method to obtain the final model.
Permission to conduct the study, as well as ethical clearance, was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the State Specialist Hospital (SSH/GEN/64/Vol.1) and Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) (UPM/TNCPI/RMC/1.4.18.2). Informed consent was also obtained from the respondents after they had been taken through the respondent information sheet.
Results {#Sec7}
=======
A total of 380 respondents were recruited from 30th January, 2017, to the 13th March, 2017. Their socio-demographic and maternal characteristics are presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. Their ages were not normally distributed, with median (IQR) age of 25 (8) years; the median of which was used as the cut-off to dichotomize respondents into two age levels. The predominant ethnicity was Kanuri (35.8%), and over a half (58.9%) had at least a primary school education. Around a third (31.1%) of them were Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) from other local government areas of Borno State. Most of the respondents were unemployed (55.5%), and multiparous (64.5%).Table 1Respondents' characteristicsFactorFrequency (n)Percentage (%)Age Less than 2533(8.7) 25 years and above347(91.3) Total380(100.0) Age range15--45Ethnicity Kanuri136(35.8) Hausa59(15.5) Babur33(8.7) Fulani39(10.3) Others113(29.7) Total380(100.0)Education None156(41.1) Primary67(17.6) Secondary108(28.4) Tertiary49(12.9) Total380(100.0)Occupation status Employed172(45.3) Not employed208(54.7) Total380(100.0)Income level None211(55.5) Below minimum wage140(36.8) At and above minimum wage29(7.6) Total380(100.0)Type of residence Permanent resident279(73.4) Internally displaced101(26.6) Total380(100.0)Parity Nullipara55(14.5) Primipara80(21.1) Multipara245(64.5) Total380(100.0)Previous miscarriage Yes75(19.7) No305(80.3) Total380(100.0)Previous miscarriage Yes103(27.1) No277(72.9) Total380(100.0)
Eighty percent of them were aware of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), as shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. A half of them (50.5%) believed that the chemicals on the ITNs could be dangerous to those sleeping under them. Less than a third (26.1%) knew that ITNs should be washed after 3--4 months, while 61.3% knew that ITNs should be dried under the shade after washing.Table 2Respondents' knowledge of ITNInsecticide-treated net (ITN) use and careResponseCorrectIncorrectI don't known(%)n(%)n(%)Are you aware of ITN?305(80.3)48(12.6)27(7.1)ITNs are used to keep mosquitoes away320(84.2)43(11.3)17(4.5)ITNs are used to keep rats away200(52.6)153(40.3)27(7.1)ITNs are more effective compared to plain nets225(59.2)110(28.9)45(11.8)The chemicals on an ITN can be dangerous to one who sleeps under it133(35.0)192(50.5)55(14.5)ITNs should be washed after every 1 month110(28.9)225(59.2)45(11.8)ITNs nets should be washed after every 3--4 months99(26.1)198(52.1)83(21.8)ITNs should be washed after every 6 months248(65.3)36(9.5)96(25.3)ITNs should be washed with water and ordinary soap only206(54.2)129(33.9)45(11.8)ITNs should be washed with water and detergent135(35.5)205(53.9)40(10.5)ITNs should be dried under the shade after washing233(61.3)112(29.5)35(9.2)ITNs should be dried under the sun after washing157(41.3)184(48.4)39(10.3)
Respondents' motivation for ITN use is presented in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}. Less than one percent of them believed that sleeping under an ITN during the period of their pregnancies was very bad for their health, while 1.1% felt that sleeping under an ITN was very unpleasant. Thirty percent of them stated that it was very true that their significant others thought they should sleep under an ITN during their pregnancies.Table 3Respondents' motivation for ITN useStatementResponseFor the remaining duration of your pregnancy, how good or bad would it be for your healthVery badSomewhat badNeither bad nor goodSomewhat goodvery goodTo sleep under an ITN?3 (0.8)21 (5.5)28 (7.4)109 (28.7)219 (57.6)To sleep more frequently under an ITN?24 (6.3)14 (3.7)58 (15.3)139 (36.6)145 (38.2)For the remaining duration of your pregnancy, how pleasant or unpleasant would it be for youVery unpleasantSomewhat unpleasantNeither unpleasant nor pleasantSomewhat pleasantVery pleasantTo sleep under an ITN?4 (1.1)8 (2.1)34 (36.3)138 (36.3)196 (51.6)To sleep more frequently under an ITN?21 (5.5)16 (4.2)60 (15.8)147 (38.7)136 (35.8)How true or untrue is it, that most people who are important to you think you shouldVery untrueMostly untrueUntrueTrueMostly trueVery trueSleep under an ITN?6 (1.6)7 (1.8)21 (5.5)131 (34.5)103 (27.1)112 (29.5)Sleep more frequently under an ITN?3 (0.8)7 (1.8)70 (18.4)124 (32.6)86 (22.6)90 (23.7)
The respondents' self-efficacies for using ITN use are presented in Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}. Over a half of them felt it would be very easy for them to sleep under an ITN every night during their pregnancies. A half (51.3%) believed they could hang an ITN very effectively, but less than a half of them (42.9%) felt they could very effectively persuade others to support their sleeping under an ITN.Table 4Respondents' self-efficacy for ITN useStatementResponseRight now, how easy or hard would it be for you to...Very hardHardEasyVery easySleep under an ITN every night?5 (1.3)9 (2.4)152 (40.0)214 (56.3)Right now, how effectively or ineffectively could you...Very ineffectivelyIneffectivelyEffectivelyVery effectivelyProperly hang your ITN?8 (2.1)26 (6.8)151 (39.7)195 (51.3)Check for and repair holes and rifts in your ITN?9 (2.4)45 (11.8)162 (42.6)164 (43.2)Sleep more frequently under an ITN?8 (2.1)74 (19.5)149 (39.2)149 (39.2)Persuade others to support your sleeping under an ITN?16 (4.2)61 (16.1)140 (36.8)163 (42.9)
Thirty-five percent (35.0%) of the respondents were ITN users. Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"} shows the bivariate association between respondents' characteristics and ITN use. Having no history of previous miscarriage was the only factor significantly associated with ITN use. Association between ITN knowledge and its use is presented in Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"}. Being aware of ITN, knowing that ITNs should be washed after 3--4 months, and that they should be washed with only water and ordinary soap, and not with detergents, all showed significant association with ITN use.Table 5Association between respondents' characteristics and ITN useVariablesITN use status*χ* ^*2*^*dfp*Non user freq. (%)\
n = 247User freq. (%)\
n = 133Age group1.46510.226 Less than 25103(10.5)47(5.3) 25 years and above144(89.5)86(94.7)Ethnicity0.09910.753 Kanuri87(35.2)49(36.8) Others160(64.8)84(63.2)Type of residence0.16110.688 Permanent resident183(74.1)96(72.2) IDP64(25.9)37(27.8)Education level0.84030.840 None98(39.7)58(43.6) Primary46(18.6)21(15.8) Secondary70(28.3)38(28.6) Tertiary33(13.4)16(12.0)Occupational status1.26810.260 Not employed143(57.9)69(51.9) Employed104(42.1)64(48.1)Income level1.10220.576 None142(57.5)69(51.9) Below minimum wage87(35.2)53(39.8) At and above minimum wage18(7.3)11(8.3)Parity3.66620.160 Nullipara42(17.0)13(9.8) Primipara50(20.2)30(22.6) Multipara155(62.8)90(67.7) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Previous preterm delivery2.41410.120 Yes43(17.4)32(24.1) No204(82.6)101(75.9)Previous miscarriage9.81810.002\* Yes54(21.9)49(36.8) No193(78.1)84(63.2)\* Significant *p* \< 0.05 Table 6Association between ITN knowledge and ITN useVariablesITN use status*χ* ^*2*^*dfp*Non user freq. (%)\
n = 247User freq. (%)\
n = 133Aware of ITN9.60920.008\* I don't know24(9.7)3(2.3) Correct188(76.1)117(88.0) Incorrect35(14.2)13(9.8) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITN to keep mosquitoes away4.25420.119 I don't know15(6.1)2(1.5) Correct204(82.6)116(87.2) Incorrect28(11.3)15(11.3) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITN to keep rats away1.10920.574 I don't know19(7.7)8(6.0) Correct95(38.5)58(43.6) Incorrect133(53.8)67(50.4) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITN more effective than plain nets0.48320.786 I don't know25(10.1)11(8.3) Correct56(22.7)33(24.8) Incorrect166(67.2)89(66.9) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)The chemicals on ITNs are dangerous1.71620.424 I don't know40(16.2)15(11.3) Correct123(49.8)69(51.9) Incorrect84(34.0)49(36.8) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITNs should be washed after 1 month1.56220.458 I don't know33(13.4)12(9.0) Correct144(58.3)81(60.9) Incorrect70(28.3)40(30.1) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Should be washed after 3--4 months6.50820.039\* I don't know56(22.7)27(20.3) Correct137(55.5)61(45.9) Incorrect54(21.9)45(33.8) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Should be washed after 6 months3.38220.184 I don't know64(25.9)32(24.1) Correct28(11.3)8(6.0) Incorrect155(62.8)93(69.9) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Should be washed with water and soap only10.52620.005\* I don't know28(11.3)17(12.8) Correct98(39.7)31(23.3) Incorrect121(49.0)85(63.9) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Should be washed with water and detergent12.16320.002\* I don't know18(7.3)22(40) Correct147(59.5)58(205) Incorrect82(33.2)53(39.8) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITNs should be dried under the shade2.63820.261 I don't know20(8.1)15(11.3) Correct79(32.0)33(24.8) Incorrect148(59.9)85(63.9) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)ITNs should be dried under the sun4.65220.098 I don't know20(8.1)19(14.3) Correct127(51.4)57(42.9) Incorrect100(40.5)57(42.9) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)\* Significant *p* \< 0.05
Having significant others who thought they should sleep under an ITN, and to do so more frequently, was associated with ITN use as shown in Table [7](#Tab7){ref-type="table"}. Also as presented in Table [8](#Tab8){ref-type="table"}, the ability to effectively hang a net properly, effectively check for and repair holes and rifts in the net, effectively sleep more frequently under an ITN, and the ability to effectively persuade others to sleep under one, were all significantly associated with ITN use.Table 7Association between motivation and ITN useQuestions/statementsGroup*χ* ^*2*^*dfp*Non user freq. (%)\
n = 247User freq. (%)\
n = 133For you to sleep under an ITN is0.38520.825 Neither bad nor good17(6.9)7(5.3) Good18(7.30)10(7.5) Bad212(85.8)116(87.2) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)For you to sleep more frequently under an ITN is3.55520.169 Neither bad nor good28(11.3)10(7.5) Good42(17.0)16(12.0) Bad177(71.7)107(80.5) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)For you to sleep under an ITN is0.01620.992 Neither unpleasant nor pleasant8(3.2)4(3.0) Pleasant22(8.9)12(9.0) Unpleasant217(87.9)117(88.0) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)For you to sleep more frequently under an ITN is1.00920.604 Neither unpleasant nor pleasant25(10.01)12(9.0) Pleasant42(17.0)18(13.5) Unpleasant180(72.9)103(77.4) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Most people who are important to you think you should sleep under an ITN6.76010.009\* Untrue29(11.7)5(3.8) True218(88.3)128(96.2) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)Most people who are important to you think you should sleep more frequently under an ITN10.02210.002\* Untrue64(25.9)16(12.0) True183(74.1)117(88.0) Total247(100.0)133(100.0)\* Significant *p* \< 0.05 Table 8Association between self-efficacy and ITN useVariablesGroup*χ* ^*2*^*dfp*Non user\
Freq. (%)\
n = 247User\
Freq. (%)\
n = 133Right now, how easy or hard would it be for you to... Sleep under an ITN every night?0.3910.530 Hard8(3.2)6(94.5) Easy239(96.8)127(95.5) Total247(100.0)133(100.0) Properly hang your ITN?4.9410.026\* Ineffectively28(11.3)6(4.5) Effectively219(88.7)127(95.5) Total283(100.0)97(100.0) Check for and repair holes and rifts in your ITN?4.5210.034\* Ineffectively42(17.0)12(9.0) Effectively205(83.0)121(91.0) Total283(100.0)97(100.0) Sleep more frequently under an ITN?7.8310.005\* Ineffectively64(25.9)18(13.5) Effectively183(74.1)115(86.5) Total283(100.0)97(100.0) Persuade others to support your sleeping under an ITN?10.2210.001\* Ineffectively62(25.1)15(11.3) Effectively185(74.9)118(88.7) Total283(100.0)97(100.0)\* Significant *p* \< 0.05
For the multivariate logistic regression, the model fitted the sample, evidenced by a Hosmer--Lemeshow significance value of 0.355. The Negelkerke's R square also showed that the model explained about 25.1% of the variation in ITN use. The predictors of ITN use are presented in Table [9](#Tab9){ref-type="table"}. Those with no history of previous miscarriage were twice more likely to be ITN users compared to those who had a previous miscarriage. Those who knew that ITNs were not to be washed after 1 month were over thrice more likely to be ITN users compared to those who were not sure. Contrastingly, those who correctly stated that detergents should not be used, as well as those who wrongly stated that detergents could be used to wash ITNs were less likely to be ITN users compared to those who did not know whether or not it could be used. Those whose significant others thought they should sleep under an ITN were thrice more likely to be ITN users compared to those whose significant others thought otherwise. Also, those who could effectively persuade others to support their sleeping under an ITN were twice more likely to be ITN users compared to those who could not effectively do so.Table 9Predictors of ITN useFactorsBSEWald*dfp*Adjusted OR95% CIAge Less than 251 25 years and above0.250.260.9410.3331.280.78--2.12Ethnicity Kanuri1 Others− 0.140.260.3110.580.870.52--1.43Miscarriage No1 Yes0.870.2710.4810.001\*2.381.41--4.03Aware of ITN I don't know1 Correct1.730.706.1010.014\*5.661.43--22.42 Incorrect1.640.794.2810.038\*5.181.09--24.55ITNs are for keeping mosquitoes away I don't know1 Correct1.400.892.4710.1164.060.71--23.38 Incorrect1.030.961.1510.2842.810.42--18.59ITNs should be washed after every 1 month I don't know1 Correct1.280.575.0310.025\*3.601.18--11.06 Incorrect1.060.613.0410.0812.890.88--9.50ITNs should be washed with water and ordinary soap only I don't know1 Correct− 0.140.530.0710.7910.870.31--2.45 Incorrect0.530.501.1210.2901.690.64--4.48ITNs should be washed with water and detergent I don't know1 Correct− 2.080.6012.0410.001\*0.130.04--0.40 Incorrect− 1.690.607.9510.005\*0.180.06--0.60To sleep under an ITN is Neither unpleasant nor pleasant1 Pleasant0.450.960.2210.6371.570.24--10.28 Unpleasant0.410.490.7010.4030.660.25--1.74To sleep more frequently under an ITN is Neither unpleasant nor pleasant1 Pleasant0.120.560.0510.8321.130.38--3.36 Unpleasant0.820.443.4710.0620.440.19--1.04Most people who are important to you think you should sleep under an ITN Untrue1 True0.890.622.0210.1552.430.72--8.23Most people who are important to you think you should sleep more frequently under an ITN Untrue1 True1.120.427.1510.007\*3.061.35--6.96To sleep under an ITN every night is Hard1 Easy− 0.750.691.1810.2770.470.12--1.83You can persuade others to support your sleeping under an ITN Ineffectively1 Effectively0.860.375.3110.021\*2.371.14--4.94\* Significant *p* \< 0.05
Discussion {#Sec8}
==========
A higher proportion of women in this study had some level of formal education compared to the general female population of Borno state in 2013 (58.9% against 27.6%) \[[@CR26]\]. A prior study of malaria in pregnancy at the same study area had also revealed a lower level of education (43.5%) \[[@CR10]\]. Conflicting results have been reported on the association between education level and ITN use. While some studies showed a higher use of ITN with increasing level of education and income \[[@CR49], [@CR50]\], others showed the opposite \[[@CR51], [@CR52]\]. However, the findings of this study appear in line with the former, as a higher ITN use was also reported among its respondents. There was however no significant association between age, level of education, ethnicity, occupation and ITN use, similar to a previous study in the same region in Nigeria \[[@CR9]\]. The lower use of ITNs among those with history of previous abortions could buttress earlier reports of malaria being a huge contributor to abortions in malaria endemic areas \[[@CR53]\], since those women were at higher risks of being bitten by malaria infected mosquitoes, which increased their chances of having an abortion.
A relatively higher proportion of women in this study were aware of ITNs (80.3%) compared to a previous one in south-western Nigeria, where 77.6% of them were aware of ITNs \[[@CR54]\]. Compared to a previous study \[[@CR47]\], even though a little more in this study correctly mentioned that ITNs were used to prevent mosquito bites (84.2% versus 82.4%), more also wrongly believed that it was used to keep rats away (40.3% versus 27.1%). A lower proportion of women in this study were aware of the effectiveness and safety of ITNs, compared to a previous study in a rural community in the south-west, where only 6.3% believed that plain nets were better than ITNs, while only 0.3% believed that using ITNs in pregnancy could cause a miscarriage \[[@CR47]\]. As in this study, it had previously been reported that awareness of ITN was associated with ITN use \[[@CR55]\], which is only logical, as those using ITNs should be aware of it. Similarly, a prior study in Ethiopia had shown that those who had received some information about malaria were more likely to use ITNs compared to those who had not \[[@CR56]\]. However, in contrast to a previous study in Nigeria where not holding any misconceptions about ITN was a predictor of using it \[[@CR57]\], this study showed no difference in ITN use between those who believed it could be harmful and those who believed it was safe.
Most of the respondents demonstrated positive attitudes towards ITN use, as over 70% of them felt that it was pleasant to use, and also believed it was also good for their pregnancies. When the level of ITN use in this study is compared to findings from an earlier study in which the respondents had a higher awareness of ITN (82.4%) but lower positive attitudes towards its use (20.9%) \[[@CR58]\], it could be inferred that motivation likely plays a bigger role compared to knowledge, in influencing ITN use. The main system of ITN delivery to pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa has been through free distribution at antenatal clinics \[[@CR59]\], and as such, it was as expected that only a very small proportion of them felt that sleeping under it was either very bad or somewhat bad to their health, as it is unlikely for them to assume that health workers would give them any harmful material to use. Significant correlation has been reported between husband's permission and antenatal care access among women in northern Nigeria \[[@CR60]\]. In another study in north-eastern Nigeria, 25.7%, 15.5% and 17.1%, respectively, stated problems of obtaining permission from their spouses, parents/guardians and religious/cultural leaders as their reason for not going for antenatal care \[[@CR61]\]. Considering this prevailing culture in the region, a husband who would allow his apparently healthy wife to go for antenatal care visits is likely to be a very supportive one, which could explain the high level of social support for ITN use reported in this study. The thought of sleeping under an ITN being pleasant or not, was not associated with ITN use, implying that both ITN users and non-users equally felt that ITNs were either pleasant or not. Despite unpleasant feelings like heat \[[@CR52], [@CR62]\] being reported as the reason for non-use of ITN in other studies, it can be seen that having supportive people around plays a significant role in overcoming these obstacles.
Most of the participants found sleeping under an ITN, or taking care of it as either easy or very easy, and most said they could do them either effectively or very effectively. Even though the ability to hang a net had been reported to predict its use among pregnant women in Congo \[[@CR34]\], it did not predict ITN use in this study probably because they were likely to have their nets hung for them by others, which should not be surprising, considering the fact that 78.9% of them had reported that their significant others believed in ITN use. Household decision had been earlier identified as a significant determinant of ITN use \[[@CR30]\], similar to this study where those whose significant others thought they should sleep under an ITN were more likely to do so. Ability to effectively persuade their significant others to support their choice of sleeping under an ITN was the only item from the self-efficacy section that significantly predicted ITN use. This could comprise the ability to persuade others to hang the nets for them, and/or ability to positively influence household decisions towards supporting ITN use by them.
In this study, the proportion of those sleeping under an ITN during their current pregnancy (42.63%), was higher than overall reports from Borno state, where only 13.8% were sleeping under ITNs \[[@CR26]\]. Antenatal care attendees of a tertiary centre in the same city, had previously in 2009 shown lower levels of ITN use (2.3%) \[[@CR7]\], indicating a probable increase in general public awareness about malaria, considering the time difference between the two studies. It could also be because the tertiary health centres are more likely to be attended by women of higher social status, compared to those attending the secondary-level health facility, and lower level of ITN use has been reported among the more educated and the wealthier \[[@CR4], [@CR52]\].
The strengths of this study include the adequate number of respondents recruited, as this was over twice the minimum calculated sample size. The similarity of age range in this study with that of the Demographic and Health Survey of 2013 (15--45 versus 15--49) \[[@CR26]\], and similar distribution of parities (nulliparous---14.5% against 31.5%, primiparous---21.1% against 14.5%, multiparous---41.1% against 39% and grand multiparous---23.4% against 15%) with a previous study in a tertiary hospital in Maiduguri \[[@CR7]\], could allow comparability of findings. Another strength of this study was the multivariate analysis performed which controls for confounding factors.
Among the limitations of the study were the inability to determine the exact temporal relationship between the variables since it was a cross-sectional study. Also, collapsing multi-level variables of the motivation and self-efficacy scales into dichotomous or three-levels must have resulted in loss of some information. This was however to enable the conduct of the multivariate analysis.
Conclusion {#Sec9}
==========
A large proportion of respondents in this study were not sleeping under an ITN. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing their awareness of ITN, as well as self-efficacy have the potentials of increasing compliance with ITNs. It is also recommended that health promotion programmes also focus on motivating the important family members, like husbands to support their spouses to use ITNs. Counselling on ITN use, should also be incorporated into post-abortal care. The model only explained 25% of ITN use among the respondents, suggesting that there may be several other factors influencing this practice which were not studied. Qualitative studies are recommended to further explore these factors.
Appendix: Questionnaire on knowledge, motivation, self-efficacy and practice of ITN use (English version) {#Sec10}
=========================================================================================================
AB and SS conceived the study. AB, SS, NZ, NB and BA participated in the study design and manuscript review. AB and SS did the data analysis and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements {#FPar1}
================
The authors acknowledge and wish to express their appreciation to the women who participated in this study. They also thank the enumerators and all ante-natal care staff of the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, for their tremendous support.
Competing interests {#FPar2}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent to publish {#FPar3}
==================
The authors have given their full consent to the journal to publish this work.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar4}
==========================================
Permission to conduct the study, as well as ethical clearance, was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the State Specialist Hospital (SSH/GEN/64/Vol.1) and Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) (UPM/TNCPI/RMC/1.4.18.2). Informed consent was also obtained from the respondents after they had been taken through the respondent information sheet.
Funding {#FPar5}
=======
No external funding was received for this study.
Publisher's Note {#FPar6}
================
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
| 2023-09-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6483 |
<?php
/**
* @package Joomla.Administrator
* @subpackage com_contact
*
* @copyright Copyright (C) 2005 - 2017 Open Source Matters, Inc. All rights reserved.
* @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt
*/
defined('_JEXEC') or die;
use Joomla\Utilities\ArrayHelper;
/**
* Controller for a single contact
*
* @since 1.6
*/
class ContactControllerContact extends JControllerForm
{
/**
* Method override to check if you can add a new record.
*
* @param array $data An array of input data.
*
* @return boolean
*
* @since 1.6
*/
protected function allowAdd($data = array())
{
$categoryId = ArrayHelper::getValue($data, 'catid', $this->input->getInt('filter_category_id'), 'int');
$allow = null;
if ($categoryId)
{
// If the category has been passed in the URL check it.
$allow = JFactory::getUser()->authorise('core.create', $this->option . '.category.' . $categoryId);
}
if ($allow === null)
{
// In the absense of better information, revert to the component permissions.
return parent::allowAdd($data);
}
return $allow;
}
/**
* Method override to check if you can edit an existing record.
*
* @param array $data An array of input data.
* @param string $key The name of the key for the primary key.
*
* @return boolean
*
* @since 1.6
*/
protected function allowEdit($data = array(), $key = 'id')
{
$recordId = (int) isset($data[$key]) ? $data[$key] : 0;
// Since there is no asset tracking, fallback to the component permissions.
if (!$recordId)
{
return parent::allowEdit($data, $key);
}
// Get the item.
$item = $this->getModel()->getItem($recordId);
// Since there is no item, return false.
if (empty($item))
{
return false;
}
$user = JFactory::getUser();
// Check if can edit own core.edit.own.
$canEditOwn = $user->authorise('core.edit.own', $this->option . '.category.' . (int) $item->catid) && $item->created_by == $user->id;
// Check the category core.edit permissions.
return $canEditOwn || $user->authorise('core.edit', $this->option . '.category.' . (int) $item->catid);
}
/**
* Method to run batch operations.
*
* @param object $model The model.
*
* @return boolean True if successful, false otherwise and internal error is set.
*
* @since 2.5
*/
public function batch($model = null)
{
JSession::checkToken() or jexit(JText::_('JINVALID_TOKEN'));
// Set the model
/** @var ContactModelContact $model */
$model = $this->getModel('Contact', '', array());
// Preset the redirect
$this->setRedirect(JRoute::_('index.php?option=com_contact&view=contacts' . $this->getRedirectToListAppend(), false));
return parent::batch($model);
}
}
| 2023-12-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4098 |
Q:
How to destroy widget in pyqt4 in python
I have recently switched from tkinter to pyqt4, and maybe this question is duplicate but i cant find working example/answer for it. I have , in my app, buttons that controls inputs from widgets and update DB.It works wery well but i wan't to make something like tkinter's .askyesno (or html modal) in order to ask user if he/she is sure about that command.
def modal(self):
d = QtGui.QDialog()
d.setModal( True )
b1 = QtGui.QPushButton("ok",d)
b1.move(50,50)
b1.clicked.connect(lambda event: self.yes(d))
d.setWindowTitle("Dialog")
d.setWindowModality(QtCore.Qt.ApplicationModal)
d.exec_()
print('b1 ans', self.ans)
def yes(self, d):
self.ans = True
d.setParent(None)
Now, when i click button, it calls modal function which makes QDialog with button in it.Now my problem is, since i've set setModal(True) program waits for QDialog to exit, but it exit only on small, red x/ close button, and i need QDialog to exit/ remove/ destroy whatever with button click e.g. in function 'yes'?
Is it possible (i guess it is), and how.
Thanks in advance.
A:
What you want is provided by QMessageBox. Here is a small example with a Yes, No and Cancel button that you can give custom names.
confirm = QtGui.QMessageBox()
confirm.setWindowTitle("Are you sure?")
confirm.setText("Please choose an option")
btnYes = confirm.addButton("Yes", QtGui.QMessageBox.YesRole)
btnNo = confirm.addButton("No", QtGui.QMessageBox.NoRole)
btnCancel = confirm.addButton("Cancel", QtGui.QMessageBox.RejectRole)
confirm.setDefaultButton(btnYes)
confirm = confirm.exec_()
| 2024-06-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2134 |
"Previouslyly on The Good Wife:" "The State has recently received evidence that the defendant has attempted to interfere with the judicial process." "JUDGE WINTER:" "Bail is hereby denied." "I thought I'd be leaving with you." "It's a betrayal." "GRACE:" "Maybe it's from Mom's work." "This is getting crazy." "Is that Dad?" "They're just trying to scare Mom." "GRACE:" "Maybe there's a reason she should be scared." "Do we tell Mom?" "They sent them to hurt her, so I say no." "(theme music plays)" "Hello, America." "I'm Duke Roscoe." "As always, I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth." "I turned away from my shopping cart for a second, and she was gone." "Three months ago, two-year-old" "Jamie Willens disappeared." "Her mother Cheryl claimed she was snatched from her shopping cart in a Chicago grocery store." "Someone kidnapped my baby girl." "The police looked high and low for Jamie and this mysterious kidnapper." "If you have Jamie, please..." "please bring her home." "And they found nothingWhy?" "Because she's lying, people!" "She killed her kid." "Shorter clips." "Make it shorter clips." "Grab the attention of the jury." "Cheryl Willens killed her baby, and I have learned the reason" "Ms. Willens was in the store at all:" "to buy condoms." "Don't need that." "Just cut it off at "killed her baby."" "...Cheryl Willens' freedom, the murdering mom took her own life, hanging herself from her closet door." "He's a prince, isn't he?" "The gift that keeps on giving." "Do you have him from last night?" "Uh..." "The last file." "WILL:" "Aw, come on, you know you're just managing a disaster here." "It's the network lawyer making one last stab at a settlement." "You've been shedding advertisers like a dog sheds fleas." "WOMAN:" "Good thing we have a lot of fleas to shed." "You really want to go to court?" "Your client committed suicide, and you're just looking for someone to blame." "And anyway, I just got in from L.A. and ordered a massage." "Why would I want to go back so fast?" "What are you doing at that network anyway?" "You used to be the cool one with all the tattoos." "I'm still the cool one." "Shh." "I'm listening to your client." "DUKE (on TV):" "You know what?" "I'm glad she's dead." "That's right, because the more guilty people who commit suicide, the less will crowd the courts." "Intent, disregard." "You've got a client that's out of control, Emily." "He's not my client;" "the network is my client." "Yeah, well, tell your client their spokesman is doing everything he can to raise the settlement amount-- right now we're at $3 million." "After Duke's show tonight, my guess is it'll be up to five." "Give me a call." "We're not in a position to be charging retail." "Don't worry, she'll come in at 2.5." "Will that be enough?" "He wants to go to trial." "Talk to him-- tell him how unpredictable a trial is." "WILL:" "Yeah, Cary, just roll back that one piece." "I want to see what I missed before." "Yeah, I want to go..." "Just, uh, want to be ready for cross-examination." "I figure he'll try to make me out to be a money-grubber." "Don't you think?" "Tim, I don't think we want to go to trial." "Why?" "It's hard to go up against" "Duke's right of free speech." "Yes, but, we'll... we'll have the jury's sympathy, right?" "We're more likely to get a fair settlement if we don't go to trial." "But a trial will keep Jamie's face out there." "I know she's been missing a year and a half, but I still think my daughter's alive." "You know he's still on the TV saying that my wife is burning in Hell?" "I know." "And people say, "Don't watch it."" "But he has fans, and... people still phoning me." "(choked up):" "And I don't have a TV show, and I don't have anybody to listen to me." "And I can answer him in court." "Tim, you don't want to be obsessing on this." "You talked about using that settlement money to search for your daughter." "If we settle now, that's money you could use." "If you go to court, I don't know if you'll ever..." "You think I should do this?" "Settle?" "Yeah." "What happened?" "Lots." "Where were you?" "Oh, with Tim." "That's right." "How is he?" "He's fine." "What happened?" "Yeah, yeah, come on, come on, I'll get you caught up." "The network lawyers are coming over in an hour." "That clip from last night really did the trick." "They're settling?" "Conference room in an hour." "I don't even think they watch their own show." "They're afraid of the bad publicity." "I'm borrowing you." "You're...?" "I'm sorry." "Kettle corn for you." "Tell him to wait, Margie." "David Lee." "Family law." "Oh, right." "I'm so sorry." "You're the divorce lawyer." "Yes, I'm the divorce lawyer." "Uh, yes, well, let him read a magazine." "We're starting up a softball league, and I want to know if you're up for playing first base?" "Joking." "I need you at a meet and greet in 45 minutes to hand-hold a client." "Upstairs." "Oh, uh, wait, um," "I've got a settlement on the Duke Roscoe case in an hour, so..." "Yes, at the moment, we're the only department that makes money, so we outrank." "See you in 45 minutes." "(angry grunt)" "(door slams shut)" "(exhales)" "Did you want this closed?" "I'm tired of being the one who has to hand-hold the clients." "You know, they send me off to get a client to agree to do something" "I-I'm not even involved with, because they send me off to hand-hold the client." "You're babbling." "I know." "Thank you." "Look, it's not a conspiracy." "You're good at it." "That's what my brother used to say to get me to do chores:" ""Alicia's good at it."" "I've worked two months on this Duke case, and now that they're settling," "I'm off on some divorce case, and Cary gets all the glory." "Yeah." "Life stinks." "Door." "EMILY (sighs):" "Okay... we don't need to make this any bigger than it is." "The network doesn't want a long, drawn out trial." "We would like to move on." "You mean from Cheryl Willens' suicide or the loss of ten sponsors?" "You don't need to sell anymore; we're here." "That wasn't selling;" "that was rubbing it in." "Over the phone," "Will and I talked about $2 million." "Actually, we talked about $3 million and a retraction." "Oh." "I must have misheard." "The network might be able to go to 2.5, but any retraction would have to be worked out separately with Duke." "We only advise on content." "Well, then you might have to throw in... something extra?" "Then... let's haggle." "(indistinct talking)" "DAVID:" "Mind you, I've had my share of vengeful husbands as well." "Alicia, there you are." "Carla Browning." "Hello, Mrs. Florrick." "I think I'm a fan." "Thank you." "I think." "Chocolate raisins?" "No, thank you." "It's funny, most divorce lawyers have Kleenex." "Yes." "I find it harder for my clients to cry when their mouths are filled with MM'S." "Have you been to many divorce attorneys, Ms. Browning?" "A few." "My husband and I seem to have a series of relapses-- him swearing to change, me forgiving, him forgetting, both of us repeating." "I think I'm done." "Morning." "Point me in the direction of the settlement conference." "I moved out about a week ago, and he's been calling at all hours." "DUKE:" "Morning." "Threatening calls, saying inappropriate things to our sons." "DAVID:" "I understand." "But I must warn you, filing for a restraining order against your husband could set the stage for a very ugly divorce." "Mr. Roscoe, we didn't expect you." "Don't get up" " I'll just, uh, help myself back here." "EMILY:" "We would need Mr. Willens to agree to not speak to the press, of course." "You got any cream cheese?" "Jennette?" "Can you get some cream cheese for Mr. Roscoe, please?" "And, uh, fruit." "Uh, pineapple." "Pineapple, too." "And a bib." "JENNETTE:" "Got it." "Mr. Willens would have to agree" "(plate clatters loudly) to no future civil action." "All this is outlined in paragraph six, um, if you'd take a look at that paragraph right there." "I just want to add that there will be no formal retraction agreement, and the amount is subject to change..." "I'm curious-- what is the amount?" "How much you guys paying?" "$2.5 million." "Whoa." "Wow." "Is Mr. Willens gonna be paying that out of his own pocket, or is your law firm gonna be helping him out?" "Mr. Roscoe." "Hmm?" "The network would prefer to handle this... quietly." "Love quietly." "That's why I'm gonna say this quietly." "(quietly):" "If the network pays one red commie cent," "I'm gonna quit the network, and I'm gonna take my nine million viewers with me." "If I have to broadcast from a barge off the coast of South Carolina," "I'll do it, rather than surrender my right of free speech." "This isn't about revenge." "I don't want to hear any more excuses, all right?" "!" "My husband is a very dangerous man, and I'm scared." "You understand that, don't you," "Mrs. Florrick?" "I do?" "About my husband." "DUKE:" "That was meant to be a compliment." "Hush money?" "Making me look like..." "Um... who is your husband?" "Oh, I thought David told you." "And I just assumed." "Alicia, I'm sorry." "My married name isn't Browning." "It's Childs." "Her husband is Glenn Childs, the state's attorney." "DUKE: ...and they're not going to be very happy!" "Oh." "Carla thought you'd be sympathetic." "CARLA:" "David is being euphemistic." "Given how Glenn's been acting," "I thought I'd need a secret weapon." "DUKE:" "Come on!" "And that would be me?" "Yes." "Don't tell me to sit down!" "Okay." "I don't want to sit down!" "PETER:" "The appeal is looking good." "We may not even need to put you on the stand." "The more I can make this a battle between Childs and me and not about sex, then I win." "Sounds smart." "What's the matter?" "What happens next?" "You win the appeal and...?" "And I get a new trial." "Right." "You get bond." "I want to go home, Alicia." "What does that look like?" "Home?" "What does it look like?" "Looks like family." "And you want to run again?" "I don't know." "People want me to run." "I'm working on a divorce case, Peter, and I just..." "I see how easily people fall back into old habits." "But that won't happen to us." "Why won't we?" "Because we see the problem." "And we'll know how to avoid it." "I have to go." "BAILIFF:" "All rise for the Honorable Judge Abernathy." "ABERNATHY:" "Uh, no, no." "Please, everybody, sit." "My goodness." "We're crowded today." "I think that, uh, has something to do with me, Your Honor." "Yes, Mr. Roscoe, I do believe you're right." "Well, you're welcome." "Thank you, Your Honor." "All I want is a fair shake, even though, uh," "I would imagine our politics, uh, are night and day." "Your Honor, is Duke representing himself here?" "ABERNATHY:" "No, no, it's all right, Mr. Gardner." "A smidgen of informality is, uh, allowed us all." "And yes, Mr. Roscoe, I clearly admit that we probably would agree on very little, but this court is a blind court, and I will endeavor to be fair." "Thank you." "(quietly):" "Talk about playing the refs." "Yep, he's good." "Your Honor, the defense moves for a summary dismissal based on the First Amendment." "The plaintiff would deny Mr. Roscoe the right to speak his mind..." "No, Your Honor." "We want to deny Mr. Roscoe the right to slander and lie." "DUKE:" "The truth is an absolute defense." "I've been nothing but truthful about that child killer." "WILL:" "Your Honor, if you're gonna yell "fire"" "in a crowded theater, there damn well better be a fire." "Okay, Counselors, thank you." "Uh, a second." "(quietly):" "It's like Lucy with the football." "He's gonna screw us again." "Mr. Gardner, you argue that the First Amendment guarantees the right to speak but not the right to lie." "I agree with that statement." "But our case will be decided on very narrow grounds, Mr. Gardner, Ms. Lockhart." "Uh, to use your example, it's not enough to prove that there was no fire in the theater." "You must also prove that Mr. Roscoe knew there was no fire or had a reckless disregard for the facts." "DIANE:" "Okay, Cary, Kalinda, this now turns into a fact-finding case." "Who was leaking Duke all his information in the police investigation?" "We need to find out what he was given so we can prove he was lying." "Oh, and, Alicia, you keep on Tim." "Hand-hold him, make sure he stays on the reservation." "WILL:" "Actually, Alicia needs to split her time with the Childs' divorce." "Oh, right." "Okay, Cary, you stay with him." "Hand-hold him." "DUKE:" "Yes." "The woman is a murderer." "Nothing else matters." "Look, we all want to save face here, so let's chat." "Outside the spotlight;" "Duke can't know; just you and me." "And if any money changes hands, it's out of the press." "Can we have a secret handshake?" "8:00 tonight, my hotel." "Mm." "DUKE:" "Cheryl Willens killed her child." "(four gunshots)" "Your spray pattern's like a fingerprint, K." "Hi, Frank." "What do you need?" "Why do you think I need anything?" "There's eight open alleys, you're in the one next to me." "Willens kidnapping, everything you got." "And what do I get out of it?" "Satisfaction from doing the right thing." "It's an ongoing investigation." "The Lindbergh baby is an ongoing investigation." "What do you need?" "The 911 tapes?" "Yeah, the 911 tapes." "And the investigative reports." "They're under lock and key." "Upstairs is upset that someone's leaking this stuff to Duke Roscoe." "Okay." "Two shots; whoever hits closest." "I win, you give me everything." "911 and the reports." "And if I win?" "Okay, you first." "Go for it." "Not bad." "Your turn." "That's right, you're a heart man, Frank." "Put up or shut up, K." "Let me start by saying, although this office may not have the trappings of a courtroom, both parties have agreed to arbitration, and as such, my decisions have the force of law." "Do both parties understand?" "We seem to be only one party." "As you know, Mrs. Childs, your husband is a busy man." "He's asked me, as his lead attorney, to handle matters in his stead." "There are no matters to handle in his stead." "You signed a prenuptial agreement, Mrs. Childs." "The only matter to discuss is when are you moving out." "The matter to discuss is the amount of Carla's spousal support and whether she's going to allow Mr. Childs to visit his children at all." "You seem to be taking for granted that my client would ignore a legally-executed contract." "Why would he do that, Mrs. Childs?" "Because of her." "Tell your client that if he doesn't make it to our next arbitration, I will tell Mrs. Florrick what I found on his laptop." "Is that supposed to scare him?" "Yes." "So you're using me for leverage." "Yes." "Does that make you uncomfortable?" "It makes me mistrustful." "So use me back." "I know exactly what you're going through." "I... my uncle died." "Hardest day of my life." "Ruptured ulcer." "The whole... the... (sighs)" "God." "Then my aunt insisted on having an open casket." "I have no idea why." "To get to see the dead body?" "GLENN:" "You are playing with fire." "Who let you in here?" "It's my family." "Let me show you the way out, Mr. Childs." "You're poisoning her against me." "You want to talk to me, you phone my assistant and you make an appointment, but don't you ever come into my office without my permission." "You know, she was fine." "Carla was happy until you talked to her." "(laughs):" "Oh, my God." "Are you blind?" "I have two sons." "Don't you touch me!" "I have a life!" "You know those envelopes on your doorstep-- they're just the beginning." "I have a lot more." "I don't know what you're talking about." "Don't play stupid with me." "Those photos, the DVDs" "I have eight years of evidence." "Then use it!" "Who's stopping you?" "Security, 27th floor, please." "(scoffs)" "You want to make this about family?" "Fine." "I can make it about family, too." "EMILY:" "Look, well, your only play is to win the sympathy of the jury." "They get so outraged, they ignore jury instructions, and they award your poor widower something." "Actually, I have another play." "Hmm?" "I make your network look so bad, they pay the four million." "Four million, is it now?" "Uh-huh, and that's cheap." "Mm." "Did I tell you I just got a 911 tape of a distraught Cheryl Willens phoning the police about her missing daughter?" "Now I know you're bluffing." "Yep." "Just me and a tape recorder doing a great imitation of a panicked mom." "So did it hurt to have it removed?" "Your tattoo." "No, it's still there." "Makeup." "You're kidding" "Nope delay the trial ask for a continuance let Duke's head cool and I'll get you the two million." "Nah, I think I'll take a chance with this jury." "I'll send you the 911 tape." "I was talking to Hannah Morris back from the old firm." "Wow." "That really got bigger, huh?" "It's my Monopoly board." "I keep buying property." "Hannah said you've been on some kind of sexual sabbatical for the last six months." "That's funny." "Now, how would Hannah know that?" "The woman keeps tabs on you, Will." "How far down does it go?" "Pretty far." "So we're not gonna get any work done tonight, are we?" "That's up to you." "Be right back." "(cell phone ringing)" "Yeah, what's up, Diane?" "DIANE:" "You near a TV?" "Check out Duke." "Why?" "What's he..." "what's he saying now?" "I can't do it justice." "DUKE (over TV):" "...hypocrisy from a bunch of limo liberal lawyers at Stern, Lockhart Gardner." "And as always, I have left it to you, my civilian journalists to come up with something on Will Gardner." "I have left it to you," "Yeah, I get it;" "he's got a big megaphone." "So we just got to take it, thick skin..." "Here's Will Gardner sneaking into a hotel room with the wife of the hooker-loving, toe-sucking state's attorney, Peter Florrick." "Truth is the absolute defense." "(clucks tongue)" "Well, that explains the sabbatical." "It was that rape case, the one we lost." "We were asking questions at the hotel." "Seems perfectly innocent." "Okay, can we do some work now?" "I'm serious." "It was that case, Christy Barbosa." "And of course it required going to a hotel." "We were asking questions." "It's what led us to the witness." "So you're sleeping with Will?" "CHERYL:" "Please, God, no, no!" "MAN (over earbuds):" "Where is your location, ma'am?" "You need to tell me your location." "CHERYL:" "Uh, a market." "I'm..." "I'm in Quick Mart." "My-my baby, she's gone!" "MAN:" "Okay, ma'am, an officer is on the way." "I'll need you to stay on the line." "CHERYL:" "I told her she was bad." "The last thing I to..." "Oh, God!" "She-she was crying and..." "Please, God, please!" "Oh, God!" "She was crying." "Please, God." "Mom?" "You all right?" "Oh, yeah, yeah." "I just, uh..." "You couldn't sleep?" "Oh, sweetheart." "How are you doing at school?" "Good." "Are you getting a divorce?" "No, no." "That's just a case." "Who's Will Gardner?" "Another Google alert?" "(quietly):" "Yeah." "It's just a misunderstanding." "He's my boss." "We were working on a case, and we went to a hotel to ask some questions." "And now people are trying to make it into something it's not." "Zach says you went to a divorce lawyer." "Yes." "When I was angry, a week after everything happened." "But you're not angry now?" "No." "I'm just trying to be... collected." "All right." "Good night." "Oh." "Good night, sweetheart." "Grace?" "Did anything come for me at the apartment that I didn't get?" "Like what?" "I don't know." "A package or something?" "No." "Good night." "Good night, sweetheart." "The 911 tape has no probative value, Your Honor." "It is a naked attempt to inflame the passions of the jury, and gain sympathy for his client." "Cornerstone of our case is that Duke Roscoe was knowingly wrong on the facts." "We need the 911 tape to show his facts were, at the very least, wrong." "Your Honor, I know you will try to be impartial here despite your political differences with my client." "Oh, come on." "Stop playing the ref, all right?" "And stop carrying out a jeremiad against my client." "What?" "He obviously caught you with your pants down, and now you want to..." "Okay, you two." "Such fireworks here." "Your Honor, all we ask for is a compromise." "That will prove to us your fairness." "What compromise?" "Either we play the tape or we don't." "BAILIFF (reading):" ""Please, God." "No, no." "My baby is gone." "I..."" "Question:" ""I would like to help you, ma'am, but I need your location."" "I want to shoot myself." "Answer: "Oh, God." ""Oh, God." "I need help now."" "Question:" ""Ma'am, are you?"" "Answer:" ""My God, my God."" "Unintelligible." "The nice thing about liberals, they love to compromise." "Duke was clearly leaked the police report." "But there are holes in the report he's filling in from other sources." "What sources?" "I don't know." "He has a lot of anonymous sources on his Web site." "Civilian journalists with e-mails like PatrickHenry76," "ReaganRules, TheDukesman." "I say we put the son of a bitch on the stand." "Where am I going?" "Hey, Bob." "Can you tell me where I'm going?" "There's no court hearing today." "Am I moving cells?" "You are." "Glenn." "Peter." "(men talking indistinctly)" "We're trying to end the coddling of high-profile prisoners." "So you're putting me in with the general population, huh?" "Yes." "It's a bit of a clumsy move, isn't it, Glenn?" "You know, even at our worst, we never went after each other's families." "I'm the one in prison." "I'm not going after anyone." "Hmm." "I love my wife." "I love my children." "But your wife is leading her toward a divorce." "She's Carla's divorce lawyer." "(chuckles)" "Okay." "So, now we want the gloves to come off?" "I didn't know they weren't." "So you've got me in general population because my wife is your wife's attorney?" "Hey, Glenn." "You wanted the prize." "You wanted the office." "So enjoy the spoils." "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." "So help me God." "Mr. Roscoe, on your show of August 15, did you say, "Jamie Willens was never seen" ""on the convenience store video because her mother killed her earlier that night."" "You have the transcript right there in your hand," "Mr. Gardner." "I do, don't I?" "There you are." "Yes, to the best of my memory, Mr. Gardner," "I said the words you just there quoted." "And this was on the same program you accused the President of the United States of being a terrorist." "Objection, Your Honor." "The answer is yes." "(sighs)" "The answer to what is yes?" "Yes, that's the same program where I called the President of the United States a terrorist." "And yes, Emily," "I can see there are black people on the jury." "Thank you, Mr. Roscoe." "So, to the best of your knowledge, do the Chicago police consider Mrs. Willens a suspect in the disappearance of her daughter?" "Isn't the PC term "person of interest"?" "Let me just keep this real simple for you." "Knock once for yes." "(knocks once)" "Twice for no." "(knocks twice)" "Isn't anyone going to object?" "Okay, actually, I don't want anyone knocking in my court." "Now, Mr. Roscoe, when you publicly accused Cheryl Willens of murder, what evidence did you have that the prosecutors didn't?" "The prosecutor has to convince the jury." "I'm a commentator." "I only have to convince myself." "And so once you convince yourself, it's a fact?" "Yes." "Look." "I rely on the police records." "I also have other sources." "How else would I know that Cheryl Willens tried to get a third trimester abortion?" "WILL:" "What other sources?" "What?" "You just said you have other sources." "What other sources?" "Objection," "Your Honor." "Under the shield law of Illinois, reporters do not have to reveal their sources." "But, Your Honor, Mr. Roscoe just said he's a commentator, not a reporter." "EMILY:" "I don't care what he said." "Mr. Roscoe is a journalist." "We respectfully ask the court to compel Mr. Roscoe to reveal what other information he received about Cheryl Willens and where he got it." "You're asking me to pierce the shield law, Miss Lockhart?" "Your Honor, U.S. v. Lewis "Scooter" Libby." "The court ordered New York Times reporter Judith Miller to reveal her sources." "(chuckles)" "I never thought I'd see the day when you would side with Bush and Cheney, Counselor." "It is an established precedent, Your Honor." "That is all." "Bizarre." "Mr. Roscoe has managed to outmaneuver you on the left." "(sighs)" "I guess I'm overruling you, Counselors." "Mr. Roscoe, you may keep your sources confidential." "Thank you." "TIM:" "It's not true." "Cheryl never tried to get an abortion." "Ever." "Is it possible, Tim... and please excuse me for asking the question because I know we've really bonded over these last few days." "Is it possible Cheryl kept it from you?" "No." "Don't you see?" "Now you're buying into Duke's lies, too." "We just want to trace the source of the story." "We need to show that Duke was being reckless with the truth." "Is there any truth to it?" "Look, I took her to her clinic visits myself." "All right, I would have known if she tried to get a late-term abortion." "Or any kind of abortion." "Which clinic?" "GLENN:" "I love you, Carla." "Can't we work this out without all these people?" "David and Alicia are my attorneys." "How many divorces have you handled, Mrs. Florrick?" "Actually, this is my first one." "Then I should carefully explain that when a wife signs a prenuptial agreement, she has forfeited her ability..." "Alicia, you're probably wondering how Glenn found out about Amber Madison." "Carla!" "I don't want him to talk anymore." "Ma'am, that's not for you to determine." "Shut up." "Good." "Now, I want you to drop the prenup and negotiate a fair settlement." "It is a fair settlement." "So, on Glenn's computer, there's a file devoted exclusively to Peter." "Okay, okay. 20% of my assets?" "I keep the house." "And something called Triton Fields." "GLENN:" "Carla, this... this is illegal." "What are you going to do, arrest the mother of your children?" "Okay to the house." "Full custody." "I need time." "12 hours." "And then Alicia and I will sit down and have a nice, long chat." "(theme music plays)" "I'm so sure that Cheryl Willens killed her daughter that I am now offering $100,000 from my own pocket..." "He's influencing the jury." "You don't think one or two of them are watching this?" "...to anybody who has even a shred of evidence that Jamie Willens is still alive." "It's called the truth, folks." "Look at Stern, Lockhart Gardner." "Oh, here we go." "That's what our citizen journalists have been doing." "They've been looking." "Who has spent the last two months in detox?" "Who has cheated on their tax return?" "Who's a closeted lesbian?" "So, tune in tomorrow and we'll find out exactly who has trouble facing the truth." "Yeah, I remember Cheryl." "Good girl." "So sad what happened." "You did say you're working with Tim Willens?" "Yeah, He wants to clear her name." "So, when did she last come in?" "March '07, her third trimester." "Her third?" "Was that a regular exam?" "Cheryl was spotting." "Nothing unusual, but the poor girl was so afraid of losing her baby that she didn't even tell Tim about it." "Do you know of anyone here who'd say she was having a late-term abortion?" "No." "What about others?" "Cleaning crew, volunteers, garbageman?" "Thank you so much." "Hi." "What can I get for you?" "Irene Reagan?" "I'm with Juvenile Courts and Probation." "What did I do?" "Oh, we're just following up on your time in community service at the Guardian Family Planning Clinic." "Well, that was over two years ago." "I thought my probation ended." "Yeah." "Yeah, look," "I'm sorry to bother you about this at work." "We tried you at your home, and I wasn't sure if you had the same e-mail address." "Still ReaganRules?" "Yes." "Why?" "What do you want?" "I want to know why you made up lies about Cheryl Willens." "This is crazy, Peter." "They need to put you back in protected." "Daniel's working on it." "Childs moved you?" "Yeah." "I think I know why." "His wife, Carla Childs," "I'm representing her." "She's divorcing him." "I know." "He was here." "Childs was here?" "He told you?" "Uh-huh." "Then I need to drop this." "No." "He'd have done it either way." "I'm the threat to him, not you." "What is Triton Fields?" "What?" "Carla mentioned it." "She told me I should tell you." "It's a development." "The owner was charged with bribing people in my office." "Childs was the prosecutor." "What else did she say?" "Just that he had a file on his computer, that's all." "You think she'd tell you anything else?" "Counselor." "Counselor?" "So, we holding grudges?" "Not that I know of." "Because my tattoo misses you." "Let me think on it." "Ouch." "Nope." "No ouch." "I just want to think on it." "Okay." "Think fast." "DIANE:" "Would you consider yourself a fan of Duke Roscoe, Ms. Reagan?" "Yes." "DIANE:" "Watch his show regularly?" "Been to his Web site?" "Sometimes." "On Duke Roscoe's blog, there are 83 entries from ReaganRules." "Is that you?" "Uh-huh." "And you would call 83 entries "sometimes"?" "Did you also e-mail with Duke Roscoe?" "I tried a couple times." "Did you e-mail him information that Cheryl Willens tried to obtain a late-term abortion at the clinic where you worked?" "Ms. Reagan, do you know what perjury is?" "Yeah, I e-mailed him about it." "Was it true?" "No." "Did Duke Roscoe contact you to verify your information?" "No." "Anyone from his network call you?" "No." "And you were surprised that Mr. Roscoe used your information on the air to accuse Cheryl Willens." "Why?" "I-I wrote him to say I made it up." "Come on!" "What am I, responsible for every e-mail sent to me?" "ABERNATHY:" "Mr. Roscoe, please." "Reclaim your seat." "Why did you do it, Irene?" "Why would you make up something so hurtful?" "I wanted to hear from him." "To be part of it all." "I mean, he's Duke Roscoe." ""Dissolution of marriage."" "It sounds so final, like a death certificate." "Take your time, look it over." "Your husband already signed." "You can change your mind." "As we discussed, your husband set aside your prenuptial agreement and acceded to your terms." "In exchange, he has included a strict confidentiality clause." "So anything I know about his work..." "You are prohibited from sharing with anyone." "After I sign this." "That's right." "Then before I do, last year, Glenn wiretapped your phones." "What?" "I saw the recordings on his computer." "That's all I know." "There." "Done." "Thanks, man." "I'm fine." "(cell phone rings)" "Yeah?" "Who?" "Okay." "Never heard of that." "Putting on no witnesses." "Does that mean they give up?" "No, I'm afraid they're counting on winning solely on Duke's right of free speech." "Could you give me a second?" "What?" "There was a response to Duke's reward." "What reward?" "For information on Jamie." "That was the police in Scranton." "They think they have a child matching Jamie's description." "Oh, my God." "WILL:" "Was a childless couple who supposedly saw her in a shopping cart and snatched her." "One of their neighbors phoned it in for the reward." "I... (whispers):" "Do you want to tell him?" "Yes." "How you holding up?" "Okay." "Listen, I just got a call from the Scranton Police Department." "You ready for some good news?" "They think they got your girl, man." "TIM (sobbing):" "Is she okay?" "WILL:" "I think so." "It looks real good." "(sobbing softly)" "Thank you." "(sighs)" "I just received the verdict, and I find myself making a very difficult decision." "(quietly):" "Uh-oh." "While I hold the defendant's behavior abhorrent and callous, there is no greater bedrock to our society than the First Amendment." "Without it, all our other rights are at risk." "And I must admit, I have found the plaintiff's case to the jury to play on their passions in this matter, not their rationality." "Uh..." "Mr. Roscoe receives thousands of e-mails every day." "So it is not axiomatically true that he would have seen this e-mail from Ms. Reagan, invalidating her story." "Without that certainty," "I cannot allow a jury under my purview to subvert the First Amendment." "So I am, therefore, directing a verdict in favor of the defense." "(gallery murmuring)" "(gavel bangs)" "Tell Tim we'll appeal." "Something tells me he's not gonna want to." "Maybe next time." "I'd like that." "MAN:" "Neighbors credit publicity from the recent trial as the reason for calling the police." "Jamie Willens' picture had appeared in local news reports over the last few weeks, and her image had been plastered all over the Internet." "This stuff's awful." "It's too sweet." "Mm-hmm." "And yet, I can't stop eating it." "Pass me the remote." "...quoted as saying that he never doubted he would see his little girl again." "The family has asked..." "Before we move on from this sordid episode, there is a bit of unfinished business to deal with." "He's gonna be insufferable, isn't he?" "Yep." "The promised secrets." "Who spent two months in a Michigan rehab?" "Stern, Lockhart equity partner R.J. Daniels." "Who was caught cheating on his 2007 income taxes?" "Jason Michaels in acquisitions." "And last but not least, who's the closeted lesbian working at the firm?" "That's none other than" "Diane Lockhart." "(laughing)" | 2024-07-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4854 |
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
/*
* This file is part of the LibreOffice project.
*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
*
* This file incorporates work covered by the following license notice:
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed
* with this work for additional information regarding copyright
* ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache
* License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file
* except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 .
*/
#ifndef __com_sun_star_sdbcx_IndexDescriptor_idl__
#define __com_sun_star_sdbcx_IndexDescriptor_idl__
#include <com/sun/star/sdbcx/Descriptor.idl>
module com { module sun { module star { module sdbcx {
published interface XColumnsSupplier;
/** is used to define a new index for a database table.
@see com::sun::star::sdbcx::Index
*/
published service IndexDescriptor
{
service Descriptor;
/** access to the contained index columns.
*/
interface XColumnsSupplier;
/** is the name of the index catalog, may be empty.
*/
[property] string Catalog;
/** indicates that the index allow only unique values.
*/
[property] boolean IsUnique;
/** indicates that the index is clustered.
*/
[property] boolean IsClustered;
};
}; }; }; };
/*===========================================================================
===========================================================================*/
#endif
/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
| 2023-09-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6878 |
Q:
C++ Counting inversions in array, Fatal Signal 11 (BIT)
I was given this challenge in a programming "class". Eventually I decided to go for the "Binary Indexed Trees" solution, as data structures are a thing I'd like to know more about. Implementing BIT was somewhat straight forward, things after that - not so much. I ran into "Fatal Signal 11" when uploading the solution to the server, which, from what I've read, is somewhat similar to a Null pointer exception. Couldn't figure out the problem, decided to check out other solutions with BIT but stumbled upon the same problem.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
/* <BLACK MAGIC COPIED FROM geeksforgeeks.org> */
int getSum(int BITree[], int index){
int sum = 0;
while (index > 0){
sum += BITree[index];
index -= index & (-index);
}
return sum;
}
void updateBIT(int BITree[], int n, int index, int val){
while (index <= n){
BITree[index] += val;
index += index & (-index);
}
}
/* <BLACK MAGIC COPIED FROM geeksforgeeks.org> */
int Count(int arr[], int x){
int sum = 0;
int biggest = 0;
for (int i=0; i<x; i++) {
if (biggest < arr[i]) biggest = arr[i];
}
int bit[biggest+1];
for (int i=1; i<=biggest; i++) bit[i] = 0;
for (int i=x-1; i>=0; i--)
{
sum += getSum(bit, arr[i]-1);
updateBIT(bit, biggest, arr[i], 1);
}
return sum;
}
int main(){
int x;
cin >> x;
int *arr = new int[x];
for (int temp = 0; temp < x; temp++) cin >> arr[temp];
/*sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); <-- someone suggested this,
but it doesn't change anything from what I can tell*/
cout << Count(arr,x);
delete [] arr;
return 0;
}
I am quite stumped on this. It could be just some simple thing I'm missing, but I really don't know. Any help is much appreciated!
A:
You have condition that every number lies between 1 and 1018. So, your biggest number can be 1018. This is too much for the following line:
int bit[biggest+1];
| 2023-11-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5418 |
Q:
Create a table of EURUSD prices with NAs values
I have a table with the following data:
head(EURUSD0)
Date Open High Low Close
1 2005-05-02 00:00:00 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861
2 2005-05-02 00:04:00 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860
3 2005-05-02 00:10:00 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861
4 2005-05-02 00:11:00 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860
5 2005-05-02 00:12:00 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861
6 2005-05-02 00:13:00 1.2862 1.2862 1.2861 1.2861
The date is defined as POSIXlt:
EURUSD0$Date <- as.POSIXlt(EURUSD0[,1],format = '%Y.%m.%d %H:%M')
I create an empty data frame as follows:
startDate = EURUSD0$Date[1]
endDate = EURUSD0$Date[nrow(EURUSD0)]
dateSeq1min = as.POSIXlt(seq(from=startDate, to=endDate, by="1 min"))
EURUSD <- data.frame(Date=dateSeq1min,
Open=rep(NA,N),
High=rep(NA,N),
Low=rep(NA,N),
Close=rep(NA,N),
stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
That is,
head(EURUSD)
Date Open High Low Close
1 2005-05-02 00:00:00 NA NA NA NA
2 2005-05-02 00:01:00 NA NA NA NA
3 2005-05-02 00:02:00 NA NA NA NA
4 2005-05-02 00:03:00 NA NA NA NA
5 2005-05-02 00:04:00 NA NA NA NA
6 2005-05-02 00:05:00 NA NA NA NA
I want to fill this data frame with the information I have in EURUSD0. Note that in EURUSD appear every minute while in EURUSD0 does not.
I am able to do it with a for using this idea:
> (EURUSD0$Date[1] == EURUSD$Date)[1:10]
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> (EURUSD0$Date[2] == EURUSD$Date)[1:10]
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
But I have a lot of data and it is very expensive.
Any idea/hint how to proceed (in a non expensive way)?
A:
One solution using merge:
merge(EURUSD[1], EURUSD0, by="Date", all.x=T)
Date Open High Low Close
1 2005-05-02 00:00:00 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861
2 2005-05-02 00:01:00 NA NA NA NA
3 2005-05-02 00:02:00 NA NA NA NA
4 2005-05-02 00:03:00 NA NA NA NA
5 2005-05-02 00:04:00 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860
6 2005-05-02 00:05:00 NA NA NA NA
With this approach, a simple data frame with the time values will suffice: EURUSD <- data.frame(Date=dateSeq1min).
Update
From the documentation for ?POSIXct:
"POSIXct" is more convenient for including in data frames, and
"POSIXlt" is closer to human-readable forms.
When we try to merge data with different classes we must be careful as the merge will not match exactly. In this case you were trying to merge the first data frame with class "POSIXlt" with the second data frame "POSIXct". They were not an exact match because the timezones are different.
Why was it POSIXct? Because it was coerced to that class when the data frame was created.
To account for that documented behavior we can convert the first data frame to "POSIXct" for matching, then do the merge:
EURUSD0$Date <- as.POSIXct(EURUSD0$Date)
merge(EURUSD[1], EURUSD0, by="Date", all.x=T)
# Date Open High Low Close
# 1 2005-05-02 00:00:00 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861 1.2861
# 2 2005-05-02 00:01:00 NA NA NA NA
# 3 2005-05-02 00:02:00 NA NA NA NA
# 4 2005-05-02 00:03:00 NA NA NA NA
# 5 2005-05-02 00:04:00 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860 1.2860
# 6 2005-05-02 00:05:00 NA NA NA NA
| 2023-08-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9920 |
"""Star Wars GraphQL schema
This is designed to be an end-to-end test, demonstrating the full GraphQL stack.
We will create a GraphQL schema that describes the major characters in the original
Star Wars trilogy.
NOTE: This may contain spoilers for the original Star Wars trilogy.
Using our shorthand to describe type systems, the type system for our Star Wars example
is::
enum Episode { NEW_HOPE, EMPIRE, JEDI }
interface Character {
id: String!
name: String
friends: [Character]
appearsIn: [Episode]
}
type Human implements Character {
id: String!
name: String
friends: [Character]
appearsIn: [Episode]
homePlanet: String
}
type Droid implements Character {
id: String!
name: String
friends: [Character]
appearsIn: [Episode]
primaryFunction: String
}
type Query {
hero(episode: Episode): Character
human(id: String!): Human
droid(id: String!): Droid
}
"""
from graphql.type import (
GraphQLArgument,
GraphQLEnumType,
GraphQLEnumValue,
GraphQLField,
GraphQLInterfaceType,
GraphQLList,
GraphQLNonNull,
GraphQLObjectType,
GraphQLSchema,
GraphQLString,
)
from tests.star_wars_data import (
get_droid,
get_friends,
get_hero,
get_human,
get_secret_backstory,
)
__all__ = ["star_wars_schema"]
# We begin by setting up our schema.
# The original trilogy consists of three movies.
#
# This implements the following type system shorthand:
# enum Episode { NEW_HOPE, EMPIRE, JEDI }
episode_enum = GraphQLEnumType(
"Episode",
{
"NEW_HOPE": GraphQLEnumValue(4, description="Released in 1977."),
"EMPIRE": GraphQLEnumValue(5, description="Released in 1980."),
"JEDI": GraphQLEnumValue(6, description="Released in 1983."),
},
description="One of the films in the Star Wars Trilogy",
)
# Characters in the Star Wars trilogy are either humans or droids.
#
# This implements the following type system shorthand:
# interface Character {
# id: String!
# name: String
# friends: [Character]
# appearsIn: [Episode]
# secretBackstory: String
human_type: GraphQLObjectType
droid_type: GraphQLObjectType
character_interface: GraphQLInterfaceType = GraphQLInterfaceType(
"Character",
lambda: {
"id": GraphQLField(
GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="The id of the character."
),
"name": GraphQLField(GraphQLString, description="The name of the character."),
"friends": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(character_interface),
description="The friends of the character,"
" or an empty list if they have none.",
),
"appearsIn": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(episode_enum), description="Which movies they appear in."
),
"secretBackstory": GraphQLField(
GraphQLString, description="All secrets about their past."
),
},
resolve_type=lambda character, _info, _type: {
"Human": human_type,
"Droid": droid_type,
}[character.type],
description="A character in the Star Wars Trilogy",
)
# We define our human type, which implements the character interface.
#
# This implements the following type system shorthand:
# type Human : Character {
# id: String!
# name: String
# friends: [Character]
# appearsIn: [Episode]
# secretBackstory: String
# }
human_type = GraphQLObjectType(
"Human",
lambda: {
"id": GraphQLField(
GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="The id of the human."
),
"name": GraphQLField(GraphQLString, description="The name of the human."),
"friends": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(character_interface),
description="The friends of the human,"
" or an empty list if they have none.",
resolve=lambda human, _info: get_friends(human),
),
"appearsIn": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(episode_enum), description="Which movies they appear in."
),
"homePlanet": GraphQLField(
GraphQLString,
description="The home planet of the human, or null if unknown.",
),
"secretBackstory": GraphQLField(
GraphQLString,
resolve=lambda human, _info: get_secret_backstory(human),
description="Where are they from and how they came to be who they are.",
),
},
interfaces=[character_interface],
description="A humanoid creature in the Star Wars universe.",
)
# The other type of character in Star Wars is a droid.
#
# This implements the following type system shorthand:
# type Droid : Character {
# id: String!
# name: String
# friends: [Character]
# appearsIn: [Episode]
# secretBackstory: String
# primaryFunction: String
# }
droid_type = GraphQLObjectType(
"Droid",
lambda: {
"id": GraphQLField(
GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="The id of the droid."
),
"name": GraphQLField(GraphQLString, description="The name of the droid."),
"friends": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(character_interface),
description="The friends of the droid,"
" or an empty list if they have none.",
resolve=lambda droid, _info: get_friends(droid),
),
"appearsIn": GraphQLField(
GraphQLList(episode_enum), description="Which movies they appear in."
),
"secretBackstory": GraphQLField(
GraphQLString,
resolve=lambda droid, _info: get_secret_backstory(droid),
description="Construction date and the name of the designer.",
),
"primaryFunction": GraphQLField(
GraphQLString, description="The primary function of the droid."
),
},
interfaces=[character_interface],
description="A mechanical creature in the Star Wars universe.",
)
# This is the type that will be the root of our query, and the
# entry point into our schema. It gives us the ability to fetch
# objects by their IDs, as well as to fetch the undisputed hero
# of the Star Wars trilogy, R2-D2, directly.
#
# This implements the following type system shorthand:
# type Query {
# hero(episode: Episode): Character
# human(id: String!): Human
# droid(id: String!): Droid
# }
# noinspection PyShadowingBuiltins
query_type = GraphQLObjectType(
"Query",
lambda: {
"hero": GraphQLField(
character_interface,
args={
"episode": GraphQLArgument(
episode_enum,
description=(
"If omitted, returns the hero of the whole saga."
" If provided, returns the hero of that particular episode."
),
)
},
resolve=lambda _source, _info, episode=None: get_hero(episode),
),
"human": GraphQLField(
human_type,
args={
"id": GraphQLArgument(
GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="id of the human"
)
},
resolve=lambda _source, _info, id: get_human(id),
),
"droid": GraphQLField(
droid_type,
args={
"id": GraphQLArgument(
GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="id of the droid"
)
},
resolve=lambda _source, _info, id: get_droid(id),
),
},
)
# Finally, we construct our schema (whose starting query type is the query
# type we defined above) and export it.
star_wars_schema = GraphQLSchema(query_type, types=[human_type, droid_type])
| 2024-03-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7285 |
French killer rocker cancels amid protests
AAPMarch 14, 2018 6:11AM
Rock musician Bertrand Cantat, who was convicted of killing his actress girlfriend 15 years ago, has pulled out of the festivals he was scheduled to appear in this summer amid a growing wave of protests.
The 54-year-old Cantat, the leader of former rock band Noir Desir, released a solo album last year and recently started touring. After several dates were cancelled by organisers following complaints from women's groups and individuals, Cantat said he took the decision "to put an end to all polemics".
Cantat was sentenced to eight years in prison and served four after beating to death Marie Trintignant during a dispute in a hotel room in Lithuania in 2003.
He said he understands that "being on a festival line-ups this summer can pose a problem, hence my decision to withdraw". | 2023-11-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5697 |
Performance Test Results
Testing system memory (RAM) is a subject which requires a bit of technical knowledge. I have recently found a few other sites using nothing except video games to benchmark the RAM product they are reviewing, and this whole practice made no sense to me at all. Video games are GPU dependant when they have a decent processor behind them, and RAM has a very small impact on frame rate performance - as I will prove to you in my own tests. So keeping all of this in mind, I use the tools that belong in a system memory review; I use system memory benchmarking applications. Additionally, I won't spend three pages discussing how I overclocked or how I made it to tighter timings. Every memory module comes with its very own limit, so one size doesn't fit all and this kit may not be the same as the next.
As it turned out, the Patriot Viper 6GB 1600MHz Triple-Channel DDR3 PVT36G1600ELK memory kit offered an excellent overclock - and all without adding any additional voltage. After some trial testing, this 1600MHz CL9-9-9-24 kit ultimately pushed out a decent 164 MHz overclock to 1764 MHz, and default clock latency values of were improved to CL8-8-8-24. Keep in mind that the default memory voltage is set to Intel's recommended maximum of 1.65V, which means that there isn't much room for stretching it.
First up was the PassMark Performance Test benchmark which runs several different system memory tests in a row. Although some of the tests are specific to the performance of the RAM, others take the CPU clock speed and front side bus into account when developing a score. Most important are the memory read and write tests, and the score based tests are bias towards CPU speed and other hardware factors.
Passmark's Performance Test offers the most consistent memory test results of the entire group, with each of the test runs resulting in a score nearly identical to the previous test run. Ideally, all of these programs should be this consistent, but until they are I would consider Performance Test to be the best tool available for testing system memory bandwidth. Oddly enough though, there's very little performance difference between the kits we've benchmarked. As an example, the 1066MHz CL6 kit performs actually performs better than the Patriot Viper 1764MHz CL8 overclocked kit but the 1333MHz CL7 kit outperforms them all. Memory, similar to processors, is going to benefit most by an efficient transport architecture. When it comes to triple-channel configuration, and specifically using DDR3, there's a penalty for higher latency cycles.
Our next results were recorded from Lavalys EVEREST using the Cache and Memory Benchmark tool. The results shown below represent the average measurement obtained from the 6GB Triple-Channel 1600 MHz Patriot Viper DDR3 kit. The results for the average read, write, and copy bandwidth from EVEREST are displayed below using several different kits for comparison. Overall, the overclocked Patriot Viper kit performed ahead of lower-speed and latency kits.
Everest is among my most trusted benchmark programs, and the Cache and Benchmark tool is one of the more reliable in terms of consistent results. The chart above shows that the difference betwen 1333 and 1600 MHz amounted to a sizable increase in added bandwidth while keeping the same latency timings. EVEREST makes it appear as though there could be a significant difference in the performance between the various kits we used for testing, but the real question is whether this difference will translate into a notable real-world experience.
SiSoftware Sandra Lite offered results nearly the same as EVEREST in regards to increased performance; according to the chart above. Although the bandwidth tests are of a different nature, the Patriot Viper performed in the same fashion here as it did in the EVEREST tests.
Sandra, similar to EVEREST, prefers a high memory clock speed and then later factors-in latency. Because of this, the 1066MHz CL6 kit scores lowest, with the 1764MHz (overclocked) CL8 Patriot Viper kit scoring highest in the Internal Buffered test. The Float Buffered tests actually put the 1764MHz CL8 nearly equal to the 1600MHz CL7 kit. Once again, the synthetic benchmarks indicate that the faster (clock speed) kits are considerably better than the slower kits. However, it has been my experience that lower latency is better suited for real-world performance, not overall clock speed.
Finally, I tested the Patriot Viper 6GB Triple-Channel 1600 MHz DDR3 kit in the game Far Cry 2. Realizing that games can be either CPU or GPU bound, this made it difficult for me to compare all of the memory sets since the clock speed of the processor would change as I adjust the BIOS settings for the desired RAM speed. So by testing with a more-than-capable GeForce GTX 285 video card with moderate game settings, the system becomes more CPU/RAM dependant.
Even despite the CPU/RAM dependence created, less than 2 FPS in average frame rate separate 1066MHz memory from 1764MHz kits. Making my argument more pointed is the microscopic difference of 0.4 FPS between 1333MHz and 1600MHz memory, both running at the same CL7 latency. This mediocre improvement is evidence of how insignificant the system memory speed is in relation to video game performance. It also proves that the marketing campaigns meant to focus on ‘gaming memory' are a complete joke... unless you're the punch line buying into it. But don't misunderstand me, because system memory could have a much larger impact on game performance... if you use it to overclock the processor.
Obviously, if you're using an X58-based computer system, you probably aren't going to keep the CPU at the stock speed anyway; and you probably also use a video card that more than makes up for the very small gains of overclocked system memory. This means that faster RAM allows for a faster CPU, and in turn produces a faster frame rate. But in the world of system memory benchmarks, comparing the different sets of RAM using video games is pointless. | 2024-03-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6364 |
Nonuniform effects of histamine on small pulmonary vessels in cats.
