text stringlengths 12 4.76M | timestamp stringlengths 26 26 | url stringlengths 32 32 |
|---|---|---|
[Maxillary sequelae in cleft patients. Causes of maxillary hypoplasia and possible prevention].
Maxillary hypoplasia is frequently observed in cleft patients. Although maxillary retrusion can be a syndromic outcome, the growth failure is also a consequence of the primary surgery of the palate, alveolar cleft, or lip. In this article the authors analyze the impact of primary surgery on the maxillary growth failure and discuss on how to prevent this complication. | 2023-08-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7321 |
Co-champions clash in semifinals
November 14, 2012, 2:42PM
11/14/2012
The football playoff that couldn't happen during the regular season will happen Saturday afternoon in Fremont when St. Vincent's Mustangs clash with California School for the Deaf's Eagles.
The two teams tied for the North Central II/Bay Football League championship during the regular season and, while they will forever be co-champions, Saturday's North Coast Section Division 5 playoff game will at least give the winner bragging rights.
Of course, it will do much more than that, sending the winner into the NCS semifinals and the loser home to contemplate an outstanding season.
The game will match two of the most potent small-school offenses in the NCS. The Eagles have simply run over people on their way to a 10-1 season. Their only loss was to Upper Lake, 20-3, a surprising defeat that cost them a perfect season and the outright championship.
The Eagles are possibly the most explosive offensive team the Mustangs have faced this season.
In their first meeting, Eagle running back Brian Freeman proved unstoppable for the Mustangs, breaking off touchdown runs of 54 and 62 yards. As a team, the Eagles totaled 523 combined yards against the Mustangs.
But St. Vincent cannot afford to crowd the box to stop Freeman. Last week in their playoff win over Tomales, the Eagles struck through the air, with quarterback Carlos Lopez throwing four touchdown passes. Lopez was eight of 15 in the game for 180 yards. Tomales held Freeman to 115 yards, but that discounts a 51-yard run that was called back by a penalty.
For the season, Freeman has run for 1,442 yards and 15 touchdowns. He averages better than eight yards per carry and 144 a game. Lopez is 80 out of 157 for the season for 1,354 yards and 19 touchdowns for a 104 quarterback rating.
Defensively, the Braves have been outstanding. They have recorded three shutouts, held potent Upper Lake to a field goal and allowed high-scoring Tomales just three touchdowns in two games.
Linebackers Johnny Morales and Jacy Pedersen-Dike are the CSD tackle leaders, but the key to the Eagles is a swarming defense that puts a lot of helmets around the football.
CSD might find it a lot more difficult to stop St. Vincent Saturday than it was during the league season. Since that loss, the Mustangs have run off six straight wins, out scoring their opponents, 247-65 during that streak.
For the first time since any one can remember, St. Vincent has both a 1,000-yard rusher and 2,000-yard passer.
Derek Murphy has rushed for 1,009 yards and scored 16 running touchdowns. What makes his total even more impressive is his presence on the bench for much of the second half of the games during the winning streak after the Mustangs had put contests out of reach.
Quarterback Mitch Sheppard has gone over the 2,000-yard passing threshold for the second consecutive year, completing 134 out of 217 passes for 2,116 yards and 24 touchdowns. He has passed for at least one touchdown in 22 straight games.
St. Vincent had a difficult time containing Freeman in its regular-season meeting with CSD, but the Mustang defense is vastly improved since that contest.
Linebackers Michael Carroll and Murphy have simply taken over recent games on defense, including last week's convincing 34-6 win over Calistoga in the first round of the playoffs.
Biggest improvement between the league meeting and Saturday's clash has been on the Mustang lines, both on offense and defense. St. Vincent is deeper and much more experienced.
"We're a different team now," says St. Vincent coach Gary Galloway. "The first time we didn't handle their speed very well. We didn't tackle very well.
"They are a great team, but we're looking forward to the challenge. We're pretty confident."
The football playoff that couldn't happen during the regular season will happen Saturday afternoon in Fremont when St. Vincent's Mustangs clash with California School for the Deaf's Eagles.
The two teams tied for the North Central II/Bay Football League championship during the regular season and, while they will forever be co-champions, Saturday's North Coast Section Division 5 playoff game will at least give the winner bragging rights.
Of course, it will do much more than that, sending the winner into the NCS semifinals and the loser home to contemplate an outstanding season.
The game will match two of the most potent small-school offenses in the NCS. The Eagles have simply run over people on their way to a 10-1 season. Their only loss was to Upper Lake, 20-3, a surprising defeat that cost them a perfect season and the outright championship.
The Eagles are possibly the most explosive offensive team the Mustangs have faced this season.
In their first meeting, Eagle running back Brian Freeman proved unstoppable for the Mustangs, breaking off touchdown runs of 54 and 62 yards. As a team, the Eagles totaled 523 combined yards against the Mustangs.
But St. Vincent cannot afford to crowd the box to stop Freeman. Last week in their playoff win over Tomales, the Eagles struck through the air, with quarterback Carlos Lopez throwing four touchdown passes. Lopez was eight of 15 in the game for 180 yards. Tomales held Freeman to 115 yards, but that discounts a 51-yard run that was called back by a penalty.
For the season, Freeman has run for 1,442 yards and 15 touchdowns. He averages better than eight yards per carry and 144 a game. Lopez is 80 out of 157 for the season for 1,354 yards and 19 touchdowns for a 104 quarterback rating.
Defensively, the Braves have been outstanding. They have recorded three shutouts, held potent Upper Lake to a field goal and allowed high-scoring Tomales just three touchdowns in two games.
Linebackers Johnny Morales and Jacy Pedersen-Dike are the CSD tackle leaders, but the key to the Eagles is a swarming defense that puts a lot of helmets around the football.
CSD might find it a lot more difficult to stop St. Vincent Saturday than it was during the league season. Since that loss, the Mustangs have run off six straight wins, out scoring their opponents, 247-65 during that streak.
For the first time since any one can remember, St. Vincent has both a 1,000-yard rusher and 2,000-yard passer.
Derek Murphy has rushed for 1,009 yards and scored 16 running touchdowns. What makes his total even more impressive is his presence on the bench for much of the second half of the games during the winning streak after the Mustangs had put contests out of reach.
Quarterback Mitch Sheppard has gone over the 2,000-yard passing threshold for the second consecutive year, completing 134 out of 217 passes for 2,116 yards and 24 touchdowns. He has passed for at least one touchdown in 22 straight games.
St. Vincent had a difficult time containing Freeman in its regular-season meeting with CSD, but the Mustang defense is vastly improved since that contest.
Linebackers Michael Carroll and Murphy have simply taken over recent games on defense, including last week's convincing 34-6 win over Calistoga in the first round of the playoffs.
Biggest improvement between the league meeting and Saturday's clash has been on the Mustang lines, both on offense and defense. St. Vincent is deeper and much more experienced.
"We're a different team now," says St. Vincent coach Gary Galloway. "The first time we didn't handle their speed very well. We didn't tackle very well.
"They are a great team, but we're looking forward to the challenge. We're pretty confident." | 2024-02-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5592 |
-- A module spec in a module type.
-- ==
-- input {} output { 2 }
module type MT = {
module M: {val x: i32}
}
module M1: MT = {
module M = { let x = 2 }
}
let main = M1.M.x
| 2024-05-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7533 |
Q:
Metawhere abstract conditions from query
I'm using the Metawhere rails gem to query my dbase. I have a query that works:
t=Model.where({:attr1 => 450} | {:attr2 => 450}, :lang => 2)
now I trying to abstract the conditions from the query like this:
conditions=Hash[{:attr1 => 450} | {:attr2 => 450}, :lang => 2]
t=Model.where(conditions)
but the first line gives me: syntax error, unexpected tASSOC, expecting ']
I tried a lot of things like making the conditions a string and eval(conditions) in the query. but that gives me SyntaxError: (eval):1:in `irb_binding': compile error
(eval):1: syntax error, unexpected ',', expecting $end
I'm stuck. If you can help me that would be appreciated.
Rutger
A:
replace
conditions=Hash[{:attr1 => 450} | {:attr2 => 450}, :lang => 2}]
with
conditions=Hash[{:attr1 => 450} | {:attr2 => 450}, :lang => 2]
| 2023-08-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1494 |
<article class="route-loader-container">
<div class="te-alert-page-pending__loader"></div>
<section>Loading...</section>
</article>
| 2023-10-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5021 |
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need a little help with this upload code
at the moment peeps who upload a photo gets a time stamp in the name
so the final photo gets time stamp + the original name
can this code be changed so as the photo only has the time stamp as name
cheers
Doug
PHP Code:
$pname= time().'_'.basename( $_FILES['photo']['name']);
//Writes the photo to the server
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'], $target.$pname))
//Tells you if its all ok
echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']). " has been uploaded, and your information has been added to the directory";
ok changed the code to above and it is still not working as i wanted
ok the photo i uploaded was dog.jpg
the time stamp was added so the photo was named
1248364178_dog.jpg and this was entered in database
i was expecting 1248364178.jpg or is this not possable
cheers
Doug
ok getting totally confused now state of play is now timestamp is working ok
it renames the photo to timestamp.jpg also puts that in database but does not display on web page
here is the full script i have
PHP Code:
//This is the directory where images will be saved
$target = "uploads/";
How does this iamge showing happen on this another page, if the images are not shown ? Yes if you give image name a timestamp then the image is named timestamp.jpg and then you must use this absolutely same name/path to show the image later. Not with new timestamp. I am not really following you... what you try to say?
sorry if i am confusing you
what i ment to say when the photo is up loaded its name is changed to the time stamp or am i wrong
so that in the upload folder the photo would be say 125342653.jpg
and in the database under pname would be the same 125342653.jpg
if you see what i mean
cheers
Doug
And what happens? Does it give any error? Broken image? Absolutely nothing? Have you checked what is inside $info['pname'], is there data that should be there (try with echo, var_dump or print_r)? See also that this image really exists in the hard-drive. Are you absolutely sure the url is correct? | 2024-05-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7890 |
Th following is the text of a press release issued by Freedom Watch on May 27, 2015:
Today, Larry Klayman, founder of Freedom Watch and a former federal prosecutor, filed a civil suit against Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton and their family foundation alleging criminal violations under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”). The suit was filed before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, Civil Action No. 9:15-cv-80388. A copy of the complaint can be viewed at www.freedomwatchusa.org.
The lawsuit alleges a pattern over ten years of the Clintons engaging in two or more predicate acts constituting a criminal enterprise, designed to enrich them personally. In this regard, Klayman alleges that the Clintons – through mail and wire fraud, and various false statements – misappropriated documents which he was entitled to receive and possess under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) concerning Hillary Clinton’s involvement in releasing Israeli war and cyber-warfare plans and practices. The complaint alleges that Hillary Clinton orchestrated this release to harm and thwart Israeli plans to preemptively attack Iranian nuclear sites to stop the Islamic nation’s march to producing atomic weapons. Another FOIA request called for the production of Mrs. Clinton’s and other State Department’s records which refer or relate to the granting of waivers for persons, companies, countries and other interests to do business with Iran, thereby undermining the economic sanctions. These acts are alleged to be the result of the defendants selling government influence in exchange for bribes from interests which have donated to The Clinton Foundation, paid huge speaking fees to the Clintons and other means. The present email scandal is alleged to cover up evidence of these and other related crimes by hiding emails that would incriminate the Clintons and their foundation.
Klayman issued this statement:
“This is the first and only hard-hitting case to address the growing email scandal. What Hillary Clinton, her husband, and their foundation have done is nothing new. It is simply part of a criminal enterprise which dates back at least 10 years, all designed to enrich themselves personally at the expense of the American people and our nation. It’s time, however, that they finally be held legally accountable.”
The first paragraph of the Complaint states:
Plaintiff sues the Defendants, as individuals operating a criminal enterprise, for violating Plaintiff’s statutory rights to obtain documents under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, for violating Plaintiff’s due process rights, vested property rights, constitutional rights, and for misappropriating property. The Defendants have systematically and continuously, over the last ten (10) years and more, conducted a corrupt enterprise in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (“RICO”) Act, all of which acts are continuing in nature
TechDirt: “Many sites that include user reviews work pretty hard to scrub the obviously fake ones, but it appears Yelp has taken that to a new level, deciding to sue a law firm for posting fake reviews. . . . Yelp is arguing that when McMillan employees created fake accounts in order to post bogus positive reviews for their own firm, they violated the terms of service of the site. . . . the lawsuit focuses on some specific charges including breach of contract, intentional interference with contractual relations, unfair competition and false advertising.”
Wall St. Journal: “A federal judge in California ruled last week that clothing retailer Abercrombie & Fitch Co. discriminated against a Muslim employee on religious grounds, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission said Monday. The lawsuit was filed by the EEOC in 2011 on behalf of Umme-Hani Khan, a Muslim who was fired in February 2010 because her head scarf didn’t conform to the company’s dress code called its ‘Look Policy’.”
Arizona Republic: “A child pornography victim from Pennsylvania is using a law that carries her name to seek at least $150,000 each from her father, 13 other jailed men and anyone else who viewed explicit images of her.”
Associated Press: “Ten former NFL players, including five Hall of Famers, are asking the league and its production arm to pay up. On Tuesday, a group that includes Curley Culp and John Riggins filed a class-action suit in U.S. District Court in New Jersey to reclaim payment for the use of their names, images and likenesses from film footage they say was used on NFL Network and to promote the league without the ex-players consent.”
azcentral.com: The Supreme Court is expected to rule on the constitutionality of some provisions of the “Affordable Care Act” (Obamacare). At this point, however, an article in azcentral.com explains why analysts expect that the ruling will not change the tide that will cause more employees in Arizona to pay more fees for health care. Employers are choosing plans that force employees to front the first $1000 to $10,000 of their health care before their coverage begins. As a result, an increasingly well-researched population of patients will use the internet to pick and choose which procedures they can afford just as they might pick from a cafeteria line. This seems to set up patients and doctors alike for failure. Lawyers, however, should become busier drafting waivers and releases to ensure doctors are able to perform the services patients request in these isolated circumstances.
findlaw.com: Have you been hurt in an accident that wasn’t your fault? No, we’re not hawking legal services on television. We just want to let you know that you may need to bring a serious claim if you’re hoping to collect on the pain and suffering. This article details the factors that jurors may consider:
The age of the injured victim. Younger victims may get larger pain-and-suffering damages, if they will have to deal with pain for the rest of their lives.
The type of injury. Brain injuries, and injuries that cause continuing physical pain, will generally result in larger awards.
How the injury affects the victim. This includes consideration of past, present, and future pain and suffering — including the certainty of future pain.
Findlaw.com: Mitch Torbett was arrested in Tennessee for a crime committed by his identical – and deceased – twin brother. He’s suing authorities for the 36 hours he spent in jail and according to this article, he won’t likely win.
abajournal.com: According to this article, a landmark Florida case will be heard this week by the Florida Supreme Court. The Court weighed in on its reasoning for hearing a twice-dismissed action:
“The question certified to us by the Fourth District Court of Appeal in this case transcends the individual parties to this action because it has the potential to impact the mortgage foreclosure crisis throughout this state and is one on which Florida’s trial courts and litigants need guidance,” the supreme court wrote. “The legal issue also has implications beyond mortgage foreclosure actions. Because we agree with the Fourth District that this issue is indeed one of great public importance and in need of resolution by this court, we deny the parties’ request to dismiss this proceeding.” | 2024-06-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8293 |
Q:
Drupal 8 route not found
I keep having a 404 error no matter what I change on my routing file.
I've created a module in modules\custom which have :
An info file in modules\custom\first_module\first_module.info.yml:
name: First module
core: 8.x
type: module
package: Training modules
description: First Module created to learn coding in D8
A Routing file in modules\custom\first_module\first_module.routing.yml:
first_module_hello_world:
path: '/hello-world'
defaults:
_controller: '\Drupal\first_module\src\Controller\TrainingModule:helloWorld'
requirements:
_permission: 'access content'
A controller in modules\custom\first_module\first_module.routing.yml:
<?php
/**
* @file
* Contains \Drupal\hello_world\Controller\HelloWorldController.
*/
namespace Drupal\first_module\src\Controller;
use Drupal\Core\Controller\ControllerBase;
/**
* Controller routines for hello_world module routes.
*/
class TrainingModuleController extends ControllerBase {
/**
* Return the 'Hello World' page.
*
* @return string
* A render array containing our 'Hello World' page content.
*/
public function helloWorld() {
$output = array();
$output['hello_world'] = array(
'#markup' => $this->t('Hello World!'),
);
return $output;
}
}
Any help would be greatly appreciated !
Edit: The Module is activated and I cleared the cache several times.
A:
In first_module.routing.yml, controller there is no src and you use 2: ::
first_module_hello_world:
path: '/hello-world'
defaults:
_controller: '\Drupal\first_module\Controller\TrainingModule::helloWorld'
_title: 'hello world'
requirements:
_permission: 'access content'
Also without src in drupal 8 there si no need to use return $output;
Alsi class is not good. Class is TrainingModule not TrainingModuleControlle and file need to cole the some TrainingModule
namespace Drupal\first_module\Controller;
use Drupal\Core\Controller\ControllerBase;
/**
* Controller routines for hello_world module routes.
*/
class TrainingModule extends ControllerBase {
/**
* Return the 'Hello World' page.
*
* @return string
* A render array containing our 'Hello World' page content.
*/
public function helloWorld() {
return array(
'#type' => 'markup',
'#markup' => $this->t('Hello World!'),
);
}
}
change first_module_hello_world: to first_module_hello_world.help:
make the file first_module_hello_world.module and write this code
function first_module_hello_world_help($route_name, $route_match) {
switch ($route_name) {
case 'first_module_hello_world.help':
$output = '';
return $output;
}
}
| 2024-05-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8700 |
Motor unit activity during stereotyped finger tasks and computer mouse work.
Motor unit (MU) activity pattern was examined in the right-hand extensor digitorum communis muscle (EDC) during standardised finger movements simulating actual computer mouse tasks. Intramuscular recordings were performed with a quadripolar needle electrode. Nine women performed four lifts of their right-hand index finger, middle finger or both as well as a number of double clicks. Additionally, the subjects performed contra lateral activity with their left-hand fingers and for three subjects recordings were also obtained during an interview with no physical activity. Besides the expected close coupling of MU activity with finger movement, activity was observed in three different situations with no physical requirements. Attention related activity was found before or after performance of the finger movement task, contra lateral activity in right EDC during left-hand finger tasks, and activity during mental activity without any finger movements involved. A relatively large number of doublet occurrences suggest they are a natural part of the activation pattern during performance of the rapid finger movement required to perform an efficient double click on the computer mouse. | 2024-04-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7487 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Oct 15 2018 10:31:50).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <objc/NSObject.h>
@class SGModelSampler, SGModelSource, SGQuickResponsesConfig;
@protocol PMLTransformerProtocol;
@interface SGQuickResponsesTransformerInstance : NSObject
{
SGQuickResponsesConfig *_config;
id <PMLTransformerProtocol> _featurizer;
SGModelSource *_source;
id <PMLTransformerProtocol> _labeler;
SGModelSampler *_sampler;
}
- (void).cxx_destruct;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) SGModelSampler *sampler; // @synthesize sampler=_sampler;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) id <PMLTransformerProtocol> labeler; // @synthesize labeler=_labeler;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) SGModelSource *source; // @synthesize source=_source;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) id <PMLTransformerProtocol> featurizer; // @synthesize featurizer=_featurizer;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) SGQuickResponsesConfig *config; // @synthesize config=_config;
- (id)initWithConfig:(id)arg1 featurizer:(id)arg2 source:(id)arg3 labeler:(id)arg4 sampler:(id)arg5;
@end
| 2024-03-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5250 |
Sample records for renewable diesel fuel
Present federal tax incentives apply to certain types of biomass-derived dieselfuels, which in energy policy and tax laws are described either as renewablediesel or biodiesel. To understand the distinctions between these diesel types it is necessary to understand the technologies used to produce them and the properties of the resulting products. This fact sheet contains definitions of renewable and biodiesel and discusses the processes used to convert biomass to dieselfuel and the properties of biodiesel and renewabledieselfuels.
A method and matter of composition for controlling NO{sub x} emissions from existing diesel engines. The method is achieved by adding a small amount of material to the dieselfuel to decrease the amount of NO{sub x} produced during combustion. Specifically, small amounts, less than about 1%, of urea or a triazine compound (methylol melamines) are added to dieselfuel. Because urea and triazine compounds are generally insoluble in dieselfuel, microemulsion technology is used to suspend or dissolve the urea or triazine compound in the dieselfuel. A typical fuel formulation includes 5% t-butyl alcohol, 4.5% water, 0.5% urea or triazine compound, 9% oleic acid, and 1% ethanolamine. The subject invention provides improved emissions in heavy diesel engines without the need for major modifications.
A method and matter of composition for controlling NO.sub.x emissions from existing diesel engines. The method is achieved by adding a small amount of material to the dieselfuel to decrease the amount of NO.sub.x produced during combustion. Specifically, small amounts, less than about 1%, of urea or a triazine compound (methylol melamines) are added to dieselfuel. Because urea and triazine compounds are generally insoluble in dieselfuel, microemulsion technology is used to suspend or dissolve the urea or triazine compound in the dieselfuel. A typical fuel formulation includes 5% t-butyl alcohol, 4.5% water, 0.5% urea or triazine compound, 9% oleic acid, and 1% ethanolamine. The subject invention provides improved emissions in heavy diesel engines without the need for major modifications.
The dieselfuel injector and pump systems contain many sliding interfaces that rely for lubrication upon the fuels. The combination of the poor fuel lubricity and extremely tight geometric clearance between the plunger and bore makes the dieselfuel injector vulnerable to scuffing damage that severely limits the engine life. In order to meet the upcoming stricter diesel emission regulations and higher engine efficiency requirements, further fuel refinements that will result in even lower fuel lubricity due to the removal of essential lubricating compounds, more stringent operation conditions, and tighter geometric clearances are needed. These are expected to increase the scuffing and wear vulnerability of the dieselfuel injection and pump systems. In this chapter, two approaches are discussed to address this issue: (1) increasing fuel lubricity by introducing effective lubricity additives or alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, and (2) improving the fuel injector scuffing-resistance by using advanced materials and/or surface engineering processes. The developing status of the fuel modification approach is reviewed to cover topics including fuel lubricity origins, lubricity improvers, alternative fuels, and standard fuel lubricity tests. The discussion of the materials approach is focused on the methodology development for detection of the onset of scuffing and evaluation of the material scuffing characteristics.
The film shows the basic structure of diesel systems, including the parts and operation of injectors and fuel pumps. It discusses Bosch, General Motors, and Excello Equipment. This title has been declared obsolete for use within the sponsoring agency, but may have content value for educational use.
The film shows the basic structure of diesel systems, including the parts and operation of injectors and fuel pumps. It discusses Bosch, General Motors, and Excello Equipment. This title has been declared obsolete for use within the sponsoring agency, but may have content value for educational use.
Fueling America Through Renewable Resources BioEnergy Purdue extension is Biodiesel as Attractive Is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is a renewablefuel alternative to standard on-road diesel. Biodiesel is made from-three percent of biodiesel produced in the United States comes from soybean oil. The remaining 27% is produced
A method for mathematically identifying at least one dieselfuel suitable for combustion in an automotive diesel engine with significantly reduced emissions and producible from known petroleum blendstocks using known refining processes, including the use of cetane additives (ignition improvers) and oxygenated compounds.
This fact sheet describes the RenewableFuels and Lubricants (ReFUEL) Laboratory at the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a state-of-the-art research and testing facility for advanced fuels and vehicles. Research and development aims to improve vehicle efficiency and overcome barriers to the increased use of renewablediesel and other nonpetroleum-based fuels, such as biodiesel and synthetic diesel derived from biomass. The ReFUEL Laboratory features a chassis dynamometer for vehicle performance and emissions research, two engine dynamometer test cells for advanced fuels research, and precise emissions analysis equipment. As a complement to these capabilities, detailed studies of fuel properties, with a focus on ignition quality, are performed at NREL's Fuel Chemistry Laboratory.
This fact sheet describes the RenewableFuels and Lubricants (ReFUEL) Laboratory at the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a state-of-the-art research and testing facility for advanced fuels and vehicles. Research and development aims to improve vehicle efficiency and overcome barriers to the increased use of renewablediesel and other nonpetroleum-based fuels, such as biodiesel and synthetic diesel derived from biomass. The ReFUEL Laboratory features a chassis dynamometer for vehicle performance and emissions research, two engine dynamometer test cells for advanced fuels research, and precise emissions analysis equipment. As a complement to these capabilities, detailed studies of fuel properties, with a focus on ignition quality, are performed at NREL's Fuel Chemistry Laboratory.
This patent describes an apparatus for heating dieselfuel before it is filtered and for transferring heat from filtered dieselfuel to dieselfuel to be filtered, the apparatus comprising means for removably securing it between a fuel manifold and a fuel filter of a fuel supply system of a diesel-engined vehicle. The apparatus comprises: (1) an electric heater; (2) means for connecting the heater to a power supply; and (3) a housing which comprises: a heat-exchange chamber having a heat-exchange member therein and having a first entry port for the entry of filtered dieselfuel from a fuel filter when the apparatus is secured to a fuel filter, and a first exit port for the exit of fuel to a fuel manifold when the apparatus is secured to a fuel manifold; the first entry and exit ports defining a first passage therebetween on one side of the heat exchange member. The heat exchange member has a second entry port for entry of dieselfuel from a fuel manifold when the apparatus is secured to a fuel manifold and having a second exit port for the exit of fuel to a heating chamber. The second entry and exit ports define a second passage on the other side of the heat-exchange member so that heat from the first passage can be transferred to the second passage through the heat-exchange member; and a heating chamber having a heating chamber entry port for the entry of dieselfuel from the second exit port of the heat exchange means and a heating chamber exit port for the exit of dieselfuel to a filter when the apparatus is secured to a fuel filter.
In collaboration with participants of the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) Advanced Vehicle/Fuels/Lubricants (AVFL) Committee, and project AVFL-19, the characteristics of fuels from advanced and renewable sources were compared to commercial dieselfuels. The main objective of this study was to highlight similarities and differences among the fuel types, i.e. ULSD, renewables, and alternative fuels, and among fuels within the different fuel types. This report summarizes the carbon-type analysis from 1H and 13C{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) of 14 dieselfuel samples. The dieselfuel samples come from diverse sources and include four commercial ultra-low sulfur dieselfuels (ULSD), one gas-to-liquid dieselfuel (GTL), six renewabledieselfuels (RD), two shale oil-derived dieselfuels, and one oil sands-derived dieselfuel. Overall, the fuels examined fall into two groups. The two shale oil-derived samples and the oil-sand-derived sample closely resemble the four commercial ultra-low sulfur diesels, with SO1 and SO2 most closely matched with ULSD1, ULSD2, and ULSD4, and OS1 most closely matched with ULSD3. As might be expected, the renewabledieselfuels, with the exception of RD3, do not resemble the ULSD fuels because of their very low aromatic content, but more closely resemble the gas-to-liquid sample (GTL) in this respect. RD3 is significantly different from the other renewabledieselfuels in that the aromatic content more closely resembles the ULSD fuels. Fused-ring aromatics are readily observable in the ULSD, SO, and OS samples, as well as RD3, and are noticeably absent in the remaining RD and GTL fuels. Finally, ULSD3 differs from the other ULSD fuels by having a significantly lower aromatic carbon content and higher cycloparaffinic carbon content. In addition to providing important comparative compositional information regarding the various dieselfuels, this report also provides important information about the capabilities of NMR spectroscopy for the detailed characterization and comparison of fuels and fuel blends.
Diesel/gasoline dual-fuel combustion uses both gasoline and dieselfuel in diesel engines to exploit their different reactivities. This operation combines the advantages of dieselfuel and gasoline while avoiding their disadvantages, attains...
O2 Diesel Inc. (formerly AAE Technologies Inc.) tested a heavy duty engine with O2Diesel (dieselfuel with 7.7% ethanol and additives) for regulated emissions and speciation of vapor-phase and semi-volatile hydrocarbon compounds. This testing was performed in support of EPA requirements for registering designated fuels and fuel additives as stipulated by sections 211(b) and 211(e) of the Clean Air Act.
The use of vegetable oil as a fuel source in diesel engines is as old as the diesel engine itself. However, the demand to develop and utilize plant oils and animal fats as biodiesel fuels has been limited until recently. The technical definition of biodiesel is: “The mono alkyl esters of long fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock such as vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines ” (National Biodiesel Board, 1996). In simple terms, biodiesel is a renewablefuel manufactured from methanol and vegetable oil, animal fats, and recycled cooking fats (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006). The term “biodiesel ” itself is often misrepresented and misused. Biodiesel only refers to 100 % pure fuel (B100) that meets the definition above and specific standards given
Chapter 2 Diesel Locomotive Fueling Problem (LFP) in Railroad Operations Bodhibrata Nag Katta G their operating costs low. About 75% of transport by railroads in the world is based on diesel locomotives by diesel locomotives. One of the major compo- nents in the operating cost of diesel powered rail transport
characterizes the performance of a medium-duty diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel and conventional diesel. The objective is accomplished by taking measurements of manifold pressure and temperature, fuel flow, air flow, and torque. The study first characterizes...
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition: Formulation Effect of a DieselFuel on the Initiation and the Combustion Potential of Olefin Impact in a Diesel Base Fuel D. Alseda1,2, X. Montagne1 and P. Dagaut2 1 Compression Ignition: Formulation Effect of a DieselFuel on the Initiation and the Combustion - Potential
Ignition quality of heavy marine dieselfuels is considered to be an important parameter. The standard procedures used to quantify this parameter for distillate fuels are not applicable to residual fuels. Proton NMR Spectroscopy was demonstrated to be an effective tool to characterize the ''global'' fuel composition of commercially available fuels covering a wide range of ignition quality. Proton NMR data from these fuels were used to determine a cetane number (CNp) for the heavy fuels using procedures previously reported for distillate fuels. The validity of this instrumental technique for determining CNp was corroborated by actual ASTM D 613 engine tests on a number of commercially available fuels, run as blends with secondary reference fuels. Viscosity and density values of the analyzed heavy fuels were regressed against predicted cetane numbers to obtain a correlation expression.
Because of the abrasive and corrosive nature of coal water slurries, the development of coal-fueleddiesel engine technology by GE-Transportation Systems (GE-TS) required special fuel injection equipment. GE-Corporate Research and Development (GE-CRD) undertook the design and development of fuel injectors, piston pumps, and check valves for this project. Components were tested at GE-CRD on a simulated engine cylinder, which included a cam-actuated jerk pump, prior to delivery to GE-TS for engine testing.
Argonne National Laboratory is developing a process to convert hydrocarbon fuels to clean hydrogen feeds for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The process incorporates an autothermal reforming catalyst that can process hydrocarbon feeds at lower temperatures than existing commercial catalysts. The authors have tested the catalyst with three diesel-type fuels: hexadecane, certified low-sulfur grade 1 diesel, and a standard grade 2 diesel. Hexadecane yielded products containing 60% hydrogen on a dry, nitrogen-free basis at 850 C, while maximum hydrogen product yields for the two dieselfuels were near 50%. Residual products in all cases included CO, CO{sub 2}, ethane, and methane. Further studies with grade 1 diesel showed improved conversion as the water:fuel ratio was increased from 1 to 2 at 850 C. Soot formation was reduced when the oxygen:carbon ratio was maintained at 1 at 850 C. There were no significant changes in hydrogen yield as the space velocity and the oxygen:fuel ratio were varied. Tests with a microchannel monolithic catalyst yielded similar or improved hydrogen levels at higher space velocities than with extruded pellets in a packed bed.
This DOE project at the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) initially involved Siemens Energy, Inc. to (1) develop new fuel processing approaches for using selected alternative and renewablefuels – anaerobic digester gas (ADG) and commercial dieselfuel (with 15 ppm sulfur) – in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generation systems; and (2) conduct integrated fuel processor – SOFC system tests to evaluate the performance of the fuel processors and overall systems. Siemens Energy Inc. was to provide SOFC system to Penn State for testing. The Siemens work was carried out at Siemens Energy Inc. in Pittsburgh, PA. The unexpected restructuring in Siemens organization, however, led to the elimination of the Siemens Stationary Fuel Cell Division within the company. Unfortunately, this led to the Siemens subcontract with Penn State ending on September 23rd, 2010. SOFC system was never delivered to Penn State. With the assistance of NETL project manager, the Penn State team has since developed a collaborative research with Delphi as the new subcontractor and this work involved the testing of a stack of planar solid oxide fuel cells from Delphi.
A Framework to Report the Production of RenewableDiesel from Algae Colin M. Beal & Colin H. Smith(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Recently, algae have algae are a viable source for renewablediesel, three questions that must be answered are (1) how much
If dieselfuel becomes unavailable for any reason, can diesel powered farm equipment function on alternate fuels from energy crops that are available on the farm. This project sought to gain some insight into this question through the use of once-refined cottonseed oil as fuel in a typical unmodified agricultural diesel engine. The engine used for test was an International Harvester Model DT-436B 6 cylinder, inline, direct injection, turbocharged engine of approximately 175 brake horsepower at 2500 rpm. The engine was run on a stationary stand using blends of reference dieselfuel (DF-2), once-refined cottonseed oil (CSO), and transesterified cottonseed oil (ESCO). The latter is cottonseed oil which has been processed to give a methyl ester instead of a glyceride. The volume percent blends of fuels used in the tests ranged from 100% DF-2, to 20/80 DF-2/CSO, 50/50 DF-2/ESCO, 50/50 CSO/ESCO, and 100% ESCO. The test procedures and results are presented in this volume. The results suggest that ESCO would probably be a satisfactory substitute for dieselfuel, but more testing is required. None of the fuels tested is a cost effective alternative to dieselfuels. ESCO presently costs four to five times as much as commercial dieselfuel.
Abstract: The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation. Biodiesel is known as “the mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines. ” Biodiesel was made by transesterification from linseed oil. In aspect of Bangladesh linseed can play an important role in the production of alternative dieselfuel. The climatic and soil condition of our country is convenient for the production of linseed (Linum Usitatissimum) crop. In the first phase of this work optimization of different parameters for biodiesel production were investigated. In the second phase the performance study of a diesel engine with diesel biodiesel blends were carried out. The results showed that with the variation of catalyst, methanol and reaction time; variation of biodiesel production was realized. About 88 % biodiesel production was experienced with 20 % methanol, 0.5% NaOH catalyst and at 550C. The results also showed that when compared with neat dieselfuel, biodiesel gives almost similar thermal efficiency, lower carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) while slightly higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was experienced.