In in vivo cat lung, using an X-ray TV system, we analyzed responses in internal diameter (ID), flow velocity, and volume flow of arteries and veins (100-500 microns ID) to histamine (8-15 micrograms/kg iv) under three conditions. With histamine alone, three types of ID response (constriction, dilatation, and no change) occurred in parallel-arranged arteries. Relative frequency and magnitude of constriction were maximum in arteries of 300-400 micron ID, whereas those of dilatation were maximum in arteries of 100-200 micron ID. In veins, relatively uniform constriction occurred. Under H2-blockade, histamine caused greater constriction than that with histamine alone in arteries and veins of 300-500 micron ID. Under beta-blockade, with histamine, ID of all vessels decreased significantly below the ID sizes under the above two conditions, and no dilatation occurred. In two parallel arteries that showed opposite ID changes to histamine, flow velocity increased, but volume flow decreased in a constricted artery while it increased in a dilated one. Those data indicated that, with histamine, qualitatively and quantitatively nonuniform ID response was induced in both parallel- and series-arranged small pulmonary arteries and, in turn, produced heterogeneous flow distribution. Factors to cause the nonuniformity may be partly explained by difference in density of H2- and beta-receptors in vascular walls. | 2023-09-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3655 |
Microsoft announced something very impressive last week: revenue for the company’s 2017 fiscal year (which ended June 30) increased 5% year-over-year. That may not seem particularly meaningful until you realize 2016 was only the second year in the company’s history that revenue declined; the first included the worst economic slowdown since the Great Depression:
Moreover, all indications are that growth will continue, defeating the presumption that tech companies that start to decline do so inexorably. The most famous example that said inexorable decline need not be inevitable is IBM, which, in the early 90s, found itself in far more dire straits than Microsoft, only to recover under the leadership of Lou Gerstner:
Microsoft’s earnings report isn’t the only thing that has made me think of IBM lately; two weeks ago, at Mirosoft’s annual partner conference, CEO Satya Nadella introduced a new offering called Microsoft 365. Nadella said:
Microsoft 365 is a fundamental departure in how we think about product creation. This is the coming together of the best of Office 365, Windows 10, Enterprise Mobility and Security… We have decided that the time has come for us as a company and us as an ecosystem to talk about this in the terms that customers can get the most value. We want to bring these products together as an integrated solution. A complete solution that has got AI infused in it with intelligence, whether it is intelligence that is helping end users be more productive and creative and teamwork, or intelligence in security. It’s that complete solution for intelligent teamwork and security that we want to bring about with Microsoft 365.
A cynical take is that this is typical Microsoft, cribbing a successful naming scheme (‘365’) to rebrand a SKU that Microsoft actually announced a year ago. That’s true! A slightly more generous take is that Microsoft 365 is the latest implementation of the company’s decades-old bundling strategy, and, well, that’s true too!
The way Nadella framed the announcement though — associating customer value with integration — that is straight from Gerstner’s IBM playbook.
The IBM and Microsoft Monopolies
When Gerstner signed on as IBM CEO in the spring of 1993, the company had just recorded the biggest annual loss in American corporate history: -$4.97 billion. In his memoir about the turnaround he led at IBM, Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance?, Gerstner noted that 1993 was going just as badly:
At the end of May I saw April’s [numbers] and they were sobering. Profit had declined another $400 million, for a total decline of $800 million for the first four months. Mainframe sales had dropped 43 percent during the same four months. Other large IBM businesses—software, maintenance, and financing—were all dependent, for the most part, on mainframe sales and, thus, were declining as well.
Gerstner expanded on this point in various sections of his book:
Despite the fact that IBM, then and now, was regarded as a complex company with thousands of products…IBM was a one-product company—a mainframe company—with an array of multibillion-dollar businesses attached to that single franchise…It didn’t take a Harvard MBA or a McKinsey consultant to understand that the fate of the mainframe was the fate of IBM, and, at the time, both were sinking like stones.
IBM’s mainframe business was being hammered on two fronts: Unix-based alternatives offered modular lower-cost alternatives for back-end operations, while PCs were taking over many of the jobs mainframes used to do — and, in the long run, threatening to take over the data center itself. IBM was not only stuck with a product that was too expensive for a market that was simultaneously shrinking in size, but also an entire organization predicated on that product’s dominance.
This was Microsoft a few decades later: the company loved to brag about its stable of billion dollar businesses, but in truth they were all components of one business — Windows. Everything Microsoft built from servers to productivity applications was premised on the assumption that the vast majority of computing devices were running Windows, leaving the company completely out of sorts when the iPhone and Android created and captured the smartphone market.
The truth is that both companies were victims of their own monopolistic success: Windows, like the System/360 before it, was a platform that enabled Microsoft to make money in all directions. Both companies made money on the device itself and by selling many of the most important apps (and in the case of Microsoft, back-room services) that ran on it. There was no need to distinguish between a vertical strategy, in which apps and services served to differentiate the device, or a horizontal one, in which the device served to provide access to apps and services. When you are a monopoly, the answer to strategic choices can always be “Yes.”
That, though, is why it is so interesting to think about what happens — and the problems that arise — when the monopoly ends.
Post-Monopoly Problem One: Nature
The great thing about a monopoly is that a company can do anything, because there is no competition; the bad thing is that when the monopoly is finished the company is still capable of doing anything at a mediocre level, but nothing at a high one because it has become fat and lazy. To put it another way, for a former monopoly “big” is the only truly differentiated asset.
This was Gerstner’s key insight when it came to mapping out IBM’s future:
I am not sure that in 1993 I or anyone else would have started out to create an IBM. But, given IBM’s scale and broad-based capabilities, and the trajectories of the information technology industry, it would have been insane to destroy its unique competitive advantage and turn IBM into a group of individual component suppliers more minnows in an ocean. In the big April customer meeting at Chantilly and in my other customer meetings, CIOs made it very clear that the last thing in the world they needed was one more disk drive company, one more operating system company, one more PC company. They also made it clear that our ability to execute against an integrator strategy was nearly bankrupt and that much had to be done before IBM could provide a kind of value that we were not providing at the time—but which they believed only IBM had a shot at delivering: genuine problem solving, the ability to apply complex technologies to solve business challenges, and integration. So keeping IBM together was the first strategic decision, and, I believe, the most important decision I ever made—not just at IBM, but in my entire business career. I didn’t know then exactly how we were going to deliver on the potential of that unified enterprise, but I knew that if IBM could serve as the foremost integrator of technologies, we’d be delivering extraordinary value.
In Gerstner’s vision, only IBM had the breadth to deliver solutions instead of products; the next challenge would be changing the business model.
Post-Monopoly Problem Two: Business Model
The natural inclination for former monopolies, at least if Microsoft and IBM are any indication, is to stick with the monopoly-era business model. That meant doubling down on the device (or OS, as it were).
The problem with this approach is twofold:
First, as I just noted, the nature of the company is set: being big — which in this case means offering services to everyone — is much easier to accomplish than being better, a critical factor in selling a differentiated device in a competitive market.
Second, as long as the business-model is device-centric, there is a risk in destroying the services component of the business. In Microsoft’s case, that meant holding Office for iPad back to prop up Windows, for example, or building Azure (née Windows Azure) around Windows Server. IBM, in far more dire straights, was, as Gerstner noted, close to splitting up the company so that individual divisions could sell their respective devices on their own without corporate overhead.
The reality is that while changing business models is hard, for both Microsoft and IBM it was necessary to preserve what strengths they still had. This is why defenders of former-CEO Steve Ballmer miss the point when pointing out that Microsoft Azure and Office 365, the keys to Microsoft’s renewed growth, both got started under his watch. Look again at Gerstner’s account of IBM:
If you were to take a snapshot of IBM’s array of businesses in 1993 and another in 2002, you would at first see very few changes. Ten years ago we were in servers, software, services, PCs, storage, semiconductors, printers, and financing. We are still in those businesses today… My point is that all of the assets that the company needed to succeed were in place. But in every case—hardware, technology, software, even services—all of these capabilities were part of a business model that had fallen wildly out of step with marketplace realities.
This is why I don’t give Ballmer too much credit for Office 365 and Azure: the products of Microsoft’s future were there, but the Windows-centric business model was constricting every part of the company to an ever-shrinking share of the overall market; Nadella’s greatest success has been taking off that straitjacket.
Post-Monopoly Problem Three: Culture
Four years ago, while announcing a company-wide reorganization (that I thought was a bad idea), Ballmer wrote a memo called One Microsoft. This was the key paragraph:
We will reshape how we interact with our customers, developers and key innovation partners, delivering a more coherent message and family of product offerings. The evangelism and business development team will drive partners across our integrated strategy and its execution. Our marketing, advertising and all our customer interaction will be designed to reflect one company with integrated approaches to our consumer and business marketplaces.
I wrote in Services, Not Devices:
The crux of the problem is in that paragraph: no one is asking Microsoft to design its “customer interaction” to “reflect one company.” Customers are asking Microsoft to help them solve their problems and get their jobs done, not to make them Microsoft-only customers. The solipsism is remarkable.
The solipsism, at least if IBM was any indication, was also inevitable. Gerstner writes:
When there’s little competitive threat, when high profit margins and a commanding market position are assumed, then the economic and market forces that other companies have to live or die by simply don’t apply. In that environment, what would you expect to happen? The company and its people lose touch with external realities, because what’s happening in the marketplace is essentially irrelevant to the success of the company… This hermetically sealed quality—an institutional viewpoint that anything important started inside the company—was, I believe, the root cause of many of our problems. To appreciate how widespread the dysfunction was, I need to describe briefly some of its manifestations. They included a general disinterest in customer needs, accompanied by a preoccupation with internal politics. There was general permission to stop projects dead in their tracks, a bureaucratic infrastructure that defended turf instead of promoting collaboration, and a management class that presided rather than acted. IBM even had a language all its own.
Sounds familiar!
Gerstner’s response was to restructure IBM, change the company’s promotion and compensation policies, and most importantly, push IBM to better understand customers and then leverage its size to offer services they actually needed:
Our bet was this: Over the next decade, customers would increasingly value companies that could provide solutions— solutions that integrated technology from various suppliers and, more important, integrated technology into the processes of an enterprise. We bet that the historical preoccupations with chip speeds, software versions, proprietary systems, and the like would wane, and that over time the information technology industry would be services-led, not technology-led.
This is why the Microsoft 365 announcement and Nadella’s talk of integration is so interesting, and IBM plays a role in this story as well.
IBM’s Cloud Miss
I’ve previously written about how IBM, specifically Sam Palmisano, who succeeded Gerstner as CEO, missed the cloud. Remarking on Palmisan’s declaration that “You can’t do what we’re doing in a cloud” I wrote:
Something that is interesting about most cloud solutions is that few are really doing anything new. Rather cloud service providers are simply taking operations that were formerly done on premise and moving them to a cloud that is available for any enterprise to use. And, as Palmisano realized, the inherent lack of customization in such a model means that most cloud services are on a feature-by-feature basis inferior to on-premise software. The reality, though, is that the businesses IBM served — and the entire reason IBM had a market — didn’t buy customized technological solutions to make themselves feel good about themselves; they bought them because they helped them accomplish their business objectives. Gerstner’s key insight was that many companies had a problem that only IBM could solve, not that customized solutions were the end-all be-all. And so, as universally provided cloud services slowly but surely became good-enough, IBM no longer had a monopoly on problem solving.
To put it bluntly, enterprises don’t need a systems integrator for their data center if they no longer have a data center. Once again IBM is stuck competing for a shrinking market, which is why the company’s revenue has now declined for 21 straight quarters.
Microsoft’s Cloud Opportunity
Still, the fact that enterprises no longer have data centers doesn’t mean integration is no longer valuable; rather, the locus of needed integration has shifted to the cloud as well. The average enterprise customer uses 20~30 apps, data is often scattered on and off premise, or stuck in email or personal accounts, and while IT departments may be happy to no longer upgrade servers, managing identity and security across all of these services and on a whole host of new devices far more likely to be used outside a company’s intranet calls for the same sort of integrator Gerstner wanted IBM to be.
This seems to be the long-term goal of Microsoft 365. Microsoft said in a blog post:
[Microsoft 365] represents a fundamental shift in how we will design, build and go to market to address our customers’ needs for a modern workplace. The workplace is transforming—from changing employee expectations, to more diverse and globally distributed teams, to an increasingly complex threat landscape. From these trends, we are seeing a new culture of work emerging. Our customers are telling us they are looking to empower their people with innovative technology to embrace this modern culture of work. With more than 100 million commercial monthly active users of Office 365, and more than 500 million Windows 10 devices in use, Microsoft is in a unique position to help companies empower their employees, unlocking business growth and innovation… Microsoft 365 Enterprise: Unlocks creativity by enabling people to work naturally with ink, voice and touch, all backed by tools that utilize AI and machine learning.
Provides the broadest and deepest set of apps and services with a universal toolkit for teamwork, giving people flexibility and choice in how they connect, share and communicate.
Simplifies IT by unifying management across users, devices, apps and services.
Helps safeguard customer data, company data and intellectual property with built-in, intelligent security.
Wait, inking?
Here’s the big concern I have about the Microsoft 365 rollout, and Microsoft generally: Nadella and team deserve plaudits for working through the first two post-monopoly problems. Microsoft has embraced its bigness and focused on services, and has the business model to match (although, it should be noted that it was Ballmer who was responsible for shifting most of Microsoft’s enterprise business to a subscription model years ago). That’s great!
I’m troubled, though, that I just articulated what I think is the Microsoft 365 strategy — or what it should be — far more clearly than either Nadella or Kirk Koenigsbauer, the corporate vice-president for the Office team that wrote this blog post. Indeed, Gerstner articulated the strategy best of all, and he wasn’t even talking about Microsoft or the cloud!
Then again, I’m not entirely sure a focus on cloud integration is Microsoft’s strategy after all: maybe the cynical take — that Microsoft is just stealing a successful name for yet another enterprise licensing bundle — is closer to the truth. It is striking that the primary reason Microsoft gives for Microsoft 365 is that it already has a lot of users.
Stepping back even further, Nadella loves to say “Our customers tell us” or some derivative thereof, but an actual articulation of customer use cases is consistently missing from his presentations. This keynote was not dissimilar to Nadella’s Build keynote, which featured a full 30 minutes of theory about the future of computing, that, while fascinating, seemed much more like a justification for Microsoft’s continued relevance as opposed to an articulation of demonstrated customer needs.
Can Culture Change?
The most bittersweet paragraph in Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance? is the final one:
I was always an outsider. But that was my job. I know Sam Palmisano has an opportunity to make the connections to the past as I could never do. His challenge will be to make them without going backward; to know that the centrifugal forces that drove IBM to be inward-looking and self-absorbed still lie powerful in the company. Continuing to drive change while building on the best (and only the best) of the past is the ultimate description of the job of Chief Executive Officer, International Business Machines Corporation.
Palmisano completely failed the challenge: what was the aforementioned reliance on IBM’s seemingly impregnable position as a systems integrator and dismissal of the cloud anything but the result of being “inward-looking and self-absorbed”? The same point applies to Palmisano’s obsession with profit-per-share: customers, Gerstner’s obsession, were totally forgotten.
That is why Gerstner’s IBM should be a inspiration to Microsoft, but Palmisano’s (and current CEO Ginni Rometty, who has hewed far more closely to Palmisano’s example than Gerstner’s) IBM a warning: culture is a curse, and for better or worse, a company can recover but never be fully cured.
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| 2024-06-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1857 |
Q:
can't seem to connect to msql, local host?
i can't seem to run this code under local host, my goal is to make a table that is supposed to show in a website but when i try to connect i get the error:
Warning: mysql_connect(): in C:\xampp\htdocs\PhpProject2\hent.php on
line 5 can not connect
my site name: http://localhost/PhpProject2/hent.php
the code:
<html>
<body>
<?php
mysql_connect('<server is here>','<my username here>','<password here>')
or die('can not connect' );
mysql_select_db('<my username here>') or die ('can not connect to <username here>');
$sql = "Select * from Customer";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
$number= mysql_num_rows($result);
for($i=0; $i < $number; $i++)
{
$table = mysql_fetch_row($result);
echo $table[0], $table[1];
echo '<br>';
}
?>
</body>
</html>
i'm using xampp and MySQL is running on port 3306:]
instead of my < username here >, < server is here >, < password here > there is real code :]
i would Appreciate any answer :]
A:
Try this:
<?php
$host = "hostname";
$user = "username";
$password = "password";
$database = "database";
$link = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $password, $database);
If (!$link){
echo ("Unable to connect to database!");
}
else {
$query = "SELECT * FROM Customer";
$result = mysqli_query($link,$query);
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result, MYSQLI_BOTH)){
echo $row['<insert column name>']. "<br>";
}
}
mysqli_close($link);
?>
I have used the MYSQL library in this code. You should check if you column in mysql is called 0 and 1. B.T.W. I am using WHILE instead of FOR loop that is just a personal preference.
| 2024-03-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1800 |
Q:
Tkinter grid can't place anywhere but dead center of screen
So I just need a photo for a background, and then a button in a certain spot.
I have the background image loading, but now when I try and place the button it will only go straight into the center of the screen. If I make the column or row anything other than 0, the button goes off the screen.
The full variable is just for if the user wants fullscreen or not, I don't want it to resize to any specific size, just full screen or half. But that's irrelevant.
from Tkinter import *
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
full= False
pilImage= Image.open("test.png")
width, height = pilImage.size
new_size = width/2, height/2
resized_image = pilImage.resize(new_size, Image.ANTIALIAS)
root = Tk()
root.resizable(False, False)
if full:
root.geometry("1920x1080")
canvas= Canvas(root, width=1920, height=1080)
background= ImageTk.PhotoImage(pilImage)
root.attributes("-fullscreen", True)
change_window_size_button= Button(root, text="Switch to windowed.", command=root.quit)
else:
root.geometry("960x540")
canvas= Canvas(root, width=960, height=540)
background= ImageTk.PhotoImage(resized_image)
change_window_size_button= Button(root, text="Switch to fullscreen.", command=root.quit)
canvas.grid(row=0)
label= Label(canvas, image=background)
label.grid(row=0)
change_window_size_button.grid(row=0, column=0)
root.mainloop()
![What it looks like]: https://ibb.co/cycTFT
EDIT:
Ok so I found out something new, the problem is that the canvas with the background image is made the default size for the cells.
So if i make it go past row and column 0, it goes off the screen into another cell.
Here's where the button goes if i make it row=0 and column=1.
![row=0 and column=1]: https://ibb.co/jWt2aT
So I need to make the cells small while maintaining the size of the image, meaning I need to somehow make that take up multiple cells. I still don't know how to do that... But progress none the less.
A:
I'm not sure if this is what you wanted specifically, but I was able to keep the button within the Tkinter window by adding
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
and then changing the grid location of the button like
change_window_size_button.grid(row=1, column=0)
this establishes a basis for which to place Widgets inside the "master grid" (root), if you will.
setting row=0 places the button back into the center.
if you mess with this a little bit, you should be able to get the button where you want it.
tkinter button below image.
edit: explanation
| 2024-04-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6434 |
ABSTRACT Background: The transgender (TG) community experience health disparities associated with individual factors, such as gender identity and expression. To date, the majority of TG health-related studies have taken a narrow view of health by focusing on mental health outcomes and cross-sex hormone therapy, and frequently conceptualized health as the absence of engagement in health-harming behaviors. For example, TG adults have an increase in overall mortality, higher levels of psychological distress, substance abuse, and a suicide attempt rate that is nearly ten times higher than the general public. In those few instances where physical health is the focus, it is often examined in relation to gender transition or HIV/AIDS. For instance, TG women of color have a 49 times higher odds of HIV infection compared to cisgender (CG) adults worldwide, and United States TG adults have over four times the national average of HIV infection. Additionally, the use of hormones is associated with an elevated risk for cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic disease, polycythemia, and an increase in insulin resistance and fasting glucose. Findings also indicate that TG adults have unfavorable risk factors and worse health than their CG peers, but this has not been examined among TG subpopulations. Methods: Data from the CDC's 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and a modified version of the social ecological model, designed to guide understanding of health and health promotion, will be used to determine the relationships among individual factors and health status for TG subpopulations. The overall goal of this secondary analysis is to increase understanding of the relationships with individual factors (personal characteristics and socioeconomic position) and health status among TG adults to inform the development of clinical interventions and changes in clinical practice and in policy. The specific aims of this study are: Aim 1: Describe and compare the personal characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, geographic classification, and sexual orientation), socioeconomic position (education, employment status, and income), and health status of three TG subpopulations (male-to-female, female-to-male, and gender nonconforming individuals) and a CG comparison group. Aim 2: Determine the relationship between individual factors (personal characteristics and socioeconomic position) and health status in three TG subpopulations and a CG comparison group. Aim 3: Evaluate differences in health status in three TG subpopulations and a CG comparison group while taking into account the influence of individual factors. Significance: Findings will inform the design of future studies by determining the importance of defining and examining TG subpopulations, identify and prioritize health-related needs, and provide the foundation to develop clinical interventions aimed at reducing the burden of illness in TG people. | 2023-09-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1445 |
Roll-to-roll redox-welding and embedding for silver nanowire network electrodes.
We developed a continuous roll-to-roll redox-welding and embedding method for the fabrication of electrodes of silver nanowire (AgNWs) networks. The roll-to-roll welding method involved a sequence of oxidation and reduction reactions in an aqueous solution. The redox-welding significantly decreased the sheet resistance of the AgNW film owing to the strong fusion and interlocking at the nanowire junction, while the optical transmittance was maintained. The first oxidation step using HNO3 generated ionized silver (Ag+) which got re-deposited onto the nanowire junctions via an autocatalytic reaction. The oxide layers, which formed on the nanowire surface by both air exposure and the first step of oxidation, were removed by the second reduction step using NaBH4. The redox-welded AgNW electrodes exhibited a sheet resistance of 11.3 Ω sq-1 at the optical transmittance of 90.5% at 550 nm. Furthermore, redox-welding of the AgNWs significantly enhanced their mechanical robustness compared to that of the as-coated AgNWs. The redox-welded AgNWs embedded in a UV curable resin, using a roll-to-roll embedding process, were successfully applied as anode electrodes for large-area and flexible organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The device performance is superior to that of a device based on the as-coated AgNW electrode, and is also comparable to that of a device using commercial ITO as the electrode. The redox-welding and embedding processes provide a facile and reliable method for fabricating large-area transparent flexible electrodes for next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. | 2023-10-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8485 |
Q:
What is the sense of Reduce part of Map-Reduce indexes?
I don't use Reduce part of my indexes. Instead of that I use Where clause for my Map index queries. What is the difference between these two approaches: to use Reduce part of the Map-Reduce index or use Where clause on Map index?
My guess, please correct me if I am wrong. In the case of Map-Reduce index your store less data as part of index so queries are more efficient. But if you need to make several queries on some document type, it could be more efficient to use one Map index (with different Where conditions) instead of several Map-Reduce indexes.
A:
Reduce is computations and aggregations. Map is selecting the data for the computations/aggregations. the where clause is typically stored with the mapping.
and just be careful you are prematurely attempting to create efficient queries. IMO it's better to have many context specific queries, than a few general purpose queries.
| 2024-01-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1339 |
Q:
Constrained combinatorial question using generating functions
Let me first give a few examples:
How many ways are there to select 25 toys from 7 types with between 2 to 6 of each type.
How many ways can we distribute 25 identical balls to 7 boxes where the first box can have at most 10 balls.
There seems to be a method to solve this sort of question using generating functions.
The set up for the second question is as follows:
$(1+t+...+t^{10})(1+t+...) = \frac{1}{(1-t)^7} - \frac{t^4}{(1-t)^7}$ and from here I get confused as to how we obtain our answer.
I would love some clarification on this concept and some help to finish the example started above!
Thank you! :)
A:
In order to obtain the coefficient it is convenient to use the coefficient of operator $[t^k]$ to denote the coefficient of $t^k$ in a series.
We consider the second example and obtain
\begin{align*}
\color{blue}{[t^{25}]}&\color{blue}{(1+t+t^2+\cdots+t^{10})(1+t+t^2+\cdots)^6}\\
&=[t^{25}]\frac{1-t^{11}}{1-t}\left(\frac{1}{1-t}\right)^6\tag{1}\\
&=\left([t^{25}]-[t^{14}]\right)\frac{1}{(1-t)^7}\tag{2}\\
&=\left([t^{25}]-[t^{14}]\right)\sum_{j=0}^\infty \binom{-7}{j}(-t)^j\tag{3}\\
&=\left([t^{25}]-[t^{14}]\right)\sum_{j=0}^\infty \binom{j+6}{6}t^j\tag{4}\\
&\,\,\color{blue}{=\binom{31}{6}-\binom{20}{6}=697\,521}\tag{5}\\
\end{align*}
in accordance with the result given by Wolfram Alpha.
Comment:
In (1) we apply the geometric series formula.
In (2) we use the linearity of the coefficient of operator and apply the rule $[t^{p-q}]A(t)=[t^p]t^qA(t)$.
In (3) we apply the binomial series formula.
In (4) we use the binomial identity $\binom{-p}{q}=\binom{p+q-1}{p-1}(-1)^q$.
In (5) we select the coefficients accordingly.
| 2024-04-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9147 |
The Montreal Real Estate “Boom” Compared To Toronto and Vancouver
Montreal real estate is the hottest in Canada when it comes to price increases. Outpacing both Toronto and Montreal, there’s speculation it’s the next Canadian bubble. Turns out if you look at the long-term trend, this is pretty normal. During the Great Recession, Montreal real estate peaked after Toronto and Vancouver began tapering. Despite this, Montreal has a long way to go to give investors the same kinds of returns.
Montreal Real Estate Is Significantly Cheaper
First, let’s take a broad look at prices. Montreal real estate prices are significantly lower than Toronto or Vancouver. The price a of a typical home in Montreal is $350,000 as of October. The price of a typical home in Toronto is $766,300, about 118% higher than it is in Montreal. In Vancouver the price of a typical home is $1,062,100, over 203% higher than Montreal. For context, Montreal has more density than Toronto, but less than Vancouver.
Montreal Real Estate Benchmark
The price of a typical home in Montreal, compared to Toronto and Vancouver. In Canadian dollars.
Source: CREA, Better Dwelling.
Montreal Real Estate Prices Don’t Grow Very Fast
Montreal real estate price growth is attracting attention since it leads the country. The price of a typical home in Montreal is 6.29% higher than the same time last year. To contrast, Toronto is “just” 2.64% higher than last year. Vancouver is at just 1.03%. Montreal is growing at twice the pace of Toronto, and six times Vancouver. That’s wacky growth.
Except Montreal has lagged Toronto and Vancouver significantly over the past few years. Montreal’s most recent peak growth was in June 2010, when the annual growth rate hit 8.89%. To contrast, Toronto’s peak was 31.43% in April of 2017. Vancouver reached an even higher 32.61% peak annual growth, reached in July 2016. Montreal might be higher today, but it’s trailing recent peaks… by a lot.
Montreal Real Estate Price Change
The annual percent change for the price of a typical home in Montreal, compared to Toronto and Vancouver.
Source: CREA, Better Dwelling.
Montreal real estate also trails Toronto and Vancouver over the long-term. Montreal prices have gained 41.19% over the past 10 years. Meanwhile, Vancouver is up 96.98% and Toronto is up 113.34% during the same period. In order for prices to catch up, Montreal prices would need to double from here. That assumes flat prices in Toronto and Vancouver.
The takeaway? Montreal real estate prices are cheaper, grow slower, and underperform Toronto and Vancouver. Montreal is home to some of the cheapest real estate in the whole country, despite being a large city. The faster than normal growth observed now is more likely a game of catch up, than a new bubble market. | 2024-01-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2156 |
Factors regulating the expression of the neutral glycolipids in the mouse small intestinal mucosa.
GDP-fucose:asialo GM1 alpha(1-2)fucosyltransferase (FT) is induced in the small intestinal mucosa after microbial contamination of germ-free mice (Umesaki, Y., Sakata, T. and Yajima, T. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 439-443). As a result, asialo GM1 glycolipid, a major component of the epithelial cell membrane, drastically converted into fucosyl asialo GM1. There were many other examples in which FT was induced. One was the weaning period for conventional mice. Others included injuries of the small intestine by punctures or administration of cytosine arabinoside, and the injection of protein synthesis inhibitors, such as cycloheximide or emetine, or the soluble fraction of the small intestinal homogenate (SISF). The induction of FT was more rapid after injection of cycloheximide or SISF than after injury, mechanical puncturing or after administration of cytosine arabinoside. The changes in the neutral glycolipids of the small intestine by injection of cycloheximide or SISF were analyzed in detail. FT activity started to increase after approx. 5 h and reached the maximum 10-12 h after injection of cycloheximide or SISF, and rapidly declined thereafter. The conversion of asialo GM1 into fucosyl asialo GM1 started after about 10 h and reached the maximal value 24 h after the treatment. Fucosyl asialo GM1 persisted for a few days, although the FT activity fell to near the basal level. On the other hand, the amount of glucosyl ceramide was constant after these treatments. There was little difference in the time-courses of both the FT activity and the glycolipid conversion between these treatments. In the case of co-injection of cycloheximide and SISF, the effect of both materials on FT activity induction was synergistic. The distribution of FT activity and immunohistochemical staining using anti-fucosyl asialo GM1 antibody along the crypt-villus axis showed a stronger expression of fucosyl asialo GM1 in villus portion, the post-mitotic cell zone, than in the crypt portion. Asialo GM1 was converted into fucosyl asialo GM1 after the induction of FT by the various treatments mentioned above. Especially the effects of cycloheximide and/or SISF on FT induction suggest at least the presence of a regulatory protein(s) which controls the glycolipid expression in the small intestine. | 2023-11-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4499 |
Year 12 students considering further studies and a career in STEM subjects are being offered the opportunity of working alongside professional scientists and engineers to solve real-life problems in industry.
The Engineering Education Scheme (EES) is a six-month Engineering Development Trust (EDT) programme that links teams of four-to-six year 12 students and their teachers with local companies, where they work on real scientific or engineering projects.
A professional engineer from the company works with the students and their teacher on a real industrial problem to which the company needs a solution.
During the six months, students are encouraged to show industrial enterprise, creativity and innovation while gaining experience of problem-solving, team-work and project management.
In the South East, EES is co-ordinated by STEM Sussex, the STEM outreach department of the University of Brighton, who organise a two-day residential workshop at the university as part of the six-month programme.
There is also a celebration and assessment day for participating students, teachers and companies.
Rachel Day, project co-ordinator for the EES in Sussex, said: “The students gain important project management, report-writing, communication and team-work skills, as well as enhancing their classroom learning, by working on some advanced physics or engineering.”
Across England and Scotland between 1,300 and 1,400 students take part in EES every year. Almost 90 per cent go on to study for engineering or associated science or technical degrees, and it is estimated that projects have saved companies hundreds of thousands of pounds.
Amanda Jayne, a teacher at Hurstpierpoint College in West Sussex, added: “Students gain confidence in presenting, but more importantly, the first-hand experience of engineering is most valuable. Most of the students who’ve been on the EES programme have gone on to secure offers of an engineering degree course.”
In the South East, the latest two-day residential workshop at the University of Brighton was held in December. Among those taking part in the programme were Ifield Community College in West Sussex, who worked with engineers from Gatwick Airport and, Oriel High School, who did projects with L3 Link and Schneider, and Trinity School in Croydon, who worked with Cory Energy. | 2024-05-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8812 |
Dempsey suspended two games for violent conduct
NEW YORK -- New England Revolution midfielder Clint Dempsey
was suspended two games and fined $1,000 for violent conduct in the
Revolution's 0-0 tie with the Kansas City Wizards a week ago.
On Aug. 9, Dempsey and Wizards defender Jimmy Conrad jumped for
a head ball in midfield and Dempsey's elbow struck Conrad in the
face.
Dempsey's suspension means he will miss games against the
Chicago Fire at home on Sunday and the Columbus Crew at home a week
later.
Last month, the league suspended Dempsey for one game for a
"violent incident" against Chicago Fire defender Gonzalo Segares
during a match. He also was fined $750.
In March, Dempsey served a two-week suspension issued by the
Revolution after fighting with a teammate during a preseason
practice. | 2024-07-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8619 |
"I am thinking of bringing my medals here.” Sitting at Arsenal’s Emirates Stadium, Mo Farah, 28, isn’t just making fun of his beloved team’s recent lack of silverware; it’s the realisation of his own startling transformation. And with London 2012 now in his sights, ShortList discovered the secrets of his success.
How did you keep yourself motivated during the years you weren’t winning?
Ambition. Once I experienced winning a European Championship and being on the podium — that euphoria — I pushed myself harder to win the World Championship. The only pressure should be what you put on yourself.
What’s the toughest thing about your training?
My family and I now live in Portland, Oregon, close to Nike’s headquarters, where I train. But often I’ll spend a week in the mountains for high-altitude training. Not seeing my family is hard, but I’ve got to keep focused.
How advanced is Nike HQ?
I have a great team who make the most of all advancements. If I’m a few seconds off the time I need to be running, they’ll run blood tests, which could show it’s a virus that’s slowed me down, or whether I’m overtraining.
What’s your most hi-tech piece of training equipment?
My underwater treadmill. It’s exactly the same as a normal one, except that you put it into a swimming pool. It takes the pressure off your legs, helps you recover, and you can run more miles without getting hurt.
You have a big machine with you — what is it?
Whenever I’m somewhere that’s at sea level, like here in London, I’ll sleep in a high-altitude tent, and this box is what makes the air high-altitude. The only problem is that it’s really heavy and we have to carry it everywhere.
Tell us about your nutrition regime — what do you eat a lot of?
Bananas are good, or anything with good protein or good carbs. I count my five-a-day as a must. But I’ve got such a sweet tooth that if you put candy in front of me and I’ll eat it.
What’s your poison — Skittles?
[Laughs] I love Skittles. Especially as I’m based in America where you can get wild berry flavour. They taste good. I bought a massive bag of them from a wholesaler near my training camp and I didn’t take it to my room in case I finished them all. Instead, I put them in the car, so every morning before I went on a run I’d dip my hand into the window and grab a few.
What’s your ultimate iPod training song?
I like 2Pac’s Keep Ya Head Up. I like listening to Jay-Z as well.
Were you always a good trainer or did you have to work at it?
I had to work at it. I still do. I made a lot of changes in 2005. I used to think it was OK to train and then go out with my friends and live a normal life, but I realised that I couldn’t if I wanted to be a top athlete.
Do you follow the same training plan most days?
We mix it up. My team has session plans that change day to day, plus I have different coaches for different aspects of fitness. It’s important not to do too many different aspects daily, as I don’t want to suffer burnout.
What part of your body suffers the most?
The legs, and not even a specific part — everywhere. When you do it week in, week out, it can hurt. I have massages with a physio called Gerard Hartmann, who’s one of the world’s best. And it hurts. Man, you would pay him to let you off the table.
We heard you recently trained with Arsenal FC…
I was lucky enough to be invited to watch them train, and Arsene Wenger asked if I’d like to run out with them on the training pitch, which was one of the best days of my life. I didn’t take part in a physical game in case I got injured, but I passed the ball around a bit — my passing was awful.
Did you race Theo Walcott?
No, but I think we should do it for charity. [Speaks to his agent] What do you think? 200m? [Agent: “He ran 100m in 10.8 secs”]. Seriously? OK then, we’ll do 400m.
Mo’s killer training tip
Drink immediately before or after a 5k or 10k run, but not during it. Running with a bottle puts more pressure on whatever side of your body it’s weighing down, and running well is all about balance.
For more killer training tips head here.
(Image: Getty) | 2023-11-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9096 |
Punch biopsy for diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions.
Melanoma is a potentially fatal cancer with a relatively high incidence, but it can be cured if the lesions are removed at an early stage. Punch biopsy is a cosmetically acceptable, rapid method for removing small pigmented lesions to allow definitive pathologic diagnosis. The technique, which usually requires only a small amount of local anesthetic and no sutures, can be performed by a busy physician at the time the suspicious lesion is discovered. | 2024-03-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7367 |
The Amiga Graphics Archive
Launched in 1985 the Commodore Amiga boasted graphics capabilities that were unsurpassed for it's time.
It featured an intricate collection of custom chips that enabled it to do things that, until then, had been impossible to achieve with other personal computers.
This site is dedicated to graphics made with or for the Commodore Amiga home computer. | 2024-03-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3837 |
Kokomo, Indiana
Kokomo () is a city in Indiana and the county seat of Howard County, Indiana, United States. It is the principal city of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Howard County, the Kokomo-Peru CSA, which includes Howard and Miami counties, as well as the North Central Indiana region compromising of 6 counties anchored by the city of Kokomo. Kokomo's population was 45,468 at the 2010 census but after multiple rounds of successful annexation along with regular population growth the city had grown to approximately 58,000 by 2018 marking it as Indiana's 8th-largest city outside the Indianapolis MSA and the Chicago MSA.
Named for the Miami Ma-Ko-Ko-Mo who was called "Chief Kokomo", Kokomo first benefited from the legal business associated with being the county seat. Before the Civil War, it was connected with Indianapolis and then the Eastern cities by railroad, which resulted in sustained growth. Substantial growth came after the discovery of large natural gas reserves, which produced an economic boom in the mid-1880s. Among the businesses which the boom attracted was the fledgling automobile industry. A significant number of technical and engineering innovations were developed in Kokomo, particularly in automobile production, and, as a result, Kokomo became known as the "City of Firsts." A substantial portion of Kokomo's employment still depends on the automobile industry.
History
Historic Buildings in Kokomo, Indiana
The following is a list of all the buildings in Kokomo, Indiana, that are listed in the National Register of Historic Places:
Elwood Haynes House
Kokomo City Building
Kokomo Country Club Golf Course
Kokomo Courthouse Square Historic District
Kokomo High School and Memorial Gymnasium
Lake Erie and Western Depot Historic District
Learner Building
Old Silk Stocking Historic District
Seiberling Mansion
Early history and incorporation
The settler tradition says Kokomo was named for Kokomoko or Ma-Ko-Ko-Mo (meaning "black walnut"), shortened to Kokomo, said to have been one of the four sons of Chief Richardville last of the chiefs of the Miami people. Folklore holds that he was tall and falsely gives him the title of "chief." David Foster, known as the "Father of Kokomo," claimed that he named the town Kokomo after the "ornriest Indian on earth" because Kokomo was "the ornriest town on earth." Kokomo is thought to have been born in 1775 and died in 1838. The only documentary proof of his existence is a trading post record of a purchase of a barrel of flour for $12 for his "squaw." His remains (with those of others) were reportedly discovered during the construction of a saw mill in 1848 and re-interred in the "north-east corner" of the Pioneer Cemetery. The tradition of the Peru Miami is that the town was named after a Thorntown Miami named Ko-kah-mah, whose name is rendered Co-come-wah in the Treaty at the Forks of the Wabash in 1834. That name was translated as "the diver" (an animal that could swim under water).
As a result of various removals, by 1840 the Miami population in Howard County (until 1846 known as Richardville County) was reduced to about 200. The principal settlement was the Village of Kokomo, on the south side of Wildcat Creek. Indian paths connected Kokomo with Frankfort and Thorntown (along the Wildcat) and led to Peru by way of Cassville, and to Meshingomesia by way of Greentown. At the time David Foster had a trading post in Howard County, near the intersection of the reservation boundary line and Wildcat pike, where he engaged in both legitimate trade and illegal sale of alcohol to the Miamis on government property.
Shortly after Richardville County was organized in 1844 the commissioners appointed to establish the county seat approached Foster for a donation from his substantial holdings. (In 1846 tax records show that he owned of farmland and as well as 67 divided lots in the business district.) At the time of the request the only improvements in what is now Kokomo were Foster's log house and log barn and several Miami huts. The commissioners sought a donation of the more fertile lands south of Wildcat Creek, but Foster refused, donating instead north of the creek—land which was thickly forested and "swampy." The terms of the donation required that Foster build a courthouse on the land, but he was later excused and Rufus L. Blowers was promised $28 to build it. He was penalized $2 for construction delays. The log courthouse was completed in 1845.
In June 1855 Henry A. Brouse petitioned the board of Howard county commissioners to incorporate the town of Kokomo. The original election was not held (for unspecified reasons), but another took place on October 1, 1855. After a vote of 62–3 in favor of incorporation, the board so ordered it.
On March 31, 1865, an election was held for Kokomo to assume a city government. The resolution was passed, and Nelson Purdum was elected the first mayor.
Early growth
In anticipation of business that the court would bring, Kokomo began a fairly quick growth from the time that lots were first sold on October 18, 1844. David Foster was granted the first license to sell merchandise in Kokomo at the December 1844 commissioners meeting. Two more merchants were licensed in March 1845. John Bohan, who would become a major shop owner, merchant, justice of the peace and investor, moved to Kokomo in December 1844, and erected the first two story frame house, not only in Kokomo, but in all the county.
After the enactment of the 1846 pre-emption law, settlers rapidly attempted to secure homesteads in the surrounding lands.
In 1848 Stonebreaker's Mill, west of Kokomo, began operations. By 1850 Kokomo had a newspaper, when James Beard purchased the printing equipment of the New London Pioneer and set up the Howard Tribune. By 1851 county business was so brisk that the county ordered the construction of two more court buildings, both one story brick affairs, . The county auditor and treasurer occupied one building, and the clerk and recorder occupied the other.
On April 1, 1854, Kokomo's first bank, the Indian Reserve Bank, was organized with David Foster, John Bohan and Harless Ashly the principal shareholders. (It only lasted a few years until a robbery impaired its capital. The loss substantially injured Foster's fortune.)
Railroads
1854 saw the first railroad stop at Kokomo. The New London Pioneer had long advocated for a rail line to connect Kokomo with Indianapolis. Colonel C.D. Murray was the agent at Kokomo for stock subscriptions in support of the railroad. In 1852 the construction of the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad commenced. In Kokomo Samuel C. Mills and Dr. Corydon Richmond, commercial competitors of David Foster, donated several lots to the railroad in order to secure the location of the rail depot near their commercial property. The route was laid along Buckeye Street at the insistence of the merchants who hoped to reduced drayage expenses. Samuel Mills built a large frame structure at the Howard flouring mills, which served as a warehouse for the company's freight and a passenger depot. For some time after 1854 Kokomo was the terminus of the line, but eventually the line was extended to Peru and then to Michigan City.
A short time after the construction of the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad began, the Pennsylvania Railroad announced that one of its lines would pass through Kokomo. By 1853 a line was commenced between Kokomo and Logansport (which was intended to become the hub of a network of lines for the company). Railroad service was inaugurated on that line on July 4, 1855.
The most important rail line for Kokomo became the standard-gauge Clover Leaf line. This railroad would eventually link Kokomo with both the West Coast and the Eastern Seaboard. It began as a short line linking Frankfort and Kokomo, the Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad. Henry Y. Morrison of Frankfort was the principal promoter, and A.Y. Comstock acted for him in Kokomo. A failure of the proposed subsidy caused the promoters to turn all assets over to the contractors, who promised to complete the line. Construction began in 1873 and was completed the following year. Limited freight between the two cities made the line unprofitable. After a series of acquisitions by other railroads, the line became part of the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad. A line connecting it to the east reached Kokomo on January 1, 1881.
Mayor Cole
In 1881, one of the most remarkable and controversial events in Kokomo's history took place. Mayor Henry C. Cole was shot to death by a sheriff's posse. Dr. Cole had a curious history and had stirred up a great deal of passion in the previous fifteen years. He was reputed to have been a gifted surgeon, who served in the Union Army during the Civil War and when afterwards he settled in Kokomo, he became a prominent physician. In Kokomo he married a woman, Natalie Cole, of whom he became intensely jealous. He became suspicious of one Allen, whom he warned away from Kokomo. When he discovered Allen leaving the post office one day in October 1866, he shot him dead. The fact that the killing both took place in broad daylight and showed cold-blooded rage (Cole continued shooting after Allen was down) caused the crime to receive national attention. Cole's case was venued to Tipton County, where he retained Daniel W. Voorhees of Terre Haute to represent him. Voorhees obtained a not guilty verdict on a plea of emotional insanity. Cole divorced his wife thereafter.
Cole's reputation for violent instability, and the cowardice in the way he killed Allen, created many enemies for him, but his generosity toward poor patients and a promise to "clean up" the town won him enough support to win a bitter election for Mayor in 1881. Shortly thereafter, on September 19, 1881, he was shot dead by a sheriff's posse at Old Spring Mills at West Jefferson Street. According to the coroner's inquest, he died from shotgun wounds inflicted by Deputy George Bennett (father of New York stage idol Richard Bennett). The sheriff claimed that an informant had advised him that Cole was planning to rob a flour mill, possibly to incriminate his enemies. The posse was forced to fire on Cole in self-defense (the sheriff claimed he had two revolvers) and to prevent his escape, although his injuries seemed inconsistent with that version. Cole's supporter's argued that no revolvers or burglary tools were produced and that the motive was implausible. Nevertheless, no action was taken against Bennett or the other members of the posse.
Natural gas boom
Natural gas had been developed in Pennsylvania and Canada for some time, and had most recently been developed around Findlay, Ohio. In March 1886, a group of citizens, led principally by A.Y. Comstock (who had promoted the Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad) and D.C. Spraker (later President of Kokomo Rubber Company), circulated a memorandum seeking subscribers (at $100 each) for the purpose of boring for gas at a distance of at least below ground. It took until September to obtain the necessary 22 subscribers. The first rig was built south of Wildcat Creek. and on October 6, 1886, natural gas erupted forth and the well was capped.
Together with the well in Eaton, which began producing slightly before Kokomo's, the discovery led to the Indiana Gas Boom. This discovery was directly responsible for Elwood Haynes' move to Kokomo, as a superintendent with a gas company with interests in Kokomo and Howard County. The Diamond Plate Glass Company (now part of PPG Industries) began in Kokomo in 1887, lured by the cheap and plentiful natural gas. The Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works started making stained glass in Kokomo in 1888 and has been in continuous operation ever since.
"City of Firsts"
As a result of the natural gas boom, Kokomo attracted an increasing number of industries, which resulted in significant technological innovations. For these industrial and technical achievements, Kokomo is officially known as the "City of Firsts." Among other achievements, Kokomo was a pioneer of the United States automobile manufacturing, with Elwood Haynes test-driving his early internal combustion engine auto there on July 4, 1894. Haynes and his associates built a number of other autos over the next few years; the Haynes-Apperson Automobile Company for mass-production of commercial autos was established in Kokomo in 1898. Haynes went on to invent Stainless Steel flatware in 1912 to give his wife tarnish-free dinnerware. In 1938, the Delco Radio Division of General Motors (now Aptiv) developed the first push button car radio.
Kokomo serves as the "City of Firsts" in the food industry as well. In 1928 Walter Kemp, Kemp Brothers Canning Co. developed the first canned tomato juice because of a request by a physician in search for baby food for his clinic. Kokomo is also home to the first mechanical corn picker which was developed by John Powell in the early 1920s. Kokomo was home to the first Ponderosa Steakhouse, which opened in 1965. Kokomo opened the first McDonald's with a diner inside, locally called "McDiner." This McDonald's theme failed nationally. Eventually, the "McDiner" closed and was converted back to a regular McDonald's restaurant.
The following inventions are associated with Kokomo:
1894 – Elwood Haynes makes the first successful trial run of his "horseless carriage" on Pumpkinvine Pike, which is now Boulevard east of Indiana 931 (formerly U.S.31.)
1894 – The first pneumatic rubber tire in the US was created by D.C. Spraker at the Kokomo Rubber Tire Company.
1895 – The first aluminum casting was developed by William "Billy" Johnson from the Ford and Donnelly Foundry.
1902 – Kingston carburetor developed by George Kingston.
1906 – The first Stellite cobalt-base alloy was discovered by Elwood Haynes.
1912 – Stainless steel tableware was invented by Elwood Haynes as a response to his wife's desire for tableware that wouldn't tarnish.
1918 – The Howitzer shell, used in World War I, was created by the Superior Machine Tool Company.
1918 – The first aerial bomb with fins was produced by the Liberty Pressed Metal Company.
1920 – The mechanical corn picker was created by John Powell.
1923 – William Swern Sr. developed the first tire-building machine for mass production of auto tires
1928 – The first canned tomato juice was created by Walter Kemp from Kemp Brothers Canning Company in response to a physician's need for baby food.
1938 – The first push-button car radio was created at Delco Radio Division of General Motors Corporation.
1941 – Globe American Stove Company manufactured the first all-metal life boats and rafts, known as Kokomo Kids in the US Navy.
1947 – The first signal-seeking car radio was created by the Delco Radio Division of General Motors.
1956 – Delco Radio Division of General Motors produced a transistorized signal-seeking car (hybrid) radio, which used both vacuum tubes and transistors in its radio's circuitry. This transistorized car radio was available as an option on the 1956 Chevrolet Corvette car models.
1957 – Delco Radio Division of General Motors produced an all-transistor car radio, as standard equipment for the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham car model.
1913 Flood
On March 21–26, 1913 Kokomo suffered severe flooding when of rainfall occurred. The Kokomo Tribune reported at the time that the Wildcat Creek over-topped its levee to reach nearly wide after rising at a rate of per hour. Damage was widespread, including loss of electrical power due to the power plant being flooded. On March 26, flooding was declared over after the water level dropped in a 24-hour period.<ref>"The Great Flood of 1913" The Kokomo Tribune, March 25, 2013</ref>
Ku Klux Klan
In the summer of 1923, record numbers attended rallies of the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana. On June 16, 1923, a crowd of 75,000 attended a Klan rally in Terre Haute. On June 21 Argos held the largest rally it had ever seen. On June 26 a large Klan rally was held in Alexandria. All of this was merely a prelude to the rally planned for Kokomo. Conceived as a "monster tristate conclave," it was intended to charter 93 Indiana klans representing more than 300,000 members. Some doubted the prospect of 200,000 attendees, claiming it would be "without parallel in history"; others predicted attendance of 300,000. Extensive preparations for that number were made, including the scheduling of 1,000 interurban cars from around Indiana to Kokomo. The Union Traction Company, in addition to supplying 50 cars, transported three cars of white horses to Kokomo for the parade. The Kokomo Klan rented the fields surrounding its own large lot for parking, and electric amplifiers were obtained to allow the large crowd to hear the speeches.
According to historian Robert Coughland, "literally half" of Kokomo residents were members of the Ku Klux Klan during its height in the 1920s and 1930s. On July 4, 1923, Kokomo achieved national notoriety when it hosted the largest Ku Klux Klan gathering in history. An estimated 200,000 Klan members and supporters gathered in Malfalfa Park for a massive Konklave in which D. C. Stephenson was elevated to the position of Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan. Other estimates say the crowd was only 10,000. A huge flag was used that day to collect a reported $50,000 for construction of a local "Klan hospital" so that Klan members would not have to be treated at the only local hospital, which was Catholic. Both men's and women's Klans held weekly rallies and initiations in Malfalfa Park, and Kokomo's Klanswomen held meetings at the armory, the local headquarters of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan, and churches. A speech at a Baptist church was attended by 1,000 Klanswomen.
The Kokomo rally sent shockwaves through the national GOP, which had come to believe that the re-election of President Warren G. Harding depended on the vote of Indiana. According to the Washington correspondent of the New York World, Republicans feared that the Klan had "virtually swallowed" the Indiana Republican Party. Since the Republicans held only a 25,000 vote plurality in the state, any serious defection of African-Americans would tip the state to the Democrats. In the event, Harding died within a month and Republican Calvin Coolidge succeeded him with a substantial electoral majority (including Indiana) against a divided opposition. The Klan, however, continued to dominate state politics especially after the election of Edward L. Jackson as governor.
1965 tornado
On April 11, 1965 the southern part of Kokomo was struck by one of the 47 tornadoes that erupted over six Midwestern states, an event now known as the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak. The F4 tornado that swept through Kokomo was wide and killed 25 people in the surrounding area. Significant damage was done to the Chrysler transmission plant. Windows were broken and the framework cracked throughout, and sections of the west wall were leveled. The Maple Crest elementary and junior high schools suffered extensive damage. The roof collapsed on the junior high school, and the framework of both schools was substantially wrecked. The Maple Crest Shell Station at the intersection of Lincoln and Washington was torn from its foundation and scattered about. Mills Drug Store at the same intersection was demolished. A house on Holly Lane was uprooted, and one on James Drive was demolished. The Maple Crest Shopping Center was extensively damaged, with Woolworth's suffering the most damage. The front and back of the one-story structure were caved in and merchandise was strewn about. Numerous homes in the Maple Crest area were flattened, and the top floor of the Maple Crest apartments was blown off. The only thing left standing on the nearby Church of the Brethren was the steeple. The force of the wind on the flat earth near Kokomo was so great that Ted Fujita was able to make aerial photographs of the spiral scoring on the ground.
Ryan White
Kokomo served to symbolize the nation's early misunderstanding and ignorance of AIDS in the mid-to-late 1980s when Ryan White was expelled from school due to his illness. White was a teenage hemophiliac who had been infected with HIV through contaminated blood products (Factor 8). At the time blood products were often collected through state prison systems. Factor 8 was made from pooled plasma of thousands of donors. Later the plasma was screened for HIV and Hepatitis and heat treated to inactive HIV and Hepatitis. The teen had been attending Western Middle School (which is actually in Russiaville) but was ostracized by his classmates, and forced to eat lunch alone and use a separate restroom. Many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied in support of banning White from attending the school. A lengthy administrative appeal process with the school system ensued, followed by death threats and violence against White and his family, including a bullet being fired through the window of their Kokomo home. Media coverage of the case made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education. In 1987, the White family left Kokomo for Cicero, Indiana. Ryan attended Hamilton Heights High School in nearby Arcadia, where he was welcomed by faculty and students.
Gas tower
The Kokomo Gas Tower had been a symbol of Kokomo since it was constructed in 1954. The tower was tall and had a capacity of . Due to high maintenance costs of $75,000 a year, and up to $1,000,000 to paint it, the gas company decided to demolish it in 2003. Other ideas were reviewed before settling on this decision, including a plan to turn the tower into a giant Coca-Cola advertisement. On September 7, 2003, at approximately 7:30 a.m., the Gas Tower was demolished by Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI). Pieces of the tower were sold to the public for $20–30, and proceeds went to a planned Kokomo technology incubation center and Bona Vista.
2016 Tornado
On August 24, 2016 a strong EF3 tornado caused major damage in the southern part of Kokomo. 1,000 homes were damaged, 170 of which sustained major damage. 80 of these homes were destroyed, some sustaining loss of roofs and exterior walls. Many large trees and power poles were snapped along the path, and the Park Place Apartments were heavily damaged as well. Vehicles were also damaged, including a large truck that was moved 10 feet from the driveway of a house and flipped over. A Starbucks was completely destroyed, and several people were left trapped inside the still standing bathroom and had to be rescued. Many sheds and detached garages were destroyed as well, and a receipt from Kokomo was found 30 miles away in Marion. The storm followed a path very close to that of another tornado which hit on November 17, 2013. Scientists have noticed that nearly every tornado in Kokomo has struck the southern part of the city.
Geography and climate
According to the 2010 census, Kokomo has a total area of , of which (or 99.68%) is land and (or 0.32%) is water.
Kokomo has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa).
Notable tornadoes
Kokomo has been struck by 18 tornadoes between 1950 and 2015, some of which were strong enough to claim lives.
On March 6, 1961, two F3 tornadoes struck the southern part of Kokomo, killing one person and injuring three others.
On April 11, 1965 an F4 tornado tore through portions of Russiaville, Alto, southern Kokomo, and Greentown killing 25 people and injuring hundreds of more.
On April 20, 2004 Two tornadoes struck the Northern part of Kokomo. The first tornado was rated F0 and caused little damage to homes and trees. The second tornado was rated F1 and caused a roof to collapse at the local skating rink, and damaged three other homes and a truck stop. Both tornadoes caused 1 injury and no fatalities. This was the first time ever a tornado has struck the Northern part of Kokomo.
On November 17, 2013 two EF2 tornadoes tore through the southern part of Kokomo. The first tornado Damaged over 300 homes/businesses. The second tornado touched down briefly and caused damage to the local golf course and other businesses. In all, The two tornadoes caused 0 fatalities and only five injuries.
On August 24, 2016 an EF3 tornado caused significant damage to the Southern part of Kokomo damaging over 1,000 homes and businesses. 80 of these homes were destroyed, 176 had their walls blown in and roofs torn off, and over 700 were damaged badly. No fatal injuries were recorded during this tornado.
Environmental problems
Continental Steel Corporation
From 1914 through 1986, the Continental Steel Corporation facility produced nails, wire and wire fence from scrap steel on a facility in Kokomo. Manufacturing operations in the steel plant and on other portions of the property included the use, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials. Steel-making operations had included reheating, casting rolling, drawing, pickling, galvanizing, tinning and tempering.
After the company filed for bankruptcy in 1986, EPA and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management investigated the plant and property and found soil, sediments, surface water and ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (PCBs) and several metals, including lead, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium. Lead contamination was also detected in soils on nearby residential properties.
The site was proposed to the National Priorities List as a Superfund site in 1988 and formally added in 1989.
In April 2009, EPA received almost $6 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to complete needed cleanup at two problems at the Continental Steel Superfund site: the former Slag Processing Area and the site's contaminated ground water. The ARRA funding helped accelerate the cleanup of hazardous waste on the site. In the process, total of 15 Indiana contractors or subcontractors were involved in the ARRA-funded work, creating at least 45 temporary jobs.
In August 2010, using the ARRA funds, EPA completed the cleanup of the former slag processing area of the Superfund Site. Approximately of slag were moved to the site's acid lagoon area for use as fill on that portion of the site. of clean soil were used to cap the former slag processing area, leaving it suitable for potential redevelopment. ARRA funds were also used to address contaminated groundwater at the site. This work included extensive groundwater sampling to determine the contaminated plume area and installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells. Three wind turbines will be used to generate much of the power needed to operate the groundwater extraction system.
Site cleanup was completed in August 2011.
In 2016 the former site was approved as the location of a Solar farm with installation of panels beginning in August 2016. The estimated cost of the project is $10M.
The solar energy park began operating on December 29, 2016.
Groundwater contamination
In 1995 the Indiana American Water treatment facility found groundwater beneath the city contaminated with trace amounts of vinyl chloride. In 2007, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management found groundwater at four municipal wells containing vinyl chloride at levels exceeding the EPA maximum contaminant level in raw water.
In 2011, it found one of the monitoring wells, not owned or used by Indiana American Water, had amounts of vinyl chloride that were more than 2,500 times the maximum level for drinking water. IDEM has identified fourteen facilities that handle chlorinated solvents and could be sources to the contamination plume. Some of these potential sources are currently being managed under other authorities but there is no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume. Water from several well fields in Kokomo are blended and treated prior to distribution. A water treatment system has been successfully removing the vinyl chloride from the finished drinking water, but this is not a permanent solution to address the contaminated ground water plume.
The site was proposed to the National Priorities List and added to the Superfund in March 2015. No cleanup plan is yet in effect.
Neighborhoods
These are neighborhoods in Kokomo according to the city transportation map:
Wynterbrook
Demographics
Kokomo is the larger principal city of the Kokomo-Peru CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Kokomo metropolitan area (Howard and Tipton counties) and the Peru micropolitan area (Miami County),MICROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENTS , Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008-08-01.. The three counties had a total population of 133,061 in 2018, however the Kokomo-Peru CSA listed population of 117,933 suggest that Tipton County was dropped from the Kokomo MSA by the US Census Bureau.
As of 2000 the median income for households in the city was $36,258, and the median income for a family was $45,353. Males had a median income of $38,420 versus $24,868 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,083. About 9.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 45,468 people, 19,848 households, and 11,667 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 23,010 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 10.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.
There were 19,848 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.2% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90.
The median age in the city was 38.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.
Economy
Kokomo's employment, largely based in manufacturing, was hard hit by the economic downturn which led to the recession beginning in December 2007. In December 2008, Kokomo was ranked third by Forbes in its list of America's fastest dying towns, mainly as a result of the financial difficulties of the automotive industry.
In May 2011, Forbes magazine listed Kokomo as one of the "Best Cities for Jobs" after the city ascended 177 places in the rankings. The same article described Kokomo's success in the past few years as "inspirational" and attributed the turnaround to "a revival in manufacturing." In June 2011, Conexus released a report touting Kokomo's "rapid bounce" after the recession, and predicted a rise in income of more than 2%, assuming increased automobile production.
By May 2013 Kokomo's unemployment rate was 9%, representing a 1.4% decrease in non-farm employment, it was higher than the national rate of 7.6%. The May 2013 statistics reported a 6.9% decline in manufacturing jobs over the previous 12 months. Government employment was 18.7% below the previous year.
Major employers are
FCA US LLC
Kokomo Transmission Plant (3,583 employees)
Kokomo Casting Plant (1,281 employees)
Indiana Transmission Plant I and II (2,439 employees)
Aptiv
Delphi Technologies
GM Components Holdings LLC
Haynes International
Holder Mattress
Syndicate Sales, Inc.
Coca-Cola bottling plant
Bona Vista (charity)
Government
Kokomo's current mayor is Republican Tyler Moore, elected in November 2019. The previous mayor was Democrat Greg Goodnight (2008–2019) The two previous mayors before Goodnight were Matt McKillip (2004–2008) and Jim Trobaugh, both Republicans.
The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The city council is known as the Common Council. It consists of nine members. Six members are elected from individual districts. The other three are elected at-large.
Media
Newspapers
Kokomo Tribune, daily morning newspaper owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. (CNHI).
Kokomo Perspective, a locally owned weekly newspaper delivered every Tuesday or Wednesday.
The Correspondent, The Student Voice of Indiana University Kokomo and Purdue College of Technology at Kokomo
Television
WTTK, CBS affiliate, channel 29 (satellite of Bloomington-licensed WTTV); transmits from Indianapolis's north side
KGOV, Kokomo government access channel, channel 2
Radio
WFIU-FM, Jazz, Classical, NPR – 106.1 FM
WFRN-FM, Christian Radio – 93.7 FM
WIOU-AM, Talk, News and Sports – 1350 AM
WIWC-FM, Christian Radio – 91.7 FM
WMYK-FM, Rock – 98.5 FM
WSHW-FM, Contemporary Hit Radio (Top 40) – 99.7 FM
WTSX-FM, Hip-Hop, Gospel, Soul, Rock-n-Roll, EDM & Top 40 - 104.9 FM
WWKI-FM, Hit Country – 100.5 FM
WJJD-LP, Christian Radio, Radio 74 – 101.3 FM
WZWZ-FM, Bright Adult Contemporary – 92.5 FM
Education
Colleges and universities
Howard College - 1863-1872
Indiana University Kokomo (IUK)
Indiana Wesleyan University – Kokomo Campus
Ivy Tech Community College
Purdue University College of Technology at Kokomo
Public school districts
Kokomo-Center Township Consolidated School Corporation (K-12, most neighborhoods inside city limits) Kokomo High School (NCC)
Northwestern School Corporation (K–12, northern part of the town) (MIC)
Taylor Community School Corporation (K-12, Indian Heights neighborhood) (MIC)
Western School Corporation (K-12, Pine Valley/Jackson Morrow Park area) (MIC)
Private schools
Acacia Academy (K-8)
Agape Garden Montessori School
Children's Christian Academy
Christian Heritage Academy
F.D. Reese Christian Academy (K-3)
Redeemer Lutheran School (K-8)
Sts. Joan of Arc and St. Patrick Catholic School (K-8)
Temple Christian School (K-12)
Victory Christian Academy (K-12)
Public library
The city has a lending library, the Kokomo-Howard County Public Library.
Culture
Howard County Historical Society
The Howard County Historical Society occupies the Seiberling Mansion and the Elliot House, and their carriage houses. The Seiberling Mansion was built as the residence of Monroe Seiberling, one of Kokomo's richest citizens. Because of its architectural significance, the building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972. The Elliot House was also built as a residence; it was later adapted for use as office space. These buildings are in the Old Silk Stocking Neighborhood, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, the only neighborhood in the county to be so recognized.
Parks and recreation
Chief Ma-Ko-Ko-Mo Burial and Monument, east of downtown Kokomo
Elwood Haynes Museum, located next to Highland Park
Foster Park
Kokomo Country Club, golf club
Festivals
Haynes-Apperson Festival, Independence Day weekend
WeberFest, Foster Park
Kokomo Con, October, Kokomo Event Center.
Sports teams
Former teams
Indiana Mustangs, Mid Continental Football League (1991–2009), Mid States Football League (2010-2013)
Kokomo Dodgers, Midwest League (1955–1961)
Kokomo CFD Saints, semi-pro baseball (1989–2002)
Kokomo CFD Knights, semi-pro baseball (2006–2007)
Kokomo Mantis FC, soccer team (2016)
Current teams
Kokomo City of Fists Roller Girls, (Founded 2010)
Kokomo Jackrabbits, Northwoods League collegiate baseball, (Founded 2015)
Sports venues
Highland Park Stadium (CFD Investments Stadium)
Kokomo Speedway
Memorial Gym
Kokomo Municipal Stadium
Wildcat Creek Soccer Complex
Entertainment
Kokomo has a 12-screen movie theater, called AMC Showplace Kokomo 12, located on 1530 East Boulevard. In addition to AMC, Kokomo also has several forms of live entertainment, including choirs, a Park Band Association, and three live theatres.
Shopping
The city's major mall is Markland Mall, which features Target. The Kokomo Town Center, the former Kokomo Mall, underwent a major renovation in 2011 when it became an outdoor mall.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Airports
Kokomo Municipal Airport
Highways
US-31 to South Bend (North) and Indianapolis (South)
US-35 to Logansport (North) and Muncie (South)
IN-931 (former US 31 through Kokomo)
IN-19 to Kokomo Reservoir (North) and Tipton (South)
IN-22 to Burlington (West) and Hartford City (East)
IN-26 to Lafayette (West) and Hartford City (East)
A major roadway traversing through Kokomo, nicknamed "stop light city", US 31 had become one of the state's most congested roadways. In Howard County, there were 15 traffic signals on US 31. As part of the state of Indiana's Major Moves Project, US 31 was updated to bypass the city of Kokomo to the east. It has interchanges at SR 26, Boulevard, Markland Avenue, and Touby Pike, as well as where the current SR 931 meets the new US 31. There was a similar change near South Bend and there will be one near Indianapolis. The construction in Howard County cost roughly $340 million. Construction started on the County Road 200 South bridge on November 1, 2008. The new US 31 was opened November 27, 2013, at which time the existing roadway was renamed SR 931.
Railroads
Central Railroad of Indianapolis
Winamac Southern Railway (formerly part of the Columbus to Chicago Main Line)
Bus service
Trailways service to Indianapolis and South Bend
Kokomo City-Line Trolley A fixed-route transportation system, five bus routes run past a total of exactly 275 stops, passing each stop once every hour, from 6:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday. The buses also have wireless internet for riders, which like the buses, is free to riders.
Trails and paths
Wildcat Walk of Excellence – The Wildcat Walk of Excellence consists of over of paved trail that roughly follows the Wildcat Creek. The trail connects several of Kokomo's parks including Foster, Future, Waterworks, Miller-Highland and Mehlig Parks with a pedestrian bridge connecting Foster Park and the Kokomo Beach Family Aquatic Center.
Industrial Heritage Trail – The Industrial Heritage Trail spans from SR931 on the city's south side and connects with the Nickel Plate Trail on the city's north side.
Nickel Plate Trail – Currently connecting Rochester through Peru, to Kokomo and connecting with the Industrial Heritage Trail.
Health care
St. Vincent Kokomo Hospital, opened in 1913
Community Howard Regional Health, incorporated in 1958
Notable people
Brandon Beachy, MLB pitcher Los Angeles Dodgers, Northwestern High School (Indiana) graduate
Alicia Berneche, operatic soprano
Rupert Boneham, contestant on TV series Survivor, Libertarian candidate for Indiana Governor in 2012
Norman Bridwell, author of the Clifford the Big Red Dog children's books
Quautico (Tico) Brown, former Continental Basketball Association player
Steve Butler, six-time Sprint Car National Champion
Calibretto 13, band
Kaitlyn Christopher, Miss Indiana USA 2005
Dave Darland, auto racer
Rowdy Elliott, baseball player
Elwood Haynes, inventor, automotive pioneer
Bud Hillis, U.S. Representative
Margaret Hillis, pianist, founder of Chicago Symphony Chorus
Nellie Keeler, child circus performer
Don Johnson, professional bowler/PBA Hall-of-Fame member
Opha May Johnson, United States Marine Corps first female Marine
Steve Kroft, 60 Minutes correspondent
Jim "Goose" Ligon, former ABA basketball player
Strother Martin, actor
Clay Myers, photographer, animal welfare advocate
Kent C. Nelson, past CEO of United Parcel Service
John O'Banion, singer
Jack Purvis, jazz musician
Jane Randolph, actress, grew up in Kokomo
Jimmy Rayl, "Splendid Splinter," Indiana Pacers 1967–1969, two-time All-American Indiana University
Robert S. Richardson, astronomer
Tod Sloan, jockey
Tavis Smiley, PBS presenter
"Sylvia" (Sylvia Jane Kirby), country music singer
Joe Thatcher, pitcher for MLB Chicago Cubs
Pat Underwood, former MLB pitcher, Detroit Tigers
Tom Underwood, former MLB pitcher, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays, New York Yankees, Oakland A's and Baltimore Orioles
William N. Vaile, Congressman
Ryan White, AIDS activist
In popular culture
The Man from Home (1908), a play by Booth Tarkington and Harry Leon Wilson, involves a lawyer from Kokomo who travels to Europe but returns to the city in the end.
A Romance of Kokomo was a silent film made in 1917, which was also filmed in Kokomo, and made its opening premiere at the Isis Theater on South Main Street.
The Kid from Kokomo (1939; also sometimes called Broadway Cavalier) is a comedy film about an orphan from Kokomo who refuses to box until his mother is found. The film was based on a story by Dalton Trumbo.
In the 1947 film Mother Wore Tights, Betty Grable and Dan Dailey sing a song entitled "Kokomo, Indiana".
Kokomo is the setting of Allan Dwan's nostalgic 1953 musical Sweethearts on Parade.
"First Snow in Kokomo" is a track on Aretha Franklin's album Young, Gifted and Black. Franklin's domestic partner Ken Cunningham was born and raised in Kokomo and they still have family there.
In the 1980 film Blues Brothers,'' the roadhouse "Bob's Country Bunker" is identified by Elwood Blues as being located in Kokomo.
Sister city
Dongyang, Zhejiang, China (2013)
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Howard County, Indiana
References
Bibliography
External links
City of Kokomo
Category:1844 establishments in Indiana
Category:Cities in Howard County, Indiana
Category:Cities in Indiana
Category:County seats in Indiana
Category:Kokomo, Indiana metropolitan area
Category:Populated places established in 1844 | 2023-08-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6121 |
Chemical context {#sec1}
==================
There is continuing interest in the synthesis and structures of coordination polymers involving CuCN networks (Etaiw *et al.*, 2015[@bb6], 2016[@bb7]; Cai *et al.*, 2011[@bb2]). The structure determinations described here arise from our ongoing syntheses of mixed-valence copper cyanide complexes incorporating various amines, with the aim of the directed synthesis of new polymeric structures. A variety of crystal structures form from Cu^I,II^-cyanide-multidentate amine systems, ranging from the classic three-dimensional mixed-valence structure Cu~3~(CN)~4~en~2~·H~2~O where en is ethylenediamine (Williams *et al.*, 1972[@bb14]) to molecular compounds such as Cu~2~(CN)~3~eten~2~ (Corfield & Michalski, 2014[@bb4]), where eten is *N*-ethylethylenediamine. Syntheses involving *N*-methylethylenediamine, meen, led to the formation of blue crystals of (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, Cu~2~(CN)~3~meen~2~·H~2~O, which formed as elongated plates. Their structure described here is that of a molecular compound very similar to the eten derivative referred to above. Syntheses with meen have also been carried out in the presence of tetrahedral monovalent anions such as BF~4~ ^−^ and ClO~4~ ^−^, in the hope that incorporation of negative ions might induce crystallization of a polymeric structure. The major or sometimes sole product in these preparations were well-formed polyhedral black crystals of (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, Cu~4~(CN)~5~meen~2~, which we found to indeed be made up of a three-dimensional network, but, somewhat to our surprise, without any incorporation of BF~4~ ^−^ or ClO~4~ ^−^ anions.
Structural commentary {#sec2}
=======================
The asymmetric units for compounds (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} and (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} are shown in Fig. 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and Fig. 2[▸](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}. Compound (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, Cu~4~(CN)~5~meen~2~, crystallizes as a three-dimensional cyanide-bridged Cu^I^ network, with Cu^II^meen~2~ units covalently anchored to the network *via* the bridging C1---N1 group, with N1 bonded to Cu^II^. The network is assembled from Cu~2~(CN)~6~ units, trigonal--planar Cu(CN)~3~ units, and square-pyramidal Cumeen~2~(CN) units. Compound (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} crystals contain monomeric dinuclear molecules of Cu~2~(CN)~3~meen~2~·H~2~O.
The dimeric Cu~2~(CN)~6~ units in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} are comprised of tetrahedrally coordinated atoms Cu1 and Cu2 held closely together by two μ~3~-CN groups coordinating to both Cu atoms *via* C1 and C2, with short Cu ⋯ Cu distances of 2.560 (1) Å. The Cu---C and Cu---N distances listed in Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"} show that the end-on CN bridging is not symmetrical, with Cu1---C1 and Cu1---C2 distances of 0.2--0.3 Å less than the corresponding bond lengths to Cu2. This asymmetry is the norm for such dimers, as noted in Corfield *et al.* (2016[@bb3]). The assumed cuprophilic attraction distorts the tetrahedral coordination around Cu1, with the C1---Cu1---C2 angle opened up to 118.01 (13)°, while the N4---Cu1---N5 angle opposite is reduced to 102.67 (12)°. The situation is reversed for Cu2, where the C1---Cu2---C2 angle is 96.13 (11)° and the opposite angle C3---Cu2---C4 is increased to 128.27 (13)°.
Trigonal coordination at Cu3 in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} is distorted, with angles ranging from 112.56 (12)° to 129.79 (13)°; the coordination is rigidly planar, however. In (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, coordination at the trigonal planar Cu^I^ atom is much more regular, with angles ranging from 117.49 (7)° to 122.15 (7)°.
Both (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} and (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} contain Cu^II^ atoms coordinated by two bidentate meen ligands and the N atom of a bridging cyanide group, in square-pyramidal coordination. Cu atoms are 0.122 (1) and 0.220 (1) Å from the best plane through the amine N atoms in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} and (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, respectively. In (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, the Cu---NH(CH~3~) bonds are 0.05--0.07 Å longer than the Cu---NH~2~ bonds (Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"}), whereas the corresponding bond lengths are more similar in (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}(Table 2[▸](#table2){ref-type="table"}), as also seen in the *N*-ethyl complex corresponding to (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, Cu~2~(CN)~3~eten~2~ (Corfield & Michalski, 2014[@bb4]).