(ISTS) and adds requirements for DG Lubricating Oil, and DG Starting Air. The proposed changes will assure that required quality and quantity of DG Fuel Oil is maintained and also will assure that sufficient DG Lubricating Oil and DG Starting Air is maintained. This proposed amendment imposes limits on DG support system parameters to ensure the DGs will be able to perform their design function. This proposed amendment also brings the current TS on DG Fuel Oil into alignment with the ISTS. This amendment is modeled after the ISTS, Section 3.8.3. This amendment also incorporates into the FCS TS improvements to ISTS Sections 3.8.3 and 5.5 consistent with those provided in Technical Specification Task Force (TSTF) travelers TSTF-254, Rev. 2 and TSTF-374, Rev. 0. FCS also requests approval of reduction in commitments with respect to the FCS Quality Assurance (QA) Program associated with this License Amendment Request. This License Amendment Request adds a Surveillance [Table 3-5, Item 9c] stating that the DG Fuel Oil Properties are required to be verified within limits in accordance with the DieselFuel Oil Testing Program. These tests are to be conducted prior to adding the new fuel to the storage tank(s), but in no case is the time between receipt of new fuel and conducting the tests to exceed 31 days.
Limitations on the use of petroleum-based dieselfuel in California could occur pursuant to the 1998 declaration by California's Air Resources Board (CARB) that the particulate matter component of diesel exhaust is a carcinogen, therefore a toxic air contaminant (TAC) subject to provisions of the state's Proposition 65. It is the declared intention of CARB not to ban or restrict dieselfuel, per se, at this time. Assuming no total ban, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) explored two feasible ''mid-course'' strategies. (1) Increased penetration of natural gas and greater gasoline use in the transportation fuels market, to the extent that some compression-ignition (CI) applications revert to spark-ignition (SI) engines. (2) New specifications requiring dieselfuel reformulation based on exhaust products of individual dieselfuel constituents. Each of these alternatives results in some degree of (conventional) diesel displacement. In the first case, dieselfuel is assumed admissible for ignition assistance as a pilot fuel in natural gas (NG)-powered heavy-duty vehicles, and gasoline demand in California increases by 32.2 million liters per day overall, about 21 percent above projected 2010 baseline demand. Natural gas demand increases by 13.6 million diesel liter equivalents per day, about 7 percent above projected (total) consumption level. In the second case, compression-ignition engines utilize substitutes for petroleum-based diesel having similar ignition and performance properties. For each case we estimated localized air emission plus generalized greenhouse gas and energy changes. Economic implications of vehicle and engine replacement were not evaluated.
In order to reduce the sulfur level in liquid hydrocarbon fuels for environmental protection and fuel cell applications, deep desulfurization of a model dieselfuel and a real dieselfuel was conducted by our SARS (selective adsorption for removing sulfur) process using the adsorbent A-2. Effect of temperature on the desulfurization process was examined. Adsorption desulfurization at ambient temperature, 24 h{sup -1} of LHSV over A-2 is efficient to remove dibenzothiophene (DBT) in the model dieselfuel, but difficult to remove 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MDBT) and 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). Adsorption desulfurization at 150 C over A-2 can efficiently remove DBT, 4-MDBT and 4,6-DMDBT in the model dieselfuel. The sulfur content in the model dieselfuel can be reduced to less than 1 ppmw at 150 C without using hydrogen gas. The adsorption capacity corresponding to the break-through point is 6.9 milligram of sulfur per gram of A-2 (mg-S/g-A-2), and the saturate capacity is 13.7 mg-S/g-A-2. Adsorption desulfurization of a commercial dieselfuel with a total sulfur level of 47 ppmw was also performed at ambient temperature and 24 h{sup -1} of LHSV over the adsorbent A-2. The results show that only part of the sulfur compounds existing in the low sulfur diesel can be removed by adsorption over A-2 at such operating conditions, because (1) the all sulfur compounds in the low sulfur diesel are the refractory sulfur compounds that have one or two alkyl groups at the 4- and/or 6-positions of DBT, which inhibit the approach of the sulfur atom to the adsorption site; (2) some compounds coexisting in the commercial low sulfur diesel probably inhibit the interaction between the sulfur compounds and the adsorbent. Further work in determining the optimum operating conditions and screening better adsorbent is desired.
Abstract — The world is getting modernized and industrialized day by day. As a result vehicles and engines are increasing. But energy sources used in these engines are limited and decreasing gradually. This situation leads to seek an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The esters of vegetables oil animal fats are known as Biodiesel. This paper investigates the prospect of making of biodiesel from jatropha oil. Jatropha curcas is a renewable non-edible plant. Jatropha is a wildly growing hardy plant in arid and semi-arid regions of the country on degraded soils having low fertility and moisture. The seeds of Jatropha contain 50-60 % oil. In this study the oil has been converted to biodiesel by the well-known transesterification process and used it to diesel engine for performance evaluation.
The use of coal as a fuel for diesel engines dates back to the early days of the development of the engine. Dr. Diesel envisioned his concept as a multi-fuel engine, with coal a prime candidate due to the fact that it was Germany`s primary domestic energy resource. It is interesting that the focus on coal burning diesel engines appears to peak about every twenty years as shortages of other energy resources increase the economic attractiveness of using coal. This periodic interest in coal started in Germany with the work of Diesel in the timeframe 1898-1906. Pawlikowski carried on the work from 1916 to 1928. Two German companies commercialized the technology prior to and during World War II. The next flurry of activity occurred in the United States in the period from 1957-69, with work done at Southwest Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnical University, and Howard University. The current period of activity started in 1978 with work sponsored by the Conservation and Renewable Energy Branch of the US Department of Energy. This work was done at Southwest Research Institute and by ThermoElectron at Sulzer Engine in Switzerland. In 1982, the Fossil Energy Branch of the US Department of Energy, through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) initiated a concentrated effort to develop coal burning diesel and gas turbine engines. The diesel engine work in the METC sponsored program was performed at Arthur D. Little (Cooper-Bessemer as subcontractor), Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (now NIPER), Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel Corporation, General Motor Corporation (Electromotive Division), General Electric, Southwest Research Institute, and various universities and other research and development organizations. This DOE-METC coal engine RD & D initiative which spanned the 1982-1993 timeframe is the topic of this review document. The combustion of a coal-water fuel slurry in a diesel engine is described. The engine modifications necessary are discussed.
Diesel vehicles are the major source for air pollution; there is great potential for global warming due to discharge of greenhouse gases like CO2 from vehicles. Many lung problems are connected with particulate matter emitted by diesel vehicle including dust, soot and smoke. People are exposed to pollution even as they talk or when stir up the dust when they walk. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewablefuel. Compared to dieselfuel, biodiesel produces no sulfur, no net carbon dioxide, less carbon monoxide and more oxygen. More free oxygen leads to the complete combustion and reduced emission. Overall biodiesel emissions are very less compared to dieselfuel emissions which is promising pollution free environment. Abundant source of vegetable oil in India and its ease of conversion to biodiesel help to save large expenditure done on import of petroleum products and economic growth of country. Biodiesel also generates huge rural employment and degraded lands can be restored due to plantation of oil plants which help in reducing pollution. Extensive research is going on in different countries on different types of vegetable oils like sunflower oil, karanj oil, linseed oil, soya been oil, palm oil, and many more, which can be used in those countries as per availability, our research is in progress on CNSL and its blend with diesel, research is going on in right direction and likely to get surprising
The State Clean Energy Policies Analysis (SCEPA) project is supported by the Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program within the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. This project seeks to quantify the impacts of existing state policies, and to identify crucial policy attributes and their potential applicability to other states. The goal is to assist states in determining which clean energy policies or policy portfolios will best accomplish their environmental, economic, and security goals. For example, renewablefuel standards (RFS) policies are a mechanism for developing a market for renewablefuels in the transportation sector. This flexible market-based policy, when properly executed, can correct for market failures and promote growth of the renewablefuels industry better than a more command-oriented approach. The policy attempts to correct market failures such as embedded fossil fuel infrastructure and culture, risk associated with developing renewablefuels, consumer information gaps, and lack of quantification of the non-economic costs and benefits of both renewable and fossil-based fuels. This report focuses on renewablefuel standards policies, which are being analyzed as part of this project.
Low-sulfur and low-aromatic dieselfuels are being introduced in order to reduce various types of emissions in diesel engines to levels in compliance with current and impending US federal regulations. The low lubricity of these fuels, however, poses major reliability and durability problems for fuel injection components that depend on dieselfuel for their lubrication. In the present study, the authors evaluated the scuff resistance of surfaces in regular dieselfuel containing 500 ppm sulfur and in Fischer-Tropsch synthetic dieselfuel containing no sulfur or aromatics. Tests were conducted with the high frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR) using 52100 steel balls and H-13 tool-steel flats with and without Argonne's special carbon coatings. Test results showed that the sulfur-containing fuels provide about 20% higher scuffing resistance than does fuel without sulfur. Use of the carbon coating on the flat increased scuffing resistance in both regular and synthetic fuels by about ten times, as measured by the contact severity index at scuffing. Scuffing failure in tests conducted with coated surfaces did not occur until the coating had been removed by the two distinct mechanisms of spalling and wear.
Argonne National Laboratory is developing a fuel processor for converting liquid hydrocarbon fuels to a hydrogen-rich product suitable for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack. The processor uses an autothermal reformer to convert the feed to a mixture of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water with trace quantities of other components. The carbon monoxide in the product gas is then converted to carbon dioxide in water-gas shift and preferential oxidation reactors. Fuels that have been tested include standard and low-sulfur gasoline and dieselfuel, and Fischer-Tropsch fuels. Iso-octane and n-hexadecane were also examined as surrogates for gasoline and diesel, respectively. Complete conversion of gasoline was achieved at 750 C in a microreactor over a novel catalyst developed at Argonne. Dieselfuel was completely converted at 850 C over this same catalyst. Product streams contained greater than 60% hydrogen on a dry, nitrogen-free basis with iso-octane, gasoline, and n-hexadecane. For a dieselfuel, product streams contained >50% hydrogen on a dry, nitrogen-free basis. The catalyst activity did not significantly decrease over >16 hours operation with the dieselfuel feed. Coke formation was not observed. The carbon monoxide fraction of the product gas could be reduced to as low as 1% on a dry, nitrogen-free basis when the water-gas shift reactors were used in tandem with the reformer.
and future technologies for renewablefuel pro- duction. First-generation biofuels Most "first-generation increase dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s. The overall potential of first-generation biofuels in unmodified diesel engines, but low temperatures can cause the oil to con- geal, clogging the filters
About 2.1 billion gallons of fuel ethanol was used in the United States in 2002, mainly in the form of gasoline blends containing up to 10% ethanol (E10). Ethanol use has the potential to increase in the U.S. blended gasoline market because methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), formerly the most popular oxygenate blendstock, may be phased out owing to concerns about MTBE contamination of the water supply. Ethanol would remain the only viable near-term option as an oxygenate in reformulated gasoline production and to meet a potential federal renewablefuels standard (RFS) for transportation fuels. Ethanol may also be blended with additives (co-solvents) into dieselfuels for applications in which oxygenation may improve diesel engine emission performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the fuel-cycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission effects of ethanol-gasoline blends relative to those of gasoline for applications in spark-ignition engine vehicles (see Wang et al. 1997; Wang et al. 1999; Levelton Engineering et al. 1999; Shapouri et al. 2002; Graboski 2002). Those studies did not address the energy and emission effects of ethanol-diesel (E-diesel or ED) blends relative to those of petroleum dieselfuel in diesel engine vehicles. The energy and emission effects of E-diesel could be very different from those of ethanol-gasoline blends because (1) the energy use and emissions generated during diesel production (so-called ''upstream'' effects) are different from those generated during gasoline production; and (2) the energy and emission performance of E-diesel and petroleum dieselfuel in diesel compression-ignition engines differs from that of ethanol-gasoline blends in spark-ignition (Otto-cycle-type) engine vehicles. The Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs (DCCA) commissioned Argonne National Laboratory to conduct a full fuel-cycle analysis of the energy and emission effects of E-diesel blends relative to those of petroleum diesel when used in the types of diesel engines that will likely be targeted first in the marketplace. This report documents the results of our study. The draft report was delivered to DCCA in January 2003. This final report incorporates revisions by the sponsor and by Argonne.
GE Transportation Systems (GE/TS) completed a two and one half year study into the economic viability of a coal fueled locomotive. The coal fueleddiesel engine was deemed to be one of the most attractive options. Building on the BN-NS study, a proposal was submitted to DOE to continue researching economic and technical feasibility of a coal fueleddiesel engine for locomotives. The contract DE-AC21-85MC22181 was awarded to GE Corporate Research and Development (GE/CRD) for a three year program that began in March 1985. This program included an economic assessment and a technical feasibility study. The economic assessment study examined seven areas and their economic impact on the use of coal fueleddiesels. These areas included impact on railroad infrastructure, expected maintenance cost, environmental considerations, impact of higher capital costs, railroad training and crew costs, beneficiated coal costs for viable economics, and future cost of money. The results of the study indicated the merits for development of a coal-water slurry (CWS) fueleddiesel engine. The technical feasibility study examined the combustion of CWS through lab and bench scale experiments. The major accomplishments from this study have been the development of CWS injection hardware, the successful testing of CWS fuel in a full size, single cylinder, medium speed diesel engine, evaluation of full scale engine wear rates with metal and ceramic components, and the characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions.
Hydrocarbons, such as dieselfuel, are added to internal combustion engine exhaust to reduce exhaust NO.sub.x in the presence of a amphoteric catalyst support material. Exhaust NO.sub.x reduction of at least 50% in the emissions is achieved with the addition of less than 5% fuel as a source of the hydrocarbons.
A burner for use in the emissions system of a lean burn internal combustion engine. The burner has a special burner head that enhances atomization of the burner fuel. Its combustion chamber is designed to be submersed in the engine exhaust line so that engine exhaust flows over the outer surface of the combustion chamber, thereby providing efficient heat transfer.
Reducing fossil fuel consumption both for energy security and for reduction in global greenhouse emissions has been a major goal of energy research in the US for many years. Fuel cells have been proposed as a technology that can address both these issues--as devices that convert the energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy, they offer low emissions and high efficiencies. These advantages are of particular interest to remote power users, where grid connected power is unavailable, and most electrical power comes from diesel electric generators. Dieselfuel is the fuel of choice because it can be easily transported and stored in quantities large enough to supply energy for small communities for extended periods of time. This projected aimed to demonstrate the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell on dieselfuel, and to measure the resulting efficiency. Results from this project have been somewhat encouraging, with a laboratory breadboard integration of a small scale diesel reformer and a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell demonstrated in the first 18 months of the project. This initial demonstration was conducted at INEEL in the spring of 2005 using a small scale diesel reformer provided by SOFCo and a fuel cell provided by Acumentrics. However, attempts to integrate and automate the available technology have not proved successful as yet. This is due both to the lack of movement on the fuel processing side as well as the rather poor stack lifetimes exhibited by the fuel cells. Commercial product is still unavailable, and precommercial devices are both extremely expensive and require extensive field support.
The overall objective of this project is to explore a new desulfurization system concept, which consists of efficient separation of the refractory sulfur compounds from dieselfuel by selective adsorption, and effective hydrodesulfurization of the concentrated fraction of the refractory sulfur compounds in dieselfuels. Our approaches focused on (1) selecting and developing new adsorbents for selective adsorption of sulfur or sulfur compounds in commercial dieselfuel; (2) conducting the adsorption desulfurization of model fuels and real dieselfuels by the selective-adsorption-for-removing-sulfur (PSUSARS) process over various developed adsorbents, and examining the adsorptive desulfurization performance of various adsorbents; (3) developing and evaluating the regeneration methods for various spent adsorbent; (4) developing new catalysts for hydrodesulfurization of the refractory sulfur existing in the commercial dieselfuel; (5) on the basis of the fundamental understanding of the adsorptive performance and regeneration natures of the adsorbents, further confirming and improving the conceptual design of the novel PSU-SARS process for deep desulfurization of dieselfuel Three types of adsorbents, the metal-chloride-based adsorbents, the activated nickel-based adsorbents and the metal-sulfide-based adsorbents, have been developed for selective adsorption desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbons. All of three types of the adsorbents exhibit the significant selectivity for sulfur compounds, including alkyl dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), in dieselfuel. Adsorption desulfurization of real dieselfuels (regular dieselfuel (DF), S: 325 ppmw; low sulfur dieselfuel (LSD-I), S: 47 ppmw) over the nickel-based adsorbents (A-2 and A-5) has been conducted at different conditions by using a flowing system. The adsorption capacity of DF over A-2 corresponding to an outlet sulfur level of 30 ppmw is 2.8 mg-S/g-A. The adsorption capacity of LSD-I over A-5 corresponding to the break-through point at 5.0 ppmw sulfur level is 0.35 mg-S/g-A. The spent A-5 can be regenerated by using H2 gas at a flowing rate of 40-50 ml/min, 500 C, and ambient pressure. Adsorption desulfurization of model dieselfuels over metal-sulfide-based adsorbents (A-6-1 and A-6-2) has been conducted at different temperatures to examine the capacity and selectivity of the adsorbents. A regeneration method for the spent metal-sulfide-based adsorbents has been developed. The spent A-6-1 can be easily regenerated by washing the spent adsorbent with a polar solvent followed by heating the adsorbent bed to remove the remainder solvent. Almost all adsorption capacity of the fresh A-6-1 can be recovered after the regeneration. On the other hand, a MCM-41-supported HDS catalyst was developed for deep desulfurization of the refractory sulfur compounds. The results show that the developed MCM-41-supported catalyst demonstrates consistently higher activity for the HDS of the refractory dibenzothiophenic sulfur compounds than the commercial catalyst. On the basis of the fundamental understanding of the adsorptive performance and regeneration natures of the adsorbents, the conceptual design of the novel PSU-SARS process for deep desulfurization of dieselfuel is confirmed and improved further.
In accordance with meeting DOE technical targets this research was aimed at developing and optimizing new fuel injection technologies and strategies for the combustion of clean burning renewablefuels in diesel engines. In addition a simultaneous minimum 20% improvement in fuel economy was targeted with the aid of this novel advanced combustion system. Biodiesel and other renewablefuels have unique properties that can be leveraged to reduce emissions and increase engine efficiency. This research is an investigation into the combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its impacts on the performance of a Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) engine, which is a novel engine configuration that incorporates technologies and strategies for simultaneously reducing NOx and particulate emissions while increasing engine efficiency. Generating fundamental knowledge about the properties of biodiesel and blends with petroleum-derived diesel and their impact on in-cylinder fuel atomization and combustion processes was an important initial step to being able to optimize fuel injection strategies as well as introduce new technologies. With the benefit of this knowledge experiments were performed on both optical and metal LTC engines in which combustion and emissions could be observed and measured under realistic conditions. With the aid these experiments and detailed combustion models strategies were identified and applied in order to improve fuel economy and simultaneously reduce emissions.
The need for specialized dieselfuel injectors is growing with increased efficiency and emissions regulation. These specialized fuel injectors have nozzle diameters of 150-200[mu]m which are susceptible to clogging from ...
There has been much recent progress in the area of surrogate fuels for diesel. In the last few years, experiments and modeling have been performed on higher molecular weight components of relevance to dieselfuel such as n-hexadecane (n-cetane) and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso-cetane). Chemical kinetic models have been developed for all the n-alkanes up to 16 carbon atoms. Also, there has been much experimental and modeling work on lower molecular weight surrogate components such as n-decane and do-decane which are most relevant to jet fuel surrogates, but are also relevant to diesel surrogates where simulation of the full boiling point range is desired. For the cycloalkanes, experimental work on decalin and tetralin recently has been published. For multi-component surrogate fuel mixtures, recent work on modeling of these mixtures and comparisons to real dieselfuel is reviewed. Detailed chemical kinetic models for surrogate fuels are very large in size. Significant progress also has been made in improving the mechanism reduction tools that are needed to make these large models practicable in multidimensional reacting flow simulations of diesel combustion. Nevertheless, major research gaps remain. In the case of iso-alkanes, there are experiments and modeling work on only one of relevance to diesel: iso-cetane. Also, the iso-alkanes in diesel are lightly branched and no detailed chemical kinetic models or experimental investigations are available for such compounds. More components are needed to fill out the iso-alkane boiling point range. For the aromatic class of compounds, there has been no new work for compounds in the boiling point range of diesel. Most of the new work has been on alkyl aromatics that are of the range C7 to C8, below the C10 to C20 range that is needed. For the chemical class of cycloalkanes, experiments and modeling on higher molecular weight components are warranted. Finally for multi-component surrogates needed to treat real diesel, the inclusion of higher molecular weight components is needed in models and experimental investigations.
There has been much recent progress in the area of surrogate fuels for diesel. In the last few years, experiments and modeling have been performed on higher molecular weight components of relevance to dieselfuel such as n-hexadecane (n-cetane) and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso-cetane). Chemical kinetic models have been developed for all the n-alkanes up to 16 carbon atoms. Also, there has been much experimental and modeling work on lower molecular weight surrogate components such as n-decane and n-dodecane that are most relevant to jet fuel surrogates, but are also relevant to diesel surrogates where simulation of the full boiling point range is desired. For two-ring compounds, experimental work on decalin and tetralin recently has been published. For multi-component surrogate fuel mixtures, recent work on modeling of these mixtures and comparisons to real dieselfuel is reviewed. Detailed chemical kinetic models for surrogate fuels are very large in size. Significant progress also has been made in improving the mechanism reduction tools that are needed to make these large models practicable in multi-dimensional reacting flow simulations of diesel combustion. Nevertheless, major research gaps remain. In the case of iso-alkanes, there are experiments and modeling work on only one of relevance to diesel: iso-cetane. Also, the iso-alkanes in diesel are lightly branched and no detailed chemical kinetic models or experimental investigations are available for such compounds. More components are needed to fill out the iso-alkane boiling point range. For the aromatic class of compounds, there has been no new work for compounds in the boiling point range of diesel. Most of the new work has been on alkyl aromatics that are of the range C7 to C8, below the C10 to C20 range that is needed. For the chemical class of cycloalkanes, experiments and modeling on higher molecular weight components are warranted. Finally for multi-component surrogates needed to treat real diesel, the inclusion of higher molecular weight components is needed in models and experimental investigations.
This project focused on the demonstration of an innovative technology, referred to as the Sunexus CO2 Solar Reformer, which utilizes waste CO2 as a feedstock for the efficient and economical production of synthetic dieselfuel using solar thermal energy as the primary energy input. The Sunexus technology employs a two stage process for the conversion of CO2 to dieselfuel. A solar reforming system, including a specially designed reactor and proprietary CO2 reforming catalyst, was developed and used to convert captured CO2 rich gas streams into syngas (primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide) using concentrated solar energy at high conversion efficiencies. The second stage of the system (which has been demonstrated under other funding) involves the direct conversion of the syngas into synthetic dieselfuel using a proprietary catalyst (Terra) previously developed and validated by Pacific RenewableFuels and Chemicals (PRFC). The overall system energy efficiency for conversion of CO2 to dieselfuel is 74%, due to the use of solar energy. The results herein describe modeling, design, construction, and testing of the Sunexus CO2 Solar Reformer. Extensive parametric testing of the solar reformer and candidate catalysts was conducted and chemical kinetic models were developed. Laboratory testing of the Solar Reformer was successfully completed using various gas mixtures, temperatures, and gas flow rates/space velocities to establish performance metrics which can be employed for the design of commercial plants. A variety of laboratory tests were conducted including dry reforming (CO2 and CH{sub 4}), combination dry/steam reforming (CO2, CH{sub 4} & H{sub 2}O), and tri-reforming (CO2, CH{sub 4}, H{sub 2}O & O{sub 2}). CH{sub 4} and CO2 conversions averaged 95-100% and 50-90% per reformer cycle, respectively, depending upon the temperatures and gas space velocities. No formation of carbon deposits (coking) on the catalyst was observed in any of these tests. A 16 ft. diameter, concentrating solar dish was modified to accommodate the Sunexus CO2 Solar Reformer and the integrated system was installed at the Pacific RenewableFuels and Chemicals test site at McClellan, CA. Several test runs were conducted without catalyst during which the ceramic heat exchanger in the Sunexus Solar Reformer reached temperatures between 1,050 F (566 C) and 2,200 F (1,204 C) during the test period. A dry reforming mixture of CO2/CH{sub 4} (2.0/1.0 molar ratio) was chosen for all of the tests on the integrated solar dish/catalytic reformer during December 2010. Initial tests were carried out to determine heat transfer from the collimated solar beam to the catalytic reactor. The catalyst was operated successfully at a steady-state temperature of 1,125 F (607 C), which was sufficient to convert 35% of the 2/1 CO2/CH{sub 4} mixture to syngas. This conversion efficiency confirmed the results from laboratory testing of this catalyst which provided comparable syngas production efficiencies (40% at 1,200 F [650 C]) with a resulting syngas composition of 20% CO, 16% H{sub 2}, 39% CO2 and 25% CH{sub 4}. As based upon the laboratory results, it is predicted that 90% of the CO2 will be converted to syngas in the solar reformer at 1,440 F (782 C) resulting in a syngas composition of 50% CO: 43% H{sub 2}: 7% CO2: 0% CH{sub 4}. Laboratory tests show that the higher catalyst operating temperature of 1,440 F (782 C) for efficient conversion of CO2 can certainly be achieved by optimizing solar reactor heat transfer, which would result in the projected 90% CO2-to-syngas conversion efficiencies. Further testing will be carried out during 2011, through other funding support, to further optimize the solar dish CO2 reformer. Additional studies carried out in support of this project and described in this report include: (1) An Assessment of Potential Contaminants in Captured CO2 from Various Industrial Processes and Their Possible Effect on Sunexus CO2 Reforming Catalysts; (2) Recommended Measurement Methods for Assessing Contaminant Levels in Captured CO2 Streams; (3) An Asse
During the past year Analytic Power has tested fuel cell stacks and dieselfuel processors for US Navy and Marine Corps applications. The units are 10 kW demonstration power plants. The USN power plant was built to demonstrate the feasibility of dieselfueled PEM fuel cell power plants for 250 kW and 2.5 MW shipboard power systems. We designed and tested a ten cell, 1 kW USMC substack and fuel processor. The complete 10 kW prototype power plant, which has application to both power and hydrogen generation, is now under construction. The USN and USMC fuel cell stacks have been tested on both actual and simulated reformate. Analytic Power has accumulated operating experience with autothermal reforming based fuel processors operating on sulfur bearing dieselfuel, jet fuel, propane and natural gas. We have also completed the design and fabrication of an advanced regenerative ATR for the USMC. One of the significant problems with small fuel processors is heat loss which limits its ability to operate with the high steam to carbon ratios required for coke free high efficiency operation. The new USMC unit specifically addresses these heat transfer issues. The advances in the mill programs have been incorporated into Analytic Power`s commercial units which are now under test.
A BIENNIALLY RENEWABlEFUEL RESOURCE: WOOOCHIPS Bruce Krantz Urban Forestr,y Services Oconolllowoc. Wisconsin Abstract: Recent genetic improvements with some tree species has given us hybrids that have disease resistance, rapid growth... tissues, particularly wood. Wood was the fuel used by man in his scientific and industrial advancement and is probably the most acceptable of all the solid fuels available today. Ergo, trees are a valuable energy resource; and, of course...
Legislation for ultra low sulfur (ULS) dieselfuel, with a greatly reduced allowable sulfur content and a new limit on aromatics content, is expected to be in place by 1995. The ULS dieselfuel has been specified to satisfy national standards for particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines. The economic and engineering models of the Navy Mobility Fuels Forecasting System have been used to study the impacts of ULS dieselfuel production on other refined petroleum products, with emphasis on the quality of Navy mobility fuels. The study predicts that to produce ULS dieselfuel, Gulf and West Coast refiners will have to invest about $4.4 billion in new processing capacity. Refiners will shift aromatics from No. 2 dieselfuel to jet fuel and to No. 2 fuel oil. Therefore, particulate emissions could be transferred from the nation's highways to the airways and to communities which use No. 2 fuel oil for residential and commercial heating. The study also predicts that there will be an increase in the aromatics content of domestically produced Navy JP-5 jet fuel and F-76 marine dieselfuel. The gum-forming tendencies of F-76 an F-77 burner fuel oil will increase in most cases. The freezing point of JP-5 will improve. There will be minor changes in the cost of JP-5, but sizable reductions in the cost of F-76 and F-77. 20 refs., 2 figs., 17 tabs.
Advanced combustion regimes such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) offer benefits of reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. However, these combustion strategies often generate higher carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. In addition, aldehydes and ketone emissions can increase in these modes. In this study, the engine-out emissions of a compression-ignition engine operating in a fuel reactivity- controlled PCCI combustion mode using in-cylinder blending of gasoline and dieselfuel have been characterized. The work was performed on a 1.9-liter, 4-cylinder diesel engine outfitted with a port fuel injection system to deliver gasoline to the engine. The engine was operated at 2300 rpm and 4.2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) with the ratio of gasoline to dieselfuel that gave the highest engine efficiency and lowest emissions. Engine-out emissions for aldehydes, ketones and PM were compared with emissions from conventional diesel combustion. Sampling and analysis was carried out following micro-tunnel dilution of the exhaust. Particle geometric mean diameter, number-size distribution, and total number concentration were measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). For the particle mass measurements, samples were collected on Teflon-coated quartz-fiber filters and analyzed gravimetrically. Gaseous aldehydes and ketones were sampled using dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated solid phase extraction cartridges and the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In addition, emissions after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) were also measured to investigate the destruction of CO, HC and formaldehydes by the catalyst.
Fueling America Through Renewable Resources BioEnergy Purdue extension economics of ethanol Chris.S. agriculture. Biofuels include both ethanol (corn) and biodiesel (soybean oil), but ethanol is far in the lead of the process to produce ethanol from cellulose (plant material) (Mosier, 2006). Why is there such startling
Fueling America Through Renewable Resources BioEnergy Purdue extension The effect of ethanol The rapid growth of ethanol production in Indiana is leading to drastic changes in grain marketing movements of ethanol and byproducts. With no end in sight for the expansion of ethanol plants in the state
for four different biofuel categories and their effects on agricultural commodity markets. This report no waiver of the RFS in response to the drought. Analysis reported here estimates the effects of a waiverOctober 2012 RenewableFuel Standard Waiver Options during the Drought of 2012 FAPRI-MU Report #11
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An apparent relation between the lift-off length under diesel conditions and the ignition quality of a fuel has previously been reported. To cast light on the underlying mechanism, the current study aims to separate flame lift-off effects of the chemical ignition delay from those of other fuel properties under diesel conditions. Flame lift-off was measured in an optical diesel engine by high-speed video imaging of OH-chemiluminescence. Fuel and ambient-gas properties were varied during the experiment. Only a weak correlation was found between ignition delay and lift-off length. The data indicate that this correlation is due to a common, stronger correlation with the ambient oxygen concentration. The chemical ignition delay and the fuel type had similar, weak effects on the lift-off length. A recently proposed mechanism for lift-off stabilization was used to interpret the results. It assumes that reactants approaching the lift-off position of the jet are mixed with high-temperature products found along the edges of the flame, which trigger autoignition. In this picture, the fuel effect is most likely due to differences in the amount of mixing with high-temperature products that is required for autoignition. In the current experiment, all lift-off effects seem to arise from variations in the reactant and product temperatures, induced by fuel and ambient properties. (author)
Experimental study of the oxidation of large surrogates for diesel and biodiesel fuels Mohammed of the oxidation of two blend surrogates for diesel and biodiesel fuels, n-decane/n-hexadecane and n-alkanes and methyl esters. Keywords: Oxidation; Diesel; Biodiesel; Methyl esters; n-Decane; n-Hexadecane; Methyl
Due to the increasingly stricter regulations for deep reduction of fuel sulfur content, development of new deep desulfurization processes for liquid transport fuels has become one of the major challenges to the refining industry and to the production of hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cell applications. The sulfur compounds in the current transport fuels corresponding to the S level of 350-500 ppm account for only about 0.12-0.25 wt % of the fuel. The conventional hydrotreating approaches will need to increase catalyst bed volume at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions for treating 100 % of the whole fuel in order to convert the fuel mass of less than 0.25 wt %. In the present study, we are exploring a novel adsorption process for desulfurization at low temperatures, which can effectively reduce the sulfur content in gasoline, jet fuel and dieselfuel at low investment and operating cost to meet the needs for ultra-clean transportation fuels and for fuel cell applications. Some adsorbents were prepared in this study for selective adsorption of sulfur compounds in the fuels. The adsorption experiments were conducted by using a model fuel and real fuels. The results show that the adsorbent (A-1) with a transition metal compound has a significant selectivity for sulfur compounds with a saturated adsorption capacity of {approx}0.12 mol of sulfur compounds per mol of the metal compound. Most sulfur compounds existing in the current commercial gasoline, jet fuel and dieselfuel can be removed by the adsorption using adsorbent A-1. On the basis of the preliminary results, a novel concept for integrated process for deep desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbons was proposed.
To examine the effects of using synthetic Fischer-Tropsch (FT) dieselfuel in a modern compression ignition engine, experiments were conducted on a MY 2002 Cummins 5.9 L diesel engine outfitted with high pressure, common ...
1 2D Axisymmetric Coupled CFD-kinetics Modeling of a Nonthermal Arc Plasma Torch for DieselFuel-assisted dieselfuel reformer developed for two different applications: (i) onboard H2 production for fuel cell. In the first case, dieselfuel reacts with air while in the second case it reacts with diesel engine exhaust
The presence of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in dieselfuel emissions has been studied for a number of years predominantly because of their contribution to the overall health and environmental risks associated with these emissions. Electron monochromator-mass spectrometry (EM-MS) is a highly selective and sensitive method for detection of NPAHs in complex matrixes, such as diesel emissions. Here, EM-MS was used to compare the levels of NPAHs in fuel emissions from conventional (petroleum) diesel, ultra-low sulfur/low-aromatic content diesel, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel, and conventional diesel/synthetic diesel blend. The largest quantities of NPAHs were detected in the conventional dieselfuel emissions, while the ultra-low sulfur diesel and synthetic dieselfuel demonstrated a more than 50% reduction of NPAH quantities when compared to the conventional dieselfuel emissions. The emissions from the blend of conventional diesel with 30% synthetic dieselfuel also demonstrated a more than 30% reduction of the NPAH content when compared to the conventional dieselfuel emissions. In addition, a correlation was made between the aromatic content of the different fuel types and NPAH quantities and between the nitrogen oxides emissions from the different fuel types and NPAH quantities. The EM-MS system demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for detection of the NPAHs in the emissions with minimal sample cleanup required.