Coordination of the methylated N atom in meen to Cu4 produces a chiral center. N atoms in the (*x,y,z*) atoms of (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} have the *R* configuration, and the chelate rings have the δ conformation, with N---C---C---N torsion angles of 54.6 (4)° and 56.0 (4)°. Glide-plane-related rings will have the *S*λ combination. Methylated N atoms in the Cumeen~2~ units in (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} both have the *SS*δδ configuration, with N---C---C---N torsion angles of −53.0 (2)° and −53.1 (2)°. The center of inversion in (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} causes an equal number of molecules with the *RR*λλ combinations. The CH~3~---N---C---C torsion angles in the chelate rings depend on the *R*/*S* and δ/λ combination. For an *R*δ combination, this angle will be approximately −170°, and for *R*λ the angle will be about −90°. These angles are reversed in sign for the *S*λ and *S*δ combinations. CH~3~---N---C---C angles are −172.8 (3) and −167.4 (3)° in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, and 175.0 (2) and 174.5 (2)° in (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}. Averages for these angles in 24 Cumeen chelate rings are reviewed in the Database Survey section.
Supramolecular features {#sec3}
==========================
In (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, each dimeric Cu~2~(CN)~6~ unit is linked by the C4--N4 cyanide group to a screw-related Cu~2~(CN)~6~ unit to form chains of these units parallel to the *c* axis, Fig. 3[▸](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}. Trigonally coordinated Cu3 also links the Cu~2~(CN)~6~ units together via CN bridges into single-stranded chains along the 8.231 (1) Å *b* axis, Fig. 4[▸](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}, similar to the double-stranded chains along the 8.356 (1) Å *a* axis seen in the polymeric compound (et~2~oenH)\[Cu~2~(CN)~3~\], (Corfield *et al.*, 2016[@bb3]), where et~2~oen is *N*,*N*-diethylethanolamine. The columns are further linked together by Cu3 to form a structure with channels, into which projects the coordinated Cumeen~2~ unit, Fig. 3[▸](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}. The topology around Cu3 involves three 20-membered rings. There are four close interactions between amine N---H bonds and bridging CN groups, with N⋯N distances ranging from 3.257 (3) to 3.479 (3) Å, which may account for the tendency for ordered CN groups in this structure. The shortest H⋯H intermolecular contact in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} is 2.47 Å for H15*B⋯*H18*B*(− − *x*, − + *y*, − + *z*).
Centrosymmetric pairs of discrete molecules of (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} are held together by hydrogen bonding (Table 3[▸](#table3){ref-type="table"}) to the water molecules, Fig. 5[▸](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}, with each water molecule forming one donor and one acceptor hydrogen bond. These pairs are linked into chains *via* hydrogen bonds along \[011\], N4---H4*A*⋯⋯N3(1 − *x*, 1 − *y*, 2 − *z*)---C2(1 − *x*, 1 − *y*, 2 − *z*), where these four atoms are almost co-linear. Two other potentially attractive relationships between N---H bonds and cyanide groups are also shown in Fig. 5[▸](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}.
Database survey {#sec4}
=================
Searches of the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD, Version 5.35; Groom *et al.*, 2016[@bb8]) yielded 53 structures containing the *M*meen fragment, where *M* is any metal. For 19 of these structures *M* = Cu (the Cumeen set) and for 19 *M* = Co (the Comeen set). There were four where *M* was a different metal, and 11 which involved duplicates or structures with no coordinates. The Cumeen set entries contained 24 chelate Cumeen rings, while the Comeen set contains 35 chelate rings.
The Cumeen set showed the same lengthening of the Cu---NH(CH~3~) bonds with respect to the Cu---NH~2~ bond lengths as found here in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, with averages of 2.010 (4) and 2.041 (4) Å, respectively. A similar difference was found for the Comeen set, where the corresponding means were 1.962 (8) and 1.998 (8) Å. Cu---N bond lengths showed no correlation with coordination numbers around Cu, which ranged from four through six. N---Cu---N angles in the Cumeen set are in a limited range of 84.0 to 86.4°, and the four such angles in the present study all lie near the middle of this range.
The average of the absolute values of the N---C---C---N torsion angles in the chelate rings for the Cumeen set is 51.6°, with a sample s.u. of 6.5°, excluding one outlier from a flat chelate ring. Corresponding angles in the present work are all within one s.u. of the mean. The mean absolute CH~3~---N---C---C angles for *R*δ/*S*λ and *R*λ/*S*δ combinations, respectively, in the Cumeen set are 171 (6) and 89 (5)°, where sample s.u.'s are given. Equivalent torsion angles in both structures presented here fall within one s.u. of these means.
Synthesis and crystallization {#sec5}
===============================
The compounds were synthesized by air oxidation of CuCN/NaCN/meen systems. A typical preparation of (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} had CuCN (5.7 mmol) and NaCN (8.3 mmol) stirred in 6 mL of water until all solids dissolved, when 8.6 mmol of *N*-methylethylenediamine (meen) in approximately 5 mL of water were added. Blue crystals in the form of extended thick plates were recovered after two days at room temperature. Crystals of (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} were obtained in a similar preparation with 11.5 mmmol CuCN, 16.5 mmol NaCN, and 16.2 mmol meen, to which were added an aqueous solution containing 9.9 mmol NaClO~4~. Blue crystals of (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} were obtained after two weeks, but after another six weeks the filtrate yielded large black polyhedral crystals of (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}.
Infra-red spectra obtained with a Nicolet iS50 FT--IR machine on the polymer (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} showed three bands in the CN stretching region, with peaks at 2079, 2109, and 2119 cm^−1^. In addition, there are strong bands at 3250 and 3312 cm^−1^, and a weak, sharp band at 3150 cm^−1^, presumably all due to N-H stretching vibrations. For (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, CN stretching frequencies at 2089 and 2115 cm^−1^ were observed.
Refinement details {#sec6}
====================
Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 4[▸](#table4){ref-type="table"}. In (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, it was apparent that several low-order reflections were partially or completely obscured by the backstop and/or subject to overload. We recollected a fast dataset to θ = 15° with the backstop pushed back, obtained the scale factor between the two datasets using reflections with θ above 5°, and replaced 27 low-angle reflections in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} with data from the fast dataset. Three low-angle reflections were not obtained in the fast dataset, and these have been omitted in the final refinement.
In (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, μ~3~-CN cyanide groups C1≡N1 and C2≡N2 were found to be ordered, with the C atom bridging two Cu atoms, as in Corfield *et al.* (2016[@bb3]). In addition, C5≡N5 was found to have a clearly preferred orientation and was refined as an ordered group. C,N occupancy factors were refined for the two other cyanide groups, with preferential occupancies of 79 (3)% and 78 (3)% found for C3≡N3 and C4≡N4, respectively. Only the major C or N atoms are listed in the cif tables of bond lengths and bond angles. In (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, all the CN groups are ordered; CN orientations were checked by refinements with interchange of each CN group in turn, in each case resulting in significantly higher *R* factors.
In both compounds, C-bound H atoms were constrained to idealized positions with C---H distances of 0.97 Å for CH~2~ groups and 0.96 Å for CH~3~ groups, and *U* ~eq~ values fixed at 1.2 times the *U* ~iso~ of their bonded C atoms. The methyl torsion angles were refined. In (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, the N- and O-bound hydrogen atoms were clearly visible in the difference-Fourier map and were refined independently. The N-bound hydrogen atoms in (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} were clearly seen in a near-final difference map, and could be independently refined, but we chose to constrain them to idealized positions, with N---H distances of 0.90 Å for NH~2~ groups, 0.91 Å for NH groups, and *U* ~eq~ values treated the same as for the C---H atoms.
For both (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"} and (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, data had been previously collected with a CAD-4 system (Enraf--Nonius, 1994[@bb5]), on three crystals in the case of (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, and two crystals for (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}. For (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, final *R* ~1~ factors for the CAD-4 data were 0.045 for 2228 data with *F* ^2^ \> 2σ, while for (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, *R* ~1~ was 0.036 for 2245 data with *F* ^2^ \> 2σ. It was felt instructive to compare refined parameters obtained by the two methods. We defined Δ/σ for a given parameter as the absolute value of the difference between the parameters determined by the two instruments divided by the square root of the sum of the squares of the standard deviations for the two parameters. For (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, the structural parameters agreed very well, for the mean and maximum Δ/σ for all parameters were 0.74 and 2.60. The maximum deviation for bond lengths was 2.1σ. For (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}, there were differences of 4--5σ between positional parameters for the water oxygen atom, O1, which was much better defined in the data set from the KappaCCD instrument. Apart from parameters for O1, the agreement was excellent, with average Δ/σ for positional parameters 0.79, and no Δ/σ greater than 3. There were differences in the *U~ij~* for the two Cu atoms because an extinction parameter was refined for the KappaCCD data set. For all other atoms, the mean Δ/σ for the thermal parameters was 0.83 with only one Δ/σ greater than 3.
Supplementary Material
======================
Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, II. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594sup1.cif](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594sup1.cif)
Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594Isup2.hkl](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594Isup2.hkl)
Structure factors: contains datablock(s) II. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594IIsup3.hkl](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017000111/pk2594IIsup3.hkl)
CCDC references: [1525492](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/cr.cgi?rm=csd&csdid=1525492), [1525491](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/cr.cgi?rm=csd&csdid=1525491)
Additional supporting information: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?pk2594&file=pk2594sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?pk2594sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?pk2594&checkcif=yes)
We are grateful to the Office of the Dean at Fordham University for its generous financial support. We thank Fordham University students Emma Cleary and Phuong Luu for assistance with this work, and colleagues Paul Smith and Christopher Koenigsmann for assistance in setting up the KappaCCD system.
(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Crystal data {#d1e173}
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------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\[Cu~4~(CN)~5~(C~3~H~10~N~2~)~2~\] *F*(000) = 1060
*M~r~* = 532.52 *D*~x~ = 1.985 Mg m^−3^*D*~m~ = 2.01 (7) Mg m^−3^*D*~m~ measured by flotation in 1,2-dibromopropane/1,2,3-trichloropropane mixtures. Three independent determinations were made.
Orthorhombic, *Pna*2~1~ Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71070 Å
Hall symbol: P 2c -2n Cell parameters from 474 reflections
*a* = 19.509 (2) Å θ = 1.8--20.2°
*b* = 8.2306 (13) Å µ = 4.72 mm^−1^
*c* = 11.100 (2) Å *T* = 303 K
*V* = 1782.3 (5) Å^3^ Block cut from large polyhedral crystal, black
*Z* = 4 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm
------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Data collection {#d1e324}
====================================================================================================================================================================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Enraf--Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer 4062 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube 3964 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)
Graphite monochromator *R*~int~ = 0.037
Detector resolution: 9 pixels mm^-1^ θ~max~ = 27.5°, θ~min~ = 2.1°
combination of ω and φ scans *h* = 0→25
Absorption correction: part of the refinement model (Δ*F*) (SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997) *k* = 0→10
*T*~min~ = 0.103, *T*~max~ = 0.146 *l* = −14→14
15054 measured reflections
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(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Refinement {#d1e442}
===============================================================================================================================================================
---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refinement on *F*^2^ Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
*R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.018 H-atom parameters constrained
*wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.045 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.022*P*)^2^ + 0.040*P*\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3
*S* = 1.05 (Δ/σ)~max~ \< 0.001
4062 reflections Δρ~max~ = 0.25 e Å^−3^
221 parameters Δρ~min~ = −0.38 e Å^−3^
1 restraint Absolute structure: Flack *x* determined using 1806 quotients \[(*I*^+^)-(*I*^-^)\]/\[(*I*^+^)+(*I*^-^)\] (Parsons *et al.*, 2013)
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods Absolute structure parameter: 0.010 (9)
---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Special details {#d1e630}
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Experimental. Scalepack values for Tmin and Tmax are normalized to unity. Values given here were obtained by multiplying them by exp(-µd) where d= 0.45mm.
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F^2^ against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F^2^, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F^2^. The threshold expression of F^2^ \> 2sigma(F^2^) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
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(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e680}
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
------ --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------------- ------------
*x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~ Occ. (\<1)
Cu1 0.07836 (2) 0.38153 (5) 0.00021 (3) 0.02552 (9)
Cu2 0.06847 (2) 0.28058 (5) 0.21765 (4) 0.03143 (10)
Cu3 0.20761 (2) 0.76738 (5) 0.26057 (4) 0.03009 (10)
Cu4 −0.11518 (2) −0.01338 (4) 0.15874 (4) 0.02352 (9)
C1 0.00592 (15) 0.2214 (4) 0.0390 (3) 0.0252 (6)
N1 −0.03914 (15) 0.1363 (3) 0.0471 (3) 0.0358 (7)
C2 0.12936 (15) 0.4885 (4) 0.1399 (3) 0.0279 (7)
N2 0.16340 (14) 0.5829 (3) 0.1840 (2) 0.0318 (6)
C3 0.12207 (16) 0.0852 (4) 0.2405 (3) 0.0326 (9) 0.79 (3)
N3 0.15237 (15) −0.0341 (4) 0.2510 (3) 0.0402 (9) 0.79 (3)
N3A 0.12207 (16) 0.0852 (4) 0.2405 (3) 0.0326 (9) 0.21 (3)
C3A 0.15237 (15) −0.0341 (4) 0.2510 (3) 0.0402 (9) 0.21 (3)
C4 −0.00363 (15) 0.6193 (4) −0.1714 (3) 0.0270 (8) 0.78 (3)
N4 0.03183 (14) 0.5501 (4) −0.1084 (3) 0.0298 (7) 0.78 (3)
N4A −0.00363 (15) 0.6193 (4) −0.1714 (3) 0.0270 (8) 0.22 (3)
C4A 0.03183 (14) 0.5501 (4) −0.1084 (3) 0.0298 (7) 0.22 (3)
C5 0.20639 (16) 0.2799 (4) −0.1578 (3) 0.0274 (7)
N5 0.15765 (14) 0.3019 (4) −0.1041 (3) 0.0311 (6)
N11 −0.03685 (14) −0.1076 (3) 0.2519 (3) 0.0332 (6)
H11A −0.0058 −0.0310 0.2667 0.040\*
H11B −0.0518 −0.1462 0.3221 0.040\*
C12 −0.00592 (18) −0.2392 (4) 0.1810 (4) 0.0410 (9)
H12A 0.0220 −0.3080 0.2323 0.049\*
H12B 0.0230 −0.1946 0.1181 0.049\*
C13 −0.06375 (19) −0.3366 (5) 0.1261 (3) 0.0385 (8)
H13A −0.0455 −0.4207 0.0740 0.046\*
H13B −0.0906 −0.3880 0.1890 0.046\*
N14 −0.10737 (15) −0.2222 (3) 0.0553 (3) 0.0310 (6)
H14 −0.0807 −0.1925 −0.0161 0.037\*
C15 −0.1702 (2) −0.3019 (5) 0.0107 (4) 0.0465 (9)
H15A −0.1581 −0.3981 −0.0333 0.056\*
H15B −0.1945 −0.2286 −0.0413 0.056\*
H15C −0.1988 −0.3307 0.0777 0.056\*
N16 −0.19542 (14) 0.0806 (4) 0.0694 (3) 0.0329 (6)
H16A −0.1875 0.0790 −0.0096 0.040\*
H16B −0.2331 0.0230 0.0843 0.040\*
C17 −0.2044 (2) 0.2508 (5) 0.1118 (4) 0.0470 (10)
H17A −0.2484 0.2933 0.0863 0.056\*
H17B −0.1685 0.3199 0.0797 0.056\*
C18 −0.2003 (2) 0.2437 (5) 0.2477 (4) 0.0479 (10)
H18A −0.2019 0.3528 0.2805 0.058\*
H18B −0.2392 0.1835 0.2790 0.058\*
N19 −0.13606 (15) 0.1637 (3) 0.2845 (3) 0.0326 (6)
H19 −0.1000 0.2456 0.2755 0.039\*
C20 −0.1379 (2) 0.1228 (5) 0.4134 (4) 0.0493 (10)
H20A −0.1495 0.2180 0.4591 0.059\*
H20B −0.0938 0.0837 0.4381 0.059\*
H20C −0.1717 0.0401 0.4270 0.059\*
------ --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------------- ------------
(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e1425}
==========================================================================================================================================================================================
----- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
*U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^
Cu1 0.02310 (16) 0.02762 (19) 0.02583 (18) −0.00503 (14) 0.00102 (15) −0.00028 (16)
Cu2 0.0336 (2) 0.0315 (2) 0.0292 (2) 0.00564 (16) 0.00206 (18) −0.00226 (18)
Cu3 0.0263 (2) 0.0298 (2) 0.0342 (2) −0.00366 (15) −0.00764 (16) −0.00447 (18)
Cu4 0.02156 (16) 0.02424 (18) 0.02476 (16) −0.00003 (14) −0.00319 (14) 0.00006 (16)
C1 0.0245 (14) 0.0257 (15) 0.0254 (14) −0.0005 (12) 0.0016 (12) −0.0003 (12)
N1 0.0315 (15) 0.0403 (17) 0.0357 (15) −0.0123 (13) −0.0017 (12) 0.0058 (14)
C2 0.0212 (12) 0.0253 (15) 0.037 (2) 0.0006 (11) −0.0041 (14) −0.0099 (14)
N2 0.0294 (14) 0.0266 (13) 0.0393 (17) 0.0029 (12) −0.0061 (12) −0.0057 (12)
C3 0.0304 (16) 0.0313 (19) 0.0362 (18) −0.0003 (13) −0.0063 (14) −0.0003 (14)
N3 0.0344 (16) 0.0287 (17) 0.057 (2) 0.0015 (13) −0.0138 (16) −0.0037 (15)
N3A 0.0304 (16) 0.0313 (19) 0.0362 (18) −0.0003 (13) −0.0063 (14) −0.0003 (14)
C3A 0.0344 (16) 0.0287 (17) 0.057 (2) 0.0015 (13) −0.0138 (16) −0.0037 (15)
C4 0.0283 (15) 0.0289 (16) 0.0238 (15) −0.0012 (12) 0.0002 (13) −0.0014 (13)
N4 0.0314 (15) 0.0315 (15) 0.0266 (14) −0.0005 (13) 0.0004 (13) 0.0030 (12)
N4A 0.0283 (15) 0.0289 (16) 0.0238 (15) −0.0012 (12) 0.0002 (13) −0.0014 (13)
C4A 0.0314 (15) 0.0315 (15) 0.0266 (14) −0.0005 (13) 0.0004 (13) 0.0030 (12)
C5 0.0253 (15) 0.0267 (16) 0.0302 (16) −0.0017 (12) 0.0048 (13) −0.0010 (13)
N5 0.0243 (13) 0.0395 (16) 0.0294 (14) 0.0022 (12) 0.0009 (12) −0.0018 (12)
N11 0.0285 (14) 0.0406 (16) 0.0304 (14) −0.0012 (11) −0.0032 (12) 0.0102 (13)
C12 0.0286 (17) 0.044 (2) 0.050 (2) 0.0134 (15) 0.0098 (15) 0.0161 (17)
C13 0.0449 (19) 0.0286 (17) 0.042 (2) 0.0111 (15) 0.0160 (16) 0.0038 (16)
N14 0.0369 (15) 0.0304 (14) 0.0256 (13) −0.0031 (12) 0.0052 (12) 0.0006 (12)
C15 0.056 (2) 0.044 (2) 0.040 (2) −0.0105 (19) 0.000 (2) −0.0112 (18)
N16 0.0282 (13) 0.0346 (15) 0.0361 (15) −0.0009 (12) −0.0053 (12) −0.0008 (13)
C17 0.048 (2) 0.034 (2) 0.059 (3) 0.0104 (17) −0.010 (2) 0.0016 (18)
C18 0.039 (2) 0.042 (2) 0.063 (3) 0.0087 (16) −0.002 (2) −0.011 (2)
N19 0.0332 (14) 0.0287 (14) 0.0360 (16) −0.0042 (12) −0.0013 (12) −0.0056 (12)
C20 0.066 (3) 0.048 (2) 0.0340 (19) −0.005 (2) 0.0050 (19) −0.0140 (17)
----- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
(I) Poly\[bis(µ~3~-cyanido-κ^3^*C*:*C*:*N*)tris(µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*)bis(*N*-methylethane-1,2-diamine\\- κ^2^*N*,*N*\')tricopper(I)copper(II)\]. Geometric parameters (Å, º) {#d1e1995}
================================================================================================================================================================================
------------------------ ------------- ----------------------- -------------
Cu1---C1 1.980 (3) C12---C13 1.512 (6)
Cu1---C2 2.042 (3) C12---H12A 0.9700
Cu1---N4 2.050 (3) C12---H12B 0.9700
Cu1---N5 2.041 (3) C13---N14 1.493 (5)
Cu1---Cu2 2.5599 (7) C13---H13A 0.9700
Cu2---C1 2.379 (3) C13---H13B 0.9700
Cu2---C2 2.255 (3) N14---C15 1.475 (5)
Cu2---C3 1.935 (3) N14---H14 0.9800
Cu2---C4^i^ 1.948 (3) C15---H15A 0.9600
Cu3---N2 1.942 (3) C15---H15B 0.9600
Cu3---N3^ii^ 1.961 (3) C15---H15C 0.9600
Cu3---C5^iii^ 1.910 (3) N16---C17 1.488 (5)
Cu4---N11 2.002 (3) N16---H16A 0.8900
Cu4---N14 2.072 (3) N16---H16B 0.8900
Cu4---N16 2.009 (3) C17---C18 1.512 (7)
Cu4---N19 2.059 (3) C17---H17A 0.9700
Cu4---N1 2.292 (3) C17---H17B 0.9700
C1---N1 1.127 (4) C18---N19 1.474 (5)
C2---N2 1.133 (4) C18---H18A 0.9700
C3---N3 1.152 (4) C18---H18B 0.9700
C4---N4 1.137 (4) N19---C20 1.470 (5)
C5---N5 1.136 (4) N19---H19 0.9800
N11---C12 1.469 (5) C20---H20A 0.9600
N11---H11A 0.8900 C20---H20B 0.9600
N11---H11B 0.8900 C20---H20C 0.9600
C1---Cu1---C2 118.01 (13) N11---C12---H12A 110.2
C1---Cu1---N4 105.22 (12) C13---C12---H12A 110.2
C1---Cu1---N5 116.79 (13) N11---C12---H12B 110.2
C2---Cu1---N4 111.75 (12) C13---C12---H12B 110.2
C2---Cu1---N5 101.54 (12) H12A---C12---H12B 108.5
N4---Cu1---N5 102.67 (12) C12---C13---N14 107.6 (3)
C1---Cu1---Cu2 61.64 (10) C12---C13---H13A 110.2
C2---Cu1---Cu2 57.36 (9) C12---C13---H13B 110.2
N4---Cu1---Cu2 137.79 (8) N14---C13---H13A 110.2
N5---Cu1---Cu2 119.22 (8) N14---C13---H13B 110.2
C1---Cu2---C2 96.13 (11) H13A---C13---H13B 108.5
C1---Cu2---C3 102.49 (12) C13---N14---C15 111.7 (3)
C1---Cu2---C4^i^ 106.29 (12) C13---N14---Cu4 105.9 (2)
C2---Cu2---C3 113.35 (12) C15---N14---Cu4 119.6 (2)
C2---Cu2---C4^i^ 105.25 (12) C13---N14---H14 106.3
C3---Cu2---C4^i^ 128.27 (13) C15---N14---H14 106.3
C1---Cu2---Cu1 47.10 (7) Cu4---N14---H14 106.3
C2---Cu2---Cu1 49.69 (8) N14---C15---H15A 109.5
C3---Cu2---Cu1 110.66 (10) N14---C15---H15B 109.5
C4^i^---Cu2---Cu1 120.51 (9) N14---C15---H15C 109.5
N2---Cu3---C5^iii^ 129.79 (13) H15A---C15---H15B 109.5
N2---Cu3---N3^ii^ 112.56 (12) H15A---C15---H15C 109.5
N3^ii^---Cu3---C5^iii^ 117.64 (13) H15B---C15---H15C 109.5
N11---Cu4---N14 84.76 (12) C17---N16---Cu4 107.3 (2)
N16---Cu4---N19 84.72 (12) C17---N16---H16A 110.2
N11---Cu4---N16 178.39 (13) C17---N16---H16B 110.2
N14---Cu4---N19 167.74 (11) Cu4---N16---H16A 110.2
N11---Cu4---N19 94.30 (12) Cu4---N16---H16B 110.2
N14---Cu4---N16 95.92 (12) H16A---N16---H16B 108.5
N1---Cu4---N11 89.64 (11) N16---C17---C18 105.8 (3)
N1---Cu4---N14 95.67 (11) N16---C17---H17A 110.6
N1---Cu4---N16 91.74 (12) N16---C17---H17B 110.6
N1---Cu4---N19 96.55 (11) C18---C17---H17A 110.6
N1---C1---Cu1 170.9 (3) C18---C17---H17B 110.6
N1---C1---Cu2 117.4 (3) H17A---C17---H17B 108.7
Cu1---C1---Cu2 71.26 (10) C17---C18---N19 109.8 (3)
C1---N1---Cu4 151.8 (3) C17---C18---H18A 109.7
N2---C2---Cu1 155.4 (3) C17---C18---H18B 109.7
N2---C2---Cu2 131.6 (3) N19---C18---H18A 109.7
Cu1---C2---Cu2 72.94 (9) N19---C18---H18B 109.7
C2---N2---Cu3 170.2 (3) H18A---C18---H18B 108.2
N3---C3---Cu2 177.3 (3) C18---N19---C20 110.6 (3)
C3---N3---Cu3^iv^ 176.5 (3) C18---N19---Cu4 107.2 (2)
N4---C4---Cu2^v^ 174.9 (3) C20---N19---Cu4 120.2 (2)
C4---N4---Cu1 166.0 (3) Cu4---N19---H19 106.0
N5---C5---Cu3^vi^ 172.9 (3) C18---N19---H19 106.0
C5---N5---Cu1 169.4 (3) C20---N19---H19 106.0
C12---N11---Cu4 108.8 (2) N19---C20---H20A 109.5
Cu4---N11---H11A 109.9 N19---C20---H20B 109.5
Cu4---N11---H11B 109.9 N19---C20---H20C 109.5
C12---N11---H11A 109.9 H20A---C20---H20B 109.5
C12---N11---H11B 109.9 H20A---C20---H20C 109.5
H11A---N11---H11B 108.3 H20B---C20---H20C 109.5
N11---C12---C13 107.5 (3)
N14---C13---C12---N11 56.0 (4) C20---N19---C18---C17 −167.4 (3)
N19---C18---C17---N16 54.6 (4) C15---N14---Cu4---N11 141.85 (19)
C15---N14---C13---C12 −172.8 (3) C20---N19---Cu4---N16 133.9 (2)
------------------------ ------------- ----------------------- -------------
Symmetry codes: (i) −*x*, −*y*+1, *z*+1/2; (ii) *x*, *y*+1, *z*; (iii) −*x*+1/2, *y*+1/2, *z*+1/2; (iv) *x*, *y*−1, *z*; (v) −*x*, −*y*+1, *z*−1/2; (vi) −*x*+1/2, *y*−1/2, *z*−1/2.
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Crystal data {#d1e2926}
==============================================================================================================================================
------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\[Cu~2~(CN)~3~(C~3~H~10~N~2~)~2~\]·H~2~O *Z* = 2
*M~r~* = 371.42 *F*(000) = 382
Triclinic, *P*1 *D*~x~ = 1.566 Mg m^−3^*D*~m~ = 1.570 (5) Mg m^−3^*D*~m~ measured by flotation in 1,2-dibromopropane/1,2,3-trichloropropane mixtures. Four independent determinations were made.
Hall symbol: -P 1 Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71070 Å
*a* = 7.5621 (2) Å Cell parameters from 3501 reflections
*b* = 8.8689 (2) Å θ = 1.8--27.5°
*c* = 12.8098 (3) Å µ = 2.70 mm^−1^
α = 94.6851 (14)° *T* = 300 K
β = 101.8607 (12)° Block cut from large elongated plate, blue
γ = 108.3780 (13)° 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.3 mm
*V* = 787.91 (3) Å^3^
------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Data collection {#d1e3091}
=================================================================================================================================================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Enraf--Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer 3611 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube 3387 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)
Graphite monochromator *R*~int~ = 0.029
Detector resolution: 9 pixels mm^-1^ θ~max~ = 27.5°, θ~min~ = 3.0°
combination of ω and φ scans *h* = 0→9
Absorption correction: part of the refinement model (Δ*F*) (SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997) *k* = −11→10
*T*~min~ = 0.31, *T*~max~ = 0.39 *l* = −16→16
24810 measured reflections
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Refinement {#d1e3212}
============================================================================================================================================
------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refinement on *F*^2^ Primary atom site location: heavy-atom method
Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
*R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.021 Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
*wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.053 H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
*S* = 1.07 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.023*P*)^2^ + 0.270*P*\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3
3611 reflections (Δ/σ)~max~ = 0.001
207 parameters Δρ~max~ = 0.31 e Å^−3^
0 restraints Δρ~min~ = −0.26 e Å^−3^
------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Special details {#d1e3368}
=================================================================================================================================================
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experimental. Scalepack values for Tmin and Tmax are normalized to unity. Values given here were obtained by multiplying them by exp(-µd) where d= crystal_size_mid.
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F^2^ against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F^2^, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F^2^. The threshold expression of F^2^ \> 2sigma(F^2^) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e3418}
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
------ ------------- --------------- --------------- -------------------- --
*x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~
Cu1 0.44394 (3) 0.21586 (2) 0.789560 (16) 0.04033 (7)
Cu2 0.98671 (2) 0.744243 (19) 0.753969 (13) 0.03124 (7)
O1 0.1896 (5) −0.2985 (3) 0.4215 (2) 0.0992 (8)
C1 0.6318 (2) 0.41700 (18) 0.77647 (12) 0.0379 (3)
N1 0.7425 (2) 0.53316 (17) 0.76709 (12) 0.0461 (3)
C2 0.3303 (3) 0.0522 (2) 0.66225 (15) 0.0488 (4)
N2 0.2639 (3) −0.0419 (2) 0.58678 (15) 0.0696 (5)
C3 0.3714 (3) 0.1763 (2) 0.92430 (15) 0.0503 (4)
N3 0.3261 (3) 0.1471 (2) 1.00140 (15) 0.0714 (5)
N4 0.9197 (2) 0.91902 (18) 0.83087 (11) 0.0393 (3)
H4A 0.841 (3) 0.877 (3) 0.8693 (18) 0.056 (6)\*
H4B 1.009 (3) 0.981 (3) 0.8724 (18) 0.057 (6)\*
C5 0.8289 (3) 0.9995 (2) 0.75082 (15) 0.0544 (4)
H5A 0.9265 1.0869 0.7325 0.065\*
H5B 0.7443 1.0439 0.7804 0.065\*
C6 0.7160 (3) 0.8774 (2) 0.65180 (14) 0.0494 (4)
H6A 0.6080 0.7976 0.6680 0.059\*
H6B 0.6668 0.9296 0.5947 0.059\*
N7 0.8438 (2) 0.79978 (16) 0.61706 (10) 0.0377 (3)
H7 0.927 (3) 0.868 (2) 0.5989 (14) 0.036 (4)\*
C8 0.7415 (4) 0.6680 (3) 0.52599 (15) 0.0650 (6)
H8A 0.6582 0.5794 0.5504 0.078\*
H8B 0.8330 0.6337 0.4976 0.078\*
H8C 0.6667 0.7049 0.4705 0.078\*
N14 1.1101 (3) 0.6146 (2) 0.67452 (13) 0.0494 (4)
H14A 1.025 (3) 0.528 (3) 0.6453 (18) 0.058 (7)\*
H14B 1.150 (4) 0.660 (3) 0.631 (2) 0.070 (7)\*
C15 1.2645 (3) 0.5852 (3) 0.75204 (19) 0.0673 (6)
H15A 1.3854 0.6713 0.7594 0.081\*
H15B 1.2785 0.4847 0.7262 0.081\*
C16 1.2143 (3) 0.5773 (2) 0.85903 (16) 0.0529 (4)
H16A 1.1029 0.4828 0.8543 0.064\*
H16B 1.3208 0.5711 0.9134 0.064\*
N17 1.1722 (2) 0.72477 (17) 0.88834 (11) 0.0426 (3)
H17 1.266 (3) 0.798 (3) 0.8945 (16) 0.047 (5)\*
C18 1.1031 (3) 0.7205 (2) 0.98757 (14) 0.0569 (5)
H18A 0.9743 0.6456 0.9725 0.068\*
H18B 1.1048 0.8257 1.0135 0.068\*
H18C 1.1852 0.6873 1.0416 0.068\*
H1 0.214 (4) −0.230 (3) 0.458 (2) 0.069 (8)\*
H2 0.253 (5) −0.289 (4) 0.392 (3) 0.086 (13)\*
------ ------------- --------------- --------------- -------------------- --
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e3957}
=======================================================================================================================================================================
----- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- --------------
*U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^
Cu1 0.03480 (11) 0.03580 (11) 0.04541 (12) 0.00351 (8) 0.01158 (8) 0.00885 (8)
Cu2 0.03185 (10) 0.02916 (10) 0.03047 (10) 0.00749 (7) 0.00698 (7) 0.00575 (7)
O1 0.136 (2) 0.0550 (11) 0.1022 (17) 0.0208 (12) 0.0481 (16) −0.0130 (11)
C1 0.0331 (7) 0.0377 (8) 0.0382 (8) 0.0066 (6) 0.0062 (6) 0.0089 (6)
N1 0.0375 (7) 0.0418 (7) 0.0521 (8) 0.0031 (6) 0.0099 (6) 0.0152 (6)
C2 0.0481 (9) 0.0403 (8) 0.0518 (10) 0.0015 (7) 0.0205 (8) 0.0076 (7)
N2 0.0754 (12) 0.0553 (10) 0.0621 (11) −0.0037 (9) 0.0292 (9) −0.0063 (8)
C3 0.0435 (9) 0.0453 (9) 0.0498 (10) −0.0028 (7) 0.0145 (7) 0.0035 (7)
N3 0.0725 (12) 0.0741 (12) 0.0616 (11) 0.0064 (9) 0.0326 (9) 0.0116 (9)
N4 0.0424 (7) 0.0391 (7) 0.0358 (7) 0.0129 (6) 0.0104 (6) 0.0043 (6)
C5 0.0739 (12) 0.0538 (10) 0.0511 (10) 0.0395 (10) 0.0190 (9) 0.0134 (8)
C6 0.0477 (9) 0.0651 (11) 0.0446 (9) 0.0282 (8) 0.0129 (7) 0.0201 (8)
N7 0.0416 (7) 0.0374 (7) 0.0330 (6) 0.0101 (6) 0.0105 (5) 0.0103 (5)
C8 0.0863 (15) 0.0552 (11) 0.0399 (10) 0.0241 (10) −0.0112 (9) 0.0005 (8)
N14 0.0605 (10) 0.0555 (10) 0.0452 (8) 0.0287 (8) 0.0241 (8) 0.0142 (7)
C15 0.0586 (12) 0.0890 (16) 0.0741 (14) 0.0441 (12) 0.0261 (10) 0.0202 (12)
C16 0.0479 (10) 0.0563 (10) 0.0569 (11) 0.0258 (8) 0.0038 (8) 0.0130 (8)
N17 0.0384 (7) 0.0382 (7) 0.0421 (7) 0.0073 (6) −0.0003 (6) 0.0046 (6)
C18 0.0737 (13) 0.0592 (11) 0.0359 (9) 0.0262 (10) 0.0025 (8) 0.0113 (8)
----- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- --------------
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Geometric parameters (Å, º) {#d1e4301}
=============================================================================================================================================================
----------------------- ------------- ----------------------- --------------
Cu1---C1 1.9434 (15) C6---H6B 0.9700
Cu1---C2 1.9380 (18) N7---C8 1.470 (2)
Cu1---C3 1.9414 (18) N7---H7 0.810 (19)
Cu2---N1 2.2232 (14) C8---H8A 0.9600
Cu2---N4 2.0200 (14) C8---H8B 0.9600
Cu2---N7 2.0453 (13) C8---H8C 0.9600
Cu2---N14 2.0262 (15) N14---C15 1.475 (3)
Cu2---N17 2.0417 (14) N14---H14A 0.83 (2)
O1---H1 0.68 (3) N14---H14B 0.77 (3)
O1---H2 0.66 (3) C15---C16 1.497 (3)
C1---N1 1.138 (2) C15---H15A 0.9700
C2---N2 1.135 (2) C15---H15B 0.9700
C3---N3 1.134 (2) C16---N17 1.478 (2)
N4---C5 1.474 (2) C16---H16A 0.9700
N4---H4A 0.86 (2) C16---H16B 0.9700
N4---H4B 0.78 (2) N17---C18 1.469 (2)
C5---C6 1.503 (3) N17---H17 0.78 (2)
C5---H5A 0.9700 C18---H18A 0.9600
C5---H5B 0.9700 C18---H18B 0.9600
C6---N7 1.467 (2) C18---H18C 0.9600
C6---H6A 0.9700
C1---Cu1---C2 117.49 (7) C6---N7---C8 112.25 (16)
C1---Cu1---C3 122.15 (7) C6---N7---Cu2 105.83 (10)
C2---Cu1---C3 120.36 (7) C8---N7---Cu2 117.11 (11)
N1---Cu2---N4 98.67 (6) C6---N7---H7 107.8 (13)
N1---Cu2---N14 95.33 (7) C8---N7---H7 109.2 (13)
N1---Cu2---N17 94.80 (6) Cu2---N7---H7 104.0 (13)
N1---Cu2---N7 96.00 (6) N7---C8---H8A 109.5
N4---Cu2---N7 84.33 (6) N7---C8---H8B 109.5
N14---Cu2---N17 84.09 (6) H8A---C8---H8B 109.5
N4---Cu2---N14 165.99 (7) N7---C8---H8C 109.5
N7---Cu2---N17 169.19 (6) H8A---C8---H8C 109.5
N4---Cu2---N17 94.23 (6) H8B---C8---H8C 109.5
N7---Cu2---N14 94.71 (6) C15---N14---Cu2 109.64 (13)
H1---O1---H2 109 (4) C15---N14---H14A 110.0 (16)
N1---C1---Cu1 178.61 (16) Cu2---N14---H14A 107.1 (16)
C1---N1---Cu2 172.56 (14) C15---N14---H14B 110.8 (19)
N2---C2---Cu1 178.96 (18) Cu2---N14---H14B 109.6 (19)
C2---N2---H1 163.7 (8) H14A---N14---H14B 110 (2)
C2---N2---H7^i^ 99.5 (4) N14---C15---C16 108.87 (15)
H1---N2---H7^i^ 93.6 (8) N14---C15---H15A 109.9
N3---C3---Cu1 177.36 (18) C16---C15---H15A 109.9
C3---N3---H4A^ii^ 160.8 (6) N14---C15---H15B 109.9
C3---N3---H4B^i^ 83.4 (5) C16---C15---H15B 109.9
H4A^ii^---N3---H4B^i^ 85.9 (7) H15A---C15---H15B 108.3
C5---N4---Cu2 109.61 (10) N17---C16---C15 107.60 (16)
C5---N4---H4A 109.2 (15) N17---C16---H16A 110.2
Cu2---N4---H4A 109.7 (14) C15---C16---H16A 110.2
C5---N4---H4B 111.2 (17) N17---C16---H16B 110.2
Cu2---N4---H4B 112.3 (17) C15---C16---H16B 110.2
H4A---N4---H4B 105 (2) H16A---C16---H16B 108.5
N4---C5---C6 108.28 (14) C18---N17---C16 111.46 (15)
N4---C5---H5A 110.0 C18---N17---Cu2 115.52 (12)
C6---C5---H5A 110.0 C16---N17---Cu2 105.30 (10)
N4---C5---H5B 110.0 C18---N17---H17 111.6 (15)
C6---C5---H5B 110.0 C16---N17---H17 107.8 (15)
H5A---C5---H5B 108.4 Cu2---N17---H17 104.6 (15)
N7---C6---C5 108.34 (14) N17---C18---H18A 109.5
N7---C6---H6A 110.0 N17---C18---H18B 109.5
C5---C6---H6A 110.0 H18A---C18---H18B 109.5
N7---C6---H6B 110.0 N17---C18---H18C 109.5
C5---C6---H6B 110.0 H18A---C18---H18C 109.5
H6A---C6---H6B 108.4 H18B---C18---H18C 109.5
N4---C5---C6---N7 −53.1 (2) C18---N17---C16---C15 174.49 (16)
N14---C15---C16---N17 −53.0 (2) C8---N7---Cu2---N4 −148.13 (15)
C8---N7---C6---C5 174.98 (15) C18---N17---Cu2---N14 −148.74 (14)
----------------------- ------------- ----------------------- --------------
Symmetry codes: (i) *x*−1, *y*−1, *z*; (ii) −*x*+1, −*y*+1, −*z*+2.
(II) \[(*N*-Methylethylenediamine-κ^2^*N*,*N*\')copper(II)\]-µ~2~-cyanido-κ^2^*C*:*N*-\[bis(cyanido-κ*C*)copper(I)\] monohydrate. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) {#d1e4980}
===============================================================================================================================================================
------------------------ ------------ ------------ ----------- ---------------
*D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*
O1---H1···N2 0.68 (3) 2.13 (3) 2.810 (3) 171 (3)
N14---H14*A*···O1^iii^ 0.83 (2) 2.14 (2) 2.965 (3) 177 (2)
N4---H4*A*···N3^ii^ 0.86 (2) 2.26 (2) 3.094 (2) 161.1 (19)
N7---H7···N2^iv^ 0.810 (19) 2.460 (19) 3.162 (2) 145.7 (16)
N4---H4*B*···N3^iv^ 0.78 (2) 2.53 (2) 3.302 (3) 170 (2)
------------------------ ------------ ------------ ----------- ---------------
Symmetry codes: (ii) −*x*+1, −*y*+1, −*z*+2; (iii) −*x*+1, −*y*, −*z*+1; (iv) *x*+1, *y*+1, *z*.
{ref-type="chem"}, Cu~4~(CN)~5~meen~2~. Ellipsoids are drawn at the probability 50% level. The cuprophilic interaction is shown as a dashed bond.](e-73-00141-fig1){#fig1}
{ref-type="chem"}, Cu~2~(CN)~3~meen~2~·H~2~O. Ellipsoids are drawn at the probability 50% level. The refined N- and O-bound hydrogen atoms are emphasized.](e-73-00141-fig2){#fig2}
{ref-type="chem"}, Cu~4~(CN)~5~meen~2~, giving a projection down the *b* axis. Cuprophilic interactions are shown as dashed bonds. For clarity, only a section of the structure perpendicular to *b* is shown.](e-73-00141-fig3){#fig3}
{ref-type="chem"}, Cu~4~(CN)~5~meen~2~ down the *c* axis, showing a chain along the *b* direction. Cuprophilic interactions are shown as dashed bonds.](e-73-00141-fig4){#fig4}
{ref-type="chem"}, Cu~2~(CN)~3~meen~2~·H~2~O, looking approximately down the *a* axis. A hydrogen-bonded dimer is bolded, with hydrogen bonds shown as double-dashed lines. Hydrogen bonds linking dimers along the \[011\] direction are similarly shown. Possible attractive interactions between N---H groups and CN groups that would link dimers along the \[110\] direction are shown as single dashed lines.](e-73-00141-fig5){#fig5}
###### Selected bond lengths (Å) for (I)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}
------------- ------------ --------------- -----------
Cu1---C1 1.980 (3) Cu3---N2 1.942 (3)
Cu1---C2 2.042 (3) Cu3---N3^ii^ 1.961 (3)
Cu1---N4 2.050 (3) Cu3---C5^iii^ 1.910 (3)
Cu1---N5 2.041 (3) Cu4---N11 2.002 (3)
Cu1---Cu2 2.5599 (7) Cu4---N14 2.072 (3)
Cu2---C1 2.379 (3) Cu4---N16 2.009 (3)
Cu2---C2 2.255 (3) Cu4---N19 2.059 (3)
Cu2---C3 1.935 (3) Cu4---N1 2.292 (3)
Cu2---C4^i^ 1.948 (3)
------------- ------------ --------------- -----------
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .
###### Selected bond lengths (Å) for (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}
---------- ------------- ----------- -------------
Cu1---C1 1.9434 (15) Cu2---N4 2.0200 (14)
Cu1---C2 1.9380 (18) Cu2---N7 2.0453 (13)
Cu1---C3 1.9414 (18) Cu2---N14 2.0262 (15)
Cu2---N1 2.2232 (14) Cu2---N17 2.0417 (14)
---------- ------------- ----------- -------------
###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for (II)[](#scheme1){ref-type="chem"}
*D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- -------------
O1---H1⋯N2 0.68 (3) 2.13 (3) 2.810 (3) 171 (3)
N14---H14*A*⋯O1^i^ 0.83 (2) 2.14 (2) 2.965 (3) 177 (2)
N4---H4*A*⋯N3^ii^ 0.86 (2) 2.26 (2) 3.094 (2) 161.1 (19)
N7---H7⋯N2^iii^ 0.810 (19) 2.460 (19) 3.162 (2) 145.7 (16)
N4---H4*B*⋯N3^iii^ 0.78 (2) 2.53 (2) 3.302 (3) 170 (2)
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .
###### Experimental details
\(I\) \(II\)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crystal data
Chemical formula \[Cu~4~(CN)~5~(C~3~H~10~N~2~)~2~\] \[Cu~2~(CN)~3~(C~3~H~10~N~2~)~2~\]·H~2~O
*M* ~r~ 532.52 371.42
Crystal system, space group Orthorhombic, *P* *n* *a*2~1~ Triclinic, *P*
Temperature (K) 303 300
*a*, *b*, *c* (Å) 19.509 (2), 8.2306 (13), 11.100 (2) 7.5621 (2), 8.8689 (2), 12.8098 (3)
α, β, γ (°) 90, 90, 90 94.6851 (14), 101.8607 (12), 108.3780 (13)
*V* (Å^3^) 1782.3 (5) 787.91 (3)
*Z* 4 2
Radiation type Mo *K*α Mo *K*α
μ (mm^−1^) 4.72 2.70
Crystal size (mm) 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.4 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.3
Data collection
Diffractometer Enraf--Nonius KappaCCD Enraf--Nonius KappaCCD
Absorption correction Part of the refinement model (Δ*F*) (*SCALEPACK*; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997[@bb10]) Part of the refinement model (Δ*F*) (*SCALEPACK*; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997[@bb10])
*T* ~min~, *T* ~max~ 0.103, 0.146 0.31, 0.39
No. of measured, independent and observed \[*I* \> 2σ(*I*)\] reflections 15054, 4062, 3964 24810, 3611, 3387
*R* ~int~ 0.037 0.029
(sin θ/λ)~max~ (Å^−1^) 0.649 0.650
Refinement
*R*\[*F* ^2^ \> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\], *wR*(*F* ^2^), *S* 0.018, 0.045, 1.05 0.021, 0.053, 1.07
No. of reflections 4062 3611
No. of parameters 221 207
No. of restraints 1 0
H-atom treatment H-atom parameters constrained H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ~max~, Δρ~min~ (e Å^−3^) 0.25, −0.38 0.31, −0.26
Absolute structure Flack *x* determined using 1806 quotients \[(*I* ^+^)−(*I* ^−^)\]/\[(*I* ^+^)+(*I* ^−^)\] (Parsons *et al.*, 2013[@bb11]) --
Absolute structure parameter 0.010 (9) --
Computer programs: *KappaCCD Server Software* (Nonius, 1997[@bb9]), *DENZO* and *SCALEPACK* (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997[@bb10]), *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb15]), *SHELXL2014* (Sheldrick, 2015[@bb12]), *ORTEPIII* (Burnett & Johnson, 1996[@bb1]) and *publCIF* (Westrip, 2010[@bb13]).
| 2023-08-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7754 |
[Meigs syndrome presenting as diaphragmatic pleural nodules].
A 52-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of non-productive coughing and dyspnea on exertion. A chest X-ray film revealed a moderate pleural effusion. The effusion was persistent and progressive in spite of repeated thoracentesis. Because examinations of the effusion did not result in a specific diagnosis, thoracoscopy was done under local anesthesia. Two nodules were found in the surface of the diaphragmatic pleura. Examination of biopsy specimens revealed mesothelial hyperplasia and lymphatic duct proliferation without malignant or granulomatous lesions. Systemic examinations revealed a tumor in the right ovary. The tumor was removed, and examination revealed that it was a serous adenofibroma without malignant lesions. Meigs syndrome was diagnosed. The pleural effusion disappeared quickly, two weeks after the operation. We know of no previous report of diaphragmatic pleural nodules in a case of Meigs' syndrome. Meigs' syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pleural nodules. | 2023-10-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4011 |
Q:
Ubuntu installer hangs on start
I am trying to install Ubuntu 16.04.2 on my notebook, but installer hangs during loading sequence.
Notebook is ASUS ROG GL552V (Core i7 4720HQ, 12 Gb RAM, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960M, an HDD and an SSD).
I'm using a USB pen drive for installation.
Installation freezes on this step
Sorry for the photo - didn't managed to make a screenshot out of OS and PC hanging.
There is already Win 10 Home installed on this PC (pre-installed).
I've tried:
installing Ubuntu 17.04
installing Kubuntu 16.04
using different pen drives
using pendrivelinux and rufus tools to make a bootable pen drive
booting these very pen drives on another PC with positive result (install actually loads and looks working fine)
booting several times
checking integrity of the flash drive by built-in utility has shown no errors
Secure boot is disabled, CSM is enabled in bios settings
If anyone had similar problems please help :)
==================
upd 04/26/17: for the moment tried everything that came to mind including resetting to BIOS defaults.
Also tried complete reformatting (slow one) of both usb drives with rewriting them.
Then i found and read a lot of guides on seemingly common problems and one that was the most interesting was here https://jeremymdyson.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/ubuntugnome-16-04-on-asus-rog-gl552v/
Don't have a clue what's going wrong.
A:
Finally, thanks to DimanBG from forum.ubuntu.ru managed to solve this problem. Practically I misunderstood some articles I read while looking for solution.
What i actually did after all and what helped me:
Disabled Secure Boot in BIOS
In GRUB 2 selected "Try UBUNTU..." and pressed "e".
In config that opened I deleted "quiet splash" and instead of it typed "nouveau.modeset=0" (without quotes).
I have an Nvidia GPU so I used "nouveau.modeset=0".
For people with other GPUs these parameters might help:
for Intel: i915.modeset=0
for ATI: radeon.modeset=0
| 2023-08-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4914 |
reviewed by Stephen Howe, The Independent, November 24, 2006 (One World Books). Stephen Howe is Professor of the history of colonialism, Bristol University
“The war of 1948 created Israel and destroyed Palestinian Arab society. Argument over that destruction has never ceased – continuously, often directly, reshaped by contemporary political developments. Ilan Pappe is surely wrong to suggest in this important, provocative book that the Palestinians’ fate has been “erased almost totally from the global public memory”. Rather, some ways of seeing it have been blocked, for political reasons and with great, sometimes vindictive energy, in particular places. The kind of view that Pappe presents has been held or maybe even heard only by a very small minority, in Israel and the US.”…
“Ideas about 1948, among both Israelis and Palestinians, mingle historical investigation, popular and official “memory”, political controversies and existential anxieties. For Palestinians, the events of 1948 have usually been called the nakba – translated as “disaster”.” …
“Most Palestinians feel…the end of the conflict must be linked to acknowledgment of and recompense for what happened in 1948. Israeli recognition of past injustice must, some go on, imply support for the refugees’ right of return. Pappe has been among the most forthright advocates of this view. That conviction makes his book a slightly uneasy, if also often compelling, mixture of historical argument and politico-moral tract. His fervour also makes him rather less than generous in acknowledging others’ work in the field.” (read more)
reviewed by Rajah Shehadeh, Institute of Palestine Studies, issue 33. under the title “Looking at Evil without blinking”. Rajah Shehadeh is an author and lawyer. He is the author of Palestinian Walks.
“I had always known that the reason why my aunt, Mary Kawar, stayed in Acre in 1948 was because her youngest daughter, Amal, contracted typhoid and she could nottravel. It was only after reading Ilan Pappe?¦s book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine,that I learned how she must have contracted the disease. Writing about the Hagana?¦s campaign to conquer Acre, Pappe describes how it proved ?§once again that it was notonly Napoleon who found it [Acre] hard todefeat.?¨ The Jewish forces then employed chemical warfare to subdue the city:?§typhoid germs were apparently injected into the water.?¨ Reporting to their headquarters, the local emissaries of the International Red Cross ?§describe a sudden typhoid epidemicand, even with their guarded language, pointto outside poisoning as the sole explanationfor this outbreak.?¨ According to Pappe, their reports to their headquarters left ?§very littleroom for guessing whom they suspected: theHagana?¨ .
“There are more revelations in Pappe?¦s book than this early use of chemical warfare. I grew up hearing about the massacre in Deir Yassin but did not know that it was one of scores of massacres that had been planned and perpetrated by the Zionist forcesthroughout Mandate Palestine. The weight of historical evidence, as well as the graphic and detailed descriptions of specific atrocities that Pappe delineates to provehis case that the Zionists were guilty of the war crime of ethnic cleansing in Palestine,in themselves make the book worth reading.”
“As intriguing, perhaps, was the confrontation with that history that I, and perhaps other Palestinian readers, experienced in reading this valuable book. It made me realizehow much of this history I had been suppressing. How skeptical I had become, howdefensive against acknowledging many of these horrors. I had chosen to relieve myself from the full admission of the war crimes that my family and people had endured.It was not a book I could read in one go. That my parents did not tell me more is not surprising. The psychology of losers is not to speak out, but rather to blame themselves (not unlike what is now taking place in Palestinian society). In the case ofmy father, it was also to pick himself up and get on with his life rather than dwell on the losses. This is not unlike the children of Holocaust survivors who became silent when faced with the atrocity. It is only those who make an industry of catastrophe who dramatize and sensationalize.” (read more) | 2024-01-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2342 |
L.I.P. (Local Indigenous Personnel)
"L.I.P (Local Indigenous Personnel)" was the 31st episode of the M*A*S*H television series, and seventh of season two. The episode first aired on October 27, 1973.
Plot
Hawkeye is at the movies with his date, Regina, a nurse, but after the movie she brings the date to a swift end with a handshake. Back at the Swamp, he is called to take a look at the sick baby of a US soldier, who reveals he is being shipped home soon and that he and the baby's Korean mother are not officially married, and asks Hawkeye for help in clearing through Army red tape so they can be married.
Meanwhile, Hawkeye and Regina embark on another date, finally sharing a kiss. However, a third date is postponed when an officer from the Criminal Investigation Division (CID) arrives to interview Hawkeye as a character witness for the soldier's marriage application. Hawkeye and Trapper decide to blackmail the CID officer to ensure a favourable outcome. When Hawkeye is finally free to see Regina and explains the events of the evening, she voices her opposition to interracial marriage, at which point Hawkeye ends their date and leaves.
At the end of the episode, the baby's parents are married in a ceremony officiated by Father Mulcahy.
External links
Category:M*A*S*H (season 2) episodes
Category:1973 American television episodes | 2024-02-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2358 |
What is the ideal initial valve pressure setting in neonates with ventriculoperitoneal shunts?
In order to determine the optimal valve pressure setting during the first weeks in neonates after implantation of programmable Hakim valves and to analyze the benefits and possible side effects of a new treatment protocol in this age group, we performed this prospective study. In 20 consecutive newborns less than 5 weeks of age with hydrocephalus due to various etiologies, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with a programmable Hakim valve at an extremely low initial valve pressure setting of 30-40 mm H(2)O was implanted. This "overdrainage" was maintained, monitored by regular clinical examination and transcranial ultrasonographic imaging, until the wound healing was uneventfully completed and the permanent valve pressure setting of 100-120 mm H(2)O was chosen. In this age group, which is prone to specific noninfectious shunt complications like wound breakdown, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula and subcutaneous CSF collections, none of these complications were seen, nor were there any persisting overdrainage phenomena on transcranial ultrasonography. Initial, temporary "overdrainage" represents a simple, useful and risk-free therapy in neonates with programmable shunts which might lower the incidence of typical noninfectious complications in this age group. | 2023-11-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1876 |
Wednesday, December 24, 2014
Liz welcomes new tenants to Viewfield Appartments : " I hope there will be many more new Council houses in our area in years to come"
The flats on the site of the former bus station garage are now becoming occupied and one family that has recently moved in had a couple of special visitors to mark the occasion:
Councillor Liz MacDonald Leader of The Highland Council’s Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey Area Committee, and fellow Nairn Ward Member Councillor Laurie Fraser, recently welcomed tenants Amy Davidson and Keiran Gallagher and daughter Lily to their new home at Viewfield Apartments in Nairn.
Leader MacDonald presented the couple who now live in their first home at King Street with a bouquet of flowers marking the latest new council houses to be let in Nairn since those at Corsee Gardens.
The 12 new two-bedroomed and 4 one-bedroomed council homes in the 4-storeyed flatted development have been constructed on the disused site of the former bus station garage north east of the fire station.
Cllrs Liz MacDonald and Laurie Fraser welcome Amy, Keiran and daughter Lily to their new home.
Speaking at the housewarming, Leader MacDonald said: “I am delighted that Highland Council has been able to complete this development of new homes for Nairn and I am especially pleased that the many of the tenants taking up the leases are local people who have been on the waiting list for some time.
"As well as moving into homes built to a very high standard, the new tenants will be living in an excellent town centre location with many amenities close by.”
Councillor Graham MacKenzie Chair of the Council’s Community Service Committee added: “Highland Council is committed to working with the Scottish Government, Housing Associations and the private sector to help deliver 5,000 new homes by 2017. This new development in Nairn is an excellent example of how we are striving to meet the Council’s Programme of delivering at least 688 Council houses and other affordable homes within this overall housing commitment.”
Leader MacDonald said: “There has been a long waiting list in Nairn for affordable rented housing, and it is greatly encouraging to see first-class houses becoming available. It is heartening to see local people moving into these excellent brand-new homes, and I hope there will be many more new Council houses in our area in years to come.”
Heating and ventilation is provided by mains gas boilers. The completed properties have been built to energy efficient standards and incorporate with a whole house ventilation system, designed to improve ventilation and air quality.
The completed homes were built by Upland Developments Ltd. and contractor William Gray Construction on land owned by the Council. The project was funded by the Council as a part of the agreed Council House Build Programme with grant assistance provided by the Scottish Government.
The properties, which are being provided for affordable rent, are owned and managed by the Council.
6 comments:
And there will shortly be another large building in Viewfield coming vacant that could be converted so may be the objectors who have so far prevented other developments want think it was such a smart moveto get housing stopped for those in need
You are a bit predatory there anon. Although there are issues coming down the tracks with museum funding etc, it is still presently a going concern in Viewfield. That is assuming you mean Viewfield House?
We should be looking to rent rather than sell Nairn Common Good land, we need to leave a source of income for future generationsThe Viewfield apartments show that there is private land suitable for the building of council housing and with the change in the law with regard to buy to let these properties will remain in public ownership | 2024-05-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1664 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Injury remains a leading cause of death worldwide \[[@CR1]\], and deaths from trauma---including injuries from natural and human disasters---are projected to rise significantly until 2020 \[[@CR2]\]. Many cases of trauma are amenable to surgical intervention; however, the vast majority of disasters and conflicts occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\] where there is a shortage of surgical capacity \[[@CR5]\].
Surgical treatment of open fractures has been extensively documented in the literature, and the management principles of such conditions are well-established among the orthopaedic community \[[@CR6], [@CR7]\]. Emergency debridement and copious irrigation have been the hallmark of treatment of open fractures, and the use of external fixation to decrease the incidence of infection has been recommended since Gustilo and Anderson's historic study in 1976 \[[@CR8]\]. In cases with mangled extremities, the decision for limb salvage versus amputation is guided by several factors, including the prognosed recovery following salvage or amputation \[[@CR9], [@CR10]\]. However, under programme/field conditions in many LMICs, the functional outcome of amputation is in no way comparable to the ideal clinical setting, given that resources for prosthetics are usually not readily available, and amputation is thus more likely to result in lifelong disability.
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an international, independent, medical humanitarian organization, which has delivered emergency aid, including surgical care, for over 40 years in more than 70 countries \[[@CR11]\]. In MSF surgical projects, the decision to amputate a limb is a very difficult one \[[@CR12]--[@CR19]\]. It depends on the surgical skills of the available human resources and the available assets of the health facility, while taking into consideration social and religious factors \[[@CR20]\]. Damage-control orthopaedics has re-introduced the use of external fixators for the treatment of open fractures in disaster settings, both natural and man-made, where resources are channelled to treating as many patients as possible while giving the best possible management to each one \[[@CR21]\]. In MSF projects, external fixations are performed by orthopaedic surgeons, as well as by trained general surgeons and medical doctors with surgical skills.
The purpose of this study was to review the orthopaedic surgical activities performed during the first ten weeks after the Haiti earthquake of 2010, and in three ongoing MSF-Operational Centre Brussels (MSF-OCB) projects relying on surgical staff with differing technical skills, in order to assess the limb salvage rates in humanitarian contexts under programme conditions and in relation to surgical staff skills.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Study design {#Sec3}
------------
This was a descriptive retrospective cohort study utilizing routine programmatic data from MSF surgical programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Afghanistan, and Haiti.
Study setting and period {#Sec4}
------------------------
The study was conducted in the surgical programmes of the emergency intervention following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti (in Chancerelle, Cité-Soleil and Sarthe hospitals), and in the programmes of the non-emergency MSF-OCB projects in Masisi General Referral Hospital (DRC), Kunduz Trauma Centre (Afghanistan), and Tabarre Trauma Centre (Haiti).
On January 12th, 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake devastated Port-au-Prince in Haiti, taking 200,000 to 300,000 lives and injuring another 300,000. More than one million individuals were displaced, living in tents with very little access to healthcare. As MSF-OCB had been operational in Haiti for 19 years prior to the earthquake, a rapid, well-informed response was mounted, with the teams on the ground providing the initial base for medical action. A focus was placed on providing surgical care in three health structures, Chancerelle, Cité-Soleil and Sarthe hospitals. In this study, data from January 16th to March 21st, 2010 are presented.
The General Referral Hospital of Masisi in Nord Kivu province, DRC, has been supported by MSF-OCB since September 2007. Masisi is a zone of open conflict between the national forces of the DRC and various armed militias. MSF-OCB collaborates with the Ministry of Health (Ministère de la Santé Publique) in offering free access to general health care, including provision of surgical care at the Masisi hospital, and support to surgical interventions in two outlying health centres. All surgical activities from September 2007 to June 2013 were included in this study.
Over the course of 2012--2013, MSF-OCB managed two trauma centres: Kunduz Trauma Centre in Afghanistan and Tabarre Trauma Centre in Haiti. Kunduz Trauma Centre in the north-eastern part of Afghanistan was opened in August 2011. The province has been impacted severely by the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, in particular following the 2010 United States troop surge. The MSF hospital in Kunduz fills a specific gap in trauma care in the region: before the presence of MSF, only two public hospitals in the province were able to receive war wounded, while the private sector does not offer care for trauma patients. Data from Kunduz from January 2012 to June 2013 were analysed. The Tabarre Trauma Centre in Port-au-Prince, Haiti was opened by MSF-OCB in February 2012 and provides specialized care for trauma patients, including visceral surgery and orthopaedic care. It was created to address the gap in trauma care in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake, and accepts all types of trauma patients. All surgical data from February 13th 2012 to June 30th, 2013 are presented in this study.
External fixation procedures {#Sec5}
----------------------------
In MSF surgical projects, all open fractures (from Gustilo Type I to III) are treated with prophylactic antibiotic therapy, an emergency debridement with copious irrigation followed by immobilization, be it with a circular cast with a window for subsequent wound care or by external fixation. All MSF surgical projects are provided with a standard Gexfix (Carouge, Switzerland) external fixation kit, which is generally used as definitive treatment for long bone open fractures in adults and children, as well as for open pelvis injuries. In the field, expatriate orthopaedic and general surgeons instruct, train and supervise national surgeons and doctors with surgical skills on the proper techniques and approaches in the application of the external fixation system.
Data collection {#Sec6}
---------------
All surgical procedures performed were routinely collected using a standardized logbook and electronic database (Microsoft Excel) developed for institutional operational needs. These data were aggregated at MSF-OCB headquarters and reviewed for completeness and accuracy and verified against the patient records. Interventions and their characteristics were classified according to a standardized system described previously \[[@CR22]\].
Ethics considerations {#Sec7}
---------------------
The study satisfied the Médecins Sans Frontières Ethics Review Board (Geneva, Switzerland) criteria for studies using routinely collected data and was approved by the *Comité National de Bioéthique* of the *Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population* of Haiti. The study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of routine programme data, and informed consent was thus not sought from study subjects; however, identifying information was removed from all patient records prior to analysis.
Results {#Sec8}
=======
Haiti post-earthquake emergency intervention {#Sec9}
--------------------------------------------
Following the earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on January 12th 2010, the three hospitals of MSF-OCB saw a total of 778 new surgical cases over the first ten weeks of the emergency response, half of whom had injuries directly related to the earthquake (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). During this response, 1,309 surgical interventions were carried out on these cases, with the majority (852; 65 %) for immediate debridement and follow-up wound care. Out of the 778 cases, 74 cases with open fractures were seen; the majority of these (60; 81 %) were treated by amputation (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Most amputations (34; 49 %) were conducted in the week after the earthquake; from the second week, a steady decline in amputations was noted from nine to 1.5 per week.Fig. 1Indications of surgical intervention (new cases) in the post-earthquake emergency intervention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 16th January to 21st March 2010Fig. 2Surgical interventions in open fractures by nature of injury in the post-earthquake emergency intervention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 16th January to 21st March 2010
Orthopaedic surgery in the General Referral Hospital Masisi, DRC {#Sec10}
----------------------------------------------------------------
Over the study period, 431 orthopaedic interventions were documented for various pathologies. These included amputations, osseous curettage for osteomyelitis, application of external fixators, closed reduction and casting, tenorrhaphies and tractions. Of these 431 interventions, 163 were performed for open fractures. The amputation rate declined steadily from 100 % in 2007 to 39 % in 2012 and 21 % during the first half of 2013 (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The number of interventions for external fixation remained the same from 2008 to 2013 while the rate of close reduction and application of cast has steadily increased from 2009 to 2013.Fig. 3Orthopaedic interventions and ratio of amputation versus external fixation among open fracture cases at the Masisi General Referral Hospital, DRC, 2007--2013
Orthopaedic surgery in MSF-OCB trauma centres, Afghanistan and Haiti {#Sec11}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Over the study period, the emergency department of the Kunduz Trauma Centre in Afghanistan received a total of 798 open fractures; out of these, 168 (21 %) were the result of violence and 630 (79 %) the result of accidents. Over roughly the same period, the Tabarre Trauma Centre in Haiti received a total of 723 open fractures, 165 (23 %) of which were the result of violence and 558 (77 %) the result of accidents. The skeletal region of the fractures differed by the origin of the trauma, with violent trauma resulting in higher proportions of fractures of the radius/ulna, humerus and femur in both contexts (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). A review of the interventions done for open fractures in long bones shows that the ratio of amputation to external fixation was relatively high in Afghanistan, starting at 50 % in the first quarter of 2012 and dropping to approximately 20 %, while it remained consistently low (\<10 %) in Haiti (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, 96 of 432 (22 %) open fractures of long bones in Afghanistan were treated by amputation, compared to 21 out of 387 (5 %) in Haiti.Fig. 4Skeletal region of open fractures by origin of trauma in the MSF-OCB trauma centres of Kunduz, Afghanistan and Tabarre, Haiti, 2012--2013 (2nd quarter)Fig. 5Type of open fracture cases and ratio of amputation versus external fixation among open fracture cases in the MSF-OCB trauma centres of Kunduz, Afghanistan (**a**) and Tabarre, Haiti (**b**), 2012--2013 (2nd quarter)
Discussion {#Sec12}
==========
Damage control orthopaedics under field conditions, in particular in LMIC, has always been a challenging balancing act between provision of quality care and the limited resources (both material and human resources) at hand. As a humanitarian organisation providing healthcare to individuals who often have no access to surgical care, MSF-OCB currently has three projects where orthopaedic surgery is performed, relying on national surgical staff who have different levels of surgical expertise, but use the same standard external fixator for the treatment of open fractures in long bones.
During the emergency response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the majority of interventions performed on open fracture cases were amputations, in particular in the early phase of the response. This may have been related to the emergency nature of the intervention; due to the overwhelming numbers of patients requiring immediate care, and the limited resources for external fixation (including availability of fixation material and challenges in ensuring adequate follow-up for patients with an external fixation), limbs were often considered unsalvageable under the programme conditions. Additionally, the first providers of surgical care in the post-earthquake response were general surgeons, who may not have been trained in specific orthopaedic procedures such as external fixation.
In long-term projects, the situation was different. In the conflict area of Masisi, DRC, the doctors on call in the emergency department of the General Referral Hospital were in general quick to decide to amputate on patients who arrived with open Gustilo type III fractures with massive soft tissue destruction. These doctors were non-specialists, as is most often the case in such contexts, but were honed by time and necessity in their respective fields. They were very adept in performing Caesarean sections, but were less adept in their routine work to the treatment options for orthopaedic cases. The steady decline in amputations over the years was achieved through training sessions in the field by expatriate orthopaedic surgeons who supervised and trained the medical doctors to perform basic and correct orthopaedic care, with an emphasis on the conservative and surgical options for specific fractures and dislocations. While the doctors may not have been particularly comfortable using the external fixation system, they were cognisant of the proper treatment and immobilization of open fractures.
In the specialised Kunduz Trauma Centre in Afghanistan, also a conflict setting, the national surgical staff was from the outset supported by expatriate orthopaedic surgeons, and the improvement of their skills over time could explain the relatively high uptake of external fixation techniques for the treatment of open fractures. In a similar trauma centre in Haiti, providing care to trauma patients in a non-conflict setting, the number of amputations was consistently low, i.e. since its inception, a limb salvage rate of 95 % was achieved. The staff in this centre was composed of musculoskeletal surgeons adept at using the external fixation system when deemed appropriate, which was likely a leading cause of these excellent results.
In summary, Médecins Sans Frontières trains medical doctors, surgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to provide patients with multiple options for quality care of open fractures, to improve treatment of open fractures, to save life and limb, and to prepare doctors for the eventuality of facing yet another mass casualty from a natural disaster. This review of the surgical activities in MSF-OCB projects performing orthopaedic care reveals that the introduction of and training on the proper utilization of external fixators reduced the amputation rate for open fractures and consequently increased the limb salvage rates.
Conflict of interest {#d30e495}
====================
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
| 2024-01-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5467 |
Author
Topic: Hive make-up and package bees (Read 4229 times)
I have started up a CSA and it really dosent take any more time. You can deliver for a fee or let them pick up when they can. But they pay ahead for monthly items or pay months in advance for a certain period of time. I have the chicken, duck, quail eggs as well as heirloom veggies and orgainc raised poutry to sale with my packages and want to add honey as well as the bennifits of pollination. I would really look into it. Here in Ca no sales tax on Food. And Honey at farmers markets here go for 6.00 lb.
I live in Colorado and there is sales tax on food for sure. I think that the state taxes it and each municipality also taxes not sure on how that works. I do know that you need a business licence/sales tax liscence to sell anything retail. I plan to sell out side of the city off of my truck bed if I ever have enough to sell. This would avoid dealing with the city and also dealing with location rental. I also think that I would do internet sales and avoid tax altogether when shipping out side of Colorado.
In Colorado all of the info that you need to know on this is available at the department of revenue:http://www.revenue.state.co.us/main/wrap.asp?incl=sitemapyou also want to register a trade name if you want to use a brand name rather than your own name. Maybe even do an LLC for some liability protection.
The part that I am unsure of as of yet is health department and labeling requirements. Do I have to have my bottling and processing area and equiptment inspected and approved by the local health officials? And what sort of nutritional info and other label requirements are there? I know that with some products there are very specific rules about how things are labeled and what words and terms one can use and even the reletive size of type for things on a label.... In another string there was a discussion of what was raw honey. I know that when it comes to labeling that there are usually specific legal criteria for using terms like raw or organic or pure. I haven't done any research on any of this yet. I haven't had enough honey to worry about it all yet. Alfred
The general rules I go by are: 1lb of bees = either 4000 small bees or 3000 large bees. A full frames worth of wax takes about 3 weeks for the bees to produce, Of course this varies if the bees are more focused on producing comb. And compare that with a worker bee taking 4 weeks (21 days) to hatch. So you're not going to get any newborn bees until after the first week. I have personally done 2 frame splits that, 20 days later, resulted in a loan queen bee marching around 2 full frames of capped cells and maybe a hand full of workers. I had to keep a close eye on that hive so they weren't targeted by wax moths which they had been beforehand. Day 22 though everything changed as most of those cells hatched and everything went up form there.
Why are you keeping your hives so far away? I think I'd be afraid of skunks or bears getting into them.
Are you taking advantage of the benefits beehives can offer? Vegetable garden? Fruit trees?
I have 12 hives at home on my own property. These will go on a 500 acre organic farm owned by a friend who wants pollinization.
JP,
AS to competing with mass produced garbage honey. This is Oklahoma, and there is very little or no health consciousness here. It is one of the most obese states in the union ("This here's cattle country"). People attend "all you can eat restaurants" such as (and I am not making this up) "The Pigout Palace" and "The Catfish Roundup" and at home live on potato chips and beer. Of course there are exceptions, but this appears to be the rule, as many of us have tried to put on health clinics to no avail, attended only by little old ladies looking to get out for an evening. Maybe if we put a giant screen television with an OU Sooners football game on and give them healthy snacks and raw honey hey will have positive references.....if the Sooners win.
I have local beeks offering to sell me raw honey for a buck and a half a pound. No joke! This will be a marketing challenge.
Everybody that I know that has been successful at honey sales -got into bees for the love of keeping bees -people see these things - when you are selling your product you are selling more of who you are and your love of the bees-the money and success just come as a bonus-love of money is not what will make you a great beekeeper -But you dont really talk about being a good beekeeper -there is no money to speak of in keeping bees it is more of self expression and a way to see life clearer-there is and always will be wholesale honey( which should be around$1 dollar a pound )but people will be willing to pay you what your time and efforts are worth if they know and believe that the honey they are buying came from a better place -without short cuts taking for the most the fastest 8-) RDY-B
>>>>Why on earth are you trying to break into a market that doesn't exist?? Sounds like a recipe for failure.<<<<<
It is definely a small market, for sure. That is a good thing when you are a small time beeperson. However, There is also no doubt that I have truned down enough offers to buy my honey that I cold have sold it all the first week if I wanted to sell at $1.50 lb in the 5gal bucket. I am looking for a niche market, not a major one. I am also counting on a couple of other factors:
1- The cheap land in Oklahoma is bringing many people from other states who are more health conscious.2- The state is tired of the poor reputation about its health, especially in the areas of heart disease and diabetes. Oklahoma wants to grow up. They just havent yet. The media and the government are trying to effect change in the poor health habits of Oklahomans, which they know is driving up health care costs and are a burden on the consumers.