This research studied and developed novel basic catalysts for production of renewable chemicals and fuels from biomass. We focused on the development of unique porous structural-base catalysts zeolites. These catalysts were compared to conventional solid base materials for aldol condensation, that were being commercialized for production of fuels from biomass and would be pivotal in future biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals. Specifically, we had studied the aldolpyrolysis over zeolites and the trans-esterification of vegetable oil with methanol over mixed oxide catalysts. Our research has indicated that the base strength of framework nitrogen in nitrogen substituted zeolites (NH-zeolites) is nearly twice as strong as in standard zeolites. Nitrogen substituted catalysts have been synthesized from several zeolites (including FAU, MFI, BEA, and LTL) using NH3 treatment.
06-1078 Comparison of Real-World Fuel Use and Emissions for Dump Trucks Fueled with B20 Biodiesel-world in-use on-road emissions of selected diesel vehicles, fueled with B20 biodiesel and petroleum diesel was tested for one day on B20 biodiesel and for one day on petroleum diesel. On average, there were 4.5 duty
The authors investigate the influence of the degree of branching of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVAC) on the limiting filterability temperature and the solid point of dieselfuels. EVAC samples with identical contents of vinyl acetate and having a molecular weight of 4500-7200 were used. The pour-depressant activity of the copolymers was determined in dieselfuel. It is shown that the degree of branching of EVAC has a substantial influence on the depressant activity in dieselfuel.
GEESI Emissions Control program activity ranged from control concept testing of 10 CFM slipstream from a CWS fuel single cylinder research diesel engine to the design, installation, and operation of a full-size Emissions Control system for a full-size CWS fueldiesel engine designed for locomotive operation.Early 10 CFM slipstream testing program activity was performed to determine Emissions Characteristics and to evaluate Emissions Control concepts such a Barrier filtration, Granular bed filtration, and Cyclone particulate collection for reduction of particulate and gaseous emissions. Use of sorbent injection into the engine exhaust gas upstream of the barrier filter or use of sorbent media in the granular bed filter were found to provide reduction of exhaust gas SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} in addition to collection of ash particulate. Emergence of the use of barrier filtration as a most practical Emissions Control concept disclosed a need to improve cleanability of the filter media in order to avoid reduction of turbocharger performance by excessive barrier filter pressure drop. The next progression of program activity, after the slipstream feasibility state, was 500 CFM cold flow testing of control system concepts. The successful completion of 500 CFM cold flow testing of the Envelope Filter led to a subsequent progression to a similar configuration Envelope Filter designed to operate at 500 CFM hot gas flow from the CWS fuel research diesel engine in the GETS engine test laboratory. This Envelope Filter included the design aspect proven by cold flow testing as well as optimization of the selection of the installed filter media.
This paper describes work under a U.S. DOE sponsored Ultra Clean Fuels project entitled ''Ultra Clean Fuels from Natural Gas,'' Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-01NT41098. In this study we have examined the incremental benefits of moving from low sulfur dieselfuel and ultra low sulfur dieselfuel to an ultra clean fuel, Fischer-Tropsch dieselfuel produced from natural gas. Blending with biodiesel, B100, was also considered. The impact of fuel formulation on fuel injection timing, bulk modulus of compressibility, in-cylinder combustion processes, gaseous and particulate emissions, DPF regeneration temperature and urea-SCR NOx control has been examined. The primary test engine is a 5.9L Cummins ISB, which has been instrumented for in-cylinder combustion analysis and in-cylinder visualization with an engine videoscope. A single-cylinder engine has also been used to examine in detail the impacts of fuel formulation on injection timing in a pump-line-nozzle fueling system, to assist in the interpretation of results from the ISB engine.
Detailed chemical kinetic models are needed to simulate the combustion of current and future transportation fuels. These models should represent the various chemical classes in these fuels. Conventional dieselfuels are composed of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics (Farrell et al. 2007). For future fuels, there is a renewed interest in Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) processes which can be used to synthesize diesel and other transportation fuels from biomass, coal and natural gas. F-T dieselfuels are expected to be similar to F-T jet fuels which are commonly comprised of iso-alkanes with some n-alkanes (Smith and Bruno, 2008). Thus, n-alkanes and iso-alkanes are common chemical classes in these conventional and future fuels. This paper reports on the development of chemical kinetic models of large n-alkanes and iso-alkanes to represent these chemical classes in conventional and future fuels. Two large iso-alkanes are 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, which is a primary reference fuel for diesel, and isooctane, a primary reference fuel for gasoline. Other iso-alkanes are branched alkanes with a single methyl side chain, typical of most F-T fuels. The chemical kinetic models are then used to predict the effect of these fuel components on ignition characteristics under conditions found in internal combustion engines.
This Gordon Research Conference seeks to bring together chemists, physicists, materials scientists and biologists to address perhaps the outstanding technical problem of the 21st Century - the efficient, and ultimately economical, storage of energy from carbon-neutral sources. Such an advance would deliver a renewable, environmentally benign energy source for the future. A great technological challenge facing our global future is energy. The generation of energy, the security of its supply, and the environmental consequences of its use are among the world's foremost geopolitical concerns. Fossil fuels - coal, natural gas, and petroleum - supply approximately 90% of the energy consumed today by industrialized nations. An increase in energy supply is vitally needed to bring electric power to the 25% of the world's population that lacks it, to support the industrialization of developing nations, and to sustain economic growth in developed countries. On the geopolitical front, insuring an adequate energy supply is a major security issue for the world, and its importance will grow in proportion to the singular dependence on oil as a primary energy source. Yet, the current approach to energy supply, that of increased fossil fuel exploration coupled with energy conservation, is not scaleable to meet future demands. Rising living standards of a growing world population will cause global energy consumption to increase significantly. Estimates indicate that energy consumption will increase at least two-fold, from our current burn rate of 12.8 TW to 28 - 35 TW by 2050. - U.N. projections indicate that meeting global energy demand in a sustainable fashion by the year 2050 will require a significant fraction of the energy supply to come carbon free sources to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at twice the pre-anthropogenic levels. External factors of economy, environment, and security dictate that this global energy need be met by renewable and sustainable sources from a carbon-neutral source. Sunlight is by far the most abundant global carbon-neutral energy resource. More solar energy strikes the surface of the earth in one hour than is obtained from all of the fossil fuels consumed globally in a year. Sunlight may be used to power the planet. However, it is intermittent, and therefore it must be converted to electricity or stored chemical fuel to be used on a large scale. The 'grand challenge' of using the sun as a future energy source faces daunting challenges - large expanses of fundamental science and technology await discovery. A viable solar energy conversion scheme must result in a 10-50 fold decrease in the cost-to-efficiency ratio for the production of stored fuels, and must be stable and robust for a 20-30 year period. To reduce the cost of installed solar energy conversion systems to $0.20/peak watt of solar radiation, a cost level that would make them economically attractive in today's energy market, will require revolutionary technologies. This GRC seeks to present a forum for the underlying science needed to permit future generations to use the sun as a renewable and sustainable primary energy source. Speakers will discuss recent advances in homoogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis of multi-electron transfer processes of importance to solar fuel production, such as water oxidation and reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Speakers will also discuss advances in scaleably manufacturable systems for the capture and conversion of sunlight into electrical charges that can be readily coupled into, and utilized for, fuel production in an integrated system.
The sulfur content in dieselfuel has a significant effect on diesel engine emissions, which are currently subject to environmental regulations. It has been observed that engine particulate and gaseous emissions are directly proportional to fuel sulfur content. With the introduction of low-sulfur fuels, significant reductions in emissions are expected. The process of sulfur reduction in petroleum-based dieselfuels also reduces the lubricity of the fuel, resulting in premature failure of fuel injectors. Thus, another means of preventing injector failures is needed for engines operating with low-sulfur dieselfuels. In this study, the authors evaluated a near-frictionless carbon (NFC) coating (developed at Argonne National Laboratory) as a possible solution to the problems associated with fuel injector failures in low-lubricity fuels. Tribological tests were conducted with NFC-coated and uncoated H13 and 52100 steels lubricated with high- and low- sulfur dieselfuels in a high-frequency reciprocating test machine. The test results showed that the NFC coatings reduced wear rates by a factor of 10 over those of uncoated steel surfaces. In low-sulfur dieselfuel, the reduction in wear rate was even greater (i.e., by a factor of 12 compared to that of uncoated test pairs), indicating that the NFC coating holds promise as a potential solution to wear problems associated with the use of low-lubricity dieselfuels.
The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of various sources of petroleum-based and bio-based dieselfuels on regulated emissions and fuel economy in diesel particulate filter (DPF) equipped diesel engines. Two model year 2008 diesel engines were tested with nine fuels including a certification ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), local ULSD, high aromatic ULSD, low aromatic ULSD, and twenty percent blends of biodiesel derived from algae, camelina, soy, tallow, and yellow grease. Regulated emissions were measured over the heavy duty diesel transient test cycle. Measurements were also made of DPF-out particle size distribution and total particle count from a 13-mode steady state test using a fast mobility particle sizer. Test engines were a 2008 Cummins ISB and a 2008 International Maxx Force 10, both equipped with actively regenerated DPFs. Fuel consumption was roughly 2% greater over the transient test cycle for the B20 blends versus certification ULSD in both engines, consistent with the slightly lower energy content of biodiesel. Unlike studies conducted on older model engines, these engines equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts and DPFs showed small or no measurable fuel effect on the tailpipe emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). No differences in particle size distribution or total particle count were seen in a comparison of certification ULSD and B20 soy, with the exception of engine idling conditions where B20 produced a small reduction in the number of nucleation mode particles. In the Cummins engine, B20 prepared from algae, camelina, soy, and tallow resulted in an approximately 2.5% increase in nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) compared to the base fuel. The International engine demonstrated a higher degree of variability for NO{sub x} emissions, and fuel effects could not be resolved (p > 0.05). The group of petroleum diesel test fuels produced a range of NO{sub x} emissions very similar to that caused by blending of biodiesel. Test cycles where an active regeneration of the DPF occurred resulted in a nearly threefold increase in NO{sub x} emissions and a 15% increase in fuel consumption. The full quantification of DPF regeneration events further complicates the accurate calculation of fuel impacts on emissions and fuel consumption.
analyzed to study cyclic variability (CV) and its influence on dual-fuel efficiency and emissions. Factors causing or influencing CV were identified. The CV in dual-fuel operation is more serious than that in diesel operation, in terms of magnitude. Most...
This report details testing done on ultra-pure filtered dieselfuel and unfiltered dieselfuel. Several barrels of filtered fuel, shipped from the manufacturer--Sterling Technology, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida--were tested using the 690-in. Deutz F-8L-413A Air Cooled V8 Engine. No significant difference was found, but due to a delay in starting the tests, it was suspected that some deterioration might have occurred in the fuel. The objective was to investigate the possible benefits of the ultra-pure filtered dieselfuel in power improvement and reduction of exhaust smoke.
Limitations on petroleum-based dieselfuel in California could occur pursuant to the 1998 declaration by California's Air Resources Board (CARB) that the particulate matter component of diesel exhaust is a carcinogen, therefore a toxic air contaminant (TAC) subject to the state's Proposition 65. It is the declared intention of CARB not to ban or restrict dieselfuel, per se, at this time. Assuming no total ban, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) explored two feasible ''mid-course'' strategies, each of which results in some degree of (conventional) diesel displacement. In the first case, with substantial displacement of compression ignition by spark ignition engines, dieselfuel is assumed admissible for ignition assistance as a pilot fuel in natural gas (NG)-powered heavy-duty vehicles. Gasoline demand in California increases by 32.2 million liters (8.5 million gallons) per day overall, about 21 percent above projected 2010 baseline demand. Natural gas demand increases by 13.6 million diesel liter (3.6 million gallon) equivalents per day, about 7 percent above projected (total) consumption level. In the second case, ressionignition engines utilize substitutes for petroleum-based diesel having similar ignition and performance properties. For each case we estimated localized air emission plus generalized greenhouse gas and energy changes. Fuel replacement by di-methyl ether yields the greatest overall reduction in NOx emissions, though all scenarios bring about PM10 reductions relative to the 2010 baseline, with greatest reductions from the first case described above and the least from fuel replacement by Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel. Economic implications of vehicle and engine replacement were not formally evaluated.
of biofuel. The current RenewableFuel Standard (RFS) requires 36 billion gallons of renewablefuel use by 2022. A large proportion of the mandate is to consist of corn-based ethanol. Most ethanol is consumed in the U.S. as a 10 percent blend of ethanol...
California Energy Commission Alternative and RenewableFuel and Vehicle Technology Program Advisory, Statutes of 2007) created the Alternative and RenewableFuel and Vehicle Technology Program (hereinafter "Program") to be administered by the California Energy Commission (Energy Commission).1 AB 118 authorizes
California Energy Commission Alternative and RenewableFuel and Vehicle Technology Program Advisory by the Energy Commission. Under the Program, the following shall be eligible for funding: 3 · Alternative, Statutes of 2007) created the Alternative and RenewableFuel and Vehicle Technology Program (hereinafter
Abstract- This study represents the analysis of smoke of biodiesel by using smoke tester. In this article biodiesel is taken as a fuel instead of diesel and quantity of emitted pollutants HC and CO is evaluated by taking different quantity of biodiesel at different load. This work shows how use of biodiesel will affect the emission of pollutants. Diesel Engine is compression ignition engine and use diesel as fuel, in this engine alternative fuel can be used. One alternate fuel is biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines and also can be used in Vehicle, Railway, and Aircraft as heating oil.
the way gasoline, diesel and hydrogen fuels are created and produced. The company has a proprietary technology for converting solar thermal en- ergy (the sun's heat) to fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel, hydrogen solar energy to syngas, which is then converted to "drop in" fuel (diesel, gasoline or hydrogen
L iquid fuel--such as gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, and ethanol--will continue to be important for pow- ering our transportation systems in the foreseeable future. Transportation fuels derived from-derived transportation fuels are to substitute (on a large scale) for petroleum-based fuels. For example, how do we
Diesel engines have potential for use in a large number of future vehicles in the US. However, to achieve this potential, proponents of diesel engine technologies must solve diesel's pollution problems, including objectionable levels of emissions of particulates and oxides of nitrogen. To meet emissions reduction goals, dieselfuel quality improvements could enable diesel engines with advanced aftertreatment systems to achieve the necessary emissions performance. The dieselfuel would most likely have to be reformulated to be as clean as low sulfur gasoline. This report examines the small- and large-market extremes for introduction of ultra-clean dieselfuel in the US and concludes that petroleum refinery and distribution systems could produce adequate low sulfur blendstocks to satisfy small markets for low sulfur (30 parts per million) light duty dieselfuel, and deliver that fuel to retail consumers with only modest changes. Initially, there could be poor economic returns on under-utilized infrastructure investments. Subsequent growth in the dieselfuel market could be inconsistent with U.S. refinery configurations and economics. As dieselfuel volumes grow, the manufacturing cost may increase, depending upon how hydrodesulfurization technologies develop, whether significantly greater volumes of the diesel pool have to be desulfurized, to what degree other properties like aromatic levels have to be changed, and whether competitive fuel production technologies become economic. Low sulfur (10 parts per million) and low aromatics (10 volume percent) dieselfuel for the total market could require desulfurization, dearomatization, and hydrogen production investments amounting to a third of current refinery market value. The refinery capital cost component alone would be 3 cents per gallon of dieselfuel. Outside of refineries, the gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant investment cost would be 3 to 6 cents per gallon. With total projected investments of $11.8 billion (6 to 9 cents per gallon) for the U.S. Gulf Coast alone, financing, engineering, and construction and material availability are major issues that must be addressed, for both refinery and GTL investments.
The ability of additives to improve the cold flow properties of shale oil derived fuels boiling in the dieselfuel range was evaluated. Because a commercial shale oil industry did not exist to provide actual samples of finished fuels, a representative range of hydroprocessed shale oil fractions was prepared for use in the additive testing work. Crude oil shale from Occidental Shale Company was fractionated to give three liquids in the dieselfuel boiling range. The initial boiling point in each case was 325/sup 0/F (163/sup 0/C). The final boiling points were 640/sup 0/F (338/sup 0/C), 670/sup 0/F (354/sup 0/C) and 700/sup 0/F (371/sup 0/F). Each fraction was hydrotreated to three different severities (800, 1200 and 1500 psi total pressure) over a Shell 324 nickel molybdate on alumina catalyst at 710 to 750/sup 0/F to afford 9 different model fuels. A variety of commercial and experimental additives were evaluated as cold flow improvers in the model fuels at treat levels of 0.04 to 0.4 wt %. Both the standard pour point test (ASTM D97) and a more severe low temperature flow test (LTFT) were employed. Reductions in pour points of up to 70/sup 0/F and improvements in LTFT temperatures up to 16/sup 0/F were achieved. It is concluded that flow improver additives can play an important role in improving the cold flow properties of future synthetic fuels of the diesel type derived from oil shale.
Comparison Study of SPEA2+, SPEA2, and NSGA-II in Diesel Engine Emissions and Fuel Economy Problem@mail.doshisha.ac.jp Abstract- Recently, the technology that can control NOx and Soot values of diesel engines by changing between fuel economy and NOx values. Therefore, the diesel engines that can change their characteristics
Abstract—The world is getting modernized and industrialized day by day. As a result vehicles and engines are increasing. But energy sources used in these engines are limited and decreasing gradually. This situation leads to seek an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The esters of vegetables oil animal fats are known as Biodiesel. This paper investigates the prospect of making of biodiesel from jatropha oil. Jatropha curcas is a renewable non-edible plant. Jatropha is a wildly growing hardy plant in arid and semi-arid regions of the country on degraded soils having low fertility and moisture. The seeds of Jatropha contain 50-60 % oil. In this study the oil has been converted to biodiesel by the well-known transesterification process and used it to diesel engine for performance evaluation.
The project described in this report seeks to promote effective diesel particulate filter technology with minimum fuel penalty by enhancing fundamental understanding of filtration mechanisms through targeted experiments and computer simulations. The overall backpressure of a filtration system depends upon complex interactions of particulate matter and ash with the microscopic pores in filter media. Better characterization of these phenomena is essential for exhaust system optimization. The acicular mullite (ACM) diesel particulate filter substrate is under continuing development by Dow Automotive. ACM is made up of long mullite crystals which intersect to form filter wall framework and protrude from the wall surface into the DPF channels. ACM filters have been demonstrated to effectively remove diesel exhaust particles while maintaining relatively low backpressure. Modeling approaches developed for more conventional ceramic filter materials, such as silicon carbide and cordierite, have been difficult to apply to ACM because of properties arising from its unique microstructure. Penetration of soot into the high-porosity region of projecting crystal structures leads to a somewhat extended depth filtration mode, but with less dramatic increases in pressure drop than are normally observed during depth filtration in cordierite or silicon carbide filters. Another consequence is greater contact between the soot and solid surfaces, which may enhance the action of some catalyst coatings in filter regeneration. The projecting crystals appear to provide a two-fold benefit for maintaining low backpressures during filter loading: they help prevent soot from being forced into the throats of pores in the lower porosity region of the filter wall, and they also tend to support the forming filter cake, resulting in lower average cake density and higher permeability. Other simulations suggest that soot deposits may also tend to form at the tips of projecting crystals due to the axial velocity component of exhaust moving down the filter inlet channel. Soot mass collected in this way would have a smaller impact on backpressure than soot forced into the flow restrictions deeper in the porous wall structure. This project has focused on the development of computational, analytical, and experimental techniques that are generally applicable to a wide variety of exhaust aftertreatment technologies. By helping to develop improved fundamental understanding pore-scale phenomena affecting filtration, soot oxidation, and NOX abatement, this cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) has also assisted Dow Automotive in continuing development and commercialization of the ACM filter substrate. Over the course of this research project, ACM filters were successfully deployed on the Audi R10 TDI racecar which won the 24 Hours of LeMans endurance race in 2006, 2007, and 2008; and the 12 Hours of Sebring endurance race in 2006 and 2007. It would not have been possible for the R10 to compete in these traditionally gasoline-dominated events without reliable and effective exhaust particulate filtration. These successes demonstrated not only the performance of automotive diesel engines, but the efficacy of DPF technology as it was being deployed around the world to meet new emissions standards on consumer vehicles. During the course of this CRADA project, Dow Automotive commercialized their ACM DPF technology under the AERIFYTM DPF brand.
The CRC Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines working group has worked to identify a matrix of research dieselfuels for use in advanced combustion research applications. Nine fuels were specified and formulated to investigate the effects of cetane number aromatic content and 90% distillation fraction. Standard ASTM analyses were performed on the fuels as well as GC/MS and /u1H//u1/u3C NMR analyses and thermodynamic characterizations. Details of the actual results of the fuel formulations compared with the design values are presented, as well as results from standard analyses, such as heating value, viscosity and density. Cetane number characterizations were accomplished by using both the engine method and the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT/sT) apparatus.
This paper responds to whether or not moving the start date of the RenewableFuel Standard (RFS) from its currently proposed January 2004 to October 2004 would improve the chances of a smooth transition.
Rural Alaska currently uses diesel generator sets to produce much of its power. The high energy content of diesel (i.e. ~140,000 BTU per gallon) makes it the fuel of choice because this reduces the volume of fuel that must be transported, stored, and consumed in generating the power. There is an existing investment in infrastructure for the distribution and use of dieselfuel. Problems do exist, however, in that diesel generators are not very efficient in their use of diesel, maintenance levels can be rather high as systems age, and the environmental issues related to present diesel generators are of concern. The Arctic Energy Technology Development Laboratory at the University of Alaska -- Fairbanks is sponsoring a project to address the issues mentioned above. The project takes two successful systems, a diesel reformer and a tubular solid oxide fuel cell unit, and jointly tests those systems with the objective of producing a for-purpose dieselfueled solid oxide fuel cell system that can be deployed in rural Alaska. The reformer will convert the diesel to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be used as a fuel by the fuel cell. The high temperature nature of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC is capable of using this mixture to generate electricity and provide usable heat with higher efficiency and lower emissions. The high temperature nature of the SOFC is more compatible with the arctic climate than are low temperature technologies such as the proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This paper will look at the interaction of a SOFC system that is designed to internally reform methane and a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) diesel reformer. The diesel reformer produces a reformate that is approximately 140 BTU per scf (after removal of much of the reformate water) as compared to a methane based reformate that is over twice that value in BTU content. The project also considers the effect of altitude since the test location will be at 4800 feet with the consequential drop in oxygen content and necessary increases in flow rates.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) recently received a Borrego fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) on loan from Kia for display at a variety of summer events. The Borrego is fueled using renewable hydrogen that is produced and dispensed at NREL's National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado. The hydrogen dispensed at the station is produced via renewable electrolysis as part of the wind-to-hydrogen project, which uses wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays to power electrolyzer stacks that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The FCEV features state-of-the-art technology with zero harmful emissions.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) recently received a Borrego fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) on loan from Kia for display at a variety of summer events. The Borrego is fueled using renewable hydrogen that is produced and dispensed at NREL's National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado. The hydrogen dispensed at the station is produced via renewable electrolysis as part of the wind-to-hydrogen project, which uses wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays to power electrolyzer stacks that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The FCEV features state-of-the-art technology with zero harmful emissions.
A round robin study to measure the aromatic levels in dieselfuels was conducted by the Chemical Characterization Panel of the Coordinating Research Council Air Pollution Research Advisory Committee (CRC-APRAC) In-house Program Group, CAPI-1-64. The fuels for this study consisted of a jet fuel, a No. 2 diesel reference fuel, and three fuels used in a CRC-sponsored diesel emission project (CAPE-32). These fuels had 90% distillation temperatures which ranged from 472/sup 0/ to 642/sup 0/ F and aromaticity levels from approximately 18 to 55% by volume. All participants used the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D1319 or modified D1319 methods to measure the aromatic levels in the selected fuels. Some participants concurrently analyzed the same fuels using other methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and elution chromatography (ASTM D2549). One non-participating laboratory analyzed the fuels using supercritical fluid chromatography. The results of nine participants using the D1319 methodology and other methods showed good agreement for fuels with 90% distillation temperatures less than 600/sup 0/ F. However, this round robin study showed that: 1) there is no standard method to measure aromatic levels in full boiling range dieselfuels, and 2) there are inadequacies when using the D1319 and modified D1319 methods for fuels outside of the specified property ranges.
This paper explores the potential of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCS) as 3--10 kW auxiliary power units for trucks and military vehicles operating on dieselfuel. It discusses the requirements and specifications for such units, and the advantages, challenges, and development issues for SOFCS used in this application. Based on system design and analysis, such systems should achieve efficiencies approaching 40% (lower heating value), with a relatively simple system configuration. The major components of such a system are the fuel cell stack, a catalytic autothermal reformer, and a spent gas burner/air preheater. Building an SOFC-based auxiliary power unit is not straightforward, however, and the tasks needed to develop a 3--10 kW brassboard demonstration unit are outlined.
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Full Circle Engineering (FCE), supported by the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), proposed a Small Business CRADA with Allied Signal Federal Manufacturing & Technologies/Kansas City (FM&T/KC) for the development of a fumigation digital control unit (DCU) that would allow the displacement of dieselfuel with natural gas. Nationwide, diesel trucks and buses consumed over 21 billion gallons of fuel in 1992. The development of systems that allow the use of alternative fuels, natural gas in particular, for transportation would significantly reduce emissions and pollutants. It would also help implement DOE`s mandate for energy security (use of domestic fuels) required by the Energy Policy Act (EPACT).
Contemporary dieselfuel is a blend of several refinery streams chosen to meet specifications. The need to increase yield of transportation fuel from crude oil has resulted in converting increased proportions of residual oil to lighter products. This conversion is accomplished by thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking of high molecular weight materials rich in aromatic compounds. The current efforts to reformulate California dieselfuel for reduced emissions from existing engines is an example of another driving force affecting refining practice: regulations designed to reduce exhaust emissions. Although derived from petroleum crude oil, reformulated dieselfuel is an alternative to current specification-grade dieselfuel, and this alternative presents opportunities and questions to be resolved by fuel and engine research. Various concerned parties have argued that regulations for fuel reformulation have not been based on an adequate data base. Despite numerous studies, much ambiguity remains about the relationship of exhaust parameters to fuel composition, particularly for dieselfuel. In an effort to gather pertinent data, the automobile industry and the oil refiners have joined forces in the Air Quality Improvement Research Program (AUTO/OIL) to address this question for gasoline. The objective of that work is to define the relationship between gasoline composition and the magnitude and composition of the exhaust emissions. The results of the AUTO/OEL program will also be used, along with other data bases, to define the EPA {open_quotes}complex model{close_quotes} for reformulated gasolines. Valuable insights have been gained for compression ignition engines in the Coordinating Research Council`s VE-1 program, but no program similar to AUTO/OIL has been started for dieselfuel reformulation. A more detailed understanding of the fuel/performance relationship is a readily apparent need.
The RenewableFuels Standard 2 (RFS2) is an important component of alternative transportation fuels policy in the United States (US). By mandating the production of alternative fuels, RFS2 attempts to address a number of ...
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Refinery Yield Model has been used to study the refining cost, investment, and operating impacts of specifications for reformulated dieselfuel (RFD) produced in refineries of the U.S. Midwest in summer of year 2010. The study evaluates different dieselfuel reformulation investment pathways. The study also determines whether there are refinery economic benefits for producing an emissions reduction RFD (with flexibility for individual property values) compared to a vehicle performance RFD (with inflexible recipe values for individual properties). Results show that refining costs are lower with early notice of requirements for RFD. While advanced desulfurization technologies (with low hydrogen consumption and little effect on cetane quality and aromatics content) reduce the cost of ultra low sulfur dieselfuel, these technologies contribute to the increased costs of a delayed notice investment pathway compared to an early notice investment pathway for dieselfuel reformulation. With challenging RFD specifications, there is little refining benefit from producing emissions reduction RFD compared to vehicle performance RFD. As specifications become tighter, processing becomes more difficult, blendstock choices become more limited, and refinery benefits vanish for emissions reduction relative to vehicle performance specifications. Conversely, the emissions reduction specifications show increasing refinery benefits over vehicle performance specifications as specifications are relaxed, and alternative processing routes and blendstocks become available. In sensitivity cases, the refinery model is also used to examine the impact of RFD specifications on the economics of using Canadian synthetic crude oil. There is a sizeable increase in synthetic crude demand as ultra low sulfur dieselfuel displaces low sulfur dieselfuel, but this demand increase would be reversed by requirements for dieselfuel reformulation.
This book reports on a prototype 1991-model diesel engine that was tested using EPA transient emissions procedures to determine the effect of fuel properties on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions. The eleven test fuel set focused primarily on total aromatic content, multi-ring aromatic content, and cetane number, but other fuel variables were also studied. Hydrotreating was used to obtain reductions in fuel sulfur and aromatic content. Increasing cetane number and reducing aromatic content resulted in lower emissions of hydrocarbons and NO{sub x}. Particulate emission were best predicted by sulfur content, aromatic content and 90% distillation temperature. Multi-ring aromatics showed a greater significance that total aromatics on hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. combustion parameters were highly dependent on fuel cetane number.
In this study, a novel approach was developed to formulate surrogate fuels having characteristics that are representative of dieselfuels produced from real-world refinery streams. Because dieselfuels typically consist of hundreds of compounds, it is difficult to conclusively determine the effects of fuel composition on combustion properties. Surrogate fuels, being simpler representations of these practical fuels, are of interest because they can provide a better understanding of fundamental fuel-composition and property effects on combustion and emissions-formation processes in internal-combustion engines. In addition, the application of surrogate fuels in numerical simulations with accurate vaporization, mixing, and combustion models could revolutionize future engine designs by enabling computational optimization for evolving real fuels. Dependable computational design would not only improve engine function, it would do so at significant cost savings relative to current optimization strategies that rely on physical testing of hardware prototypes. The approach in this study utilized the state-of-the-art techniques of {sup 13}C and {sup 1}H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the advanced distillation curve to characterize fuel composition and volatility, respectively. The ignition quality was quantified by the derived cetane number. Two well-characterized, ultra-low-sulfur No.2 diesel reference fuels produced from refinery streams were used as target fuels: a 2007 emissions certification fuel and a Coordinating Research Council (CRC) Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) dieselfuel. A surrogate was created for each target fuel by blending eight pure compounds. The known carbon bond types within the pure compounds, as well as models for the ignition qualities and volatilities of their mixtures, were used in a multiproperty regression algorithm to determine optimal surrogate formulations. The predicted and measured surrogate-fuel properties were quantitatively compared to the measured target-fuel properties, and good agreement was found.
This topical report summarizes work accomplished for the Program from November 1, 2001 to December 31, 2002 in the following task areas: Task 1: Materials Development; Task 2: Composite Development; Task 4: Reactor Design and Process Optimization; Task 8: Fuels and Engine Testing; 8.1 International Diesel Engine Program; 8.2 Nuvera Fuel Cell Program; and Task 10: Program Management. Major progress has been made towards developing high temperature, high performance, robust, oxygen transport elements. In addition, a novel reactor design has been proposed that co-produces hydrogen, lowers cost and improves system operability. Fuel and engine testing is progressing well, but was delayed somewhat due to the hiatus in program funding in 2002. The Nuvera fuel cell portion of the program was completed on schedule and delivered promising results regarding low emission fuels for transportation fuel cells. The evaluation of ultra-clean dieselfuels continues in single cylinder (SCTE) and multiple cylinder (MCTE) test rigs at International Truck and Engine. FT diesel and a BP oxygenate showed significant emissions reductions in comparison to baseline petroleum dieselfuels. Overall through the end of 2002 the program remains under budget, but behind schedule in some areas.
While sulfur in dieselfuels helps reduce friction and prevents wear and galling in fuel pump and injector systems, it also creates environmental pollution in the form of hazardous particulates and SO{sub 2} emissions. The environmental concern is the driving force behind industry's efforts to come up with new alternative approaches to this problem. One such approach is to replace sulfur in dieselfuels with other chemicals that would maintain the antifriction and antiwear properties provided by sulfur in dieselfuels while at the same time reducing particulate emissions. A second alternative might be to surface-treat fuel injection parts (i.e., nitriding, carburizing, or coating the surfaces) to reduce or eliminate failures associated with the use of low-sulfur dieselfuels. This research explores the potential usefulness of a near-frictionless carbon (NFC) film developed at Argonne National Laboratory in alleviating the aforementioned problems. The lubricity of various dieselfuels (i.e., high-sulfur, 500 ppm; low sulfur, 140 ppm; ultra-clean, 3 ppm; and synthetic diesel or Fischer-Tropsch, zero sulfur) were tested by using both uncoated and NFC-coated 52100 steel specimens in a ball-on-three-disks and a high-frequency reciprocating wear-test rig. The test program was expanded to include some gasoline fuels as well (i.e., regular gasoline and indolene) to further substantiate the usefulness of the NFC coatings in low-sulfur gasoline environments. The results showed that the NFC coating was extremely effective in reducing wear and providing lubricity in low-sulfur or sulfur-free diesel and gasoline fuels. Specifically, depending on the wear test rig, test pair, and test media, the NFC films were able to reduce wear rates of balls and flats by factors of 8 to 83. These remarkable reductions in wear rates raise the prospect for using the ultra slick carbon coatings to alleviate problems that will be caused by the use of low sulfur diesel and gasoline fuels. Surfaces of the wear scars and tracks were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and by Raman spectroscopy.
NO[sub x] emission legislation requirements for large-bore internal combustion engines have required engine manufacturers to continue to develop and improve techniques for exhaust emission reduction. This paper describes the development of the Cooper-Bessemer Clean Burn gas-diesel (dual-fuel) engine that results in NO[sub x] reductions of up to 92 percent as compared with an uncontrolled gas-diesel engine. Historically, the gas-diesel and diesel engine combustion systems have not responded to similar techniques of NO[sub x] reduction that have been successful on straight spark-ignited natural gas burning engines. NO[sub x] levels of a nominal 1.0 g/BHP-h, equal to the spark-ignited natural gas fueled engine, have been achieved for the gas-diesel and are described. In addition, the higher opacity exhaust plume characteristic of gas-diesel combustion is significantly reduced or eliminated. This achievement is considered to be a major breakthrough, and the concept can be applied to both new and retrofit applications.