My plan is to be larger when the market grows, but to stay within my realistic budget until then. I agree that I should sell my honey higher. It is a bit problematic that others selling raw honey have no marketing or people skills and sell themselves short on price.
rdy-B, Sorry if it sounds like I'm a bleep and only in it for a buck. But that is only a partial reality of the situation. I like the bees, the challenge, and the health benefits of both honey and beekeeping itself. My actual trade is classic car restoration and teaching body shop at a private school. That is very unhealthy work, and will certainly lead to an early grave. I also write religious books, but there is no money in that, so it is really more of non-profit a ministry. So when I looked at alternative carreer and farming oppties beekeeping just sort of "happened". My wife wanted to get into bees, so I bought her a hive last Christmas. It turns out she is allergic to bees, and since I am not, I decided to give it a go. A guy had a bee farm for sale for a song, so I jumped at it. It is possible that I might eventually write a book about how I have done absolutely everything wrong that a beek can do wrong.
Now that I have said all that, How long should I keep bees in a nuc before transplanting them to a ten frame hive? An if I use the frames from the nuc is that going to be a problem with my plastic frames?
Hives in a Nuc, I would say once they start building on the last frame you should be safe to upgrade them. (Nuc's are the 5 frame boxes right?) Generally when they're 80% full on anything you give them more room. Also remember to rotate frames since they don't alway build out the lower edges to the side frames.
Now that I have said all that, How long should I keep bees in a nuc before transplanting them to a ten frame hive? An if I use the frames from the nuc is that going to be a problem with my plastic frames?
How long do you want to keep them there? You can transfer them anytime after they become "established." Mixing wood with plastic will work if: 1. plastic is the only thing they're given, 2. air out or mask the plastic odor (vanilla in sugar syrup spray), 3. you keep tearing out the "wierd" comb until they get it right, 4. you have a high pain tolerence.
Logged
Life is a school. What have you learned? :brian: The greatest danger to our society is apathy, vote in every election!
IF its a nuc you bought (four or five frames ) they should be transfered right-away so they can build up -If it is a nuc you are nurturing from a split or divide or as simple as two frames of brood& bees and a queen-they must have built up sufficient to fill the nuc box-there are some keepers that use five frame nucs for there regular boxes (not recommended for you ) yes you can mix and match your frames and there will be times you will have to use what ever is handy it is ok more to be reveald :) RDY-B
Market and price are an interesting thing. When I read this about the price of honey it reminds me of my own business. I am a massage therapist. I have the same issues in the market for my services. There are many who charge much less for their services than me in this area. It drives down the price. Most of them are not as well educated and/or are not full time professionals and can afford to charge less. I work hard to maintain and improve my skills and I work full time at my profession. It shows in my work.
But many customers are unsophisticated about massage therapy, much like those who will buy 1 a pound honey 'product' in the store and don't understand why any one would buy honey for any more than that. Many never get massage just as many never buy any honey good or bad. Therefore I cater to those who have 'seen the light' as it were and appreciate the difference between what I call a "Swedish rub down' massage and very good therapeutic bodywork. I also work hard at educating the public about the value of good massage therapy and the differences between good and not so good bodywork. By doing these things I have set myself up as a 'Premium' massage therapist.
I used to live in Boulder Colorado the 'new age center of the universe' and it was easy to sell my premium product there. I now live in Loveland Colorado which is an amazingly different market. But I have stuck to my principals and not succumbed to under selling myself and over time I have created a market for my services. I have written articles for the local paper and a local health publication. I offer educational seminars. I am also involved in educating other therapists in order to raise the bar for the entire profession. I take care to always do great work with people and constantly work at learning and improving my own skills. Once folks have tried my massage therapy they are no longer interested in a Swedish rub down.
As a general rule I find that the more that I charge for my services, within certain limits, the more they are appreciated and taken seriously. I think that the same thing will apply to the marketing of Honey. People who are in the know will have no problem paying more for a premium product. This of course assumes that you have taken care to assure that it is premium, quality first always. Others will come around with a little educating about, and tasting, your product and why it is more desirable. Over time you can create brand recognition which will set your product apart from others. Some people still won't be interested and never will and that is ok because the ones that do 'get it' will line up to buy every drop you have at whatever price you charge for it.
> Now that I have said all that, How long should I keep bees in a nuc before transplanting them to a ten frame hive? And if I use the frames from the nuc is that going to be a problem with my plastic frames?
Since we're in winter now you wouldn't transfer them now, so they can winter adequately, unless you were Brendhan and lived where he does. Any other time 90% drawn in a nuc is when I would transfer.
Mixing and matching may cause some resistance issues but like it has been mentioned, leave your plastic frames out so they can weather a little bit, to help remove that plastic smell.
Off topic a little, bear with me, but must speak my thoughts. I operated a greenhouse nursery on my property for about 14 years. I had top quality plants, with tons of TLC, propogated myself from seeds and cuttings. Excellent product and it shined through. BUT...along came the huge nurseries that were a lost leader at places like Home Depot, and so on. Their prices were so low compared to mine, that eventually, about 50% of my clients finally went to their inferior products. The smart ones remained and had beautiful gardens, thanks to the quality that I produced here. I finally became tired of the tons of work, with very little monetary return and it became work instead of pleasure. So I retired the operation (never looking back). I achieved incredible skill and knowledge of greenhouse plant propogation, I still have my greenhouse, along with the furnace and all the growing lights and benches. I still grow my own beautiful plants. I am grateful for this opportunity in my life to become excellent at what I do in this regard. If it were not for those clients that loved my product, I would not be where I am with horticulture as I am now. Not to say that I am the best, but I possess a skill that took me many, many years of research and study to hone. I know what you are speaking of, Alfred. Have a wonderful and beautiful day, love our life we live. Cindi
Logged
There are strange things done in the midnight sun by the men who moil for gold. The Arctic trails have their secret tales that would make your blood run cold. The Northern Lights have seen queer sights, but the queerest they ever did see, what the night on the marge of Lake Lebarge, I cremated Sam McGee. Robert Service
Thanks for the "bleep" whomever did that. :) I did not realize that was a dirty word until I saw the bleep.
Yes, rdy-, If I have nucs it will be bought ones to save time in building a colony. The idea would be to increase the odds of getting a honey harvest the first year in my new hives. From what I see, nobody is selling bees right now anywhere, so I guess I'll wait until spring.
Alfred, Well said, and that is my plan. The website for the apiary includes the health benefits of pollen, whch includes depression, headaches, prostate health and many other practical and applicable benefits. I am also considering adding a pollen harvest ion addition to the honey. But I know the traps are not cheap, at least not the good ones. Being a Seventh-day Adventist (extremely health-conscious people), I have a "captive " market aready, even though my religion is not that popular in Oklahoma. The local SDA health food store has already filled the shelves with my honey and they are selling fast. They found out that the other "raw" honey they were selling had been heated to 150, so they replaced it with my product. We also sold 60 pounds to a SDA cafeteria and they ran out in two weeks. I have had several requests for pollen and even some for royal jelly. But as I undrstand it, royal jelly is not a viable option for American beekeeers due to the specialized nature and many hours of work involved. | 2023-09-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9786 |
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Matt sir, i didnt mean to disprect anyone. Im a W.W with anxiety issues. I needed to express stuff and im sorry if i come off as being an asshole. This website has awsome info in terms of hiv and support and i really do want to remain a member regardless if i test poz or not. In either case u all have been awsome. and again i do apologize for being insensitive
I am so sorry that your trawling of the forums led you to a person who is braver than either of us is ever likely to be. I am sorry that you read the posts of person whose words, whose spirit, whose passion for live exceeds your own. And mine.
How totaly dare you?
HIV does kill people. And the sunny face we put on it is, most charitably, a means to placate the hyterical among us.
The salient point here is that HIV does kill people. Good people, nice people, fucking heroes among us in whose wake we are severey, permanently diminished.
But the thing is, you most likely do not have this virus.
and to be the most possibly fair I can be at this terrible time, I can only ask that you show the most basic respect and compassion for those who have this virus, who are living and dying from it.
This is not about you. It is not about any of us.
Logged
"Many people, especially in the gay community, turn to oral sex as a safer alternative in the age of AIDS. And with HIV rates rising, people need to remember that oral sex is safer sex. It's a reasonable alternative."
Look, i didnt mean to put anyone down. I give lots of encouragment for people that are PoZ. This is a misunderstanding forsure. Im someone that has an unkown status, and im scared. Im just scared to die. Im scared of leaving my family and friends. All of you have better knowledge of this than me. So i can i ask you if things will be ok if i test poz? Im sure u were in the same shoes as I , im not putting anyone down.
As much as understand your anger against Detpiston and his lack of respect I think it would have been best to have ignored his comments and given the Moderators time to respond to your reported post.
I personally don't see any need to take this further...but will leave it up to the other Moderators to voice their own opinion on this.
Detpiston....I hope a lesson has been learnt here today...respect the forums and it's members and they will respect you....you have been given good advise, listen to it, go and get your results and move on.
Enough is enough already. You've been coming here for nearly a year now, yet you still refuse to test. I've just reviewed your entire thread and it looks like you don't really even need to test as you never once admit to actually having unprotected intercourse.
If you truly are so afraid to die, you'd get tested. Not knowing your status doesn't CHANGE your status. If you are positive as you so greatly fear, then you are putting your life in danger by not testing. The main group of people who are dying of this virus in the Western world today are those who leave it too late to find out they're positive.
It's up to you. Live in anxious ignorance or get tested and collect what I fully expect to be a negative result and get on with your life.
I'm giving you that time out I warned you about back in May, as your situation obviously hasn't changed. We cannot force you to test and get this over with, but we can stop you posting here until you've done so. You've got a month in which to do it. Now DO IT.
Do not create yet another account to get around your time out because if you do, you will be permanently banned, no questions asked.
"...health will finally be seen not as a blessing to be wished for, but as a human right to be fought for." Kofi Annan
Nymphomaniac: a woman as obsessed with sex as an average man. Mignon McLaughlin
HIV is certainly character-building. It's made me see all of the shallow things we cling to, like ego and vanity. Of course, I'd rather have a few more T-cells and a little less character. Randy Shilts
Stop with all the drama, will ya! We've given you HIV science-based responses and you just on indulging in histrionics about this and that which haven't happened and from what I can see aren't going to happen.
So we've done our part.You need to go and get tested to resolve this issue for yourself. We can't add anything more. And we aren't going to indulge you in using this site for your histrionics. | 2024-07-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6678 |
Donald Trump (Photo: CNN/screenshot)”
Donald Trump was repeatedly pressed on Friday about why he continues to bring up a judge’s Mexican heritage while saying the judge should recuse himself.
CNN anchor Jake Tapper asked Trump again and again if that was improper or could be construed as racist. The mogul initially avoided the question, but ultimately doubled down on his attack.
“If you are saying he can’t do his job because of his race, is that not the definition of racism?” Tapper asked towards the end of the exchange, which will air in full Sunday.
“No, I don’t think so at all,” Trump replied.
U.S. District Court Judge Gonzalo Curiel, a federal district judge in the Southern District of California, is overseeing a case against the now-defunct Trump University.
Trump has repeatedly complained about Curiel’s supposed bias while invoking the judge’s heritage, which has unsettled a number of legal observers. Others have bluntly labeled Trump’s criticism as racist.
The presumptive GOP nominee claims that his plan to build a massive wall along the U.S. border with Mexico has resulted in a conflict of interest for Curiel in the case over Trump’s for-profit university.
“He’s proud of his heritage, OK? I’m building a wall,” Trump told Tapper. “He’s a Mexican. We’re building a wall between here and Mexico,” he added.
Tapper, however, pointed out that Curiel was born in Indiana.
“We live in a society that’s very pro-Mexico, and that’s fine. That’s all fine,” Trump said at another point in the interview. “But I think he should recuse himself.”
“Because he’s a Latino?” Tapper asked.
“I’m building a wall,” Trump maintained.
Watch part of the interview below:
Trump defends his claim that judge in Trump Univ. case is biased due to his heritage: “He should recuse himself” https://t.co/0z0l76KHgE — The Lead CNN (@TheLeadCNN) June 3, 2016
| 2023-08-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6593 |
Mutation testing is an old idea that I haven’t yet seen work out, but it’s fascinating. The idea is that your test suite should catch any bugs in your code, so what if we artificially insert bugs into the code, and see if the test suite catches them?
Mutation testers modify (mutate) your project code in small ways, then run your test suite. If the tests all pass, then that mutation is considered a problem: a bug that your tests didn’t catch. The theory is that a mutation will change the behavior of your program, so if your test suite is testing closely enough, some test should fail for each mutation. If a mutation doesn’t produce a test failure, then you need to add to your tests.
There are a few problems with this plan. The first is that it is time-consuming. Most people feel like it takes too long to run their entire test suite just once. Mutation testers run the whole suite once for each mutation, and there can be thousands of mutations.
But my larger concern is false positives: not all mutations are bugs, and if the mutation tester reports too many non-bugs as bugs, then its usefulness is diminished or even negated. I wanted to examine this idea more closely.
There are a few mutation testers out there for Python. I thought I would give them a try, starting with mutmut. [Mutmut’s author Anders Hovmöller helped by commenting on a draft of this post. I’ve included some of his commentary.]
I needed a test suite to use, so I created a slightly artificial project. The templite module in coverage.py is almost standalone, and is well-tested. And it’s small enough that its test suite runs in less than a second. I extracted templite, wrote some project scaffolding, and gave it its own repository.
Now I had a project that tested well:
$ coverage run -m pytest
============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.1, pytest-4.3.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0
rootdir: /Users/ned/lab/templite, inifile:
collected 26 items
test_templite.py .......................... [100%]
========================== 26 passed in 0.09 seconds ===========================
$ coverage report -m
Name Stmts Miss Branch BrPart Cover Missing
-------------------------------------------------------------
src/templite.py 144 1 60 1 99% 137, 136->137
(The one line missing coverage is a conditional for Python 2 vs Python 3.)
Running mutmut was easy:
$ pip install mutmut
Collecting mutmut
...
Installing collected packages: mutmut
Successfully installed mutmut-1.3.1
$ mutmut run
- Mutation testing starting -
These are the steps:
1. A full test suite run will be made to make sure we
can run the tests successfully and we know how long
it takes (to detect infinite loops for example)
2. Mutants will be generated and checked
Mutants are written to the cache in the .mutmut-cache
directory. Print found mutants with `mutmut results`.
Legend for output:
🎉 Killed mutants. The goal is for everything to end up in this bucket.
⏰ Timeout. Test suite took 10 times as long as the baseline so were killed.
🤔 Suspicious. Tests took a long time, but not long enough to be fatal.
🙁 Survived. This means your tests needs to be expanded.
mutmut cache is out of date, clearing it...
1. Running tests without mutations
⠇ Running... Done
2. Checking mutants
⠧ 154/154 🎉 146 ⏰ 0 🤔 0 🙁 8
This ran 154 different mutations, which took about a minute for my half-second-ish test suite. 146 of them resulted in test suite failures, as they should. But 8 passed the test suite, so they have to be examined as potential test gaps.
One nice touch: if you interrupt mutmut, when you run it again, it picks up where it left off, which is great for a long-running process like this.
I’m not sure how mutmut decides where to find the code to mutate. In this case it found it implicitly. Other projects I tried, I had to add some configuration to setup.cfg, even though I thought the projects were laid out similarly.
[Anders says it looks for “src”, “lib”, or a directory with the same name as the current directory. My other project has a quirk: edx-lint/edx_lint has the code, so the punctuation difference threw it off.]
To look at the mutants, use the results command:
$ mutmut results
To apply a mutant on disk:
mutmut apply <id>
To show a mutant:
mutmut show <id>
Survived 🙁 (8)
---- src/templite.py (8) ----
10, 29, 37, 45, 46, 58, 108, 152
This gives me the ids of the mutants that survived, that is, the mutations that didn’t cause a failure in the test suite.
We can see the actual code mutation with the show command:
$ mutmut show 10
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
self.code.append(section)
return section
- INDENT_STEP = 4 # PEP8 says so!
+ INDENT_STEP = 5 # PEP8 says so!
def indent(self):
"""Increase the current indent for following lines."""
The mutation is shown as a diff. The old line is prefixed with minus, and the new line with plus. Here the INDENT_STEP constant was changed from 4 to 5.
Right off the bat, we have a philosophical decision to make. A bit about how templite works: it converts template files into Python code. Rendering a template is done by executing the generated Python code. This INDENT_STEP constant is the indentation amount used in the generated code.
I have no tests that examine the generated code. That code is an implementation detail. The important thing is that the templates render properly, so that is what’s tested. When mutmut changed the indent level to 5, the generated code was different, but only in white space, so it ran the same, and still produced the right output.
Does this mutation point to a problem in the test suite? I don’t think I should test that the indentation level in the generated code is 4 spaces. Mutmut provides a way to mark the line to exempt it from mutation, but I’m not sure I want to start adding those pragmas. This is one of the things I wanted to understand: what kind of false positives would appear, and how would I deal with them?
Let’s see how the next mutant looks:
$ mutmut show 29
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
code.add_line("append_result = result.append")
code.add_line("extend_result = result.extend")
if sys.version_info.major == 2:
- code.add_line("to_str = unicode")
+ code.add_line("XXto_str = unicodeXX")
else:
code.add_line("to_str = str")
The second mutant has found the one line of code that is not covered by the test suite, because it’s for Python 2, and we are only running under Python 3. Mutmut has a --use-coverage flag, which uses coverage data to skip mutations on lines that are not covered by the test suite. If I had used it to begin with, this mutant wouldn’t have appeared. Nice.
Next:
mutmut show 37
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
"""Force `buffered` to the code builder."""
if len(buffered) == 1:
code.add_line("append_result(%s)" % buffered[0])
- elif len(buffered) > 1:
+ elif len(buffered) >= 1:
code.add_line("extend_result([%s])" % ", ".join(buffered))
del buffered[:]
This is a classic false positive. The condition has been changed from greater to greater-or-equal, but it doesn’t change the behavior of the code. This mutation is in an “elif” clause and the equal case was already handled by the previous if clause, so greater-or-equal is the same as greater.
On this point, Anders commented:
Mutmut here does point out that your code is overly complex. Just “elif buffered” can’t be mutated but has the same functionality. I’ve found this to be a weird little side effect to using mutation testing. If I follow this the code gets better and more “just so”. This specific case isn’t a super strong argument, but I’ve had many similar things that build on top of each other in small increments.
I can see Anders’ point here, though I’m not sure I want to change the code that way.
Mutant 45 gives us our first true success:
$ mutmut show 45
--- src / templite . py
+++ src / templite . py
@@ - 153 , 7 + 153 , 7 @@
# Split the text to form a list of tokens.
tokens = re . split ( r "(?s)({{.*?}}|{%.*?%}|{#.*?#})" , text )
- squash = False
+ squash = True
for token in tokens :
if token . startswith ( '{' ):
Templite can squash white space around tokens, and here we are changing the initial value of the “should I squash white space?” flag. How can it not cause a test failure? Because we never tested a template that started with white space! Adding this simple test kills the mutant:
self . try_render ( " hello " , {}, " hello " )
I thought that mutmut run again would clear the mutant from the results, but the only way I could find to clear it was to delete the mutmut cache and run all the mutations again. [Anders wrote an issue about this.]
Mutant 46 is another false positive:
$ mutmut show 46
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
# Split the text to form a list of tokens.
tokens = re.split(r"(?s)({{.*?}}|{%.*?%}|{#.*?#})", text)
- squash = False
+ squash = None
for token in tokens:
if token.startswith('{'):
Here squash is the same boolean flag we saw in mutant 45. I only ever check it with if squash:, so of course False and None produce the same results. Notice here if I wanted to prevent this mutant by adding a pragma to the line, I would also have prevented the first success we had. Adding that pragma would be counter-productive.
Next:
$ mutmut show 58
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
start, end = 2, -2
squash = (token[-3] == '-')
if squash:
- end = -3
+ end = -4
if token.startswith('{#'):
# Comment: ignore it and move on.
This is another useful result. Turns out in my tests, I always wrote space-squashing tags with a space, like {{a -}}. This mutated code adjusted the trimming of punctuation to account for the dash. Because I always had a space before the dash, the change to -4 went unnoticed. I killed this mutant by changing some tags in my tests to have no space: {{a-}}, and also added some with many spaces for good measure.
Mutant 108 sure looks like it’s real:
$ mutmut show 108
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
else:
# Literal content. If it isn't empty, output it.
if squash:
- token = token.lstrip()
+ token = None
if token:
buffered.append(repr(token))
Seems like we have no tests of non-white-space literal content after a squashing tag. Add that test, and that mutant is killed.
Our last mutant is another interesting case:
$ mutmut show 152
--- src/templite.py
+++ src/templite.py
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
value = value[dot]
except (TypeError, KeyError):
raise TempliteValueError(
- "Couldn't evaluate %r.%s" % (value, dot)
+ "XXCouldn't evaluate %r.%sXX" % (value, dot)
)
if callable(value):
value = value()
Here the error message has been mutated by adding chaff to the beginning and end. We do have a test for this error, including its message:
def test_exception_during_evaluation ( self ):
msg = "Couldn't evaluate None.bar"
with self . assertRaisesRegex ( TempliteValueError , msg ):
self . try_render (
"Hey {{foo.bar.baz}} there" , { 'foo' : None }, "Hey ??? there"
)
The test still passes because it’s finding the expected error message somewhere in the actual error message. If mutmut had added chaff in the middle of the string as well, it would have failed the test. Is this clever of mutmut? Hard to say!
When I change the test, the mutant is killed:
regex = "^Couldn't evaluate None.bar$"
with self . assertRaisesRegex ( TempliteValueError , regex ):
BTW, the first time I ran mutmut, it created another nonsensical mutant:
--- src/__init__.py
+++ src/__init__.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-from .templite import *
+from .templite import /
This mutant survived because this file was never executed. That in itself was a useful clue to the fact that I had made a useless file. Delete the file, and the mutant is killed. [mutmut has changed so that it won’t create this mutation any more.]
So after all this, how did mutmut do? It gave me seven mutations, four of which resulted in improving the tests. That’s not a bad outcome. But I don’t know how I would use this regularly. I don’t have a good way to silence the three false positives, so if I run mutmut again in the future, I will have to consider them again.
As another data point about the cost of mutation testing, I tried mutmut on another project with a 10-second test suite. It took mutmut 43 minutes to run 513 mutants, of which 165 survived. I haven’t looked through them yet to see what they mean.
All in all, I am pleased with the results. As an occasional (but expensive) way to assess your test suite, mutmut works well. | 2024-05-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3245 |
Proton-Controlled Organic Microlaser Switch.
Microscale laser switches have been playing irreplaceable roles in the development of photonic devices with high integration levels. However, it remains a challenge to switch the lasing wavelengths across a wide range due to relatively fixed energy bands in traditional semiconductors. Here, we report a strategy to switch the lasing wavelengths among multiple states based on a proton-controlled intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) process in organic dye-doped flexible microsphere resonant cavities. The protonic acids can effectively bind onto the ICT molecules, which thus enhance the ICT strength of the dyes and lead to a red-shifted gain behavior. On this basis, the gain region was effectively modulated by using acids with different proton-donating ability, and as a result, laser switching among multiple wavelengths was achieved. The results will provide guidance for the rational design of miniaturized lasers with performances based on the characteristic of organic optoelectronic materials. | 2024-02-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6973 |
EAST HILL MARINE V. RINKER BOAT
COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 2-06-210-CV
EAST HILL MARINE, INC. AND APPELLANTS
JOE STARK D/B/A JOE STARK MARINE
V.
RINKER BOAT CO., INC. APPELLEES
AND GAVEN HUNT
------------
FROM THE 352ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
------------
OPINION
------------
I. Introduction
Appellants East Hill Marine, Inc. and Joe Stark d/b/a Joe Stark Marine appeal the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to appellees Rinker Boat Co., Inc. and Gaven Hunt. In their first two issues, appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting a traditional summary judgment against them on their breach of contract claims and by granting a traditional summary judgment and no-evidence summary judgment against them on their Texas Occupations Code claims. In a third issue, East Hill Marine, solely, argues that the trial court erred by granting a traditional summary judgment against it on its Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”) claim. We affirm.
II. Background Facts
In the early 1990s Stark became an authorized Rinker Boats dealer in Fort Worth, Texas. Stark and appellees did not enter into a written agreement documenting the terms of the dealer agreement, but instead, orally agreed that Stark could be the authorized dealer in Fort Worth for as long as he wanted to with no minimum purchase requirements. Stark continued to be a Rinker dealer in Fort Worth until 2004. During this time, appellees listed Stark’s business on its website as an authorized dealer and corresponded with Stark as a dealer. Stark paid no money to appellees in exchange for this agreement.
On September 23, 2004, appellees sent a letter to Stark informing him that they were terminating their dealership agreement with him because of lack or loss of sales performance and sub par performance in the areas of customer service and satisfaction. The letter informed Stark that the agreement would terminate in 90 days and appellees would honor any reasonable orders within the 90-day period.
East Hill Marine entered into a verbal dealer agreement with appellees in March 2004. East Hill Marine claims that appellees made the same oral representations to it that they had made to Stark; specifically, that East Hill Marine would be the exclusive Rinker dealer in North Dallas for as long as East Hill Marine wanted to be. East Hill Marine also claims that, under the agreement, East Hill Marine did not have to purchase a minimum number of boats to remain a Rinker dealer. Larry Cochran, the president of East Hill Marine, requested a written agreement, but appellees informed him that they did not have a written agreement, nor would they provide him with one. Regardless, East Hill Marine became a Rinker dealer and purchased boats from appellees for approximately seven months. Like Stark, East Hill Marine paid no money to appellees to become an authorized dealer. On November 1, 2004, appellees called East Hill Marine and stated that they were terminating East Hill Marine’s dealership status. On December 13, 2004, appellants sued appellees for breach of their dealer agreements and for violating the Texas Occupations Code as it relates to boat dealers and manufacturers. East Hill Marine, solely, also asserted a claim against appellees under the DTPA. In November 2005, appellees filed a traditional motion for summary judgment on all three claims and an additional no-evidence motion for summary judgment on the Occupations Code claims, all of which the trial court granted. This appeal followed.
III. Standards of Review
A. Traditional Summary Judgment
A defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential element of a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim.
IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of Desoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason
,
143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004);
see
Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(b), (c). When reviewing a summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.
IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr.
, 143 S.W.3d at 798.
A defendant is entitled to summary judgment on an affirmative defense if the defendant conclusively proves all the elements of the affirmative defense.
Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel
, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999);
see
Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(b), (c)
. To accomplish this, the defendant-movant must present summary judgment evidence that establishes each element of the affirmative defense as a matter of law.
Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood,
924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996). When reviewing a summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.
IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr.
,
143 S.W.3d at 798.
B. No-Evidence Summary Judgment
After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the ground that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim or defense.
Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(i). The motion must specifically state the elements for which there is no evidence.
Id.; Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C.,
73 S.W.3d 193, 207 (Tex. 2002). The trial court must grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact.
See
Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(i) & cmt.;
Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant,
73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002).
When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, we examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the motion.
Sudan v. Sudan,
199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006). If the nonmovant brings forward more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact, then a no-evidence summary judgment is not proper.
Moore v. K Mart Corp.
, 981 S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).
When a party moves for summary judgment under both rules 166a(c) and 166a(i), we will first review the trial court’s judgment under the standards of rule 166a(i).
Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway,
135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). If the nonmovant failed to produce more than a scintilla of evidence under that burden, then there is no need to analyze whether the movant’s summary judgment proof satisfied the less stringent rule 166a(c) burden.
Id.
IV. Texas Occupations Code
In their first issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting traditional and no-evidence summary judgments against them on their Occupations Code claims.
(footnote: 1) Appellees’ no-evidence motion was based on the argument that the Occupations Code requires a written agreement between a manufacturer and a dealer, and in this case, there was no evidence of a written agreement between the parties. Appellees’ traditional summary judgment motion was based on the argument that appellants were estopped and quasi-estopped from bringing their claims because they violated the Occupations Code by not entering into a written contract.
A. Applicable Law
The Occupations Code states that a boat manufacturer may not terminate an agreement with a dealer unless there is good cause for the termination.
Tex. Occ. Code Ann.
§ 2352.053(a) (Vernon 2004). Section 2352.051 further requires that a boat manufacturer and a dealer enter into an agreement that complies with section 2352.052.
See id.
§ 2352.051. Under section 2352.052, the agreement must contain the following terms:
(1) the dealer’s location, territory, or market area;
(2) the length of the agreement;
(3) any performance or marketing standards;
(4) any working capital, inventory, facility, equipment, or tool standards;
(5) provisions for termination or nonrenewal of the agreement and the designation of a successor dealer in the event of the dealer’s death or disability;
(6) the obligations of the manufacturer, distributor, and dealer in the preparation and delivery of and warranty service on new boats and new outboard motors;
(7) the obligations of the manufacturer, distributor, and dealer on termination of the agreement, including inventory of new boats and new outboard motors, parts inventory, equipment, furnishings, special tools, and required signs; and
(8) dispute resolution procedures.
Id.
§ 2352.052(a). Section 2352.001 of the Occupations Code defines “agreement” as a “
written
agreement between a manufacturer . . . and a dealer for the purchase and sale of new boats or new outboard motors.”
Id.
§ 2352.001(1) (emphasis added).
B. Analysis
Under section 2352.051, a dealer and a manufacturer have a mutual obligation to enter into a written agreement before selling or buying boats.
See id.
§§ 2352.001, .051. Appellants argue that section 2352.053 “provides that a manufacturer such as Rinker may not terminate
dealers
such as [appellants] unless there exists good cause.” [Emphasis added.] However, the statute actually states that a manufacturer “may not terminate an
agreement
unless there is good cause.”
Id.
§ 2352.053(a) (emphasis added). While appellants may be correct that the Occupations Code was designed to protect small boat dealers from large and powerful manufacturers, the clear language of the statute requires both parties to enter into a
written
agreement.
See id.
§ 2352.051. Therefore, any verbal agreements between appellants and appellees are not subject to section 2352.053’s prohibition on termination without good cause.
See id
. §§ 2352.001, .053.
Appellants next claim that various pieces of correspondence, purchase orders, purchase invoices, and other documents were sufficient to constitute written agreements between them and appellees. However, appellants failed to demonstrate to the trial court how these various documents satisfied the Occupation Code’s eight requirements for written agreements.
See id.
§ 2352.052(a). Further, appellants conceded in their depositions and petition that no written agreements existed. Appellants also claim that even if there were no written agreements, section 2352.052(b) makes the Occupations code applicable to their oral agreement, and thus required “that there be protections afforded [appellants] from unilateral, draconian termination by Rinker.” Section 2352.052(b) states that “a dealer agreement and any transaction subject to this chapter must comply with the requirements of this section.”
Id.
§ 2352.052(b). We disagree with appellants’ interpretation; section 2352.052(b) refers to “this chapter,” meaning chapter 2352 of the Occupations Code and its corresponding sections. Under section 2352.001(1), all agreements under chapter 2352 must be in writing.
Id.
§ 2352.001(1). Thus, section 2352.052(b) applies only to written agreements.
Since there were no agreements complying with the Occupations Code, appellees could not have violated section 2352.053, and the
trial court did not err by granting appellees’ no-evidence motion for summary judgment on those claims.
See id.
§ 2352.051.
Because the no-evidence summary judgment against appellants was proper, we need not analyze whether the trial court erred by granting traditional summary judgment in favor of appellees on those claims.
See
Ford Motor Co.,
135 S.W.3d at 600
.
Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ first issue.
V. Breach of Contract Claims
In their second issue, appellants claim that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of appellees on their statute of frauds defenses to appellants’ breach of contract claims. Appellees’ statute of frauds defenses included two reasons why the verbal contracts were unenforceable: the contracts were for the sale of goods over $500 and the contracts could not be completed within one year. We only address the sale of goods argument because it is dispositive.
A. Applicable Law
A contract for the sale of goods valued at more than $500 is subject to the statute of frauds.
Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code Ann. § 2.201
(a) (Vernon 1994). Where a contract contains a mixture of sales and services, section 2.201 applies if the sale of goods is the “dominant factor” or “essence” of the transaction.
See Cont’l Casing Corp. v. Siderca Corp.
, 38 S.W.3d 782, 787 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
no pet.);
WesTech Eng'g, Inc. v. Clearwater Constructors, Inc.,
835 S.W.2d 190, 197 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no writ).
Appellees and appellants dispute whether the thrust of each contract was the dealership agreement or the sale and purchase of goods. Thus, to determine whether section 2.201(a) applies here, we must decide whether the dominant factor or essence of each alleged agreement is a “contract for the sale of goods.”
See
Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code Ann.
§ 2.201
(a);
Cont’l Casing Corp.
, 38 S.W.3d at 787.
B. Analysis
Appellants argue that they made oral agreements with appellees that authorized them to purchase boats indefinitely. According to appellants, these agreements did not involve the purchase of goods for an amount over $500, but instead were agreements that they would act as appellees’ boat dealers. Thus, argue appellants, the contracts were for services, not for goods. We disagree.
First, the boats to be supplied by appellees were without question “goods” as defined by the Business and Commerce Code (“UCC”).
See
Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code Ann.
§ 2.105
.
The UCC states that a “contract for sale” includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time.
Id.
§ 2.106.
A
ppellants admitted that the main purpose of their agreements with appellees was to buy boats that cost over $500 from appellees and then sell those boats in their own showrooms. For example, Stark testified:
Q. On the boats that you have purchased from Rinker over the years, have any of them been under $500?
A. No.
Q. What would be the lowest price of one of the boats that you purchased from Rinker?
A. We bought a — in 1992, they had an 18-foot boat that sold for approximately $16,000, dealers cost.
Q. That’s what you paid Rinker for the boat?
A. Yes sir.
Q. That’s the lowest price of a boat you can remember buying from them?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Is the main gist of the agreement between you and Rinker was for you to buy boats from them?
A. I guess so.
Q. You many have other accessories to go with it, but the main gist of your agreement with Rinker was that you would buy boats from them as you contend for as long as you wanted?
A. Yes, sir.
In discussing East Hill Marine’s contentions as to the terms of the oral agreement, East Hill Marine’s president testified as follows,
Q. What were Rinker’s obligations?
A. To manufacture and deliver boats. To assist in marketing materials. We discussed having boats with birthdays and would they assist in disposing of those. All the obligations any manufacturer has.
Q. Well, what were the obligations you agreed upon?
A. That I would be the Dallas dealer exclusively. That if and when they expected Joe Stark to go away, that I would have part of Fort Worth also.
Q. Any other obligations y’all agreed upon for Rinker?
A. I don’t recall.
Q. What were your obligations, East Hill’s?
A. Basically looking for a floor plan, insurance, a good location. Take it to the Boat Show, represent the line.
. . . .
Q. You’ve already told me that there wasn’t a written agreement, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. Did you ever offer to purchase new boats or actually purchase new boats from Rinker without having a written agreement?
A. Yes.
Q. Your claims against Rinker involved, in part, a transaction in which you claim you ordered $575,000 in new units; is that correct?
A. I had more orders than that.
Further, the alleged oral agreements are properly characterized as distributorship agreements. Although only one Texas case
(footnote: 2) has discussed whether a distributorship agreement is a “contract for the sale of goods” under the UCC, the overwhelming majority of jurisdictions that have considered the question have concluded that distributorship agreements are subject to the UCC.
(footnote: 3)
We will follow the majority rule in holding that the dominant factor or essence of each of the alleged agreements in this case was a contract for the sale of goods, and thus each was subject to the UCC.
We conclude that appellants’ arguments that there were sufficient writings to constitute agreements under the UCC are unpersuasive, especially in light of the admissions in their depositions and pleadings that no written contracts existed between any parties. Therefore, because the contracts were for the sale of goods over $500, and the contracts were not in writing, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of appellees on this statute of frauds defense.
See
Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code Ann. § 2.201
(a). This holding disposes of the entire issue, so we need not address whether summary judgment was proper on the ground that the contracts could not be performed within one year. Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ second issue.
VI. DTPA Claim
East Hill Marine was the only appellant that asserted a DTPA claim against appellees. The trial court granted traditional summary judgment in favor of appellees on this claim, holding that the set of transactions between East Hill Marine and appellees involved consideration of more than $500,000.
A. Applicable Law
The Texas Business and Commerce Code exempts from the DTPA causes of action arising from a transaction or set of transactions relating to the same project if the total consideration by the consumer amounts to more than $500,000.
Id
. § 17.49
(g) (Vernon Supp. 2006). The purpose of this exemption is to maintain the DTPA as a viable source of relief for consumers in small transactions and to remove litigation between businesses over large transactions from the scope of the DTPA.
See Citizens Nat’l Bank v. Allen Rae Invs., Inc.
, 142 S.W.3d 459, 473-74 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.).
B. Analysis
In the following portion of his deposition, East Hill Marine’s president, Larry Cochran, admitted that East Hill Marine’s damages claims against appellees involved total consideration of at least $859,513:
Q. So was setting up and running East Hill and buying boats your . . . your project?
A. Uh-huh
Q. Is that a “yes”?
A. “Yes.” Sorry.
. . . .
Q. Your claims against Rinker involved, in part, a transaction in which you claim you ordered $575,000 in new units; is that correct?
A. I had more orders than that.
. . . .
Q. But my question is, your claims in this lawsuit involve, in part, a transaction which you claim you ordered $575,000 or more in new units?
A. Yes.
Q. And that’s—that figure was money that you were going to pay Rinker to purchase boats so that you could then sell them on to end customers?
A. Yes.
. . . .
Q. So your—claims, in part, arise out of a claim for $859,513 in orders?
A. And quite possibly there was more, but that’s what I had here.
In its petition, East Hill Marine sought recovery of ten years of lost profits, which would have included the lost profits on the $859,513 that East Hill Marine promised to pay appellees for boats. In order to avoid the DTPA exemption for transactions over $500,000, however, East Hill Marine argues that the sole transaction it is suing appellees on under the DTPA is its application to sell Rinker boats. According to East Hill Marine, at the time the dealer relationship was established, there was no promise to pay more than $500,000; instead, there was an agreement under which East Hill Marine could theoretically never purchase a boat.
This argument fails to address the fact that within months after East Hill Marine established its initial agreement with appellees, East Hill Marine promised to pay at least $859,513 for new boats. Hence, East Hill Marine did not apply to sell Rinker boats so that it could simply have that option and never use it; it applied to be a Rinker boat dealer so that it could purchase boats and then sell them in its showroom for profits.
Because East Hill Marine promised to pay appellees $859,513 and then sued to recover the lost profits on this amount, East Hill Marine’s transactions with appellees exceed the $500,000 limit imposed by the DTPA.
See Citizens Nat’l Bank
, 142 S.W.3d at 473 (holding that sets of transactions related to the same project can be valued collectively under the DTPA). The trial court did not err by granting traditional summary judgment on East Hill Marine’s DTPA claim. Accordingly, we overrule East Hill Marine’s third issue.
VII. Conclusion
Having overruled all three issues, we affirm the trial court’s summary judgment order.
TERRIE LIVINGSTON
JUSTICE
PANEL A: CAYCE, C.J.; LIVINGSTON and GARDNER, JJ.
DELIVERED: June 21, 2007
FOOTNOTES
1:Appellants sought damages against appellees for terminating their dealership agreements without good cause and without written notice.
2:See Cont’l Casing Corp.
, 38 S.W.3d at 787-88 (holding that an agreement between a pipe manufacturer and a dealer was a distributorship agreement and was covered under the UCC).
3:The courts in at least eighteen jurisdictions have applied the UCC to distributorship agreements.
See AKA Distrib. Co. v. Whirlpool Corp.,
137 F.3d 1083, 1085 (8th Cir. 1998) (applying Minnesota law);
Am. Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Bill Kummer, Inc.,
65 F.3d 1381, 1385-86 (7th Cir. 1995) (applying Wisconsin law);
Intercorp, Inc. v. Pennzoil Co.,
877 F.2d 1524, 1527-28 (11th Cir. 1989) (applying Alabama law);
Monarch Beverage Co. v. Tyfield Imps., Inc.,
823 F.2d 1187, 1190 (7th Cir. 1987) (applying Indiana law);
Corenswet, Inc. v. Amana Refrigeration, Inc.,
594 F.2d 129, 134 (5th Cir. 1979) (applying Iowa law);
L & M Enters., Inc. v. BEI Sensors & Sys. Co.,
45 F. Supp.2d 879, 885 (D. Kan. 1999),
aff'd,
231 F.3d 1284 (10th Cir. 2000) (applying Kansas law);
Glacier Optical, Inc. v. Optique Du Monde, Ltd.,
816 F. Supp. 646, 652-53 (D. Or. 1993),
aff'd,
46 F.3d 1141 (9th Cir. 1995) (applying Washington law);
Paulson, Inc. v. Bromar, Inc.,
775 F. Supp. 1329, 1333 (D. Haw. 1991) (applying Hawaii law);
Babst v. FMC Corp.,
661 F. Supp. 82, 87-88 (S. D. Miss. 1986) (applying Mississippi law);
Artman v. Int’l Harvester Co.,
355 F. Supp. 482, 486 (W.D. Pa. 1973) (applying Pennsylvania law);
PCS Joint Venture, Ltd. v. Davis,
465 S.E.2d 713, 714 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995);
Leibel v. Raynor Mfg. Co.,
571 S.W.2d 640, 643 (Ky. Ct. App. 1978);
Cavalier Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Liberty Homes, Inc.,
454 A.2d 367, 376 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1983);
Meuse-Rhine-Ijssel Cattle Breeders of Canada, Ltd. v. Y-TEX Corp.,
590 P2d 1306, 1310-11 (Wyo. 1979
) (concluding that a distributorship is not contemplated within the UCC definition of “goods”);
Custom Commc’ns Eng'g, Inc. v. E.F. Johnson Co.,
636 A.2d 80, 84-85 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1993);
United Wholesale Liquor Co. v. Brown-Forman Distillers Corp.,
775 P.2d 233, 235-36 (N.M. 1989);
Sanyo Elec., Inc. v. Pinros & Gar Corp.,
174 A.D.2d 452, 453 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991);
Quality Performance Lines v. Yoho Auto., Inc.,
609 P.2d 1340, 1342 (Utah 1980).
| 2023-08-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1354 |
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BEREA, Ohio -- Browns quarterback DeShone Kizer wore a hangdawg expression in the Browns' facility Monday, but coach Hue Jackson urged him in front of his peers to turn that frown upside.[url=http://www.z-z-zip.com/joe-montana-jersey-c-1_24.html][img]http://www.z-z-zip.com/images/nike_49ers_943_Joe_Montana_Jersey_qk3jk.jpg[/img][/url]"What [url=http://www.officialoilersshop.com/wayne-gretzky-jersey-c-1_35.html]Wayne Gretzky Authentic Jersey[/url] I saw in his face today, he was down - I'm being very honest with you - but I told him in front of the whole offensive football team, we're not doing that,'' Jackson said. "We're not going to get down. We're going to [url=http://www.radioummah.com/80-steve-largent-jersey-c-1_11.html]http://www.radioummah.com/80-steve-largent-jersey-c-1_11.html[/url] keep a smile on our face and we're going to keep working at this thing to get better because being down is not going to do anything."I need his energy and his [url=http://www.officialgiantsstores.com/13-odell-beckham-jr-jersey-c-2_9.html]Odell Beckham Jr Jersey[/url] passion because he's done a lot of good things. He's done some things that young quarterbacks do, but he has to keep working at it."Kizer acknowledged that he felt worse after Sunday's 19-10 loss to the Chargers than any of the 11 other [url=http://www.z-z-zip.com/jerry-rice-jersey-c-1_27.html]Jerry Rice Youth Jersey[/url] losses this season, in part [url=http://www.nflbearsofficialshop.com/shop-by-players-walter-payton-jersey-c-2_121.html]http://www.nflbearsofficialshop.com/shop-by-players-walter-payton-jersey-c-2_121.html[/url] because it was the last, and in part because the Browns had a chance to rally until he was strip-sacked by [url=http://www.officialsteelersprosale.com/antonio-brown-jerseys-c-1_24.html]http://www.officialsteelersprosale.com/antonio-brown-jerseys-c-1_24.html[/url] Joey Bosa with 4:48 left in the game. It was Josh Gordon's big return, and everyone on the team was confident he'd get them over the hump."The closer you get to the end of the season without achieving the goals you have, the more frustrated you become,'' Kizer said.[url=http://www.pijc.nl/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=24183]http://www.pijc.nl/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=24183[/url]
BEREA, Ohio -- Browns quarterback DeShone Kizer wore a hangdawg expression in the Browns' facility Monday, but coach Hue Jackson urged him in front of his peers to turn that frown upside.[url=http://www.z-z-zip.com/joe-montana-jersey-c-1_24.html][img]http://www.z-z-zip.com/images/nike_49ers_943_Joe_Montana_Jersey_qk3jk.jpg[/img][/url]"What [url=http://www.officialoilersshop.com/wayne-gretzky-jersey-c-1_35.html]Wayne Gretzky Authentic Jersey[/url] I saw in his face today, he was down - I'm being very honest with you - but I told him in front of the whole offensive football team, we're not doing that,'' Jackson said. "We're not going to get down. We're going to [url=http://www.radioummah.com/80-steve-largent-jersey-c-1_11.html]http://www.radioummah.com/80-steve-largent-jersey-c-1_11.html[/url] keep a smile on our face and we're going to keep working at this thing to get better because being down is not going to do anything."I need his energy and his [url=http://www.officialgiantsstores.com/13-odell-beckham-jr-jersey-c-2_9.html]Odell Beckham Jr Jersey[/url] passion because he's done a lot of good things. He's done some things that young quarterbacks do, but he has to keep working at it."Kizer acknowledged that he felt worse after Sunday's 19-10 loss to the Chargers than any of the 11 other [url=http://www.z-z-zip.com/jerry-rice-jersey-c-1_27.html]Jerry Rice Youth Jersey[/url] losses this season, in part [url=http://www.nflbearsofficialshop.com/shop-by-players-walter-payton-jersey-c-2_121.html]http://www.nflbearsofficialshop.com/shop-by-players-walter-payton-jersey-c-2_121.html[/url] because it was the last, and in part because the Browns had a chance to rally until he was strip-sacked by [url=http://www.officialsteelersprosale.com/antonio-brown-jerseys-c-1_24.html]http://www.officialsteelersprosale.com/antonio-brown-jerseys-c-1_24.html[/url] Joey Bosa with 4:48 left in the game. It was Josh Gordon's big return, and everyone on the team was confident he'd get them over the hump."The closer you get to the end of the season without achieving the goals you have, the more frustrated you become,'' Kizer said.[url=http://www.pijc.nl/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=24183]http://www.pijc.nl/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=24183[/url]
BEREA, Ohio -- Hue Jackson still believes DeShone Kizer can be his quarterback of the future, but admitted the Browns might have to draft a quarterback with their top pick anyway.[url=http://www.authenticcowboysstores.com/ezekiel-elliott-jersey-c-1_22.html][img]http://www.authenticcowboysstores.com/images/nike_cowboys_771_Ezekiel_Elliott_Jersey_o2ttg.jpg[/img][/url]If the draft were tomorrow, the Browns would have the No. 1 overall pick and the No. 7 from their trade down in 2017 with the Texans.[url=http://www.cheapdolphinsonline.com/shop-by-players-jay-ajayi-jersey-c-1_25.html][img]http://www.cheapdolphinsonline.com/images/cheap jersey/Sale Men s Nike Miami Dolphins 23 Ja 1046.jpg[/img][/url]It means that in this rich QB class, they'll likely have their pick of UCLA's Josh Rosen, USC's Sam Darnold, [url=http://www.0750xsaf.com/jerome-bettis-jersey-c-1_60.html]http://www.0750xsaf.com/jerome-bettis-jersey-c-1_60.html[/url] Louisville's Lamar Jackson, Wyoming's Josh Allen and Oklahoma's Baker Mayfield -- depending on who comes out."It's not a good problem because that means you're losing, but it's a problem that in this situation, you want to have,'' Jackson said a [url=http://www.officialblackhawkssale.com/duncan-keith-jersey-c-1_16.html]Duncan Keith Jersey[/url] day after the Browns [url=http://www.authenticnhlkingssale.com/anze-kopitar-jersey-c-1_21.html]http://www.authenticnhlkingssale.com/anze-kopitar-jersey-c-1_21.html[/url] lost 19-10 to the Chargers to fall to [url=http://www.authenticcanadiensprosale.com/shea-weber-jersey-c-1_15.html]Shea Weber Authentic Jersey[/url] 0-12. "We can't have too many good quarterbacks right now on this football team."We have to and [url=http://www.catalogocharlotte.com/deshaun-watson-jersey-c-1_14.html]Deshaun Watson Womens Jersey[/url] we've said it before, use resources at that position and [url=http://www.authenticcowboysshops.com/dak-prescott-jersey-c-1_13.html]http://www.authenticcowboysshops.com/dak-prescott-jersey-c-1_13.html[/url] go get the right guy that we feel comfortable with to pair them with some of the players we have here to come up with the best quarterback for the Cleveland Browns. That is just [url=http://www.authenticpackerssales.com/aaron-rodgers-jersey-c-1_31.html]Aaron Rodgers Authentic Jersey[/url] what you do."[url=http://ox.friendlysmilez.com/blogs/post/108544]http://ox.friendlysmilez.com/blogs/post/108544[/url]
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With Washington losing a handful of big-name players over the summer, the front office and the coaching staff called upon the prospects and the up-and-coming NHLers already in the system to step up to the plate. With a younger, new-look team, which features two rookie blueliners in Christian Djoos and many Hershey Bears forwards transitioning to [url=http://www.hdyapim.com/martin-havlat-jersey-c-1_14.html]Authentic Martin Havlat Jersey[/url] full-time NHL roles, this particular Capitals team is distinct from ones that have preceded it in the past. Goaltender Braden Holtby has seen that difference.[url=http://www.authenticrangersprostore.com/nick-holden-jersey-c-2_51.html][img]http://www.authenticrangersprostore.com/images/rangers_810412_Mats_Zuccarello_Jersey_nk1ip.jpg[/img][/url]“It feels different in some ways,” Braden Holtby said. “I think we haven’t been quite as dominant as we have in years past. I think we still have some work to do to get to that point.”But even now, Holtby said he sees a lot of strengths from the Capitals and believes they can push themselves even further to keep the trend moving upward.“We’ve had some games where we’ve played really [url=http://www.authenticpackersshops.com/ha-ha-clintondix-jersey-c-1_11.html]http://www.authenticpackersshops.com/ha-ha-clintondix-jersey-c-1_11.html[/url] well and created wins,” Holtby said. [url=http://www.tikamiti.com/demetri-goodson-jersey-c-1_45.html]http://www.tikamiti.com/demetri-goodson-jersey-c-1_45.html[/url] “We are making progress that way and we’re finding ways to win [url=http://www.piclocity.com/tyler-lockett-jersey-c-1_28.html]http://www.piclocity.com/tyler-lockett-jersey-c-1_28.html[/url] games. That’s a good sign of character and confidence, it’s just we got to keep pushing forward if we want this to continue.”Niskanen agreed with Holtby, saying that he has seen a lot more [url=http://www.authenticsteelersstores.com/artie-burns-jersey-c-1_30.html]Artie Burns Jersey[/url] offense and drive, as well as an overall elevated performance from everyone, including star players and secondary scorers.“We’re scoring a little bit more. I think we’re playing harder in a [url=http://www.oilersnhlproshop.com/jeanfrancois-jacques-jersey-c-1_30.html]Jean-Francois Jacques Youth Jersey[/url] few areas than we were earlier in the year,” Niskanen said. “We’re a little bit harder around the boards and we’re harder at both nets. It’s given us a better chance, and I think our [url=http://www.seahawksprosale.com/arthur-brown-jersey-c-1_45.html]Arthur Brown Jersey[/url] PK’s improved too.”[url=http://ekojazda.twoje-zycie.info/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=97279]http://ekojazda.twoje-zycie.info/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=97279[/url]
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The first goal was a relief, Nicklas Backstrom’s 21-game drought finally over after he completed a tic-tac-toe passing sequence. The second goal was a surprise, Tom Wilson’s shot off the faceoff one that Chicago’s Anton Forsberg probably shouldn’t have allowed. The third goal was just showing off, Alex Ovechkin driving the net and punching in the rebound from Wilson’s shot.[url=http://www.vikaos.com/lyle-alzado-jersey-c-1_31.html][img]http://www.vikaos.com/images/nike_raiders_1564_Bo_Jackson_Jersey_9oj4h.jpg[/img][/url]That capped Washington’s first-line offensive outburst, a goal from each member in a 3:28 span in the first period. Forsberg was yanked from net in favor of Jean-Francois Berube, and the Capitals rolled to a [url=http://www.authenticcanadiensprosale.com/charlie-lindgren-jersey-c-1_10.html]http://www.authenticcanadiensprosale.com/charlie-lindgren-jersey-c-1_10.html[/url] 6-2 win over the Blackhawks at Capital One Arena.“It was a very good night for them,” Coach Barry Trotz said of his top trio. “I thought they came out with a pretty good focus. I thought they played quick and they played heavy, and they sort of took the game over. .?.?. That line carried us tonight.”Washington (17-11-1), which has won six of its past seven, extended [url=http://www.whzgzl.com/earl-mitchell-jersey-c-1_40.html]http://www.whzgzl.com/earl-mitchell-jersey-c-1_40.html[/url] its winning streak to three games and is just one point out of [url=http://www.sturbing.com/chris-terry-jersey-c-1_41.html]Chris Terry Authentic Jersey[/url] first place in [url=http://www.authenticpackerssales.com/brett-favre-jersey-c-1_11.html]Brett Favre Jersey[/url] the Metropolitan Division. On Wednesday night, the Capitals did it without top-six forward T.J. Oshie, missing his first game with an undisclosed upper-body injury suffered Monday against the San Jose Sharks. The top line’s scoring onslaught gave Washington a comfortable 3-0 lead to work with, and goaltender Braden Holtby made a whopping 37 saves to keep the Blackhawks at bay.This successful stretch for the Capitals has coincided with the team’s longest homestand of the season and the reunion of Ovechkin and Backstrom. Though the two have complemented each other for more than a [url=http://www.bartekn.com/geno-smith-jersey-c-1_8.html]Geno Smith Youth Jersey[/url] decade in Washington, Trotz started the season with them on separate lines. As both settled into scoring slumps two weeks ago, Trotz reconfigured his forward trios to have Ovechkin and Backstrom skating beside each other again. Their [url=http://www.paprosigns.com/heath-miller-jersey-c-1_12.html]Heath Miller Authentic Jersey[/url] new linemate was a surprising choice in Wilson, who has never scored more than seven goals in a season.The lineup tweak worked wonders. Since reuniting with Backstrom, Ovechkin has eight goals in seven games, riding his best goal-scoring pace since the 2007-08 season, when he scored 65 as a 22-year-old. Though Backstrom has steadily [url=http://www.vidld.com/cris-carter-jersey-c-1_60.html]http://www.vidld.com/cris-carter-jersey-c-1_60.html[/url] been accumulating assists, he entered Wednesday night’s game without a goal since Oct. 14, Washington’s sixth game of the season. Two games away from tying his career-worst goal drought of 23 games, Backstrom swatted in Ovechkin’s cross-crease feed 11:54 into Wednesday’s game for his fourth goal of the season.“Me and Tom had a chat today and said, ‘Let’s set up Backy,’?” Ovechkin said. “And we did and he scored a goal.”[url=http://www.aics.wix.ph/forum/topic/128496]http://www.aics.wix.ph/forum/topic/128496[/url]
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The New York Rangers fall to Washington, can’t cap off the Capitals. With no Mika Zibanejad the offense [url=http://www.officialnhlgoldenknightsshop.com/cody-eakin-c-1_24.html]http://www.officialnhlgoldenknightsshop.com/cody-eakin-c-1_24.html[/url] has become more sparse.[url=http://www.officialgiantssale.com/owa-odighizuwa-jersey-c-1_4.html][img]http://www.officialgiantssale.com/images/nike_giants_1012_Shane_Vereen_Jersey_eqb4sr.jpg[/img][/url]The New York Rangers played yet another game without Mika Zibanejad. Zibanejad has been out since Tuesday, November 28th with what is now known to be a concussion. Prior to this game, the Rangers were 15-10-2. After tonight’s regulation loss they are at a 15-11-2 and three points out of a playoff spot.Prior to this, the Rangers had won their last two games. They had a 4-3 win [url=http://www.stc-van.com/odell-beckham-jr-jersey-c-1_9.html]Authentic Odell Beckham Jr Jersey[/url] versus the Pittsburgh Penguins on Tuesday and a 5-1 win versus the Carolina Hurricanes last Friday.The game itself started on the wrong foot, with the Capitals taking a very early lead. Henrik Lundqvist made [url=http://www.js-lanhui.com/vince-biegel-jersey-c-1_21.html]Vince Biegel Jersey Womens[/url] a handful of good saves, and the period ended with the score 1-0 Washington.The second period started with two good Ranger chances, and a pair of penalties 20 seconds apart. The Rangers put together sustained offensive pressure and forced Braden [url=http://www.authenticsteelersprosales.com/roosevelt-nix-jersey-c-1_60.html]http://www.authenticsteelersprosales.com/roosevelt-nix-jersey-c-1_60.html[/url] Holtby to make saves. After a late Rangers goal, the Capitals still led 2-1.The third period started with a frantic break neck pace, both teams were pressing hard to score. The fourth line stepped up, again, and made something happen. There were a couple of penalties, and a lot of Lundqvist standing on [url=http://www.misskady.com/luke-joeckel-jersey-c-1_44.html]http://www.misskady.com/luke-joeckel-jersey-c-1_44.html[/url] his [url=http://www.penguinsproshop.com/ian-cole-jersey-c-1_42.html]Ian Cole Authentic Jersey[/url] head. But ultimately, the Capitals took the lead and the game, 4-2.[url=http://kristincollins.com/forum/topic/40505]http://kristincollins.com/forum/topic/40505[/url] | 2023-09-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1627 |
Judging Beer Aroma and Flavor
One of the most challenging aspects of beer judging is assessing aroma and flavor. Appearance is relatively easy. A description of color (light straw, golden amber, copper, ruby, chestnut brown, walnut brown, nearly black, or ebony), clarity (clear, slightly hazy, cloudy), followed by a description of head (thick and chunky, tan and creamy, thin veil that dissipates quickly), and lacing (no lace, intricate patterns, spidery, spotty, distinct lines with each sip, or long legs) can be verbalized and observed. A table of six people could all look at the beer and agree with the appearance.
Aroma and gustation are more subtle. These are chemical in nature, making them much more difficult to interpret. Human beings have the ability to distinguish at least 10,000 distinctly different smells. In research on Scent and Fragrances, [Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1994], G. Ohloff stated, “The olfactory sense is able to distinguish among a practically infinite number of chemical compounds at very low concentrations.” With this in mind, the ability of beer judges to detect and describe the same profiles in beer seems virtually impossible.
How we perceive smell
The olfactory nerve detects the aroma, translates it into nerve impulses, and transmits it to the olfactory bulb within the brain. The brain records those impulses and assigns a description to what it interprets as a particular aroma. Unfortunately, the impulses of intensity and the translation performed by each human brain enter the realm of ambiguity when interpreted. One person may describe a phenolic aroma as clove-like, while another describes it as hot-and-spicy. A third may describe the same odor as smoky. Their olfactory nerves may be picking up these aromas at differing rates; depending on the structure and concentration of nerves, they may also pick them up in different intensities. This is easy enough to understand – some of us have thick hair, others have no hair; some have perfect vision, while others need glasses. The same is true of the system that governs the complex olfactory structure. Some people cannot detect diacetyl, described by many as popcorn butter, butterscotch, or rancid grease.
The olfactory system also includes our largest cranial nerve, known as the trigeminal nerve. This nerve interprets sensations in the face, teeth, mouth and scalp, and governs the motor process for the “chewing” muscles. Trigeminal sensations of cold (found in menthol in low to moderate concentrations), heat (menthol in high concentrations), irritation (chlorine gas), burning (hot chili powder or mace), tingling (whisky or vodka), or other vibes that cause muscular response are found in conjunction with 70% of odor stimulation.
In addition to this intangible interpretation of aroma, the human olfactory sense undergoes a phenomenon called adaptation. After constant stimulation of a volatile compound, the receptors in the nose become accustomed to the aroma, and perception is dramatically diminished. Studies indicate this can occur in the amount of time it takes to chew and swallow one mouthful of food. Aromas that mask others can also alter how they are perceived – aromas such as perfume, freshly brewed coffee, newly painted surfaces, or fumes from passing traffic.
How we perceive flavor
Although the theory of tongue-mapping has persisted within many ranks of sensory specialists, newer theories suggest that the tongue, the soft palate, and the epithelium of the pharynx and epiglottis are able to detect a “continuum of percepts similar to color vision.” Past interpretations of research suggested that we detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami sensations on specific areas of the tongue in greater and lesser degrees. Newer research includes the fatty acids (linoleic acid), metallic sensations (blood), spiciness (black pepper), and astringency (tannins), while also expanding the sensation of taste to include aroma, texture, and temperature.
Perception and intensity of taste can be affected by many factors including: genetic make-up, hormonal levels, aging, zinc deficiency, medication, temperature within the oral cavity, diminished olfaction due to colds or allergies, tumors on the temporal lobe, and neurological impairment due to illness or disease.
Although Japanese researchers include “kokumi” or the sensation of mouthfeel as a component of taste, beer judges assess this as a separate category. Since mouthfeel is more mechanical and chemical, it seems easier to interpret than those two sensations - aroma and flavor - that are strictly based on chemistry. Mouthfeel is a feeling of thinness, thickness, or dryness. It includes effervescence that dances across the tongue, slickness, cloying sweetness, alcoholic warmth, a quick finish or long, lingering aftertaste.
Although all these factors can be assessed individually, the overall impression that results from the smooth blending of these complex profiles may be the difference between technically correct and world class. | 2024-05-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8108 |
Association of CD58 gene polymorphisms with NMO spectrum disorders in a Han Chinese population.
This study aimed to perform a comprehensive assessment of the association between CD58 polymorphisms and the risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in a Han Chinese population. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 230 NMOSD patients and 487 healthy controls. Five SNPs were significantly associated with an increased risk of NMOSD (rs2300747, rs1335532, rs56302466, rs1016140, and rs12044852). The haplotype TAGCCCAA significantly increased the risk of NMOSD, while TATTACGG reduced the risk. In conclusion, this study identified a new NMOSD susceptibility variant, rs56302466, and suggested that CD58 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of NMOSD in Han Chinese. | 2023-10-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5084 |
Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba has abandoned plans to sell shares anywhere in the near term in a bid to let the heat die down over its controversial share-structure proposal, chief executive Jonathan Lu Zhaoxi told the South China Morning Post yesterday, leaving the door open to a Hong Kong listing.
"We decided to put down the issue after the last round of discussions," Lu said in an interview at the company's Hangzhou headquarters.
"Hong Kong may need some time to understand the creative management structure for a creative company," he added, in a sign that the potential HK$100 billion share deal has not yet been permanently lost to the city in favour of an alternative listing venue.
We decided to put down the issue after the last round of discussions
JONATHAN LU, CHIEF EXECUTIVE, ALIBABA
There appears to be movement on the Hong Kong side too, with Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing chief executive Charles Li Xiaojia saying in his blog yesterday that consideration should be given to "non-standard shareholding structures" for "innovative companies".
In his blog on HKEx's website, Li said there were "a wide range of possibilities that could be considered" when deciding whether or not to let innovative firms' founders have extra power to influence the nomination of the majority of board members.
Proponents of the structure have argued that such an arrangement would preserve the long-term vision, ideas and strategies of company founders - many of whom would have seen their interests diluted after rounds of external financing.
But opponents said this could open the door for the largest shareholders to harm minority shareholders' interests when their interests were not aligned.
Alibaba has been trying to convince Hong Kong regulators to permit a partnership structure allowing its top management to nominate the majority of its board members.
Li, stressing that he was expressing his personal views to further the debate, said whether a partnership structure was allowed or not was not core to the issue, because regulators would look through any partnership to the underlying structure and persons involved.
"You are a shareholder, director, or manager, or all three; whether or not you are a 'partner' is of little relevance," he said.
"What is trickier is how to structure founders' influence on senior management appointments without encroaching on the fundamental power of directors to appoint the leadership on behalf of shareholders.
"We should have a proper debate before making a decision ... we should make the decision proactively."
Li also said greater concessions could be allowed for founders in markets with stronger checks and balances, such as the United States.
"In a less institutionalised and less litigious market such as Hong Kong, such concessions, if given, would need to be moderate and come with checks and balances for use in the event of abuse or true conflict," he said.
In the US, listed firms are allowed to have "dual-class" shares, where founding shareholders are allowed extra voting rights on key company matters. In Hong Kong, shareholders have equal rights.
Li suggested that minimum market capitalisation, public float and shareholding requirements for founders should be considered if special rights were given to founding shareholders, "to maintain a healthy counter-balance of power".
He emphasised that he was not representing the view of HKEx's listing committee, which has the primary role in deciding whether to reform current regulations, subject to the oversight of the Securities and Futures Commission.
An SFC spokesman declined to comment yesterday.
Market participants said the episode highlighted the conflict of interest inherent in HKEx's dual role as the commercial operator of the exchange and a regulator setting rules for listings.
But Li hit back, saying: "This is not about one listing candidate or fees earned from a listing here or there, it is about choosing a future path and all the responsibility that entails."
The Post reported last month that sources close to Alibaba, founded by teacher-turned-entrepreneur Jack Ma Yun, had said there was no rush to float shares this year and that the real objective was to get a deal done by the end of 2015. If a deal was not done by then, it would likely mean a renegotiation of an agreement struck last year with major shareholder Yahoo over the terms under which the mainland firm could buy back some of the stake held by the US internet company.
Alibaba's chief strategy officer, Zeng Ming, said yesterday the results of the last round of discussions were not good because the company had underestimated the complexity of negotiations with the SFC.
"We felt we were wronged," Zeng said. "I think, more than anyone else, Jack felt he was wronged. He was so full of enthusiasm and full of hope towards Hong Kong. But above all, we felt that we hadn't done well enough on our side."
He said Alibaba had made Hong Kong its top priority when choosing a listing venue. "But we haven't fully discussed with the SFC or exchanged ideas with them in the past," he said. "We have relied too much on the lawyers of both sides to discuss issues on a technical level."
An Alibaba spokesman said last week that the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq had accepted its special partnership structure, which would let its top executives nominate the majority of board members.
But another said the company had yet to select an exchange or appoint underwriters for a listing in the US.
Nasdaq chief executive Bob Greifeld said yesterday Alibaba would be welcomed in New York.
"To the extent they want to come to the US, it's our job to present to them the advantages of listing on Nasdaq," he said.
This article appeared in the South China Morning Post print edition as Alibaba revives hopes of HK float
They want an IPO to raise equity money, rather than issuing bond to raise debt money.
IPO enables them to MAKE money going into their own pockets, while keeping control of the company with the so-called partnership structure. They also do not prefer the system in the US allowing agressive shareholders to sue the management for unjust practices. In short, they only want everthing good for themselves.
HK_eh! Oct 25th 20132:04pm
unfortunately this seems to be more common, started in the States? ie, facebook, most tech companies IPO want your money but keep control thus creating dual structures. and the exchanges (Nasdaq, etc) are businesses and don't care about you as a shareholder except to list the companies and make $$$, just like any business.Sheeples don't realize or don't care and until they stop buying these companies stock, expect it will continue and get worse.What happen to if you want majority control, just own 51% of the company?Oh right, greed. I sell you the stock and it's still mine, mine, mine.
Eat your heart out with your hate. Alibaba is valued anywhere between US$75B and US$110B.
singleline Oct 25th 20137:01pm
Now the Chinese bond market needs a big overhaul indeed. The interest rates have to be liberalised to give the market a geniune yield curve. This helps avoid wasteful investment and the subsequent overcapacities seen in several sectors in China, and give Chinese government, state and private companies a better avenue of external financing. Many people now talk about the US debt crisis. But it's exactly because of the highly developed US debt market (together with the stock markets) that the world's (especially China's and Japan's) wealth is fully used by the US people. This partly explains the relatively high living standard enjoyed by the country's citizens. With a well developed debt market in China, other countries have more incentive to use renminbi as part of their reserve currencies. Afterall, who would be so foolish as to just hold renminbi under the carpet without interest revenue?
singleline Oct 25th 20133:31pm
Why doesn't Alibaba consider the US bond market? It 'just' needs US$15billion. If so, full future control of the company will not be threatened, and the current interest cost is next to nothing. The principal can be rolled over. Alibaba should not be listed in New York. The present big banks are heavily fined by the 'poor' US government, just like the big tobacco companies in the past. This will be the future fate of the big internet companies now listed in the US.Strategically, Alibaba as an internet giant is even more important than the big nationalised banks and the other state-owned enterprises now listed in Hong Kong. With more than US$1 trillion in US treasuries, the Chinese government should consider some ways to 'help' Alibaba.If the local Hongkong tycoons consolidate to 'help' the company, then the 2017 Hong Kong Chief
Executive may be Henry Tang!
OldPeak Toad Oct 25th 20138:55am
Are we going to see some Chinese FILTH ; Failed in London, tries Hong Kong - again? | 2024-02-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1290 |
Daley Blind admits it is a joy to watch Manchester United's new strike force of Romelu Lukaku and Marcus Rashford in action.
Lukaku has seamlessly adapted to life at Old Trafford following his summer switch from Everton, striking up a mouth-watering partnership with Rashford.
England international Rashford set up Lukaku for his first Premier League goal in United colours - in their opening-day 4-0 victory over West Ham - and the pair have gone on to score another seven goals between them.
Romelu Lukaku and Marcus Rashford have been in scintillating form for United this season
"It's a joy to watch them in front of me when I play," Blind told Sky Sports.
"Sometimes you have to take a moment and enjoy the action if they make something happen. It's a pleasure to play with talent like that."
Lukaku's goals have laid the foundations upon which United have set the early pace at the top of the table.
And the Belgium international will look to continue his fine form in from of goal when his former employers head to Old Trafford on Nissan Super Sunday.
Asked how important Lukaku could be for United's hopes of winning their first title since 2013, Blind added: "Very important. He is already important for us.
"But it's not just him, it's the team. We are competing at the top of the Premier League now and that is where we want to be.
"We have to be aware that we have to give it every time in every game to stay there - that is up to us.
Daley Blind is calling on his Manchester United team mates to 'step up' after Paul Pogba's injury rules him out Daley Blind is calling on his Manchester United team mates to 'step up' after Paul Pogba's injury rules him out
"Winning the title is always the aim at Manchester United, you want to win trophies. Last year we win trophies, the year before we won trophies.
"In England, the Premier League is the thing I am missing, so maybe (we can win), that's what we fight for."
As well as Lukaku's reunion with Everton, Wayne Rooney is set to return to Old Trafford for the first time following his switch back to Goodison Park this summer.
Having won 16 trophies and made more than 550 appearances during a glittering 13-year spell, which saw him become United's record goalscorer, Blind expects his former captain to receive a warm reception.
Blind played alongside Rooney at Old Trafford for three seasons
"He went to play more (at Everton) than he did (at United)," Netherlands international Blind said.
"I think this is the best thing for him, Everton is his home after his United home.
"He is still a great player and personality and I am lucky to have played with him. He will get a great reception, it has to be."
Watch Man Utd v Everton from 3.30pm on Nissan Super Sunday on Sky Sports Premier League & Sky Sports Main Event. | 2023-11-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2719 |
Florian Regtien (16) was dertien toen hij voor het eerst een eigen merktrui kocht: een Carhartt sweater, donkerrood. „Daarvoor was ik me er niet zo bewust van welke merken ik aan had”, zegt hij. Inmiddels wel. In zijn klerenkast hangen te veel merken om op te noemen: Rockwell, Palace, Smib, Bape – vooral een beetje exclusief allemaal, niet te mainstream. Het meest houdt hij van zijn witte wollen vest van Stone Island. Zijn „stonie”. Al zijn vrienden hebben wel iets van Stone Island, vertelt hij. Op Marktplaats vond hij het vest voor veel minder geld dan wat je er in de winkel aan kwijt bent – vaak wel twee- of driehonderd euro.
Florian is het type jongen dat sommigen ‘tagboys’ noemen: jonge jongens – een jaar of 15, 16 – die dol zijn op merkkleding. Ze kleden zich met zorg en kopen alleen spullen die ze echt mooi vinden. Geen H&M of Zara dus, maar uitgesproken spullen van uitgesproken merken. Aan de zijkant van Florians klerenkast hangen winkeltasjes van het merk Patta. Hun winkel op de Amsterdamse Zeedijk is momenteel het absolute walhalla voor jongens als Florian.
Daar op de Zeedijk staan Zeeger Carpaij en Omed Yusufzai. Allebei net zo oud als Florian, 16, en gehuld in min of meer dezelfde merken. Omed draagt een rode muts van Smib en een blauwe broek van The New Originals, een polo van Ralph Lauren, een jas van Stussy en zilveren sneakers van Raf Simons. Zeeger draagt dezelfde broek van The New Originals maar dan in het zwart, schoenen van Supreme, een T-shirt van Smib en een trui van het merk Noys – door hemzelf opgericht met een paar vrienden. Ze komen best vaak hier op de Zeedijk. Bij Patta, maar vaker nog bij de winkel ertegenover: Zeedijk 60, huis van de merken New Originals, Smib en modeontwerper Bonne Reijn. Gewoon om een beetje spullen te kijken en te hangen met de jongens die ze ontwerpen en verkopen. „Hier zijn leuke mensen”, vindt Zeeger. „Anders dan anderen.”
Tagboys hebben een uitstekende neus voor alles wat cool is – al zullen ze het woord ‘cool’ zelf niet zo snel in de mond nemen. Wel ‘dope’, ‘hard’, ‘sick’ en ‘veel te sick’. Veel van hun inspiratie doen ze op op internet: op Instagram heeft zowat elk merk dat ertoe doet een goede pagina, inclusief link naar webshop waar een en ander kan worden besteld. Meestal passen ze net in een maatje S.
De term tagboys vinden Omed en Zeeger overigens behoorlijk problematisch. „We hoeven geen label”, zegt Omed, „we houden gewoon van mooie dingen. That’s it.” Label of niet: deze jongens spelen allemaal volgens min of meer dezelfde, voor buitenstaanders tamelijk onbegrijpelijke regels. Hoofdthema’s zijn exclusiviteit en originaliteit. Een Ralph Lauren polo uit de rekken van de Bijenkorf is niet hard. Maar een vintage Ralph Lauren polo dan weer wel. Een gewone Adidasbroek van de sportwinkel is mainstream en dus problematisch. Maar een oude Adidasbroek die nu uit de handel is? Sick. Nichemerken als Patta, The New Originals en Smib – allemaal Amsterdamse streetwear – zijn sowieso dope. Net als het Amerikaanse skatemerk Supreme en het Japanse Bape. In de winkel op de Zeedijk staat een volledig ‘afgestylde’ jongen van vijftien met een lichtblauwe bandana om zijn hoofd. „Het is eigenlijk een Albert Heijn-sjaaltje”, vertelt hij. „Gewoon, wat die vakkenvullers dragen.”
Regels
Alles kan dus, zolang het maar onderdeel is van een zekere look. „Bij dit soort subculturen is precies weten wat wel en niet kan heel belangrijk”, zegt Linda Duits, als onderzoeker op het gebied van
jeugdcultuur verbonden aan de Universiteit Utrecht. „In academische termen heet dat ‘subcultureel kapitaal’.” In de jaren zeventig verworven jongeren bijvoorbeeld subcultureel kapitaal door heel veel te weten van muziek. „Wie toen in de punkscène mee wilde doen, luisterde niet naar bekende bands als Sex Pistols, maar juist naar meer underground muziek.”
We houden gewoon van mooie dingen, that’s it
Precies zo gaat het nu bij de jongens die zich bewegen in de subcultuur van merkkleding. „Ze zijn extreem gefocust op welke merken ze moeten hebben en waar ze die kunnen halen”, vertelt Malvin Wix, die verschillende merken adviseert over innovatie en authenticiteit. Belangrijkste om zich bij de jonge doelgroep in de kijker te spelen is de cultuur die het merk om zich heen weet te bouwen. „Als een merk het goed doet, staat een T-shirt of trui met hun logo erop voor een hele levensstijl, een bepaalde groep waar je bij wil horen.” Voor jongeren van nu is die groep nooit ver weg: op social media vind je overal om je heen bevestiging van gelijkgestemden die zich kleden in dezelfde merken. En op straat natuurlijk, op de Zeedijk. „Maar het is niet zo dat ik mensen die ook een Patta trui aan hebben ga high fiven of zo”, zegt Florian. Een tagboy blijft rustig.
Benaderbaar
Extra pluspunt voor een merk is als de jonge consument zich ermee kan identificeren, zegt Wix: als de ontwerpers ook jong zijn bijvoorbeeld, een leuke pagina hebben op Instagram, benaderbaar lijken. Daarom slaat een merk als The New Originals – opgericht door jongens van een jaar of 20 – zo aan bij Zeeger, Omed en Florian: ze identificeren zich volledig met het merk én met de mensen erachter.
Opvallend is dat het vooral jongens zijn die helemaal opgaan in de merken. „Dat is altijd wel zo geweest met subculturen”, zegt Duits. Jongens verdiepen zich veel sneller in één ding – weten alles van een voetbalclub, of van een bepaalde band of rapper – terwijl meisjes vaak breder zijn in hun interesses. „Meisjes voelen op dat vlak ook minder onderlinge competitie.”
De vraag die rijst: hoe betalen deze jongens, die allemaal nog op de middelbare school zitten, al die dure kleren? Een simpel T-shirtje van Supreme kost al zo’n 75 euro; een broek van New Originals meer dan 100. Weer is het antwoord: internet. „Eens in de zoveel tijd houdt Yeezy een raffle voor bepaalde schoenen”, vertelt Florian. Yeezy is het kledingmerk van rapper Kanye West – onder fans zeer gewild en doorgaans moeilijk te krijgen. Een raffle is een exclusieve ‘online drop’: mensen die geïnteresseerd zijn in Yeezy-schoenen kunnen zich aanmelden en onder alle gegadigden wordt vervolgens verloot wie de schoenen mag kopen. „Die koop je dan voor 200 euro of zoiets”, gaat Florian verder, „maar op Marktplaats kan je er later zeker het dubbele voor krijgen, vaak nog meer.” Hij heeft weleens Yeezy’s verkocht voor 750 euro. Kijk, daar kan je vervolgens weer een paar shirtjes van halen bij Supreme.
Hoeveel de jongens uitgeven aan kleding verschilt per maand, afhankelijk van het succes op de online raffles. Daarnaast wordt er ook gewoon gewerkt voor de kleding: Zeeger heeft bijvoorbeeld een bijbaantje in de bediening van een restaurant. Hier en daar springen de ouders ook bij in de luxe hobby van hun kinderen. Florian krijgt maandelijks zakgeld, 90 euro. Omed mag af en toe de ouderlijke creditcard lenen om iets online te bestellen, zolang het niet al te duur is. Verder krijgt hij geen kleedgeld. Zeeger krijgt dat wel, zo’n 20 euro in de maand. Hij vertelt: „Wij doen ook weleens half om half met betalen.” Geen van de jongens doet moeilijk of gegeneerd over de ouderlijke steun bij hun modieuze hobby. Je vader kan ook gewoon mee naar Patta op een zaterdagmiddag. Geen enkel probleem.
Want hoewel hun outfits anders doen vermoeden, is de kledingkast van een ‘tagboy’ nooit compleet. Zeeger wacht bijvoorbeeld al een tijdje op schoenen die hij heeft besteld bij Nike – zilveren limited edition Air Max. En Omed zou wel een jas van Raf Simons willen. Hij laat hem zien op zijn telefoon: een lange legergroene parka met grote emblemen. Zeeger beaamt dat die „best wel sick” is. Maar ja, zegt Omed: tienduizend euro. Sommige dingen gaan zelfs een tagboy te ver.
Een versie van dit artikel verscheen ook in NRC Handelsblad van 1 mei 2017 | 2024-05-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6757 |
SCJ World Academy Gurgaon (Gurugram)
SCJ World Academy is a premium CBSE affiliated day, weekly and full boarding school. It is located on a sprawling 20 acre campus on Sohna Road, Gurgaon, just 60 minutes away from the New Delhi airport. Parents, visitors and the community are already claiming it to be way ahead of most schools in India, including most international schools. This is largely due to it’s advanced Real World CurriculumTM, the premium infrastructure to support the curriculum and the well-trained mentors who are currently working with students to deliver amazing results.
Go4Reviews take:
Sponsored
The infrastructure for SCJ World Academy school has been very tastefully done. The extra curricular options are ample. However, the general feedback from parents suggest that they are not happy with the academics. Also, there have been mixed reviews on the management’s behavior towards parent’s concerns. Individual attention to child is satisfactory.
The boarding school has very good facilities. Lot of intra school exposure to activities.However, more experienced staff will be good.
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3 months ago
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Babita midhas
I did happen to visit the school for my child last month. The school has been excellently built and the staff appeared pleasing. We were taken through a round of the school. Could sense some immaturity with respect to faculty and that was the only reason we decided against it. if school works on it, they can definitely be a force.
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5 months ago
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Subodh
such a beautiful school but lot needs to be done to match the standard. my child is very happy at the school but teachers are inexperienced and found wanting at times.
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7 months ago
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Navin jain
Academics need to improve. However we are quite satisfied with other things.
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7 months ago
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Nayana
School has a long way to go to match with its infra. However the individual attention is offered to.my child and he likes going to the school which makes me feel happy about the decision.
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7 months ago
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Shweta
Teachers are not as approachable as they should be. Management needs to notice our concern.
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7 months ago
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Akash gupta
Infrastructure is very good. However faculty is just ok. They need to have more experienced teachers onboard. | 2024-03-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1719 |
Supernova Factory Employs EC2, Puts Cloud to the Test
By Nicole Hemsoth
July 9, 2010
There is something thrilling about the very term “supernova factory” in that it invokes startling mental images culled from science fiction and our own imaginations. However, the real factory in question here is at the heart of an international research collaboration, although not one in the business of mass-producing supernovas in some kind of cosmic warehouse. It is instead examining the nature of dark energy to understand a “simple” concept — the expanding universe.
The universe is growing rapidly due to what physicists have dubbed as dark energy — a finding that was made possible by comparing the relative brightness of “close” supernovae to the brightness of those much farther in the distance (which culminates in the difference of several billion years). The comparison is not possible without understanding the underlying physics that produced the supernovae that is the nearest, which is where the Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory) enters the picture. The project relies on a complicated “pipeline of serial processes that execute various image processing algorithms on approximately 10Tbs of data” to step closer to understanding dark energy and its role in the universe’s constant expansion.
While all of this is interesting enough on its own, the project has a particularly unique HPC and cloud slant due to the efforts of Berkeley researcher Lavanya Ramakrishnan and her team. They have been able to shed light on how a public cloud like EC2 can (and cannot) be used for some scientific computing applications by bringing SNfactory’s pipeline to the cloud. During a recent chat with Ramakrishnan, it became clear that while there are attractive features of clouds, there are some hurdles that relate to just the issues that most concern scientific users, including performance, reliability, as well as ease of use and configuration.
In her research that spans beyond this particular project’s scope, Lavanya Ramakrishnan focuses directly on topics related to finding ways to handle scientific workloads that are reliant on high performance and distributed systems. Accordingly, she has looked extensively at the possibilities of deploying clouds to handle scientiic workloads as well as considering grid technologies and their relevant role in the area.
The SNfactory cloud computing evaluation project in question is important as it provides not only a case study of using HPC in a public cloud, but also because of the specificity of design tests to maximize performance outside of the physical infrastructure. The paper presenting their findings, entitled “Seeking Supernovae in the Clouds: A Performance Study,” won the top honor at the First Workshop on Scientific Cloud Computing this summer. This is not a surprise as the paper provides an in-depth examination of the benefits and drawbacks of public clouds in specific context along with detailed descriptions of the various configurations that produced their conclusions.
Getting Scientific Computing Off the Ground
Until just recently, the Supernova Factory’s complex pipeline was fed into a local cluster. With the oversight and alterations on the part of Berkeley researchers to refine the environment from application-level up, the pipeline was fed into a Amazon’s EC2 after significant experimentation, all of which is discussed at length in the paper. These experimental designs were for the specific purpose of determining what options were available on a design level to suit application data placement and more generally, to provide a distinct view of the performance results in a virtualized cluster environment.
Overall, the authors concluded that “cloud computing offers many features that make it an attractive alternative. The ability to completely control the software environment in a cloud is appealing when dealing with a community-developed science pipeline with many unique library and platform requirements.” While this is a bright statement about the use of the cloud for a project like this, according to Lavanya Ramakrishnan, who spoke with HPC in the Cloud recently about the results of the Berkeley team’s work, the cloud, at least as offered by EC2 is not an out of the box solution for scientific computing users and there were a number of challenges along the way that present some meaty discussion bits for those who debate that the cloud is not ready for HPC.
Ramakrishnan is not the first scientific HPC user to comment on the complexity that is involved when first preparing to send applications into the cloud and setting up the environment. She noted that while it was difficult to determine how long it took them to get started since their purpose was to test multiple designs and models, she advised that it was not a quick or easy process. Before even getting to the point where one would be ready to make the leap, there would have to be exhaustive research about how to best tailor their environment to the specific applications.
In addition to being a complex task to undertake, once the ideal environment is created and the applications and virtual machines have been synched into what might appear to be the best configuration, there are also some troubles with the predictable enemies of HPC and cloud — performance and reliability. The authors of the study encountered a number of failures throughout their experiments with EC2 that would not have been matters of concern with the traditional environment. As Ramakrishnan stated, “A lot of these [scientific] applications have not been designed with these commodity clusters in mind so the reliability issue, which wasn’t a major problem before, is now important.”
The Big Picture for Scientific Computing in the Public Cloud
The full paper provides deep specifics for those looking to design their cloud environment for scientific computing that can be of immense value and save a great deal of time and frustration. It is critical reading for anyone looking to use the cloud for similar (although chances are, on much smaller-scale) workloads.
What is important here in the scientific computing sense bears repeating. There are many questions about the suitability of public clouds for HPC-type applications and while there are many favorable experiences that bode well for the future of this area, some of the barriers and problems need to be addressed in a major way before the clouds will be a paradigm shift for scientific computing.
Ramakrishnan, who as it was noted earlier, spends much of her research time investigating alternatives to traditional HPC, sees how cloud computing is a promising technology in theory for researchers. For instance, as she noted, in physical environments “applications suffer because the people running the machines need to upgrade their packages and software to run in these environments. Sometimes there are compatibility issues and this gets even more complicated when they have collaborations across groups because everyone needs to upgrade to a different version. Software maintenance becomes a big challenge. Cloud has therefore become attractive to a lot of scientific computing users, including the Supernova Factory — cloud lets them maintain this entire stack they need and this alone is very attractive.”
Based on her experiences using a number of different configurations and models for cloud in scientific computing, Ramakrishnan indicated that while there is a class of scientific applications that are well-suited to the cloud, there are indeed many challenges. Furthermore, the important point is that researchers understand that this solution, even if the applications fit well with clouds, cannot be undertaken lightly. A great deal of preparation is required, especially if one is operating on the large scale, before making the leap into the cloud.
Scientific computing and cloud computing are not at odds; they live on the same planet but there is a vast ocean that separates the two at this point — at least if we are talking about public clouds. Performance and reliability — two keys to successfully running applications on bare metal systems — are in question in the public cloud and until ideal configurations can be presented across a wide range of application types more research like that being performed by Ramakrishnan and her colleagues is critical.
Many of the points that Ramakrishnan made about the suitability of the public cloud at large for this kind of workload correspond with what Kathy Yelick discussed in an overview of current progress at the Magellan Testbed, another research endeavor out of Berkeley. The consensus is that there is promise — but only for certain types of applications — at least until more development on the application and cloud levels takes place.
Still, Amazon insists with great ferocity that the future of scientific computing lies in their cloud offering, and this is echoed by Microsoft and others with Azure and EC2-like services. Until the scientific computing community fully experiments with the public cloud to determine how best to configure the enviornment for their applications, we will probably hear a great deal more conflicting information about the suitability of the public clouds for large-scale scientific workloads.
MapD Technologies, the GPU-accelerated database specialist, said it is working with university researchers on leveraging graphics processors to advance geospatial analytics.
The San Francisco-based company is collabor Read more…
By George Leopold
A collaboration between the Department of Energy’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), Intel and five Intel Parallel Computing Centers (IPCCs) has resulted in a new Big Data Center (BDC) that Read more…
By Linda Barney
Spreading the use of machine learning tools is one of the goals of Google’s PAIR (People + AI Research) initiative, which was introduced in early July. Last week the cloud giant released deeplearn.js as part of that in Read more…
Can’t wait to see next week’s solar eclipse? You can at least catch glimpses of what scientists expect it will look like. A team from Predictive Science Inc. (PSI), based in San Diego, working with Stampede2 at the Read more…
By John Russell
Microsoft has acquired cloud computing software vendor Cycle Computing in a move designed to bring orchestration tools along with high-end computing access capabilities to the cloud. Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed. Read more…
By Tiffany Trader
This week Cray announced that it is picking up Seagate's ClusterStor HPC storage array business for an undisclosed sum. "In short we're effectively transitioning the bulk of the ClusterStor product line to Cray," said CEO Peter Ungaro. Read more…
By Tiffany Trader
The Russian Quantum Center today announced it has overcome the threat of quantum cryptography by creating the first quantum-safe blockchain, securing cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, along with classified government communications and other sensitive digital transfers. Read more…
By Alex Woodie
In this contributed perspective piece, Intel’s Jim Jeffers makes the case that CPU-based visualization is now widely adopted and as such is no longer a contrarian view, but is rather an exascale requirement. Read more…
By John Russell
On Thursday, Google announced that MIT math professor and computational number theorist Andrew V. Sutherland had set a record for the largest Google Compute Engine (GCE) job. Sutherland ran the massive mathematics workload on 220,000 GCE cores using preemptible virtual machine instances. Read more… | 2024-03-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9273 |
The move – part 3 (Sweden & Finland)
In my previous two blog posts, I’ve been writing about my move from the Isle of Man to Åland, Finland. You can read part 1 here and part 2 here. This is part 3 and the final installment of the series:
Leaving Skåne
Skåne. Just like Denmark, only Swedish.
After having eaten breakfast at the hotel (Mmm, boiled eggs and Swedish caviar on rye bread!), I hit the road again. Skåne looked just like Denmark: flat and full of flowering fields, which was pretty and all but it didn’t really feel like the Sweden I knew. (Yes, I’m prejudiced. But I grew up further north, where we had proper forests and hills. And moose.)
Once out on the motorway from Lund, I looked at the satnav: I was due to turn right in.. Crikey: 140 miles! Now I was in Sweden for sure! I’d better step on it if I was going to make the ferry to Finland later that night.
Passing through Småland and Östergötland
Raining with a vengeance.
After a few hours I entered Småland and the landscape changed and became more like the Sweden I remembered. Downside: the motorway just kept going on and on, which got tired pretty quick. All I ever saw was trees, trees and more trees. Then a petrol station and then more trees. At least I was making good progress. I’d covered those pesky 140 miles and was now heading north. My next turn was in.. Oh. 215 miles. (Sigh..)
Suddenly the sky turned dark grey and each car I passed sprayed my windscreen with grubby brown road water. I had to turn off and pull into a petrol station to rinse off the windows and fill up the washer fluid. I looked up at the sky again; it seemed like it would start to rain soon. And as I pulled out of the petrol station (Right hand traffic! Right hand traffic!), it did. With a vengeance.
I could just about do with a rum and coffee.
Oh. That’s right. It’s in Swedish: ‘Room – Café’. Damn.
(This is probably the time to apologise for the poor quality pictures in this blog post. I only had my phone camera to hand, and was operating it single-handed whilst driving. Also, I had promised Fiancée not to die in a horrible traffic accident, so I couldn’t really focus properly on taking pictures.)
Entering Östergötland was not particularly dramatic. Rather, it was more of the same. I was reminded of that traveling by car in Sweden invariably gets rather tedious.
Södermanland and Uppland
A few hours later I had passed Norrköping (without even catching a glimpse of the city, as is the Swedish way) and was in Södermanland. In another hour I’d be in Stockholm, my birthplace. But just north of Norrköping I passed Scandinavia’s largest wildlife park: Kolmårdens djurpark. Unfortunately, I didn’t have time to stop, so I could only wave at the road sign and drive on. 😦
Finally! The last ferry of the trip!
As I approached Stockholm the traffic got busier. I was to pick up my mum’s husband in Mörby, just north of the city, on the way to the ferry to Åland in about 30 minutes, but it took more than an hour to go around Stockholm (including another asshattery by my satnav: it got me to turn off and tried to get me to board yet another ferry just south of Stockholm. What’s with this satnav and its bloody ferries?!). In the end I did manage to meet up with my mum’s husband which meant that on the final leg of the journey I had some company.
After a quick stop at a superstore to pick up some groceries, we arrived at the harbour in Grisslehamn with time to spare.
Åland, Finland
Does Lydia the dog look accusing to you?
‘How could you leave me for 6 long weeks?’
The ferry trip to Åland was quick and painless (less than 2 hours), and I enjoyed a tasty dinner. They even had free wi-fi onboard, so I could get up to speed with my Twitter, Facebook and blogger friends.
Just before midnight, we landed in Berghamn, Åland and I was finally reunited with my family and Assar the cat – and even Lydia the dog! I’d arrived.
And this concludes my move from Isle of Man to Åland, Finland. It was both exhausting and exciting, and I’m now looking forward to begin the next phase of my life.
I couldn’t really have died taking the photos, I was always focusing on the traffic first, taking photos second (hence the blurriness).
The wildlife park is not close, but not far far away either. About 2 hours boat trip and then 3 hours by car. We will take Baby girl there some day for sure! (Oh! And I still need to upload the footage I’ve got on us patting the lemurs in the Isle of Man! Please remind me if I forget.)
Re GPS: Sadly, I can only blame myself. I had it set on avoiding any toll roads and preferring ferries instead. Stupid!
Isn’t she just the cutest? And less accusing now, a few days later.
It WAS an adventure, and I thoroughly enjoyed it – although I wouldn’t want to do it again any time soon! | 2024-07-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8548 |
Primary rat hepatocyte culture on 3D nanofibrous polymer scaffolds for toxicology and pharmaceutical research.
Primary rat hepatocytes are a widely used experimental model to estimate drug metabolism and toxicity. In currently used two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems, typical problems like morphological changes and the loss of liver cell-specific functions occur. We hypothesize that the use of polymer scaffolds could overcome these problems and support the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems in pharmaceutical research. Isolated primary rat hepatocytes were cultured on collagen-coated nanofibrous scaffolds for 7 days. Cell loading efficiency was quantified via DNA content measurement. Cell viability and presence of liver-cell-specific functions (albumin secretion, glycogen storage capacity) were evaluated. The activity of liver-specific factors was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. RNA was isolated to establish quantitative real-time PCR. Our results indicate that primary rat hepatocytes cultured on nanofibrous scaffolds revealed high viability and well-preserved glycogen storage. Albumin secretion was existent during the entire culture period. Hepatocytes remain HNF-4 positive, indicating highly preserved cell differentiation. Aggregated hepatocytes re-established positive signaling for Connexin 32, a marker for differentiated hepatocyte interaction. ZO-1-positive hepatocytes were detected indicating formation of tight junctions. Expression of cytochrome isoenzymes was inducible. Altogether the data suggest that nanofibrous scaffolds provide a good in vitro microenvironment for neo tissue regeneration of primary rat hepatocytes. | 2024-06-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8823 |
In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-12-00048-CR
KARLYC TYRONE HARRIS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 196th District Court
Hunt County, Texas
Trial Court No. 27547
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Karlyc Tyrone Harris appeals from his conviction by a jury for burglary of a habitation
(entering a habitation without consent and attempting to commit or committing sexual assault).
The jury assessed his punishment at twenty-five years’ imprisonment and a $2,500.00 fine.
Harris contends that the trial court committed reversible error by denying his motion for mistrial
and also by admitting an exhibit containing evidence of an extrinsic offense.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Harris entered a house and confronted a woman as she got out of the shower. The
woman told him to get out, locked herself in her bedroom, and called her boyfriend. From the
telephone call, she determined that icy road conditions would prevent her boyfriend from
arriving quickly. As she called 9-1-1 for emergency assistance, Harris began kicking the door
and yelling. She ran into another room with her young son; Harris broke down the door and
demanded sex. Fearful for her son and herself, she complied. Even when the police arrived,
Harris continued his sexual assault until police physically removed him.
Harris testified that he was given a substance in a drink by his uncle that caused him to
act strangely; when he regained self-awareness, he was in a holding cell. Harris had no
convictions before this date; witnesses testified that this behavior was completely out of
character for him.
II. Denial of Motion for Mistrial
Harris contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion for
mistrial. The motion for mistrial was based upon a question asked of Harris by the State while
2
cross-examining Harris about statements he made to law enforcement—after he had invoked his
right to counsel. He argues that the statements were made in contravention of Miranda, 1 and,
thus, the court’s instruction to disregard was inadequate.
On direct examination, Harris testified that his “uncle” gave him a drink that made his
head spin, “just boom, and it was just like a big, whirl spin hit me or something like that.” He
testified that after walking off, he did not remember what was going on until he woke up in the
Hunt County holding cell. On cross-examination, the State attempted to impeach Harris and
asked him if he remembered giving a statement on March 4 to Detective Jamie Fuller about a
month after the offense. Harris recalled that he told her that he remembered nothing about the
day. Harris testified that Fuller had asked him if he was on drugs or had been drugged that day,
and he told her he was not.
On re-direct, Harris asked him if, when he talked with Fuller, he had told her that he had
an attorney. He answered that he had done so and that she left the room and did not reappear.
On re-cross, the State asked Harris if at nine minutes and forty-two seconds into the
interview, he said he did not remember anything at which point Fuller read him his rights, and
Harris stated he would rather have his lawyer there. “And at 10:50, she says there’s nothing you
want to tell me and then you tell her about how you slipped on the ice?” Defense counsel then
objected and argued that all evidence about statements by Harris after he invoked his right of
counsel were inadmissible. The State argued that Harris had misled the jury into thinking he had
initially reported that he did not remember the criminal events, but according to the State, he first
1
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 494 (1966).
3
stated he did not remember anything after he had been warned of his rights. After a lengthy
argument ensued, the State withdrew the question, and the trial court instructed the jury to
disregard the question.
Harris argues that any question asked after Harris had invoked his right to counsel was
improper and that “the law is so well settled on this issue as to not bear repeating . . . .” Even so,
it would be helpful if counsel provided authority and explained how it applied to the present
situation. Here, the State argues that its question was merely to correct the sequence of events
Harris had incorrectly suggested. We find it hard to completely follow the logic of the State’s
argument, but we also do not believe that reversible error is present. The question, asked after
Harris invoked his right to counsel, was whether Harris told an officer that he slipped on the ice.
There is no explanation in the briefing as to how that statement is in any way incriminating of
Harris; it has no particular legal significance.
It is generally true that custodial interrogation may not continue after invocation of the
right to counsel. Here, the evidence consisted of a question that was not answered, was not
incriminating, and was withdrawn with an instruction to the jury to disregard the question.
Further, Harris previously had been asked and answered, without objection, a lengthy question
containing this same evidence. 2
Asking an improper question alone will seldom call for a mistrial because, in most cases,
any harm can be cured by an instruction to disregard. Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex.
2
Q. And do you remember telling her that you don’t remember anything about that
day, except that you stayed the night at your fiancee’s house; coming out of the house, you slipped
on the ice; that a neighbor picked you up; that you walked to your Uncle Johnny’s house, and then
you said, That’s all I remember?
A. Yes.
4
Crim. App. 1999). Mistrial is an extreme remedy that is appropriate only when the objectionable
event is so emotionally inflammatory that a curative instruction is not likely to prevent the jury
from being unfairly prejudiced against the defendant. Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 71 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004). A trial court’s denial of a mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Under these facts, we do not find that the denial of a mistrial was an abuse of discretion. 3
Counsel suggests that the mere asking of the question created unquestionable error and
insurmountable harm. We have reviewed the cases cited by counsel for this proposition and are
not persuaded that they are relevant in this situation. 4 The contention of error is overruled.
III. Admissibility of the Plea of Guilt Documents
Harris next contends that the court erred by admitting State’s Exhibit 21A. That exhibit
is a redacted plea of guilty and judicial confession for an extraneous offense: giving a false
name to a police officer (at the time of the offense herein on trial). Harris testified that he did not
understand his rights or what was contained within the plea papers; the trial court allowed this
exhibit to impeach that testimony. We use an abuse of discretion standard when reviewing the
trial court’s decision to admit evidence. Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex. Crim.
3
Since we find these facts do not present a trial error, it is not necessary to consider the State’s argument that it was
allowed to impeach Harris’s recollection of the events. The shield provided by Miranda, 384 U.S. 436, does not
prevent the State from impeaching the defendant with his or her prior conflicting accounts. Harris v. New York, 401
U.S. 222 (1971); see Clark v. State, 668 S.W.2d 479, 480 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1984, no pet.) (Article 38.22 of
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure does not prevent use of defendant’s statements for impeachment).
4
Samuel v. State, 688 S.W.2d 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Morris v. State, 897 S.W.2d 528 (Tex. App.—El Paso
1995, no pet.).
5
App. 2006). An appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s ruling unless that ruling falls
outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. at 792.
Harris objected that he had not given inconsistent statements and that this evidence was
not proper impeachment. Generally, specific instances of conduct may not be introduced to
attack the credibility of a witness. TEX. R. EVID. 608. But a witness may be impeached by
evidence of a felony offense or a crime of moral turpitude when the trial court determines that
the probative value of admitting the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a party. TEX. R.
EVID. 609(a).
Harris was convicted for the offense of giving a false and fictitious name to the police
officer investigating this offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.02(b) (West 2011). “ Lying to a
police officer or an officer of the court involves moral turpitude, regardless of whether it is done
for personal gain, because it involves dishonesty.” Lape v. State, 893 S.W.2d 949, 958 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d) (citations omitted). Thus, evidence of the
conviction was admissible if the trial court determined the probative value of admitting it
outweighed the prejudicial effect.
Since Harris did not object to the judicial confession, but only the other plea papers, the
jury heard, without objection, that Harris had confessed to committing an offense. Under these
circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in implicitly concluding
6
that the probative value of the evidence outweighed the prejudicial effect. 5 The contention of
error is overruled.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: November 29, 2012
Date Decided: December 21, 2012
Do Not Publish
5
If the trial judge’s decision is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case, it will be sustained. Romero v.
State, 800 S. W. 2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
7
| 2024-03-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7871 |
Under questioning about its failed audit, the government voted against a motion Monday to use truthful accounting – a move by the government in favour of protecting its dishonest financial reporting practices.
“This is unprecedented,” said NDP finance critic Trent Wotherspoon. “This government failed an audit as a result of its dishonest accounting practices. For the government to say now it wants to continue those dishonest practices – that’s utter disrespect for taxpayers, and it has to stop.”
In Monday’s Public Accounts Committee meeting, with the independent provincial auditor present, Wotherspoon moved for the committee to vote in favour of rectifying the unprecedented failed audit, and take action to ensure that Saskatchewan's public finances are honest and reliable.
The official Opposition wants the government to change course and stop the closure of children’s treatment units at Regina’s Pasqua Hospital.
Following a decision from the health region, pediatric care in Regina would be delivered only at the Regina General Hospital. Children battling cancer being treated at the Pasqua’s Allan Blair Cancer Centre would be moved to the General Hospital, away from the cancer treatment centre. And, pediatric intensive care would be closed entirely, leaving care for the sickest children only available in Saskatoon.
“This government is dismissing the needs of patients and the pressures of growth while it continues its cuts to health care,” said Danielle Chartier, NDP health critic.
Saskatchewan’s independent provincial auditor has issued a warning that the government’s central books cannot be trusted – and the NDP is calling for the resignation of the finance minister as a result.
For the first time ever in Canada, the independent provincial auditor filed an adverse audit opinion on the government’s central financial statements. The very serious move from the auditor is unprecedented in Canada. The provincial auditor’s adverse audit opinion states that this government's 2013 general revenue fund statements are "full of errors" and "not reliable."
"It's shocking to have the provincial auditor warn taxpayers that this government's books can't be trusted," said NDP Leader Cam Broten. "If the books can’t be trusted, neither can the finance minister manipulating them. It’s time for the premier to ask for that minister's resignation."
The government’s one-time seniors-care fund is a response that falls far short of a cure for the crisis in seniors care – a crisis caused by dramatic short-staffing and the absence of minimum standards.
“We welcome the replacement equipment and improvements health regions will get as a result of this allocation, but the root of the seniors care crisis is still being ignored by this government,” said NDP health critic Danielle Chartier after the government revealed the allocation of the funding Friday. “This government is putting a bandaid on a much deeper illness in seniors care.”
The NDP has been raising concern over the treatment of seniors in care for months. Families from throughout the province have come forward to say their loved ones have been left to soil themselves, are being bathed less than once per week and are not being given time or help to eat.
On Thursday, the government voted against an NDP bill which would have made public-private partnership projects (P3s) more transparent to Saskatchewan families and more accountable to taxpayers.
“This is a disappointment,” said NDP Leader Cam Broten. “This bill could have put the government on the same page as the rest of us. Saskatchewan people, including the Opposition, want P3 deals to be transparent and accountable to taxpayers, and we don’t want to go down the P3 road if the costs aren’t competitive. I’m somewhat surprised the government refused to support that, even in principle.” | 2023-10-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9944 |
Effect of the pH in the formation of β-galactosidase microparticles produced by a spray-drying process.
The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of pH in the microencapsulation process, using a modified chitosan to microencapsulate the enzyme β-galactosidase, by a spray-drying technique. Structural analysis of the surface of the particles was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing that the obtained microparticles have an average diameter smaller than 3.5 μm and in general a regular shape. The activity of the enzyme was studied by spectrophotometric methods using the substrate O-nitrophenyl-β,D-galactopyranoside (ONPG). The parameters of Michaelis-Menten were calculated. The value of Km decreases with the decrease of the pH, which can be associated to an increase of the affinity between the enzyme and substrate to smaller pH's. The highest value of the parameter Vmax, representing the maximum reaction rate at a given enzyme concentration, was obtained at pH 6. | 2024-07-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9402 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Classic galactosemia (type I galactosemia, OMIM \#230400) is caused by deficient activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT, EC 2.7.7.12), the second enzyme of the main pathway of galactose metabolism, the Leloir pathway, and its prevalence is 1:16,000-60,000 live-births (Ashino et al. [@CR3]; Coss et al. [@CR36]; Fridovich-Keil and Walter [@CR59]). It is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the *GALT* gene and over 300 variations have thus far been described (Calderon et al. [@CR23]). Classic galactosemia presents in the neonatal period as a potentially lethal disorder that can lead to chronically debilitating complications (Schweitzer et al. [@CR166]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]; Waisbren et al. [@CR194]). The only currently available therapeutic strategy is a life-long dietary galactose restriction, which proves insufficient to prevent long-term complications (Bosch et al. [@CR20], [@CR21]).
The first description of galactosemia dates back to 1908. Since then, and though a considerable understanding of its molecular, cellular and clinical aspects has been acquired, its exact pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated.
Galactose importance in health {#Sec2}
==============================
Galactose is vital for the human body, exhibiting a broad range of functions, as a key energy source in pre-weaning infants and exerting a crucial structural role, being particularly important for early development (Coelho et al. [@CR31]).
Galactose is a natural aldohexose that occurs mainly in its [d]{.smallcaps}-configuration. It is available as free and bound galactose in complex carbohydrates (such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids). Along with glucose, galactose forms the disaccharide lactose, present in most animal milks and a key energy source in infants.
Galactose metabolism {#Sec3}
====================
The main dietary source of galactose is lactose present in milk and dairy products. After its ingestion, lactose is hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen by lactase into glucose and galactose. Galactose is transported across the enterocyte brush border membrane by the sodium/glucose active co-transporter SGLT1, and through facilitated diffusion by the GLUT2 transporter across the enterocyte basolateral membrane. Upon entering the blood stream, it is delivered by the portal blood to the liver, the major site of galactose metabolism, where it is internalized by the low-affinity high-capacity GLUT2 (Wood and Trayhurn [@CR204]).
The main pathway of galactose metabolism {#Sec4}
----------------------------------------
When released from lactose breakdown, galactose is in its beta configuration. Once inside the cells, β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactose is epimerized into its alpha configuration by galactose mutarotase (GALM, EC 5.1.3.3) (Timson and Reece [@CR184]), so that it can enter the Leloir pathway (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). This pathway converts α-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactose into glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) by the action of three consecutive enzymes: galactokinase (GALK1) converts α-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactose into galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P); galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) converts Gal-1-P and uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc) into glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) and uridine diphosphate-galactose (UDP-Gal); and UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase (GALE) is responsible for the interconversion of UDP-Gal to UDP-Glc, as well as of UDP-*N*-acetylgalactosamine to UDP-*N*-acetylglucosamine in mammals. UDP-Glc re-enters the pathway so that further galactose is converted into Glc-1-P and UDP-Gal. The Glc-1-P produced by the Leloir pathway is converted by phosphoglucomutase into glucose-6-phosphate, to be further metabolized via i) the glycolytic pathway; ii) the pentose phosphate pathway; or iii) the gluconeogenic pathway. UDP-Gal, in turn, is the galactose donor for glycosylation reactions.Fig. 1Galactose metabolism. In the Leloir pathway, galactose is converted to glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) by the action of three consecutive enzymes: galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase (GALE). Alternatively, galactose can be reduced to galactitol by aldose reductase, oxidized to galactonate, presumably by galactose dehydrogenase, or be converted into UDP-Glc, via the pyrophosphorylase pathway, by the sequential activities of GALK1, UDP-glucose/galactose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), and GALE. GALE is also responsible for the interconversion of UDP-*N*-acetylgalactosamine to UDP-*N*-acetylglucosamine (not shown). PPi, pyrophosphate
Alternative pathways of galactose metabolism {#Sec5}
--------------------------------------------
Besides the Leloir pathway, three accessory pathways of galactose metabolism have been described (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}): i) the reductive pathway, ii) the oxidative pathway, and iii) the pyrophosphorylase pathway.
Galactose reduction occurs through the polyol pathway, consisting of two enzymatic reactions involving the NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) and the NAD^+^-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14). Aldose reductase has a broad specificity for monosaccharides, and can metabolize glucose and galactose, respectively yielding sorbitol and galactitol. Although both sugars are similarly processed, sorbitol can be further converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase, whereas galactitol will accumulate in cells and tissues. In the lens, galactitol buildup produces a hyperosmotic effect, leading to swelling of the cells. Additionally, galactitol production depletes the cell of NADPH, decreasing glutathione reductase activity, and consequently free radicals accumulation, yielding oxidative stress and leading to cell death and cataract formation (Lai et al. [@CR104]; Pintor [@CR142]). Elevated galactitol has also been found in the brain of galactosemic children, where it causes edema (Belman et al. [@CR5]; Berry et al. [@CR12]; Quan-Ma et al. [@CR151]).
Galactose can also be oxidized to galactonate, although the respective pathway is still controversial. It is thought to result from a NAD^+^-dependent galactose dehydrogenase ([d]{.smallcaps}-galactose:NAD^+^ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.48) yielding galactonolactone, which is spontaneously or enzymatically converted to galactonate. Galactonate can be directly excreted in this form or further converted via the pentose phosphate pathway into β-keto-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactonate, which subsequently undergoes decarboxylation, liberating carbon C1 to form xylulose (Lai and Klapa [@CR99]; Wehrli et al. [@CR198]).
Neither the reductive nor the oxidative pathways involve any of the Leloir enzymes. The pyrophosphorylase pathway, however, depends on GALK1 and GALE, as it involves the GALK1-catalyzed galactose phosphorylation to Gal-1-P followed by galactose incorporation into UDP-Gal catalyzed by UTP-dependent glucose/galactose pyrophosphorylase (UGP, EC 2.7.7.10). UDP-Gal is then epimerized by GALE into UDP-Glc, from which a second pyrophosphorylase reaction generates Glc-1-P and UTP. This pathway has been suggested as a route of endogenous galactose production (Gitzelmann [@CR64]). The major source of endogenous galactose is, however, the lysosomal hydrolysis of galactose-containing glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans (Berry et al. [@CR11]).
Several studies have provided quantitative evidence for whole body *de novo* galactose synthesis in healthy and galactosemic subjects, estimated between 0.48 and 1.71 mg/kg/h in patients and not influenced by short-term exogenous galactose (Berry et al. [@CR13]; Ning et al. [@CR132]; Schadewaldt [@CR163]; Schadewaldt et al. [@CR165]). Notably, it is considerably higher in infants and children, gradually diminishing until adulthood (Berry et al. [@CR13]; Schadewaldt [@CR163]).
The molecular biology of classic galactosemia {#Sec6}
=============================================
GALT protein {#Sec7}
------------
GALT is a ubiquitous enzyme with a remarkable degree of conservation throughout evolution. The first insights into GALT structure came from the X-ray crystallographic structure of *E. coli* GalT, revealing this enzyme is a dimer with two active sites, each formed by amino acids from both subunits (Wedekind et al. [@CR196]). Only recently the crystallographic structure of human GALT was reported (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), confirming the major bacterial GalT structural features, while revealing relevant differences that support a more accurate interpretation and/or prediction of the effect of mutations on GALT structure-function. The human GALT active site contains the H184-P185-H186 sequence, conserved among all known uridylyltransferases (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), corresponding in *E. coli* GalT to residues 164--166 (Field et al. [@CR54]; Wedekind et al. [@CR196]). The Glc-1-P binding site is formed by K334, F335, V337, Y339, E340, and Q346 from one chain, along with Q188 and N173 from the other chain. Uridylylation appears to induce a conformational change of GALT, with UMP-GALT presenting a more compact structure than apo-GALT (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]). The fact that both bacterial and human GALT were crystallized in the uridylylated form supports previous proposals of its catalytic mechanism. GALT catalyzes the transfer of an uridyl group from UDP-Glc to Gal-1-P through a double displacement mechanism involving a transiently uridylylated histidine residue (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) (Thoden et al. [@CR178]; Wong and Frey [@CR202], [@CR203]). In the first step of this 'ping-pong' mechanism, an electron pair from a histidine side-chain imidazole ring in the active site (H186 in human GALT) attacks the UDP-Glc α-phosphate, resulting in a covalently uridylylated intermediate (UMP-enzyme) and releasing Glc-1-P. In the second reaction step, the UMP moiety is displaced from the enzyme by Gal-1-P, thereby regenerating the active site and yielding the second product, UDP-Gal (Wedekind et al. [@CR197]; Wong and Frey [@CR203]). GALT is a metalloenzyme, although the role of bound metals is likely structural. Each bacterial GalT monomer harbors one zinc ion (bound to C52, C55, H115, H164) and one iron ion (bound to E182, H281, H299, H301). Whereas zinc has been proposed to stabilize the bacterial GalT active site thereby being essential for activity, iron is thought to play a structural role (Geeganage and Frey [@CR63]). The zinc binding residues in *E. coli* GalT are poorly conserved in human GALT. However, the structure of human GALT revealed that a zinc ion is bound to residues E202, H301, H319, H321 (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) equivalent to the bacterial GalT iron-binding site. Indeed, and similarly to the proposed role of iron in bacterial GalT, this zinc site was shown to structurally stabilize human GALT and prevent its aggregation (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]).Fig. 2Crystallographic structure of human GALT. Cartoon representation of uridylylated human GALT crystallographic structure obtained in complex with galactose-1-phosphate (PDB code 5IN3). Each monomer is colored either in cyan or light orange. Active site residues H184-P185-H186 in red sticks; covalently linked UMP in blue sticks; galactose 1-phosphate in yellow sticks; residue Q188, responsible for UMP stabilization and site of the most common mutation (Q188R) in classic galactosemia in green sticks; zinc (purple sphere) binding ligands in gray sticks Fig. 3The catalytic mechanism of GALT. In the first step of the reaction, the Nε2 of His186 attacks the α-phosphate of UDP-Glc, releasing Glc-1-P and forming the covalent uridylyl-enzyme intermediate; in the second step, the intermediate reacts with Gal-1-P to produce UDP-Gal
GALT gene---clinically relevant variations {#Sec8}
------------------------------------------
The *GALT* gene is located in the 9p13 region, it is arranged into 11 exons spanning ≈ 4.0 kb of genomic DNA (NG_009029.1), and is expressed as a housekeeping gene. Analysis of ∼4 kb of the *GALT* promoter identified three GC-rich Sp1 sites, an imperfect non-palindromic AP-1 site (TCAGTCAG at −126 to −119), a CAAT box, two E-box motifs spaced 23 bp apart (at −146 to −141 bp -- CAGGTG and at −117 to −112 bp -- CACGTG), and no TATA box sequence (Elsas et al. [@CR52]; Leslie et al. [@CR108]).
An *Alu* repeat motif with evidence for length variation has been identified in intron 10 (Flanagan et al. [@CR55]). It consists of a polyadenine nucleotide repeat with three length variants, (A)17, (A)24, and (A)29 at frequencies of 47.5, 50.0, and 2.5%, respectively. These length variants have defined associations with particular *GALT* alleles. The p.Q188R and p.K285N mutant alleles are in *linkage disequilibrium* with the (A)17 and (A)24 *Alu* variants, respectively, while (A)29 is only found associated with the p.N314D allele (see below) (Flanagan et al. [@CR55]; Fridovich-Keil and Walter [@CR59]).
At present, there are 336 different variations described at the *GALT locus* (available at: <http://www.arup.utah.edu/database/GALT/GALT_display.php>, last surveyed January 2017) (Calderon et al. [@CR23]). A few of these otherwise rare mutations are common, the most frequent being the c.563A\>G transition in exon 6 (CAG → CGG), leading to a substitution of a strictly conserved glutamine to an arginine at residue 188 of human GALT (p.Q188R), two residues after the H184-P185-H186 active site. This mutation accounts for ∼64% of all galactosemic alleles in Caucasian populations, being the most common among people of European ancestry. In Europe, p.Q188R shows a gradient of increasing frequency in the North-Western direction, reaching its highest frequency in Ireland, where it accounts for 92--94% of galactosemic alleles. p.Q188R is the sole variant among the Republic of Ireland Traveller population, where its incidence is estimated to be 1 in 430 (Coss et al. [@CR36]; Flanagan et al. [@CR56]; Suzuki et al. [@CR173]). The consideration that p.Q188R is the most prevalent variation could be biased toward non-Asian origins, since both Chinese and Indian populations (contributing to ∼35% of the World's population) are largely understudied. p.Q188R was identified in 2.7% of a small cohort of Indian galactosemic patients (Singh et al. [@CR169]), whereas it has never been identified in Chinese or Japanese (or descendant) patients (Ashino et al. [@CR3]; Hirokawa et al. [@CR77]; Suzuki et al. [@CR173]). This mutation is described as giving rise to a non-functional variant. Studies on its bacterial homologue revealed the loss of one H-bond established with UDP-Gal (Geeganage and Frey [@CR62]). In human GALT, p.Q188R has been proposed to cause a destabilization of UMP-GALT (Lai et al. [@CR101]), which was further demonstrated by McCorvie et al. who obtained partially uridylylated (∼8%) p.Q188R GALT after over-night incubation with UDP-Glc (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]). This observation contradicted previous hypotheses of an over-stabilization of UMP-GALT based on homology modeling (Coelho et al. [@CR29], [@CR30]; Facchiano and Marabotti [@CR53]; Marabotti and Facchiano [@CR123]). Moreover, McCorvie and co-workers confirmed the increased aggregation propensity of p.Q188R (Coelho et al. [@CR30]), proposed therein to result from its lower uridylylation (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]). As compared to uridylylated control p.N314D GALT, p.Q188R also presented a less compact and more elongated shape, similarly to control apo-GALT, reinforcing that some misfolding features might be associated with decreased uridylylation (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]).
Patients homozygous for the p.Q188R variant demonstrate essentially no residual RBC GALT activity, and homozygosity for this allele is often associated with a poor outcome (Robertson et al. [@CR154]; Shield et al. [@CR168]). Transformed lymphoblasts from homozygous p.Q188R patients and heterologous expression in bacterial and yeast systems revealed that this variant displays less than 2% of control activity and poorly alleviates galactose toxicity when expressed in a Δ*galT* ^−^ *E. coli* strain (Coelho et al. [@CR30], [@CR33]; Elsas et al. [@CR51]; Fridovich-Keil and Jinks-Robertson [@CR58]).
The second most common mutation of European origin is c.855G\>T in exon 9 (AAG → AAT), leading to a lysine to asparagine substitution at residue 285 of human GALT, p.K285N. This mutation is particularly frequent in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, accounting for 26--34% of galactosemic alleles (Greber-Platzer et al. [@CR66]; Kozák et al. [@CR95]; Lukac-Bajalo et al. [@CR119]; Suzuki et al. [@CR173]; Zekanowski et al. [@CR207]). The Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Austrian galactosemic populations present the highest p.K285N frequencies relatively to other European populations, suggesting a Slavic origin. It has also never been identified in Asian patients (Ashino et al. [@CR3]; Hirokawa et al. [@CR77]; Suzuki et al. [@CR173]). Heterologous expression of this variant revealed essentially null activity (Coelho et al. [@CR30]; Riehman et al. [@CR153]), and homozygosity in patients is associated with essentially null RBC GALT activity and with a severe clinical phenotype (Zekanowski et al. [@CR207]).
In exon 5, the C→T transition at nucleotide c.404 (TCpG → TTG) leads to a serine to leucine substitution at residue 135 of human GALT, p.S135L. This variant is found almost entirely in individuals of African origin, accounting for approximately 48% of African American and 91% of South African *GALT* mutant alleles (Lai et al. [@CR100]; Manga et al. [@CR121]). Heterologous expression in bacteria or yeast revealed, respectively, less than 0.1 and 2.7% of control activity (Coelho et al. [@CR30]; Riehman et al. [@CR153]). Notably, p.S135L appears to exhibit tissue specificity: homozygous patients have essentially no GALT activity in RBC, presenting ∼5.5% of control activity in leukocytes, while liver and intestinal mucosa biopsy specimens display ∼10% of normal GALT activity (Lai et al. [@CR100]). Additionally, homozygous patients are capable of converting galactose to CO~2~ at a rate comparable to control subjects and homozygosity for this mutation is often associated with milder clinical outcomes (Berry et al. [@CR11]; Lai and Elsas [@CR98]; Lai et al. [@CR100]; Robertson et al. [@CR154]).
Duarte and Los Angeles variants {#Sec9}
-------------------------------
The first known variant of GALT protein is the Duarte variant, named after the city where it was described. The Duarte allele --- Duarte-2, D2 or simply D --- is biochemically defined as an isoform with a characteristic isoelectric focusing pattern, and a RBC enzyme activity approximately 50% of the control. Heterozygotes for the Duarte allele present 75% of GALT activity, homozygotes present 50% activity, and compound heterozygotes for the Duarte allele and a classic galactosemia allele present 25% activity in RBC (Elsas et al. [@CR50]).
Later, another variant presenting the same electrophoretic mobility profile as D2 but mildly elevated activity was identified and named as the Los Angeles variant (Duarte-1, D1 or LA) (Langley et al. [@CR105]; Ng et al. [@CR129]). Both variants are now known to be associated with the AAC → GAC transition at nucleotide c.940 in exon 10, leading to an asparagine to aspartate substitution at residue 314 of human GALT (p.N314D). The charge change caused by the substitution of a basic to an acid residue is proposed to be responsible for the resulting specific electrophoretic pattern (Reichardt [@CR152]). The different activities displayed by each variant result from additional base changes: the Los Angeles allele carries p.N314D in *linkage disequilibrium* exclusively with the synonymous mutation c.652C\>T (p.L218L), whereas the Duarte allele carries p.N314D in *linkage disequilibrium* with c.378-27G\>C (IVS4-27G\>C), c.507 + 62G\>A (IVS5 + 62G\>A), c.508-24G\>A (IVS5-24G\>A) and a 4-bp deletion in the *GALT* promoter, 116--119 bases upstream the first methionine codon (c.-119\_-116delGTCA) (Kozak and Francova [@CR94]; Podskarbi et al. [@CR143]). This deletion removes the first two nucleotides of the −117 to −112 bp E-box motif (CA, located at −117 and −116 bp), which however does not change the E-box motif of CACGTG from −117 to −112 bp, since there are three repeats of GTCA in sequence, and the middle GTCA tetrad fills the deleted CA of the E-box motif (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). There is, however, a reduction in the spacing between the two E-box motifs that likely alters *trans*--acting factors binding, thus impairing positive regulation of *GALT* expression. Furthermore, this deletion affects the AP-1 site from −124 to −117 bp (TCAGTCAG), as it removes the terminal guanine of this motif, which can also reduce *GALT* expression. Functional analyses carried out by two independent groups demonstrated that this deletion in the *GALT* promoter is indeed the major factor contributing to the diminished expression and activity of the Duarte variant (Elsas et al. [@CR52]; Trbušek et al. [@CR185]).Fig. 4The *GALT* promoter deletion of the Duarte allele. The *GALT* promoter presents an AP-1 site from −126 to −119 bp (TCAGTCAG) and two E-box motifs from −146 to −141 bp (CAGGTG) and from −117 to −112 bp (CACGTG). The −119 to −116 GTCA deletion removes the first two nucleotides (CA, in bold) of the −117 to −112 bp E-box motif. The middle tetrad GTCA fills the deleted CA of the E-box motif; however, the spacing between the two E-box motifs is reduced, and the terminal G of the AP-1 site is removed. Nucleotide +1 is the A of the ATG-translation initiation codon
At present, p.N314D is a common allele with a frequency of approximately 11% in European populations and lower frequencies in other populations, with an 8.3% pan-ethnic frequency (Carney et al. [@CR24]; Suzuki et al. [@CR173]). Interestingly, a study on the origin and distribution of the Duarte allele suggested that p.D314 is in fact the ancestral allele and that p.N314 only arose early in human evolution once humans migrated out of Africa (Carney et al. [@CR24]).
Functional and structural characterization of the p.N314D variant confirmed that, *in vitro*, it displays enzymatic activity essentially identical to control, although with impaired conformational stability (Coelho et al. [@CR30]). This variant was recently used for the first description of the crystallographic structure of human GALT (McCorvie et al. [@CR126]).
Biochemical features and follow-up {#Sec10}
==================================
Severe impairment of GALT activity results in the accumulation of metabolites such as galactose, Gal-1-P, galactitol, and galactonate, and in deficiency of UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc.
Galactose only differs from glucose in the hydroxyl moiety configuration at the carbon-4 position. However, galactose is less stable and more susceptible to the formation of nonspecific glycoconjugates (Decombaz et al. [@CR43]). The human body is able to metabolize large galactose amounts, as evidenced by its rapid clearance from blood: 50% of radiolabeled galactose is found in glucose pools within 30 min after intravenous administration. For nursing infants, galactose conversion to glucose is crucial to maintain euglycemia, since 40% of calories derive from lactose hydrolysis into galactose and glucose (Coelho et al. [@CR31]). In contrast to healthy infants, galactosemic newborns accumulate galactose in the blood, as well as in other cells and tissues, and they present high urinary galactose concentrations, whereas blood glucose levels can fall to hypoglycemic levels. Upon initiation of dietary galactose restriction---the current standard of care---blood galactose levels fall quickly, but always remain elevated. Additionally, patients also present high RBC Gal-1-P concentrations which, despite falling dramatically upon diet implementation, never normalize (Gitzelmann [@CR65]). Gal-1-P accumulation has been widely pointed out as a key pathogenic agent (Gitzelmann [@CR65]; Lai et al. [@CR104]; Leslie [@CR107]; Tang et al. [@CR174]). Gal-1-P has been described to inhibit *in vitro* enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, such as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and glycogen phosphorylase (Gitzelmann [@CR65]). Additionally, Gal-1-P has been described to inhibit inositol monophosphatase, which could lead to a reduced inositol pool. Brain autopsy of two newborn patients showed a reduction of up to 80% free inositol (Ins) and phosphatidyl-inositol (PtdIns) comparatively with healthy controls, and rats with a high-galactose diet exhibited a reduction of up to 30% of free Ins and PtdIns (Bhat [@CR15]). There is also evidence that high levels of Gal-1-P inhibit galactosyltrans-ferases, which may disturb glycosylation (Charlwood et al. [@CR25]; Jaeken et al. [@CR80]). Additionally, UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc levels have been found decreased in a number of studies (Coss et al. [@CR35], [@CR37]; Lai et al. [@CR102]; Ng et al. [@CR130]). These UDP-hexoses are the galactose and glucose donors in glycosylation reactions, and several studies have indeed reported glycosylation abnormalities in classic galactosemia (Charlwood et al. [@CR25]; Coman et al. [@CR34]; Coss et al. [@CR35], [@CR37]; Lebea and Pretorius [@CR106]; Liu et al. [@CR115]; Maratha et al. [@CR124]; Petry [@CR141]; Sturiale et al. [@CR172]).
High galactitol levels have been found in blood, tissues, and urine of galactosemic patients (Berry et al. [@CR12]; Jakobs et al. [@CR81]; Palmieri et al. [@CR136]). When dietary treatment is implemented, most galactitol is cleared via urine, but does not entirely disappear, likely because of endogenous galactose production.
Galactonate has been detected in urine and in several tissues of galactosemic patients. However, galactonate in patients' plasma is below the detection level, and is not elevated in the RBC of all galactosemic patients (Ning and Segal [@CR131]; Wehrli et al. [@CR198]; Yager et al. [@CR205]).
Diagnosis {#Sec11}
=========
Acute clinical presentation and diagnosis {#Sec12}
-----------------------------------------
Infants with classic galactosemia generally appear asymptomatic at birth. However, after a few days of galactose ingestion through breast and/or formula feeding, children start developing life-threatening symptoms that, if undiagnosed and untreated, may lead to death. Initial symptoms include poor feeding with poor weight gain, vomiting and diarrhea, hepatocellular damage, lethargy, and hypotonia. Progression of this acute neonatal toxicity syndrome may include the development of Gram negative sepsis, cataracts, and *pseudotumor cerebri* causing a bulging fontanel (Berry and Walter [@CR9]).
There are several tests to diagnose classic galactosemia. Screening for reducing substances in urine can be informative; however, it is not sensitive or specific, leading to false positives due to fructosuria, lactosuria (from intestinal lactase deficiency), or to conditions that impair blood galactose clearance, such as severe liver disease or antibiotic treatment. In contrast, if the child is on intravenous feeding, galactosuria may no longer be present, thus leading to false negatives (Berry and Walter [@CR9]; Bosch [@CR17]).
A more specific approach is the measurement of galactose metabolites, such as galactose, Gal-1-P and/or galactitol, in blood and/or urine. Galactosemic patients present invariably high RBC Gal-1-P levels. However, benign variants can also originate increased Gal-1-P levels and diagnosis should not be done based exclusively on it (Berry [@CR8]; Berry and Walter [@CR9]). Hemolysate Gal-1-P can be measured by different methods: spectrophotometric coupled enzymatic assay, isotope-dilution gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC/MS), or tandem MS (MS/MS) (Chen et al. [@CR26]; Jensen et al. [@CR82]; Schadewaldt et al. [@CR164]). Another approach is the Paigen test, which quantifies total galactose through a microbiological assay which is, however, not suitable for automation and is sensitive to antibiotic therapy taken by newborns or their mothers (Beutler [@CR14]). Nursing infants with galactosemia also present high galactitol amounts in their urine and plasma, which stay higher than in controls, even upon diet implementation. Galactitol in urine can be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or GC/MS, whereas in RBC GC/MS is required due to its higher sensitivity (Chen et al. [@CR27]; Palmieri et al. [@CR136]; Wehrli et al. [@CR198]; Yager et al. [@CR205], [@CR206]).
The gold standard for diagnosis is the GALT activity measurement in RBC, which can be done by the semi-quantitative Beutler fluorescent spot test or by a preferable quantitative assay. It can be done indirectly by a coupled enzymatic assay, or directly by quantifying radioactively labeled Gal-1-P conversion to UDP-Gal or, alternatively, by quantifying unlabeled substrates and products by HPLC (Cuthbert et al. [@CR40]; Lindhout et al. [@CR113]). Classic galactosemic patients usually present undetectable or less than 1% of control GALT activity (Elsas [@CR49]). RBC GALT activity analysis is, however, not suitable for children that have been subjected to blood transfusion within the last 3 to 4 months, since a false-negative might result.
*GALT* mutational analysis is currently available in many laboratories for the most common variations, and has been used in some newborn screening programs to refine the screening process. A negative result does not exclude the disease, and full gene sequencing, including deep intronic regions, may be required (Coelho et al. [@CR32]; Wadelius et al. [@CR190]).
Newborn screening {#Sec13}
=================
Neonatal screening for classic galactosemia has been debated for years, but no consensus has been reached. The principles originally articulated by Wilson and Jungner for screening and later expanded by Pollitt et al. have been accepted as the criteria for neonatal screening (Clarke [@CR28]; Pollitt et al. [@CR144]). Galactosemia has been excluded from some newborn screening programs based on two major arguments: it can be diagnosed clinically and long-term complications still develop despite early treatment. Despite Pollitt et al. recognizing that effective treatment availability was not an absolute prerequisite for a disease to be included in newborn screening programs, galactosemia-specific screening was still not recommended. Nevertheless, there were recommendations for all samples with increased phenylalanine to be screened for galactosemia as a secondary test. A later study compared 139 children with metabolic diseases identified by neonatal screening (17 galactosemic) to 124 children identified on the basis of clinical symptoms (9 galactosemic), and concluded that, despite the similar rate of hospitalization, 47% of the clinically identified children had mental retardation compared to only 14% of those identified by newborn screening, and that parental stress tended to be greater in families of children identified clinically (Waisbren et al. [@CR193]).
Newborn screening for galactosemia is included in several European countries---Austria, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands---while others---Turkey, Italy, and Belgium---present pilot programs (EGS [@CR48]; Karadag et al. [@CR87]; Ohlsson et al. [@CR135]). Ireland presents a high classic galactosemia incidence (1:16,476), especially in the Traveller population (1:430), and newborn screening for classic galactosemia has been performed since 1972 (Coss et al. [@CR36]). Irish newborns undergo screening within 72 to 120 h after birth, while all high-risk Traveller neonates are evaluated at day 1 or 2. On the other hand, Sweden presents a relatively low frequency (1:100,000) and yet newborn screening program includes galactosemia (Ohlsson et al. [@CR135]). Other countries, such as France and Portugal do not offer neonatal screening and some, like Norway, Denmark, and Scotland, have stopped their programs (EGS [@CR48]; Hansen and Lie [@CR75]; Lund et al. [@CR120]; Shah et al. [@CR167]). In the USA, screening for galactosemia is currently offered in all states, and in Canada only two out of ten provinces offer universal screening (Fridovich-Keil and Walter [@CR59]; Shah et al. [@CR167]).
Standard of care {#Sec14}
================
Lifelong dietary restriction of galactose has been the therapeutic basis for classic galactosemia since Mason and Turner described in 1935 how removing galactose from the diet eliminated the acute clinical presentation.
After the initial symptoms and upon the first suspicion of galactosemia, patients should be put immediately on a galactose-restricted diet (Berry and Walter [@CR9]). Commercial infant formulas appropriate for use in galactosemia management include elemental and soy formulas. Despite elemental formulas containing no galactose, there is insufficient evidence that supports their added value comparatively with soy formulas. In fact, the latter are most often recommended, except for premature infants, in which case an elemental formula is preferable (Van Calcar et al. [@CR186]).
With the introduction of solid foods, some galactose is inevitably introduced into the diet. While there is consensus regarding the restriction of most dairy products, cheese consumption has always been a matter of debate. Some studies have been developed to elucidate the galactose content in several cheeses, revealing that most mature cheeses are adequate for galactosemia diet (Portnoi and MacDonald [@CR145]; Portnoi and MacDonald [@CR146]; Portnoi and MacDonald [@CR147]; Van Calcar et al. [@CR187]). Galactose is also naturally found in cereals, offal meats, pulses, fruits, and vegetables; their galactose content, however, is considerably lower than in lactose-rich foods (Gropper et al. [@CR67]; Gross et al. [@CR69]; Gross and Acosta [@CR68]; Kim et al. [@CR91]; Van Calcar et al. [@CR187]). In addition, galactose can also be found in its complex form, which is presumably hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract, rendering galactose available for absorption. However, presently it is considered that most galactose is actually not available for digestion (Van Calcar et al. [@CR186]).
Concerning galactosemia outcome, the significance of non-dairy foods to the total galactose intake has long been questioned. Berry et al. demonstrated that a lactose-free diet highly enriched in fruits and vegetables resulted in a mean galactose intake of 54 mg per day, and further demonstrated that the daily ingestion of 200 mg of fruit-derived galactose (50 mg of pure galactose in fruit juice 4 times per day) during 3 weeks had no impact on RBC Gal-1-P values and relatively little effect on urinary galactitol levels, despite the patients having null RBC GALT activity (Berry et al. [@CR10]). In another study, Bosch et al. demonstrated that galactose supplementation for 6 weeks up to a maximum of 600 mg per day---corresponding to the amount of galactose in 7 kg of apples, 2.5 kg of tomatoes or 12 kg of peas---did not result in any physical, ophthalmological, or biochemical abnormalities (Bosch et al. [@CR19]). These data suggest that reducing the daily dietary galactose intake by restricting fruit and vegetables is negligible and, in the short-term, does not seem to have a significant impact on the clinical outcome. In a retrospective study, Hughes et al. reported no difference in long-term complications of siblings from 14 families (total of 30 subjects) with lower (\<20 mg/day) and higher galactose intake (\>20 mg/day) (Hughes et al. [@CR79]). Another study reported that the ingestion of galactose, gradually increased from 300 to 4000 mg/day for a period of 16 weeks, improved the abnormalities in plasma IgG *N*-glycan profiles (Coss et al. [@CR35]). Furthermore, the realization that galactosemic patients endogenously synthesize galactose to an extent that far exceeds that from non-dairy foods has minimized this concern. Accordingly, some countries have liberalized the therapy, currently advising a lactose-free diet (Bosch et al. [@CR19]; Van Calcar et al. [@CR186]). The international clinical guideline for the management of classic galactosemia recommends a life-long galactose-restricted diet that only eliminates sources of lactose and galactose from dairy products, allowing mature cheeses, caseinates, and non-milk foods (Welling et al. [@CR199]).
Pathophysiology and long-term outcome {#Sec15}
=====================================
While the success of early treatment on the acute neonatal symptoms is unquestioned, the long-term outcome can be extremely disappointing since many patients develop burdensome complications.
Cognitive impairment {#Sec16}
--------------------
One of the most frequent and well-established long-term complications is cognitive impairment. Across most studies, IQ standard scores have been found to be in the low average (85--100) to borderline-low (\<85) range, with considerable inter-individual variability (Antshel et al. [@CR2]; Doyle et al. [@CR47]; Kaufman et al. [@CR90]; Potter et al. [@CR149]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]; Waisbren et al. [@CR192]). Motor disturbances, such as coordination, gait, balance, fine motor tremors, and severe ataxia are quite frequent, as well as memory, speech, and language problems (Antshel et al. [@CR2]; Hughes et al. [@CR79]; Kaufman et al. [@CR90]; Potter [@CR148]; Potter et al. [@CR149], [@CR150]; Robertson et al. [@CR154]; Schweitzer et al. [@CR166]; Timmers et al. [@CR179], [@CR180]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]; Waisbren et al. [@CR192], [@CR194]). Speech and language impairment has been estimated to affect 38--88% of patients and cannot be solely explained by lower cognitive abilities in general (Hughes et al. [@CR79]; Potter et al. [@CR149]; Robertson et al. [@CR154]; Schweitzer et al. [@CR166]; Timmers et al. [@CR179], [@CR180]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]; Waisbren et al. [@CR192]). Expressive language is mainly affected, with receptive language or comprehension being relatively preserved (Potter et al. [@CR149]; Timmers et al. [@CR179]). Patients exhibit speech motor abnormalities such as childhood dyspraxia of speech and voice dysfunction (Potter [@CR148]; Potter et al. [@CR150]), besides impaired cognitive planning of language at several stages, from conceptualization to lexical and syntactic planning (Timmers et al. [@CR180]), showing altered neural activity and connectivity patterns (Timmers et al. [@CR181]).
Studies on galactosemic patients' brains have reported structural abnormalities, such as cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, and white matter abnormalities possibly due to altered myelination (Crome [@CR39]; Haberland et al. [@CR74]; Hughes et al. [@CR79]; Koch et al. [@CR93]; Krabbi et al. [@CR96]; Lo et al. [@CR117]; Nelson et al. [@CR128]; Wang et al. [@CR195]). A recent study on the white matter microstructure in galactosemic patients revealed increased neurite dispersion (i.e., less organized axons) and lower neurite density (Timmers et al. [@CR182]). Impaired galactosylation of glycoconjugates in the brain has been suggested as the underlying pathogenic mechanism (Coss et al. [@CR35]; Petry [@CR141]).
Visual and perceptual impairments also occur in galactosemic patients and seem to be independent of the IQ (Antshel et al. [@CR2]; Kaufman et al. [@CR90]; Schweitzer et al. [@CR166]). Handwriting, reading, and difficulties in mathematics are also common, and galactosemic children are often academically retained (Antshel et al. [@CR2]; Schweitzer et al. [@CR166]). School achievements are below the grades reached by healthy siblings and/or parents. Whereas a comprehensive multidisciplinary study on galactosemic adults reported an average schooling of 1 to 2 years of college, with an occupational level of skilled manual laborer (Waisbren et al. [@CR194]), another revealed that many patients lacked educational qualifications and were unemployed (Bhat et al. [@CR16]). Patients are often described as shy and reserved but generally do not present behavioral dysregulation (Antshel et al. [@CR2]), and are single and live with their parents, as only a minority is able to build up strong partnerships outside the family core (Waisbren et al. [@CR194]). Approximately 40% of patients recognize that galactosemia impairs their relationships with other people (Hoffmann et al. [@CR78]). Bosch and colleagues reported that galactosemia is seen as a burden by a significant number of patients (39%), with many feeling different because of the disease (34%), and believing they are not well understood (22%). Furthermore, many parents feel the disorder influenced their contact with the child (73%) and that taking care of a galactosemic child represents a burden (60%), despite raising their child the same way as their healthy children (69 and 77%, respectively) (Bosch et al. [@CR20]). This study concluded that galactosemia negatively influences the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on the communication, social and, most strikingly, cognitive domains. In another study, Bosch et al. compared the course of life of galactosemic patients with that of the general population and with phenylketonuric patients (Bosch et al. [@CR21]). Galactosemic patients achieved fewer social and psychosexual developmental milestones as compared to healthy or phenylketonuric controls, suggesting that these differences result from specific complications of classic galactosemia and not from the burden of a chronic disease or lifelong dietary restrictions. The social and psychosexual development milestones of men studied in a small cohort appeared severely delayed, leading to the suggestion that early intervention (e.g., social skills training) might improve the patients' psychosocial competences (Gubbels et al. [@CR72]).
Bone health {#Sec17}
-----------
Because of their galactose-restricted diet, patients are at risk for nutritional deficiencies, particularly regarding calcium, since dairy products are considered its best source for their high calcium content in casein-micelles (Lewis [@CR112]). Decreased height and growth rate have been reported. However, growth often continues through the late teens, so that the target height can be reached by children who grow beyond the age of 18 (Panis et al. [@CR140]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]). Treated galactosemic patients are at risk for diminished bone mineral density (BMD) (Batey et al. [@CR4]; Kaufman et al. [@CR89]; Panis et al. [@CR137]; Rubio-Gozalbo [@CR157]; van Erven et al. [@CR189]). A patient group with no evidence of nutritional deficiencies exhibited decreased levels of bone formation and resorption markers (Panis et al. [@CR137]). Since carboxylated osteocalcin is a marker for the vitamin K nutritional status, Panis et al. developed a 2-year randomized clinical trial to investigate whether vitamin K, given in combination with calcium and vitamin D, could play a role in the pathophysiology of this complication. In fact, they found a statistically significant increase in osteocalcin carboxylation in both prepubertal and pubertal children receiving supplementation (Panis et al. [@CR139]).
Batey et al. reported that out of 32 evaluated adult patients, only 10% were followed by a nutritionist, suggesting nutritional counseling as a strategy to optimize bone accrual during adolescence and to maintain bone mass during adulthood (Batey et al. [@CR4]). Nevertheless, several studies have excluded major nutritional deficiencies, and concluded that other intrinsic factors must be involved (Batey et al. [@CR4]; Kaufman et al. [@CR89]; Panis et al. [@CR138], [@CR139]).
Gonadal impairment {#Sec18}
------------------
The most common complication reported for girls and women with classic galactosemia is primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), with an incidence above 80% (Berry [@CR7]; Fridovich-Keil et al. [@CR61]; Kaufman et al. [@CR88]; Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]; Waggoner et al. [@CR191]). POI clinical manifestations range from absent or delayed pubertal development, primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and premature menopause. Many female patients do not spontaneously reach puberty, which has to be induced to reach a normal pubertal development and prevent sequelae (Gubbels et al. [@CR70]; Spencer et al. [@CR171]). The proposed pathogenic mechanisms include ovarian damage due to elevated Gal-1-P and galactitol; UDP-Gal deficiency causing aberrant glycosylation of glycoconjugates involved in ovarian function; increased apoptosis of maturing follicles, with accelerated follicle atresia; and possible abnormalities of the immune system, such as unrecognized auto-ovarian antibodies (Forges et al. [@CR57]; Lai et al. [@CR103]; Liu et al. [@CR114]; Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]). Two neonates have been reported to have morphologically normal ovaries and abundant oocytes (Levy [@CR110]; Levy et al. [@CR111]), whereas young adult females' ovaries have been reported to have a severely decreased number of normal primordial follicles (Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)---an indirect marker of ovarian reserve---has been found elevated in patients very early in life up to the onset of puberty (4 months to 12 years) (Berry [@CR7]; Fridovich-Keil et al. [@CR61]; Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]; Sanders et al. [@CR162]). Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)---a direct marker for ovarian reserve that is produced by granulosa cells in the developing ovarian follicle---has been found low in female patients (Sanders et al. [@CR162]; Spencer et al. [@CR171]). However, low AMH levels in galactosemia patients might be not only due to follicle depletion, but might also reflect an impaired follicle maturation (Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]). Indeed, extremely low AMH levels do not preclude spontaneous pregnancy (Gubbels et al. [@CR71]). In fact, spontaneous pregnancies occur (Briones et al. [@CR22]; De Jongh et al. [@CR42]; Gubbels et al. [@CR71]; Kimonis [@CR92]; Ohlsson et al. [@CR134]; Roe et al. [@CR155]; Samuels et al. [@CR161]; Tedesco et al. [@CR177]). And, whereas in the past women were told to be infertile, presently women are informed that spontaneous pregnancies may occur. The term subfertility is more accurate than infertility. Nevertheless, subfertility remains a major concern for patients and parents, and physicians are often asked about fertility preservation options (Spencer et al. [@CR171]; van Erven et al. [@CR188]).
Few studies have examined the male reproductive system and, until recently, male fertility was believed not to be impaired (Gubbels et al. [@CR73]; Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR159]). A study on cryptorchidism in galactosemic individuals revealed a 25% prevalence (three of the 12 males), compared with ≤1% in the healthy age-matched population (Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR158]). A more recent investigation on the reproductive system of 26 galactosemic patients demonstrated an increased prevalence of cryptorchidism (11.6%), with low semen volume, and lower testosterone, inhibin B and sperm concentrations than in control subjects---although within the normal range on average---which might indicate mild defects in Sertoli and Leydig cell functions (Gubbels et al. [@CR73]). With the exception of cryptorchidism, these abnormalities are expected to have little impact on fertility (Gubbels et al. [@CR73]; Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR158]). Besides the three fathered pregnancies in the literature, there are no data on paternity in galactosemic patients other than anecdotal cases which may be related to a publication bias and to difficulty in documenting paternity, or to the known social interaction problems and delayed psychosocial development documented in these men (Gubbels et al. [@CR73]; Waisbren et al. [@CR194]).
Models of classic galactosemia: toward the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology {#Sec19}
==========================================================================================
Different cellular and animal models have been developed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of classic galactosemia.
Yeast model {#Sec20}
-----------
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* deleted in the *GAL7* gene (the yeast orthologue of human *GALT*) shows a growth arrest upon galactose addition to the medium despite the presence of other carbon sources (Douglas and Hawthorne [@CR45], [@CR46]). Using GALT-deficient yeast, Fridovich-Keil's group has studied several human *GALT* mutations (Crews et al. [@CR38]; Fridovich-Keil and Jinks-Robertson [@CR58]; Fridovich-Keil et al. [@CR60]; Mumma et al. [@CR127]; Ross et al. [@CR156]; Wells and Fridovich-Keil [@CR200]). Furthermore, the yeast model has been used to provide new insights on the metabolic role of each of the Leloir pathway enzymes and galactose metabolites (Riehman et al. [@CR153]; Ross et al. [@CR156]). Interestingly, *GAL1*- (orthologue for the human *GALK1* gene) deficient yeast does not cease to grow upon galactose addition to the growth medium (Ross et al. [@CR156]; Slepak et al. [@CR170]). Additionally, the yeast model of classic galactosemia has been used to study gene expression upon galactose exposure (De-Souza et al. [@CR44]; Slepak et al. [@CR170]), revealing that galactose induces metabolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR).