Alkali and alkaline earth metal impurities found in dieselfuels are potential poisons for diesel exhaust catalysts. A set of diesel engine production exhaust systems was aged to 150,000 miles. These exhaust systems included a diesel oxidation catalyst, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, and diesel particulate filter (DPF). Four separate exhaust systems were aged, each with a different fuel: ultralow sulfur diesel containing no measureable metals, B20 (a common biodiesel blend) containing sodium, B20 containing potassium, and B20 containing calcium, which were selected to simulate the maximum allowable levels in B100 according to ASTM D6751. Analysis included Federal Test Procedure emissions testing, bench-flow reactor testing of catalyst cores, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and measurement of thermo-mechanical properties of the DPFs. EPMA imaging found that the sodium and potassium penetrated into the washcoat, while calcium remained on the surface. Bench-flow reactor experiments were used to measure the standard nitrogen oxide (NOx) conversion, ammonia storage, and ammonia oxidation for each of the aged SCR catalysts. Vehicle emissions tests were conducted with each of the aged catalyst systems using a chassis dynamometer. The vehicle successfully passed the 0.2 gram/mile NOx emission standard with each of the four aged exhaust systems.
The emissions characteristics of diesel engines are dominated by current engine design parameters as long as the fuels conform to the current industry-accepted specifications. The current and future emissions standard, are low enough that the fuel properties and compositions are starting to play a more significant role in meeting the emerging standards. The potential role of the fuel composition has been recognized by state and federal government agencies, and for the first time, fuel specifications have become part of the emissions control legislation. In this work, five different fuel feed and blend stocks were hydrotreated to two levels of sulfur and aromatic content. These materials were then each distilled to seven or eight fractions of congruent boiling points. After this, the raw materials and all of the fractions were characterized by a complement of tests from American Society for Testing and Materials and by hydrocarbon-type analyses. The sample matrix was subjected to a series of combustion bomb and engine tests to determine the ignition, combustion, and emissions characteristics of each of the 80 test materials.
A new analytical method using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with flame ionization detection (FID) was evaluated for the determination of the aromatics in dieselfuels. The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a packed silica column and supercritical CO/sub 2/ as the carrier fluid. Performance evaluation was carried out using dieselfuels and secondary standards with a wide range of chemical composition. The aromatic content in the fuels was verified by the fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (/sup 1/H NMR) methods. With the exception of initial moderate cost of the instrument, the method is simple, fast (less than 20 minutes per sample) and applicable to coloured samples and samples with final boiling points of about 450/sup 0/C. Aromatic concentrations in diesels showed good correlation with FIA data. It is well suited to petroleum refinery applications as an alternate for standard FIA methods.
for the production of 'hybrid poplars' one acre can generate the wood fuel equivalent of 40 barrels of oil ($8/bbl) or 2500 therms of natural gas ($0.13/therm) per year and can be harvested every other year. Beyond the economic and environmental benefits...
Flexible Fuel vehicles are able to operate using more than one type of fuel. FFVs can be fueled with unleaded gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two. Today more than 7 million vehicles on U.S. highways are flexible fuel vehicles. The fact sheet discusses how E85 affects vehicle performance, the costs and benefits of using E85, and how to find E85 station locations.
On November 8, 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator signed a direct final rule that will shift the retail compliance date for offering ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) for highway use from September 1, 2006, to October 15, 2006. The change will allow more time for retail outlets and terminals to comply with the new 15 parts per million (ppm) sulfur standard, providing time for entities in the dieselfuel distribution system to flush higher sulfur fuel out of the system during the transition. Terminals will have until September 1, 2006, to complete their transitions to ULSD. The previous deadline was July 15, 2006.
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RenewableFuel Heating Plant SyStem SpecificationS Manufacturer: Advanced Recycling Equipment efficiency of natural gas combustion) The facility is designed to meet additional future heating loads, so annual output will increase when the Research Support Facility comes online What it will heat
Since 1979, the US Department of Energy has been sponsoring Research and Development programs to use coal as a fuel for diesel engines. In 1984, under the partial sponsorship of the Burlington Northern and Norfolk Southern Railroads, GE completed a 30-month study on the economic viability of a coal-fueled locomotive. In response to a GE proposal to continue researching the economic and technical feasibility of a coal-fueleddiesel engine for locomotives, DOE awarded a contract to GE Corporate Research and Development for a three-year program that began in March 1985 and was completed in 1988. That program was divided into two parts: an Economic Assessment Study and a Technical Feasibility Study. The Economic Assessment Study evaluated the benefits to be derived from development of a coal-fueleddiesel engine. Seven areas and their economic impact on the use of coal-fueleddiesels were examined; impact on railroad infrastructure, expected maintenance cost, environmental considerations, impact of higher capital costs, railroad training and crew costs, beneficiated coal costs for viable economics, and future cost of money. The Technical Feasibility Study used laboratory- and bench-scale experiments to investigate the combustion of coal. The major accomplishments of this study were the development of injection hardware for coal water slurry (CWS) fuel, successful testing of CWS fuel in a full-size, single-cylinder, medium-speed diesel engine, evaluation of full-scale engine wear rates with metal and ceramic components, and the characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions. Full combustion of CWS fuel was accomplished at full and part load with reasonable manifold conditions.
Based on a phenomenological model of diesel combustion and pollutant-formation processes, a number of fuel additives that could potentially reduce in-cylinder soot formation by altering combustion chemistry have been identified. These fuel additives, or ''combustion modifiers'', included ethanol and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dinitrate (a cetane improver), succinimide (a dispersant), as well as nitromethane and another nitro-compound mixture. To better understand the chemical and physical mechanisms by which these combustion modifiers may affect soot formation in diesel engines, in-cylinder soot and diffusion flame lift-off were measured, using an optically-accessible, heavy-duty, direct-injection diesel engine. A line-of-sight laser extinction diagnostic was employed to measure the relative soot concentration within the diesel jets (''jetsoot'') as well as the rates of deposition of soot on the piston bowl-rim (''wall-soot''). An OH chemiluminescence imaging technique was utilized to measure the lift-off lengths of the diesel diffusion flames so that fresh oxygen entrainment rates could be compared among the fuels. Measurements were obtained at two operating conditions, using blends of a base commercial dieselfuel with various combinations of the fuel additives. The ethanol additive, at 10% by mass, reduced jet-soot by up to 15%, and reduced wall-soot by 30-40%. The other fuel additives also affected in-cylinder soot, but unlike the ethanol blends, changes in in-cylinder soot could be attributed solely to differences in the ignition delay. No statistically-significant differences in the diesel flame lift-off lengths were observed among any of the fuel additive formulations at the operating conditions examined in this study. Accordingly, the observed differences in in-cylinder soot among the fuel formulations cannot be attributed to differences in fresh oxygen entrainment upstream of the soot-formation zones after ignition.
Clean Cities fact sheet describing aspects of flexible fuel vehicles such as use of E85, special features, benefits of use, costs, and fueling locations. It includes discussion on performance and how to identify these vehicles as well as listing additional resources.
Low-temperature (623 to 773/sup 0/K) coal pyrolysis was investigated in a bench-scale retort. Factorially designed experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, coal-particle size, and nitrogen flow rate on the yield of liquid products. Yield of condensable organic products relative to the proximate coal volatile matter increased by 3.1 and 6.4 wt % after increasing nitrogen purge flow rate from 0.465 to 1.68 L/min and retort temperature from 623 to 723/sup 0/K, respectively. The liquid product may be suitable for blending with dieselfuel. The viscosity and density of coal liquids produced at 723/sup 0/K were compared with those of dieselfuel. The coal liquids had a higher carbon-to-hydrogen ratio and a lower aliphatic-to-aromatic ratio than premium quality No. 2 dieselfuel. It was recommended that liquids from coal pyrolysis be blended with dieselfuel to determine stability of the mixture and performance of the blend in internal combustion engines.
The Diesel Emission Control-Sulfur Effects (DECSE) is a joint government/industry program to determine the impact of dieselfuel sulfur levels on emission control systems whose use could lower emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) and particulate matter (PM) from on-highway trucks in the 2002--2004 model years. Phase 1 of the program was developed with the following objectives in mind: (1) evaluate the effects of varying the level of sulfur content in the fuel on the emission reduction performance of four emission control technologies; and (2) measure and compare the effects of up to 250 hours of aging on selected devices for multiple levels of fuel sulfur content. This interim report covers the effects of dieselfuel sulfur level on particulate matter emissions for four technologies.
increases in oil prices and foreign energy dependency has led to a push to produce renewablefuels, which will supplement current reserves. Biodiesel is a clean-burning renewablefuel, that can be blended with petroleum diesel. It is important to understand...
In this study, a novel approach was developed to formulate surrogate fuels having characteristics that are representative of dieselfuels produced from real-world refinery streams. Because dieselfuels typically consist of hundreds of compounds, it is difficult to conclusively determine the effects of fuel composition on combustion properties. Surrogate fuels, being simpler representations of these practical fuels, are of interest because they can provide a better understanding of fundamental fuel-composition and property effects on combustion and emissions-formation processes in internal-combustion engines. In addition, the application of surrogate fuels in numerical simulations with accurate vaporization, mixing, and combustion models could revolutionize future engine designs by enabling computational optimization for evolving real fuels. Dependable computational design would not only improve engine function, it would do so at significant cost savings relative to current optimization strategies that rely on physical testing of hardware prototypes. The approach in this study utilized the stateof- the-art techniques of 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the advanced distillation curve to characterize fuel composition and volatility, respectively. The ignition quality was quantified by the derived cetane number. Two wellcharacterized, ultra-low-sulfur #2 diesel reference fuels produced from refinery streams were used as target fuels: a 2007 emissions certification fuel and a Coordinating Research Council (CRC) Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) dieselfuel. A surrogate was created for each target fuel by blending eight pure compounds. The known carbon bond types within the pure compounds, as well as models for the ignition qualities and volatilities of their mixtures, were used in a multiproperty regression algorithm to determine optimal surrogate formulations. The predicted and measured surrogate-fuel properties were quantitatively compared to the measured target-fuel properties, and good agreement was found. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Jim Franz. Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) Office of Vehicle Technologies, and by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) and the companies that employ the CRC members. The study was conducted under the auspices of CRC. The authors thank U.S. DOE program manager Kevin Stork for supporting the participation of the U.S. national laboratories in this study.
t The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuelEconomic and emissions impacts of renewablefuel goals for aviation in the US* Niven Winchester and emissions impacts of renewablefuel goals for aviation in the US q Niven Winchester a, , Dominic Mc
Particulate and gaseous exhaust emission phases from running 10 dieselfuels on two makes of heavy-duty diesel engines were analyzed with respect to 63 chemical descriptors. Measurements for one of the fuels were also made in the presence of an exhaust aftertreatment device. The variables included 28 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), regulated pollutants (CO, HC, NO{sub x}, particles), and 19 other organic and inorganic exhaust emission components. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied for the statistical exploration of the obtained data. In addition, relationships between chemical (12 variables) and physical (12 variables) parameters of the fuels to the exhaust emissions were derived using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Both PCA and PLS models were derived for the engine makes separately. The PCA showed that the most descriptive exhaust emission factors from these dieselfuels included fluoranthene as a representative of PAC, the regulated pollutants, sulfates, methylated pyrenes, and monoaromatics. Exhaust emissions were significantly decreased in the presence of an exhaust aftertreatment device. Both engine makes exhibited similar patterns of exhaust emissions. Discrepancies were observed for the exhaust emissions of CO{sub 2} and oil-derived soluble organic fractions, owing to differences in engine design. The PLS analysis showed a good correlation of exhaust emission of the regulated pollutants and PAC with the contents of PAC in the fuels and the fuel aromaticity. 41 refs., 6 figs., 6 tabs.
Kalman Filtering for Real-Time Individual Cylinder Air Fuel Ratio Observer on a Diesel Engine Test of a time-varying Kalman Filter based on a physics-based model for the engine dynamics. We prove Kalman filter. Performance is evaluated through test bench experiments on a 4 cylinder Diesel engine
This study investigated the effects of soybean- and coconut-derived biodiesel fuels on combustion characteristics in a 1.7-liter direct injection, common rail diesel engine. Five sets of fuels were studied: 2007 ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), 5% and 20% volumetric blends of soybean biodiesel with ULSD (soybean B5 and B20), and 5% and 20% volumetric blends of coconut biodiesel with ULSD (coconut B5 and B20). In conventional diesel combustion mode, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO/dx) emissions were similar for all fuels studied except soybean B20. Soybean B20 produced the lowest PM but the highest NO/dx emissions. Compared with conventional diesel combustion mode, high efficiency clean combustion (HECC) mode, achieved by increased EGR and combustion phasing, significantly reduced both PM and NO/dx emissions for all fuels studied at the expense of higher hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and an increase in fuel consumption (less than 4%). ULSD, soybean B5, and coconut B5 showed no difference in exhaust emissions. However, PM emissions increased slightly for soybean B20 and coconut B20. NO/dx emissions increased significantly for soybean B20, while those for coconut B20 were comparable to ULSD. Differences in the chemical and physical properties of soybean and coconut biodiesel fuels compared with ULSD, such as higher fuel-borne oxygen, greater viscosity, and higher boiling temperatures, play a key role in combustion processes and, therefore, exhaust emissions. Furthermore, the highly unsaturated ester composition in soybean biodiesel can be another factor in the increase of NO/dx emissions.
Recent progress in developing perovskite materials as more cost-effective catalysts in autothermal reforming (ATR) of dieselfuel to hydrogen-rich reformate for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application is reported. Perovskite-type metal oxides with B sites partially exchanged by ruthenium were prepared and evaluated under ATR reaction conditions. The hydrogen yield, reforming efficiency, and CO{sub x} selectivity of these catalysts were investigated using diesel surrogate fuel with 50 ppm sulfur. The catalyst performances have approached or exceeded a benchmark, high-cost rhodium-based material. In parallel with the reactivity study, we also investigated the physical properties of B-site doped perovskites and their impact on the reforming performance using various characterization techniques such as BET, X-ray powder diffraction, temperature programmable reduction, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We found that ruthenium is highly dispersed into perovskite lattice and its redox behavior is directly associated with reforming activity.
and help with course materials. Second I would like to Dr. Anand and Dr. Lau for helping me when I had academic troubles and seeing me through. Last but not least, I would like to thank Dr. Alvarado for sitting in on my committee on such short notice... but you are always in my heart, thanks to everyone for their support. vii ABBREVIATIONS/NOMENCLATURE AERL Advanced Engine Research Laboratory BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption CO Carbon Monoxide CO 2 Carbon Dioxide CPO Compressor...
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2002; Level: National5Sales for On-Highway4,1,50022,3,,,,6,1,9,1,50022,3,,,,6,1,Decade Year-0E (2001) -heatingintensityArea: U.S. East
A great deal of research funding is being devoted to the use of hydrogen for transportation fuel, particularly in the development of fuel cell vehicles. When this research bears fruit in the form of consumer-ready vehicles, will the fueling infrastructure be ready? Will the required fueling systems work in cold climates as well as they do in warm areas? Will we be sure that production of hydrogen as the energy carrier of choice for our transit system is the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly option? Will consumers understand this fuel and how to handle it? Those are questions addressed by the EVermont Wind to Wheels Hydrogen Project: Sustainable Transportation. The hydrogen fueling infrastructure consists of three primary subcomponents: a hydrogen generator (electrolyzer), a compression and storage system, and a dispenser. The generated fuel is then used to provide transportation as a motor fuel. EVermont Inc., started in 1993 by then governor Howard Dean, is a public-private partnership of entities interested in documenting and advancing the performance of advanced technology vehicles that are sustainable and less burdensome on the environment, especially in areas of cold climates, hilly terrain and with rural settlement patterns. EVermont has developed a demonstration wind powered hydrogen fuel producing filling system that uses electrolysis, compression to 5000 psi and a hydrogen burning vehicle that functions reliably in cold climates. And that fuel is then used to meet transportation needs in a hybrid electric vehicle whose internal combustion engine has been converted to operate on hydrogen Sponsored by the DOE EERE Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies (HFC&IT) Program, the purpose of the project is to test the viability of sustainably produced hydrogen for use as a transportation fuel in a cold climate with hilly terrain and rural settlement patterns. Specifically, the project addresses the challenge of building a renewable transportation energy capable system. The prime energy for this project comes from an agreement with a wind turbine operator.
The burning characteristics of a biodiesel droplet mixed with diesel or alkanes such as dodecane and hexadecane were experimentally studied in a reduced-gravity environment so as to create a spherically symmetrical flame without the influence of natural convection due to buoyancy. Small droplets on the order of 500 {mu}m in diameter were initially injected via a piezoelectric technique onto the cross point intersected by two thin carbon fibers; these were prepared inside a combustion chamber that was housed in a drag shield, which was freely dropped onto a foam cushion. It was found that, for single component droplets, the tendency to form a rigid soot shell was relatively small for biodiesel fuel as compared to that exhibited by the other tested fuels. The soot created drifted away readily, showing a puffing phenomenon; this could be related to the distinct molecular structure of biodiesel leading to unique soot layers that were more vulnerable to oxidative reactivity as compared to the soot generated by diesel or alkanes. The addition of biodiesel to these more traditional fuels also presented better performance with respect to annihilating the soot shell, particularly for diesel. The burning rate generally follows that of multi-component fuels, by some means in terms of a lever rule, whereas the mixture of biodiesel and dodecane exhibits a somewhat nonlinear relation with the added fraction of dodecane. This might be related to the formation of a soot shell. (author)
The objectives of this program are to study combustion feasibility by running Series 149 engine tests at high speeds with a fuel injection and combustion system designed for coal-water-slurry (CWS). The following criteria will be used to judge feasibility: (1) engine operation for sustained periods over the load range at speeds from 600 to 1900 rpm. The 149 engine for mine-haul trucks has a rated speed of 1900 rpm; (2) reasonable fuel economy and coal burnout rate; (3) reasonable cost of the engine design concept and CWS fuel compared to future oil prices.
The Westinghouse R and D Center has been conducting a fuel-processing program for Army phosphoric-acid fuel-cell (PAFC) systems, with the objective of an advanced system that uses dieselfuels and does not require an external water source. An autothermal reforming approach is followed, and six design variations proposed. Analyses and experimental tests have been performed and indicate this is a viable technical approach. However, the diesel-fuel-cell system is estimated to be considerably heavier than its methanol-fuel counterpart, which will limit its use for mobile and portable-power applications.
The objective of this program is to advance the current state of technology of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to improve performance when operating on renewable and logistics hydrocarbon fuel streams. Outcomes will include: 1.) new SOFC materials and architectures that address the technical challenges associated with carbon-deposit formation and sulfur poisoning; 2.) new integration strategies for combining fuel reformers with SOFCs; 3.) advanced modeling tools that bridge the scales of fundamental charge-transfer chemistry to system operation and control; and 4.) outreach through creation of the Distinguished Lecturer Series to promote nationwide collaboration with fuel-cell researchers and scientists.
This study by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates the worldwide potential to produce biofuels including biofuels for export. It was undertaken to improve our understanding of the potential for imported biofuels to satisfy the requirements of Title II of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) in the coming decades. Many other countries biofuels production and policies are expanding as rapidly as ours. Therefore, we modeled a detailed and up-to-date representation of the amount of biofuel feedstocks that are being and can be grown, current and future biofuels production capacity, and other factors relevant to the economic competitiveness of worldwide biofuels production, use, and trade. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) identified and prepared feedstock data for countries that were likely to be significant exporters of biofuels to the U.S. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) calculated conversion costs by conducting material flow analyses and technology assessments on biofuels technologies. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) integrated the country specific feedstock estimates and conversion costs into the global Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) model. The model uses least-cost optimization to project the future state of the global energy system in five year increments. World biofuels production was assessed over the 2010 to 2030 timeframe using scenarios covering a range U.S. policies (tax credits, tariffs, and regulations), as well as oil prices, feedstock availability, and a global CO{sub 2} price. All scenarios include the full implementation of existing U.S. and selected other countries biofuels policies (Table 4). For the U.S., the most important policy is the EISA Title II RenewableFuel Standard (RFS). It progressively increases the required volumes of renewablefuel used in motor vehicles (Appendix B). The RFS requires 36 billion (B) gallons (gal) per year of renewablefuels by 2022. Within the mandate, amounts of advanced biofuels, including biomass-based diesel and cellulosic biofuels, are required beginning in 2009. Imported renewablefuels are also eligible for the RFS. Another key U.S. policy is the $1.01 per gal tax credit for producers of cellulosic biofuels enacted as part of the 2008 Farm Bill. This credit, along with the DOE's research, development and demonstration (RD&D) programs, are assumed to enable the rapid expansion of U.S. and global cellulosic biofuels production needed for the U.S. to approach the 2022 RFS goal. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has yet to issue RFS rules to determine which fuels would meet the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and land use restrictions specified in EISA, we assume that cellulosic ethanol, biomass-to-liquid fuels (BTL), sugar-derived ethanol, and fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel would all meet the EISA advanced biofuel requirements. We also assume that enough U.S. corn ethanol would meet EISA's biofuel requirements or otherwise be grandfathered under EISA to reach 15 B gal per year.
There are many dimensions involved in any study of Diesel Engine Emissions. These dimensions include: the fuel used, how the fuel is presented into the combustion chamber, how the air is presented into the combustion chamber, the actual process of combustion and emissions formation, the treatment of the emissions after combustion, and the test methods used to quantify the emissions. All of these dimensions are covered in this publication. The fuel topics include: plant oil based fuels and gas dissolved in fuel oil. The air delivery to the combustion chamber is effected by both port performance and geometry and ambient conditions and these topics are included. The thermodynamics of the combustion process and modeling are included in this publication. Aftertreatment is included with a paper on particulate filters. A correlation study using the ISO8178 testing method is also included. All nine papers have been processed separately for inclusion on the database.
New analytical approaches for determination of 1) tricyclic aromatics, 2) alkenes, and weight % data in Naval dieselfuels are described. Tricyclic aromatics are detected and characterized at concentrations as low as approx. 0.25% in dieselfuels. Various analytical approaches for characterizing alkenes in dieselfuels are also explored, including: 1) chromatographic separation of the alkene fraction in dieselfuels by AgNO/sub 3/ impregnated chromatographic columns, and 2) a /sup 19/F NMR tagging method characterizing alkenes. Finally, a calculative method for conversion of LC-1H NMR molar data to weight % data for each chromatographic fraction in a fuel is described.
Integration and Dynamics of a Renewable Regenerative Hydrogen Fuel Cell System by Alvin Peter, hydrogen and electricity storage, and fuel cells. A special design feature of this test bed is the ability of the author. #12;ii Supervisory Committee Integration and Dynamics of a Renewable Regenerative Hydrogen Fuel
Winter rape is well adapted to the Palouse region of Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington. Nearly all of the current US production is grown in this region. Yields of 2200 to 2700 kg/ha with 45 percent oil content are common. Even though present production only 2000 to 2500 ha per year, the long history of production and good yields of oil make winter rape the best potential fuel vegetable oil crop for the region. Winter rape oil is more viscous than sunflower oil (50 cSt at 40/sup 0/C for winter rape and 35 cSt at 40/sup 0/C for sunflower oil) and about 17 times more viscous than diesel. The viscosity of the pure oil has been found too high for operation in typical diesel injector systems. Mixtures and/or additives are essential if the oil is to be a satisfactory fuel. Conversely, the fatty acid composition of witer rape oils is such that it is potentially a more favorable fuel because of reduced rates of oxidation and thermal polymerization. This paper will report on results of short and long term engine tests using winter rape, diesel, and commercial additives as the components. Selection of mixtures for long term screening tests was based on laboratory studies which included high temperature oxidation studies and temperature-viscosity data. Fuel temperature has been monitored at the outlet of the injector nozzle on operating engines so that viscosity comparisons at the actual injector temperature can be made. 1 figure, 3 tables.
This paper describes an investigation of the flame structure of wall-impinging diesel sprays injected by group-hole nozzles in a constant-volume combustion vessel at experimental conditions typical of a diesel engine. The particular emphasis was on the effect of the included angle between two orifices (0-15 deg. in current study) on the flame structure and combustion characteristics under various simulated engine load conditions. The laser absorption scattering (LAS) technique was applied to analyze the spray and mixture properties. Direct flame imaging and OH chemiluminescence imaging were utilized to quantify the ignition delay, flame geometrical parameters, and OH chemiluminescence intensity. The images show that the asymmetric flame structure emerges in wall-impinging group-hole nozzle sprays as larger included angle and higher engine load conditions are applied, which is consistent with the spray shape observed by LAS. Compared to the base nozzle, group-hole nozzles with large included angles yield higher overall OH chemiluminescence intensity, wider flame area, and greater proportion of high OH intensity, implying the better fuel/air mixing and improved combustion characteristics. The advantages of group-hole nozzle are more pronounced under high load conditions. Based on the results, the feasibility of group-hole nozzle for practical direct injection diesel engines is also discussed. It is concluded that the asymmetric flame structure of a group-hole nozzle spray is favorable to reduce soot formation over wide engine loads. However, the hole configuration of the group-hole nozzle should be carefully considered so as to achieve proper air utilization in the combustion chamber. Stoichiometric diesel combustion is another promising application of group-hole nozzle. (author)
Presents the results of a 2,000-hour test of an emissions control system consisting of a nitrogen oxides adsorber catalyst in combination with a diesel particle filter, advanced fuels, and advanced engine controls in an SUV/pick-up truck vehicle platform.
The purpose of this study was to perform a preliminary investigation of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of dieselfuels to evaluate whether the technique could distinguish between the diesel samples from different sources/locations. The ability to differentiate or correlate diesel samples could be valuable for detecting fuel tax evasion schemes. Two fractionation techniques were used to isolate the n-alkanes from the fuel. Both ?13C and ?D values for the n-alkanes were then determined by CSIA in each sample. Plots of ?D versus ?13C with sample n-alkane points connected in order of increasing carbon number gave well separated clusters with characteristic shapes for each sample. Principal components analysis (PCA) with ?13C, ?D, or combined ?13C and ?D data on the yielded scores plots that could clearly differentiate the samples, thereby demonstrating the potential of this approach for fingerprinting fuel samples using the ?13C and ?D values.
In-cylinder fuel blending of gasoline/dieselfuel is investigated on a multi-cylinder light-duty diesel engine as a potential strategy to control in-cylinder fuel reactivity for improved efficiency and lowest possible emissions. This approach was developed and demonstrated at the University of Wisconsin through modeling and single-cylinder engine experiments. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential and challenges of this method on a multi-cylinder engine. More specifically, the effect of cylinder-to-cylinder imbalances, heat rejection, and in-cylinder charge motion as well as the potential limitations imposed by real-world turbo-machinery were investigated on a 1.9-liter four-cylinder engine. This investigation focused on one engine condition, 2300 rpm, 4.2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Gasoline was introduced with a port-fuel-injection system. Parameter sweeps included gasoline-to-dieselfuel ratio, intake air mixture temperature, in-cylinder swirl number, and diesel start-of-injection phasing. In addition, engine parameters were trimmed for each cylinder to balance the combustion process for maximum efficiency and lowest emissions. An important observation was the strong influence of intake charge temperature on cylinder pressure rise rate. Experiments were able to show increased thermal efficiency along with dramatic decreases in oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). However, indicated thermal efficiency for the multi-cylinder experiments were less than expected based on modeling and single-cylinder results. The lower indicated thermal efficiency is believed to be due increased heat transfer as compared to the model predictions and suggest a need for improved cylinder-to-cylinder control and increased heat transfer control.
The Renewable Energy Institute International, in collaboration with Red Lion Bio-Energy and Pacific RenewableFuels, is demonstrating a pilot, pre-commercial-scale integrated biorefinery for the production of high-quality, synthetic dieselfuels from agriculture and forest residues using advanced thermochemical and catalytic conversion technologies.
Stringent emission standards are driving the development of diesel-fuel injection concepts to mitigate in-cylinder formation of particulates. While research has demonstrated significant reduction in particulate formation using micro-orifice technology, implementation requires development of industrial processes to fabricate micro-orifices with diameters as low as 50 gmm and with large length-to-diameter ratios. This paper reviews the different processes being pursued to fabricate micro-orifices and the advanced techniques applied to characterize the performance of micro-orifices. The latter include the use of phase-contrast x-ray imaging of electroless nickel-plated, micro-orifices and laser imaging of fuel sprays at elevated pressures. The experimental results demonstrate an industrially viable process to create small uniform orifices that improve spray formation for fuel injection.
Experimental results to date from an on-going research program on improved materials for stationary diesel engines using residual or coal-based fuels are presented with little discussion of conclusions about these results. Information is included on ring and liner wear, fuel oil qualities, ceramic materials, coatings, test procedures and equipment, and tribology test results. (LCL)
We utilize the Powertrain Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) combined with transient engine and aftertreatment component models to simulate the impact of premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) on the fuel economy and emissions of light-duty (LD) diesel-powered conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Our simulated aftertreatment train consists of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), lean NOx trap (LNT), and catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The results indicate that utilizing PCCI combustion significantly reduces fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions for the conventional diesel-powered vehicle with NOx and particulate emissions controls. These benefits result from a favorable engine speed-load distribution over the cycle combined with a corresponding reduction in the need to regenerate the LNT and DPF. However, the current PCCI technology appears to offer less potential benefit for diesel HEVs equipped with similar emissions controls. This is because PCCI can only be activated over a relatively small part of the drive cycle. Thus we conclude that future utilization of PCCI in diesel HEVs will require significant extension of the available speed-load range for PCCI and revision of current HEV engine management strategies before significant benefits can be realized.
In this thesis, I assess the impact of the current EU Emissions Trading Scheme and a hypothetical renewable jet fuel mandate on US airlines. I find that both the EU Scheme up until 2020 and a renewable jet fuel mandate of ...
The goal of this program was to study the feasibility of operating a Detroit Diesel Series 149 engine at high speeds using a Coal-Water-Slurry (CWS) fuel. The CWS-fueled 149 engine is proposed for the mine-haul off-highway truck and work boat marine markets. Economic analysis studies indicate that, for these markets, the use of CWS fuel could have sufficient operating cost savings, depending upon the future dieselfuel price, emission control system capital and operating costs, and maintenance and overhaul costs. A major portion of the maintenance costs is expected to be due to lower life and higher cost of the CWS injectors. Injection and combustion systems were specially designed for CWS, and were installed in one cylinder of a Detroit Diesel 8V-149TI engine for testing. The objective was to achieve engine operation for sustained periods at speeds up to 1,900 rpm with reasonable fuel economy and coal burnout rate. A computer simulation predicted autoignition of coal fuel at 1,900 rpm would require an average droplet size of 18 microns and 19:1 compression ratio, so the injection system, and pistons were designed accordingly. The injection system was capable of supplying the required volume of CWS/injection with a duration of approximately 25 crank angle degrees and peak pressures on the order of 100 mpa. In addition to the high compression ratio, the combustion system also utilized hot residual gases in the cylinder, warm inlet air admission and ceramic insulated engine components to enhance combustion. Autoignition of CWS fuel was achieved at 1900 rpm, at loads ranging from 20--80 percent of the rated load of diesel-fuel powered cylinders. Limited emissions data indicates coal burnout rates in excess of 99 percent. NO{sub x} levels were significantly lower, while unburned hydrocarbon levels were higher for the CWS fueled cylinder than for corresponding diesel-fuel powered cylinders.
renewablefuels. · Combustion modeling is being used to simulate biodiesel combustion in diesel engines. · The dynamic viscosity for methyl oleate was within the ASTM standard. · The lower heating value was 5% lower-1039787" Investigation of Methyl Oleate as a Surrogate Fuel for Biodiesel, in a Direct Injection Diesel
The objective of this research was to obtain diesel particle size distributions from a 1988 and a 1991 diesel engine using three different fuels and two exhaust control technologies (a ceramic particle trap and an oxidation catalytic converter). The particle size distributions from both engines were used to develop models to estimate the composition of the individual size particles. Nucleation theory of the H{sub 2}O and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} vapor is used to predict when nuclei-mode particles will form in the dilution tunnel. Combining the theory with the experimental data, the conditions necessary in the dilution tunnel for particle formation are predicted. The paper also contains a discussion on the differences between the 1988 and 1991 engine`s particle size distributions. The results indicated that nuclei mode particles (0.0075--0.046 {micro}m) are formed in the dilution tunnel and consist of more than 80% H{sub 2}O-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} particles when using the 1988 engine and 0.29 wt% sulfur fuel. Nucleation theory indicated that H{sub 2}O-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} particles may form during dilution at 0.03 wt% fuel sulfur levels and above. The 1991 engine was designed for lower particulate emissions than the 1988 engine and the 1991 engine`s accumulation mode particles (0.046-1.0 {micro}m) were reduced more than 80% by volume compared to the 1988 engine using the same low sulfur fuel. The particle size composition model indicated that using low sulfur fuel and the 1991 engine, the nuclei mode contained more than 45% of the total solid particles and over 85% of the soluble organic fraction.
The prediction of auto-ignition delay times in HCCI engines has risen interest on detailed chemical models. This paper described a validated kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of a model Dieselfuel (n-decane and ?-methylnaphthalene). The 3D model for the description of low and high temperature auto-ignition in engines is presented. The behavior of the model fuel is compared with that of n-heptane. Simulations show that the 3D model coupled with the kinetic mechanism can reproduce experimental HCCI and Diesel engine results and that the correct modeling of auto-ignition in the cool flame region is essential in HCCI conditions.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Biomass Program has begun an initiative to obtain consistent quantitative metrics for algal biofuel production to establish an 'integrated baseline' by harmonizing and combining the Program's national resource assessment (RA), techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life-cycle analysis (LCA) models. The baseline attempts to represent a plausible near-term production scenario with freshwater microalgae growth, extraction of lipids, and conversion via hydroprocessing to produce a renewablediesel (RD) blendstock. Differences in the prior TEA and LCA models were reconciled (harmonized) and the RA model was used to prioritize and select the most favorable consortium of sites that supports production of 5 billion gallons per year of RD. Aligning the TEA and LCA models produced slightly higher costs and emissions compared to the pre-harmonized results. However, after then applying the productivities predicted by the RA model (13 g/m2/d on annual average vs. 25 g/m2/d in the original models), the integrated baseline resulted in markedly higher costs and emissions. The relationship between performance (cost and emissions) and either productivity or lipid fraction was found to be non-linear, and important implications on the TEA and LCA results were observed after introducing seasonal variability from the RA model. Increasing productivity and lipid fraction alone was insufficient to achieve cost and emission targets; however, combined with lower energy, less expensive alternative technology scenarios, emissions and costs were substantially reduced.
The present invention relates to a method of producing a dieselfuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock dieselfuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock dieselfuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock dieselfuel is added to the stock dieselfuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock dieselfuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock dieselfuel is added to the stock dieselfuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.