Bacterial model {#Sec21}
---------------
Bacterial expression systems have been used to study several human *GALT* mutations, by expressing recombinant human GALT variants (Coelho et al. [@CR30]; Lai and Elsas [@CR98]; Lai et al. [@CR101]). Most recombinant human GALT variants displayed a severely impaired catalytic activity and/or decreased stability, establishing GALT misfolding and/or aggregation as the pathogenic mechanism underlying several variants, leading to the classification of classic galactosemia as a conformational disorder (Coelho et al. [@CR30]; McCorvie et al. [@CR125]).
A prokaryotic model with a deletion of the endogenous *galT* gene has been employed to evaluate the functional impact of several human *GALT* mutations in a cellular context. Expression of the p.Q188R, p.K285N, p.G175D, and p.P185S variants failed to alleviate galactose toxicity (Coelho et al. [@CR33]).
Mouse model {#Sec22}
-----------
Two decades ago, the first animal model of classic galactosemia---a *Galt*-knockout mouse---was developed (Leslie et al. [@CR109]), displaying a complete loss of Galt activity and accumulating Gal-1-P at levels comparable to those in galactosemic humans. However, the mouse was described to remain healthy despite dietary exposure to galactose. More recently, another Galt-deficient mouse model was developed by Lai's group, using a *Galt* gene-trapping approach, which exhibited null Galt activity and Gal-1-P accumulation in RBC (Tang et al. [@CR176]). Despite some resistance to galactose toxicity, expanded characterization of the model revealed subtle phenotypic differences to wild-type mice. Histological examination of galactose-fed pups revealed hepatic and brain (cerebral and cerebellar) alterations. Additionally, excess galactose also led to manifestation of oxidative stress in mutant pups (lower GSH/GSSG ratio) comparatively to wild-type or non-challenged mutant pups. In the long-term, some degree of growth and fertility impairments also became evident. The newborn intoxicated pups that survived the galactose insult manifested a decreased growth rate and weight, even when normal chow resumed after the weaning period ended, that was only recovered with puberty. Additionally, mutant mice exhibited a smaller litter size and a longer time to achieve pregnancy, suggestive of subfertility.
Fruit fly model {#Sec23}
---------------
A Galt-deficient *Drosophila melanogaster* model has also been developed, which showed a null GALT activity and Gal-1-P accumulation (Kushner et al. [@CR97]). If exposed to galactose, these flies succumbed during development; however, they lived when maintained on a galactose-restricted diet. In the long-term, Galt-deficient adult flies under a galactose-restricted diet demonstrated an impaired negative geotaxic response, suggesting the development of movement impairments. Both galactose lethality and motor impairments could be rescued by the expression of a wild-type human *GALT* transgene (accounting for ≈ 4% of wild-type GALT activity). A more recent study has shown that GALT deficiency results in structural synaptic overelaboration and glycosylation abnormalities of the flies neuromuscular junction (NMJ), namely reductions in the galactosyl, N-acetylgalactosamine, and fucosylated moieties (Jumbo-Lucioni et al. [@CR84]). Mutant flies on restricted-galactose and high-galactose diets showed identical movement impairments and overelaborated NMJ architecture, reinforcing the notion that classic galactosemia's long-term phenotype is independent of dietary galactose. Additionally, the Wnt trans-synaptic co-receptor and ligand abundance were shown to be altered. Since signaling of the Wnt protein Wingless (Wg) is regulated by the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) co-receptor Dally-like protein (Dlp) and known to drive the NMJ synaptogenesis, the authors hypothesized that UDP-sugar deficiency triggered changes in the NMJ synaptomatrix glycosylation, including levels of HSPG Dlp, which subsequently affected the Wnt signaling, causing an excessive growth and overelaborated architectural complexity. Mutations in the GALK1- or UDP-glucose dehydrogenase-encoding genes were identified, respectively, as critical environmental and genetic modifiers of behavioral and cellular defects. Double *GALT* and *GALK* mutants or overexpression of UDP-Glc dehydrogenase corrected the glycosylation defects, the NMJ architectural alterations and the movement impairments associated with the *Drosophila* classic galactosemia model. Recently, Daenzer and co-workers reported that the *Drosophila* model did not show phenotypic rescue by knocking out the *GALK1* gene (Daenzer et al. [@CR41]). Additionally, double *GALT* and *GALE* mutants as well as *GALT* and *UGP* mutants displayed severe abnormalities in the coordinated locomotor movement, in NMJ formation, in the synaptomatrix glycosylation and in the Wnt trans-synaptic signaling (Jumbo-Lucioni et al. [@CR86]).
These animal models are able to recapitulate many pathophysiological aspects of classic galactosemia and expand the molecular insights from bacterial and yeast models, bringing new important insights of the underlying pathogenesis.
Therapeutic approaches in classic galactosemia {#Sec24}
==============================================
In 1935, Mason and Turner described how removing galactose from the diet eliminated the neonatal toxicity and thereafter, dietary galactose restriction became the first recommended therapy for galactosemia that still prevails nowadays.
Considering that classic galactosemia is characterized by deficiency in UDP-hexoses, the potential therapeutic role of uridine was evaluated in a 5-year longitudinal study of galactosemic patients (Manis et al. [@CR122]). Despite no improvements in cognitive function, it remains to be clarified whether uridine was able to enter the cells (Tang et al. [@CR175]).
Aldose reductase inhibition has also been suggested as a therapeutic option, since galactitol is an important pathogenic agent. However, the fact that patients with GALK1 deficiency experience galactitol accumulation but not the broad range of severe long-term complications of classic galactosemia strongly suggests a limited efficacy of aldose reductase inhibitors (Berry [@CR6]).
Another ongoing therapeutic strategy under study concerns the conversion of classic galactosemia into GALK1 deficiency, a milder form of galactosemia in which patients do not accumulate Gal-1-P. GALK1-deficient patients may present cataracts (attributed to galactitol accumulation) and neurological sequelae. In a review from the literature, Bosch et al. reported a frequency of mental retardation in 7% of patients (three out of 43) (Bosch et al. [@CR18]). In a more recent study, approximately 30% of patients (five out of 16) were described as presenting mental retardation, which the authors could not unambiguously attribute to GALK1 deficiency and hypothesized that secondary factors could also take a toll (consanguinity was excluded as a causative agent) (Hennermann et al. [@CR76]). Using recombinant human GALK1 protein, a quantitative high-throughput screening identified a number of small-molecule GALK1 inhibitors, of which the spiro-benzoxazole containing series emerged as lead compounds. These compounds have been further optimized and validated in primary patient fibroblasts, exhibiting reasonable pharmacokinetic properties (Liu et al. [@CR116]; Odejinmi et al. [@CR133]; Tang et al. [@CR174]; Wierenga et al. [@CR201]).
Increased oxidative stress has been reported in the fruit fly model of classic galactosemia, and superoxide dismutase-mimicking manganese-based compounds proved beneficial to GALT-null larvae and adult flies (Jumbo-Lucioni et al. [@CR85]). Moreover, it has been hypothesized that acetylated anthocyanins derived from purple sweet potato color, previously shown to have a protective effect against galactose toxicity in mice on a high galactose diet (Lu et al. [@CR118]; Zhang et al. [@CR208]), may alleviate galactosemia's oxidative damage (Timson [@CR183]).
Until recently, the effect of a mutation was assumed to affect only its coding potential. In recent years, however, there has been increasing evidence that both exonic and deep intronic mutations may affect splicing. Mutational analysis of Portuguese patients revealed an intronic variation, c.820 + 13A\>G (IVS8 + 13A\>G), as the second most frequent mutation. Functional characterization of c.820 + 13A\>G revealed it activates the cryptic donor site c.820 + 14_820 + 15, leading to the exonization of the first 13 nucleotides of intron 8, thereby confirming that this intronic variation is actually a disease-causing mutation. Coelho and coworkers employed two locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides and the mini-gene approach to successfully restore the splicing profile, thus establishing a proof of concept for the application of antisense therapy for mis-splicing mutations in classic galactosemia (Coelho et al. [@CR32]).
Classic galactosemia: where do we stand? {#Sec25}
========================================
After more than 100 years since the first description of galactosemia, there are still many "clouds gathering over galactosemia" (Anonymous [@CR1]):The only currently available treatment, though very effective at preventing or resolving acute and potentially lethal sequelae in the neonatal period, is ineffective in preventing long-term sequelae. Despite early diagnosis and early implementation of therapy, patients still go on to develop burdensome chronic complications.Younger siblings of galactosemic patients put on a galactose-restricted diet immediately after birth fail to show a better clinical outcome than the older siblings later in life.The reduction in galactose intake by restricting fruit and vegetables seems to be negligible and it has been described that a slightly higher galactose intake may actually improve glycosylation abnormalities. Many countries have now liberalized the therapy, currently advising a lactose-free diet.Severe impairment of GALT activity results in the accumulation of galactose metabolites and in UDP-hexoses deficiency. As GALT substrate, Gal-1-P accumulation has been widely pointed out as a key pathogenic agent. Glycosylation abnormalities are extensively reported in classic galactosemia and have also been suggested as an important pathogenic factor.Small-molecule GALK1 inhibitors that mitigate Gal-1-P accumulation are being explored as possible therapeutic agents for classic galactosemia and studies on patients' fibroblasts have shown encouraging results.The pathogenic mechanism underlying the severe impairment of GALT activity is protein misfolding and/or aggregation, leading to the recognition of classic galactosemia as a conformational disorder. In recent years, the paradigm that the great majority of inherited diseases are conformational disorders has emerged, which has provided a common framework for the analysis of rather diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and many other proteinopathies.The most suitable therapeutic strategy for conformational disorders focuses on pharmacological/chemical chaperones, which support the proper folding of protein variants and improve their stability and consequently their activity above a functional threshold. In the specific case of classic galactosemia, a chaperone-based therapy would aim to mitigate GALT misfolding and aggregation, thereby enhancing GALT activity/stability. Considering the molecular heterogeneity of the *GALT* locus, which leads to a high number of protein variants, ideally pharmacological/chemical chaperones should act in a non-mutation-specific way.The recently reported crystallographic structure of human GALT provides new insights on the mutations' effect on GALT structure and function, and will support the design of compounds with pharmacological interest.The improvement of patients' outcome is also hindered by differences in care provided worldwide to galactosemic patients (Jumbo-Lucioni et al. [@CR83]).In 2012, an international network of galactosemia---GalNet ---was established, aiming at the harmonization and improvement of patients' outcome and care (Rubio-Gozalbo et al. [@CR160]). It includes professionals from centers in 18 European countries, Israel, Australia, and the USA ([www.galactosemianetwork.org](http://www.galactosemianetwork.org/)). Thus far, a patient Registry has been developed and is currently being implemented across countries; expert- and evidence-based guidelines for treatment and follow-up have been devised, and collaborative research is taking place.
In conclusion, although the outcome for classic galactosemia is still very disappointing at present, there have been encouraging developments in recent years. With the recent growth of knowledge on the molecular basis of galactosemia, there is now a new hope for the development of a truly effective therapy, possibly combining different yet complementary approaches.
Ana I. Coelho, M. Estela Rubio-Gozalbo, João B. Vicente and Isabel Rivera contributed equally to this work.
Support of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF; project ID: 658967), and of iNOVA4Health - UID/Multi/04462/2013, a program financially supported by *Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Educação e Ciência*, through national funds and co-funded by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement, are acknowledged.
Conflict of interest {#FPar1}
====================
None.
Informed consent/animal rights {#FPar2}
==============================
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by the any of the authors.
Funding {#FPar3}
=======
iNOVA4Health - UID/Multi/04462/2013, a program financially supported by FCT/Ministério da Educação e Ciência, through national funds and co-funded by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement, is acknowledged. The authors confirm independence from the sponsors; the content of the article has not been influenced by the sponsors.
[^1]: Communicated by: Gerard T. Berry
| 2024-01-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7312 |
Homes sit smoldering after Hurricane Sandy in the Far Rockaway area of New York.
Homes sit smoldering after Hurricane Sandy in the Far Rockaway area of New York.
Here are the 36 votes against Sandy relief, a $50.5 billion emergency spending bill to aid victims of super storm Sandy. It passed in a 62-36 vote in the Senate Monday evening,Steve Benen did a little math with these votes. In the House,voted against emergency aid. In the Senate, those 36 votes represent. The overwhelming majority of Republicans, well more than three-quarters, now approach natural disasters as political fodder, another opportunity to push deficit hysteria and to force massive cuts to other domestic spending. Tax cuts to the wealthy? Those pay for themselves. Rebuilding destroyed communities populated by millions of Americans? Only if you cut other government programs. In other words, the vast majority of Republicans are assholes.
But the king of the assholes, at least on this vote, is Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt, number three on that list up there of votes against Sandy relief. Let's rewind to May 2011.
ST. LOUIS (KMOX) - Missouri Senator Roy Blunt says he’s asking the federal government to reimburse 100 percent of the cost to local governments dealing with the Joplin tornado aftermath. [...] “I’m asking for 100 percent federal reimbursement to local governments,” Blunt said, “They’ve agreed to 75. I think they have to come to a better number than that, and the right number, I think, would be 100 percent.”
Note what's not included in that demand: offsets. | 2024-06-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3319 |
Q:
URL Validation/Sanitization with Regular Expressions
I'm a little out of my depth here but believe I am now on the right track. I want to take user supplied url's and store them in a database so that the links can then be used on a user profile page.
Now the links I'm hoping the users will supply will be for social media site, facebook and the like. Whilst looking for a solution to safely storing user supplied url's I found this page http://electrokami.com/coding/use-php-to-format-and-validate-a-url-with-these-easy-functions/. The code works but seems to remove nearly everything. If I used "www.example.com/user.php?u=borris" it just returns example.com is valid.
Then I found out about regular expressions and found this line of code
/(?:https?:\/\/)?(?:www\.)?facebook\.com\/(?:(?:\w)*#!\/)?(?:pages\/)?(?:[\w\-]*\/)*([\w\-\.]*)/
from this site https://gist.github.com/marcgg/733592 and another stack overflow post Check if a string contains a url and get contents of url php.
I tried to merge the code together so that I get something that would validate the link for a facebook profile or page. I don't want to get profile info, pics etc but my code's not right either, so rather than getting deeper into stuff I don't fully understand yet I thought asking for help was best.
Below is the code I mashed together which gave me the error "Warning: preg_match_all() [function.preg-match-all]: Compilation failed: unmatched parentheses at offset 29... on line 9"
<?php
// get url to check from the page parameter 'url'
// or use default http://example.com
$text = isset($_GET['url'])
? $_GET['url']
: "http://www.vwrx-project.co.uk/user.php?u=borris";
$reg_exurl = "/(?:http|https|ftp|ftps)?:\/\/)?(?:www\.)?facebook\.com\/(?:(?:\w)*#!\/)?(?:pages\/)?(?:[\w\-]*\/)*([\w\-\.]*)/";
preg_match_all($reg_exurl, $text, $matches);
$usedPatterns = array();
$url = '';
foreach($matches[0] as $pattern){
if(!array_key_exists($pattern, $usedPatterns)){
$usedPatterns[$pattern] = true;
$url = $pattern;
}
}
?>
--------------------------------------------------------- Additional ------------------------------------------------------------
I took a fresh look at the answer Dave provided me with today and felt I could work with it, it makes more sense to me from a code perspective as I can follow the process etc.
I got a system I'm partly happy with. If I supply a link http://www.facebook.com/#!/lilbugga which is a typical link from facebook (when clicking on your username/profile pic from your wall) I can get the result http://www.facebook.com/lilbugga which shows as valid.
What it can't handle is the link from facebook that isn't in a vanity/seo friendly format such as https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=4. If I allow my code to accept ? and = then I suspect I'm leaving my website/database open to attack which I don't want.
Whats the best option now? This is the code I have
<?php
$dirty_url = "http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=4"; //user supplied link
//clean url leaving alphanumerics : / . only - required to remove facebook link format with /#!/
$clean_url = preg_replace('#[^a-z0-9:/.]#i', '', $dirty_url);
$parsed_url = parse_url($clean_url); //parse url to get brakedown of components
$safe_host = $parsed_url['host']; // safe host direct from parse_url
// str_replace to switch any // to a / inside the returned path - required due to preg_replace process above
echo $safe_path = str_replace("//", "/", ($parsed_url['path']));
if ($parsed_url['host'] == 'www.facebook.com') {
echo "<a href=\"http://$safe_host$safe_path\" alt=\"facebook\" target=\"_new\">Facebook</a>";
} else {
echo " :( invalid url";
}
?>
A:
Not sure exactly what you are trying to accomplish, but it sounds like you could use parse_url for this:
<?php
$parsed_url = parse_url($_GET['url']);
//assume it's "http://www.vwrx-project.co.uk/user.php?u=borris"
print_r($parsed_url);
/*
Array
(
[scheme] => http
[host] => www.vwrx-project.co.uk
[path] => /user.php
[query] => u=borris
)
*/
if ($parsed_url['host'] == 'www.facebook.com') {
//do stuff
}
?>
| 2024-02-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4980 |
/*
* Copyright 2013, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors as indicated by the
* @author tags. See the copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full
* listing of individual contributors.
*
* This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
* terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
* Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
* any later version.
*
* This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
* details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with this software; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF
* site: http://www.fsf.org.
*/
package org.zanata.webtrans.client.ui;
import org.zanata.common.ContentState;
import org.zanata.rest.dto.TranslationSourceType;
import org.zanata.webtrans.client.Application;
import org.zanata.webtrans.client.resources.WebTransMessages;
import org.zanata.webtrans.client.util.ContentStateToStyleUtil;
import org.zanata.webtrans.client.util.DateUtil;
import org.zanata.webtrans.shared.model.TransHistoryItem;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import com.google.gwt.core.shared.GWT;
import com.google.gwt.dom.client.SpanElement;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
import com.google.gwt.safehtml.client.SafeHtmlTemplates;
import com.google.gwt.safehtml.shared.SafeHtml;
import com.google.gwt.safehtml.shared.SafeHtmlBuilder;
import com.google.gwt.uibinder.client.UiBinder;
import com.google.gwt.uibinder.client.UiField;
import com.google.gwt.uibinder.client.UiHandler;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Anchor;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Composite;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.HTMLPanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.InlineHTML;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.InlineLabel;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.zanata.webtrans.client.ui.TransSourceIndicator.MT_HTML_ATTR;
import static org.zanata.webtrans.client.ui.TransSourceIndicator.getMTAttribute;
public class TransHistoryItemLine extends Composite {
private static TransHistoryItemLineUiBinder ourUiBinder = GWT
.create(TransHistoryItemLineUiBinder.class);
private static TransHistoryItemTemplate template = GWT
.create(TransHistoryItemTemplate.class);
private static WebTransMessages messages = GWT
.create(WebTransMessages.class);
private final TransHistoryItem item;
private final TranslationHistoryDisplay.Listener listener;
@UiField(provided = true)
InlineHTML heading;
@UiField(provided = true)
InlineHTML targetContents;
@UiField
InlineLabel creationDate;
@UiField(provided = true)
InlineHTML revision;
@UiField(provided = true)
TransSourceIndicator transSourceIndicator;
@UiField
Anchor compare;
@UiField
Anchor copyIntoEditor;
@UiField
SpanElement icon;
@UiField(provided = true)
InlineHTML revisionComment;
public TransHistoryItemLine(TransHistoryItem item,
TranslationHistoryDisplay.Listener listener,
ContentStateRenderer stateRenderer) {
this.item = item;
this.listener = listener;
if (item.getModifiedBy().isEmpty()) {
// before rhbz1149968 modified by person can be empty if translation is
// pushed from client
SafeHtml anonymous = template.anonymousUser(messages.anonymousUser());
heading =
new InlineHTML(template.anonymousHeading(anonymous,
ContentStateToStyleUtil.stateToStyle(item.getStatus()),
stateRenderer.render(item.getStatus())));
} else {
SafeHtml username = new SafeHtmlBuilder()
.appendHtmlConstant(item.getModifiedBy()).toSafeHtml();
String url = Application.getUserProfileURL(item.getModifiedBy());
heading =
new InlineHTML(template.heading(url, username,
ContentStateToStyleUtil.stateToStyle(item.getStatus()),
stateRenderer.render(item.getStatus())));
}
Map<String, String> attributes = new HashMap<>();
if (TranslationSourceType.MACHINE_TRANS
.equals(item.getTranslationSourceType())) {
attributes.put(MT_HTML_ATTR, getMTAttribute(
listener.getSrcLocale(), listener.getTargetLocale()));
}
targetContents =
new InlineHTML(template.targetContent(TextContentsDisplay
.asSyntaxHighlight(item.getContents(), attributes)
.toSafeHtml()));
if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(item.getOptionalTag())) {
revision =
new InlineHTML(template.targetRevision(item.getVersionNum(),
item.getOptionalTag()));
} else {
revision = new InlineHTML("");
}
if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(item.getRevisionComment())) {
revisionComment = new InlineHTML(template.revisionComment(
item.getRevisionComment()));
} else {
revisionComment = new InlineHTML("");
}
transSourceIndicator =
new TransSourceIndicator(item.getTranslationSourceType());
initWidget(ourUiBinder.createAndBindUi(this));
if (item.getStatus() == ContentState.Approved
|| item.getStatus() == ContentState.Rejected) {
icon.addClassName("i--review");
} else {
icon.addClassName("i--translate");
}
creationDate.setText(DateUtil.formatShortDate(item.getModifiedDate()));
}
@UiHandler("copyIntoEditor")
public void copyIntoEditorClicked(ClickEvent event) {
listener.copyIntoEditor(item.getContents());
}
@UiHandler("compare")
public void compareClicked(ClickEvent event) {
listener.compareClicked(item);
if (listener.isItemInComparison(item)) {
compare.setText(messages.removeFromComparison());
} else {
compare.setText(messages.compare());
}
}
interface TransHistoryItemLineUiBinder extends
UiBinder<HTMLPanel, TransHistoryItemLine> {
}
public interface TransHistoryItemTemplate extends SafeHtmlTemplates {
@Template("<div class='l--pad-v-half'>{0}</div>")
SafeHtml targetContent(SafeHtml message);
@Template("<div class='txt--meta'><a href='{0}' target='_blank'>{1}</a> created a <strong class='{2}'>{3}</strong> revision</div>")
SafeHtml heading(String url, SafeHtml username, String contentStateStyle,
String contentState);
@Template("<div class='txt--meta'>{0} created a <strong class='{1}'>{2}</strong> revision</div>")
SafeHtml anonymousHeading(SafeHtml person, String contentStateStyle,
String contentState);
@Template("<span class='txt--important'>Revision {0} </span><span class=\"label\">{1}</span>")
SafeHtml
targetRevision(String versionNum, String optionalLabel);
@Template("<span class='txt--neutral'>{0}</span>")
SafeHtml anonymousUser(String anonymous);
@Template("<span class='txt--meta'>{0}</span>")
SafeHtml revisionComment(String comment);
}
}
| 2024-06-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7651 |
Q:
Replacement for TSM2323 MOSFET
I am working on making a board for the Hummingboard System on Module using the company's board schematic as a guide. They use a TSM2323 mosfet in the "micro SD power on/off" section of their schematic (page 2). As this component is hard to come by I am looking for a replacement MOSFET, but I am not confident in my ability to find a suitable replacement. I would appreciate any suggestions, preferably from Digikey's products.
I found some information online for how to find a replacement MOSFET, but with the sheer number of different MOSFETs to choose from within Digikey's catalog, I am not confident in the replacements I find on my own.
A:
When searching for replacement, you should look at the first few words of the transistor datasheet. In this situation your keyword is ultra low on resistance. I seached for digikey with similar r ds on resistance. I found that Si3433CDV has very similar characteristics with your transistor. In general, if Vds and Vgs graphs at the datasheet are similar you can use that MOSFET for replacement.
| 2024-04-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1636 |
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Managing shareholder Vincent Howard participates in local, state, and national trial lawyer associations that are dedicated to protecting consumers’ rights and their access to justice. After working at the renowned plaintiffs' law firm of Lopez, Hodes, Restaino, Milman & Skikos, where he handled high-profile mass tort litigation and pharmaceutical injury cases against major corporations like Wal-mart, Merck & Co., and Halliburton, Mr. Howard took what he learned there to start Howard Law. Prior to becoming an attorney, Howard proudly served his country in the U.S. Army as a military police officer from 1988 to 1992. He is a frequent guest lecturer and speaker who has also helped draft California legislation to protect consumers. To schedule a free appointment to discuss your case with a knowledgeable workers’ compensation, personal injury, or employment attorney, call Howard Law, P.C., at (800) 872-5925 or contact us online. Our Orange County workers’ compensation lawyers represent employees and other injured people throughout Orange, Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, including in Anaheim, Santa Ana, Los Angeles, Pasadena, Riverside, Moreno Valley, San Bernardino, and Fontana.
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2099 S State College Blvd #360
Anaheim, CA92806
Tel: 800-872-5925Fax: 888-533-7310
We serve clients throughout Southern California including, but not limited to, those in the following localities: Orange County including Santa Ana and Anaheim; Los Angeles County including Los Angeles, Burbank, Pasadena, and West Covina; Riverside County including Cathedral City, Coachella, Corona, Hemet, Indio, Moreno Valley, Murrieta, Palm Springs, Riverside, and Temecula; and San Bernardino County including Chino, Fontana, Hesperia, Ontario, Rancho Cucamonga, San Bernardino, and Victorville. | 2024-04-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5613 |
Chapter 3: Orison
“My son, I offer you the greatest gift a ruler can give another: a widely reviled predecessor.”
– Extract from the infamous ‘Sensible Testament’ of Basilea Chrysanthe of Nicae
I’d used to love winter in Laure, as a child.
Sure, once in a while charcoal and firewood prices went up so the matron had to cut corners but as a rule I’d gotten to enjoy the snow in the streets while having a warm house awaiting me after. It took mere hours for the blanket of pale to turn to mush or soiled mess, but before time ran out there’d been a lot of fun to be had. We’d made a fort in the steps of the broken old hatcher’s house, once, and pitched snowballs at everyone passing for the better part of an afternoon. It’d ended when we’d accidentally caught some Taghreb legion mage instead of a Liessen merchant. Luckily enough the man had been more amused than angered, and instead of chewing us out he’d used sorcery to lift half the damned fort and dump it back on our heads. We’d all fled shrieking into the streets, soaked in snow and red-faced, while he laughed loudly. Gods, how old had I been? Seven, eight? I barely remembered anything from back then, nowadays, but that one memory of the sunny winter afternoon might as well have been seared into my eyes. The matron had remonstrated us pretty roughly for coming back to the orphanage drenched, but I was pretty sure she’d been hiding a smile.
It’d taken me a long time to realized how lucky I’d been, getting a childhood like that. Sure we had lessons and curfews and the occasional lean week, but Callowan orphanages had been funded by the Tower. The coin had kept coming, and we’d been protected in some abstract away. Everyone had known that the orphanages were the Black Knight’s own notion, and the shadow cast by my teacher’s displeasure had been as a giant’s back then. It’d been easier, hadn’t it? When it all seemed so large and simple, and all you had to do to change things was climb to the top. Foe and friend, victory and defeat. I’d picked up the knife that night believing myself clever enough to see through the pretence of black and white, but that’d just been scratching the surface. Sometimes thing happened that were too complicated, too far-reaching, to be called something as clear-cut as a victory or a defeat. Sometimes you could hate the people you most needed to clasp hands with and love those that would be most dangerous to your heart’s desire. My eyes flicked to a tall silhouette in the distance, treading the snow without a trace. She had her back to me, so there would be no glimpse of golden eyes, but there was no mistaking her for anyone else.
Sometimes you could grow fond of someone even if you couldn’t forgive them and never would.
I let out a steamy breath, watching the vapour rise up. That had me itching for my pipe, though I was equally reluctant to take off my gloves and reach under my cloak to indulge in my little vice. It was a cold night out, and it would be hours yet before dawn rose. I could have drawn on the Night to warm my bones, or more accurately chase away the cold, but some part of me twistedly enjoyed feeling the bite. Not so long ago it would have been nothing to be but another faded colour, another not-sensation washing up against the thing passing for my body. The moon above us was shrouded by the clouds, but light filtered through. Enough that I saw the crows streak across the darkness, feathered frames of Night batting their wings in utter silence. I dipped a finger into the power the Sisters had opened to me, sharpening my eyesight for a heartbeat, and caught a glimpse of crimson on the talons the pair. They’d killed tonight, then. If all they require for their altar is the occasional rabbit, I can make my peace with that. Their descent was almost a dive, but they failed to make me stumble when they landed on my shoulders. They’d kept back their talons, and made of Night as they were they weighed near nothing unless they particularly wished to. I tightened my cloak around my shoulders and cast a meaningful glance at the bevy of drow escorting me. The warriors bowed low and scattered across the snowy landscape.
“Yeah, I’m not exactly holding my breath you two starting to feel all warm and fuzzy inside,” I sighed. “This isn’t about that.”
“Imprecise,” Komena noted. “Elaborate.”
“Banter’s informal,” I said. “It puts you on equal footing with the other person, if only for the duration of that exchange. And for you two it’s even more important, because to be hallway decent at it there’s a lot of things you have to pick up on: the situation, the timing, what lines you can and can’t cross. It forces you to think like a person while you do it.”
“It will not change what we are,” Andronike said.
“None of us can do that,” I replied. “What we can do is make sure you still understand what a mortal is. That you don’t become so utterly removed from reality you march yourself off the cliff.”
There was a long moment of silence broken only by my boots creasing the snow.
“You are being sexually promiscuous with your subordinate, which is humorous for unclear reasons,” Komena tried.
I closed my eyes and counted to five. At least she’s trying, I told myself.
“We’ll, uh, keep working on that,” I muttered.
I flicked a glance at crow-Andronike, but she did not have another drow attempt at humour to throw my way. Well, either that my reaction to her sister had scared her off. The crow-shaped sliver of goddess turned towards me in indignation, much to my amusement. Yes, clearly she was beyond such petty feelings. No, I wasn’t thinking that just to appease her. I muffled my chuckle with my gloves. The slight ebb upwards in my mood disappeared the moment the distraction ended. I was in the dark, in more ways than one. And some of the things hidden from my view mattered more to me than others. I hesitated, fingers clenching and unclenching.
“Ask,” Andronike said.
“Since you ate Winter,” I said. “Your… abilities have grown.”
“Beyond your understanding,” Komena said. “Though that is not a high wall to clear.”
That’d actually been pretty decent, I noted. Insults came much easier to her than humour, which really wasn’t much of a surprise. I cleared my throat.
“Could you find out if someone is dead or not?” I quietly asked.
“Yes,” crow-Andronike said.
Ah, but would they?
“No,” crow-Komena said.
“I know there’d be risks,” I said.
“Of which you warned us yourself,” Andronike said.
“If you start swinging your apotheosis around on the surface, something a lot older and meaner is bound to start swinging back. That story doesn’t end well for you,” Komena said, pitching her voice in an eerily perfect mimicry of mine.
The leather gloves crinkled as I closed them into a fist.
“There are strategic reasons why the information would be important,” I said.
They stilled for a moment. They were not used, I thought, to being spoken to in this way. And we all knew that the part of their power they had sent with me was enough that they could kill me if they so wished – my best defence against it, after all, had been granted to me by their favour. But I would not hold my tongue. That was the whole point of my being named their herald, the First Under the Night: having someone that hadn’t been raised to worship them to argue with them, force them to reconsider what they believed. They might not always agree with me, and frequently did not. But entirely separate from our military alliance and the diplomatic authority they had granted me was the real foundation of our accord. A cat may look at a king, the old Callowan saying went. Though the unfortunate pun had me gritting my teeth, it was a decent way of putting it. It was my damned purpose to disagree with them without sweetening my words.
“There’s nothing wrong with feeling things,” I said. “You take that out and all you view is skewed. They’re not the only thing to take into consideration, often not even the most important, but they do matter. Logic alone leads you to ugly ends because you’re dealing with people, not statues. If you remove that element just to feel clear-sighted and superior, you’re going to shoot yourself in the foot repeatedly.”
“Your tone,” Andronike said.
“Is exactly what it should be,” I replied, unflinching. “If you are right and correct in your own view, make your argument. If all you can quibble about is my phrasing, maybe you should be thinking instead of trying to chide me.”
I would, the moment I could. There was a storm taking shape in Iserre and I suspected Black would have a better idea than most of what it was really about. He was the only person I trusted who’d ever spoken with both the Hierarch and the Tyrant of Helike, strange as the nature of that trust could be. I trust people to act according to their nature, Malicia had once said. A Wasteland way of thinking, but there was truth to it. I remained alone with the crows-that-were-not-crows on the long march, buried in silence until dawn came.
—
“It is a dangerous weakness,” Akua said. “Though I suppose inevitable in some ways. Power never comes without a cost.”
The sun had begun passing the horizon, and with the light of morning something like a shiver had passed through fifty thousand drow. Tents had been hastily raised and my host hid away under them before dawn even finished. The sentinels forced to remain out in the sun did so after boiling water to make herbal concoctions that would keep the awake through the sudden wave of tiredness. Dawn, I had learned, was when Sve Noc’s power ebbed lowest. I would have assumed noon to be it, but Akua had offered a complicated explanation as to why that was not the case I’d failed to understand twice before I got her to simplify it into something comprehensible: dawn was the death of the night. As a metaphysical concept, that had more weight than the rest. For some reason that apparently required me to have read a lot of books I definitely had not before it became sound and evident logic. The tent she was keeping me company under was open at the font, but the thick linen walls did cut away at the worst of the wind nicely. It made the wait tolerable, though I was actually debating taking a nap.
“This is an inconvenient one,” I said.
“Surprisingly light,” Diabolist retorted. “They are still physically able, after all. Simple temporarily bereft of their access to the Night.”
“They’ll also be out like a light for a few hours,” I grunted. “That’s a recipe for a morning attack and you know it.”
The transition from night to dawn was taxing on drow bodies in a way that led to exhaustion, and effectively prevented the expeditionary force from being truly fighting fit for at least three to four hours. And they’d be tired for the rest of the day as well as being fragile little mortals if I didn’t leave them sleeping a little longer than that, though at least that I could push later in the day. It wasn’t like other armies didn’t have to sleep, of course. But having a fixed time for that was a liability, and there would be no keeping that under wraps forever. The moment we began operating near other armies, there’d be outriders and scouts on us at all times and much as I liked to insult Proceran royalty they were not above basic pattern recognition.
“Hence why joining forces with the Legions of Terror remains a priority,” Akua said. “Fifty thousand warriors led by Mighty able to operate flawless in the dark are nothing to scoff at, and a fortified camp held by legionaries would allow us to exploit that advantage relentlessly.”
“Until we have allies, it makes occupation of anything concrete difficult,” I reminded her. “Taking something at night will be easy enough. Holding it through the day another story.”
That and I still had a few cards to play if things got bad, though heroic presence would make the whole matter chancy. They tended to do that, as a rule. At least the Dead King should keeping a good chunk of them out of my hair for the foreseeable future. I cast a look back at my bed, which was essentially a pile of covers and inexplicably flat cushions, and finally gave up the notion of a lie-in. Maybe after I worked out some of the tension in my body. I rose with a grunt, curtly refusing Akua offered helping hand, and buckled my sheath back onto my belt.
“Who has the watch again?” I asked the shade.
“Lord Ivah,” she replied.
Ivah, huh. It’d been a while since we’d had a proper chat. Unlike some of the Peerage, who seemed discomforted by how easily they still obeyed me and so made themselves scarce, my old guide had remained at hand. Unfortunately it was also a pathfinder of some talent, and so often sent out ahead of the expeditionary army. Might as well take the occasion today, I didn’t know how long it would be until the next. Though was I was higher than General Rumena in the pecking order of the Empire Ever Dark, it was in charge of leading the expedition. While I could give orders and dismiss its own, the details of the duty rosters remained at its discretion. I could have intervened, but was reluctant to do as much without a better reason than liking having Ivah around. Akua followed me out of the tent and onto the camp wordlessly. After years of commanding legionaries, the sight of the mess around us had me wincing on the inside. The layout of this place was a bloody maze, all haphazard tents with no real thought given to quick deployment and no chance of a bloody palisade being raised. Rumena wasn’t a fool, so it’d been pretty thorough about putting sentinels in place during our vulnerable ours, but it’d admitted to me in private that it could not turn a gaggle of tribal sigils into the kind of army the Empire Ever Dark had once fielded with less than a month before the campaign began.
Assembling a functioning chain of command had been miracle enough, in my opinion, which should count for quite a bit considering I was now the foremost priestess of an entire race.
“Have you considered using a staff?” Akua suddenly asked.
She’d pulled slightly ahead of me, I only then noticed. I could go quicker, in all honesty, but I was in no real hurry and this pace was most comfortable.
“My limp’s not that bad,” I shrugged.
“It pains you,” the shade frowned.
“When it loses its novelty I’ll get herbs for that,” I replied. “That’s what my pipe was for in the first place.”
We turned around a cluster of tents, the smallness of the gap rather irritating to my eyes. She resumed the line of conversation afterwards.
“Unnecessary suffering is exactly that,” Akua said.
“I’m still fighting fit,” I said with irritation. “And if I need a little nimbleness, I’ll call on the Night to make it withdraw for a bit. I got the juice directly from Sve Noc, daylight won’t stop me.”
“It does significantly weaken you,” Diabolist retorted.
I rolled my eyes. So the kind of power I could call on went from terrifying to merely appalling after dawn. It was still more than I’d ever had to work with as the Squire by an almost absurd margin.
“Yet that was not my meaning,” Akua mildly continued. “I worry more about what embracing this implies of your mindset.”
I watched her from the corner of my eye, and she did not meet my gaze. Worry, huh. The words she chose were never an accident.
“Sometimes it’s a good thing,” I said. “To remember what it feels like for the people who don’t make pacts with gods.”
“I had thought you estranged with contrition, dearest,” she said, tone prickly.
“I won’t wallow,” I flatly replied. “But I won’t lose sight of it twice either. A lot of people are going to bleed before this is over, Akua.”
I brought up my fingers to block the sun from my eyes, feeling the shade studying me.
“Now and then it’s worth the sting to feel a part of what you’re going to dole out,” I finished quietly. “It’s be a kinder world, if we were all made to remember that.”
“Kindness,” Diabolist mused.
“Not a Praesi favourite, I know,” I drily said.
Not much grounds left to cover before we reached the edge of the camp. Already we were passing drow so wrapped up in cloth the only seen could be seen was their eyes, though those were sharp and peering at the horizon. Ivah should be somewhere within the small thicket of bare trees I could see ahead, by the feel of the presences in the Night. Even when bereft of the power, they still left an impression. I slowed when I realized Akua had stopped. She was looking at me with narrowed eyes. Ah. Irritated her, had I?
“Is that what you think?” she said.
Not irritation, I thought. Disappointment. Fancy that.
“Are you sure, Akua Sahelian,” I said softly, “that you want to get in an argument with me about the moral fabric of the Wasteland?”
“I had a great-uncle,” she said. “By the name of Thandiwe.”
My eyebrow rose.
“Fascinating,” I said.
“I found him to be, as a child,” Akua casually admitted. “He was, after all, stricken from family records.”
“Maybe he used the wrong fork during the cannibalism ritual,” I suggested.
Much as I disliked to admit, though, she had my attention.
“My mother would not speak of,” she said, “and so naturally I pursued the matter secretly.”
A half-smile quirked her lips.
“He was a sorcerer of great promise,” she said. “As is custom among our line, as a boy he was brought to the deepest part of the Maze of Kilns. There he was made to sacrifice one dear to him, and for months after remained silent.”
So it wasn’t just you, I thought. Had Tasia Sahelian been made to do the same by her own mother, I wondered? How far back did the wounding of their own children go, for it to have earned the name of tradition?
“The lesson was believed to have been taught,” Akua said. “And it was. One the eve of his sixteenth year, Thandiwe Sahelian stole several tomes and artefacts from the family vaults and fled to Mercantis, where he pawned them for a small fortune he used to make a home further south in Nicae.”
I snorted.
“I imagine that went over less than pleasantly in Wolof,” I said.
“Rage is an apt description,” she mused. “Which only worsened when he began to thrive after entering some sort of merchant consortium and became comfortably wealthy even by Praesi standards. Enough to seek the protection of the Basileus, which the Empire sought favourable trade terms with in those days.”
“Clever, then,” I said. “Though I’m wondering as to your point. The man sounds decent enough, but he left Praes.”
Akua inclined her head.
“And yet he was also a Sahelian,” she said, and even now there was an undertone of pride when she spoke the name. “The blood of the original murder, unhallowed from the cradle. I am told that he kept to the Gods Below even on that foreign shore.”
“He grew past his roots,” I said.
And I’m not so sure you have, I thought. She looked up at the morning sun, her silhouette wreathed in light for a heartbeat, and there was something about her smile that unsettled me.
“You have seen the worst of us,” the shade said. “And through that knowing taken our measure. But there is more, Catherine. We are not beyond kindness, not even the highborn. If even a Sahelian can have the taste for peace, there is yet something left to be kindled.”
“If you want to be known by more than the ugliest parts of you,” I said, “perhaps you should show them to the rest of the world. Maybe the capacity is there, Akua, but we don’t judge by capacity. It’s the choices you make that matter.”
“Ah,” she murmured. “And how many of those do we really have, in the end?”
One hundred thousand souls, I thought. That was a choice.It’s the weight on the balance by which you will be judged, and what could possibly even the scales? I cleared my throat, uncomfortable the lingering silence.
“Your great-uncle,” I said. “What happened to him, after?”
Golden eyes met mine.
“The old Basileus died. His successor refused the Empire’s terms outright,” she said. “And so my grandfather, a noted alchemist, took to his workshop. If he is so ashamed of his blood, I am told he said, let us relieve him of it.”
Neither of us blinked.
“Thandiwe Sahelian sweated out every drop of blood in his body within the year,” Akua said.
88 thoughts on “Chapter 3: Orison”
And, believe it or not, I actually have something besides voting! Wow! That never happens!
Over on Spacebattles, KnownParadox has started doing a Liveblog of A Practical Guide to Evil.
If you do not know what that is, it is where someone, in this case KnownParadox, reads through a text, in this case (because it wasn’t obvious) A Practical Guide to Evil, and reacts to parts as they are reading, It is a fairly cool experience, as it lets you feel kind of like you are reading The Guide again for the first time, and makes for a fun way to re-read The Guide.
If you’re interested, then come look at the link below. At the moment the first Three chapters have been posted, and more are forthcoming.https://forums.spacebattles.com/threads/where-i-read-a-practical-guide-to-evil.718471/
(About Above and Below): “I imagine the the one who wanted to micromanage their joined Sims account is the evil one while the one who wanted to see what would happen if the Sims were left on there is the good one.”
Cause it is the Drow part can be predicted with some knowledge of RPGs. And we already know all Prasei are not monsters with zero companion. Heck Cat’s short story at the start tells you that seeing as said mage didn’t kill a bunch of kids for a prank. We already had Cat and Akua bonding as well. Lets get to some other characters.
To be fair, the whole ‘Akua telling a story of an unknown uncle’ part was filler indeed.
We didn’t learn anything plot-relevant, Akua’s character wasn’t developed, and it also didn’t shed any new light on Praesi culture.
We (and Cat too, for that matter) already know for a fact that Praesi are not incapable of love, companionship, mercy, kindness, and honor; literally every Praesi character (including the members of the 15th legion) are proof of that, though we also know that they look down on displays of affection, the nobility holds in contempt those who can’t hide their emotions and consider mercy a weakness.
Akua herself has already shown that she cared about her father (although she thought her father was weak for not being capable of intrigue she still preferred him that way because he was happy like that) and Barika (who Akua considered weak and a bit dumb, but still kept her around because she was loyal; and she was the one loss she actually felt after the battle of Liesse at the end of William’s rebellion).
Cat’s interaction with Sve Noc, on the other hand, was character development and relevant.
The point is that maybe the Praesi aren’t so different from anyone else. The same moral from the Indrani/ranger story applies to even the villainy of the east.
It’s a sweet song to believe people are the way they are solely because of their choices. Because they deserve it, because of the mistakes they made. Maybe it’s easier to think that way, but the whole point of the last chapter was criticizing that idea. Because people are weak and sometimes they don’t have a choice, sometimes they’re not strong or special or great enough to stand up on their own, but that doesn’t make them worthless.
It was the same with the drow in the entire last volume. Cannibalistic murderers they may all be, we now know for a fact that none of them could have dragged the empire ever dark out of the pit on their own. How many choices did any of them really get that mattered, in the big picture?
Maybe the Praesi are the same.
Maybe Catherine is the hypocrite here, not Akua, her personal experiences and wounds blinding her from seeing them for what they are.
Not villains that need to be beaten or destroyed, but villains that need to be saved. No different from the poor villagers that gave up, or drow that were made to kill each other, or callow being forced to become a battlefield again and again. That’s what Cat needs to do to truly *win*. To break away from Above and Below’s game. Redeem the same people that hurt her, knowing that the real enemy aren’t the people being driven by the whip but the one holding it.
I don’t think it’s so much redemption in the capital-G Good sense. It’s more along the vein of the moral outrage Black has against Above (and to a lesser degree, Below) for giving him so little choice as to the major outcomes of his own fate.
Think of it as a chess game. You’re either consigned to being a Black piece or a White one, with no choice in the matter. The whole point of Catherine’s choice when fighting Sve Noc was pointing out the real problem – the players. Above and Below. You don’t win by beating up the other pieces, you win by getting the pieces to stop fighting long enough to gang up on the players.
Akua’s point is that it’s incredibly hypocritical of Cat to blame some of the black pieces (the Praesi) as if they were black by choice, just because they might have personally hurt her in the past.
The pilgrim is all about destroying black pieces or converting them to become white. Amadeus is all about being a black piece but winning anyway, even if his own piece is taken. Catherine is about poking both players in the eye, because she’s terribly unamused at being a piece in general; but if that’s her game then she needs to be consistent.
But that’s the thing, isn’t it? They are black by choice. Even her uncle, Akua specifically states that he worshipped Below for the rest of his life, even if he fled.
The problem with Catherine is that she views the world as divided into good and evil, instead of Good and Evil, and thinks that one should imply the other.
Cat is, fundamentally Callowan — which means she needs bashing over the head with the concept that Praes didn’t start out as screwed up as it has become, and that the people inside it are still people.
Above and Below have a lot to answer for, for both have allowed atrocities in the name of their game.
“Because people are weak and sometimes they don’t have a choice, sometimes they’re not strong or special or great enough to stand up on their own…”
Bullshit. The entire point of the last chapter is that even when you’re weak, you do have a choice. “The only choice that really matters”, in fact.
The Mayor had literally nothing. Catherine could’ve ended him with a word, possibly less than a word. He still refused to talk under pain of getting his family killed. He could do not better but he chose to make the choice he would be proud to make again. Do I agree with his choice? No, I think it was stupid, but that isn’t the point, it doesn’t matter what I think, it matters what he thinks. He chose a side. He was too weak to serve it in full, but he did what he could and made his peace with the fact that he’d done everything he was capable of.
What do you think being ‘strong’ or ‘special’ means, really? You don’t need to be ‘strong’ or ‘special’ to do something you’d be proud to do again. You might fail, but you tried, and that’s good enough if you can do no better. Someone who falters halfway to the finish line and collapses is still better than someone who jogs two thirds and then walks away of his own will because he can’t be arsed to keep going, that’s what the last chapter was.
“…but that doesn’t make them worthless”
If you come from a certain mindset that I disagree with, they might not be “worthless”. They are, however, certain “worth less”. From a narrative perspective, especially in worlds of Good vs. Evil (instead of Grey-Grey morality), the person who is willing to stick to his guns to the very end is heavier than the person who swaps sides or caves in to threats. Even villains, because there is something to be respected in a villain who genuinely believes in what he’s doing whether or not you agree with it.
“How many choices did any of them really get that mattered, in the big picture?”
In a world of Good vs. Evil, the choice that matters is which side you go on. That’s more or less it. Akua’s episode sounds like it’s saying “even Praesi can be Good”, but that’s not really it. She’s saying “even Evil can be good”, and note the lowercase. What choice does anyone have that “really matters”? Callow is a crown that will eventually pass. The culture of Praes isn’t the same from century to century – hell if nothing else, the whole culture of starvation thing couldn’t have predated Sinistra’s weather bomb. The Sahelians seem to have risen to prominence only after the Miezans left. Procer didn’t even exist for the longest period of time. Names themselves come and go and new ones pop up with seeming regularity, even outside the context of the current story timeline. Hell, apparently slavery was considered Good, capital G, way back when, and it’s not anymore; it might be considered Good again in a thousand years. All of these things “don’t really matter”, not in the end, not even on Neshamah’s timescale let alone the Bard’s or the game of Above and Below. And of course, neither do the Drow. If you talk about choices that “really matter”, then you have to look at personal choices, and you can always make a personal choice that matters – that’s what the last chapter was.
“Maybe Catherine is the hypocrite here”
It’s not about hypocrisy. Hell even if it is, it doesn’t matter. The pot calling the kettle black doesn’t mean it turns white.
“Not villains that need to be beaten or destroyed, but villains that need to be saved.”
Now, this is high-handed bullshit. Villains that ‘need to be saved’? Saved from what? Saved from themselves? From their own dreams or their own goals? Maybe even from their own choices? Do you think everyone in this world is a child incapable of taking responsibility for their own failures?
“To break away from Above and Below’s game.”
Villains, especially Named, are Nietzsche-style Ubermensch (so are Heroes, actually, given a world where God literally isn’t dead). To claim you’re “saving them” is literally the biggest insult you can offer one of those. These are people who have made their choice, and are convinced that they are the choices that matter. You taking away that choice because ‘it’s bad for them’ means all you’re really doing is setting up a second game within the metagame of Above and Below, where you’re the only choice. Sure, that solves the problem. You can’t chafe against the iron walls of your prison if you build a second, wooden prison inside of your cell.
“Knowing that the real enemy aren’t the people being driven by the whip but the one holding it.”
There is no whip. People choose what they do for themselves. “Fate” is just narrative consequence, railing against it is as idiotic as railing against entropy, or gravity, or the zeroth law of TD. To live in this world is to live with the fact that stories exist. You can change the stories, but blaming everything on the ‘whip’ is like attributing the internal combustion engine to laws of compressional heating. The “how” is confused for the “why”.
Even Black’s railing makes no goddamn sense. Evil always loses, but for Evil to even be in a position to lose, Good has to lose first. That’s how stories tend to go – for the rebel to overthrow the tyrant, the tyrant has to seize power; for Robin Hood to save the peasants, the peasants have to be in trouble; for the King to repel the orcs, the orcs need to be invading. The very fact that Praes is consistently an Evil country, with Good countries opposing it, disproves Black’s honestly whiny notion that Evil is destined to lose. Terribilis II foiled several Crusades and reconquered his homeland, more or less for good, right after what seemed like the final triumph of Good that cast down Sauron’s Towe — I mean, the Tower. From the perspective of Good it could’ve seemed like nothing but the triumph of Evil: Sauron come again and his Tower is higher than ever.
I agree with you that if you take Black’s anger at face value it sounds whiny af.
The actual point comes out if you connect it with the context of what he’d just been explaining to Catherine, when he goes into the speech. He’s angry that Praes was drawn into the game and doesn’t get to quit, and any villains who try to help are only allowed a villainous sort of victory, ie a transient one that doesn’t make things better in the long run.
tl;dr Black is angry that Praes is Evil and its inhabitants don’t get individual choice about being surrounded by it 🙂
I’m the one speaking high-handed bullshit? Sorry, but I’ll have to throw that accusation right back in your face. It’s easy to judge people by the sacrifices they didn’t make when you’re not the one making the sacrifices.
“There is no whip”? Seriously, after an entire volume about an entire race that were given the “choice” to cannibalize each other for millennia by an automagically binding contract with Below made on their behalf, before their ancestors were even born? After just now getting an example of the kind of consequence that comes to Praesi for abandoning Praes and Below, even partially?
The point isn’t that there physically aren’t choices, the point is that the choices are between bad or worse. Praesi can either play the wasteland game, or bleed all their blood through their skin. The Drow could either kill each other, or have their entire race die anyway. See any meaningful choices there?
The thing you’re completely ignoring is that not everyone starts at the same starting line. Not everyone starts with the same advantages or disadvantages. The point of “saving” the praesi isnt excusing them for their crimes so much as giving them that ideal freedom of choice that you like to pretend already exists by burying your head in the sand.
Is it a reality that people are consigned to different circumstances? Yeah. Do you have to live with it? Yeah.
That doesn’t make it right. That doesn’t mean things should stay the way they are because that’s how it’s always been.
You want to talk about personal failures? You’re right, the greatest personal failure isn’t failing, but not trying. And if you see the state of the world with all these flaws and refuse to attempt correcting those problems, using cop-outs like ‘everyone makes their own choices’ or that people are what they are solely because of ‘personal failures’? You’re the biggest failure of them all. Because at that point you’re so scared of trying that you’re pretending there’s no need to try at all. Convincing yourself that it’s like ‘fighting against entropy’
People aren’t the way they are just because of what choices they make. You don’t choose where and when to be born, and people are often a product of their upbringing more than anything. There is no baby in the world born dreaming of becoming a psychopath or an abuser.
“It’s easy to judge people by the sacrifices they didn’t make when you’re not the one making the sacrifices.”
Whataboutery. I’m not saying it’s not alright, or not normal, to bend under pressure. That’s what True Neutrals do. I *am*, however, saying that it means you literally matter less – especially in a world where picking a side can straight up grant you plot armour.
“Seriously, after an entire volume about an entire race that were given the “choice” to cannibalize each other for millennia by an automagically binding contract with Below made on their behalf, before their ancestors were even born?”
That is not a “whip”. That’s like arguing that the Byzantine Empire’s situation in the later stages of its life was a “whip”. The actions of your predecessors affect the choices available to you today. The actual contents of the choice are completely irrelevant to the fact that the choice exists.
“the point is that the choices are between bad or worse”
Irrelevant. You tried pulling the last chapter as an example, but the last chapter gave the mayor a choice between Horrible and Terrible, and he chose the one he believed in. What you’re missing is that the choices involved aren’t about the material impact, or even spiritual impact. It’s about agency. Will you make your choice, or will the choice be made for you? Are you the main character of your own life, or are you a side character even there?
“See any meaningful choices there?”
The choice between Good and Evil. Yes. I do see a choice there. I’m not even religious but if you had any notion of how Abrahamic religions or – before them – Zoroastrianism works you would recognize the pattern. You can choose to be Good, or you can choose to be Evil. Neither is actually invalid, but you must make the choice. Stop thinking of things in terms of empires, timelines, or life and death. This is about personal choice, not about historical pivots.
“The thing you’re completely ignoring is that not everyone starts at the same starting line.”
I’m not ignoring it. I’m dismissing it as irrelevant. Your choice doesn’t need to be successful or long-lasting to be a choice. To choose – that is, in and of itself, the freedom you’re given. That is, in fact, the only freedom anyone is ever given in this series. You can’t say the Praesi have no choice and then turn around and claim Callow, or Procer, or even people in real life (who aren’t bound by a Story) do. You are, as you said, always affected by your background. You can’t escape that, you can’t even equalize it, it’s inherently impossible due to straight up physics. You just have to deal with it and realize that people are defined by the choices they make. They’re presented with different choices – a poor man will never be presented with the choice to fund a well for a village out of pocket, and a rich man is unlikely to ever run into the question of whether it’s better to work day and night trying to secure your daughter’s dowry or to spend time with her while you still can – but they’ll always have choices, and we can judge them by those choices. We DO judge them by those choices. That’s what happens in real life.
“That doesn’t make it right.”
There is no right and wrong. It’s either true or false. Arguing the Story is right or wrong is like arguing the Fireball spell having a twenty foot radius blast is right or wrong or the fact that if you jump off a tower you take 3d6 damage unless you make a tumble check is right or wrong. You’re running into the is-ought problem.
“with all these flaws”
And here’s the point where we diverge. I see no flaws. I see things I disagree with and I would get rid of the things I disagree with, but there’s no inherent flaws to any of this. You don’t have to say something is wrong for you to not like it.
“using cop-outs like ‘everyone makes their own choices’ or that people are what they are solely because of ‘personal failures’?”
These aren’t cop-outs. These are the hard truths in a world where you have metaphysical concepts of Good and Evil right there. Good is just as hamstrung by this as Evil, for the most part, but the key is that you can always make the personal choice to stand by what you believe in or to bend to someone else’s will. To be a main character, even if your tale is minor and meaningless, or to be a side character in the story of someone who matters more than you, because they were the mover instead of the moved. Read some Nietzsche.
“You don’t choose where and when to be born, and people are often a product of their upbringing more than anything. ”
And that is completely irrelevant. We judge people by the things they do. If you read Sauron’s backstory, he comes off as sort of screwed over by everything, Melkor, Eru, everyone; but when it comes down to brass tacks, it is Sauron who couldn’t overcome his paranoia and fear, and turned to darkness when he had a chance to return to the light. Nobody except maybe Gandalf pities him for that, and Gandalf’s pity is quite the same as the Grey Pilgrim’s (whose name is a reference to him) – “He’s a pitiful monster, but a monster to be destroyed nonetheless.” You can’t shrug off responsibility or agency because you were born in a bad place, not if you want to matter. Again – look at the Mayor, who was put in a bad spot but made the choice he could live with. Hell look at Akua deciding to rebel against an entire empire, look at fucking Catherine in Chapter 1 of Book 1 when she made the choice to fight the guards. You can always make a choice, and it is “the only choice that ever really matters.”
I don’t think you’re understanding the point of the message, let me try to make it simpler.
The point is that although people can and should be held responsible for their actions, you can’t hold them responsible for who they are.
Have you ever considered why places like Praes produce so many Terribilises and Akua Sahelians? Is it just their blood that’s foul, is it just random chance? Do all those kids born in Praes get up one day and make a choice to become that kind of person because Praesi genes are just shit? Of course not.
Sure you can and should hang the Akuas of the world. Sure you can and should hold them accountable for what they do. But understand that at some point even Akua Sahelian was born an innocent infant and was a blameless child. That’s the real problem, that’s the point. Two year old Akua Sahelian never made a choice one morning to grow up to be a psychopath that murders a hundred thousand people. The problem is what caused that kid to become what she is today, and it takes an unbelievable amount of willful ignorance to believe it just happened on its own or that it’s because of some sort of failing in personal responsibility.!
It’s extremely small-minded to treat the Akua sahelians and the Amadeuses of the world as the ‘enemy’ or the ‘problem. They’re not the problem, they’re the symptom. The problem is the circumstances that cause them to become broken people, and the enemy is everything that perpetuates those circumstances. EE even made the concept easier to grasp by putting a face and a name to it, in the form of the Bard whose entire goal is to keep those circumstances intact.
Akua has a right to be disappointed in Catherine. She treats the Praesi people like the problem when she of all people should know that – regardless of the fact that many of them aren’t forgivable and many of them do need to be held responsible for what they did – the problem isn’t the people so much as the circumstances that create them.
We’ll have to agree to disagree, I think she’s by far the biggest problem here.
Her entire existence revolves around making sure everyone is on one side of the game or the other. Capital G Good or capital E Evil. The Hierarch didn’t wound her because he was powerful, he wounded her because he didn’t choose Above or Below. The failure to convince or manipulate him into doing so is what really set her back.
I sincerely believe that without the Bard’s intercessions, countries like Praes would have had a real shot – over the hundreds of years – of becoming far less awful than they are now.
You ‘can’t hold them responsible for who they are’? What the fuck does that even mean? What can you hold a man responsible for if not for himself? People make choices. Circumstances shape those choices. That doesn’t mean the person doesn’t make the damn choice.
“Have you ever considered why places like Praes produce so many Terribilises and Akua Sahelians? Is it just their blood that’s foul, is it just random chance? Do all those kids born in Praes get up one day and make a choice to become that kind of person because Praesi genes are just shit? Of course not.”
“It’s extremely small-minded to treat the Akua sahelians and the Amadeuses of the world as the ‘enemy’ or the ‘problem.”
See, this here is why I find talking to you incredibly tiring because you’re still, even now, making it out as if Evil were somehow inferior to Good. Akua and Black aren’t ‘the enemy’, nor are they ‘the problem’. In fact, they’re not even ‘a’ problem. Not by the standards of this world.
“Sure you can and should hang the Akuas of the world”
See? It’s difficult to talk to you about problems and so on when even as you say “the Akuas and Amadeuses aren’t the problem”, you evidently think of them as people to be gotten rid of. Even if you think of them as a symptom instead of the disease you still are clearly biased and have made your decision ahead of time that they’re somehow wrong and need to be ‘treated’ – which is why I said it’s absolutely insulting. These people are adults who have made their decision. If I came along and told you all of your values were wrong, and therefore I’m going to be taking them away and re-educating you the ‘right’ way, I think you’d probably be pretty goddamn angry about it. Which is why it’s so damn tiring to talk to you about circumstance, blame, and responsibility – you’re already convinced that one of the sides is wrong, instead of realising that from the very beginning the entire point of the Named system is that you’re not right or wrong; you’re someone who’s the main character of your story, or you’re not.
“Some sort of failing in personal responsibility”
Stop trying to attribute blame. It’s impossible to have a discussion with you because you think I’m trying to excuse someone, or to defend someone, or to blame someone, or to damn someone. No. You are responsible for making a choice and the choices you make. Your circumstances are not a valid defence. Just because daddy neglected you as a kid and Stephen was a huge jackass to you during school and kept taunting you about how easy your sister was doesn’t mean you’re not responsible for murdering twenty people in broad daylight with a submachine gun.
“Akua has a right to be disappointed in Catherine.”
Yeah, for other reasons. Not for disapproving of Praesi culture, which is clearly what she actually disapproves of – Catherine has a right to disapprove of most anything, and Praesi culture hasn’t really sat well with her since the very beginning. It’s not as if Catherine thinks of every single Praesi as monolithically and cartoonishly evil, or else her characterisation has backslid all the way to Book I.
“Regardless of the fact that many of them aren’t forgivable and many of them do need to be held responsible for what they did”
I don’t agree with any of this moralising, just so you know. Personally I find Catherine’s simpering about humanity this and humanity that more unforgivable than anything Black’s pulled.
I haven’t been part of this conversation, but it’s just a meaningless internet argument. If you walk away from the discussion and the other person thinks they “won” because you didn’t refute their latest post, it’s no big deal.
This isn’t a whole new idea that exists in guide verse, it’s a very old and very well documented phenomenon.
It’s the exact same type of shit as people being born into a poor family being more likely to be poor, people that grew up in the hood being more coarse than people in upper middle class suburbs, and people born many south African countries becoming literal murderers, because that’s what happens when your environment has you choose between being conscripted as a child soldier or dying.
People are largely a product of how they are raised, and their character or perspective determined far more by where and when they’re born than whatever choices they make growing up. You can hold the individual responsible for their crimes but it’s hilariously wrong to try believing the cause is because of personal failings, as if nearly anyone else wouldn have turned out similarly in the same situation.
You’re so enamoured with the idea of pinning blame on a stray dog for *choosing* to act like a stray dog that you totally reject the notion that it’s more important to focus on what keeps causing these dogs to turn stray in the first place. It’s ludicrous.
Me? Pinning BLAME? Have you read anything of what I’m written? I don’t think a single thing in this entire story was worthy of blame. Nobody has done anything I think was worthy of blame, there is no blame or fault to be attributed in making decisions that you believe in. You’re the one who’s arguing from a moral standpoint, not me. I’m simply pointing out that people do have free will, and that’s the entire point of the last chapter – that even when all of your choices are shite, you do have a choice.
Do you know anything about what you’re even talking about? Do you know what the is-ought problem is? Do you know what an Nietzschean ubermensch refers to? I don’t generally like insulting people but at this point it’s not even an insult I genuinely need to know if I’m wasting my time talking at someone who can’t or won’t understand. Because it seems to me you’re trying to make this into some sort of political bull about how poor people can be ruined by their upbringing or how bullied kids aren’t really at fault or whatever the hell you’re trying to communicate because it sure as hell has nothing to do with what I’m saying or the setting this takes place in. It’s right there in chapter one, Black says it again in chapter 2, and it’s constantly repeated throughout the series, the Wandering Bard says it outright with William (and I know you’re about to kneejerk about how evil and unreliable she is, but I don’t buy that – the Bard is the most objective character with the fewest crippling blinders we have access to). You always have a choice – to be dragged along or to drag the world along – and that choice that you always have is the one that really matters.
Depends on what ends up happening with Black I suppose. These legions were the ones that followed Black’s lead and basically mutinied against the empire, so they’ll follow his lead if he comes back I imagine. I expect Black would be horrified at the idea of letting the Dead King expand beyond the natural barriers that have been keeping him bottled up for millennia and letting him become a potential threat to the empire. Not sure how Malicia would react to them coming back to the fold if they did head back to the empire. I suppose her position is precarious enough that she’d probably welcome the troops, but the troubles with the goblins might raise questions about Sacker’s loyalty. I certainly wouldn’t expect them to subordinate themselves to her, but an alliance might be doable. At least to get Black back and to get them out of their current mess.
“Then the entire north is about to be hip-deep in dead men,” Grem bluntly said. “I can’t think of another reason for Hasenbach to pull out. The Iron Prince only let us burn our way through the heartlands without lifting a finger because he judged toppling Callow as quick as possible was how the war would be turned around. He wouldn’t leave the Vales if he had any another choice, not after committing for so long.”
“That is my assessment as well,” Amadeus said. “And it means our horizons have just expanded a great deal.””
…
““I can think of few things more foolish than to underestimate Alaya,” he quietly said. “Even now. She’s never been one to act without a plan, and that we do not understand her moves should be source of fear and not contempt.”
“Odds are she’s the one who made a pact with the Dead King,” Ranker said.
“It could have been Catherine as well,” Amadeus frankly admitted. “She thrives in chaotic situations. It’s led her to the bad habit of creating them knowing it improves her chances of victory even if it significantly increases collateral damage as well.””
^^^ Amadeus’s reaction to the whole Dead King business.
He’s not a fan, but he’s not exactly morally outraged lmao.
Either way, I think the Legions are likely to sign on with Cat just out of practicality at this point: it’s that or get crushed by the armies converging on them. And Grem and Scribe know Black supported Catherine in this conflict, hell that the conflict was only ever allowed to emerge because of Black’s own conflict with Malicia and was a direct result of it. Black didn’t just leave, he effectively set Catherine against Alaya when doing so.
They won’t be happy at working with her, but I don’t think the “going against Malicia” part will be a sticking point.
Nice to have the confirmation that Catherine is indeed going for the obvious correct move: joining with the Legions. That’s going to be a fun conversation :3
Also nice to see the details of Catherine’s relationship with Sve Noc. I love how Catherine has serious and thought out arguments in favor of banter ❤ ❤ ❤ Guess when one of your subordinates keeps pestering you about how you shouldn't be this informal, you end up refining your understanding of why you keep doing it anyway ❤
(ilu Juniper never change)
I'm looking forward to the talk with Ivah.
And, dang. That sure was a conversation. I'm curious to see where it leads.
Nice chapter, good to see all the screaming people were doing about how OP the drow are has an answer. Power has a price indeed. Still, come nightfall an army of people able to give a fight to named has a ton of potential once they have allies to guard them during the day. On another note, I find the concern about other gods Sve Noc expresses interesting. Makes me wonder just how many there are running around. We’ve seen the orc god captain killed, warlock’s said to have dissected a couple, and then there’s Neshamah and our new Night goddesses. Maybe the king of the elves? Not sure whether to count Bard, she’s more a conduit for the Gods to act on the world than a bearer of power in her own right. (Also, is she restricted to Calernia? I don’t *think* we’ve gotten any notion she might be active on other continents, but then the story is pretty limited in scope to this continent for the most part) Anyways, I’m curious how many more old gods are lurking in the background somewhere like that orc was.
If the Sisters want to learn to banter, they should take lessons from Mighty General Rumena, Lord of Sick Burns and Cool Replies.
Also, the moral of Akua’s great uncle’s story is one we already knew: that Praesi and their highborns have the capacity for kindness, they just are so brutally ruthless that they kill those who display it, and even look with contempt to those that express their genuine feelings (As was seen by Akua’s interaction with her father, and her care for Barika).
Typos found:
-it would have been nothing to be / nothing to me
-crimson on the talons the pair / talons of the pair
-holding my breath you two starting / to you two
-to be hallway decent / halfway
-Well, either that my reaction / that or my reaction
-keep the awake / keep them awake
-Simple temporarily bereft / Simply
-the Dead King should keeping a good chunk / should be keeping
-Though was I was higher / Though I was
-It’s be a kinder world / It’d be
-One the eve / On the eve
Acceptance is a choice, true. But so is Rejection and her uncle paid dearly for it. The point, I think, of Akua’s story is that she’s damned if she does and damned if she doesn’t.
I don’t think she wants to shirk responsibility so much as to be understood. The inciting incident was Catherine’s offhanded remark on the Praesi take on Kindness. She wasn’t irritated by it, she was disappointed.
It doesn’t really sound like a Name. Names are archetypes, expressions of a concept. Can you imagine First Under the Night to be written in lowercase, while referring to Catherine? Even just a part of it? First is not a Name stem.
Like, you can say: Malicia is the empress of Praes, Amadeus was Malicia’s knight, Catherine was Amadeus’s squire, Hakram is Catherine’s adjutant, Vivienne is/was a thief, Indrani is an archer, Masego was Wekesa’s apprentice, etc. While saying “Catherine is a first” or “Catherine is the first” doesn’t convey any useful information. It couldn’t be given to her as a nickname or used to refer to her in a children’s story.
This is the difference between just ceremonial titles and titles that are potential Names. Saying “Cordelia is a warden” or “Cordelia is the warden of the West” sounds pompous but not inaccurate, doesn’t it?
I have been thinking of all the metaphysical Dawn stories in-story and without and I see already a hero calling the light to their chest and shining the Light. Birthing a Dawn in the darkness, perhaps even a flying one rising to make the weight even higher. Not even mentioning how big the Dawn Knight is now. Good plays a long game indeed, well so does Evil but damn they got em good this time.
>Logic alone leads you to ugly ends because you’re dealing with people, not statues.
Yeah uh I’m not really sure about this line. All things considered, if “logic alone” leads you to ugly ends, that just means you forgot to take in a few variables. It’s not as if you can’t logically treat displays of emotion.
I believe the point that Cat was trying to make is that thinking strictly logically causes you to think “if A is true, then B is always true.” When dealing with emotions, it can be “if A is true, then french onion soup, except that this is my dearest enemy, so SQUIRREL!”
And my point is that emotion isn’t actually illogical, which is a horrendous cliche that needs to snuff it as soon as possible. Emotion is a factor you take into account. It’s difficult to pin down, which is why we say it’s “illogical”, but even someone who’s livid and seems to be “not thinking” isn’t being illogical – he’s just using an entirely different set of values.
Having different values is what we call “mad”, yeah, but if there’s a method to the madness (and there always is) then you can theoretically figure it out.
Emotion is a shortcut to logic, if nothing else, actually. You don’t need to ponder deep impications of an action and how it will reflect on the world at large if you know that it pisses you off / makes you happy.
Admittedly it doesn’t always hold, but then logic can be fallacious too.
I think Catherine was warning Sve Noc away from using the same kind of logic Malacia did in Liesse. She didn’t account for the human factor; she didn’t account for the fact that Akua might massacre Callowans by the tens of thousands, and she didn’t account for how livid Catherine would be that she let that happen, or that Amadeus might take offense to her doing something that he had spent nearly his whole life trying to reject and prove wrong.
Admittedly Malicia seems to have accounted for Catherine quite well. Had Amadeus stayed within the alliance as the stabilizing influence he’d been previously, Catherine would have stayed within the dotted lines. It was the conflict with him that led to the whole balance of power imploding.
A curious thing is that, in fact, the reason for Alaya’s current crisis is entirely emotional.
She is obsessed with control and became paranoid about Amadeus having more physical and military power over Praes than her, so instead of looking at him as her most loyal companion, she thought of him as a potential threat for her rule despite knowing full well that he had no interest in such.
This led her to support the whole Akua’s Folly in order to get her own weapon against the world that didn’t rely on Amadeus, yet in doing so she triggered the Crusade, made Catherine further the separation of Callow from Praes (Although Malicia took measures to prevent a full secession), and also drew Amadeus away from her, which in the long run has cost her Wekesa too, since he died due to the Crusade.
Yes, it stems from Malicia stewing inside her own head, but the worry about Amadeus’s power base not being hers was not the only thing there, and even within it, the idea that Amadeus might turn on her was not the only or the biggest thing.
Part of her control issues was questioning his judgement. Amadeus himself has, like, reverse control issues, where he’d Rather Have Someone Else Be In Charge, even if he’s like 90% sure he knows better. Like he’d love it if Malicia agreed with him on everything and follow his plan exactly but he’s not willing to actually take a stand and insist. Not until it’s all gone up in flames already, and even then his next action is to fuck off to the border and pretend nothing is happening. Even in his yelling match with Alaya in the epilogue he ends up being like 🙂 @ her suggestion that he come home and agreeing with it while having an entirely different idea of how it’s going to happen.
Anyway, Amadeus being like “I think this but I’m not SURE and I think you’re better at this than I am” puts Malicia in a rather… stressful position. If he’s so sure he doesn’t know better, maybe he really doesn’t?
According to her internal monologue in Epilogue 4, she worried that Amadeus was being self-destructive. That he was going to start a war that he’d die in, and that it was his at least subconscious intention. We the audience know that Amadeus is better at separating out his personal bullshit from geopolitics than that, but how would Malicia know if he always deferred to her judgement when pressed?
She’s not wrong that he’s suicidal, and it’s not wrong of her to think “holy shit, what happens when he’s not there” wrt the power base thing. She strikes up her own relationship with Catherine more or less behind his back, because she doesn’t know that he’s got a plan there that will work. She sees he plans to die, which she is literally correct about, and she’s not a fan. Literally nobody is Amadeus oh my god what the fuck-
ahem.
Anyway, I’m saying Amadeus’s issues played a huge role in Malicia Doing A Stupid. She might be better than him at administration and intrigue, but she’s not better at geopolitics and storycraft, and that… came as a surprise… to both of them? He never taught her about it, because he just kind of assumed she already knew all of those things, but she didn’t?
I see Amadeus’s “you will surpass me, Catherine” as a thing of the same caliber as his absolute unquestioning trust in Malicia. Also incidentally as his romance with Hye which still gives me heebie jeebies and never will not, and just… bluh. She’s awful??? Amadeus you have shit taste?
Anyway, yeah. Reverse control issues, and Malicia’s worry for Amadeus’s life.
P.S. I think this “I think I’m right but what if someone else knows better” waffling is also the source of the confusing bullshit that was Amadeus’s actions in Book 4. He supports Catherine in everything but doesn’t actually actively take a stand in a conflict that he… effectively… initiated? He kind of low key rebels against Alaya but not really? He gives Catherine the paperwork for the application to the Grand Alliance but goes ahead with his plan to undermine Cordelia’s influence anyway? Which, I mean, maybe he thought it would help but have you tried coordinating Amadeus,
and his dialogue with Ranker in Queen’s Gambit, Declined. “If the new generation thinks they’re wrong let them beat me first” Amadeus that’s literally the worst way to decide anything you Praesi dumbass-
reverse control issues spiraling. Let whatever happens happen, as long as I’m not the person making the decision!
(He recognizes his responsibility for the decisions he’s made and their consequences, and considers it cowardice to blame anything on Fate. Doesn’t stop him from being fatalistic anyway???? Amadeus please stop)
Where did you see thirty? I paid attention to this when rereading the chapter after seeing your comment, and it says fifty at least twice. I, uh, might have not paid attention to every single word anyway, so it’s possible there’s a place where it’s typo’d into thirty. Knowing erratic that’s the exact opposite of surprising
Hey guys, I started translating PGE for my friends in free time and ’cause I didn’t saw translations in russian online I’m not posting it. Do you know, is Erraticerrata against posting? (of course if I will be translating for large audience, I’d like to add a link how they can benefit me in addition to Erraticerrata’s) I saw that he didn’t want EPUB to circulate, so maybe there is a reason in lack of translations of this masterpiece.
So as not to bother, maybe there is some FQ section where i can look into it?
There was a comment long ago, where someone asked Erraticerrata for permission to translate PGE to Spanish, but Author refused because he is planning to have the book published.
He might have changed his mind on the subject, but I don’t know, your best chance is to write a comment asking about it in a reply to his comment next chapter so he can answer your doubt. | 2024-06-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7367 |
Switching elderly chronic psychotic patients to olanzapine.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether elderly chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder patients would clinically improve if switched to olanzapine from previous neuroleptic treatment. Twenty-one hospitalized patients, aged 6088 yr, with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were being treated with typical neuroleptic medication were switched to olanzapine. The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Scale were completed while patients were on their previous medication regimen and again 6 months after the last patient had been started on olanzapine. The mean duration of treatment was 289 d (S.D.=139). Three patients discontinued the medication. Mean end dose of olanzapine was 12.9 mg (S.D.=5.7). Paired sample t tests were used to test change on PANSS Positive, Negative and Total scales, CGI, GDS and body weight. PANSS (Positive, p=0.002; Negative, p=0.003; General, p=0.003; and Total, p=0.000) and CGI (p=0.000) but not the GDS (p=0.67) demonstrated statistically significant improvement. There was no significant change in body weight (p=0.61). Elderly patients with aggravation of chronic schizophrenia showed improvement after being switched to olanzapine with no weight gain. Clinically meaningful change was observed in positive and negative psychotic symptomatology but not in depressive symptoms. | 2024-06-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3383 |
**2 + 12*v**2).
201*v**3
Expand ((4*s**2 - 2*s**2 - 3*s**2)*(-4*s + 3*s - s) + s + 3*s**3 - s + (-s**2 + 3*s - 3*s)*(3 - 2*s - 3) - s**3 + 6*s**3 + s**3)*(15*s**2 - 5*s**2 + 8*s**2).
234*s**5
Expand -2*r + 3*r + 0*r + (4 - 1 - 2)*(2*r - 2*r + r) + (5 - 2 - 1)*((-5*r + 9 - 9)*(2 + 2 - 2) + 15*r - 44*r + 10*r).
-56*r
Expand (-2 - 2 + 2)*(-324515*w + 162255*w - 12561 + 162261*w).
-2*w + 25122
Expand (49*f - 2355*f - 4973*f - 985*f - 2364*f - 1422*f)*(4*f**4 - 5*f**4 + 0*f**4).
12050*f**5
Expand (-470 - 466 + 2977)*(-3*n + n**2 + 3*n).
2041*n**2
Expand -2*d**4 + d**4 + 3*d**4 + (3*d**2 - 3*d**2 + d**2)*(4*d**2 - 6*d**2 + 4*d**2) + 2*d**4 + 0*d**4 + 4*d**4 + 5622*d + d**4 + 2*d**3 + 0 - 5623*d - 22.
11*d**4 + 2*d**3 - d - 22
Expand (6*f**4 + 20*f**2 - 20*f**2)*(-10*f + 10*f + f)*(0 - 10 - 3).
-78*f**5
Expand (4*d - 3*d - 3*d)*(3223 + 9166 - 1668 + 4170).
-29782*d
Expand (-m - 2 + 2)*(-186*m - 108*m - 571*m).
865*m**2
Expand 46*b + 48*b + 9 - 95*b + (-3 + 5 + 0)*(-b - b + 3*b) - 3*b + 0*b - 6*b.
-8*b + 9
Expand (50*d - 11*d - 137*d)*(0 - d - 1 - d).
196*d**2 + 98*d
Expand (o + 6*o - 4*o)*(465 - 240 - 253)*(0 - 10 - 16)*(4 - 2 - 4).
-4368*o
Expand 2*w - 9 + 5*w**2 + 9 + (0 - 5 + 3)*(60*w**2 + 133*w**2 - 260*w**2) + w**2 - 3*w**2 + 0*w**2.
137*w**2 + 2*w
Expand (-64 + 926 + 740)*(0*k - 5*k + 3*k).
-3204*k
Expand (185708 + 3323*r**4 - 185708)*(-1 + 0 + 0).
-3323*r**4
Expand (4*i**2 - 4*i**2 - i + 5*i**3)*(-5 + 3 + 1)*(-160*i + 93*i**2 + 160*i).
-465*i**5 + 93*i**3
Expand -321*k + 322*k + 1 + 2*k**4 + 1 + 0*k**4 + 5*k**4 - 2*k**4 + (k - k + 2*k**3)*(0*k - 3*k + 2*k) - 3*k**3 + 3*k**4 + 0*k**3 - 4*k**4.
2*k**4 - 3*k**3 + k + 2
Expand (r - 5*r + 0*r)*(40 + 19*r - 40)*(7 - 5 + 9).
-836*r**2
Expand (19*z - 23*z - 42*z)*((1 - 3 + 0 + (-1 + 2 + 0)*(1 + 0 + 0) + 3 + 2 - 7)*(4 - 2 + 0) + (1 - 6 + 3)*(-3 + 4 + 1) + 0 - 2 - 2).
644*z
Expand (4 - 3 - 8)*((3 - 2 + 0)*(-2*g + 1 - 1) + 149*g + 1543 - 1543).
-1029*g
Expand (785 - 158 - 289)*(3*i**3 - 2*i**3 - 3*i**3)*(3*i + 2*i - 4*i).
-676*i**4
Expand (2 + 1 - 1)*(-3*u + 2*u**4 + 3*u) + 146*u**2 - 71*u**2 - 2*u**3 - 2*u**4 - 80*u**2 - 1 + (2*u - 2 + 2)*(8*u**3 - 8 + 8).
18*u**4 - 2*u**3 - 5*u**2 - 1
Expand -115*o + 7 - 2 + 117*o + (3*o - 2*o - 3*o)*(1 - 2 - 2) + o - 3*o + 3*o.
9*o + 5
Expand (-3*j - 3*j + 3*j)*(2 - 2 + 1)*((-2 + 2 - j)*(-3 + 5 - 4) + 88*j - 38*j + 23*j).
-225*j**2
Expand (3*t + 3*t + t)*(34 - 321 + 37).
-1750*t
Expand (-11*u**4 - 273*u**2 + 273*u**2)*(-6*u + 4 - 4) + 3*u**5 - 5*u - 94*u**3 + 94*u**3.
69*u**5 - 5*u
Expand (44*y**3 + 0*y**3 + 24*y**3)*(18 + 3*y - 18).
204*y**4
Expand 158*d**3 - 276 + 276 + (-2 + 1 + 2)*(2*d**3 - d**3 + d**3) - 4*d**2 + 4*d**2 + 2*d**3.
162*d**3
Expand -6*d**4 - 27*d**2 - 2 + 1 + 24*d**2 + (2*d**2 + 2*d**2 - 5*d**2)*(-3*d + 3*d - 2*d)*(-7*d + 7*d + 23*d).
40*d**4 - 3*d**2 - 1
Expand ((-5*k + 5*k + 2*k)*(-5*k + 5*k - k) + 2*k**2 - 2*k**2 - 2*k**2 - 3*k**2 - 2*k**2 + 4*k**2)*(17997 - 8942 - 8952 - 61*k**3).
305*k**5 - 515*k**2
Expand -101*p + 50*p - 140*p - 2 + (-2*p + p - p)*(0 - 2 + 4).
-195*p - 2
Expand (-4*p**2 + p - 2*p**2 + 4*p**2)*(30 - 30 + 10*p**2) - 43*p**4 - 30*p**4 + 4*p**4.
-89*p**4 + 10*p**3
Expand (2 + n**2 - 24 - 2*n**2)*(8 + 0 - 4).
-4*n**2 - 88
Expand (-7*g**3 + 83*g**3 + 39*g**3)*(2 + 1 + 5).
920*g**3
Expand (2 + 3*o + 0*o - 2*o)*(57 + 20159*o**2 - 108 + 51).
20159*o**3 + 40318*o**2
Expand (5 - 3 + 41)*(-3 + 3 + 1)*(-68749 - 69*w + 68749).
-2967*w
Expand (-4 + 2 + 4)*(-22 - a + 3*a + 24 + (2*a - 4*a + a)*(1 + 4 - 4) - a - 4*a + 0*a).
-8*a + 4
Expand (6 - 2 + 10 + (1 + 14 - 5)*(6 - 3 - 1))*(1 + 1 - 8)*(2*d**2 - 3*d**2 - 7*d**2).
1632*d**2
Expand (4 + 13 - 7)*(-245*n**2 + 493*n**2 - 62 - 6*n**4 - 247*n**2).
-60*n**4 + 10*n**2 - 620
Expand (8*r**4 - 8*r**4 + 170*r**5)*(-2 + 0 - 3 + (2 - 5 + 5)*(2 + 2 - 2)).
-170*r**5
Expand (2136*t**2 - 3185*t**2 + 2377*t**2 + 10276*t**2 + 6089*t**2)*(6 + 0 - 5).
17693*t**2
Expand (-2*u + 0*u + 4*u)*(0 - 1 - 1)*(-1257 + 1257 + 927*u)*(2*u - 2*u + 2*u + (6 - 4 - 4)*(0 - 2*u + 0)).
-22248*u**3
Expand (y + 1 - 1)*(445*y**2 + 151*y**2 - 8*y**3 - 1975*y**2).
-8*y**4 - 1379*y**3
Expand -b**2 + b**2 - b**3 + (70*b - 359*b - 21*b)*(-2*b**2 + b**2 + 5*b**2).
-1241*b**3
Expand (26*l**2 - 26*l**2 - 43*l**3)*(4*l - 5*l - l)*(3*l + l + 6*l)*(1 - 4 + 2 + (-2 + 1 + 0)*(-1 + 4 - 2)).
-1720*l**5
Expand (1686 - 693 + 1411)*(-2 + 2 - 2*j)*(0*j - 4*j + 7*j).
-14424*j**2
Expand 257 + 4066*p**2 - 2046*p**2 - 2023*p**2 - 6*p**2 + 5*p**2 + 3*p**2 + (1 - 2*p - 1)*(-4*p + 2*p + 4*p).
-5*p**2 + 257
Expand ((r**2 + r**3 - r**2)*(2*r + 4 - 4) + 2*r**4 + 4*r - 4*r - 2 - r**4 + 2)*(291*r - 318*r - 613*r).
-1920*r**5
Expand -6*q + 6*q - q + 5 + (2 + 2 - 2)*(0*q + 0*q - q) + q - 2*q + 4*q - 20*q - q + 4*q.
-17*q + 5
Expand (94*x + 36*x - 240 + 240)*(-1 - 5 + 4)*(463 - 463 + 43*x).
-11180*x**2
Expand (-4*m + m + 2*m)*(13 + 1 - 1)*(0 - 5 + 4)*(11 - 33 + 4).
-234*m
Expand (4*y**2 + 3*y**2 - 3*y**2)*(-4 + y + 4) + (-5*y**2 - 2 + 2)*(-12 - 13*y + 4 + 10) - y**3 + 4*y**3 - 2*y**3.
70*y**3 - 10*y**2
Expand -118*k**3 - 106*k**3 + 12*k**4 + 224*k**3 + (3 + 2*k - 3)*(-11*k**3 - 2*k**3 + 2*k**3) + 3*k**4 - 2*k + 2*k.
-7*k**4
Expand (-400*y**4 - 387*y**4 + 528*y**4)*(4*y - y + 2*y) + 0*y**5 + 2*y**5 - y**5.
-1294*y**5
Expand (-1819 + 1819 - 15*f**2)*(-2*f + 2*f + 2*f) + 0*f + 0*f + 2*f**3 + (2 - f**3 - 2)*(-1 - 1 + 3).
-29*f**3
Expand (-2 + 1 - 3)*(5 - 2 + 0)*(5*c - 4*c + 4*c)*(-1 + 7 - 2 + (-3 + 0 + 2)*(-1 - 2 + 1))*(6*c - 14*c - 6*c).
5040*c**2
Expand (-3*b**4 + 0*b**4 + 4*b**4)*(3*b - 67 - b + 62)*(-10 - 5 + 8).
-14*b**5 + 35*b**4
Expand 2272*l**3 - 405*l**3 + 1730*l**3 + (l**2 + 2 - 2)*(0 + 0 + 2*l).
3599*l**3
Expand (3 + 0 - 5)*(3*g + g - g)*((-2 + 2 + 3*g**2)*(2 + 2 - 6) + 3*g**2 - g**2 - 3*g**2 + 255 - 255 - 14*g**2).
126*g**3
Expand (-5 - 1224*w + 4 + 1263*w)*(-4*w**3 + 4*w**3 - w**3) + (w**3 - 5 + 5)*(-5 - 2*w + 5).
-41*w**4 + w**3
Expand (-10124 + 0*r**4 - 7*r**4 + 10125)*(0 - 3 + 10)*(0 + r + 0).
-49*r**5 + 7*r
Expand (3 + 2 + 4)*(-8*c**4 + 0*c**4 + 2*c**4)*(4 + 5 - 2) + (0*c + 12*c**2 + 0*c)*(-c**2 + 2*c**2 + c**2) + 4*c**2 - 4*c**2 - 3*c**4.
-357*c**4
Expand 2*y**2 - 2*y**2 + 8*y**4 + (22*y**3 - 14*y**3 + 33*y**3)*(y + y - 4*y).
-74*y**4
Expand (-i**2 - i**2 + i**2)*(0*i - 6*i + 4*i) + (-1 + 3*i**2 + i**2 - 1)*(32*i + 55*i + 39*i).
506*i**3 - 252*i
Expand -2*c + 4*c - 4*c + (3*c - 13 + 13)*(2 + 1 - 2) + (-66 + 66 + 10*c)*(3 - 1 + 2).
41*c
Expand -9591*f**3 + 2746*f**3 - 22107*f**3 + f**3 + 3*f**3 - 2*f**3 + (-2 + f + 2)*(f - f - f**2) - 3*f**3 + f**3 + 0*f**3.
-28953*f**3
Expand (-5*x**2 + 3*x**2 + x**2 + (1 - 1 + x)*(0*x + 4*x - 3*x) + 1 + 2*x**2 - 1 - 5*x - x**2 + 5*x)*(-71 + 141 - 81 + 16*x**3).
16*x**5 - 11*x**2
Expand (-g - g**2 + g + (-3 + 3 - 2*g)*(-2*g + 0 + 0) - 47*g - 23*g**2 + 47*g - 58 - g**2 + 10*g + 58)*(3*g + 0*g - g).
-42*g**3 + 20*g**2
Expand 10 + 46*l - 10 + (-2*l + 0 + 0)*(1 - 1 + 2) + 13 - 146*l + 142*l - 4.
38*l + 9
Expand (z**2 + 0*z**2 + z**2)*(1311*z**2 - 673*z**2 + 2 - 61*z - 1004*z**2).
-732*z**4 - 122*z**3 + 4*z**2
Expand ((-3 + 3 - 2*l)*(3 - 1 - 1) + 2*l - 3*l - l + 3 - 3 + 2*l)*(-79 + 198 + 207).
-652*l
Expand (3 - 1 - 3)*(1 + n - 1) + 5*n - 3*n - 6*n + 3*n - 5*n + 0*n + 152*n + 75 + 71 - 149.
145*n - 3
Expand ((-45 + 30 + 19)*(0*b + 2*b**2 + 0*b) + 13*b - 13*b + 10*b**2)*(-b - b + b).
-18*b**3
Expand (-4*c + 2*c - 5*c)*(-271*c**2 + 348*c**2 + 1074*c**2).
-8057*c**3
Expand (5 + 1 - 2)*(207*b + 398*b + 55*b + 163*b + 385*b)*(3 + 2 + 0).
24160*b
Expand ((8 + 55 + 6)*(o**4 + 0*o**3 + 0*o**3) + (1 - 1 - 2*o**3)*(1 - 1 - 2*o) - 4*o**4 + 0*o**4 + 5*o**4)*(6 - 1 + 3)*(2*o + 2*o - 2*o).
1184*o**5
Expand (1437*g**4 - 118*g**4 + 910*g**4)*(0*g + g - 3*g - g + 5*g - 2*g + (-4 + 5 + 1)*(3 - 2*g - 3) - 1 - 2*g + 1) + 0*g**5 + 0*g**5 - g**5.
-13375*g**5
Expand (5*k**2 - k + k + (k - 2 + 2)*(0*k + 2*k + 0*k))*(14*k - 14*k + 8*k**2 + (2*k**2 - 1 + 1)*(2 - 2 - 1)).
42*k**4
Expand (2 - 2 - 2*g)*(514*g**2 + 138*g + 439*g**2 + 475*g - 956*g**2).
6*g**3 - 1226*g**2
Expand (-8*u**2 - u**2 - 3*u**2)*(-8 - 5*u + 8)*(11*u + 9*u + 17*u).
2220*u**4
Expand (-99 + 99 + 4*l)*(-17*l**3 + 5*l**3 - 8*l**3 + (-3 - 1 + 8)*(l**3 + 0*l**3 - 3*l**3)).
-112*l**4
Expand (3 - 4*t**2 + 2*t**2 + t**2)*(-31 - 40*t**2 + 31 + (-3 + 3 + 2)*(-2*t**2 + 2 - 2)).
44*t**4 | 2024-06-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3605 |
# 🔌 plugin-input-files
[](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@start/plugin-input-files) [](https://travis-ci.org/deepsweet/start) [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/deepsweet/start) [](https://codecov.io/github/deepsweet/start) [](https://david-dm.org/deepsweet/start?path=packages/plugin-input-files)
Inject arguments as files into Start flow.
## Install
```sh
$ yarn add --dev @start/plugin-input-files
# or
$ npm install --save-dev @start/plugin-input-files
```
## Usage
### Signature
```ts
inputFiles(target: StartPlugin): (...files: string[])
```
### Example
```js
import inputFiles from '@start/plugin-input-files'
import eslint from '@start/plugin-lib-eslint'
export task = inputFiles(eslint())
```
| 2024-04-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1145 |
Torsion of the fallopian tube.
Isolated torsion of the Fallopian tube is an uncommon condition. It occurs at all ages, though most frequently at the menstruating age, in normal as well as diseased tubes, in pregnancy and even after tubal sterilization. A cases is reported and the symptoms, differential diagnoses, etiology and diagnostic procedures are discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment is necessary if a twisted tube or a part of it is to be preserved; especially early laparoscopy may be a momentous diagnostic tool in these cases. | 2024-03-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4114 |
Q:
Setting lock screen in Windows Phone 8 with a non local image
I am trying to set the lock screen on a Windows Phone 8 using the SetImageUri, but I can't get it to work with a non local image. In my case I have images in a separate assembly, and on a remote server (Azure CDN).
I have already added the manifest entry, and gotten the user permission to be a provider from the sample code.
This is what the code looks like the imageUri would be something like this:
https://infinitecodex.blob.core.windows.net/nflfanapps/26-WALL-1.png
The image exits and is a valid file. I tried putting it in a separate images assembly, and still get this error.
// At this stage, the app is the active lock screen background provider.
var uri = new Uri(imageUri, UriKind.Absolute);
// Set the lock screen background image.
Windows.Phone.System.UserProfile.LockScreen.SetImageUri(uri);
Everything I try results in an exception:
Value does not fall within the expected range.
A:
According to this guide you can only use images stored in your Isolated Storage or images packaged with your app:
Lock screen background for Windows Phone 8
Nothing stops you from downloading the image to isolated storage and using the Uri to this image as the lockscreen source.
// At this stage, the app is the active lock screen background
provider.// The following code example shows the new URI schema.//
ms-appdata points to the root of the local app data folder.// ms-appx
points to the Local app install folder, to reference resources bundled
in the XAP package.var schema = isAppResource ? "ms-appx:///" :
"ms-appdata:///Local/";
| 2024-01-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6048 |
BJJ Ladies
The Comp 450 is one of our favorite, tried-and-true, gis. Since the beginning, we've focused on making it the competition gi of choice for all jiu jitsu athletes. Every version has been better than the last. Our latest one, the Comp 450 V5, is the best yet! Featuring the same ultra-durable mid-weight 450 GSM Pearl Weave jacket and 100% 10 oz drill cotton, we gave the Comp 450 V5 an edgier look, so you can look like sharp while sharpening your skills and reigning supreme both your home mat and the tournament setting!
The new Tatami Fightwear Nova BJJ Gi has been designed for beginner students and experts alike. Several enhancements have been made to the new Nova BJJ Gi to make is better than its predecessor in several areas. The Nova is a better fitting Gi and tapered in all the key areas. The Nova now features a 450gsm Hybrid weave jacket with heavy cotton reinforcements in all areas. The pants have been upgraded to a 9oz poly cotton blend making them heavier and more resilient than the older 8oz twill cotton.
Whether you’re a competitor worried about the scale, or just looking for lightweight kimono that’s comfortable and isn’t flimsy, the Kingz Nanō kimono was built to impress. Designed with the competitor in mind, the Kingz Nanō kimono is an ultra-light-weight kimono that delivers the same remarkable level of comfort, quality, and strength that Kingz is known for, at a fraction of the weight.
The Estilo is Tatami's longest running BJJ Kimono, spanning over 6 years of constant development and improvement. The Estilo 6.0 is the crowning jewel in the Tatami collection, and is what we believe one of the highest quality, visually appealing and well priced BJJ Gi's on the market. Working with our team of high level athletes such as 2017 ADCC Champion JT Torres and Jiu Jitsu icons such as Vitor 'Shaolin' Ribeiro and Robson Moura we believe the Estilo 6.0 to be outstanding in every aspect.
High quality embroideries adorn the shoulders of Gi and the outside leg area of the pants. The Estilo logo is subtly placed at the back of the neck and the bottom of the right shin area of the pants. A small embroidery is placed on the front of the jacket with the text “Estilo VI”. A sublimated neck yoke lining and side vent lining adds a high quality detail to the new Estilo 6.0, with new unique woven taping to line the inside of the sleeve cuffs, ankle cuffs and the bottom of the jackets. The new Estilo 6.0 jacket continues to feature the unique Y shaped jacket vent. The Y vent we feel helps to provide a better fit along the base of the jacket.
The Estilo 6.0 also has some subtly placed detail areas that have not been seen before on the previous generations of the Estilo.
Tatami Fightwear are proud to introduce their New Nova range of Basic BJJ GI. With minimal styling and no patches these BJJ GI are ideal for beginners and experts alike. If you like your BJJ GI plain and simple you won’t beat the Tatami Fightwear Nova BJJ GI range for style and value.
As a competitor, you want – and need – a gi that will perform. We agree. That is why we developed the top-quality Kingz 450 Comp Women’s gi, now in its fourth edition. Our latest (and greatest) version, it features that same level of premium quality and exceptional durability that we delivered with the V3, but with new embroidered detailing that will keep you looking sharp and killing it, whether at your home academy or on the tournament mats.
This gi was designed for the athlete who trains often, understands there are no easy days on the mat, but also wants to look absolutely smashing while… well… smashing, or passing, her opponents.
With its sleek design and exceptional construction, the Kingz Basic kimono is an excellent choice for practitioners looking for a gi that will withstand the rigors of the mat like top-priced kimonos, but without breaking the bank. NOW in a women's cut, with a beautiful purple colorway.
The Kingz Basic kimono delivers a remarkable level of comfort and quality, and is excellent for day-to-day training at any experience level. | 2024-02-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9538 |
In clinical trials bupropion has been shown to double long-term smoking cessation rates. Nevertheless, most smokers using bupropion relapse back to smoking within the first few weeks of cessation. Bupropion has been hypothesized to help smokers to quit in part by reducing the reinforcing effects of smoking during the typical 1-week pre-quitting treatment phase. Learning theory and previous basic human and animal research support the hypothesis that a longer duration of bupropion treatment prior to the target quit date (TQD) will yield greater decreases in smoking satisfaction and the number of cigarettes smoked per day before quitting, and higher rates of continuous cessation after quitting. The proposed research is the first study of which we are aware to systematically vary the pre-quitting duration of bupropion treatment in smokers to test these predictions. A two group randomized experimental design will be used. One hundred male and female smokers who are motivated to quit smoking will be randomized to a brief run-in group (3 weeks of placebo, followed by the typical 1 week of pre-TQD bupropion) and an extended run-in group (4 weeks of pre-TQD bupropion). Both groups will receive 7 weeks of post-TQD bupropion, as well as group behavioral counseling for smoking cessation. During the pre-quitting treatment phase we predict that bupropion will reduce the number of cigarettes smoked daily and smoking satisfaction, relative to placebo. During a 3-month post-quitting phase, we predict that relapse will be lower in those who experience the greatest pre-quit reductions in smoking rate and satisfaction. We will conduct exploratory analyses of whether cessation is greater for subjects in the extended run-in group compared to the brief run-in group, and whether this effect is mediated by differences in the pre-quit effects of bupropion. This theory-based research may lead to enhanced treatment with bupropion and more broadly stimulate programmatic basic and clinical studies that improve cancer control through a better understanding of learning and behavioral processes implicated in pharmacotherapy for tobacco cessation. [unreadable] [unreadable] | 2023-08-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8275 |
config system
option hostname BenNanoNote
option timezone UTC
| 2023-12-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3733 |
---
abstract: '[We discuss the refined analytic torsion, introduced by M. Braverman and T. Kappeler as a canonical refinement of analytic torsion on closed manifolds. Unfortunately there seems to be no canonical way to extend their construction to compact manifolds with boundary. We propose a different refinement of analytic torsion, similar to Braverman and Kappeler, which does apply to compact manifolds with and without boundary. In a subsequent publication we prove a surgery formula for our construction.]{}'
address: |
University of Bonn\
Department of Mathematics\
Beringstr. 6\
53115 Bonn\
Germany
author:
- Boris Vertman
title: Refined Analytic Torsion on Manifolds with Boundary
---
[^1]
Introduction
============
\
The refined analytic torsion, defined by M. Braverman and T. Kappeler in \[BK1\] and \[BK2\] on closed manifolds, can be viewed as a refinement of the Ray-Singer torsion, since it is a canonical choice of an element with Ray-Singer norm one, in case of unitary representations.\
The complex phase of the refinement is given by the rho-invariant of the odd-signature operator. Hence one can expect the refined analytic torsion to give more geometric information than the Ray-Singer torsion.\
This is indeed the case in the setup of lens spaces with explicit formulas for the associated Ray-Singer torsion and eta-invariants, see \[RH, Section 5\] and the references therein. There it is easy to find explicit examples of lens spaces which are not distinguished by the Ray-Singer torsion, however have different rho-invariants of the associated odd-signature operators.\
An important property of the Ray-Singer torsion norm is its gluing property, as established by W. Lück in \[Lü\] and S. Vishik in \[V\]. It is natural to expect a refinement of the Ray-Singer torsion to admit an analogous gluing property.\
Unfortunately there seems to be no canonical way to extend the construction of Braverman and Kappeler to compact manifolds with boundary. In particular a gluing formula seems to be out of reach.\
We propose a different refinement of analytic torsion, similar to Braverman and Kappeler, which does apply to compact manifolds with and without boundary. In the subsequent publication \[BV4\] we establish a gluing formula for our construction, which in fact can also be viewed as a gluing law for the original definition of refined analytic torsion by Braverman and Kappeler.\
The presented construction is analogous to the definition in \[BK1\] and \[BK2\], but applies to any smooth compact Riemannian manifold, with or without boundary. For closed manifolds the construction differs from the original definition in \[BK2\]. Nevertheless we still refer to our concept as “refined analytic torsion” within the present discussion.\
[**Acknowledgements.**]{} The results of this article were obtained during the author’s Ph.D. studies at Bonn University, Germany. The author would like to thank his thesis advisor Prof. Matthias Lesch for his support and useful discussions. The author was supported by the German Research Foundation as a scholar of the Graduiertenkolleg 1269 “Global Structures in Geometry and Analysis”.
Motivation for the generalized construction
===========================================
\
The essential ingredient in the definition of the refined analytic torsion in \[BK2\] is the twisted de Rham complex with a chirality operator and the elliptic odd-signature operator associated to the complex, viewed as a map between the even forms. Hence in the case of a manifold with boundary we are left with the task of finding elliptic boundary conditions for the odd-signature operator which preserve the complex structure and provide a Fredholm complex, in the sense of \[BL1\].\
The notions of a Hilbert and a Fredholm complex were studied systematically in \[BL1\] and will be provided for convenience in the forthcoming section. The boundary conditions, that give rise to a Hilbert complex are referred to as “ideal boundary conditions”. It is important to note that the most common self-adjoint extensions of the odd-signature operator between the even forms do not come from ideal boundary conditions.\
The existence and explicit determination of elliptic boundary conditions for the odd-signature operator between the even forms, arising from ideal boundary conditions, is an open question. However, it is clear that the absolute and relative boundary conditions do not satisfy these requirements.\
On the other hand the gluing formula in \[V\] and \[Lü\] for the Ray-Singer torsion makes essential use of the relative and absolute boundary conditions. Since the establishment of a corresponding gluing formula for the refined analytic torsion is a motivation for our discussion, these boundary conditions seem to be natural choices.\
We are left with a dilemma, since neither the relative nor the absolute boundary conditions are invariant under the Hodge operator. We resolve this dilemma by combining the relative and absolute boundary conditions. This allows us to apply the concepts of \[BK2\] in a new setting and to establish the desired gluing formula.
Definition of Refined analytic torsion {#explicit-unitary}
======================================
\
Let $(M^m, g^M)$ be a smooth compact connected odd-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold with boundary $\partial M$, which may be empty. Let $(E, {\nabla}, h^E)$ be a flat complex vector bundle with any fixed Hermitian metric $h^E$, which need not to be flat with respect to ${\nabla}$.\
The flat covariant derivative ${\nabla}$ is a first order differential operator $${\nabla}: \Gamma (E) \rightarrow \Gamma (T^*M\otimes E),$$ satisfying the Leibniz rule $${\nabla}_X(fs)=(Xf)s+f{\nabla}_Xs, \quad s \in \Gamma (E), X \in \Gamma (TM), f \in C^{\infty}(M).$$ The covariant derivative ${\nabla}$ extends by the Leibniz rule to the twisted exterior differential ${\nabla}: \Omega^k_0(M, E)\to \Omega^{k+1}_0(M, E)$ on $E-$valued differential forms with compact support in the interior of the manifold $\Omega^k_0(M,E)$. The exterior differential satisfies the (generalized) Leibniz rule $$\begin{aligned}
{\nabla}_X(w\wedge \eta)=({\nabla}_X w)\wedge \eta +(-1)^pw\wedge {\nabla}_X\eta,\end{aligned}$$ for any $w \in \Omega^p_0(M), \eta \in \Omega^q_0(M,E), X\in \Gamma (TM)$.\
Due to flatness of $(E,{\nabla})$ the twisted exterior differential gives rise to the twisted de Rham complex $(\Omega^*_0(M,E), {\nabla})$. The metrics $g^M, h^E$ induce an $L^2-$inner product on $\Omega^*_0(M,E)$. We denote the $L^2-$completion of $\Omega^*_0(M,E)$ by $L^2_*(M,E)$.\
Next we introduce the notion of the dual covariant derivative ${\nabla}'$. It is defined by requiring: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{dual-connection}
dh^E(u,v)[X]=h^E({\nabla}_Xu,v)+h^E(u,{\nabla}'_Xv),\end{aligned}$$ to hold for all $u,v \in C^{\infty}(M,E)$ and $X \in \Gamma(TM)$. In the special case that the Hermitian metric $h^E$ is flat with respect to ${\nabla}$, the dual ${\nabla}'$ and the original covariant derivative ${\nabla}$ coincide. More precisely the Hermitian metric $h^E$ can be viewed as a section of $E^*\otimes E^*$. The covariant derivative ${\nabla}$ on $E$ gives rise to a covariant derivative on the tensor bundle $E^*\otimes E^*$, also denoted by ${\nabla}$ by a minor abuse of notation.\
For $u,v,X$ as above one has: $${\nabla}h^E(u,v)[X]=dh^E(u,v)[X]-h^E({\nabla}_{X}u,v)-h^E(u,{\nabla}_{X}v).$$ In view of we find $${\nabla}h^E=0 \ \Leftrightarrow {\nabla}={\nabla}'.$$ As before, the dual ${\nabla}'$ gives rise to a twisted de Rham complex. Consider the differential operators ${\nabla}, {\nabla}'$ and their formal adjoint differential operators ${\nabla}^t, {\nabla}'^t$. The associated minimal closed extensions ${\nabla_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}}'$ and ${\nabla_{\min}}^t, {\nabla_{\min}}'^t$ are defined as the graph-closures in $L^2_*(M,E)$ of the respective differential operators. The maximal closed extensions are defined by $${\nabla_{\max}}:=({\nabla}^t_{\min})^*, \quad {\nabla_{\max}}':=({\nabla}'^t_{\min})^*.$$ These extensions define Hilbert complexes in the following sense, as introduced in \[BL1\].
Let the Hilbert spaces $H_i,i=0,..,m,H_{m+1}=\{0\}$ be mutually orthogonal. For each $i=0,..,m$ let $D_i\in C(H_i,H_{i+1})$ be a closed operator with domain ${\mathcal{D}}(D_i)$ dense in $H_i$ and range in $H_{i+1}$. Put ${\mathcal{D}}_i:={\mathcal{D}}(D_i)$ and $R_i:=D_i({\mathcal{D}}_i)$ and assume $$R_i\subseteq {\mathcal{D}}_{i+1}, \quad D_{i+1}\circ D_i=0.$$ This defines a complex $({\mathcal{D}}, D)$ $$0 \rightarrow {\mathcal{D}}_0 \xrightarrow{D_0}{\mathcal{D}}_1\xrightarrow{D_1}\cdots \xrightarrow{D_{m-1}}{\mathcal{D}}_m\rightarrow 0.$$ Such a complex is called a Hilbert complex. If the homology of the complex is finite, i.e. if $R_i$ is closed and $\ker D_i / \textup{im} D_{i-1}$ is finite-dimensional for all $i=0,...,m$, the complex is referred to as a Fredholm complex.
\
\
Indeed, by \[BL1, Lemma 3.1\] the extensions define Hilbert complexes as follows $$\begin{aligned}
&({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}}), \ \textup{where} \ {\mathcal{D}_{\min}}:={\mathcal{D}}({\nabla_{\min}}), \\ &({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}}), \ \textup{where} \ {\mathcal{D}_{\max}}:={\mathcal{D}}({\nabla_{\max}}) \\[3mm]
&\hspace{20mm} ({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}', {\nabla_{\min}}'), \ \textup{where} \ {\mathcal{D}_{\min}}':={\mathcal{D}}({\nabla_{\min}}'), \\ &\hspace{20mm} ({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}', {\nabla_{\max}}'), \ \textup{where} \ {\mathcal{D}_{\max}}':={\mathcal{D}}({\nabla_{\max}}') . \end{aligned}$$ Note the following well-known central result on these complexes.
\[thm41\] The Hilbert complexes $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})$ and $({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$ are Fredholm with the associated Laplacians $\triangle_{\textup{rel}}$ and $\triangle_{\textup{abs}}$ being strongly elliptic in the sense of \[Gi\]. The de Rham isomorphism identifies the homology of the complexes with the relative and absolute cohomology with coefficients: $$\begin{aligned}
H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})&\cong H^*(M,\partial M, E), \\ H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})&\cong H^*(M,E).\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore the cohomology of the Fredholm complexes $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})$ and $({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$ can be computed from the following smooth subcomplexes, $$\begin{aligned}
(\Omega^*_{\min}(M,E), {\nabla}), \quad &\Omega_{\min}^*(M,E):=\{{\mathrm{\omega}}\in \Omega^*(M,E)|\iota^*({\mathrm{\omega}})=0\}, \\
(\Omega^*_{\max}(M,E), {\nabla}), \quad &\Omega_{\max}^*(M,E):=\Omega^*(M,E),\end{aligned}$$ respectively, where we denote by $\iota: \partial M \hookrightarrow M$ the natural inclusion of the boundary.
\
\[-5mm\] In the untwisted setup this theorem is essentially the statement of \[BL1, Theorem 4.1\]. The theorem remains true in the general setup. An analogue of the trace theorem \[P, Theorem 1.9\], in case of flat vector bundles, allows an explicit computation of the boundary conditions for $\triangle_{\textup{rel}}$ and $\triangle_{\textup{abs}}$. Then \[Gi, Lemma 1.11.1\] implies strong ellipticity of the Laplacians. Note that this result in the reference \[Gi\] is proved explicitly, even though other aspects of \[Gi, Section 1.11\] are rather expository.\
By strong ellipticity the Laplacians $\triangle_{\textup{rel}}$ and $\triangle_{\textup{abs}}$ are Fredholm and by \[BL1, Theorem 2.4\] the complexes $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})$ and $({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$ are Fredholm as well. By \[BL1, Theorem 3.5\] their cohomology indeed can be computed from the smooth subcomplexes $(\Omega^*_{\min}(M,E), {\nabla})$ and $(\Omega^*_{\max}(M,E), {\nabla})$, respectively.\
Finally, the relation to the relative and absolute cohomolgy (the twisted de Rham theorem) is proved in \[RS, Section 4\] for flat Hermitian metrics, but an analogous proof works in the general case. Corresponding results hold also for the complexes associated to the dual connection ${\nabla}'$.\
Furthermore, the Riemannian metric $g^M$ and the fixed orientation on $M$ give rise to the Hodge-star operator for any $k=0,..,m=\dim M$: $$*:\Omega^k(M,E)\to \Omega^{m-k}(M,E).$$ Define $${\Gamma}:=i^r(-1)^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}*:\Omega^k(M,E)\to \Omega^{m-k}(M,E), \quad r:= (\dim M+1)/2.$$ This operator extends to a well-defined self-adjoint involution on $L^2_*(M,E)$, which we also denote by ${\Gamma}$. The following properties of ${\Gamma}$ are essential for the later construction.
\[G-Lemma\] The self-adjoint involution ${\Gamma}$ relates the minimal and maximal closed extensions of ${\nabla}$ and ${\nabla}'$ as follows $${\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma}=({\nabla_{\max}}')^*, \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}=({\nabla_{\min}}')^*.$$
One first checks explicitly, cf. \[BGV, Proposition 3.58\] $${\Gamma}{\nabla}{\Gamma}=({\nabla}')^t, \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla}' {\Gamma}={\nabla}^t.$$ Recall that the maximal domain of ${\nabla}, {\nabla}'$ can also be characterized as a subspace of $L^2_*(M,E)$ with its image under ${\nabla}, {\nabla}'$ being again in $L^2_*(M,E)$. Since ${\Gamma}$ gives an involution on $L^2_*(M,E)$, we obtain: $$\begin{aligned}
{\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}=({\nabla}')^t_{\textup{max}}, \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}' {\Gamma}={\nabla_{\max}}^t&, \\
\textup{i.e.} \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}=({\nabla_{\min}}')^*, \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}' {\Gamma}={\nabla_{\min}}^*&.\end{aligned}$$ Taking adjoints on both sides of the last relation, we obtain the full statement of the lemma, since ${\Gamma}$ is self-adjoint.
\
\
Now we can introduce the following central concepts.
\[domain\] $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}):=({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}}).$ The chirality operator ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}$ on $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ by definition acts anti-diagonally with respect to the direct sum of the components $$\begin{aligned}
\label{chirality}
{\widetilde{\Gamma}}:=\left(\begin{array}{rr} 0 & {\Gamma}\\ {\Gamma}& 0 \end{array}\right).\end{aligned}$$
\
\
The Fredholm complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ with the chirality operator ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}$ is in case of a flat Hermitian metric a complex with Poincare duality, in the sense of \[BL1, Lemma 2.16\], i.e. $${\nabla}h^E=0 \ \Rightarrow \ {\widetilde{\Gamma}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}={\widetilde{\nabla}}^*{\widetilde{\Gamma}},$$ which follows directly from Lemma \[G-Lemma\]. We now apply the concepts of Braverman and Kappeler to our new setup.
\[odd-signature\] The odd-signature operator of the Hilbert complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ is defined as follows $${\mathcal{B}}:={\widetilde{\Gamma}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}+{\widetilde{\nabla}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}.$$
\
\
Before we can state some basic properties of the odd signature operator, let us recall the notions of the Gauss-Bonnet operator and its relative and absolute self-adjoint extensions. The Gauss-Bonnet operator $$D^{GB}:={\nabla}+{\nabla}^t,$$ admits two natural self-adjoint extensions $$\begin{aligned}
\label{gauss-bonnet-rel-abs}
D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}={\nabla_{\min}}+{\nabla_{\min}}^*, \ D^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}={\nabla_{\max}}+{\nabla_{\max}}^*,\end{aligned}$$ respectively called the relative and the absolute self-adjoint extensions. Their squares are correspondingly the relative and the absolute Laplace operators: $$\triangle_{\textup{rel}}=(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}})^*D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}},
\quad \triangle_{\textup{abs}}=(D^{GB}_{\textup{abs}})^*D^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}.$$ Similar definitions, of course, hold for the Gauss-Bonnet Operator associated to the dual covariant derivative ${\nabla}'$. Now we can state the following basic result.
\[odd-signature-laplacian\] The leading symbols of ${\mathcal{B}}$ and ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}\left(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}\right)$ coincide and moreover $${\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})= {\mathcal{D}}\left(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}\right).$$
First recall the relations $${\Gamma}{\nabla}{\Gamma}=({\nabla}')^t, \quad {\Gamma}{\nabla}^t{\Gamma}={\nabla}'.$$ All connections differ by an endomorphism-valued differential form of degree one, which can be viewed as a differential operator of order zero. This implies the statement on the leading symbol of ${\mathcal{B}}$ and ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}\left(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}\right)$\
A differential operator of zero order naturally extends to a bounded operator on the $L^2$-Hilbert space, and hence does not pose additional restrictions on the domain, in particular we obtain (compare Lemma \[G-Lemma\]) $${\mathcal{D}}({\nabla}_{\min}^*)={\mathcal{D}}({\Gamma}{\nabla}_{\max} {\Gamma}), \quad {\mathcal{D}}({\nabla}_{\max}^*)={\mathcal{D}}({\Gamma}{\nabla}_{\min} {\Gamma}).$$ Using these domain relations we find: $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})= {\mathcal{D}}\left({\widetilde{\Gamma}}(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}})\right)={\mathcal{D}}\left(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}\right).\end{aligned}$$
\
\
Note by the arguments of the lemma above that ${\mathcal{B}}$ is a bounded perturbation of a closed operator ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}\left(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}\right)$ and hence is closed, as well. Before we continue analyzing the spectral properties of the odd-signature operator ${\mathcal{B}}$, let us introduce some concepts and notation.
Let $D$ be a closed operator in a separable Hilbert space. An angle $\theta\in [0,2\pi)$ is called an “Agmon angle” for $D$, if for $R_{\theta}\subset {\mathbb{C}}$ being the cut in ${\mathbb{C}}$ corresponding to $\theta$ $$R_{\theta}:=\{z \in {\mathbb{C}}| z=|z|\cdot e^{i\theta}\}$$ we have the following spectral relation $$R_{\theta}\cap \textup{Spec}(D)\backslash \{0\}=\emptyset.$$
\[Freddy\] Let $(K,g^K)$ be a smooth compact oriented Riemannian manifold with boundary $\partial K$. Let $(F,h^F)$ be a Hermitian vector bundle over $K$. The metric structures $(g^K,h^F)$ define an $L^2$-inner product. Let $$D:C^{\infty}(K,F)\to C^{\infty}(K,F)$$ be a differential operator of order ${\mathrm{\omega}}$ such that ${\mathrm{\omega}}\cdot \textup{rank}F$ is even. Consider a boundary value problem $(D,B)$ strongly elliptic with respect to ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^*$ in the sense of \[Gi\]. Then
1. $D_B$ is a Fredholm operator with compact resolvent and discrete spectrum of eigenvalues of finite (algebraic) multiplicity, accumulating only at infinity.
2. The operator $D_B$ admits an Agmon angle $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$ and the associated zeta-function $$\begin{aligned}
&\zeta(s, D_B):=\sum\limits_{\lambda \in \textup{Spec}(D_B)\backslash \{0\}}m(\lambda)\cdot \lambda_{\theta}^{-s}, \quad \textup{Re}(s) > \frac{\dim K}{{\mathrm{\omega}}},\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda_{\theta}^{-s}:=\textup{exp}(-s\cdot \log_{\theta}\lambda)$ and $m(\lambda)$ denotes the multiplicity of the eigenvalue $\lambda$, is holomorphic for $\textup{Re}(s) > \dim K / {\mathrm{\omega}}$ and admits a meromorphic extension to the whole complex plane ${\mathbb{C}}$ with $s=0$ being a regular point.
\
\
For the proof of the theorem note that the notion of strong ellipticity in the sense of \[Gi\] in fact combines ellipticity with Agmon’s conditions, as in the treatment of elliptic boundary conditions by R.T. Seeley in \[Se1, Se2\]. The statement of the theorem above follows then from \[Ag\] and \[Se1, Se2\].
The definition of a zeta-function, as in Theorem \[Freddy\] (ii), also applies to any operator $D$ with finite spectrum $\{\lambda_1,..,\lambda_n\}$ and finite respective multiplicities $\{m_1,..,m_n\}$. For a given Agmon angle $\theta \in [0,2\pi)$ the associated zeta-function $$\zeta_{\theta}(s,D):=\sum_{i=1, \lambda_i\neq 0}^nm_i\cdot (\lambda_i)^{-s}_{\theta}$$ is holomorphic for all $s\in {\mathbb{C}}$, since the sum is finite and the eigenvalue zero is excluded.
\
\
Now we return to our specific setup. The following result is important in view of the relation between ${\mathcal{B}}$ and the Gauss-Bonnet operators with relative and absolute boundary conditions, as established in Lemma \[odd-signature-laplacian\].
\[strongly-elliptic0\] The operators $$D={\widetilde{\Gamma}}(D^{GB}_{\textup{rel}}\oplus D'^{GB}_{\textup{abs}}), \quad D^2=\triangle_{\textup{rel}}\oplus \triangle'_{\textup{abs}}$$ are strongly elliptic with respect to ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^*$ and ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^+$, respectively, in the sense of P. Gilkey \[Gi\].
\
\
The fact that $D^2=\triangle_{\textup{rel}}\oplus \triangle'_{\textup{rel}}$ is strongly elliptic with respect to ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^+$ is already encountered in Theorem \[thm41\]. The strong ellipticity of $D$ now follows from \[Gi, Lemma 1.11.2\]. Note that this result in the reference \[Gi\] is proved explicitly, even though other aspects of \[Gi, Section 1.11\] are rather expository.\
Since Lemma \[odd-signature-laplacian\] asserts the equality between the leading symbols of the differential operators ${\mathcal{B}},D$ and moreover the equality of the associated boundary conditions, the odd signature operator ${\mathcal{B}}$ and its square ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ are strongly elliptic as well. This proves together with Theorem \[Freddy\] the next proposition.
\[strongly-elliptic\] The operators ${\mathcal{B}}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ are strongly elliptic with respect to ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^*$ and ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^+$, respectively, in the sense of P. Gilkey \[Gi\]. The operators ${\mathcal{B}}, {\mathcal{B}}^2$ are discrete with their spectrum accumulating only at infinity.
\
\
Let now $\lambda \geq 0$ be any non-negative real number. Denote by $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}$ the spectral projection of ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ onto eigenspaces with eigenvalues of absolute value in the interval $[0,\lambda]$: $$\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}:=\frac{i}{2\pi}\int_{C(\lambda)}({\mathcal{B}}^2-x)^{-1}dx,$$ with $C(\lambda)$ being any closed counterclockwise circle surrounding eigenvalues of absolute value in $[0,\lambda]$ with no other eigenvalue inside. One finds using the analytic Fredholm theorem that the range of the projection lies in the domain of ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ and that the projection commutes with ${\mathcal{B}}^2$.\
Since ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ is discrete, the spectral projection $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}$ is of finite rank, i.e. with a finite-dimensional image. In particular $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}$ is a bounded operator in $L^2_*(M,E\oplus E)$. Hence with \[K, Section 4, p.155\] the decomposition $$\begin{aligned}
\label{decomp-L-2}
L^2_*(M,E\oplus E)=\textup{Image}\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}\oplus \textup{Image}({\mathbf{1}}- \Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}),\end{aligned}$$ is a direct sum decomposition into closed subspaces of the Hilbert space $L^2_*(M,E\oplus E)$.\
Note that if ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ is self-adjoint, the decomposition is orthogonal with respect to the fixed $L^2-$Hilbert structure, i.e. the projection $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}$ is an orthogonal projection, which is the case only if the Hermitian metric $h^E$ is flat with respect to $\nabla$.\
The decomposition induces by restriction a decomposition of ${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}$, which was introduced in Definition \[domain\]: $${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}={\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}\oplus {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}.$$ Since ${\widetilde{\nabla}}$ commutes with ${\mathcal{B}}, {\mathcal{B}}^2$ and hence also with $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}$, we find that the decomposition above is in fact a decomposition into subcomplexes: $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})=({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})\oplus ({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}) \\ \label{decomposition}
\textup{where} \ {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}:={\widetilde{\nabla}}|_{{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathcal{I}}} \ \textup{for} \ \mathcal{I}=[0,\lambda] \ \textup{or} \ (\lambda, \infty).\end{aligned}$$ Further ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}$ also commutes with ${\mathcal{B}}, {\mathcal{B}}^2$ and hence also with $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]}$. Thus as above we obtain $${\widetilde{\Gamma}}= {\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]} \oplus {\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}.$$ Consequently the odd-signature operator of the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ decomposes correspondingly $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
&{\mathcal{B}}={\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}\oplus {\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}\\
\textup{where} \quad &{\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}}:={\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}+{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}} \ \textup{for} \ \mathcal{I}=[0,\lambda] \ \textup{or} \ (\lambda, \infty). \label{66}\end{aligned}$$ The closedness of the subspace Image$(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})$ implies that the domain of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ $${\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}):={\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})\cap \textup{Image}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})$$ is closed under the graph-norm, hence the operator ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ is a closed operator in the Hilbert space $\textup{Image}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})$.\
We need to analyze the direct sum component ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$. For this we proceed with the following general functional analytic observations.
\[compact\] Let $D$ be a closed operator in a separable Hilbert space $(H, \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle)$. The domain ${\mathcal{D}}(D)$ is a Hilbert space with the graph-norm $$\langle x,y\rangle_D=\langle x,y\rangle+\langle Dx,Dy\rangle$$ for any $x,y \in {\mathcal{D}}(D)$. Let Res$D \neq \emptyset$. Then the following statements are equivalent\
1) The inclusion $\iota : {\mathcal{D}}(D) \hookrightarrow H$ is a compact operator\
2) $D$ has a compact resolvent, i.e. for some (and thus for all) $z \in$ Res$(D)$ the resolvent operator $(D-z)^{-1}$ is a compact operator on $H$.
Assume first that the inclusion $\iota : {\mathcal{D}}(D) \hookrightarrow H$ is a compact operator. Since Spec$D \neq {\mathbb{C}}$ the resolvent set Res$(D)$ is not empty. For any $z \in$ Res$(D)$ the resolvent operator $$(D-z)^{-1}: H \to {\mathcal{D}}(D)$$ exists and is bounded, by definition of the resolvent set. With the inclusion $\iota$ being a compact operator we find directly that $(D-z)^{-1}$ is compact as an operator from $H$ to $H$. Finally, if $(D-z)^{-1}$ is compact for some $z \in$ Res$(D)$, then by the second resolvent identity it is compact for all $z \in$ Res$(D)$, see also \[K, p.187\].\
Conversely assume that for some (and therefore for all) $z \in$ Res$(D)$ the resolvent operator $(D-z)^{-1}$ is compact as an operator from $H$ into $H$. Observe $$\iota = (D-z)^{-1}\circ (D-z):{\mathcal{D}}(D) \hookrightarrow H.$$ By compactness of the resolvent operator, $\iota$ is compact as an operator between the Hilbert spaces ${\mathcal{D}}(D)$ and $H$.
\[index-zero\] Let $D$ be a closed operator in a separable Hilbert space $H$ with Res$(D) \neq \emptyset$ and compact resolvent. Then $D$ is a Fredholm operator with $$\textup{index} \, D=0.$$
By closedness of $D$ the domain ${\mathcal{D}}(D)$ turns into a Hilbert space equipped with the graph norm. By Proposition \[compact\] the natural inclusion $$\iota : {\mathcal{D}}(D) \hookrightarrow H$$ is a compact operator. Therefore, viewing ${\mathcal{D}}(D)$ as a subspace of $H$, i.e. endowed with the inner-product of $H$, the inclusion $$\iota : {\mathcal{D}}(D) \subset H \hookrightarrow H$$ is relatively $D$-compact in the sense of \[K, Section 4.3, p.194\]. More precisely this means, that if for a sequence $\{u_n\}\subset {\mathcal{D}}(D)$ both $\{u_n\}$ and $\{Du_n\}$ are bounded sequences in $H$, then $\{\iota (u_n)\}\subset H$ has a convergent subsequence.\
Now for any $\lambda \in {\mathbb{C}}\backslash \textup{Spec}(D)$ the operator $$(D-\lambda \iota):{\mathcal{D}}(D) \subset H \rightarrow H$$ is invertible and hence trivially a Fredholm operator with trivial kernel and closed range $H$. In particular $$\textup{index}(D-\lambda \iota)=0.$$ Now, from stability of the Fredholm index under relatively compact perturbations (see \[K, Theorem 5.26\] and the references therein) we infer with the inclusion $\iota$ being relatively compact, that $D$ is a Fredholm operator of zero index:$$\textup{index}\, D=\textup{index}(D-\lambda\iota)=0.$$
\[bijective\] The operator ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}: {\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)})\to \textup{Image}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})$ of the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{(\lambda, \infty)})$ with $\lambda \geq 0$ is bijective.
Consider any $\lambda \in {\mathbb{C}}\backslash \textup{Spec}{\mathcal{B}}$. By the strong ellipticity of ${\mathcal{B}}$, the operator $$({\mathcal{B}}-\lambda):{\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})\rightarrow L^2_*(M,E\oplus E)$$ is bijective with compact inverse. Hence we immediately find that the restriction $$\begin{aligned}
({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}-\lambda)\equiv ({\mathcal{B}}-\lambda)\restriction \textup{Im}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}): {\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)})\rightarrow \textup{Im}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})\end{aligned}$$ is bijective with compact inverse, as well. Now we deduce from Proposition \[index-zero\] that ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ is Fredholm with $$\textup{index}\, {\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}=0.$$ The operator ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ is injective, by definition. Combining injectivity with the vanishing of the index, we derive surjectivity of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$. This proves the statement.
\
\
Note, that in case of a flat Hermitian metric the assertion of the previous corollary is simply the general fact that a self-adjoint Fredholm operator is invertible if and only if its kernel is trivial.
\[cohomology\] The subcomplex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{(\lambda, \infty)})$ is acyclic and $$H^*(({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]}))\cong H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}).$$
Corollary \[bijective\] allows us to apply the purely algebraic result \[BK2, Lemma 5.8\]. Consequently $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{(\lambda, \infty)})$ is an acyclic complex. Together with the decomposition this proves the assertion.
\
\
Observe that since the spectrum of ${\mathcal{B}}^2$ is discrete accumulating only at infinity, $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})$ is a complex of finite-dimensional complex vector spaces with ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}:{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{[0,\lambda]}\to {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{m-k}_{[0,\lambda]}$ being the chirality operator on the complex in the sense of \[BK2, Section 1.1\].\
We also use the notion of determinant lines of finite dimensional complexes in \[BK2, Section 1.1\], which are given for any finite complex of finite-dimensional vector spaces $(C^*,\partial_*)$ as follows: $$\textup{Det}H^*(C^*,\partial_*)=\bigotimes\limits_k \det H^k(C^*,\partial_*)^{(-1)^k},$$ where $\det H^k(C^*,\partial_*)$ is the top exterior power of $H^k(C^*,\partial_*)$ and $\det H^k(C^*,\partial_*)^{-1}\equiv\det H^k(C^*,\partial_*)^*$. We follow \[BK2, Section 1.1\] and form the “refined torsion” (note the difference to “refined analytic torsion”) of the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{finite-torsion}
\rho_{[0,\lambda]}:=c_0\otimes (c_1)^{-1}\otimes \cdots \otimes (c_r)^{(-1)^r} \otimes ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}c_r)^{(-1)^{r+1}}\otimes \cdots \\ \cdots \otimes ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}c_1) \otimes ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}c_0)^{(-1)}\in \textup{Det}(H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})), \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ where $c_k\in \det H^k({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})$ are arbitrary elements of the determinant lines, ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}$ denotes the chirality operator ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{[0,\lambda]}:{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\bullet}_{[0,\lambda]}\to {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{m-\bullet}_{[0,\lambda]}$ extended to determinant lines and for any $v\in \det H^k({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})$ the dual $v^{-1}\in \det H^k({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})^{-1}\equiv \det H^k({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})^*$ is the unique element such that $v^{-1}(v)=1$.\
By Corollary \[cohomology\] we can view $\rho_{[0,\lambda]}$ canonically as an element of $\textup{Det}(H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}))$, which we do henceforth.\
The second part of the construction is the graded determinant. The operator ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)},\lambda \geq 0$ is bijective by Corollary \[bijective\] and hence by injectivity (put $\mathcal{I}=(\lambda, \infty)$ to simplify the notation) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{kern}
\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})\cap\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\{0\}.\end{aligned}$$ Further the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathcal{I}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})$ is acyclic by Corollary \[cohomology\] and due to ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}$ being an involution on $\textup{Im}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]})$ we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{image1}
\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})={\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})={\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}), \\ \label{image2}
\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}).\end{aligned}$$ We have $\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})+\textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{Im}({\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}})$ and by surjectivity of ${\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}}$ we obtain from the last three relations above $$\begin{aligned}
\label{hilbert-decomposition}
\textup{Im}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2, [0,\lambda]})=\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})\oplus\textup{ker}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}).\end{aligned}$$ Note that ${\mathcal{B}}$ leaves $\ker ({\widetilde{\nabla}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}})$ and $\ker ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}{\widetilde{\nabla}})$ invariant. Put $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{B}}^{+,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}:={\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\nabla}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}), \\
{\mathcal{B}}^{-,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}:={\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}).\end{aligned}$$ We obtain a direct sum decomposition $${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}={\mathcal{B}}^{+,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}} \oplus {\mathcal{B}}^{-,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}.$$ As a consequence of Theorem \[Freddy\] (ii) and Proposition \[strongly-elliptic\] there exists an Agmon angle $\theta\in (-\pi, 0)$ for ${\mathcal{B}}$, which is clearly an Agmon angle for the restrictions above, as well.\
By Theorem \[Freddy\] and Proposition \[strongly-elliptic\] the zeta function $\zeta_{\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}})$ is holomorphic for Re$(s)$ sufficiently large. The zeta-functions $\zeta_{\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{\pm,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}})$ of ${\mathcal{B}}^{\pm,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}$, defined with respect to the given Agmon angle $\theta$, are holomorphic for Re$(s)$ large as well, since the restricted operators have the same spectrum as ${\mathcal{B}}$ but in general with lower or at most the same multiplicities.\
We define the *graded zeta-function* $$\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}):=\zeta_{\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{+,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}})-\zeta_{\theta}(s,-{\mathcal{B}}^{-,(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}), \ Re(s)\gg 0.$$\
In the next subsection we prove in Theorem \[log-det-gr\] that the graded zeta-function extends meromorphically to ${\mathbb{C}}$ and is regular at $s=0$. For the time being we shall assume regularity at zero and define the graded determinant.
\[graded-determinant\]\[Graded determinant\] Let $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$ be an Agmon angle for ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$. Then the “graded determinant” associated to ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ and its Agmon angle $\theta$ is defined as follows: $$\det\nolimits_{gr,\theta}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}):= \textup{exp}(-\left.\frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0} \zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}})).$$
\[rho-element\] The element $$\rho({\nabla}, g^M, h^E):=\det\nolimits_{gr,\theta}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\cdot \rho_{[0,\lambda]}\in \textup{Det}(H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}))$$ is independent of the choice of $\lambda \geq 0$ and choice of Agmon angle $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$ for the odd-signature operator ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$.
Let $0 \leq \lambda < \mu < \infty$. We obtain ${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\mu]}={\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}\oplus {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \mu]}$ and also ${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \infty)}\!={\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\lambda, \mu]}\oplus {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{(\mu, \infty)}$. Since the odd-signature operator respects this spectral direct sum decomposition (see ), we obtain $$\det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})=\det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\mu, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\cdot \det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \mu]}_{\textup{even}}).$$ Further the purely algebraic discussion behind \[BK2, Proposition 5.10\] implies $$\rho_{[0,\mu]}=\det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \mu]}_{\textup{even}})\cdot \rho_{[0,\lambda]}.$$ This proves the following equality $$\det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\cdot \rho_{[0,\lambda]}=\det\nolimits_{gr}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\mu, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\cdot \rho_{[0,\mu]}.$$ To see independence of $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$ note that the strongly elliptic operator (cf. Lemma \[odd-signature-laplacian\]) $$D:={\widetilde{\Gamma}}(D^{GB}_{rel}\oplus D'^{GB}_{abs})$$ is self-adjoint and ${\mathcal{B}}$ differs from $D$ by a bounded perturbation. By a Neumann-series argument and the asymptotics of the resolvent for $D$ (see \[Se1, Lemma 15\]) we get: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{spectral-cut}
\forall \theta \in (-\pi, 0): \quad \textup{Spec}({\mathcal{B}})\cap R_{\theta} \quad \textup{is finite.}\end{aligned}$$ By discreteness of ${\mathcal{B}}$ we deduce that if $\theta, \theta' \in (-\pi,0)$ are both Agmon angles for ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$, there are only finitely many eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}$ in the solid angle between $\theta$ and $\theta'$. Hence $$\begin{aligned}
\left.\frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0}\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}))\equiv \left.\frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0}\zeta_{gr,\theta'}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}})) \quad \textup{mod} \ 2\pi i, \\
\textup{and therefore } \ \det\nolimits_{gr,\theta}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})=\det\nolimits_{gr,\theta'}({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}).\end{aligned}$$ This proves independence of the choice of $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$ and completes the proof.
\
\
The element $\rho({\nabla}, g^M,h^E)$ is well-defined but a priori not independent of the choice of metrics $g^M, h^E$ and so does not provide a differential invariant. In the next subsection we determine the metric anomaly of $\rho({\nabla}, g^M,h^E)$ in order to construct a differential invariant, which will be called the refined analytic torsion.
Metric Anomaly and Refined Analytic Torsion {#anomaly}
===========================================
We introduce the notion of the eta-function leading to the notion of the eta-invariant of an elliptic operator. The eta-invariant was first introduced by Atiyah-Patodi-Singer in \[APS\] as the boundary correction term in their index formula.
\[eta-regular-original\]\[P.B. Gilkey, L. Smith\] Let $(K,g^K)$ be a smooth compact oriented Riemannian manifold with boundary $\partial K$. Let $(F,h^F)$ be a Hermitian vector bundle and let the metric structures $(g^K,h^F)$ define an $L^2-$scalar product. Let $$D: C^{\infty}(K,F)\rightarrow C^{\infty}(K,F)$$ be a differential operator of order ${\mathrm{\omega}}$ such that ${\mathrm{\omega}}\cdot \textup{rank}F$ is even. Let a boundary value problem $(D,B)$ be strongly elliptic with respect to ${\mathbb{C}}\backslash {\mathbb{R}}^*$ and an Agmon angle $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$. Then we have
1. $D_B$ is a discrete Fredholm operator in the Hilbert space $L^2(K,F)$ and its eta-function $$\eta_{\theta}(s,D_B):=\sum\limits_{\textup{Re}(\lambda)>0}m(\lambda)\cdot \lambda_{\theta}^{-s}-\sum\limits_{\textup{Re}(\lambda)<0}m(\lambda)\cdot(-\lambda)_{\theta}^{-s},$$ where $m(\lambda)$ denotes the finite (algebraic) multiplicity of the eigenvalue $\lambda$ , is holomorphic for Re$(s)$ large and extends meromorphically to ${\mathbb{C}}$ with at most simple poles.\
2. If $D$ is of order one with the leading symbol $\sigma_D(x,\xi), x \in K, \xi \in T^*_xK$ satisfying $$\sigma_D(x,\xi)^2=|\xi|^2\cdot I,$$ where $I$ is $\textup{rank}F\times \textup{rank}F$ identity matrix, and the boundary condition $B$ is of order zero, then the meromorphic extension of $\eta_{\theta}(s,D_B)$ is regular at $s=0$.
\
\
The proof of the theorem follows from the results in \[GS1\] and \[GS2\] on the eta-function of strongly elliptic boundary value problems. The fact that $\eta_{\theta}(s,D_B)$ is holomorphic for Re$(s)$ sufficiently large is asserted in \[GS1, Lemma 2.3 (c)\]. The meromorphic continuation with at most isolated simple poles is asserted in \[GS1, Theorem 2.7\].\
The fact that $s=0$ is a regular point of the eta-function is highly non-trivial and cannot be proved by local arguments. Using homotopy invariance of the residue at zero for the eta-function, P. Gilkey and L. Smith \[GS2\] reduced the discussion to a certain class of operators with constant coefficients in the collar neighborhood of the boundary and applied the closed double manifold argument. The reduction works for differential operators of order one with 0-th order boundary conditions under the assumption on the leading symbol of the operator as in the second statement of the theorem. The regularity statement of Theorem \[eta-regular-original\] follows directly from \[GS2, Theorem 2.3.5\] and \[GS2, Lemma 2.3.4\].
The definition of an eta-function, as in Theorem \[eta-regular-original\] $(i)$, also applies to any operator $D$ with finite spectrum $\{\lambda_1,..,\lambda_n\}$ and finite respective multiplicities $\{m_1,..,m_n\}$. For a given Agmon angle $\theta \in [0,2\pi)$ the associated eta-function $$\eta_{\theta}(s,D):=\sum\limits_{\textup{Re}(\lambda)>0}m(\lambda)\cdot \lambda_{\theta}^{-s}-\sum\limits_{\textup{Re}(\lambda)<0}m(\lambda)\cdot(-\lambda)_{\theta}^{-s},$$ is holomorphic for all $s\in {\mathbb{C}}$, since the sum is finite and the zero-eigenvalue is excluded.
\[eta-regular\] The eta-function $\eta_{\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})$ associated to the even part ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}$ of the odd-signature operator and its Agmon angle $\theta \in (-\pi,0)$, is holomorphic for Re$(s)$ large and extends meromorphically to ${\mathbb{C}}$ with $s=0$ being a regular point.
\
\
The statement of the proposition on the meromorphic extension of the eta-function is a direct consequence of Theorem \[eta-regular-original\] (i) and Proposition \[strongly-elliptic\]. The regularity statement follows from Theorem \[eta-regular-original\] (ii) and an explicit computation of the leading symbol of the odd-signature operator, compare also \[GS2, Example 2.2.4\].\
Using Proposition \[eta-regular\] we can define the eta-invariant in the manner of \[BK2\] for ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}$: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eta-BK}
\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}):=\frac{1}{2}\left(\eta_{\theta}(s=0,{\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})+m_+-m_-+m_0\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $m_{\pm}$ is the number of ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}-$eigenvalues on the positive, respectively the negative part of the imaginary axis and $m_0$ is the dimension of the generalized zero-eigenspace of ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}$.\
Implicit in the notation is also the fact, that $\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})$ does not depend on the Agmon angle $\theta \in (-\pi, 0)$. This is due to the fact that, given a different Agmon angle $\theta'\in (-\pi, 0)$, there are by and discreteness of ${\mathcal{B}}$ only finitely many eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}$ in the acute angle between $\theta$ and $\theta'$.\
Similarly we define the eta-invariants of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}_{\textup{even}}$ and in particular we get $$\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})=\eta({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})+ \eta({\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}_{\textup{even}}).$$ Before we prove the next central result, let us make the following observation.\
Consider the imaginary axis $i{\mathbb{R}}\subset {\mathbb{C}}$. By there are only finitely many eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}$ on $i{\mathbb{R}}$. Further by the discreteness of ${\mathcal{B}}$ small rotation of the imaginary axis does not hit any further eigenvalue of ${\mathcal{B}}$ and in particular of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}, \lambda \geq 0$. More precisely this means that there exists an $\epsilon > 0$ sufficiently small such that the angle $$\theta:=-\frac{\pi}{2}+\epsilon$$ is an Agmon angle for ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}$ and the solid angles $$\begin{aligned}
L_{(-\pi /2, \theta]}&:=\{z \in {\mathbb{C}}| z=|z|\cdot e^{i\phi}, \phi \in (-\pi /2, \theta]\}, \\
L_{(\pi /2, \theta+\pi]}&:=\{z \in {\mathbb{C}}| z=|z|\cdot e^{i\phi}, \phi \in (\pi /2, \theta+\pi]\}\end{aligned}$$ do not contain eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}$. With this observation we can state the following central result:
\[log-det-gr\] Let $\theta \in (-\pi /2 , 0)$ be an Agmon angle for ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}$ such that there are no eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}$ in the solid angles $L_{(-\pi /2, \theta]}$ and $L_{(-\pi /2 , \theta + \pi]}$. Then $2\theta$ is an Agmon angle for $({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}})^2$. Then the graded zeta-function $\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s, {\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}), Re(s)\gg0$ extends meromorphically to ${\mathbb{C}}$ and is regular at $s=0$ with the following derivative at zero: $$\begin{aligned}
\left.\frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0}\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}))=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \left.\frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0}\zeta_{2\theta}(s, {\mathcal{B}}^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{(\lambda, \infty)}) + \\ + \frac{i \pi}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^k\cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2\theta}(0, {\mathcal{B}}^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{(\lambda, \infty)}) + i\pi \eta({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}).\end{aligned}$$
For $Re(s)\gg0$ the general identities \[BK1 (4.10), (4.11)\] imply the following relation between holomorphic functions: $$\begin{aligned}
\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}))=\frac{1+e^{-i\pi s}}{2}\left[
\zeta_{2\theta}\left(\frac{s}{2}, \left({\mathcal{B}}^{+,(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}\right)^2\right)- \zeta_{2\theta}\left(\frac{s}{2}, \left({\mathcal{B}}^{-,(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}\right)^2\right)\right] + \\ +\frac{1}{2}(1-e^{-i\pi s}) \left[\eta(s, {\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})+f(s)\right],\end{aligned}$$ where $f(s)$ is a holomorphic function (combination of zeta-functions associated to finite-dimensional operators) with $$f(0)=m_+({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})-m_-({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}),$$ where $m_{\pm}(\cdot)$ denotes the number of eigenvalues of the operator in brackets, lying on the positive, respectively the negative part of the imaginary axis.\
Put $\mathcal{I}=(\lambda, \infty)$ to simplify notation. Recall and show that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{bijective-two}
{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}: \textup{ker}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})\rightarrow \textup{ker}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})= \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})\end{aligned}$$ is bijective. Indeed, injectivity is clear by . For surjectivity let $x={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}v\in \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})$ with (recall ) $$v=v'\oplus v'' \in \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}) \oplus \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\textup{Im}(1-\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}).$$ In particular $v''\in \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})=\ker {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}$ and $v'={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}} {\mathrm{\omega}}$ for some ${\mathrm{\omega}}$. Hence we obtain
$$\begin{aligned}
x={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}v={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}v'={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\mathrm{\omega}}, \\
\textup{and} \quad {\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\mathrm{\omega}}\in \ker{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}. \end{aligned}$$
In other words we have found a preimage of any $x\in \textup{Im}({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})$ under ${\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}$. This proves bijectivity of the map in and consequently, since ${\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}$ commutes with ${\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}}$ and $({\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}})^2$, we obtain in any degree $k=0,..,m$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{zwei}
\zeta_{2\theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{+,\mathcal{I}})^2 \restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k)=\zeta_{2\theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{-, \mathcal{I}})^2 \restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{k+1}).\end{aligned}$$ Using this relation we compute straightforwardly for $Re(s)$ sufficiently large: $$\begin{aligned}
\zeta_{2 \theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{+,\mathcal{I}}_{\textup{even}})^2)-\zeta_{2 \theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{-,\mathcal{I}}_{\textup{even}})^2)=\sum_{k=0}^m (-1)^{k+1} \cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2 \theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}})^2 \restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k).\end{aligned}$$ We arive at the following preliminary result for $Re(s)\gg0$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{graded-formula}
\zeta_{gr,\theta}(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}}_{\textup{even}}))=\frac{1}{2}(1+e^{-i\pi s})\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2\theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}})^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k) + \\ +\frac{1}{2}(1-e^{-i\pi s}) \left[\eta(s,{\mathcal{B}}^{\mathcal{I}}_{\textup{even}})+f(s)\right]. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ We find with Theorem \[Freddy\] and Proposition \[eta-regular\] that the right hand side of the equality above is a meromorphic function on the entire complex plane and is regular at $s=0$. Hence the left hand side of the equality, the graded zeta-function, is meromorphic on ${\mathbb{C}}$ and regular at $s=0$, as claimed and as anticipated in Definition \[graded-determinant\]. Computing the derivative at zero, we obtain the statement of the theorem.