For the first time, a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism is developed for primary reference fuel mixtures of n-hexadecane and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethyl nonane for diesel cetane ratings. The mechanisms are constructed using existing rules for reaction pathways and rate expressions developed previously for the primary reference fuels for gasoline octane ratings, n-heptane and iso-octane. These reaction mechanisms are validated by comparisons between computed and experimental results for shock tube ignition and for oxidation under jet-stirred reactor conditions. The combined kinetic reaction mechanism contains the submechanisms for the primary reference fuels for diesel cetane ratings and submechanisms for the primary reference fuels for gasoline octane ratings, all in one integrated large kinetic reaction mechanism. Representative applications of this mechanism to two test problems are presented, one describing fuel/air autoignition variations with changes in fuel cetane numbers, and the other describing fuel combustion in a jet-stirred reactor environment with the fuel varying from pure 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethyl nonane (Cetane number of 15) to pure n-hexadecane (Cetane number of 100). The final reaction mechanism for the primary reference fuels for dieselfuel and gasoline is available on the web.
Electrofuels Project: UCLA is utilizing renewable electricity to power direct liquid fuel production in genetically engineered Ralstonia eutropha bacteria. UCLA is using renewable electricity to convert carbon dioxide into formic acid, a liquid soluble compound that delivers both carbon and energy to the bacteria. The bacteria are genetically engineered to convert the formic acid into liquid fuel—in this case alcohols such as butanol. The electricity required for the process can be generated from sunlight, wind, or other renewable energy sources. In fact, UCLA’s electricity-to-fuel system could be a more efficient way to utilize these renewable energy sources considering the energy density of liquid fuel is much higher than the energy density of other renewable energy storage options, such as batteries.
This final report summarizes work accomplished in the Program from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2004. Most of the key technical objectives for this program were achieved. A breakthrough material system has lead to the development of an OTM (oxygen transport membrane) compact planar reactor design capable of producing either syngas or hydrogen. The planar reactor shows significant advantages in thermal efficiency and a step change reduction in costs compared to either autothermal reforming or steam methane reforming with CO{sub 2} recovery. Syngas derived ultra-clean transportation fuels were tested in the Nuvera fuel cell modular pressurized reactor and in International Truck and Engine single cylinder test engines. The studies compared emission and engine performance of conventional base fuels to various formulations of ultra-clean gasoline or dieselfuels. A proprietary BP oxygenate showed significant advantage in both applications for reducing emissions with minimal impact on performance. In addition, a study to evaluate new fuel formulations for an HCCI engine was completed.
Experiments have been completed to characterize atomization of intermittent coal-water slurry sprays from an electronically controlled accumulator fuel injection system of a dieselfuel engine. A synchronized laser diffraction particle analyzer...
A preliminary conceptual design of a coal-fueleddiesel system was prepared as part of a previous systems study. Since then, our team has accumulated extensive results from testing coal-water slurry on the 13-inch bore JS engine (400 rpm) in 1987 and 1988. These results provided new insights into preferred design concepts for engine components. One objective, therefore, was to revise the preliminary design to incorporate these preferred design concepts. In addition there were certain areas where additional, more detailed analysis was required as a result of the previous conceptual design. Another objective, therefore was to perform additional detailed design efforts, such as: (1) market applications and engine sizes, (2) coal-water slurry cleaning and grinding processes, (3) emission controls and hot gas contaminant controls, (4) component durability, (5) cost and performance assessments. (VC)
The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuel is consumed by the US aviation industry each year from 2018. We examine the economic and emissions impacts of this goal ...
This thesis presents a model to quantify the economic costs and environmental impacts of producing fuels from hydroprocessed renewable oils (HRO) process. Aspen Plus was used to model bio-refinery operations and supporting ...
The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuel is consumed by the US aviation industry each year from 2018. We examine the cost to US airlines of meeting this goal ...
Solar Power To Help Convert Carbon Dioxide Into Fuel : Renewable Energy News TUESDAY 25 MAY, 2010 | | Solar Power To Help Convert Carbon Dioxide Into Fuel by Energy Matters Microbiologist Derek Lovley dioxide into transportation fuels, with the help of special micro-organisms and solar power. The team
Renewable and alteRnative eneRgy Fact Sheet Using Biodiesel Fuel in Your Engine introduction Biodiesel is an engine fuel that is created by chemically reacting fatty acids and alcohol. Practically sodium hydroxide). Biodiesel is much more suitable for use as an engine fuel than straight vegetable oil
The Energy Department will present a webinar titled "Increasing Renewable Energy with Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell Technologies" on Tuesday, August 19, from 12:00 to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). The webinar will feature representatives from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory presenting a unique opportunity for the integration of multiple sectors including transportation, industrial, heating fuel, and electric sectors on hydrogen.
Many studies have shown that the addition of oxygen bearing compounds to dieselfuel can significantly reduce particulate emissions. To assist in the evaluation of the environmental performance of diesel-fuel oxygenates, we have implemented a suite of diagnostic models for simulating the transport of compounds released to air, water, and soils/groundwater as well as regional landscapes. As a means of studying the comparative performance of DBM and TGME, we conducted a series of simulations for selected environmental media. Benzene and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) were also addressed because they represent benchmark fuel-related compounds that have been the subject of extensive environmental measurements and modeling. The simulations showed that DBM and TGME are less mobile in soil because of reduced vapor-phase transport and increased retention on soil particles. The key distinction between these two oxygenates is that DBM is predicted to have a greater potential than TGME for aerobic biodegradation, based on chemical structure.
This article is concerned with renewable energy’s too-slow transition and with how existing legal regimes work to preserve fossil energy dominance. It develops from two related claims: that an implicit support structure for fossil energy is written...
Renewablefuels standard (RFS) policies are becoming a popular public policy mechanism for developing the market for renewablefuels in the transportation sector. During the past decade, U.S. states and several countries began implementing these more market-based (less command and control) policies to support increased biofuels production and use. This paper presents an overview of current and proposed U.S. state-level policies, as well as selected electric sector policies and international fuel standard policies. Current U.S. state-level renewablefuel policies list drivers including an improved economy and environment, as well as fuel self-sufficiency. Best practices and experience from an evaluation of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) in the United States and international RFS policies can inform U.S. state-level policy by illustrating the importance of policy flexibility, binding targets, effective cost caps, and tradable permits. Understanding and building on the experiences from these previous policies can improve the policy mechanism and further develop a market for renewablefuels to meet the goals of improved economy, environment, and fuel self-sufficiency.
Two Canadian tar sands derived experimental dieselfuels with cetane numbers of 26 and 36 and a reference fuel with a cetane number of 47 were tested in a Deutz (FIL511D), single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated research engine. The fuels were tested at intake and cooling air temperatures of 30 and 0/sup 0/C. The 36 cetane number fuel was tested with advanced, rated and retarded injection timings. Poor engine speed stability at light loads and excessive rates of combustion pressure rise were experienced with the lowest cetane number fuel. Detailed performance/combustion behavior is presented and a correlation with fuel structural compostiton is made. The analytical techniques used to characterize the fuels included liquid chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (PNMR).
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200016 A Light-Assisted Biomass Fuel Cell for Renewable Electricity Generation, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that can degrade biomass in wastewater (glucose, fats, proteins, ammonia in the cell with a solution of oxidizable biomass, as it occurs in municipal wastewater. Under these altered
This paper examines the velocity profile of fuel issuing from a high-pressure single-orifice diesel injector. Velocities of liquid structures were determined from time-resolved ultrafast shadow images, formed by an amplified two-pulse laser source coupled to a double-frame camera. A statistical analysis of the data over many injection events was undertaken to map velocities related to spray formation near the nozzle outlet as a function of time after start of injection. These results reveal a strong asymmetry in the liquid profile of the test injector, with distinct fast and slow regions on opposite sides of the orifice. Differences of ~100 m/s can be observed between the 'fast' and 'slow' sides of the jet, resulting in different atomization conditions across the spray. On average, droplets are dispersed at a greater distance from the nozzle on the 'fast' side of the flow, and distinct macrostructure can be observed under the asymmetric velocity conditions. The changes in structural velocity and atomization b...
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n-Hexadecane and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane represent the primary reference fuels for diesel that are used to determine cetane number, a measure of the ignition property of dieselfuel. With the development of chemical kinetics models for both primary reference fuels, a new capability is now available to model dieselfuel ignition. Additionally, we have developed chemical kinetic models for a whole series of large n-alkanes and a large iso-alkane to represent these chemical classes in fuel surrogates for conventional and future fuels. These chemical kinetic models are used to predict the effect of the aforementioned fuel components on ignition characteristics under conditions found in internal combustion engines.
The objectives of this project were multi-fold: (i) conduct fundamental studies to develop a new class of high temperature PEM fuel cell material capable of conducting protons at elevated temperature (180oC), (ii) develop and fabricate a 5kWe novel catalytic flat plate steam reforming process for extracting hydrogen from multi-fuels and integrate with high-temperature PEM fuel cell systems, (iii) research and develop improved oxygen permeable membranes for high power density lithium air battery with simple control systems and reduced cost, (iv) research on high energy yield agriculture bio-crop (Miscanthus) suitable for reformate fuel/alternative fuel with minimum impact on human food chain and develop a cost analysis and production model, and (v) develop math and science alternative energy educator program to include bio-energy and power.
Work has proceeded intensely with the objective of completing the commercial prototype system prior to the end of the contract period. At the time of this report, testing and refinement of the commercial version of the system has not been completed. During this reporting period, several major milestones were reached and many significant lessons were learned. These are described. The experimental retrofit system has achieved all performance objectives in engine dynamometer tests. The prototype commercial version of the system will begin demonstration service on the first of several Santa Maria Area Transit (SMAT) transit buses on February 1, 1999. The commercial system has been redesignated the Electronic Diesel Smoke Reduction System (EDSRS) replacing the original internal pseudonym ADSC. The focus has been narrowed to a retrofit product suitable for installation on existing mechanically-governed diesel engines. Included in this potential market are almost all diesel-powered passenger cars and light trucks manufactured prior to the introduction of the most recent clean diesel engines equipped with particulate traps and electronic controls. Also included are heavy-duty trucks, transit vehicles, school buses, and agricultural equipment. This system is intended to prevent existing diesel engines from overfueling to the point of visible particulate emissions (smoke), while allowing maximum smoke-limited torque under all operating conditions. The system employs a microcontroller and a specialized exhaust particulate emission sensor to regulate the maximum allowable fuel quantity via an adaptive throttle-limit map. This map specifies a maximum allowable throttle position as a function of engine speed, turbocharger boost pressure and engine coolant temperature. The throttle position limit is mechanized via a servo actuator inserted in the throttle cable leading to the injection pump.
Abstract—People today are increasingly health conscious and therefore shopkeepers tend to dispose of fatty chicken and pork skin. Chicken and pork skins thus are sources of solid waste that are usually not utilized. This paper deals with the production of useful biodiesel from utilizing the waste chicken and pork skins. Fat from the waste chicken and pork skins (sourced from local shops), was first extracted and subjected to transesterification. The products of transesterification were FAME (Fatty acid methyl esters) and glycerol. The FAME produced was tested for five parameters namely calorific value, pour point and cloud point when compared to ASTM E2515-11 standard values. Comparison of the obtained values of the five parameters with the standard values for diesel was performed to determine the viability of the biodiesel produced. The results of this experiment showed that the calorific values of FAME produced from chicken skin and pork skin fat were close to that of petroleum derived diesel. However, two test parameters namely kinematic viscosity and pour point differed when compared to diesel; this problem can be circumvented by modifying an automobile’s internal combustion engine. Due to the relatively high yield value of biodiesel, it is feasible to utilize chicken skin and pork skin fat at a rural level to produce FAME that can be an alternative to diesel in this time of acute fuel scarcity.
Technologies being developed that will allow for the substitution of aluminum for cast iron in engine heads and blocks, while maintaining performance and durability. Development of lightweight diesel engine technology: funded by NAVY, DOE and TACOM
Performance and emission data was acquired by testing an aircraft turbo diesel engine with JET-A at the Mal Harned Propulsion Laboratory of the University of Kansas. The performance data was analyzed and compared to the presented data...
The use of tax-free dyed fuel on public highways in the United States provides a convenient way of evading taxes. Current enforcement involves visual inspection for the red azo dye added to the fuel to designate its tax-free status. This approach has shortcomings such as the invasive nature of the tests and/or various deceptive tactics applied by tax evaders. A test designed to detect dyed fuel use by analyzing the exhaust would circumvent these shortcomings. This paper describes the development of a simple color spot test designed to detect the use of tax-free (dyed) dieselfuel by analyzing the engine exhaust. Development first investigated the combustion products of C.I. Solvent Red 164 (the azo dye formulation used in the United States to tag tax-free fuel). A variety of aryl amines were identified as characteristic molecular remnants that appear to survive combustion. A number of microanalytical color tests specific for aryl amines were then investigated. One test based on the use of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde seemed particularly applicable and was used in a proof-of-principle experiment. The 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde color spot test was able to clearly distinguish between engines burning regular and dyed dieselfuel. Further development will refine this color spot test to provide an easy-to-use field test for Internal Revenue Service Field Compliance specialists.
The conference will present and discuss current science that underlies solar fuels production, and will focus on direct production pathways for production. Thus, recent advances in design and understanding of molecular systems and materials for light capture and conversion of relevance for solar fuels will be discussed. An important set of topics will be homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological catalysts for the multi-electron processes of water oxidation, hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction to useful fuels. Also, progress towards integrated and scalable systems will be presented. Attached is a copy of the formal schedule and speaker program and the poster program.
In order to meet common fuel specifications such as cetane number and volatility, a refinery must blend a number of refinery stocks derived from various process units in the refinery. Fuel chemistry can be significantly altered in meeting fuel specifications. Additionally, fuel specifications are seldom changed in isolation, and the drive to meet one specification may significantly alter other specifications or fuel chemistry. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines depend on the kinetic behavior of a fuel to achieve reliable ignition and are expected to be more dependent on fuel specifications and chemistry than today's conventional engines. Regression analysis can help in determining the underlying relationships between fuel specifications, chemistry, and engine performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in this work, because of its ability to deal with co-linear variables and to uncover 'hidden' relationships in the data. In this paper, a set of 11 dieselfuels with widely varying properties were run in a simple HCCI engine. Fuel properties and engine performance are examined to identify underlying fuel relationships and to determine the interplay between engine behavior and fuels. Results indicate that fuel efficiency is mainly controlled by a collection of specifications related to density and energy content and ignition characteristics are controlled mainly by cetane number.
This report summarizes the carbon-type analysis from 1H and 13C{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) of Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) diesel blends, FD-2B, FD 4B, and FD-7B, and makes comparison of the new blends with the original FACE diesel blends, FD 2A, FD 4A, and FD-7A, respectively. Generally, FD-2A and FD-2B are more similar than the A and B blends of FD-4 and FD-7. The aromatic carbon content is roughly equivalent, although the new FACE blends have decreased monoaromatic content and increased di- and tri-cycloaromatic content, as well as a higher overall aromatic content, than the original FACE blends. The aromatic components of the new FACE blends generally have a higher alkyl substitution with longer alkyl substituents. The naphthenic and paraffinic contents remained relatively consistent. Based on aliphatic methyl and methylene carbon ratios, cetane numbers for FD-2A and -2B, and FD-7A and -7B are predicted to be consistent, while the cetane number for FD-4B is predicted to be higher than FD-4A. Overall, the new FACE fuel blends are fairly consistent with the original FACE fuel blends, but there are observable differences. In addition to providing important comparative compositional information on reformulated FACE diesel blends, this report also provides important information about the capabilities of the team at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the use of NMR spectroscopy for the detailed characterization and comparison of fuels and fuel blends.
Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Cooper-Bessemer and Arthur D. Little have developed the technology to enable coal-water slurry to be utilized in large-bore, medium-speed diesel engines. The target application is modular power generation in the 10 to 100 MW size, with each plant using between two and eight engines. Such systems are expected to be economically attractive in the non-utility generation market after 2000, when oil and natural gas prices are expected to escalate rapidly compared to the price of coal. During this development program, over 1,000 hours of prototype engine operation have been achieved on coal-water slurry (CWS), including over 100 hours operation of a six-cylinder, 1.8 MW engine with an integrated emissions control system. Arthur D. Little, Inc., managed the coal-fueleddiesel development, with Cooper-Bessemer as the principal subcontractor responsible for the engine design and testing. Several key technical advances which enable the viability of the coal-fueleddiesel engine were made under this program. Principal among them are the development and demonstration of (1) durable injection nozzles; (2) an integrated emissions control system; ad (3) low-cost clean coal slurry formulations optimized for the engine. Significant advances in all subsystem designs were made to develop the full-scale Cooper-Bessemer coal engine components in preparation for a 100-hour proof-of-concept test of an integrated system, including emissions controls. The Clean Coal Diesel power plant of the future will provide a cost-competitive, low-emissions, modular, coal-based power generation option to the non-utility generation, small utility, independent power producer, and cogeneration markets. Combined cycle efficiencies will be approximately 48% (lower heating value basis) and installed cost will be approximately $1,300/kW (1992 dollars).
An improved process for the liquefaction of coal and similar solid carbonaceous materials wherein a hydrogen donor solvent or diluent derived from the solid carbonaceous material is used to form a slurry of the solid carbonaceous material and wherein the naphthenic components from the solvent or diluent fraction are separated and used as jet fuel components. The extraction increases the relative concentration of hydroaromatic (hydrogen donor) components and as a result reduces the gas yield during liquefaction and decreases hydrogen consumption during said liquefaction. The hydrogenation severity can be controlled to increase the yield of naphthenic components and hence the yield of jet fuel and in a preferred embodiment jet fuel yield is maximized while at the same time maintaining solvent balance.
Over the last 20 years, the government of Indonesia has undertaken an extensive program to provide electricity to the population of that country. The electrification of rural areas has been partially achieved through the use of isolated diesel systems, which account for about 20% of the country`s generated electricity. Due to many factors related to inefficient power production with diesels, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in conjunction with PLN, the Indonesian national utility, Community Power Corporation, and Idaho Power Company, analyzed options for retrofitting existing diesel power systems. This study considered the use of different combinations of advanced diesel control, the addition of wind generators, photovoltaics and batteries to reduce the systems of overall cost and fuel consumption. This analysis resulted in a general methodology for retrofitting diesel power systems. This paper discusses five different retrofitting options to improve the performance of diesel power systems. The systems considered in the Indonesian analysis are cited as examples for the options discussed.
Contamination of the lube-oil with hard abrasive particles leads to a three-body abrasive wear mechanism that highly accelerates piston ring/cylinder liner wear in coal-fueleddiesel engines. One approach to reducing that wear is to modify the size and orientation of surface asperities on the cylinder to enhance the formation of a hydrodynamic film, and to provide avenues of escape for particles that would otherwise be trapped in the wear zone. Another approach is to introduce additives into the contaminated lube-oil that further enhance hydrodynamic film formation, form chemical films on the wearing surfaces, or form films on the contaminant particles. This work focuses on defining the effects of cylinder liner surface finish, various configurations of slots in the cylinder liner surface, and various additives in the contaminated lube-oil on the wear process. Wear tests were initiated in a bench apparatus using coal-ash contaminated lube-oil to test the various wear configurations. The results of these tests indicate that the formation of a hydrodynamic film between the ring and cylinder specimens is enhanced by increasing surface roughness, and by orienting the surface asperities normal to the direction of ring travel but modifications to the cylinder liner surface did not greatly reduce the wear rate. Additives to the lubricant seemed to have a much more significant effect on wear, with a dispersant additive highly accelerating the wear, while a detergent additive was able to reduce the wear almost to the rate achieved where there was no contaminant.
publication 442-880 There are broad and increasing interests across the nation in using domestic, renewable bioenergy. Virginia farmers and transportation fleets use considerable amounts of dieselfuel in their operations. Biodiesel is an excellent alternative fuel for the diesel engines. Biodiesel can be produced from crops commonly grown in Virginia, such as soybean and canola, and has almost the same performance as petrodiesel. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the basics of biodiesel fuel and address some myths and answer some questions about biodiesel fuel before farmers and fleet owners use this type of fuel. ASTM standard for biodiesel (ASTM D6751) Biodiesel fuel, hereafter referred to as simply biodiesel,
In order to understand the effect of both the new homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion process and the use of biofuel, optical measurements were carried out into a transparent CR diesel engine. Rape seed methyl ester was used and tests with several injection pressures were performed. OH and HCO radical were detected and their evolutions were analyzed during the whole combustion. Moreover, soot concentration was measured by means the two colour pyrometry method. The reduction of particulate emission with biodiesel as compared to the dieselfuel was noted. Moreover, this effect resulted higher increasing the injection pressure. In the case of RME the oxidation of soot depends mainly from O{sub 2} content of fuel and OH is responsible of the NO formation in the chamber as it was observed for NO{sub x} exhaust emission. Moreover, it was investigated the evolution of HCO and CO into the cylinder. HCO was detected at the start of combustion. During the combustion, HCO oxidizes due to the increasing temperature and it produces CO. Both fuels have similar trend, the highest concentrations are detected for low injection pressure. This effect is more evident for the RME fuel. (author)
The research carried out on this project developed experimentally validated Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) high?fidelity models that served as the basis for the reduced order models used for internal state estimation. The high?fidelity and reduced order/estimator codes were evaluated by the industrial partners with feedback to MTU that improved the codes. Ammonia, particulate matter (PM) mass retained, PM concentration, and NOX sensors were evaluated and used in conjunction with the estimator codes. The data collected from PM experiments were used to develop the PM kinetics using the high?fidelity DPF code for both NO2 assisted oxidation and thermal oxidation for Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel (ULSF), and B10 and B20 biodiesel fuels. Nine SAE papers were presented and this technology transfer process should provide the basis for industry to improve the OBD and control of urea injection and fuel injection for active regeneration of the PM in the DPF using the computational techniques developed. This knowledge will provide industry the ability to reduce the emissions and fuel consumption from vehicles in the field. Four MS and three PhD Mechanical Engineering students were supported on this project and their thesis research provided them with expertise in experimental, modeling, and controls in aftertreatment systems.
Concerns about climate change and altering the ocean chemistry are likely to limit the use of fossil fuels. That implies a transition to a low-carbon nuclear-renewable electricity grid. Historically variable electricity demand was met using fossil plants with low capital costs, high operating costs, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions. However, the most easily scalable very-low-emissions generating options, nuclear and non-dispatchable renewables (solar and wind), are capital-intensive technologies with low operating costs that should operate at full capacities to minimize costs. No combination of fully-utilized nuclear and renewables can meet the variable electricity demand. This implies large quantities of expensive excess generating capacity much of the time. In a free market this results in near-zero electricity prices at times of high nuclear renewables output and low electricity demand with electricity revenue collapse. Capital deployment efficiency—the economic benefit derived from energy systems capital investment at a societal level—strongly favors high utilization of these capital-intensive systems, especially if low-carbon nuclear renewables are to replace fossil fuels. Hybrid energy systems are one option for better utilization of these systems that consumes excess energy at times of low prices to make some useful product.The economic basis for development of hybrid energy systems is described for a low-carbon nuclear renewable world where much of the time there are massivequantities of excess energy available from the electric sector.Examples include (1) high-temperature electrolysis to generate hydrogen for non-fossil liquid fuels, direct use as a transport fuel, metal reduction, etc. and (2) biorefineries.Nuclear energy with its concentrated constant heat output may become the enabling technology for economically-viable low-carbon electricity grids because hybrid nuclear systems may provide an economic way to produce dispatachable variable electricity with economic base-load operation of the reactor.
This report documents the objectives, analaytical approach and design of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) RenewableFuels Module (RFM) as it relates to the production of the 1996 Annual Energy Outlook forecasts. The report catalogues and describes modeling assumptions, computational methodologies, data inputs, and parameter estimation techniques. A number of offline analyses used in lieu of RFM modeling components are also described.
Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuel is consumed by the US aviation,* Dominic McConnachie, Christoph Wollersheim and Ian A. Waitz Abstract The US Federal Aviation model of the aviation industry. If soybean oil is used as a feedstock, we find that meeting the aviation
or dieselfuel. #12;Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion Vehicles and power plants are significant powered vehicle, and be able to refuel it near their homes and places of work, by 2020." - Secretary Strategy Produce hydrogen from renewable, nuclear, and coal with technologies that will all yield virtually
This report documents the objectives, analytical approach, and design of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) RenewableFuels Module (RFM) as it relates to the production of the 1995 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO95) forecasts. The report catalogues and describes modeling assumptions, computational methodologies, data inputs, and parameter estimation techniques. A number of offline analyses used in lieu of RFM modeling components are also described. The RFM consists of six analytical submodules that represent each of the major renewable energy resources--wood, municipal solid waste (MSW), solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and alcohol fuels. The RFM also reads in hydroelectric facility capacities and capacity factors from a data file for use by the NEMS Electricity Market Module (EMM). The purpose of the RFM is to define the technological, cost and resource size characteristics of renewable energy technologies. These characteristics are used to compute a levelized cost to be competed against other similarly derived costs from other energy sources and technologies. The competition of these energy sources over the NEMS time horizon determines the market penetration of these renewable energy technologies. The characteristics include available energy capacity, capital costs, fixed operating costs, variable operating costs, capacity factor, heat rate, construction lead time, and fuel product price.
The primary objective of this research has been to investigate how the oxidation characteristics of diesel particulate matter (PM) are affected by blending soy-based biodiesel fuel with conventional ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel. PM produced in a light duty engine from different biodiesel-conventional fuel blends was subjected to a range of physical and chemical measurements in order to better understand the mechanisms by which fuel-related changes to oxidation reactivity are brought about. These observations were then incorporated into a kinetic model to predict PM oxidation. Nanostructure of the fixed carbon was investigated by HR-TEM and showed that particulates from biodiesel had a more open structure than particulates generated from conventional dieselfuel, which was confirmed by BET surface area measurements. Surface area evolution with extent of oxidation reaction was measured for PM from ULSD and biodiesel. Biodiesel particulate has a significantly larger surface area for the first 40% of conversion, at which point the samples become quite similar. Oxidation characteristics of nascent PM and the fixed carbon portion were measured by temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and it was noted that increased biodiesel blending lowered the light-off temperature as well as the temperature where the peak rate of oxidation occurred. A shift in the oxidation profiles of all fuels was seen when the mobile carbon fraction was removed, leaving only the fixed carbon, however the trend in temperature advantage of the biofuel blending remained. The mobile carbon fraction was measured by temperature programmed desorption found to generally increase with increasing biodiesel blend level. The relative change in the light-off temperatures for the nascent and fixed carbon samples was found to be related to the fraction of mobile carbon. Effective Arrhenius parameters for fixed carbon oxidation were directly measured with isothermal, differential oxidation experiments. Normalizing the reaction rate to the total carbon surface area available for reaction allowed for the definition of a single reaction rate with constant activation energy (112.5 {+-} 5.8 kJ/mol) for the oxidation of PM, independent of its fuel source. A kinetic model incorporating the surface area dependence of fixed carbon oxidation rate and the impact of the mobile carbon fraction was constructed and validated against experimental data.
This report documents the objectives, analytical approach, and design of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) RenewableFuels Module (RFM) as it related to the production of the 1994 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO94) forecasts. The report catalogues and describes modeling assumptions, computational methodologies, data inputs, and parameter estimation techniques. A number of offline analyses used in lieu of RFM modeling components are also described. This documentation report serves two purposes. First, it is a reference document for model analysts, model users, and the public interested in the construction and application of the RFM. Second, it meets the legal requirement of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to provide adequate documentation in support of its models. The RFM consists of six analytical submodules that represent each of the major renewable energy resources -- wood, municipal solid waste (MSW), solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and alcohol fuels. Of these six, four are documented in the following chapters: municipal solid waste, wind, solar and biofuels. Geothermal and wood are not currently working components of NEMS. The purpose of the RFM is to define the technological and cost characteristics of renewable energy technologies, and to pass these characteristics to other NEMS modules for the determination of mid-term forecasted renewable energy demand.
The increasing dependency of the global economy on mineral fuels necessitates the investigation and future implementation of renewablefuels. Within the spectrum of compression ignition engines, this requires an understanding of the differences... | 2024-06-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3027 |
Q:
Why ArrayStoreException is thrown?
I am trying to write my own ArrayList class.
My code is the following:
package test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.*;
public class MyArrayList {
private Object[] objects = null;
private int currentSize = 0;
public void add(Object obj) {
increaseSize();
objects[currentSize++] = obj;
}
public Object get(int index) {
if (currentSize >= index)
return objects[index];
else
throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
public void remove(int index) {
if (currentSize >= index) {
for (int i = index; i < currentSize; i++) {
objects[i] = objects[i + 1];
}
objects[currentSize--] = null;
}
else throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
public int size() {
return currentSize;
}
private void increaseSize() {
if (objects == null) objects = new Objects[1];
else objects = Arrays.copyOf(objects, objects.length + 1);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyArrayList l = new MyArrayList();
Integer integ = new Integer(1);
l.add(integ);
for (int i = 0; i < l.size(); i++)
System.out.println("Element " + i + " = " + l.get(i));
}
}
I get ArrayStoreException if I am trying to initilize objects inside increaseSize(). If I am initializing objects at the beginning I don't get that exception anymore.
Can anybody explain me the reason for this ?
A:
You are creating an array of type Objects:
if (objects == null)
objects = new Objects[1];
Objects is java.util.Objects, as you have imported everything from java.util:
import java.util.*;
While you probably meant an array of Objects:
if (objects == null)
objects = new Object[1];
The error occurs when you try to store something in the array - unfortunately array types in Java are covariant, which leads to problems like that.
| 2024-06-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5828 |
Q:
I want to bind a textbox value to another textbox while typing, using jQuery
Below is my code. But I am not getting an output.
$(document).ready(function () {
$('#txtOpenQty').keyup(function (e) {
var txtVal = $(this).val();
$('#txtCloseQuantity').val(txtVal);
});
$('#txtCloseQuantity').keyup(function (e) {
var txtVal = $(this).val();
$('#txtOpenQty').val(txtVal);
});
});
A:
This should work for you.
<input type="text" id="one" />
<input type="text" id="two" />
$('#one').keyup(function(e) {
var txtVal = $(this).val();
$('#two').attr("value", txtVal);
});
Check here for example.
update:
<input type="text" id="one" />
<input type="text" id="two" />
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script>
$('#one').keyup(function(e) {
var txtVal = $(this).val();
$('#two').val(txtVal);
});
</script>
| 2023-11-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2267 |
Editor - page 4
Editor has 40 articles published.
LN: New project will explain the Quran, burkas and jihad to students Prague, April 7 (ČTK) — A new project launched by the Muslims In Czech Schoolchildren’s Eyes group and approved by the Education Ministry, offers free seminars and lectures that would acquaint pupils with Islam and the life and habits of Muslims, daily Lidové…
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Slovak weekly publishes record-long court-ordered apology over 54 pages Bratislava, March 27 (ČTK) — The popular Slovak weekly Plus 7 dní out today published a record-long apology that runs 54 pages, half of its total volume, for releasing untrue information about a former lawmaker’s business activities, in compliance with a court verdict. Furthermore, the weekly…
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The Russian president gave his reasons for the annexation of a region of Ukraine March 18, 2014, The Kremlin, Moscow, March 19, 2014, Prague — PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA VLADIMIR PUTIN: Federation Council members, State Duma deputies, good afternoon. Representatives of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol are here among us, citizens of Russia, residents of…
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Scientists also study ‘extremophiles’ at Czech-built station Brno, March 13 (ČTK) —Czech scientists took some 7,300 parasites from fish for examination and they studied the melting of four icebergs, and moss and lichen species during an expedition to the J.G. Mendel polar station on Ross Island in Antractica this year, biologist Miloš Barták told CTK.…
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If you know where to look it is easy to get something aside from the ubiquitous guláš or pasta You might think that a night out in Prague is all about the deliciously and locally brewed beer… and you’re not wrong there. But believe it or not, there’s also a little Latin corner to be…
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Former Muslim has allegedly stolen documents from Brno mosque Prague, Feb. 24 (ČTK) — Muslims in the Czech Republic are trying to have the book Islam and Islamism by Lukáš Lhoťan, a former Muslim, now an apostate from Islam, banned, weekly Týden writes today. Islam and Islamism, released in 2011, describes Czech Muslims’ extremism, but…
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Stalin was responsible for the deaths of very large numbers of civilians, outside any war or military campaign PRINCETON — Hitler and Stalin were ruthless dictators who committed murder on a vast scale. But, while it is impossible to imagine a Hitler statue in Berlin, or anywhere else in Germany, statues of Stalin have been…
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Police: Inexpert manipulation of safe kills Palestinian ambassador Prague, Jan 1 (ČTK) — An explosion on the premises of the future Palestinian embassy in Prague-Suchdol killed Palestinian ambassador to the Czech Republic Jamal Al Jamal, 56, but Poice President Martin Červíček said this was not an act of terrorism. According to the police a safe…
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Remek may start in Moscow in mid-January; formerly was commercial counselor Prague, Dec 30 (ČTK) — Vladimír Remek, a Czech MEP (for the Communists, KSČM), will probably take up the post of Czech ambassador to Russia in mid-January when he is to hand over his credentials to President Vladimir Putin, ČTK has learned. Remek is…
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Opponents of Communism Seek Prohibition of Party and its Symbols When Britain’s Prince Harry wore a swastika on a German soldier outfit at a costume party last month, it’s doubtful he knew an EU-wide philosophical debate on the impact of political symbols would follow. But now a simmering row has erupted over whether the hammer…
Keep Reading | 2023-10-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5667 |
In a vehicle such as an automotive vehicle, there has been generally known a technique of setting a target acceleration characteristic in such a manner that a target acceleration of the vehicle become larger along with an increase in amount of depression of an accelerator pedal operated by a driver (accelerator angle), and controlling engine output torque to achieve the set target acceleration characteristic.
In connection with the technique of setting such a target acceleration characteristic, for example, JP 2007-247579A discloses setting a target acceleration based on an accelerator angle-target acceleration correlation preset in such a manner that the target acceleration becomes larger as an increase in the accelerator angle, and an accelerator angle detection value to be sequentially input.
Meanwhile, a level of required acceleration for a vehicle is generally higher in a low vehicle speed region than in a high vehicle speed region. Thus, it is desirable to set the target acceleration characteristic in such a manner that the target acceleration becomes smaller along with an increase in the vehicle speed, even under the same condition in terms of the accelerator angle. This makes it possible to realize high fuel economy performance in the high vehicle speed region while enhancing accelerating performance in the low vehicle speed region.