\
\
As a consequence of the theorem above, we obtain for the element $\rho({\nabla}, g^M,h^E)$ defined in Proposition \[rho-element\] the following relation $$\begin{aligned}
\label{drei}
\rho({\nabla}, g^M,h^E)&=e^{\xi_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)}e^{-i\pi \xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)}e^{-i\pi \eta({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}}(g^M))}\cdot \rho_{[0,\lambda]}, \\ \label{xi1}
\xi_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)&=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k}\cdot k\cdot \left. \frac{d}{ds}\right|_{s=0}\zeta_{2\theta}(s,({\mathcal{B}}^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{(\lambda, \infty)})) \\ \label{xi2} \xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)&=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k}\cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2\theta}(s=0,({\mathcal{B}}^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{(\lambda, \infty)})). \end{aligned}$$ Now we can identify explicitly the metric dependence of $\rho({\nabla}, g^M,h^E)$ using the formula .\
First note that the construction is in fact independent of the choice of a Hermitian metric $h^E$. Indeed, a variation of $h^E$ does not change the odd-signature operator ${\mathcal{B}}$ as a differential operator. However it enters a priori the definition of ${\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})$, since $h^E$ defines the $L^2-$Hilbert space.\
Recall that different Hermitian metrics give rise to equivalent $L^2-$norms over compact manifolds. Hence a posteriori the domain ${\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}})$ is indeed independent of the particular choice of $h^E$.\
Independence of the choice of a Hermitian metric $h^E$ is essential, since for non-unitary flat vector bundles there is no canonical choice of $h^E$ and Hermitian metric is fixed arbitrarily.\
Consider a smooth family $g^M(t), t\in {\mathbb{R}}$ of Riemannian metrics on $M$. Denote by ${\widetilde{\Gamma}}_t$ the corresponding chirality operator in the sence of Definition \[chirality\] and denote the associated refined torsion (recall ) of the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{t,[0,\lambda]},{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{t,[0,\lambda]})$ by $\rho_{t,[0,\lambda]}$.\
Let ${\mathcal{B}}(t)={\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}, g^M(t))$ be the odd-signature operator corresponding to the Riemannian metric $g^M(t)$. Fix $t_0\in {\mathbb{R}}$ and choose $\lambda \geq 0$ such that there are no eigenvalues of ${\mathcal{B}}(t_0)^2$ of absolute value $\lambda$. Then there exists $\delta>0$ small enough such that the same holds for the spectrum of ${\mathcal{B}}(t)^2$ for $|t-t_0|<\delta$. Under this setup we obtain:
\[anomaly1\] Let the family $g^M(t)$ vary only in a compact subset of the interior of $M$. Then $\exp(\xi_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M(t)))\cdot \rho_{t,[0,\lambda]}$ is independent of $t\in (t_0-\delta,t_0+\delta)$.
The arguments of \[BK2, Lemma 9.2\] are of local nature and transfer ad verbatim to the present situation for metric variations in the interior of the manifold. Hence the assertion follows for Riemannian metric remaining fixed in an open neighborhood of the boundary.
\[anomaly2\] Denote the trivial connection on the trivial line bundle $M\times {\mathbb{C}}$ by ${\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}$. Consider the even part of the associated odd-signature operator (recall Definition \[odd-signature\]) $${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}={\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}).$$ Indicate the metric dependence by ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(t):={\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(g^M)$. Then $$\eta({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}(t))-\textup{rank}(E)\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(t))\quad \textup{mod} \, {\mathbb{Z}}$$ is independent of $t\in (t_0-\delta,t_0+\delta)$.
Indicate the dependence of ${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^*_{[0,\lambda]}$ on $g^M(t)$ by $${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{[0,\lambda]}(t):=\textup{Image}\, \Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}(t)^2, [0,\lambda]}\cap {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k.$$ Note first the by the choice of $\delta >0$ $$\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{[0,\lambda]}(t)=\textup{const}, \quad t\in (t_0-\delta,t_0+\delta).$$ Since ${\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}_{\textup{even}}(t)$ is finite-dimensional, we infer from the definition of the eta-invariant (cf. \[BK2, (9.11)\]) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{konstantin}
\eta ({\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}_{\textup{even}}(t))\equiv \frac{1}{2}\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{[0,\lambda]}(t) \equiv \textup{const} \ \textup{mod} \, {\mathbb{Z}}, \quad t\in (t_0-\delta,t_0+\delta).\end{aligned}$$ By construction $$\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}(t))=\eta({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda,\infty)}_{\textup{even}}(t))+\eta({\mathcal{B}}^{[0,\lambda]}_{\textup{even}}(t)).$$ Hence, in view of , it suffices (modulo ${\mathbb{Z}}$) to study the metric dependence of the eta-invariant of $\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}(t))$.\
View ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}(t)$ as a pair of a differential operator $P_E(t)$ with its boundary conditions $Q_E(t)$. Similarly view ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(t)$ as a pair $(P_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t), Q_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t))$. Note that by construction the pair $(P_E(t),Q_E(t))$ is locally isomorphic to $(P_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t), Q_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t))\times {\mathbf{1}}^k$, since the flat connection ${\nabla}$ is locally trivial in appropriate local trivializations.\
Since the variation of the eta-invariants is computed from the local information of the symbols (cf. \[GS1, Theorem 2.8, Lemma 2.9\]), we find that the difference $$\begin{aligned}
\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}(t))-\textup{rank}(E)\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(t))=\\=\eta(P_E(t),Q_E(t))-\textup{rank}(E)\eta(P_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t), Q_{{\mathbb{C}}}(t))\end{aligned}$$ is independent of $t\in {\mathbb{R}}$ modulo ${\mathbb{Z}}$. The modulo ${\mathbb{Z}}$ reduction is needed to annihilate discontinuity jumps arising from eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis. This proves the statement of the proposition.
\[anomaly3\] Let ${\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}})$ denote the odd-signature operator (Definition \[odd-signature\]) associated to the trivial line bundle $M\times {\mathbb{C}}$ with the trivial connection ${\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}$. Consider in correspondence to the expression $$\begin{aligned}
\xi'({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}, g^M(t))=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k}\cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2\theta}(s=0,({\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}, g^M(t))^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k).\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla},g^M(t))-\textup{rank}(E)\cdot \xi'({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}},g^M(t))\quad \textup{mod}\ {\mathbb{Z}}$$ is independent of $t\in {\mathbb{R}}$.
We show first that modulo ${\mathbb{Z}}$ it suffices to study the metric dependence of $$\begin{aligned}
\xi'({\nabla}, g^M(t)):=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k}\cdot k\cdot \zeta_{2\theta}(s=0,({\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}, g^M(t))^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k).\end{aligned}$$ Indeed, by construction we have $$\xi'({\nabla}, g^M(t))=\xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M(t))+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^k\cdot k\cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{(0,\lambda]}(t).$$ Anticipating the auxiliary result of Lemma \[modulo-2z\] (iii) below, we obtain $$\xi'({\nabla}, g^M(t))\equiv \xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M(t))\quad \textup{mod}\ {\mathbb{Z}}.$$ Recall that ${\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}},g^M)\times {\mathbf{1}}^{\textup{rk}E}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}({\nabla}, g^M)$ are locally isomorphic, as already encountered in the proof of Proposition \[anomaly2\]. Now the statement of the proposition follows from the fact that the value of a zeta function at zero is given, modulo ${\mathbb{Z}}$ in order to avoid $\dim \ker {\mathcal{B}}(t)\in {\mathbb{Z}}$, by integrands of local invariants of the operator and its boundary conditions.
\[modulo-2z\] Let $\mathcal{I}\subset {\mathbb{R}}$ denote any bounded intervall. Then
1. $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv \frac{\dim M}{2}\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\ \textup{mod}\ 2{\mathbb{Z}}.$
2. If $0\notin \mathcal{I}$, then $\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv 0 \ \textup{mod}\ 2{\mathbb{Z}},$
3. If $0\notin \mathcal{I}$, then $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv 0 \ \textup{mod}\ {\mathbb{Z}}.$
Note first the following relation $${\mathcal{B}}^2_k={\widetilde{\Gamma}}\circ {\mathcal{B}}^2_{m-k}\circ {\widetilde{\Gamma}}.$$ Hence with $r=(m+1)/2$ we obtain: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{modulo-z}
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{\mathcal{I}}=
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}(m-4k)\cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{2k}_{\mathcal{I}}=\\
=\frac{m}{2}\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}-2\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}k \cdot \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{2k}_{\mathcal{I}}.\end{aligned}$$ This proves the first statement. For the second statement assume $0 \notin \mathcal{I}$ till the end of the proof. Consider the operators $$\begin{aligned}
\label{stern1}
{\mathcal{B}}^{+,\mathcal{I}}_k={\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}:{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{\mathcal{I}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}})\rightarrow {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{m-k-1}_{\mathcal{I}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}), \\ \label{stern2}
{\mathcal{B}}^{-,\mathcal{I}}_k={\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}:{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k_{\mathcal{I}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}})\rightarrow {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{m-k+1}_{\mathcal{I}}\cap \ker ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}_{\mathcal{I}}{\widetilde{\nabla}}_{\mathcal{I}}).\end{aligned}$$ Since $0 \notin \mathcal{I}$, the maps ${\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}}_k$ are isomorphisms by bijectivity of the map in . Furthermore they commute with $({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}})^2$ in the following way $$\begin{aligned}
\label{BB-BB}
{\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}}_k \circ [({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}})^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k]=[({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}})^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{m-k\mp 1}]\circ {\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}}_k.\end{aligned}$$ Hence we obtain with ${\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\pm,k}_{\mathcal{I}}$ denoting the span of generalized eigenforms of $({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm,\mathcal{I}})^2 \restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k$ the following relations $$\begin{aligned}
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{+,k}_{\mathcal{I}}=\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{+,m-k-1}_{\mathcal{I}}, \\
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{-,k}_{\mathcal{I}}=\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{-,m-k+1}_{\mathcal{I}}.\end{aligned}$$ Due to $\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}=\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{+,\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}+\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{-,\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}$ this implies (recall $M$ is odd-dimensional) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{stern3}
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{+,2p}_{\mathcal{I}} \ \textup{mod} \ 2{\mathbb{Z}}, \textup{if} \ \dim M=4p+1, \\ \label{stern4}
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{-,2p}_{\mathcal{I}} \ \textup{mod} \ 2{\mathbb{Z}}, \textup{if} \ \dim M=4p-1.\end{aligned}$$ Finally recall the explicit form of $({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm})^2$: $$\begin{aligned}
({\mathcal{B}}^+)^2=\left( \begin{array}{cc} {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}}& 0 \\ 0 & {\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}\end{array}\right)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc} D^+_1 & 0 \\ 0 & D^+_2 \end{array}\right), \\
({\mathcal{B}}^-)^2=\left( \begin{array}{cc} {\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}& 0 \\ 0 & {\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma}\end{array}\right)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc} D^-_1 & 0 \\ 0 & D^-_2 \end{array}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Moreover we put $$({\mathcal{B}}^{\pm, \mathcal{I}})^2\restriction {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^k= D^{\pm , \mathcal{I}}_{1,k}\oplus D^{\pm , \mathcal{I}}_{2,k}.$$ Note the following relations $$\begin{aligned}
&({\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}})\circ D^+_1=D^+_2\circ ({\Gamma}{\nabla_{\min}}), \\
&D^+_1\circ ({\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}})=({\Gamma}{\nabla_{\max}})\circ D^+_2; \\
&\hspace{30mm} ({\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma})\circ D^-_1=D^-_2\circ ({\nabla_{\max}}{\Gamma}), \\
&\hspace{30mm} D^-_1\circ ({\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma})= ({\nabla_{\min}}{\Gamma})\circ D^-_2.\end{aligned}$$ Due to $0 \notin \mathcal{I}$ these relations imply, similarly to , spectral equivalence of $D^{\pm, \mathcal{I}}_{1,k}$ and $D^{\pm, \mathcal{I}}_{2,k}$ in the middle degree $k=2p$ for $\dim M=4p \pm 1$, respectively. This finally yields the desired relations $$\begin{aligned}
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{+,2p}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv 0 \ \textup{mod} \ 2{\mathbb{Z}}, \textup{if} \ \dim M=4p+1, \\
\dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{\textup{even}}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv \dim {\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}^{-,2p}_{\mathcal{I}}\equiv 0 \ \textup{mod} \ 2{\mathbb{Z}}, \textup{if} \ \dim M=4p-1.\end{aligned}$$
\
\
Propositions \[anomaly1\], \[anomaly2\] and \[anomaly3\] determine together the metric anomaly of $\rho({\nabla}, g^M, h^E)$ up to a sign and we deduce the following central corollary.
\[RAT-sign\] Let $M$ be an odd-dimensional oriented compact Riemannian manifold. Let $(E, {\nabla}, h^E)$ be a flat complex vector bundle over $M$. Denote by ${\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}$ the trivial connection on $M\times {\mathbb{C}}$ and let ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}$ denote the even part of the associated odd-signature operator. Then $$\begin{aligned}
\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}):=\rho({\nabla}, g^M, h^E)\cdot \exp\left[i\pi \, \textup{rk}(E)(\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(g^M)) + \xi'({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}, g^M))\right]\end{aligned}$$ is modulo sign independent of the choice of $g^M$ in the interior of $M$.
\
\
In view of the corollary above we can now define the “refined analytic torsion”. It will be a differential invariant in the sense, that even though defined by geometric data in form of the metric structures, it is shown to be independent of their form in the interior of the manifold.
\[rho-def\] Let $M$ be an odd-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold. Let $(E,{\nabla})$ be a flat complex vector bundle over $M$. Then the refined analytic torsion is defined as the equivalence class of $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ modulo multiplication by $\exp [i \pi]$: $$\rho_{\textup{an}}(M, E):=\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}) /_{e^{i\pi}}.$$
\
\
Note that the sign indeterminacy is also present in the original construction by Braverman and Kappeler, see \[BK2, Remark 9.9 and Remark 9.10\]. In the presentation below, we refer to the representative $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ of the class $\rho_{\textup{an}}(M, E)$ as refined analytic torsion, as well.
Ray-Singer norm of Refined analytic torsion {#RS}
===========================================
\
Recall first the construction of the Ray-Singer torsion as a norm on the determinant line bundle for compact oriented Riemannian manifolds. Let $(M,g^M)$ and $(E,{\nabla},h^E)$ be as in Subsection \[explicit-unitary\].\
Let $\triangle_{\textup{rel}}$ be the Laplacian associated to the Fredholm complex $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}},{\nabla_{\min}})$ defined at the beginning of Section \[explicit-unitary\]. As in in case of the squared odd-signature operator ${\mathcal{B}}^2$, it induces a spectral decomposition into a direct sum of subcomplexes for any $\lambda \geq 0$. $$({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})=({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}).$$ The scalar product on ${\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]}$ induced by $g^M$ and $h^E$, induces a norm on the determinant line $\textup{Det}({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]})$ (we use the notation of determinant lines of finite dimensional complexes in \[BK2, Section 1.1\]). There is a canonical isomorphism $$\phi_{\lambda}:\textup{Det}({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{[0,\lambda]})\to \textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}}),$$ induced by the Hodge-decomposition in finite-dimensional complexes. Choose on $\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})$ the norm $\|\cdot\|^{\textup{rel}}_{\lambda}$ such that $\phi_{\lambda}$ becomes an isometry. Further denote by $T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\min}})$ the scalar analytic torsion associated to the complex $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)})$: $$T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\min}}):=\exp \left(\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=1}^m(-1)^{k+1}\cdot k\cdot \zeta'(s=0, \triangle^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{k, \textup{rel}})\right),$$ where $\triangle^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{rel}}$ is the Laplacian associated to the complex $({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}, {\nabla_{\min}}^{(\lambda, \infty)})$. Note the difference to the sign convention of \[RS\]. However we are consistent with \[BK2\].\
The Ray-Singer norm on $\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})$ is then defined by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{norm-rel}
\|\cdot\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})}:=\|\cdot\|^{\textup{rel}}_{\lambda}\cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\min}}).\end{aligned}$$ With a completely analogous construction we obtain the Ray-Singer norm on the determinant line $\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{norm-abs}
\|\cdot\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})}:=\|\cdot\|^{\textup{abs}}_{\lambda}\cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\max}}).\end{aligned}$$ Both constructions turn out to be independent of the choice of $\lambda \geq 0$, which follows from arguments analogous to those in the proof of Proposition \[rho-element\]. In fact we get for $0 \leq \lambda < \mu$: $$\begin{aligned}
\|\cdot \|^{\textup{rel/abs}}_{\mu}=\|\cdot \|^{\textup{rel/abs}}_{\lambda} \cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \mu ]}({\nabla}_{\textup{min/max}}),\end{aligned}$$ which implies that the Ray-Singer norms are well-defined. Furthermore by the arguments in \[Mu, Theorem 2.6\] the norms do not depend on the metric structures in the interior of the manifold.
Note that the Ray-Singer analytic torsion considered in \[V\] and \[Lü\] differs from our setup in the sign convention and by the absence of factor $1/2$.
\
\
We can apply the same construction to the Laplacian of the complex $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ introduced in Definition \[domain\] $$({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})=({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}}).$$ Similarly we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{norm}
\|\cdot\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})}:=\|\cdot\|_{\lambda}\cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\widetilde{\nabla}}).\end{aligned}$$ This “doubled” Ray-Singer norm is naturally related to the previous two norms in and . There is a canonical “fusion isomorphism”, cf. \[BK2, (2.18)\] for general complexes of finite dimensional vector spaces $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\mu: \textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})\oplus \textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}}) \to \textup{Det}H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}),
\\ \label{fusion}\textup{such that}\ \|\mu(h_1\otimes h_2)\|_{\lambda}=\|h_1\|^{\textup{rel}}_{\lambda}\cdot \|h_2\|^{\textup{abs}}_{\lambda},\end{aligned}$$ where we recall $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})=({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$ by definition. Further we have by the definition of $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ following relation between the scalar analytic torsions: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{scalar}
T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\widetilde{\nabla}})=T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\min}})\cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\nabla_{\max}}).\end{aligned}$$ Combining and we end up with a relation between norms $$\begin{aligned}
\|\mu(h_1\otimes h_2)\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})}=\|h_1\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})}\cdot \|h_2\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})}. \end{aligned}$$ The next theorem provides a motivation for viewing $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ as a refinement of the Ray-Singer torsion.
\[rho-norm\] Let $M$ be a smooth compact odd-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold. Let $(E,{\nabla}, h^E)$ be a flat complex vector bundle over $M$ with a flat Hermitian metric $h^E$. Then $$\|\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})}=1.$$
Recall from the assertion of Theorem \[log-det-gr\] $$\begin{aligned}
\det\nolimits_{gr} ({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})=e^{\xi_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)}\cdot e^{-i\pi \xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla},g^M)}\cdot e^{-i\pi\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})},\end{aligned}$$ Flatness of $h^E$ implies by construction that ${\mathcal{B}}^2=\triangle_{\textup{rel}}\oplus \triangle_{\textup{abs}}$ and hence $$\begin{aligned}
\xi_{\lambda}({\nabla}, g^M)=-\log T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\widetilde{\nabla}}).\end{aligned}$$ Further ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}$ is self-adjoint and thus has a real spectrum. Hence $\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}})$ and $\xi'_{\lambda}({\nabla},g^M)$ are real-valued, as well. Thus we derive $$\begin{aligned}
\label{vier}
\left|\det\nolimits_{gr} ({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\right|=\frac{1}{T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\widetilde{\nabla}})}.\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore we know from \[BK2, Lemma 4.5\], which is a general result for complexes of finite-dimensional vector spaces, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{5}
\|\rho_{[0,\lambda]}\|_{\lambda}=1.\end{aligned}$$ Now the assertion follows by combining the definition of the refined analytic torsion with , and the fact that the additional terms annihilating the metric anomaly are all of norm one. In fact we have: $$\begin{aligned}
\|\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})\|^{RS}_{\textup{Det}H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})}=\left|\det\nolimits_{gr} ({\mathcal{B}}^{(\lambda, \infty)}_{\textup{even}})\right| \cdot T^{RS}_{(\lambda, \infty)}({\widetilde{\nabla}}) \cdot \|\rho_{[0,\lambda]}\|_{\lambda} = 1.\end{aligned}$$
\
\
If the Hermitian metric is not flat, the situation becomes harder. In the setup of closed manifolds M. Braverman and T. Kappeler performed a deformation procedure in \[BK2, Section 11\] and proved in this way the relation between the Ray-Singer norm and the refined analytic torsion in \[BK2, Theorem 11.3\].\
Unfortunately the deformation argument is not local and the arguments in \[BK2\] do not apply in the setup of manifolds with boundary. Nevertheless we can derive appropriate result by relating our discussion to the closed double manifold.\
Assume the metric structures $(g^M, h^E)$ to be product near the boundary $\partial M$. The issues related to the product structures are discussed in detail in \[BLZ, Section 2\]. More precisely, we identify using the inward geodesic flow a collar neighborhood $U\subset M$ of the boundary $\partial M$ diffeomorphically with $[0,\epsilon)\times \partial M, \epsilon > 0$. Explicitly we have the diffeomorphism $$\begin{aligned}
\phi^{-1}:[0,\epsilon)\times \partial M &\rightarrow U, \\
(t,p)& \mapsto \gamma_p(t),\end{aligned}$$ where $\gamma_p$ is the geodesic flow starting at $p \in \partial M$ and $\gamma_p(t)$ is the geodesics from $p$ of length $t \in [0,\epsilon)$. The metric $g^M$ is product near the boundary, if over $U$ it is given under the diffeomorphism $\phi: U \to [0,\epsilon)\times \partial M$ by $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_*g^M|_U=dx^2\oplus g^M|_{\partial M}.\end{aligned}$$ The diffeomorphism $U \cong [0,\epsilon)\times \partial M$ shall be covered by a bundle isomorphism $\widetilde{\phi}: E|_U \to [0,\epsilon)\times E|_{\partial M}$. The fiber metric $h^E$ is product near the boundary, if it is preserved by the bundle isomorphism, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{\phi}_*h^E|_{\{x\}\times \partial M}=h^E|_{\partial M}.\end{aligned}$$ The assumption of product structures guarantees that the closed double manifold $$\mathbb{M}=M\cup_{\partial M}M$$ is a smooth closed Riemannian manifold and the Hermitian vector bundle $(E,h^E)$ extends to a smooth Hermitian vector bundle $(\mathbb{E},h^{\mathbb{E}})$ over the manifold $\mathbb{M}$.\
Moreover we assume the flat connection ${\nabla}$ on $E$ to be in *temporal gauge*. The precise definition of a connection in temporal gauge and the proof of the fact that each flat connection is gauge-equivalent to a flat connection in temporal gauge, are provided in \[BV4, \].\
The assumption on ${\nabla}$ to be a flat connection in temporal gauge is required in the present context to guarantee that ${\nabla}$ extends to a smooth flat connection $\mathbb{D}$ on $\mathbb{E}$, with $$\mathbb{D}|_{M}={\nabla}.$$
\[double\] Let $(M^m,g^M)$ be an odd-dimensional oriented and compact smooth Riemannian manifold with boundary $\partial M$. Let $(E,{\nabla},h^E)$ be a flat Hermitian vector bundle with the Hermitian metric $h^E$, not necessarily flat.\
Assume the metric structures $(g^M,h^E)$ to be product and the flat connection ${\nabla}$ to be in temporal gauge near the boundary $\partial M$. Then $$\|\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})\|^{RS}_{\det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}},{\widetilde{\nabla}})}=\textup{exp}[\pi \textup{Im}\, \eta ({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{even}}(g^M))].$$
By assumption we obtain a closed Riemannian double manifold $(\mathbb{M},g^{\mathbb{M}})$ and a flat Hermitian vector bundle $(\mathbb{E}, \mathbb{D}, h^{\mathbb{E}})$ over $\mathbb{M}$ with a flat Hermitian metric $h^{\mathbb{E}}$. Denote by $({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})$ the unique boundary conditions (see \[BL1\]) of the twisted de Rham complex $(\Omega^*(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E}),\mathbb{D})$. Denote the closure of $\Omega^*(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E})$ with respect to the $L^2-$scalar product defined by $g^{\mathbb{M}}$ and $h^{\mathbb{E}}$, by $L^2_*(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E})$.\
The Riemannian metric $g^{\mathbb{M}}$ gives rise to the Hodge star operator $*$ and we set $$\mathbb{G}:=i^r(-1)^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}*:\Omega^k(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E})\rightarrow \Omega^{k-1}(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E}), \quad r:=(\dim M +1)/2$$ which extends to a self-adjoint involution on $L^2_*(\mathbb{M}, \mathbb{E})$. We define the odd signature operator $\mathbb{B}$ of the Hilbert complex $({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})$: $$\mathbb{B}:=\mathbb{G}\mathbb{D}+\mathbb{D}\mathbb{G}.$$ This is precisely the odd-signature operator associated to the closed manifold $\mathbb{M}$, as used in the construction of \[BK1, BK2\].\
Note that we now have two triples: the triple $(\mathbb{D}, \mathbb{G}, \mathbb{B})$ associated to the closed manifold $\mathbb{M}$ and the triple $({\widetilde{\nabla}}, {\widetilde{\Gamma}}, {\mathcal{B}})$ associated to $(M, \partial M)$, as defined in Subsection \[explicit-unitary\].\
Consider now the diffeomorphic involution on the closed double $${\mathrm{\alpha}}: \mathbb{M}\rightarrow \mathbb{M},$$ interchanging the two copies of $M$. It gives rise to an isomorphism of Hilbert complexes $${\mathrm{\alpha}}^*: ({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})\rightarrow ({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D}),$$ which is an involution as well. We get a decomposition of $({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})$ into the $(\pm 1)$-eigenspaces of ${\mathrm{\alpha}}^*$, which form subcomplexes of the total complex: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{involution-decomp}
({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})=({\mathcal{D}}^+ , \mathbb{D}^+)\oplus ({\mathcal{D}}^- , \mathbb{D}^-),\end{aligned}$$ where the upper-indices $\pm$ refer to the $(\pm 1)$-eigenspaces of ${\mathrm{\alpha}}^*$, respectively.\
The central property of the decomposition, by similar arguments as in \[BL1, Theorem 4.1\], lies in the following observation $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{D}}^+|_M={\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, \quad {\mathcal{D}}^-|_M={\mathcal{D}_{\min}}.\end{aligned}$$ By the symmetry of the elements in ${\mathcal{D}}^{\pm}$ we obtain the following natural isomorphism of complexes: $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi:({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})=({\mathcal{D}}^+ , \mathbb{D}^+)\oplus ({\mathcal{D}}^- , \mathbb{D}^-)&\rightarrow ({\mathcal{D}}_{\textup{max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}}_{\textup{min}}, {\nabla_{\min}}), \\
{\mathrm{\omega}}={\mathrm{\omega}}^+\oplus{\mathrm{\omega}}^-&\mapsto 2{\mathrm{\omega}}^+|_M \oplus 2{\mathrm{\omega}}^-|_M,\end{aligned}$$ which extends to an isometry with respect to the natural $L^2-$structures. Using the relations $$\begin{aligned}
\label{G-double}
\Phi\circ \mathbb{D}\circ \Phi^{-1}={\widetilde{\nabla}}, \quad
\Phi\circ \mathbb{G}\circ \Phi^{-1}={\widetilde{\Gamma}}, \end{aligned}$$ we obtain with $\Delta$ and $\widetilde{\triangle}$, denoting respectively the Laplacians of the complexes $({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})$ and $({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})\equiv ({\mathcal{D}_{\min}}, {\nabla_{\min}})\oplus ({\mathcal{D}_{\max}}, {\nabla_{\max}})$: $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi {\mathcal{D}}(\mathbb{B})={\mathcal{D}}({\mathcal{B}}), \quad \Phi \circ \mathbb{B} \circ \Phi^{-1}={\mathcal{B}}, \\
\Phi {\mathcal{D}}(\Delta)={\mathcal{D}}(\widetilde{\triangle}), \quad \Phi \circ \Delta \circ \Phi^{-1}=\widetilde{\triangle}.\end{aligned}$$ Hence the odd-signature operators $\mathbb{B}, {\mathcal{B}}$ as well as the Laplacians $\Delta, \widetilde{\triangle}$ are spectrally equivalent. Consider the spectral projections $\Pi_{\mathbb{B}^2,[0,\lambda]}$ and $\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}, \lambda \geq 0$ of $\mathbb{B}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}$ respectively, associated to eigenvalues of absolute value in $[0,\lambda]$. By the spectral equivalence $\mathbb{B}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}$ we find $$\Phi \circ \Pi_{\mathbb{B}^2,[0,\lambda]}=\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}\circ \Phi.$$ Hence the isomorphism $\Phi$ reduces to an isomorphism of finite-dimensional complexes: $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_{\lambda}:(&{\mathcal{D}}_{[0,\lambda]}, \mathbb{D}_{[0,\lambda]})\xrightarrow{\sim} ({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]}), \\
\textup{where} \quad &{\mathcal{D}}_{[0,\lambda]}:={\mathcal{D}}\cap \textup{Image}\Pi_{\mathbb{B}^2,[0,\lambda]}, \\
&{\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}:={\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}\cap \textup{Image}\Pi_{{\mathcal{B}}^2,[0,\lambda]}.\end{aligned}$$ Moreover $\Phi_{\lambda}$ induces an isometric identification of the corresponding determinant lines, which we denote again by $\Phi_{\lambda}$, by a minor abuse of notation $$\Phi_{\lambda}:\det ({\mathcal{D}}_{[0,\lambda]}, \mathbb{D}_{[0,\lambda]})\xrightarrow{\sim} \det ({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]}),$$ where we use the notation for determinant lines of finite-dimensional complexes in \[BK2, Section 1.1\]. By Corollary \[cohomology\] we have the canonical identifications of determinant lines $$\begin{aligned}
\label{di1}
\det ({\mathcal{D}}_{[0,\lambda]}, \mathbb{D}_{[0,\lambda]})\cong &\det H^*({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D}), \\ \label{di2}
\det ({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]})\cong &\det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}),\end{aligned}$$ The determinant lines on the left hand side of both identifications carry the natural $L^2-$Hilbert structure. Denote the norms on $\det H^*({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})$ and $\det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})$ which turn both identifications into isometries, by $\|\cdot \|_{\lambda}$ and $\|\cdot \|_{\lambda}^{\sim}$, respectively. Then we can view $\Phi_{\lambda}$ as $$\Phi_{\lambda}:\det H^*({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})\xrightarrow{\sim} \det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}),$$ isometric with respect to the Hilbert structures induced by $\|\cdot \|_{\lambda}$ and $\|\cdot \|_{\lambda}^{\sim}$.\
Finally, consider the refined torsion elements (not the refined analytic torsion) of the determinant lines, as defined in \[BK2, Section 1.1\], see also $$\begin{aligned}
\rho^{\mathbb{G}}_{[0,\lambda]}\in \det ({\mathcal{D}}_{[0,\lambda]}, \mathbb{D}_{[0,\lambda]})\cong \det H^*({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D}), \\
\rho^{{\widetilde{\Gamma}}}_{[0,\lambda]}\in \det ({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}_{[0,\lambda]}) \cong \det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}}).\end{aligned}$$ We infer from the following relation: $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_{\lambda}\left( \rho^{\mathbb{G}}_{[0,\lambda]} \right) = \rho^{{\widetilde{\Gamma}}}_{[0,\lambda]}, \quad \textup{hence:} \ \| \rho^{\mathbb{G}}_{[0,\lambda]} \|_{\lambda} = \| \rho^{{\widetilde{\Gamma}}}_{[0,\lambda]} \|_{\lambda}^{\sim}.\end{aligned}$$ Together with spectral equivalence of $\Delta$ and $\widetilde{\triangle}$, as well as of $\mathbb{B}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}$, with similar statements for constructions on trivial line bundles $M\times {\mathbb{C}}$ and $\mathbb{M}\times {\mathbb{C}}$, we finally obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\|\rho_{\textup{an}}(\mathbb{D})\|^{RS}_{\det H^*({\mathcal{D}}, \mathbb{D})}= \|\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})\|^{RS}_{\det H^*({\widetilde{\mathcal{D}}}, {\widetilde{\nabla}})},\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho_{\textup{an}}(\mathbb{D})$ denotes the refined analytic torsion as defined by M. Braverman and T. Kappeler in \[BK2\] and $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ denotes the refined analytic torsion in the sense of the present discussion.\
The statement now follows from \[BK2, Theorem 11.3\].
\
\
In the setup of the previous theorem we can improve the sign indeterminacy of $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ as follows:
\[RAT-sign2\] Let $M$ be an odd-dimensional oriented compact Riemannian manifold. Let $(E, {\nabla}, h^E)$ be a flat complex vector bundle over $M$. Denote by ${\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}$ the trivial connection on $M\times {\mathbb{C}}$ and let ${\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}$ denote the even part of the associated odd-signature operator.\
Assume the metric structures $(g^M,h^E)$ to be product and the flat connection ${\nabla}$ to be in temporal gauge near the boundary $\partial M$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})=\rho({\nabla}, g^M, h^E)\cdot \exp\left[i\pi \, \textup{rk}(E)(\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(g^M)) + \xi'({\nabla}_{\textup{trivial}}, g^M))\right]\end{aligned}$$ is independent of the choice of $g^M$ in the interior of $M$, up to multiplication by $$\exp [i \pi \textup{rank}(E)].$$ In particular it is independent of $g^M$ in the interior of $M$ for $E$ being a complex vector bundle of even rank.
Consider a smooth family $g^M(t),t\in {\mathbb{R}}$ of Riemannian metrics, variing only in the interior of $M$ and being of fixed product structure near $\partial M$. By arguments in Theorem \[double\] we can relate ${\mathcal{B}}(g^M(t))$ to operators on the closed double $\mathbb{M}$ and deduce from \[BK1, Theorem 5.7\] that $\rho({\nabla}, g^M(t),h^E)$ is continuous in $t$. However $$\begin{aligned}
\exp\left[i\pi \, \textup{rk}(E)\eta({\mathcal{B}}_{\textup{trivial}}(g^M(t)))\right]\end{aligned}$$ is continuous in $t\in {\mathbb{R}}$ only up to multiplication by $e^{i\pi \textup{rk}E}$. Hence the element $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$, where we denote the a priori metric dependence by $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}, g^M(t))$, is continuous in $t$ only modulo multiplication by $e^{i \pi \textup{rk}(E)}$. For $g^M(t)$ varying only in the interior of $M$ and any $t_0, t_1 \in {\mathbb{R}}$ we infer from the mod ${\mathbb{Z}}$ metric anomaly considerations in Propositions \[anomaly2\] and \[anomaly3\]: $$\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}, g^M(t_0))=\pm \rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}, g^M(t_1)).$$ For rk$(E)$ odd this is already the desired statement, since $\exp (i\pi \textup{rk}(E))=-1$. For rk$(E)$ even, $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}, g^M(t))$ is continuous in $t$ and nowhere vanishing, so the sign in the last relation must be positive. This proves the statement.
\
\
In view of the corollary above we can re-define the refined analytic torsion in the setup of product metric structures and flat connection in temporal gauge as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{RAT-sign3}
\rho_{\textup{an}}(M, E):=\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla}) /_{e^{i\pi \textup{rank}(E)}}.\end{aligned}$$
The interdeterminacy of $\rho_{\textup{an}}({\nabla})$ modulo multiplication by the factor $e^{i\pi \textup{rk}E}$ in fact corresponds and is even finer than the general indeterminacy in the construction of M. Braverman and T. Kappeler on closed manifolds, see \[BK2, Remark 9.9 and Remark 9.10\].
Open Problems {#open-refined}
=============
\
*Ideal Boundary Conditions*\
As explained in the introduction, the approach of Braverman and Kappeler in \[BK1, BK2\] requires ideal boundary conditions for the twisted de Rham complex, which turn it into a Fredholm complex with Poincare duality and further provide elliptic boundary conditions for the associated odd-signature operator, viewed as a map between the even forms. In our construction we pursued a different strategy, however the question about existence of such boundary conditions remains.\
This question was partly discussed in \[BL1\]. In view of \[BL1, Lemma 4.3\] it is not even clear whether ideal boundary conditions exist, satisfying Poincare duality and providing a Fredholm complex. For the approach of Braverman and Kappeler we need even more: the ideal boundary conditions need to provide elliptic boundary conditions for the odd-signature operator. We arrive at the natural open question, whether such boundary conditions exist.\
*Conical Singularities*\
Another possible direction for the discussion of refined analytic torsion is the setup of compact manifolds with conical singularities. At the conical singularity the question of appropriate boundary conditions is discussed in \[Ch2\], as well as in \[BL2\].\
It turns out that on odd-dimensional manifolds with conical singularities the topological obstruction is given by $H^{\nu}(N)$, where $N$ is the base of the cone and $\nu=\dim N /2$. If $$H^{\nu}(N)=0$$ then all ideal boundary conditions coincide and the construction of Braverman and Kappeler \[BK1, BK2\] goes through. Otherwise, see \[Ch2, p.580\] for the choice of ideal boundary conditions satisfying Poincare duality.\
*Combinatorial Counterpart*\
Let us recall that the definition of the refined analytic torsion in \[BK1, BK2\] was partly motivated by providing analytic counterpart of the refined combinatorial torsion, introduced by V. Turaev in \[Tu1\].\
In his work V. Turaev introduced the notion of Euler structures and showed how it is applied to refine the concept of Reidemeister torsion by removing the ambiguities in choosing bases needed for construction. Moreover, Turaev observed in \[Tu2\] that on three-manifolds a choice of an Euler structure is equivalent to a choice of a Spin$^c$-structure.\
Both, the Turaev-torsion and the Braverman-Kappeler refined torsion are holomorphic functions on the space of representations of the fundamental group on $GL(n,{\mathbb{C}})$, which is a finite-dimensional algebraic variety. Using methods of complex analysis, Braverman and Kappeler computed the quotient between their and Turaev’s construction.\
A natural question is whether this procedure has an appropriate equivalent for our proposed refined analytic torsion on manifolds with boundary. In our view this question can be answered affirmatively.\
Indeed, by similar arguments as in \[BK1, BK2\] the proposed refined analytic torsion on manifolds with boundary can also be viewed as an analytic function on the finite-dimensional variety of representations of the fundamental group.\
For the combinatorial counterpart note that M. Farber introduced in \[Fa\] the concept of Poincare-Reidemeister metric, where using Poincare-duality in the similar spirit as in our construction, he constructed an invariantly defined Reidemeister torsion norm for non-unimodular representations. Further M. Farber and V. Turaev elaborated jointly in \[FaTu\] the relation between their concepts and introduced the refinement of the Poincare-Reidemeister scalar product.\
The construction in \[Fa\] extends naturally to manifolds with boundary by similar means as in our definition of refined analytic torsion. This provides a combinatorial torsion norm on compact manifolds, well-defined without unimodularity assumption. It can then be refined in the spirit of \[FaTu\]. This would naturally provide the combinatorial counterpart for the presented refined analytic torsion.
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[^1]: 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 58J52.
| 2024-06-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6368 |
111 F.Supp.2d 439 (2000)
UNITED STATES of America,
v.
William COLON, Defendant.
No. 00 Cr. 308(LAK).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
September 6, 2000.
*440 Leslie Brown, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Mary Jo White, U.S. Attorney, New York City, for U.S.
Steven Statsinger, Leonard F. Joy, Federal Defender Div., Legal Aid Society, New York City, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
KAPLAN, District Judge.
The Court previously denied defendant's motion to suppress physical evidence and a custodial statement made following his arrest. It now issues this opinion, as the motion raises two significant issues.
Facts
Defendant was arrested in an after-hours club in the Bronx, as a result of an "anonymous" tip to a 911 operator. On February 6, 2000, shortly after six a.m., a woman called 911 and told the operator that she was in her car outside an after-hours club and that there was a man inside the club who had hit her in the head with a gun. She described him as a white Hispanic wearing a red baseball cap and a red leather jacket who answered to the nickname "White Boy."[1] When asked if she wished to leave her name and number, the caller responded as follows:
"I don't care because he already hit me one time and Officer Alejandro has my report on him. You know? And, but I just don't want him to know that I was the one that called."[2]
Later, when asked whether she would be there when the police arrived, the caller responded that she was not going to be there because she didn't want White Boy to see her. She said he was a drug dealer and she didn't want to "get killed."[3] The caller repeated that White Boy had hit her in the face approximately three weeks earlier, causing her to need 15 stitches, and that the cops knew about the incident so "I don't have to give you my name. They know who I would be. You understand?"[4] She went on to say:
"If I leave you my name, and they start saying my name over there. I don't wanna' be, you know, I don't want no problems because I have three children and I don't want to take no kind of risk."[5]
She continued,
"You understand? It could be like they were just busting the place and he just *441 happen to have a gun and they're busting him for that. You understand?"[6]
The call ended moments later.
At that point, the operator made an entry in the computer system to transmit the relevant information to a New York Police Department ("NYPD") dispatcher, describing the incident as a code "10-10," which indicates a crime in progress.[7] The operator conveyed the physical description and location of the subject, indicated that he possessed a firearm, and included a Sprint Spectrum cell phone number that the 911 system identified as the number from which the caller placed the call.[8]
The dispatcher then went on the air and called for a patrol car to respond to the after-hours club. The radio transmission from the dispatcher to the patrol unit indicated that it was a "man with a gun case," gave the suspect's description and location, and told the patrol that it was an anonymous tip with no "call-back" at that time.[9] Moments later, the dispatcher reported that the call-back was a cell phone.[10] In due course, the police entered the after-hours club, identified the defendant, patted him down, and discovered a Bryco 9-millimeter semi-automatic pistol at the small of his back, inside his waistband. Defendant was arrested and later gave a videotaped confession in which he admitted that he had possessed the 9-millimeter semi-automatic pistol.
Discussion
Reasonable Suspicion
The defendant argues that he was frisked illegally by a police officer, based on an unreliable anonymous tip, in violation of the Fourth Amendment and that the gun and his custodial statements must be suppressed.[11]
A police officer may not stop a person to investigate possibly criminal behavior without "reasonable suspicion" that criminal activity has occurred or is about to occur.[12] The test for reasonable suspicion is less demanding than the test for probable cause - an officer making such a stop need only "be able to articulate more than an `inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or `hunch' of criminal activity.'"[13] Finally, reasonable suspicion, like probable cause, is dependant upon both the content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability, both of which should be considered in the totality of the circumstances.[14]
Anonymous Tips
When the information giving rise to a reasonable suspicion comes from an anonymous tipster, it is more difficult to gauge both the reliability of the information *442 and the credibility of the informant.[15] In such cases, "something more" is required - some "indicia of reliability" to corroborate the information and establish the requisite quantum of suspicion.[16]
The defendant argues that the tip leading to his arrest was anonymous and that it lacked the requisite indicia of reliability to establish reasonable suspicion to stop and search him. He relies on Florida v. J.L.,[17] in which the Supreme Court recently held that an anonymous tip giving the location and description of an individual allegedly carrying a gun but containing "no predictive information" about the subject's future movements left the police "without means to test the informant's knowledge or credibility."[18] In that case, the anonymous tip was held insufficient to justify a stop and frisk.[19] In terms of the quality and reliability of information that the police had by the time the defendant was stopped, however, this case is quite different from J.L.
The Court does not regard the call in this case as having been truly anonymous.[20] The caller gave information to the police that she believed would have enabled the police to determine her identity and location. She said that she had made a report of a prior incident and named a police officer who would have knowledge of that report.[21] At another point in the conversation, she said that the police would know about it and know who she was.[22] The critical point for purposes of this determination is that the caller gave information which, on the face of it, indicates that she believed she was identifiable to the police. That distinguishes this case from J.L., and adds to the reliability of the tip because she subjected herself to the risks of adverse consequences in the event that the tip proved to be false.[23]
Furthermore, the caller made it clear that she had a very sound reason for refusing to give her name during the 911 call, despite the fact that she believed that the police, in due course, could track her down. According to the 911 call, the defendant had hit the caller twice - once requiring 15 stitches and once hitting her in the head with a gun. Her expressed concern was the fear that if her name was used in the 911 call, it would come to the attention of the officers responding to the call and could be mentioned in the course of the arrest, resulting in reprisals against her.[24]
There are two additional, relevant facts, one of which clearly distinguishes this case from J.L. and the other of which appears to do so. First, unlike J.L., this 911 call and, indeed, all of the communications that flowed from it, were recorded.[25] Thus, *443 this case does not deal with an attempt to reconstruct a series of hurried communications, the nuances of which are important but very difficult to reconstruct after the fact. This lends strength to the Court's conclusion about whether there was reasonable cause. Second, here it is crystal clear that the caller had first hand knowledge of the alleged criminal activity. In J.L., on the other hand, it was not clear that the caller had a comparable basis for the information he imparted.[26]
In all of the circumstances, therefore, the Court has no doubt that the tip provided adequate first hand knowledge of a crime and was sufficiently reliable to establish reasonable cause to stop and search the defendant. It follows, therefore, that if the call had been received by a police officer, there was reasonable cause under the principle of collective, or imputed, knowledge to stop and search the defendant. This principle is based on the idea that whatever is known to any police officer working on a matter is imputed to the others and, in consequence, the officers who went into the after-hours club on that hypothesis would have had reasonable cause for a Terry stop.[27]
Imputing Knowledge from a 911 Operator to the Police
The defense challenges the propriety of imputing knowledge from a 911 operator to a police officer, arguing that even if the operator had sufficient information to establish reasonable suspicion to stop and search the defendant, the police did not.[28] The defense would measure the existence of reasonable cause solely on the basis of what was communicated over the radio between the police dispatcher and the responding officers. The law of collective, or imputed, knowledge does not, however, put the Court in quite that straitjacket.
Although the doctrine is sometimes referred to as the "fellow officer rule"[29] and often is invoked to impute knowledge from one police officer to another,[30] courts also have applied the rule more broadly, referring to the collective knowledge of "law enforcement authorities,"[31] a "large police organization,"[32] or a police department generally.[33] The particular verbal formulations used appear to reflect the facts of given cases, with courts simply describing the situations before them, sometimes using *444 "police officers" and sometimes using an auxiliary, depending on who is involved.
One exception to this is United States v. Santa,[34] in which the Second Circuit stated that knowledge may be imputed only from one police officer to another who is working on the same case.[35]Santa was, however, an odd case. Santa was arrested after the vacatur of his warrant, notice of which had been mistakenly sent to the arresting police department 17 months earlier.[36] The court found that a desk clerk's "knowledge" - garnered from the correspondence received in error - should not ipso facto be imputed to the arresting officers.[37] Because of these unique facts, Santa does not have much bearing here.
The ultimate question, in light of the Fourth Amendment, is one of reasonableness. The defense argues that police officers are trained and have developed skills that provide them with a basis for assessing probable or reasonable cause that civilian employees of a police department, including 911 operators, should not be assumed to possess. This is probably true, but does not make a great deal of difference. The imputed knowledge cases turn not on the characteristics of the personnel among whom knowledge is imputed, but rather involve practical assessments driven by the overall requirement of reasonableness. The practical necessity of imputing knowledge among law enforcement personnel is significant - those involved in an investigation cannot reasonably be expected to spend a great deal of their time repeating to every officer who may make a stop or arrest all of the facts and information known to each and every member of the law enforcement team.[38] If the Constitution so required, it would bring to mind Dickens' comment attributable to Sergeant Bumble about the law being an ass.[39] Given this reality, the Supreme Court has come to the view that an arrest or a stop and search is valid if law enforcement authorities as a whole have probable or reasonable cause because that is the only way the system can work effectively. As the D.C. Circuit stated in Williams v. United States, a case subsequently followed by our Circuit,[40]
"[I]n a large metropolitan police establishment the collective knowledge of the organization as a whole can be imputed to an individual officer when he is requested or authorized by superiors or associates to make an arrest. The whole complex of swift modern communication *445 in a large police department would be a futility if the authority of an individual officer was to be circumscribed by the scope of his first hand knowledge of facts concerning a crime or alleged crime."[41]
This Court holds that Williams applies to the facts of this case. New York is an enormous city. The police department decided years ago that it did not make sense to have highly trained and costly police officers as telephone operators and so hired somewhat cheaper personnel to handle that task, putting police officers back on the street where they belong. Given the huge volume of traffic through the 911 response center, it is hard to imagine the system working any other way in an economically rational universe.
As stated previously, there is no doubt that the stop here would have been valid if the caller in this case had spoken with a police officer. Given the realities of law enforcement in New York City in the year 2000, the Court does not believe that the Constitution requires a different outcome simply because a police officer did not answer the telephone. This is not to say that the Constitution applies differently to a big city than to any other. It is only to recognize that what may be practical in a smaller city may not be practical here and, therefore, that what is reasonable here may differ from what is reasonable elsewhere. The stop in this case was reasonable. In consequence, defendant's motion to suppress was denied.
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] Brown Aff., Ex. A (transcript of 911 call) 1-2.
[2] Id. at 3.
[3] Id. at 4-5.
[4] Id. at 5.
[5] Id.
[6] Id.
[7] Mem. of Law in Opposition to Motion to Suppress ("Gov't Mem.") 2.
[8] Brown Aff., Ex. B (printout of information sent by the operator to the dispatcher).
[9] Brown Aff., Ex. C (transcript of dispatch) 1.
[10] Id.
[11] Def. Mem. in Support of his Motion to Dismiss ("Def.Mem.") 3.
[12] See, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); United States v. Tehrani, 49 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir.1995).
[13] Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 120 S.Ct. 673, 676, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1946)); accord United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989) (same); see also United States v. Santana, 485 F.2d 365, 368 (2d Cir.1973) (test for reasonable suspicion is "rather lenient"), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 931, 94 S.Ct. 1444, 39 L.Ed.2d 490 (1974).
[14] Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). See United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975) (reasonable suspicion arises when law enforcement officers are "aware of specific articulable facts, together with rational inferences from those facts, that reasonably warrant suspicion").
[15] See, e.g., White, 496 U.S. at 329, 110 S.Ct. 2412 ("an anonymous tip alone seldom demonstrates the informant's basis of knowledge or veracity").
[16] See id. at 329-31, 110 S.Ct. 2412; Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 227, 237-38, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).
[17] 529 U.S. 266, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000).
[18] Id. at 1379.
[19] Id. at 1380.
[20] See id. at 1381 (Kennedy, J., concurring) ("It seems appropriate to observe that a tip might be anonymous in some sense yet have certain other features, either supporting reliability or narrowing the likely class of informants, so that the tip does provide the lawful basis for some police action.").
[21] Brown Aff., Ex. A, 3.
[22] Id. at 5. As it turned out, the call also proved to be traceable via caller I.D., although there is no reason to rely on the caller knowing that would be the case.
[23] See Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. at ___, 120 S.Ct. at 1381 (Kennedy, J., concurring) ("If an informant places his anonymity at risk, a court can consider this factor in weighing the reliability of the tip.").
[24] Brown Aff., Ex. A, 5.
[25] See Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. at ___, 120 S.Ct. at 1377 ("So far as the record reveals, there is no audio recording of the tip, and nothing is known about the informant.").
[26] See Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. at 230, 103 S.Ct. 2317 (abandoning the Aguilar-Spinelli test for probable cause, but making clear that an informant's veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge remain highly relevant).
[27] See, e.g., United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 230-31, 105 S.Ct. 675, 83 L.Ed.2d 604 (1985); Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 772 n. 5, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983) ("[W]here law enforcement authorities are cooperating in an investigation, as here, the knowledge of one is presumed shared by all."); Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560, 568, 91 S.Ct. 1031, 28 L.Ed.2d 306 (1971) ("To prevent arresting officers from acting on the assumption that fellow officers who call upon them to make an arrest have probable cause for believing the arrestees are perpetrators of a crime would, it is argued, unduly hamper law enforcement."); see also Terry, 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (when officer has reason to believe that a suspect is armed and presently dangerous, "he is entitled for the protection of himself and others in the area to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of [the suspect] in an attempt to discover weapons which might be used to assault him.").
[28] Def. Mem. 5-6.
[29] See, e.g., Karr v. Smith, 774 F.2d 1029, 1031-32 (10th Cir.1985).
[30] See, e.g., United States v. Nafzger, 974 F.2d 906, 912 (7th Cir.1992) ("It is not unusual, much less improper, for the collective knowledge doctrine to be applied in cases such as this, where one police officer acts based on information provided by another officer who is not at the scene.").
[31] Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771 n. 5, 103 S.Ct. 3319.
[32] United States v. Del Porte, 357 F.Supp. 969, 974 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd sub nom. United States v. St. Jean, 483 F.2d 1399 (2d Cir.1973).
[33] United States v. LaVallee, 379 F.Supp. 111, 115 (S.D.N.Y.1974).
[34] 180 F.3d 20 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 120 S.Ct. 356, 145 L.Ed.2d 278 (1999).
[35] Id. at 27-28 (interpreting Supreme Court's language in Whiteley, 401 U.S. at 568, 91 S.Ct. 1031).
[36] Id. at 22-23. Notice of the request to vacate was supposed to have been sent to a different police department, which was the complaining law enforcement agency, in order for it to vacate the warrant and have it deleted from a statewide computer database. Id.
[37] Id. at 28. The police department did not act upon or enter the misdirected vacatur request into its internal computer system. Rather, the department returned it to the court from which it was erroneously issued - a practice the Second Circuit found was not unreasonable as a matter of law. Id. at 29.
[38] See United States v. Valez, 796 F.2d 24, 28 (2d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1067, 107 S.Ct. 957, 93 L.Ed.2d 1005 (1987) ("The rule that permits courts to assess probable cause to arrest by looking at the collective knowledge of the police force - instead of simply looking at the knowledge of the arresting officer .... exists because, in light of the complexity of modern police work, the arresting officer cannot always be aware of every aspect of an investigation; sometimes his authority to arrest a suspect is based on facts known only to his superiors or associates.").
[39] See CHARLES DICKENS, OLIVER TWIST, Ch. 23 (1837-39).
[40] United States v. Canieso, 470 F.2d 1224, 1230 n. 7 (2d Cir.1972) (quoting Williams v. United States, 308 F.2d 326 (D.C.Cir.1962)); see also Calamia v. City of New York, 879 F.2d 1025, 1032-33 (2d Cir.1989) (quoting Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983), and imputing knowledge from assistant District Attorney to arresting police officer).
[41] 308 F.2d 326, 327 (D.C.Cir.1962).
| 2023-09-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3751 |
The first part of this article has introduced the concepts behind Structs and Unions, and how to define and use each either independently, or even interleaved .i.e. a Union inside a Struct. In this part, we’re going to see useful applications of Struct and Union in Embedded C/C++, like how to use them to map registers to access its fields and we are going to discuss some pros and cons of bit fields.
Bit Fields in A Nutshell
Bit fields are designed specifically to reduce the needed memory amount to a minimum, where the same memory location can be divided to “bit fields” instead of having a dedicated location for every bit field. To declare a bit field inside a Struct, use the “:” operator followed by the number of bits as an integer value.
C
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typedefstructfoo
{
unsignedchara:4;
unsignedcharb:3;
unsignedcharc:1;
}foo_t;
What bit fields do, is basically masking bitwise operations to access the value of its fields. They are actually memory addresses with specific lengths (foo occupies 1 Byte). To examine this, we will disassemble an (.elf) file after compiling a c++ code for an AVR MCU (Arduino Sketch). The assembly code shows how to access a value inside “foo”:
Assembly (x86)
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ldsr24,0x01DB; Load foo 1-Byte-length value from 0x01DB address to a general purpose register
andir24,0xF0; Mask the value according to the field lengths (foo.a is a 4-bit-length field)
So, using bit fields saves memory, that’s right, but add more instructions to access the bit fields variables. One more line of code couldn’t be a problem, but this is not the best case. There are complicated Structs or even simple ones but with special cases i.e. when using bit fields belongs to 2 bytes in the same time. Let’s tweak “foo” a little to explain how:
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struct{
unsignedinta:4;
unsignedintb:6;
unsignedintc:1;
unsignedintd:8;
unsignedinte:3;
unsignedintf:2;
}foo;
“b” field has 4 bits belong to the first byte (0x8001db) and 2 bits belong to the next byte (0x8001dc). So the compiler has to add much more lines to deal with “foo.b” and that’s clear in the assembly code.
Assembly (x86)
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; The below is for foo.b = foo.b + d;
a84:8f73andir24,0x3F; 63
a86:865fsubir24,0xF6; 246
a88:982fmovr25,r24
a8a:9295swapr25
a8c:907fandir25,0xF0; 240
a8e:4091db01ldsr20,0x01DB; 0x8001db <foo>
a92:4f70andir20,0x0F; 15
a94:492borr20,r25
a96:4093db01sts0x01DB,r20; 0x8001db <foo>
a9a:8295swapr24
a9c:8370andir24,0x03; 3
a9e:9091dc01ldsr25,0x01DC; 0x8001dc <foo+0x1>
aa2:9c7fandir25,0xFC; 252
aa4:892borr24,r25
aa6:8093dc01sts0x01DC,r24; 0x8001dc <foo+0x1>
Let’s see what it will look like if foo.a was used with the old foo’s definition
Assembly (x86)
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; The below is for foo.a = foo.a + d;
a58:682fmovr22,r24
a5a:6f70andir22,0x0F; 15
a5c:9091db01ldsr25,0x01DB; 0x8001db <foo>
a60:907fandir25,0xF0; 240
a62:962borr25,r22
a64:9093db01sts0x01DB,r25; 0x8001db <foo>
Less lines of code!
So it’s important to keep an eye on how fields are divided. For instance, the last “foo” definition can be modified to be like this:
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struct{
unsignedinta:4;
unsignedint:4;
unsignedintb:6;
unsignedintc:1;
unsignedint:1;
unsignedintd:8;
unsignedinte:3;
unsignedintf:2;
}foo;
So a pad was added as needed to avoid unwanted behavior/performance.
Don’t Trust The Code, Listen to the Compiler
Dealing with bit field needs open eyes as we have seen in the last example, where the Struct division has a great impact on performance and size of code. Now, two examples can say why doesn’t the compiler understand the struct definition as we expect. The following examples are adapted from questions appeared on Stackoverflow website.
Example #1
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struct
{
unsignedchara:4;
unsignedcharb:8;
unsignedcharc:4;
}foo;
struct
{
unsignedchara:4;
unsignedcharb;
unsignedcharc:4;
}FOO;
These two Structs should be the same, right? Saying “unsigned char b:8;” and “unsigned char b;” seems the same for us. But actually, if we print the size of foo and FOO, we will find that foo’s size is 2 and size of FOO is 3. But Why? The compiler understands the first one as the following:
First Byte: 0..3 bits for “a” and 4..7 for first 4 bits for “b”.
Second Byte: 0..3 bits for the rest of “b” and 4..7 for “c”.
In the second Struct:
First Byte: 0..3 bits for “a” and 4..7 padded (unused).
Second Byte: for b.
Second Byte: 0..3 bits for “c” and 4..7 unused.
Example #2
C
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struct
{
unsignedlonga:1;
unsignedlongb:32;
unsignedlongc:1;
}mystruct1;
struct
{
unsignedlonga:1;
unsignedlongb:31;
unsignedlongc:1;
}mystruct2;
In this two Structs, most of us will expect to have the same size (both 8 Bytes), but the fact is the first one will have the following Bytes:
Bytes 0..3: for unsigned long a:1.
Bytes 4..7: for unsigned long b:32.
Bytes 8..11: for unsigned long c:1.
While the second one will have:
Bytes 0..3: for unsigned long a:1 and unsigned long b:31.
Bytes 4..7: for unsigned long c:1.
Should I Use Bit Field Or Not?
As any other solution in engineering world, it’s not always a win-win situation. Bit-fields save place in data memory, and they also provide a simplified way to set and get values (that aren’t byte-aligned) rather than using bitwise operations. On the other hand, this means that whenever you use a bit-field variable, the processor/compiler will perform READ-MODIFY-WRITE operations. As the memory location is shared with others, then the compiler will read the entire variable to store it in a temporary place, mask other fields, change the value and then restore the value of unchanged fields (this is what is called READ-MODIFY-WRITE operation).
So it’s true that we saved some space in the SRAM, but we will need more instructions for each reading/writing operation in the Flash memory. Accessing a bit-field variable is another concern when using bit-field. It is not an atomic operation, which could lead to faults in some critical code sections. Especially for shared bit-field variables between interrupts and processes.
Many developers advocate to avoid using bit fields because it makes the code less portable as changing the compiler/version means changing how it looks and do with bit field. They also advocate to use bit-banding (the hardware version of bit fields) when it’s available. Actually, the past line was written in an article I wrote about bit-field variables.
Application #2: Implementing Protocols
Any non-ASCII protocol has fields with special meaning inside each byte (or any other size of data). Let’s say that we have a protocol that starts with one byte called “command”, and has the first bit to indicate direction, if it’s (get or response), and 2 bits as an address and rest is the command id. Using bitwise operation may be annoying. As Struct already do the necessary bitwise operations, then it’s useful to implement the protocol packets using a Union.
C
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union
{
struct{
uint8_t dir:1;// bit 0
uint8_t add:2;// 1 .. 2 bits
units8_t id:5;// 3 .. 7 bits
}fields;
uint8_t val;
}CMD;
Thus, when sending or receiving a cmd packet can be done using that Union. A demo pseudo-code:
C++
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CMD.fields.dir=0;
CMD.fields.add=2;
CMD.fields.id=7;
send(CMD.val);
if(newcmd)
{
CMD.val=receive();
if(CMD.fields.add!=dDeviceadd)
//error
}
Application #3: Access to MCU Registers
Representing hardware registers as Bitfields is a very handy trick and a useful way for the ease of MCU register access. This techniques is used widely in SDKs i.e. ARM cortex M3/M4 SiliconLabs’ Gecko SDK. Using this technique, each register can be accessed using a bit field struct with its name. Later this struct will point to the peripheral/register base-address.
Embedded Hardware Engineer interested in open hardware and was born in the same year as Linux. Yahya is the editor-in-chief of Atadiat and believes in the importance of sharing free, practical, spam-free and high quality written content with others. His experience with Embedded Systems includes developing firmware with bare-metal C and Arduino, designing PCB&schematic and content creation.
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One Comment
It might be good to mention, that in standard C and C++ it is undefined behavior to write to a union using one field and read using another (see for example http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/union). It works on many compilers (and optimizations) and platforms, but you need to be sure of it before using this feature.
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With passionate staff, Atadiat believe that Electronics is a practical domain and related content must be fine and practical. We aim to provide a new content experience with marketing related to electronics to our audience. | 2023-11-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8278 |
XI FIP World Polo Championship Final
XI FIP World Polo Championship
The XI. FIP WORLD POLO CHAMPIONSHIP SYDNEY 2017 has come to an end. This event will be recorded as one of the best World Championships in the history of the tournament. Sydney Polo Club, the organizers, delivered a world-class event on which no detail was left to be improvised, everything was organized to perfection. After Argentina emerged victorious from a nail-biting final match with Chile, the day closed with a show and the reassurance that Australia and most precisely Sydney, are destinations where you can find the best polo in the world, combined with excellent hosts.
The day started with a match for the third spot, between England and USA. The temperature in Sydney was quite high at that time. It was a game without many goals, which had several pauses. The USA was on the winning streak until the last chukka, where England got the game to a tie. During the supplementary chukka, England scored the golden goal and won the third spot 6-5.
England: Ed Banner-Eve, Satnam Dhillon, Henry Porter, Peter Webb
USA: Matias Gonzalez, Jesse Bray, Felipe Viana, James Wright
“The quality of the horses here in Australia was fantastic; I am amazed at the quality. You never saw horses turning or leaping; it’s brilliant. We are thinking of taking a couple (of the horses) back to England for the high goal.
Obviously, about winning, we just had to keep going: keep pushing, keep fighting, and we did it. This last match was very hard.
It’s a tough game; emotions are always high. It gets a bit passionate between us on the pitch, but it is what it is. We got a good lesson in Australia in polo; we were surprised by the fast pitches. We did mess up against New Zealand, but we won a lot of games. We should have been in the finals if we didn’t mess up the game against New Zealand. We played against Chile, and we beat them quite convincingly It is great to be third, but that wasn’t the objective.” – Satnam Dhillon, England Polo Team
The final contenders for the last World Cup in Chile, met again at 3 pm this time in Sydney, to fight for the title. As every final match, it looked like both teams had studied their opponents and previous games carefully, to ensure the best tactics. This game was also entirely paused, not abundant in runs. The goals at the beginning were mostly penalties, but at the end, the game got mind-wrecking: during the sixth chukka, where both teams were tied at 5-5, Chile suddenly scored a goal one minute before the bell tolled. But Argentina was determined to keep on fighting: Lucio Fernandez Ocampo, with a historical run, scored a new goal for his team and took the game again to a tie. The final chukka was quite dramatic: both teams were struggling, and it took a long time to define the match. Chile had more opportunities than Argentina, but the MVP Lucio Fernandez Ocampo again was decided to get his team the victory and scored the golden goal. The final score was 8-7. Argentina, undefeated, cheered as they celebrated their fifth World Championship title, proving once more, the golden standards that are a trademark of Argentinian Polo. | 2023-11-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5497 |
With mobile applications, an entity residing outside of a mobile device, such as a web service, may require the authentication of the user who possesses the device. The communication between an authentication consumer and a mobile device user must be trusted by both parties. It should be impossible, with such authentication, to modify the transferred data without such modification being detected by both parties. The mobile device user should easily know that an authentication request came from a bona-fide partner and not a rogue application. The authentication consumer must be assured that the authentication came from a specific device and was vetted by the user. | 2024-05-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4335 |
#GBM bench
import os, sys, time, csv, string
sys.path.append('../py/')
sys.path.extend(['.','..'])
import h2o_cmd, h2o, h2o_hosts, h2o_browse as h2b, h2o_import as h2i, h2o_rf, h2o_jobs
csv_header = ('h2o_build','nMachines','nJVMs','Xmx/JVM','dataset','nTrainRows','nTestRows','nCols','trainParseWallTime','nTrees','minRows','maxDepth','learnRate','classification','gbmBuildTime','Error')
files = {'Airlines' : {'train': ('AirlinesTrain1x', 'AirlinesTrain10x', 'AirlinesTrain100x'), 'test' : 'AirlinesTest'},
'AllBedrooms': {'train': ('AllBedroomsTrain1x', 'AllBedroomsTrain10x', 'AllBedroomsTrain100x'), 'test' : 'AllBedroomsTest'},
'Covtype' : {'train': ('CovTypeTrain1x', 'CovTypeTrain10x', 'CovTypeTrain100x'), 'test' : 'CovTypeTest'},
}
build = ""
debug = False
json = ""
def doGBM(f, folderPath, ignored_cols, classification, testFilehex, ntrees, depth, minrows, nbins, learnRate, response, row):
debug = False
bench = "bench"
if debug:
print "Doing GBM DEBUG"
bench = "bench/debug"
#date = '-'.join([str(x) for x in list(time.localtime())][0:3])
overallWallStart = time.time()
pre = ""
if debug: pre = 'DEBUG'
gbmbenchcsv = 'benchmarks/'+build+'/'+pre+'gbmbench.csv'
if not os.path.exists(gbmbenchcsv):
output = open(gbmbenchcsv,'w')
output.write(','.join(csv_header)+'\n')
else:
output = open(gbmbenchcsv,'a')
csvWrt = csv.DictWriter(output, fieldnames=csv_header, restval=None,
dialect='excel', extrasaction='ignore',delimiter=',')
try:
java_heap_GB = h2o.nodes[0].java_heap_GB
importFolderPath = bench + "/" + folderPath
if (f in ['AirlinesTrain1x','AllBedroomsTrain1x', 'AllBedroomsTrain10x', 'AllBedroomsTrain100x','CovTypeTrain1x', 'CovTypeTrain10x', 'CovTypeTrain100x']):
csvPathname = importFolderPath + "/" + f + '.csv'
else:
csvPathname = importFolderPath + "/" + f + "/*linked*"
hex_key = f + '.hex'
hK = folderPath + "Header.csv"
headerPathname = importFolderPath + "/" + hK
h2i.import_only(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=headerPathname)
headerKey = h2i.find_key(hK)
trainParseWallStart = time.time()
h2o.beta_features = False #ensure this is false!
if f in (['AirlinesTrain10x', 'AirlinesTrain100x']): h2o.beta_features = False #regex parsing acting weird when not using browser, use VA -> FVEC converter
parseResult = h2i.import_parse(bucket = 'home-0xdiag-datasets',
path = csvPathname,
schema = 'local',
hex_key = hex_key,
header = 1,
header_from_file = headerKey,
separator = 44,
timeoutSecs = 16000,
retryDelaySecs = 5,
pollTimeoutSecs = 16000,
noPoll = True,
doSummary = False
)
h2o_jobs.pollWaitJobs(timeoutSecs=16000, pollTimeoutSecs=16000, retryDelaySecs=5)
parseWallTime = time.time() - trainParseWallStart
print "Parsing training file took ", parseWallTime ," seconds."
h2o.beta_features = False #make sure false for the inspect as well!
inspect_train = h2o.nodes[0].inspect(hex_key, timeoutSecs=16000)
inspect_test = h2o.nodes[0].inspect(testFilehex, timeoutSecs=16000)
h2o.beta_features = True #ok, can be true again
nMachines = 1 if len(h2o_hosts.hosts) is 0 else len(h2o_hosts.hosts)
row.update( {'h2o_build' : build,
'nMachines' : nMachines,
'nJVMs' : len(h2o.nodes),
'Xmx/JVM' : java_heap_GB,
'dataset' : f,
'nTrainRows' : inspect_train['num_rows'],
'nTestRows' : inspect_test['num_rows'],
'nCols' : inspect_train['num_cols'],
'trainParseWallTime' : parseWallTime,
'nTrees' : ntrees,
'minRows' : minrows,
'maxDepth' : depth,
'learnRate' : learnRate,
'classification' : classification,
})
params = {'destination_key' : 'GBM('+f+')',
'response' : response,
'ignored_cols_by_name' : ignored_cols,
'classification' : classification,
'validation' : testFilehex,
'ntrees' : ntrees,
'max_depth' : depth,
'min_rows' : minrows,
'nbins' : nbins,
'learn_rate' : learnRate,
}
parseResult = {'destination_key' : hex_key}
kwargs = params.copy()
gbmStart = time.time()
#TODO(spencer): Uses jobs to poll for gbm completion
gbm = h2o_cmd.runGBM(parseResult = parseResult, noPoll=True, timeoutSecs=4800, **kwargs)
h2o_jobs.pollWaitJobs(timeoutSecs=16000, pollTimeoutSecs=120, retryDelaySecs=5)
gbmTime = time.time() - gbmStart
cmd = 'bash startloggers.sh ' + json + ' stop_'
os.system(cmd)
row.update( {'gbmBuildTime' : gbmTime,
})
gbmTrainView = h2o_cmd.runGBMView(model_key='GBM('+f+')')
if classification:
cm = gbmTrainView['gbm_model']['cm']
err = 1.0*(cm[0][1] + cm[1][0]) / (cm[0][0] + cm[0][1] + cm[1][0] + cm[1][1])
else:
err = gbmTrainView['gbm_model']['errs'][-1]
row.update({'Error' : err})
csvWrt.writerow(row)
finally:
output.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
dat = sys.argv.pop(-1)
debug = sys.argv.pop(-1)
build = sys.argv.pop(-1)
json = sys.argv[-1].split('/')[-1]
h2o.parse_our_args()
h2o_hosts.build_cloud_with_hosts(enable_benchmark_log=False)
fp = 'Airlines' if 'Air' in dat else 'AllBedrooms'
bench = "bench"
h2o.beta_features = True
debug = False
if debug:
bench = "bench/debug"
if dat == 'Air1x' : fs = files['Airlines']['train'][0]
if dat == 'Air10x' : fs = files['Airlines']['train'][1]
if dat == 'Air100x' : fs = files['Airlines']['train'][2]
if dat == 'AllB1x' : fs = files['AllBedrooms']['train'][0]
if dat == 'AllB10x' : fs = files['AllBedrooms']['train'][1]
if dat == 'AllB100x' : fs = files['AllBedrooms']['train'][2]
if fp == "Airlines":
#AIRLINES
airlinesTestParseStart = time.time()
hK = "AirlinesHeader.csv"
headerPathname = bench+"/Airlines" + "/" + hK
h2i.import_only(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=headerPathname)
headerKey = h2i.find_key(hK)
testFile = h2i.import_parse(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=bench+'/Airlines/AirlinesTest.csv', schema='local', hex_key="atest.hex", header=1, header_from_file=headerKey, separator=44, noPoll=True,doSummary=False)
h2o_jobs.pollWaitJobs(timeoutSecs=16000, pollTimeoutSecs=16000, retryDelaySecs=5)
elapsedAirlinesTestParse = time.time() - airlinesTestParseStart
row = {'testParseWallTime' : elapsedAirlinesTestParse}
response = 'IsDepDelayed'
ignored = None
doGBM(fs, fp,
ignored_cols = ignored,
classification = 1,
testFilehex = 'atest.hex',
ntrees = 100,
depth = 5,
minrows = 10,
nbins = 100,
learnRate = 0.01,
response = response,
row = row
)
if fp == "AllBedrooms":
#ALLBEDROOMS
allBedroomsTestParseStart = time.time()
hK = "AllBedroomsHeader.csv"
headerPathname = bench+"/AllBedrooms" + "/" + hK
h2i.import_only(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=headerPathname)
headerKey = h2i.find_key(hK)
testFile = h2i.import_parse(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=bench+'/AllBedrooms/AllBedroomsTest.csv', schema='local', hex_key="allBTest.hex", header=1, header_from_file=headerKey, separator=44,noPoll=True,doSummary=False)
h2o_jobs.pollWaitJobs(timeoutSecs=16000, pollTimeoutSecs=16000, retryDelaySecs=5)
elapsedAllBedroomsTestParse = time.time() - allBedroomsTestParseStart
row = {'testParseWallTime' : elapsedAllBedroomsTestParse}
response = 'medrent'
ignored = None
doGBM(fs, fp,
ignored_cols = ignored,
classification = 0,
testFilehex = "allBTest.hex",
ntrees = 100,
depth = 5,
minrows = 10,
nbins = 100,
learnRate = 0.01,
response = response,
row = row
)
#COVTYPE
#covTypeTestParseStart = time.time()
#hK = "CovTypeHeader.csv"
#headerPathname = bench+"/CovType" + "/" + hK
#h2i.import_only(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=headerPathname)
#headerKey = h2i.find_key(hK)
#testFile = h2i.import_parse(bucket='home-0xdiag-datasets', path=bench+'/CovType/CovTypeTest.csv', schema='local', hex_key="covTtest.hex", header=1, header_from_file=headerKey, separator=44, noPoll=True,doSummary=False)
#h2o_jobs.pollWaitJobs(timeoutSecs=16000, pollTimeoutSecs=16000, retryDelaySecs=5)
#elapsedCovTypeTestParse = time.time() - covTypeTestParseStart
#row = {'testParseWallTime' : elapsedCovTypeTestParse}
#response = 'C55'
#ignored = None
#doGBM(files['Covtype'], folderPath='CovType',
# ignored_cols = ignored,
# classification = 1,
# testFilehex = testFile['destination_key'],
# ntrees = 100,
# depth = 5,
# minrows = 10,
# nbins = 100,
# learnRate = 0.01,
# response = response,
# row = row
# )
h2o.tear_down_cloud()
| 2024-02-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5251 |
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