Further, even under the same conditions in terms of the vehicle speed and the accelerator angle, a level of acceleration sensuously evaluated as adequate varies depending on whether or not a driver has an aggressive intention. For example, it is considered that an aggressive driver intends to accelerate a vehicle at a higher acceleration, mainly in low and medium vehicle speed regions. However, continually setting the target acceleration characteristic in a relatively high acceleration region to suit aggressive drivers will lead to deterioration in fuel economy performance. | 2024-03-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9899 |
/**
* Copyright (c) Dell Inc., or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*/
package io.pravega.controller.task.Stream;
import io.pravega.common.util.Retry;
import io.pravega.controller.retryable.RetryableException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
public class TaskStepsRetryHelper {
private static final long RETRY_INITIAL_DELAY = 100;
private static final int RETRY_MULTIPLIER = 10;
private static final int RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 10;
private static final long RETRY_MAX_DELAY = Duration.ofSeconds(10).toMillis();
private static final Retry.RetryAndThrowConditionally RETRY = Retry
.withExpBackoff(RETRY_INITIAL_DELAY, RETRY_MULTIPLIER, RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS, RETRY_MAX_DELAY)
.retryWhen(RetryableException::isRetryable);
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> withRetries(Supplier<CompletableFuture<U>> futureSupplier, ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
return RETRY.runAsync(futureSupplier, executor);
}
}
| 2024-03-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2768 |
Photo
In this crowded primary season, candidates are finding that they sometimes need to stray from the traditional campaign comfort zones — candidates have visited Puerto Rico and have dispatched staff members to Guam — to get their message out.
In a similar vein, Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont will take his populist, progressive message to Liberty University, the Christian school in Virginia founded by the Rev. Jerry Falwell, and deliver a convocation address on Monday morning. In March, Senator Ted Cruz of Texas used the convocation to announce his run for presidency.
“It is very easy for a candidate to speak to people who hold the same views,” Mr. Sanders said in a statement last month. “It’s harder but important to reach out to others who look at the world differently.”
Mr. Sanders has acknowledged that his views on social issues, especially on same-sex marriage, are at odds with most of the Liberty students, but he says he hopes to find common ground with them “about the grotesque level of income and wealth inequality in our country, about the collapse of the middle class, about the high level of childhood poverty, about climate change and other issues.”
Though he may be at odds with many Christian conservatives, his calls to address income inequality struck a chord with the hosts of a campaign house party in July. They gave him a statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe because, they said, his message on combating poverty matched their Christian views. | 2024-02-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7384 |
Preferential expression of V beta 6.7 domain on human peripheral CD4+ T cells. Implication for positive selection of T cells in man.
The peripheral T cell receptor repertoire is mainly controlled by the processes of positive and negative selection occurring in the thymus. Studies in normal or transgenic mice have provided compelling evidence for both negative and positive selection. Negative selection is characterized by partial or total disappearance from the periphery of T cells expressing certain C beta regions, which are normally present in the thymus. Positive selection is chiefly characterized, in the periphery, by an imbalanced ratio between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing a given V domain. To date little information concerning positive and negative selection has been available in man. We studied the distribution of 4 V beta domains on CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells of 34 healthy individuals with a wide age-range (0-96 years). One of the V beta domain studied, V beta 6.7, is preferentially expressed on CD4+ compared to CD8+ T cells (p greater than 0.001). No significant differences were observed using the other V beta domain-specific monoclonal antibodies (V beta 5.2-5.3, 8 or 12). These results provide evidence that a process of thymic education, similar to that described in murine animal models, may also take place in man. | 2023-11-10T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4579 |
Whether you are a newbie or an advanced and experienced vaper, joining a vaping community may be one of the things you will decide on. Whatever your reason for using the device, there is a vaping community that will suit you and your character. These groups come together to share information related to all things vaping and members exchange information on new trends, inventions, hardware, and their favorite flavors on the market.
Where do all the vapers hangout online?
Online Vape Forums
The popularity of e-cigarettes today has resulted in an explosion in online vape forums (aka vape message boards). There are vape communities worldwide. Some of the most highly subscribed online forums include Vapers Forum, E-Cigarette Forum, Vaping Underground, and Planet of the Vapes, an industry-leader in user subscription.
Other internet corners worth mentioning are places like International Vapors Club, E-Smokers Forum, E-Cig Reviews, and Vaporama, among others.
Reddit
Reddit vape communities hold discussions in a controlled environment. Subreddits are created depending on a focus subject and rules are usually set to prevent members from deviating too far from the main subject.
There are subreddits for a host of vape-related topics. Here are a few most notable ones:
r/electronic_cigarette: discusses all content related to e-cigarettes, from e-liquids to mods.
r/Vaping: a vaping guide reddit for vapers in general
r/DIY_ejuice: discussions about e-liquids
r/RBA: rebuildable atomizers.
r/ecig_vendors and r/ecigclassifieds: for those looking for devices and accessories for sale.
Vaping Underground
Asthe name suggests, this is a haven for vapers who don’t quite “fit in” yet. This could be due to inexperience or lack of knowledge. This forum provides a space where even the most rookie vapers feel welcome. No fastidious gatekeepers or seniority-based hierarchies here.
E-Cigarette Forum (ECF)
Founded in 2007 by Englishman, Oliver Kershaw, ECF has now more than 250,000 members, making it the most popular online forum for all things vaping.New members and vapers go through a series of steps to gain access to the inner sanctum of the most veteran vapers:
Planet of the Vapes (POTV)
AUK-based site that is more eye-catching and stylized than some of the others in the business. POTV is just as open and welcoming as VU and ECF and very well-moderated. However, there are restrictions and rules regarding posts and overall content. There are even classified forums, which have their own price of admission: 100 posts. Judging by that standard alone, it is easy to see how seriously the POTV community takes post quality.
Stop into any Vapor Galleria store for all your e-liquid, CBD, and vape device needs. | 2023-11-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2185 |
Ultrasonographic monitoring of the placenta in patients with bleeding during the first and second trimesters.
Thirteen patients with vaginal bleeding in the first and second trimester, in 730 pregnancies confirmed with live fetuses, were diagnosed as having subchorionic hematoma at the perivillous or periplacental region by a real-time B-mode scan device. In 9 of the 13 patients, the hematoma disappeared within 1 to 3 months after detection, while in 2 patients it increased in size. Seven of the 13 pregnancies progressed to full term (53.8%), 3 ended in premature deliveries (23.1%) and 3 in spontaneous abortions (23.1%). In 5 of the 13 patients, PROM occurred. Pathological examinations revealed 5 circumvallate (38.5%) and 2 circummarginate (15.4%) placentas. Since our clinical observation indicates that subchorionic hematoma and marginal separation of the placenta may be important causes of bleeding during pregnancy, monitoring of the placenta and fetus by ultrasound was used to obtain precise information in order to manage patients with bleeding. It might be speculated that extrachorial placenta results from subchorionic hematoma or its absorption. | 2024-05-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3573 |
Control of the reversibility during boronic ester formation: application to the construction of ferrocene dimers and trimers.
Control of the reversibility during boronic ester formation from boronic acids and diols was found to be possible by choosing an appropriate solvent. As an example, ferrocene dimers and trimers were constructed by using tetrol 1 with an indacene framework, 1,1'-ferrocenediboronic acid 2, and ferrocenemonoboronic acid 4. When equimolar amounts of 1 and 2 were mixed in methanol under equilibrating conditions, two kinds of stacked ferrocene dimers homo- and hetero-3 were selectively obtained depending on the reaction time and both structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. On the other hand, the ferrocene trimer 7 was successfully constructed by stepwise assembly in the presence of anhydrous magnesium sulfate in acetone where the equilibration of boronic esters was suppressed, while no formation of ferrocene trimer 7 was detected when all components 1, 2 and 4 (2 : 1 : 2 ratio) for trimer 7 were mixed at a time in methanol under equilibrating conditions. | 2024-01-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7389 |
Claims of a clean, green energy future based on an electrified natural gas industry must not go unchallenged
There is reason to believe that such a conversion—a publicly-subsidized conversion—will not, in fact, reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions, either in Canada or elsewhere.
VANCOUVER—In late August, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau travelled to Vancouver to announce that the federal government had agreed to financially support a new hydroelectric transmission line project in British Columbia’s remote northeast region.
Unless Trudeau plans to be out on these streets, fighting against police brutality or in cabinet drafting legislation to curb police powers, his, and all the other white voices of his ilk, have no merit here.
'I do agree that things need to be implemented as quickly as possible. We could've done this a lot sooner. The good news is that we’re doing it now and announcing it today,' says Transport Minister Marc Garneau. | 2023-11-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1987 |
# encoding: utf-8
# frozen_string_literal: true
RSpec.describe Warden::Test::WardenHelpers do
before :all do
Warden.test_mode!
end
before do
$captures = []
@app = lambda{|_e| valid_response }
end
after do
Warden.test_reset!
end
it{ expect(Warden).to respond_to(:test_mode!) }
it{ expect(Warden).to respond_to(:on_next_request) }
it{ expect(Warden).to respond_to(:test_reset!) }
it "should execute the on_next_request block on the next request" do
Warden.on_next_request do |warden|
$captures << warden
end
setup_rack(@app).call(env_with_params)
expect($captures.length).to eq(1)
expect($captures.first).to be_an_instance_of(Warden::Proxy)
end
it "should execute many on_next_request blocks on the next request" do
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :first }
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :second }
setup_rack(@app).call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to eq([:first, :second])
end
it "should not execute on_next_request blocks on subsequent requests" do
app = setup_rack(@app)
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :first }
app.call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to eq([:first])
$captures.clear
app.call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to be_empty
end
it "should allow me to set new_on_next_request items to execute in the same test" do
app = setup_rack(@app)
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :first }
app.call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to eq([:first])
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :second }
app.call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to eq([:first, :second])
end
it "should remove the on_next_request items when test is reset" do
app = setup_rack(@app)
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :first }
Warden.test_reset!
app.call(env_with_params)
expect($captures).to eq([])
end
context "asset requests" do
it "should not execute on_next_request blocks if this is an asset request" do
app = setup_rack(@app)
Warden.on_next_request{|_w| $captures << :first }
app.call(env_with_params("/assets/fun.gif"))
expect($captures).to eq([])
end
end
end
| 2024-06-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3365 |
Recommended by Unseen Japan staff - get Japanese games translated to English, Japanese language originals, toys, and more!
(AFP) – Gamers breathed a sigh of relief on Wednesday after the end of a network outage that affected Nintendo's online games, with internet-based systems under increasing pressure from people staying home over coronavirus.
“The issue with our network services has now been fixed. Thank you for your patience!” tweeted Nintendo on its European Twitter account, with similar messages posted on its other accounts.
The hours-long outage affected its online games but also its e-shop, which was offline for a shorter period.
Nintendo has not specified the reason for either outage, which came after other online game systems including Microsoft's Xbox Live dealt with problems related to increased demand.
The outage affected people using the popular Nintendo Switch console as well as its 3DS and Wii U models.
Nintendo's original Switch console, a hybrid that can be used for handheld play or hooked up to a screen at home, has become a huge global seller.
It is entering its fourth year. Last September, Nintendo also launched a scaled-back, cheaper version of the console, called Switch Lite, which is a strictly handheld device. Its sales have also been solid.
Online there was despair at the outage, which comes as people around the world find themselves confined to their homes to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus.
“Only a few days into the coronavirus self-isolation and Nintendo servers are already down… oh dear god,” tweeted one frustrated user.
burs-sah/jah
Japan fan? Want more? Join our inner circle today! Become a Patron of Unseen Japan and receive an ad-free site experience, access to our Discord chat server, and other insider treats! | 2024-06-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2731 |
The candidates in the state's 2nd District Congressional race will hold their first debate on Sept. 27 at Pittsburg State University. That will be followed by four more meetings about once a week in Topeka, Lawrence and Leavenworth.
Boyda is seeking a second term in office after defeating former GOP Rep. Jim Ryun in 2006.
Jenkins, the state treasurer, beat Ryun in the Republican primary last month.
The district leans Republican and Boyda's seat is a top target of GOP strategists.
Online Public Information File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or fccinfo@fcc.gov. | 2023-11-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1481 |
Bulgaria former presidential advisor with grim predictions about local economy
Date: 27.11.2008
The upcoming several months are going to be a test for Bulgaria's economic and political future, according to the Bulgarian economy expert Professor Dimitar Ivanov, who spoke on Wednesday at a round table about he global financial crisis, organized by the municipality of Sofia.
Ivanov predicted a 4% decline of the country's economic growth and a sharp decline in all business sectors.
The decline was going to be the mots noticeable in the sectors of construction, real estate, finances, tourism, which currently constitute 60% of Bulgaria's Gross Domestic Product.
"The business activity in the country is collapsing. And we have a Prime Minister, who, to be honest, meets each proposal coming from the Opposition with his unprecedented formula of "Hello actors from the circus," the Professor stated.
The financial crisis will have a duration of several year, Ivanov further explained, citing the official forecast of the International Monetary Fund, showing that the global economy is entering recession to last all through 2009.
The Professor, who is a former economy advisor the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov, pointed out that foreign banks in Bulgaria were at greater danger of bankruptcy than even the ones in the US.
We've tried to make the information on this web site as accurate as possible,
but it is provided 'as is' and we accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or
inconvenience sustained by anyone resulting from this information. You should verify
critical information (like visas, health and safety, customs and transportation)
with the relevant authorities before you travel. | 2024-05-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2775 |
// Copyright 2013 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package retrieval
import (
"crypto/tls"
"crypto/x509"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"net/http/httptest"
"net/url"
"reflect"
"strings"
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
config_util "github.com/prometheus/common/config"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/pkg/labels"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/httputil"
)
const (
caCertPath = "testdata/ca.cer"
)
func TestTargetLabels(t *testing.T) {
target := newTestTarget("example.com:80", 0, labels.FromStrings("job", "some_job", "foo", "bar"))
want := labels.FromStrings(model.JobLabel, "some_job", "foo", "bar")
got := target.Labels()
if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, got) {
t.Errorf("want base labels %v, got %v", want, got)
}
}
func TestTargetOffset(t *testing.T) {
interval := 10 * time.Second
offsets := make([]time.Duration, 10000)
// Calculate offsets for 10000 different targets.
for i := range offsets {
target := newTestTarget("example.com:80", 0, labels.FromStrings(
"label", fmt.Sprintf("%d", i),
))
offsets[i] = target.offset(interval)
}
// Put the offsets into buckets and validate that they are all
// within bounds.
bucketSize := 1 * time.Second
buckets := make([]int, interval/bucketSize)
for _, offset := range offsets {
if offset < 0 || offset >= interval {
t.Fatalf("Offset %v out of bounds", offset)
}
bucket := offset / bucketSize
buckets[bucket]++
}
t.Log(buckets)
// Calculate whether the the number of targets per bucket
// does not differ more than a given tolerance.
avg := len(offsets) / len(buckets)
tolerance := 0.15
for _, bucket := range buckets {
diff := bucket - avg
if diff < 0 {
diff = -diff
}
if float64(diff)/float64(avg) > tolerance {
t.Fatalf("Bucket out of tolerance bounds")
}
}
}
func TestTargetURL(t *testing.T) {
params := url.Values{
"abc": []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"},
"xyz": []string{"hoo"},
}
labels := labels.FromMap(map[string]string{
model.AddressLabel: "example.com:1234",
model.SchemeLabel: "https",
model.MetricsPathLabel: "/metricz",
"__param_abc": "overwrite",
"__param_cde": "huu",
})
target := NewTarget(labels, labels, params)
// The reserved labels are concatenated into a full URL. The first value for each
// URL query parameter can be set/modified via labels as well.
expectedParams := url.Values{
"abc": []string{"overwrite", "bar", "baz"},
"cde": []string{"huu"},
"xyz": []string{"hoo"},
}
expectedURL := url.URL{
Scheme: "https",
Host: "example.com:1234",
Path: "/metricz",
RawQuery: expectedParams.Encode(),
}
if u := target.URL(); !reflect.DeepEqual(u.String(), expectedURL.String()) {
t.Fatalf("Expected URL %q, but got %q", expectedURL.String(), u.String())
}
}
func newTestTarget(targetURL string, deadline time.Duration, lbls labels.Labels) *Target {
lb := labels.NewBuilder(lbls)
lb.Set(model.SchemeLabel, "http")
lb.Set(model.AddressLabel, strings.TrimPrefix(targetURL, "http://"))
lb.Set(model.MetricsPathLabel, "/metrics")
return &Target{labels: lb.Labels()}
}
func TestNewHTTPBearerToken(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
expected := "Bearer 1234"
received := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
if expected != received {
t.Fatalf("Authorization header was not set correctly: expected '%v', got '%v'", expected, received)
}
},
),
)
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
BearerToken: "1234",
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPBearerTokenFile(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
expected := "Bearer 12345"
received := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
if expected != received {
t.Fatalf("Authorization header was not set correctly: expected '%v', got '%v'", expected, received)
}
},
),
)
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
BearerTokenFile: "testdata/bearertoken.txt",
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPBasicAuth(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
username, password, ok := r.BasicAuth()
if !(ok && username == "user" && password == "password123") {
t.Fatalf("Basic authorization header was not set correctly: expected '%v:%v', got '%v:%v'", "user", "password123", username, password)
}
},
),
)
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
BasicAuth: &config_util.BasicAuth{
Username: "user",
Password: "password123",
},
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPCACert(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", `text/plain; version=0.0.4`)
w.Write([]byte{})
},
),
)
server.TLS = newTLSConfig("server", t)
server.StartTLS()
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
TLSConfig: config_util.TLSConfig{
CAFile: caCertPath,
},
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPClientCert(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", `text/plain; version=0.0.4`)
w.Write([]byte{})
},
),
)
tlsConfig := newTLSConfig("server", t)
tlsConfig.ClientAuth = tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert
tlsConfig.ClientCAs = tlsConfig.RootCAs
tlsConfig.BuildNameToCertificate()
server.TLS = tlsConfig
server.StartTLS()
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
TLSConfig: config_util.TLSConfig{
CAFile: caCertPath,
CertFile: "testdata/client.cer",
KeyFile: "testdata/client.key",
},
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPWithServerName(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", `text/plain; version=0.0.4`)
w.Write([]byte{})
},
),
)
server.TLS = newTLSConfig("servername", t)
server.StartTLS()
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
TLSConfig: config_util.TLSConfig{
CAFile: caCertPath,
ServerName: "prometheus.rocks",
},
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
func TestNewHTTPWithBadServerName(t *testing.T) {
server := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(
http.HandlerFunc(
func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", `text/plain; version=0.0.4`)
w.Write([]byte{})
},
),
)
server.TLS = newTLSConfig("servername", t)
server.StartTLS()
defer server.Close()
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
TLSConfig: config_util.TLSConfig{
CAFile: caCertPath,
ServerName: "badname",
},
}
c, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = c.Get(server.URL)
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, got nil.")
}
}
func newTLSConfig(certName string, t *testing.T) *tls.Config {
tlsConfig := &tls.Config{}
caCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
caCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(caCertPath)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Couldn't set up TLS server: %v", err)
}
caCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCert)
tlsConfig.RootCAs = caCertPool
tlsConfig.ServerName = "127.0.0.1"
certPath := fmt.Sprintf("testdata/%s.cer", certName)
keyPath := fmt.Sprintf("testdata/%s.key", certName)
cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(certPath, keyPath)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("Unable to use specified server cert (%s) & key (%v): %s", certPath, keyPath, err)
}
tlsConfig.Certificates = []tls.Certificate{cert}
tlsConfig.BuildNameToCertificate()
return tlsConfig
}
func TestNewClientWithBadTLSConfig(t *testing.T) {
cfg := config_util.HTTPClientConfig{
TLSConfig: config_util.TLSConfig{
CAFile: "testdata/nonexistent_ca.cer",
CertFile: "testdata/nonexistent_client.cer",
KeyFile: "testdata/nonexistent_client.key",
},
}
_, err := httputil.NewClientFromConfig(cfg, "test")
if err == nil {
t.Fatalf("Expected error, got nil.")
}
}
| 2024-06-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5448 |
Effect of long-term pinealectomy on serum LH levels and on cerebral serotonin metabolism in adult male rats.
Two months after pinealectomy carried out in adult male rats previously exposed to a long photoperiod (L:D 14:10) during 10 weeks, the weight of seminal vesicles significantly increased in comparison with Sham-operated animals. Nevertheless, the weights of testes and ventral prostate did not change significantly. The serum LH concentration increased significantly by pinealectomy. The levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxiindolacetic acid significantly decreased in the hypothalamus and midbrain after pinealectomy. | 2024-03-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5225 |
Q:
How to run a loop by interlinking two lists?
I have two lists, one for contract names of a website and another one for its links. I have 3rd list which includes some contract names which can be present in list 1. So I want to run a loop that will take contract names from the 3rd list and will find a hyperlink and open that hyperlink. I fit does not find any link then it will return a string(not found).
li1 contract names(10 to 15)
li2 contract links(number is same as list 1)
li3 random contract name.
A:
names = ['apple', 'orange', 'pear', 'banana']
links = ['apple.gov', 'orange.net', 'pear.org', 'banana.com']
link_dict = {k:v for k,v in zip(names, links)}
selected_names = ['apple', 'banana', 'poodle']
results = [link_dict[n] if n in names else 'not found' for n in selected_names]
| 2023-11-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7810 |
<?php
/**
* Define some constants
*/
define("DS", DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
define("ROOT", realpath(dirname(__DIR__)) . DS);
define("VENDORDIR", ROOT . "vendor" . DS);
define("ROUTEDIR", ROOT . "src" . DS . "routes" . DS);
define("TEMPLATEDIR", ROOT . "templates" . DS);
define("LANGUAGEDIR", ROOT . "languages" . DS);
/**
* Include autoload file
*/
if (file_exists(VENDORDIR . "autoload.php")) {
require_once VENDORDIR . "autoload.php";
} else {
die("<pre>Run 'composer.phar install' in root dir</pre>");
}
/**
* Include bootstrap file
*/
require_once ROOT . 'src' . DS . 'bootstrap.php';
/**
* If user is not logged in, he's redirected to login page
*
* @param $app
* @param $settings
* @return callable
*/
$authenticate = function($app, $settings) {
return function() use ($app, $settings) {
if (!isset($_SESSION['user'])) {
$app->flash('error', 'Login required');
$app->redirect($settings->base_url . '/admin/login');
}
};
};
/**
* If user is logged in, he are not able to visit register page, login page and will be
* redirected to admin home
*
* @param $app
* @param $settings
* @return callable
*/
$isLogged = function($app, $settings) {
return function() use ($app, $settings) {
if (isset($_SESSION['user'])) {
$app->redirect($settings->base_url . '/admin');
}
};
};
/**
* Add username and settings variable to view
*/
$app->hook('slim.before.dispatch', function() use ($app, $settings) {
$user = isset($_SESSION['user']) ? $_SESSION['user'] : null;
$app->view()->setData('user', $user);
$app->view()->setData('settings', $settings);
$app->view()->setData("lang", $app->lang);
});
/**
* Include all files located in routes directory
*/
foreach(glob(ROUTEDIR . '*.php') as $router) {
require_once $router;
}
/**
* Run the application
*/
$app->run();
| 2024-02-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8097 |
Ready Player One’s First Teaser Is Filled With Pop Culture Icons
During Warner Bros. Film Panel at San Diego Comic-Con, attendees were treated to the first footage of the film adaptation of Ernest Cline’s bestselling novel, Ready Player One. Directed by Steven Spielberg, the film takes place in a dystopian future where the people of earth retreat from their troubles to a virtual world where the love of all things pop-culture and 80s style come to life. With the creator of the VR world launching a contest to find all of its easter eggs, the main character must embark on a journey through the VR world in search of clues to solve a puzzle and win the ultimate prize.
In this teaser, we get a sneak peak of the world, and how people will come to interact with one another while in the VR space Oasis. With its affection for the 80s and pop-culture, there’s tons of references scattered around in the two minute teaser. Including some sightings of The Iron Giant, Kaneda’s bike from Akira, the time-traveling DeLorean from Back To The Future, and much more. It’s a bit overwhelming how much is there, but it’s certainly a feast for the eyes.
Set for release in 2018, Spielberg’s adaptation of Cline’s novel should be one to keep an eye out on. With its love for gaming, films, and all things geek, it’ll certainly be a rather hyper-active nostalgia trip for those who’ve grown up with an affection for pop culture and entertainment. | 2024-07-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8960 |
UPDATE: Frontier to Discontinue Service At Columbia Regional
COLUMBIA - Mid-Missourians looking to fly to Orlando this summer from the Columbia Regional Airport using Frontier Airlines found out Monday they will need to look for other options. Frontier has removed flights to and from Columbia as of mid-May.
Columbia Regional Airport was notified by several flyers who had booked flights with Frontier Airlines to Orlando that the airline had discontinued its service. Frontier's website lists the last flight in or out of Columbia Regional Airport on May 13.
Columbia Mayor Bob McDavid said the city knew for the past few weeks there was a chance Frontier would withdraw its service. But it did not get confirmation until this weekend. The mayor said it's no surprise since Frontier was most likely losing money in this market. He said Frontier also looks to be restructuring. It has discontinued flights from several other airports, including Colorado Springs.
"You can calculate what the cost of flying those planes from Columbia to Orlando. I mean it's 951 miles. They need to get $15 to 18,000 per flight to break even. And they were selling tickets at $50 each day," McDavid said.
Sedalia resident Jennifer Brown described herself as "beyond frustrated," explaining she had already booked and paid for a trip to Orlando this June. Brown said she found great rates out of Columbia for a trip her family had been planning for the past three years. And now she can't find a flight as cheap as the one she originally booked. She said Frontier has promised her a full refund but said the company has been very difficult to work with. She said she would have preferred Frontier to have contacted her about the changes.
Columbia resident Brant Batson said Frontier allowed him to reschedule his flight for the week before the airline will discontinue its service. But a Frontier supervisor told him there was a chance the company may discontinue service earlier.
For Columbia resident Robert Plemmons, making a trip to see his family in Florida will be a lot more difficult. Plemmons said he doesn't want to lose the company's service.
"Columbia is growing and for it to grow healthy, this airport needs to grow and for it to grow, there needs to be more of an airline presence here in Columbia," Plemmons said.
Frontier has yet to make a public statement regarding its service from Columbia Regional Airport. | 2023-11-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9487 |
590 F.2d 209
Syed J. Iqbal JAFREE, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.William J. SCOTT, Individually and as Attorney General ofthe State of Illinois, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 76-2220, 78-1103.
United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.
Argued Oct. 3, 1978.Decided Nov. 7, 1978.
Syed M. Jafree, pro se, Sheldon R. Waxman, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.
Herbert Lee Caplan, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellees.
Before CUMMINGS, PELL and TONE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
1
The root of the claims involved in the present consolidated appeals by Jafree1 is before this court for the second time. In our order of June 25, 1975, with one narrow exception, we affirmed the judgment of the district court dismissing by way of summary judgment Jafree's cause of action.2 While Jafree is continuing to contend that he remains to this day an assistant Attorney General of Illinois, our prior decision clearly puts to rest any such claim as we affirmed the district court's judgment that he had no property interest in his employment and that he was subject to the summary dismissal which occurred.
2
In our decision of 1975 we did note that it was not clear, however, that some liberty interest of Jafree may not have been violated by claimed stigmatizing communications following the discharge, particularly one from Scott to the American Civil Liberties Union. We therefore stated in our holding,
3
Reluctantly, because of doubt from the entire record as to Jafree's ultimate ability to sustain the liberty position he asserts, we conclude, notwithstanding the borderline aspects of the particular issue, that there was sufficient matter presented outside the pleading as to require at the least further exploration via summary judgment procedure and if that does not eliminate the issue of fact, then a trial on the liberty interest issue.
4
In view of some narrowing of concepts in the matter of the liberty interest issue since our prior decision, See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976), and Schwartz v. Thompson, 497 F.2d 430 (2d Cir. 1974), we might well have second thoughts as to the correctness of the prior disposition. That issue, however, is not directly before us so we will address only the issue which is properly before us.
5
In determining what that issue is, we look first at the notice of appeal filed June 9, 1976. That notice purports to launch an appeal not only as to the May 7, 1976 (formally entered May 10, 1976) order denying Jafree's first 60(b) motion but also as to the judgment of dismissal dated March 30, 1976.3 As far as the judgment of March 30 was concerned the 30 days for filing notice of appeal was long past, there was no extension of time requested, and even if there had been an additional 30 days as allowed by Rule 4, F.R.A.P., it also would have expired prior to June 9, 1976. The 60(b) motion was filed within the 30 day period after the judgment of dismissal but " Rule 60(b) was not intended to be an alternative method to obtain review by appeal or as a means of enlarging by indirection the time for appeal." Swam v. United States, 327 F.2d 431, 433 (7th Cir.) Cert. denied, 379 U.S. 852, 85 S.Ct. 98, 13 L.Ed.2d 55 (1964). The reference in the notice to the judgment, therefore, is without effect because of the lack of timeliness. The failure to appeal the judgment of dismissal is of some significance because of the contention raised on appeal for the first time, at least as far as either 60(b) motion is concerned, that in some way Jafree was excused from prosecuting his action because the defendants had not answered certain interrogatories. This was a matter plainly visible in the record before the district court, unlike Jafree's absence from the country raised on the first 60(b) motion and the alleged fraud of defendants and their collusion with the union attorney formerly representing Jafree raised in the second 60(b) motion. The record reflected that the interrogatories had not been answered and we regard the failure of Jafree to raise this by direct appeal as a waiver.4
6
Even if there were no waiver we would not view the dismissal for want of prosecution as an abuse of discretion. The defendant's answers to the interrogatories were overdue when the court struck plaintiff's affidavit and ordered another one filed within ten days and when the court later extended that time for two weeks. It must be assumed that the court determined that plaintiff should be required to file a new affidavit regardless of whether the interrogatories had been answered, which it plainly had power to do. Plaintiff's failure to comply with the court's order was an adequate basis for dismissal.
7
It should also be remembered that the basic duty of prosecuting the action remains on the plaintiff who has brought it, not the court before which it pends nor the defendant who generally, in any event, is an unwilling participant in the proceedings. It is quite sufficient to justify dismissal if the plaintiff does nothing, as he knows that until something is done there will be no trial. See Forest Nursery Company v. Crete Carrier Corporation, 319 F.Supp. 213, 215 (E.D.Tenn.1970).
8
There remains then for decision the matter of the propriety of the district court's denial of relief on the two 60(b) motions. This is all that is before the court despite the mass of wide-ranging, often conclusory, material from Jafree by means of briefs, motions, and correspondence which can only be regarded as a counter-stigmatization program with a self-encomiastic background.5
9
In considering the two motions we first note that "(i)t is well settled that neither a dismissal with prejudice for failure to prosecute nor a refusal to vacate such a judgment will be reversed on appeal except for abuse of discretion." Redac Project 6426, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 412 F.2d 1043, 1046 (2d Cir. 1969). Moreover, in reviewing the denial of a 60(b) motion, the appellate court's function generally "is not to determine whether the court was substantively correct in entering the judgment from which relief is sought but is limited to deciding whether the judge abused his discretion in ruling that sufficient grounds for disturbing the finality of the judgment were not shown in a timely manner." Brennan v. Midwestern United Life Insurance Company, 450 F.2d 999, 1003 (7th Cir. 1971), Cert. denied, 405 U.S. 921, 92 S.Ct. 957, 30 L.Ed.2d 792 (1972).6
10
The sum of Jafree's 60(b) motions is that he relies on subdivisions (1), (4), and (6) of that rule. On the facts of the present case we are not persuaded that the district court abused its discretion in denying the motions. The motion under subdivision (1) on the ground of excusable neglect did not show grounds for vacating the order of dismissal, which as we have said was not an abuse of discretion when entered. Judge Decker, following the implicit direction of this court in its prior order for "further exploration via summary judgment procedure," had ordered Jafree to file an affidavit with regard to alleged stigmatory statements directed at him. Jafree had been granted several extensions of time and had failed to file an adequate affidavit. As the judge noted, the fact that Jafree was in England does not excuse his neglect inasmuch as his attorney was here in Chicago and could have sought another extension if communication with the client was difficult.
11
As already indicated herein, there is no basis for claiming a void judgment under subdivision (4). As to subdivision (6), the conclusory generalized statements regarding corruption, or collusion, or fraud by his former attorney in failing to file the necessary affidavit is insufficient in our opinion for us to say that the court abused its discretion.
12
Finding that there was no abuse of discretion, the orders of the district court in denying the Rule 60(b) motions and the judgment at which the motions were directed are affirmed.
13
AFFIRMED.
No. 76-2220 ADDENDUM
14
General conclusory claims of violations of constitutional rights
15
"So much blood of Assistant Attorney General Syed M.J. Iqbal Jafree (Appellant) has been washed underneath the bridges and down the sewage of jurisprudence in the State of Illinois during the Era of NiXXonites (sic) that no amount of recounting would do sufficient justice."
16
"(E)ach page of this avant-garde brief incorporates by reference as part and parcel of this brief all that has been said before, and does not exclude the cries of three little children (Jafree's) whose American dreams have been systemically (sic) BUTCHERED (the Honorable Oriental means it, very seriously!)."
17
"Plaintiff has suffered horrendous pain and mental anguish and has been irreparably injured in his profession and community esteem. Every day fresh, new, unique and distinct causes of action have arisen in favor of the plaintiff and against the Defendant.""Plaintiff's family has languished in hopelessness and poverty and without adequate medical care or economic resources. Plaintiff and his family had to live in poverty housing (they have the dignity of not going on public welfare) at a time when an avalanche of rash claims are being made about the keen demand of and for minority lawyers."
18
Claims concerning district court Judge Bauer
19
"Judge Bauer (since elevated) dismissed the lawsuit 73C2447 and in his amazing Memorandum Opinion steered clear of the primal issue . . .." ". . . Judge Bauer chose to invent his own facts."
20
"Judge Bauer went deeply into Obiter dicta, . . . ."
21
"THIS matter which has taken some 6 years (because Judges Bauer or Decker had no intention of doing justice) . . . ."
22
Claims concerning district court Judge Decker
23
"From London Jafree used to telephone every 10-14 days, sometime (sic) twice a week to his lawyers; he was told that everything was under control; . . . that they were expediting as much as they could but Judge Decker (a personal friend of Scott) was 'foot-dragging'."
24
"THIS matter which has taken 6 years (because Judges Bauer or Decker had no intention of doing justice) . . . ."
25
Claims concerning William Scott and other defendants
26
"Scott also claimed that Jafree is mentally ill, and a homosexual."
27
"Scott has also falsely accused Jafree of dishonesty, immorality, incompetence and other perversions which from Scott's mouth are particularly damaging. When a crook calls a noncrook a crook, it is more than crooked."
28
"Scott has used two hatchetmen to tout that Jafree is not a lawyer." . . . "Scott has dismissed former Chief of Opinions, defenant-appellee (sic): Calvin Bostian (Jafree has predicted this in 1973, 1974 that Scott will throw Bostian out of the window, after he is of no use, like a used candom)." (Sic)
29
"Scott has electronically harassed Jafree and claims that judges are under his thumb and Jafree has as much chance of receiving justice in Illinois as a 'snowflake in hell.' "
30
"Scott's bossom (sic) friend Nettles used to refer to all minorities including white jews, openly, as "Niggers" and kept a diary of the number of niggers visiting the Office in springfield; (sic) . . . ."
31
"Scott merely pulled the wool over the eyes of the courts by artfully interjectiung-ting (sic) extraneous matters."
32
"Maybe Scott stole this letter afterwards to seek to legitimitize (sic) his earlier criminal activities."
33
"May be (sic) Scott wants to hide the fact that almighty William Scott is morally as well as mentally handicapped."
34
"In this case Scott's stigmatory letter was published worldwide by Scott."
35
"To Scott, every foreign-born person is lacking in clarity or hard of hearing. Sad!"
36
"It seems to me that the only creditable statement he (Scott) has made is that judges in Illinois are under his thumb: I have steadfastly refused to believe it."
37
"Defendant Scott, not satisfied with the above, has himself unleashed or caused to be unleashed unsurpassed venom, slanders and stigmas against the Plaintiff who has had no opportunity to defend himself against such slurs, innuendos and miscellaneous skunk systems."
38
"Defendant's Game Plan has been to destroy Plaintiff's credibility, to tarnish Plaintiff's public image and to alienate everybody against and isolate the Plaintiff."
39
"Defendant Scott has invaded the Privacy of Plaintiff Jafree through unconstitutional, civil and unfair means and in various manners by harassing his family, obstructing and tampering with Plaintiff's mail himself or through his agents, associates, servants and other relations. Defendant further, through harassment tactics drove the family of the plaintiff out of Springfield . . . ."
40
"Jafree was stigmatized by Defendant Scott's favourite clerk Nettles on 6 July 73 and by Scott's faithful servant Bostian on or about 16 July 73 (when Bostian tried to blackmail Jafree) and was further Stigmatized by Scott on 27 July 1973; by O'rourke and verbally by other servants, commissars and hatchetmen of Scott. This Stigmatization has flourished and has been accelerated everyday since 6 July 1973.
41
"Scott's agents have telephoned every major corporation and have even tried to buy dirt on Jafree in Pakistan. Filthier language, dirtier tricks and greater clout has been used than in Watergate . . . ."
Claims concerning his own attorneys
42
"(U)nder some pre-arrangement with defendants. Jafree's Union-supplied lawyers unilaterally abondoned (sic) the lawsuit . . . ."
43
"It has turned out that Gilbert Cornfield used this case (an ideal lawsuit) as a "guinea pig" for imparting federal litigation experience to his novice assistant Jacob Pomeranz. There have been so many unethical practices and so much conduct unbecoming attorneys by these two (and their law firm) that this matter was referred to the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission by Jafree last year and is yet to be investigated."
44
"Incidentally, Cornfield completely rewrote the Petition that was drafted by Jafree. There is evidence of collusion from the beginning."
45
"In all probability Cornfield designed this affidavit, in arrangement with Scott."
Self-encomiums
46
"Jafree was told that he could soon become the first Asian United States District Court Judge in the continental USA."
47
"Jafree has applied for the next United States District Judgeship in Chicago and will sue if Carter appoints a lesser lawyer or man . . .."
48
"And I will win (nobody can outclass me as a civil rights lawyer)."
49
"It should have done justice that it would expect, had Jafree been the judge (indeed, he is fully qualified)."
Other litigation and claims
50
The record brought to this court by Jafree reflects that he is no stranger to finding appropriate words to claim a discriminatory discharge. Thus we note a thirteen page pro se petition (single spaced on legal size paper) filed on December 17, 1971, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington against the President of Central Washington State College, seeking a temporary injunction, declaratory judgment, "and other proper redress" in which the following allegations are noted:
51
"Mr. John D. Green, as I were to learn later on, wrote dozens of defamatory and suggestive letters. One example EXH E.1. is enclosed; others will be presented later and some may have to be subpoenaed from different sources. The idea of such letters was to condemn me professionally and to have me deported. Only God knows how many letters were written, using the resources of the State of Washington. I lost several job offers elsewhere. The idea was not simply to oust me but to disgrace and defame me internationally and so severely that I would "voluntarily" bow out both out of the College as well as life. I have learnt (sic) a scheme was hatched to completely and I mean thoroughly "destroy" me. . . . It was calculated, I learnt (sic) later, that I would stampede and commit suicide. . . . This was a plot to destroy a man through slurrs, (sic) innuendoes, gossipmongering and words of mouth and it was brilliantly accomplished."
52
"Prior to my departure, a series of incidents of criminal nature occured (sic), my painting was stolen; several of my works were vandalized; threats to my life were made by Mr. Papadopoulos threatened to kill me and my wife if we remain in Ellensburg; notices: "Jafree Go Back to Hell" and saying other sickening things went up; threatening and obscene calls were made. I reported these incidents to CWSC Security Police (they, I am told have full Police powers), no action was taken. It was a grand conspiracy to completely annihilate me through innuendoes and threats."
53
"Furthermore my mail was intercepted, censored, damaged and stolen. Several letters never reached me. Mr. Steven D. Milam put a notice on my Office door forbidding entry, presumably me and my lock was changed in my absence without informing or getting my permission. My June, 1971 salary was withheld and arbitrary deductions made (in an effort to louse up and destroy my credit)."
54
"I rushed to Ellensburg, as I foresaw the destruction of my American dream."
55
"Messrs James Brooks, Steven D. Milam, Edward Harrington, John A. Green, Stephen Bayless, William Dunning and C. Papadopoulos, all members of the CWSC faculty and employees of the State of Washington have done such a comprehensive job of maligning and ruining my reputation so completely locally that no one finds it easy to be of help, even on the grounds that CWSC officials have denied my civil rights within the meaning of 42 U.S.A. Code 1983, 85 and 86 (U.S.C.A. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986). Grave and gross uncivil liberties have been taken to inhumanely abuse my very humanity. I have experience of law practice in Pakistan, if something like this had happened there, local bar would have defended the accused, so outrageously denied all notions of suggestions of justice, fairness and civil rights . . . . Indeed Messrs James Brooks, Stephen Bayless and Christos Papadopoulos have threatened to kill me and I dont (sic) doubt it very much."
56
"My resources are barely enough to manage to survive. My wife is pregnant and has been ill. My health is such that I cannot take long distance travelling as my internal bleeding, under physical strain, becomes very intensified. My health has gone bad ever since the harassment at CWSC started. It seems to me CWSC administration feels that they have a carte blanche to abuse my humanity, to infringe upon my property and possessions."
57
When this case was previously before this court we denied the motion of the defendants to supplement their brief "by listing some sixty separate discrimination claims filed by Jafree throughout the United States against some 43 companies or institutions who apparently mostly were employers. The period of this activity ranged from the late 1960's to (1975) This data was not part of the record in the district court . . . ."
58
This tabulation is now a part of the record in the present appeal.
1
Appeal No. 76-2220 was instituted by a notice of appeal filed June 9, 1976. The scope of this appeal is discussed hereinafter. Appeal No. 78-1103 was instituted by a notice of appeal filed January 11, 1978, and was directed at the denial of Jafree's Rule 60(b) motion by order entered in the action on December 15, 1977, formally entered on December 19, 1977
2
The initial judgment of the district court is reported at Jafree v. Scott, 372 F.Supp. 264 (N.D.Ill.1974). The decision of this court was an unreported order in Appeal No. 74-1295
3
In the voluminous file that has accumulated in this court in appeal No. 76-2220 alone, we do note a question having been raised as to whether the dismissal of March 30, 1976, was a final judgment. This matter was settled by this court's order of December 2, 1977
For a recent general discussion of the interrelationship between Rule 60(b) motions, judgments, and other post judgment motions, see Browder v. Director, Department of Corrections of Illinois, 434 U.S. 257, 263 n.7, 98 S.Ct. 556, 54 L.Ed.2d 521 (1978).
4
We have accepted for the present purpose Jafree's contention that the interrogatories were not answered, which the defendants denied at oral argument, the record brought to us by appellant being not as complete as it should be
5
A sample, and only that, to which we refer is appended to this opinion as an addendum by categories
6
This court also observed in Brennan that notwithstanding that the finality of judgments ought not to be disturbed except on very narrow grounds, the rule should have a sufficiently liberal construction that judgments which are void or are vehicles of injustice not be left standing. Id. On the entire record in this case, we do not regard the judgment as being such a vehicle and it certainly is not void
| 2023-08-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1858 |
Serum and sputum concentrations of enoxacin after single oral dosing in a clinical and bacteriological study.
Fifteen patients admitted to hospital with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with enoxacin by mouth (three 200 mg capsules twice daily) for ten days. Sputum was cultured before, during and after the treatment course. Serum and sputum concentrations were measured microbiologically at intervals on the first treatment day. Blood was assayed before, and 1, 1 1/2, 2, 2 1/2, 3, 5 and 7 h after the first dose and purulent unhomogenized sputum was tested in samples collected 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 and 6-8 h after this dose. The highest concentrations in serum were usually noted 2 or 2 1/2 h after the medication and ranged from approximately 3 to 6 mg/l (average 4.08 mg/l). The highest sputum concentrations were generally found in the 2-4 or 4-6 h portions, and ranged from 2.2 to 6 mg/l (average 3.68 mg/l). The areas under the serum and sputum concentration-time curves were both calculated to be 17.03 mg/l.h (0-7 h values) whereas the projected 0-12 h values were 25.2 and 26.9 mg/l.h, respectively. The drug concentrations declined slowly in serum and sputum with half-lives of approximately 5 and 4 h. Penetration from blood to sputum as judged on peak to peak ratios was approximately 90%, whereas the AUC value ratios showed penetration ranging from 100 to 107.5%. Unfortunately, 9 of the 15 patients had to abandon the treatment (mostly on the third day) due to unwanted drug effects (principally nausea, but some patients had hallucinations, dizziness or epileptiform attacks) possibly related to interference with theophylline metabolism. | 2024-05-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1027 |
Bengaluru FC delivered when it mattered in AFC Cup
After playing more than 30 matches, Bengaluru FC concluded their 2017-18 football season in style with a 4-0 victory against Abahani Dhaka in their final AFC Cup 2018 group game.
The win takes Albert Roca's well-knit team into the semifinals of the inter-zone playoffs where tougher challenges await. But for now, it's a job extremely well done.
In their first-ever Indian Super League (ISL) season, Bengaluru topped the league standings and lost to Chennaiyin FC in the final. A month later, they made it to the final in the Super Cup. Only this time, they weren't ready to return without a trophy. They comfortably defeated East Bengal in the final to clinch the inaugural Super Cup. Since their inception in 2013, the Blues have won at least one trophy every season.
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Albert Roca and the coaching staff deserve a lot of credit for managing the fixtures extremely well. Even when his colleagues complained about fixture congestion, Roca focused on utilizing his full squad and getting the best out of every player. His side has played 14 matches in the Asian tournament since May 2017 - that's at least 14 fixtures more than every other Indian club except Aizawl FC.
AFC Cup 2018 Bengaluru FC Aizawl FC
To tackle the fixture list, Roca made full use of his squad, especially during the ISL season. AFC Cup teamsheets did not have Sunil Chhetri, Miku or Gurpreet Singh in the early round of fixtures. Instead, players such as Boithang Haokip, Thongkhosiem Haokip, Malsawmzuala, Lalthuammawia Ralte continued to start in the AFC Cup games. Bengaluru FC were effectively able to use two different lineups in the league and Asian competition.
Goalkeeper Ralte and full-back Nishu Kumar have started every single AFC Cup game for the club this year. Both these players had considerably fewer first-team minutes in ISL (180 and 338 minutes respectively) and they have both delivered. Seven of Ralte's 10 starts this year have resulted in clean sheets. Nishu Kumar picked up three goals, two of which came on Wednesday against Abahani Dhaka to seal the team's qualification to the knockouts.
New Radiant Bengaluru FC AFC Cup
Sunil Chhetri has ended the season as Bengaluru's top goalscorer for the fifth consecutive time. The Blues are yet to see someone else score as many goals as Chhetri ever since the club came into existence. While the skipper has largely made way for youngsters in AFC Cup this year, he still has two goals and six assists to his name in just four appearances (of which one was as a second-half substitute).
On Wednesday, the Indian national team striker served three goals on a plate for his teammates. He then scored the fourth and the game ended 4-0. The Abahani defence had no answer to the 33-year-old striker's sheer urge to make every minute count on the football field. And even in his absence during most part of the AFC Cup campaign, the attitude and mentality have clearly rubbed off on the rest of the squad.
Yes, Bengaluru needed a favour from Aizawl in the final round of fixtures in Group E. And they did get the result they wanted. But what will always matter is that the Asian dream has not ended for Bengaluru FC. | 2024-04-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1427 |
It is known to be desirable to monitor the condition of various assets in agricultural industries. In one example, when grains are stored in storage bins, it is particularly desirable to monitor the heating of the contents of those bins. Grain heating in storage bins can cause spoilage of the grain, resulting in diminished quality or full spoilage of the grain. Storage and high moisture or high heat environments can degrade or completely spoil these crops. Many efforts are made by farmers to minimize this possibility, and to maximize the price of their grain by enhancing and maintaining its top quality.
Storage bins are often located in close proximity to the fields where the crops are grown. In this way the grain can be stored until transport is required to a remote handling or dispatch facility, with minimum cost and time requirements during harvest.
One of the traditional approaches to monitoring grain bin temperature conditions has been to travel to each bin and manually inspect the condition of its contents. However where bins are geographically distributed, there are excessive costs and time commitments involved in traveling to each storage bin location. As well, given the distance and time involved in such travel, often the contents of the storage bin may not be checked as frequently as they should be to guarantee optimal storage of the product.
The use of remote monitoring solutions that employ in bin sensors is known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,854 to Gookins et al teaches a system in which in-bin sensors communicate bin conditions to a remote display device. However, the systems that have been created in this area to date have a significant limitation in terms of their ongoing operating costs insofar as if they use hardwired communications infrastructure to communicate with the central monitoring station this introduces a significant limitation in the locations that can be used [since hardwired communications infrastructure such as a telephone line or the like is required at that location].
While prior art systems are known that employ wireless technology to transmit grain bin conditions derived from in-bin sensors, the cost of such systems particularly in more remote locations can be prohibitive. Prior art systems teach constant sensing of bin conditions, and constant or at least periodic transmission of such data to a remote monitoring location. The result is a requirement for a substantial amount of transmission bandwidth, which can be very costly for the individual farmer or a company providing bin monitoring services, which cost can increase significantly in the case of more remote bin locations.
Although grain bins have been described as one example of a remote monitoring system, the problems associated with substantial amount of transmission bandwidth required in monitoring systems exists in general in all fields, including those beyond agriculture.
What is needed, therefore, is a method and system for remote monitoring of the conditions of an asset to be monitored that reduces the amount of bandwidth required for sensor data transmission when an alarm condition exists, so that the user can take appropriate action to deal with the alarm condition.
The many conditions which could optimally be monitored remotely using a similar method, include volume stored within an asset storage vessel, presence of pests or gas associated with a product, or other types of conditions, all of which could also be incorporated into the desired method by simply adding or modifying the nature of the condition sensors associated with the asset, and it would again be desirable over the prior art to provide a reduced bandwidth data transmission method and equipment package that could monitor these types of conditions. | 2024-01-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6866 |
This screwdriver kit comes with:
1.5mm Hex-angular Screwdriver
2.0mm Hex-angular Screwdriver
2.5mm Hex-angular Screwdriver
3.0mm Hex-angular Screwdriver
If you are a drone hobbyist then this kit of hex-angular screwdrivers is a great set to have. It comes with the four most commonly used sizes on your drones. The 1.5mm and 2.0mm are the most common size hex-angular screws on the DJI Phantom series drones, the DJI Inspire series, the Yuneec Q500 series, and the Yuneec Typhoon H. Having the right tools for your drone is a must. | 2023-09-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8441 |
vocab=$1
#python ./gen-records.py --seg_method=basic --feed_single=0 --use_char=1 --vocab_=$vocab
python ./gen-records.py --input ./mount/data/ai2018/sentiment/test.csv --seg_method=basic --feed_single=0 --use_char=1 --vocab_=$vocab --word_only=1
#python ./gen-records.py --input ./mount/data/ai2018/sentiment/train.csv --start_index=1 --seg_method=basic --feed_single=0 --use_char=1 --vocab_=$vocab
#python ./gen-records.py --input ./mount/data/ai2018/sentiment/trans.en.csv --start_index=1 --seg_method=basic --feed_single=0 --use_char=1
| 2023-10-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6400 |
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113: PaulI have a mb 113 vito, 160,000 mls on clock,
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Hi PaulI have a mb 113 vito, 160,000 mls on clock, it cuts out when slowing down to junctions and seems pulse at idle also hunts when accelerating as if the power is on/off up through the rev range although it's not massively noticeable I think it's Down on power a little to..
Hello1st consider changing the fuel filter as if this partially blocked this will reduce pressure.If OK then also check the connections to the EGR valve, if either the vacuum pipe of electrical connection are damaged / corroded then the EGR can be on all time which certainly will hurt performance. Its also possible that its a fault with the EGR valve so its worth removing the valve and cleaning it out with brake cleaner, if it looks particularly clogged then replace it.If this is OK then check the small vacuum lines to the turbo and its connected control solenoid on the bulkhead, any cracks or leaks can give turbo issues and its best to have the boost pressure measured actually measured with a boost gauge to check that the turbo is healthy and that the sensor is reading correctlyIf its a variable vane turbo (they’ll be an actuator on the turbo body - but not a wastegate) then check its vacuum pipework as above and check the connections to the diaphragm / solenoid valve | 2024-07-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4937 |
Q:
Multiple web application deployment targets in Visual Studio 2008?
I currently maintain several different environments for a single application - production, staging, development, etc .
I was wondering if there was a setting or an add-in for visual studio that would facilitate publishing to multiple deployment targets (preferabbly with a different web.config for each target)?
I'm considering writing a couple of nant scripts instead but it would be nice if there was an integrated solution.
A:
It's not possible in VS 2008 out of the box. I don't know if there's an addin for this, but you could try searching VisualStudio Gallery.
From what I've seen from demo videos, VS2010 will support having different web.configs, and deploying to dev/staging/production.
| 2024-06-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2728 |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to micromachined silicon sensors or Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) mass flow sensing technology that minimizes the disturbance around the sensor chip due to the connection of wires. This invention also provides the enhanced reliability that eliminates the sensor malfunction or damage due to the short or destruction of the exposed connection wires between the sensor chip and its carrier. The present invention further facilitates the automation process of the sensor module manufacture. This invention additionally reduces the cost of the sensor module manufacture with the reduction of wire binding of the sensor chip to its carrier and sealing process.
2. Description of the Related Art
MEMS mass flow sensors for gases have been limited to clean and dry gases, partly due to the design limitation of the most available products on market. Previously disclosure by Higashi et al. (Higashi, R. E. et al., Flow sensor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,144) teaches us a miniature flow speed device that could be used for measuring gas flow using the calorimetric, thermal mass flow measurement principle. The device is constructed with the MEMS process technology with a footprint of approximately 2×2 mm. The connection pads to the external control electronics are distributed along the edge of the chip front surface. Consequently, the wire connection between the device and the interface has to be exposed to the gas medium resulting in a volatile and fragile nature against fluids that may contain moisture, other conductive dilute mist, and particle, since these materials can lead to a shortage of the wire or even a destruction of the whole device. Further high speed flow pulsed flow may also create unpredictable damages to the connection wires or the devices as a whole. Alternatively, Mayer et al. (Mayer. F. and Lechner, M., Method and sensor for measuring a mass flow, U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,324) teach an integrated MEMS mass flow sensor chip using thermal pile sensing elements and CMOS integrated signal processing circuitry that effectively solve the problem for interface wire exposure and is cost effective. The device has a footprint about 3×6 mm. But the configuration also requires that the electronic control circuitry be effective sealed from the contact of the flow medium otherwise it would at least add large noises and other unexpected instabilities. Hence package of such a design requires the flow medium only passes through the sensing element but not the electronic portion of the MEMS chip that in return places a limit of a fluid channel size within about 2 mm in diameter. Therefore for most of the measurement concerned the flow channel packaged with the sensor chip could be only used for a bypass configuration of the complete measurement unit. This again limited the applications for fluid in a larger pipeline while adding possible pressure loss in the main flow channel in order to drive the gas medium into the bypass sensing configurations. Later improvement using a complicated segregated bypass structure by Ueda et al. (Ueda, N. and Nozoe, S., Flow rate measuring device, US Patent Application 2008/0314140) and Fujiwara et al., (Fujiwara, T.; Nozoe, S. and Ueda, N., Flow velocity measuring device, U.S. Pat. No. 7,062,963) to avoid the clogging of particles in the small bypass channels however did not change the basic package landscape of the bypass configuration, and the complicated channel design might only improves the failure rate of particle impact but the damages due to the presence of the liquid is still an unsolved issue.
In a later disclosure by Hecht et al, (Hecht. H. et al., Method for correcting the output signal of an air mass meter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,313) and Wang et al., (Wang, G. et al., Micromachined mass flow sensor and insertion type flow meters and manufacture methods. U.S. Pat. No. 7,536,908), the MEMS mass flow sensor is arranged on an elongated foot print of approximate 3×6 mm and 2×4 mm respectively, such that the binding pads on the MEMS chip front surface that connect with the electronic interface through wires are placed away from the sensing element and the wired interface can be sealed with package sealing materials such as silicone and epoxy. The configuration could then prevent the wire interface from damages due to presence of moisture and impact from conductive substances. Nonetheless, such a configuration shall create an unavoidable scaling hump on the MEMS chip front surface for which the bump shape is usually difficult to control, which would also be undesirable for maintaining the stability for the flow medium passing through the front MEMS chip surface. Further, the package processes of the said prior arts all require the wire binding and/or wire interface sealing process. These processes are both time consuming and might also incur additional reliability uncertainties due to the sealing materials stress release, false soldering during wire binding, as well as leakage of the sealing.
It is therefore desired to have a new MEMS mass flow sensor design such that the final MEMS chip package or assembly of the sensor shall result in a smooth surface for keeping the flow stability as well as for purpose of reducing the process steps such that to enhance the reliability and performance of MEMS flow sensor package or assembly. | 2024-03-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7702 |
She spoke with me on camera about the day Travis was killed, an interview which for the first time in the history of "48 Hours" was used as evidence in a death penalty trial.
Arias once again found herself in the spotlight when her trial began in early January. Since then, she has defended her actions and her life while under the watchful and scrutinizing eye of the public. With every move she makes comes some form of commentary. The cable news shows and internet blogs begin buzzing and every observer seems to have an opinion about her appearance and performance in the courtroom. If Jodi Arias cries, she's labeled a calculating actress. If she doesn't, she's callous. Perhaps the critics are right, and maybe she is putting on a show. Nobody knows for certain. But what is true of anyone sitting in her position is that the only people she had to impress the past four months were the twelve men and women who ultimately found her guilty of murder.
Now, as her case moves into the penalty phase, Jodi Arias could be sentenced to death -- a harsh reality that undoubtedly weighs heavily on her. And it's clear watching her that this experience has taken its toll.
Throughout her trial, she fought to maintain composure in the face of great obstacles. The Jodi I see appears defeated as if she knows her life hangs in the balance. She barely resembles the person I met in 2008 while on assignment for "48 Hours". Back then, Jodi was vibrant; outgoing and cheerful; she told me the story of a young woman convinced of her innocence and adamant her case would never go before a jury.
I arrived in Siskiyou County that July on a fact finding mission about the case of Travis Alexander, a good-looking young man who had been found brutally murdered in his Mesa, Ariz. home weeks earlier. Travis' on and off girlfriend Jodi Arias had quickly been identified as a person of interest in the case and was apprehended on a fugitive warrant in her hometown of Yreka, Calif., after fleeing the crime scene. The grisly murder was so heinous it quickly captured the attention of both communities as well as local and national media.
Even with the increasing media attention, I was able to get in touch with Jodi's family simply by looking them up in the phone book and they were surprisingly receptive to my calls. Over the next few days, I would speak with both Jodi and her family at length, slowly gaining their trust.
After about a week, Jodi finally agreed to meet with me for what would be her first television interview.
Days later, I was sitting in the dark corner of a Northern California jail when she floated into the room. Without hesitation, she extended her hand to greet me. "Hi, I'm Jodi" she said, and smiled. Though she had been placed on suicide watch, Jodi appeared to be holding up remarkably well for someone living a nightmare.
As a journalist, I had covered my share of crime stories across the country but I had never met someone so excited to be interviewed as Jodi. And it was clear she had some experience behind the camera, even giving my crew direction. "If you need to I would be willing to stop so they can fix the shot. If I get shiny let's take a break," she said, "I'd rather it be like no chains, if possible. So, that'd be good."
As we sat down, the conversation came easily. Jodi seemed immediately comfortable as she talked about everything from her life goals and favorite hobbies, to her fondest childhood memories. But this was no dinner date, and when the conversation turned to Travis's death, she asked if we could "come back to that later" and immediately changed the subject.
At this point, Jodi was without legal counsel, and I chose not to direct the conversation toward the alleged murder unless she brought it up. However, by the fourth tape it was clear Jodi was holding something back.
Thinking we would start to wrap things up, I asked her if there was anything else she wanted to discuss, and after a long pause, Jodi sat back in her chair and sighed. "I'm trying to think if I wanna say this or not", she began, "There's a lot of evidence that places me at Travis's house the day he was killed. I did see Travis the day that he passed away--I almost lost my life as well."
I nearly fell off my chair, but was able to keep my composure and encouraged her to go on.
According to Jodi, it had started with a loud bang. She and Travis had been taking photographs in the shower when she was hit on the back of her head. When she woke-up, Travis was lying on the ground screaming, "Not like a blood-curdling horror movie girl scream", but terrified nonetheless. Two masked intruders were coming towards her down the hallway. Jodi quickly got up and ran to the closet. One intruder grabbed Jodi, threw her to the ground and pressed a gun firmly to her head. "He was telling me that I needed to leave and that if I said anything, they would kill me", she says, "They would kill my family."
But the intruder later changed his mind, Jodi says. "I just remember holding my head and closing my eyes. He pulled the trigger. And nothing happened, just a click. At that point, I pushed passed him. And I ran down the stairs."
Even though she survived, Jodi says she never once called for help. I was incredulous at what she was telling me, but pressed her about how she could have remained silent all this time. "Because I was scared", she says, "I've grown up around gangs and you don't snitch."
I found it difficult to take Jodi's story seriously because it sounded so unbelievable. But to make sure I got the facts right, I asked her to repeat it several more times. She was surprisingly agreeable, and with each telling I began to notice that she revealed fascinating new details; to me, a common sign that someone is spinning a tale. When I finally reviewed her police interrogation I was shocked to learn that she never told detectives the intruder attempted to kill her. If that was something made up on the spot so effortlessly, what other lies was she capable of telling?
When Jodi was finally extradited to Phoenix a month later, she told her story again to "48 Hours". This time correspondent Maureen Maher pressed Jodi on newly emerging evidence that implicated her in Travis's death, but still Jodi stuck to her story and denied any responsibility for the murder.
Our broadcast aired in 2009, and Jodi and I remained in close contact for nearly two years thereafter. In one of our last conversations Jodi told me there was more to the story then she let on in her interviews and that Travis had a darker side. Until now, Jodi had painted her ex as a loving person with whom she discussed marriage, so where was this coming from and why the sudden change of heart?
As we now know, the story of the masked intruders is a complete fallacy. At Jodi's murder trial, her attorney's argued that Travis was an abuser who left her no choice but to defend herself that fateful day. Looking back, it's clear to me that Jodi was testing her defense or at least laying a foundation for further lies during our conversation.
Not long ago, Jodi told me, "In the end, everything will be made known. Everything will come out. And in the meantime, smile and say "cheese." If the history of this case has proven anything, there isn't any no room for "smiles" when your life is on the line and truth is not so easy to uncover. But with her recent murder conviction, it would appear that after all these years, deception has finally caught up with Jodi Arias.
On Wednesday, the state of Arizona met their requirement and proved the killing of Travis Alexander was "especially cruel." That same jury will now hear further testimony to decide whether Jodi lives or dies.
In 2008, Jodi told "48 Hours" that if she was given the choice she would take the death penalty over spending the rest of her life in prison. If her defense is unsuccessful in the penalty phase, Jodi might just get her wish after all. | 2024-07-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6752 |
Taesong Fortress
The Taesong Fortress is an historical structure located in the relocated capital of Koguryo, presently in the city of Pyongyang, North Korea. It has been dated to the 3rd-5th centuries, during the Koguryo period).
The walls of the fortress have a circumference of 7,218m. (Another source gives the walls as being 7,076 metres round with total length of its walls being 9,284 metres) Built at the foot of Mount Taesong, the fortress provided protection for the capital, and held wells, storehouses and armories behind its walls. It remains one of the largest stone fortifications found in Korea in both length and size.
One can still find remains of the fortress today.
References
Category:National Treasures of North Korea
Category:Castles in North Korea
Category:Buildings and structures in Pyongyang | 2023-09-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9666 |
Q:
showing that there is a shape which has three connected black squares
We have square lattice with dimensions $n × n$, such that $n \ge 2$. Some of the squares on this lattice are coloured black. How can we show that there are at least 3 connected black squares if there are $$1+\frac{n^{2}}{2}$$ black squares when $n$ is even and $$\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$$ black squares when $n$ is odd?
A:
If $n$ is even, just cut the board into $2\times2$ tiles. At least one of these tiles must contain three black squares.
A:
Note that any $2\times 2$ tile can contain at most $2$ black squares. In addition, any path of $k$ squares can contain at most $2(k+1)/3$ black squares. For an $n\times n$ square region where $n$ is even, the decomposition into $\frac{1}{4}n^2$ tiles gives an upper bound of $\frac{1}{2}n^2$ black squares. For an $n\times n$ square region where $n$ is odd, the decomposition into $\frac{1}{4}(n-1)^2$ tiles and a path of length $2n-1$ gives an upper bound of $\frac{1}{2}(n-1)^2+\frac{4}{3}n=\frac{1}{2}n^2+\frac{1}{3}n+\frac{1}{2}$ black squares. This latter is a tighter bound than the one in the problem, which is $\frac{1}{2}n^2+\frac{1}{2}n-1$.
Note that the checkerboard pattern with black squares in the four corners, which is an obvious candidate for optimality in the odd-$n$ case, has only $\frac{1}{2}n^2+\frac{1}{2}$ black squares. To see that this is not optimal, consider the $5\times5$ region. The checkerboard pattern has $13$ black squares; but a pattern with $14$ black squares is obtained by placing $4$ black squares in the first, third, and fifth columns and a single black square in the second and fourth columns.
| 2024-06-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7574 |
New Zealand’s latest nutrition survey shows the nation’s obesity epidemic surged ahead over the past dozen years — even though the population’s energy intake levels have dropped.
Researchers who conducted the 2008-2009 Adult Nutrition Survey (NZANS) say they suspect this means many people are exercising less than they did when the comparable 1997 National Nutrition Survey was carried out.
The report on the survey’s key findings titled, A Focus on Nutrition, was released Thursday 15th September 2011.
The survey found that the prevalence of obesity among men jumped from 17 percent in 1997 to 27.7 percent in 2008-2009 and from 20.6 percent in women to 27.8 percent.
Among Maori, 40.7 percent of men were obese, and 48.1 percent of women. Obesity is a factor in many health problems ranging from cardiovascular disease through some types of cancer and diabetes to psychological illnesses. In a 2004 report, Tracking obesity, the Ministry of Health reported that the “epidemic of obesity” began before the 1970s and that by 1977 9 percent and men and 11 percent of women were obese.
Results from the survey, by Otago University and Health Ministry researchers, will be used by policymakers, and will help develop Government food and nutrition guidelines. Thy may also be used in monitoring diabetes, developing food standards, and watching changes in the food supply.
FACTBOX
The Science Media Centre has prepared further analysis of the survey’s results, linked below.
Obesity || Food Security || Diabetes || Iron || Micronutrients
The Science Media Centre also contacted a number of leading experts in nutrition and public health for their comments on the survey.
Their responses are available below. Feel free to use these comments in your stories. To speak to an expert please contact the SMC (04 499 5476; smc@sciencemediacentre.co.nz).
Prof Winsome Parnell, an Associate Professor in the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, was the Nutrition Director for the survey. She provided the following comments on the survey results:
“The public should be re-assured that the Ministry of Health funded this survey. This research will provide a great deal of baseline data that will be picked up by nutritionists and other academics. It will inform future policy making and scientific research.
“We didn’t actually do this nutrition survey specifically to document obesity — because that is done well in health surveys — and it merely underpins concerns that we have had for a considerable time.
“In terms of obesity, the different ethnic groups experience overweight and obesity differently — that’s a much bigger influence than the level of deprivation. Though the index of deprivation does show that women, more so than men in the most deprived areas, are more likely to experience overweight and obesity.
“The data has enable us to look clearly at what is happening across age groups. If there is any area of concern, it is the (energy) intakes of younger people.
“We have not done statistical comparisons between ethnic groups. The Ministry (of Health) plans to do those in the future. The socio-economic distribution of population is different for different ethnic groups. Initial analyses have not untangled those two to show whether one is more or less important than the other, but future analyses will do that. It is clear that obesity is higher among the Maori and Pacific groups, than the New Zealand European and other ethnic groups (NZEO). But if you look at change over time, it is the NZEO where you can see a marked increase in rates of obesity.
“The survey marked an imbalance related to energy intake but did not measure energy expenditure or show whether intake or physical activity is more important.
“There were some things I hadn’t expected to see, such as the lower vitamin A levels.
“We had suspected that the iodine status was low, but this was the first time that we had a look at the whole population, and as we found with (earlier studies of) the children, it was not ideal. But some things have been put in place and this type of data will help us check that adding iodised salt to bread is effective.
“It was interesting that older people were more likely to routinely take nutritional supplements. This may be because they are prescribed supplements, and older people take more oils promoted as good for joint health.This was the first survey where we have noticed such a high intake of those, and we acknowledge that they are highly promoted.
“Young people are more likely to use supplements episodically. They try multivitamins, often because they say it”s better than worrying about their diet. There is an attitude out there that nutritional deficiencies can be made up by supplements or pills. In reality, spending the money on healthy food would be better, but it’s easier to take a pill.
“I probably had inklings about what was happening with household food security, bodyweight status and diabetes. Three-quarters of the population said they were fully food secure in 1997, but only about 60 percent say that this time, while a greater proportion of people report lower food security. Among people in the most deprived circumstances, up to 20 percent reported low food security, which is of concern.
“The actual calcium intake had not declined since 1997. But there is a very high official recommended level for Australia and New Zealand at present. If you accept that recommended level is wise, then we’re nearly all having an inadequate intact. However, some experts say our recommended level is relatively high, and this survey points to the need for further research whether our bone density levels are healthy.”
Professor Jim Mann, Professor of Human Nutrition and Medicine at University of Otago and consultant on the survery, comments:
“The obesity figures are alarming, but not surprising: we are high up in the ranks of the global pandemic of obesity. It reminds us that we have got a terrible problem … clearly, we need to be doing something about it. Obesity is particularly common in people who are socioeconomically deprived.
“Energy intakes are difficult to measure accurately, but we must be eating more than we are putting out in activity. We’ve got to put out more, and maybe eat less of the wrong kind of foods. What we are talking about is excessive intake of energy-dense foods, those high in fat and high in sugar. It looks as though consumption of saturated fat is coming down. That’s good news, though lower cholesterol levels could also be because there are vast numbers of people on statin drugs.
“The number of people with diabetes are almost certainly underestimated. While things are being done, one of the big concerns of people like myself is we don’t really have an overarching strategy for dealing with the obesity/diabetes epidemic. Rising obesity prevalence has longer-term implications for the incidence of cardiovascular disease — it may start rising again — and some cancers.
“We need an overarching strategy to deal with obesity and the prevention of diabetes, and prevention of all the other long-term consequences. We used to have a strategy — the Healthy Eating-Healthy Action (HEHA) — but it wasn’t in place long enough to find out if it was working. Parts of it are still around, but fruit in low-decile schools was only a tiny start towards creating an environment to encourage healthy food choices and physical activity choices.
“That’s what an overarching strategy does — and that’s what we haven’t got at the moment”.
Professor Elaine Rush, Professor of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, comments:
“The report is comprehensive and detailed and is, as the authors point, out useful for the development of policy and for monitoring. Much has changed in 11 years. For adults the relatively large decrease from 1997 to 2008 in food security and the increase in body size for height is a huge concern for all New Zealanders.
“These measures are indicators that, as a country, we have a dire and worsening problem. In New Zealand, since 1997, the gap between the rich and poor has widened, the cost of food has increased by more than 50%, unemployment has increased particularly for youth and the number of children living in poverty has remained high. In the next 15 years the number of New Zealanders aged over 65 years will exceed the number of children age 0-14 years. What does this mean for our future as a country and for our children and their children?
“This survey was not of children, it was of their parents, whanau and communities. If adults are not able to eat well then how can we expect our children to be different? Overweight and obese mothers have bigger babies who are more likely to become overweight adults but more importantly have more chronic disease. But it is not just how much you weigh but how functionally fit you are.
“There are differences in body composition by ethnicity and risk profiles. Indian people have more risk of diabetes than Maori, Pacific, Chinese and European at a much smaller body size. It is unfortunate that European are not a stand alone group like Maori and Pacific, other ethnicities are included with European so the statistics for the (still but decreasing) majority population are not clear. The increasingly diverse and multiethnic profile of New Zealand adds complexity to the interpretation of these findings and actions that should be taken.
“The biggest whammy is for people living in more deprived areas. They are more likely to be overweight or obese, not meeting recommended micronutrient intakes such as iron, vitamin A and calcium. Bread continues to be the major contributor of energy, protein, and carbohydrate to the New Zealand diet, In comparison to white bread, light or heavy whole grain bread was chosen by 60% of the population, but almost 50% of young adults compared to 25% of older people reported eating white bread. The most socioeconomically deprived 20% were twice as likely to consume white bread compared to the most well off 20% (20% vs 40%).
“The evidence is clear, in 2008 New Zealanders were not well nourished, many did not have enough money to buy nutritionally adequate and safe foods and were not healthy. Since then the economic recession and the ever-increasing cost of food mean that we are unlikely to be improving. More importantly our present children and those still to be conceived are not likely to have an optimal start to life continuing the cycle. A whole of New Zealand response is required because it is not a personal choice or responsibility- particularly for children. We produce enough good food to feed everyone well – why the gap between the farm and the mouth?”
Delvina Gorton, National Nutrition Advisor, NZ Heart Foundation, comments:
“Nutrition surveys happen every ten years, and they are our chance to see how New Zealanders are doing with what they eat and their health. One of the really concerning issues in the survey is the number of households in New Zealand who are struggling to feed their families.
“We have all felt the impact of rising prices for necessities like food and fuel over the past few years. For people who are living on strict budgets, these increases are obviously felt more strongly as income hasn’t kept up. Food, although a necessity, is not a fixed amount in the budget, so often less food is bought in order to pay other bills. When one in every fourteen households are having to rely on other people or on food banks to feed themselves and their family, we have a big problem.
“Lack of food security is strongly related to income – how much money people have available to put food on the table. So it is usually a much bigger problem for those on a low income. This includes proportionately more M?ori and Pacific families, who on average have lower incomes.
“Kiwis are generally caring people who want everyone to have the basics they need to survive – including food on the table. But food security is not just a question of fairness, lack of it is linked with having a less healthy diet, nutrient deficiencies, higher rates of disease and obesity, stress and depression, poor academic development, and behavioural and psychosocial issues in kids – so it has major implications.
“There’s no quick fix. There are a lot of initiatives that can help, such as fruit in schools, community gardens, or community fruit and vegetable markets. But to really fix the problem incomes need to increase and healthy food become more affordable. This requires cooperation between government departments, industry and communities to work together on a wide range of issues. An example of one promising strategy is an electronic discount card that could be targeted to healthy food for hard-up families.”
Bronwen King, Public Health Nutritionist, Partnership Health Canterbury, comments:
“While I agree that lack of physical activity could be a cause for an increases in BMI, I believe it is just a drop in the ocean compared to the true cause of weight gain. Weight gain is far more complex than simply energy in versus energy out. There are many factors that influence our physiology and propensity to gain and store fat.
“The type of kilojoules consumed can influence weight gain. Kilojoules that come from sugar and other refined carbohydrates enter the blood stream quickly, cause fast sharp rises in blood glucose which in turn generates a large insulin response. Since insulin promotes fat storage, people consuming a highly refined diet are likely to be more prone insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and to storing fat and gaining weight.
“Other factors that impact on a person’s ability and propensity to gain weight include hormones, stress levels, lack of sleep, the speed at which we eat, tv watching and even our work practices to name but a few. Modern day living affects our physiology in many complex ways – we are discovering more of these every day. We are just realising for example, the impact that extended bouts of sitting have on our health and weight – and that even if you do an hour walking or in the gym it does not compensate for this. Since modern day living involves a lot of sitting, this has to be part of the reason we are gaining weight.
“I am not totally convinced that there is a drop in overall kilojoule intake either – food recall is notoriously inadequate with under reporting the norm. Brian Wansink, a professor at Cornel University, USA, in his book “Mindless Eating” talks about this as the mindless margin, ie the difference between what we think we eat and what we actually eat and he has demonstrated through experiments, that the more people eat, the harder it is to recall it all.
“Food marketers and manufacturers are masters in the art of making us eat more than we think – simple things like package sizing all influence our kilojoule intake and package and portion size is increasing. People will finish the package and state “I only had a packet of…… regardless of the size and regardless of the fact that one package may in fact be 2 or 3 servings! The same with café style giant muffins (that are now the norm but are actually the equivalent of 3 of the muffins that were the norm 20 years ago) Big portions are the new norm and our health and weight are suffering. ”
Prof Rod Jackson, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics,University of Auckland, comments:
“On the interpretation of the observation that self-reported energy intake has fallen while obesity has increased – I would suggest that this is due primarily to an under-reporting of energy intake rather than a reduction in activity levels, for 2 reasons. Firstly, self-reported food intake is notoriously unreliable and people under-report consumption. Moreover given the huge focus on over-eating and obesity in recent years, it is very likely that there will be greater under-reporting now than when the last Nutrition survey was done. Secondly, the international literature consistently demonstrates that increased food intake, rather than decreased activity, is the main determinant of increased fatness.”
Further findings of the 2008-2009 Adult Nutrition Survey (NZANS)
Obesity
In the most recent survey, men reported a mean daily energy intake of 10.7 megajoules (MJ) — more than 2479 calories in older-style measurements — compared to the 12 MJ recorded in 1997. Women also dropped, from 8MJ to 7.6MJ — though this was not statistically significant.
“This reported decrease in energy intake is inconsistent with trends in body size,” the researchers said in the survey report released on the Ministry of Health website today.
Over the same period, the prevalence of obesity soared, said Ministry of Health and Otago University researchers who surveyed 4721 people.
“After adjustment for age and ethnic group, the prevalence of obesity in 2008/09 compared to 1997 was 1.5 times higher for males and 1.3 times higher for females,” the researchers said in the 330 page report.
In a report on the latest research, A Focus on Nutrition, the height and weight of people surveyed was used to calculate body mass index (BMI). The heights measure remained the same, but the survey showed the mean BMI rose with increasing levels of “neighbourhood deprivation”, after researchers adjusted for age, gender and ethnic group.
World Health Organisation (WHO) cut-off points said anybody with a BMI level of more than 30 was obese, and the highest mean BMI of 32.3 was notched up by Maori women aged 51 or older, who weighed up to 85.1kg. They were just behind Maori men aged 31-50 years, who weighed up to 105kg and had a mean BMI of 32.2. In the total population, both men and women aged 31-50 hit the top BMI of 28.8, with the men weighing up to 88.7kg and women up to 75.4kg.
“The increase in mean body weight, BMI and obesity prevalence suggests that energy balance is unbalanced, with energy ‘in’ exceeding energy ‘out’,” the researchers said. The drop in the reported mean daily energy intake over the 12 years included a slight fall in the contribution fat made to energy in the diet for men — with an insignificant drop for women — and both groups took less energy from saturated fat and more from monounsaturated fats. Their drop in total fat consumption was offset by an increased proportion of energy coming from protein.
Total blood cholesterol levels — an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases — dropped in both men and women, but the researchers said that part of this could have been due to people eating less saturated fat, but increased prescribing of lipid-lowering drugs was also likely to have played a role
Food Security
Nutritionists say that there has been a big jump in recent years in the proportion of households classed as having low “food security” .
Food security is access to adequate, safe, affordable and acceptable foods — but 7.3 percent of households in a big survey by the Ministry of Health and Otago University researchers were classified as having low food security, difficulty in acquiring nutritionally-adequate foods. “Since 1997, there has been … an increase in the prevalence of low food security,” the researchers said in a report, A Focus on Nutrition, released on the Health Ministry website. Nearly 60 percent of the households questioned were classified as being fully or almost “food secure” — in 1997 78.5 percent of men and 73 percent of women fitted this category.
Another 33 percent were classified as being moderately food secure — a lift of 10 percentage points.
But over the 12 years from 1997, the proportion of households with low food security surged from 1.6 percent for men to 5.6 percent, and from 3.8 percent for women to 8.8 percent.
Earlier this year, a separate Otago University study linked growing food insecurity to elevated levels of psychological distress amongst thousands of adults.
Food insecurity or the lack of access to safe, nutritious, affordable food, not only affected nutrition and physical health, but also the mental health of New Zealanders, that study said.
It said that 16 percent of nearly 19,000 adults from the Survey of Families, Income and Employment 2004/05 was classified as “food insecure” because those people used food banks or grants, had to buy cheaper food to pay for other things, or often went without fresh fruit and vegetables.
Diabetes
Nearly 7 percent of New Zealanders have diabetes, and a new nutrition survey shows that over quarter of them don’t yet know it.
The 2008/09 Adult Nutrition Survey (NZANS) canvassed 4721 New Zealanders aged 15 years and over. Blood samples tested for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) showed 6.9 percent of them had diabetes, with men at 8.4 percent and women 5.6 percent. But 2 percent of the undiagnosed population had not been told this by a doctor, even though their HbA1c levels were 6.5 percent or greater. Researchers noted the actual proportion of undiagnosed diabetics might actually be higher.
Less that half (48.5 percent) of the people who knew they had diabetes had good control of the illness, according to the survey, which was released on September 15 — the same day that the Government announced it was axing a programe that provided free annual medical checks for patients with diabetes. Separately to the nutrition survey, which was conducted by the Ministry of Health and Otago University researchers, the ministry’s national clinical director for diabetes, Brandon Orr-Walker, said the Diabetes Get Checked Programme provided no better results for those on it than for patients on standard health care.
Diabetes is a metabolic condition which results in raised blood glucose levels, and it causes a lot of deaths through illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney disease and vascular problems that damage nerves to the point that amputation of feet is necessary.
The mean HbA1c level in the survey was 5.57 percent, but there were major variations between different population groups. In the total population, the highest levels were recorded in people over 71 years, with men at 6.01 percent and women at 5.52 percent, and there was a consistent trend upwards from 19 years through to people over 71.
Among people who had been diagnosed by a doctor, the highest mean levels seen among pakeha (New Zealand European and others) older than 51 years were 13.3 (men) and 7.1 (women). Among diagnosed Maori of the same age, the levels hit 20.9 (men) and 23.8 (women). The median levels for diagnosed Pacific Islanders in the same age were 22.7 (men) and 21.4 (women).
Iron
Iron deficiency in New Zealand’s women more than doubled over the 12 years to 2009, and an increasing proportion of other women have low iron levels, nutritionists say.
Iron is required for the production of a number of proteins in the body, including haemoglobin which is needed to transport oxygen in the blood and make it available to tissues throughout the body. There are three stages of iron deficiency. In the first stage, body iron stores start to become depleted. In the second stage, levels of circulating iron start to fall, although blood haemoglobin concentrations are maintained. In the final stage, body iron stores are severely depleted and iron deficiency anaemia occurs. Iron-deficiency anaemia is associated with decreased work capacity, fatigue, and some specific cognitive learning effects.
Iron deficiency is a particular problem among women, with this new 2008-2009 Adult Nutrition Survey (NZANS) released on the Ministry of Health website (on September 15 2011) showing that around one in three girls aged 15 to 18 have an inadequate intake of iron. Inadequate intakes were found among 15.4 percent of women aged 31 to 50 years.
An iron deficiency was found in 2.9 percent of women in a national nutrition survey in 1997, but, 12 years later, this had risen to 7.2 percent. After adjusting for age and ethnicity, there was an increase in the prevalence of low iron stores in women.
Overall, 4.2 percent of the 4721 people surveyed were iron deficient, and 2 percentof the participants had iron deficiency anaemia. Among women, iron deficiency affected 7.2 percent and iron deficiency anaemia affected 3.5 percent. High levels of iron deficiency were found in girls aged 15 to 18 years: prevalence of iron deficiency was 10.6 percent and iron deficiency anaemia 4.9 percent. But the highest prevalence was among women aged 31 to 50 years (12.1 percent prevalence of iron deficiency, and 6 percent prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia).
The survey showed breads provided 12 percent of dietary iron, but other big sources were breakfast cereals (10 percent) vegetables (8 percent), grains, pasta, beef, and veal (each 7 percent) potato, kumara and taro (each 6 percent). Iron in meat, fish and poultry — known as “haem” iron — is better absorbed by the body than the non-haem iron found in vegetable and cereal foods. However, the absorption of non-haem iron can be boosted by eating meat and foods containing vitamin C at the same time The iron requirements of vegetarians are about 80 percent higher than for non-vegetarians.
Micronutrients
Compared with 1997, the latest survey showed both men and women consumed higher levels of vitamin B6 and the mineral selenium, and women got more vitamin E. But both men and women missed out on several key nutrients, including zinc and potassium, and vitamin A. Men also ate less sucrose, vitamin C and iron, and figures adjusted for age and ethnicity, showed a drop in calcium for men, and thiamin for women, and riboflavin for both groups. The percentage of adults eating a recommended three servings of vegetable each day did not change, but more men and women began eating the two servings of fruit also recommended by health officials.
Calcium
Nearly 60 percent of New Zealanders over the age of 15 years get too little calcium in their diet, and the shortfall is much worse for teenage girls, a new nutrition survey reports.
Over 95 percent of Maori girls aged under 19 were missing out, and over 87 percent of all girls fail to get recommended intakes — an important issue because peak bone mass was developed during young adulthood. Estimated average daily requirements Ministry of Health and Otago University researchers used to make their calculations said the teenagers under 19 should be getting 1050mg a day.
Reserves of calcium in the skeleton can be important later in life as bone density declines. Calcium is also important to muscle and nerve functioning, blood clotting and blood pressure. But researchers who compiled the 2008-2009 Adult Nutrition Survey (NZANS) — released on the MoH website on September 15 — said the adequacy of calcium intake was “difficult to interpret” and global experts worldwide didn’t agree on the best levels. The latest figures were in line with those in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey held a dozen years earlier.
Recommended dietary levels were high, but calcium intake was only one of many factors — such as vitamin D status, physical activity levels and habitual levels of intake– that affected bone health., the researchers said. The median usual daily intake of calcium was 919mg for men and 745mg for women. Maori ate less (863mg for men, 711mg for women) and Pacific Islanders lagged even further (men 693mg and women 604mg).
Milk and some other dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese were important sources of calcium, and non-dairy sources of calcium included tinned fish with bones, green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds, and fortified soy and rice “milk”.
Zinc
Nearly a quarter (24.7 percent) of New Zealanders aged 15 years and over were not getting enough of the trace element zinc in their diet, with 39.1 percent of men and 11.2 percent of women missing out. The median usual daily intake of zinc was 12.9mg for men and 9mg for women, and even lower for older people.These intakes were down those seen in the 1997 survey.
Zinc is important in major metabolic pathways, including protein and nucleic acid synthesis, the action of insulin and in growth, immune function, wound healing, sperm generation and foetal development.
Rich sources of zinc include oysters, red meat, lamb’s liver and cheese, and someof the biggest contributers to the survey participants were beef and veal, bread, grains and pasta, which each contributed about 10 percent of their intake.
Selenium
Over half of New Zealand women and about a third of men are not getting enough selenium — a trace mineral deficient in the nation’s soils. Though intakes in the new survey were higher than in 1997, they were still inadequate for 45 percent of the population aged 15 years and older: about 31.5 percent of men and 58.2 percent of women. Over 70 percent of teenage girls under 19 did not get enough selenium.
Fruit, vegetables and grains grown in New Zealand tend to have lower selenium levels than plant foods from countries with higher levels in their soils.
Bread was the largest single contributor of selenium to the nation’s diet (15 percent), but the survey did not allow for regional differences, even though in the North Island, bread is mainly made imported wheat, which has a higher selenium content than New Zealand flours. Seafood (12 percent) and poultry (10 percent) were also important sources of selenium, which is f important to antioxidant defences, thyroid metabolism, and immune and reproductive functioning.
The median usual daily selenium intake was 67 micrograms (mcg) — millionths of a gram — for men and 47.1 mcg for women. | 2023-10-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8770 |
// build-pass (FIXME(62277): could be check-pass?)
#![feature(type_alias_impl_trait)]
#![deny(private_in_public)]
pub type Pub = impl Default;
#[derive(Default)]
struct Priv;
fn check() -> Pub {
Priv
}
pub trait Trait {
type Pub: Default;
fn method() -> Self::Pub;
}
impl Trait for u8 {
type Pub = impl Default;
fn method() -> Self::Pub { Priv }
}
fn main() {}
| 2024-04-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7913 |
Texas' Top 10 Percent Rule for college admissions appears poised to survive another legislative session, according to the author of the leading bill to repeal or peel it back.
Senate Higher Education Chairman Kel Seliger, R-Amarillo, said he doesn't have enough Republican support to get Senate Bill 2119 to the Senate floor. That means the issue is likely dead for 2017, he said.
"There weren't the votes," Seliger said.
Currently, any student who graduates in the top 10 percent of his or her high school's graduating class receives automatic admission to any public university in the state except the University of Texas at Austin, where the threshold is 7 percent. Seliger initially proposed repealing the rule entirely. He later updated his bill to keep the rule in place, but in a more limited way. Under the latest version of his bill, each school could cap automatic admissions at 30 percent of its incoming freshman class.
That would significantly impact admissions at UT-Austin, where about three-quarters of each freshman class is automatically admitted. Many suburban parents and students from competitive school districts loathe the bill because they say it makes it harder to gain admission into UT-Austin.
Seliger wanted to change the rule because it represented "big government." The universities, not the state, should be in charge of setting admissions standards, he said. But Seliger couldn't get the 19 votes needed to get the item up for consideration on the floor of the 31-member Senate.
He said the reason the bill wasn't getting the necessary votes "is because of self-professed small government Republicans."
The Top 10 Percent Rule was created in 1997 to increase diversity at state schools. The thinking behind it is that not all high schools are created equal. Schools in poor urban or rural areas tend to have fewer resources than the wealthy suburban schools. The poorer students come from less-educated families and tend to do worse on the SAT. Sometimes they can't afford extracurricular activities. But none of those disadvantages matter under the Top 10 Percent Rule.
UT-Austin, meanwhile, has raised complaints that the rule eliminates its freedom to compile its student body to its choosing and restricts admission to largely one metric — class rank.
Most Democrats still support the bill. But Seliger said he was dismayed to learn that there were not enough Republicans on board.
"This is one of the worst examples of big government because we have got the Legislature determining admissions to one university to no real end," he said.
Seliger said he didn't know of any other avenue to get a change to the rule approved in the Capitol this session. But he said he expects the issue will come up again in the 2019 legislative session. The situation could soon become magnified at Texas A&M University, too, he said. The share of top 10 percent students enrolled at A&M is nearing 60 percent.
Read related Tribune coverage:
Check out "The Price of Admission," our 2016 series on the fight over the Top 10 Percent Rule and the quest to make Texas’ top universities look more like Texas.
University of Texas System Chancellor Bill McRaven is facing new questions from his board of regents about spending and staffing levels, which come as he nears the end of his three-year contract.
Disclosure: The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors can be viewed here. | 2024-01-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3409 |
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to paper trays, and more particularly to a paper pray for a printer.
2. Description of Related Art
Printer usually includes a paper tray for placing papers therein. While the printer prints, a piece of paper is picked up from paper tray and sent into the printer. However, in some situation, two pieces of paper may be picked from the paper tray together and fed into the printer, which may cause the papers to be jammed in the printer.
Therefore, there is room for improvement within the art. | 2023-12-10T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5025 |
Posted By The Finsiders On July 1, 2013 @ 10:35 am In Football | No Comments
[1]Because football is such a team sport, the individual battles that occur on the field sometimes get lost in the shuffle, especially those that happen in the trenches between the offensive and defensive lineman. Former Dolphins offensive lineman Keith Sims, who spent 11 seasons in the wars on the line scrimmage making three Pro Bowls in the process (’93, ’94 & ’95), has a couple opponents that stand out in his mind. So, The Finsiders sat down with Sims, and asked him about his 5 toughest opponents he faced during his career.
Jerome Brown, Defensive Tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles (1987-1991)
“He had the rare combination of size, speed and strength, but luckily for all of those who line up against him, he didn’t play hard on every play. But when he wanted to, he could destroy any offensive guard in the league. I faced him for the first time in preseason of my rookie year and I felt like I was blocking him pretty successfully in the first quarter, and I don’t know if I did something to piss him off or if his coaches got on him, bearing in mind that it is preseason of course. In that second quarter, he decided he was going to bull rush me and lifted me up and threw me, literally threw me into the lap of my backup quarterback Scott Mitchell. Talk about making a strong impression.”
Howie Long, Hall of Fame Defensive Lineman for the Oakland/L.A. Raiders and Super Bowl XVIII Champion (1981-1993)
“I faced him my rookie year on a Monday Night football game at Joe Robbie Stadium, and it was a back and forth battle. Talk about a welcome to the NFL moment on national television. I don’t think I gave up a sack, but boy I was holding on for dear life sometimes. It taught me a lot and it was always great battling Howie Long.”
Jumpy Geathers, Defensive Lineman for 4 NFL Teams, Super Bowl XXVI Champion with the Washington Redskins (1984-1996)
“A guy that will probably shock people. At 6’7, 290 lbs., playing for the New Orleans Saints and Atlanta Falcons, he had a move that all offensive guards feared in the NFL called the forklift. He had these really longs arms, and he was able to get into to you and he would kind of stick those arms underneath your armpit and literally lift you up like a forklift and drive you back and walk you back to the quarterback. You could block him all day long, but if let him get that leverage and get that arm in, it made for a long, long day.”
John Randle, Hall of Fame Defensive Tackle for the Minnesota Vikings and Seattle Seahawks (1990-2003)
“He was not the biggest guy in the world, but he had strong great leverage at only 6’1. But he had a motor. People talk about Jason Taylor’s motor, but John Randle had a motor twice as fast. He never stopped coming, spinning, slapping, spitting, whatever it would take. He stuck out his tongue and yelled at you as much as he could and he tried to distract you. But all the time, he was moving forward, trying to get those sacks and make those tackles.
Ted Washington, 17 year NFL Defensive Tackle (1991-2007)
“Here’s the biggest guy on my list. You know him from Buffalo, and he came into the league in the early 90s. Ted played for a lot of teams, and there was a reason why he played 17 seasons in NFL. He ended his career at about 6’5 365 pounds. For a man of that size, he was incredibly limber. First of all, your legs got exhausted from trying to drive him off the ball quarter after quarter. But every now and then, he would show you that burst of speed which kind of caught you off guard. He would lull you to sleep with that power and come with that speed.”
Bonus Selection: Bruce Smith, Hall of Fame Defensive End for the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins (1985-2003)
“Every though he played defensive end for the Buffalo Bills, we went head to head so many times in those division battles in the 90s for opportunities to go the Super Bowl. The Bills kept us out of the Super Bowl twice during my time in Miami, even losing in the (1992) AFC Championship Game. When he slid over the offense guard, he had this uncanny knack to get skinny. You’re talking about a guy who is 6’5 280 lbs. But he would get skinny and turn his body so it made it very difficult for us to get a good shot on him and stop his momentum. He was so wiry and so fast. He even at times, would line up on the tackle and try to beat me across my face in the A gap, and I got to tell you, he gave me a run for my money sometimes. He was so quick.” | 2024-06-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8942 |
WASHINGTON — In our divided political times, something unites both Democrats and Republicans running in key primaries this season: Most of them are talking about Trump.
Of course, there’s a difference in exactly how they’re talking about him. In Republican primaries, the conversation is about which candidate is more loyal to the president — or which candidate might have criticized him in the past.
Here’s Todd Rokita running in the May 8 Indiana Senate primary: “[GOP opponent] Luke Messer — he plotted with the Never-Trumpers to steal the nomination from President Trump… I’m Todd Rokita and I’ll proudly stand with our president and Mike Pence to drain the swamp,” he says in a TV ad as he dons a red “Make America Great Again” hat.
Here’s Messer’s own TV ad: “I’m Luke Messer. I get teamwork. That’s why I back President Trump’s agenda — tax cuts, pro-life and funding for our troops.” (Messer’s campaign also has seized on the news that Rokita called Trump “vulgar, if not profane” in a 2016 interview explaining why he backed Marco Rubio at the time.)
Here’s a TV ad from an outside group backing Republican Patrick Morrisey in the May 8 West Virginia GOP Senate primary: “Patrick Morrisey will move President Trump’s agenda forward.”
Here’s Republican Steve Braun running to fill Rokita’s House seat in Indiana: “Hoosiers are ready for ‘America First,’” he says in a TV ad.
And as the Washington Post recently spotlighted, here’s a TV ad from Republican Bill Schuette running in the August 7 gubernatorial primary in Michigan: “Supported by President Trump, Bill Schuette is the strong leader who can defeat the Granholm liberals.”
In Democratic primaries, meanwhile, the conversation is about which candidate is tougher on Trump, especially as a way to prove one’s progressive credentials. This anti-Trump contest, in fact, dates back to last year, when Virginia’s Ralph Northam was calling the president a “narcissistic maniac.”
Here’s a digital ad from Gwen Graham, who’s running in the increasingly competitive August 28 Democratic gubernatorial primary in Florida: “Donald Trump is an embarrassment. Donald Trump is an example of a bully.”
Here’s a TV ad from Democrat Steve Sisolak, who’s running in the June 12 Democratic gubernatorial primary in Nevada: “I’ve taken on bullies my whole life… Donald Trump is hurting Nevada families. He wants to take health care away from 200,000 Nevadans. He wants to break up families by deporting DREAMers.”
The Gwen Graham ad — much like the Northam one from last year — is especially striking, because it comes from a Dem candidate who, fairly or not, is being accused of not being sufficiently progressive. So playing the Trump card potentially neutralizes that. Bottom line: If you have primary problems, Trump is your elixir — in either supporting him (if you’re a Republican) or attacking him (if you’re a Democrat).
Trump White House hits the pause button on a trade war with China
“White House officials moved quickly on Wednesday to calm fears of a potential trade war with China, saying the administration’s proposed tariffs were a ‘threat’ that would ultimately help, not hurt, the United States economy, hours after China said it would punish American products with similar levies,” the New York Times writes.
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“The administration’s insistence that a trade war was not imminent came as the United States and China traded tit-for-tat penalties that caused wild swings in stock markets from Hong Kong to New York.”
More: “White House officials reiterated on Wednesday that China must stop the ‘unfair’ trading practices President Trump believes have disadvantaged American companies and workers, but they held out the possibility that tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese goods outlined on Tuesday might never go into effect.
“‘There’s no trade war here,’ Larry Kudlow, Mr. Trump’s new top economic adviser, said in an interview on Fox Business Network. He described the threat of tariffs as ‘just the first proposal’ in a process that would involve negotiations and back-channel talks. ‘I understand the stock market’s anxiety,” he said. “But on the other hand, don’t overreact.’”
By the way, here’s the front page of the Des Moines Register: “Tariffs may help to sink farmers.” (What is Trump’s ambassador to China, Terry Branstad, who was Iowa’s former governor, thinking right now?)
Facebook’s Zuckerberg to testify before Congress April 10-11
NBC News: “Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg will testify before the Senate Judiciary and Commerce Committees as well and the House Energy and Commerce Committee on April 10 and 11 respectively, the committees announced Wednesday.”
“The public testimony will be Zuckerberg's first before the U.S. government and comes after Facebook has been the subject of broad criticism and numerous legal inquiries over how the user information of as many as 87 million Facebook users ended up in the possession of a data-analysis firm that worked with President Donald Trump's election campaign.”
Our take: The problem that Facebook has right now is a credibility problem: Every time they give an explanation of what happened in 2016, we ultimately learn that it was worse than they said.
Scott Pruitt’s campaign to save his job
“EPA chief Scott Pruitt and his allies in the administration are on a mission to save his job — offering a blitz of interviews to friendly media outlets while separately accusing a former agency staffer of a cascade of damaging leaks,” per Politico. “But the White House made it clear Wednesday that President Donald Trump is not pleased with all the negative headlines surrounding him.”
One thing is for sure: Pruitt has a constituency inside the conservative movement. We’ll see if that’s enough to save his job.
Rundown on the 2018 midterms
In case you missed them, here are some of the recent midterm developments that we’ve chronicled on our “Rundown” blog: Per NBC’s Alex Seitz-Wald, Democrats are hoping their next upset comes in the April 24 AZ-8 special election… Vulnerable GOP Rep. Carlos Curbelo, R-Fla., called on Pruitt to resign… And Joe Biden is hosting a fundraiser for Phil Bredesen in Tennessee on April 10. | 2023-10-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3466 |
Q:
AWS Lambda stops execution in the middle of the code
I am trying to trigger csv file upload in s3 and insert the data from the file to database using lambda.
Most of the times code executes successfully if i run the code back to back in couple of seconds gap.
But sometimes the problem i face is the code stops execution at console console.log('about to get the data'); and ignore rest of the code and sometimes mysql connection gets time out.
I can find that the problem occurs only when i test the lambda code with more than 20 seconds of gap. So, i guess this is a cold start problem.
I don't want to miss even a single s3 trigger. So, i need help to find flaw in my code that is causing this problem.
const AWS = require('aws-sdk');
const s3 = new AWS.S3({region: 'ap-south-1', apiVersion: '2006-03-01'});
var mysql= require('mysql');
var conn = mysql.createPool({
connectionLimit: 50,
host: 'HOST',
user: 'USER',
password: 'PASSWORD',
database: 'DATABASE'
})
async function mainfunc (event, context, callback) {
console.log("Incoming Event: ", JSON.stringify(event));
const bucket = event.Records[0].s3.bucket.name;
const filename = decodeURIComponent(event.Records[0].s3.object.key.replace(/\+/g, ' '));
const params = {
Bucket: bucket,
Key: filename
};
console.log('about to get the data'); //Code stops here some times
return await getresult(params);
};
async function getresult(params){
var result = await s3.getObject(params).promise();
var recordList = result.Body.toString('utf8').split(/\r?\n/).filter(element=>{
return element.length> 5;
})
recordList.shift()
var jsonValues = [];
var jsonKeys = result.Body.toString('utf8').split(/\r?\n/)[0]
recordList.forEach((element) => {
element = element.replace(/"{2,}/g,'"').replace(/, /g,"--").replace(/"{/, "{").replace(/}"/, "}").replace(/,/g, ';').replace(/--/g,', ').split(';');
jsonValues.push(element)
});
var lresult = await query(jsonKeys, jsonValues);
return lresult;
}
async function query(jsonKeys, jsonValues){
var qresult = await conn.getConnection(function(err, connection) {
if (err){
console.log(err,'------------------------------------');// Sometimes i get Sql Connection timeout error here
} else {
console.log("Connected!");
var sql = "INSERT INTO reports ("+jsonKeys+") VALUES ?";
connection.query(sql, [jsonValues], function (err, result) {
if (err){
console.log(err);
connection.release()
return err;
} else {
console.log("1 record inserted");
console.log(result);
connection.release()
return result;
}
});
}
})
}
exports.handler = mainfunc
A:
I have solved the issue by using promise in the "query" function
function query(jsonKeys, jsonValues){
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
conn.getConnection(function (err, connection) {
if (err) {
console.log(err, '------------------------------------');
}
else {
console.log("Connected!");
var sql = "INSERT INTO principal_reports (" + jsonKeys + ") VALUES ?";
connection.query(sql, [jsonValues], function (err, result) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
connection.release();
reject(err)
}
else {
console.log("1 record inserted");
console.log(result);
connection.release();
resolve(result)
}
});
}
})
})
}
and changed the code
var lresult = await query(jsonKeys, jsonValues);
to
var lresult = await query(jsonKeys, jsonValues).then(data =>{
return data;
}).catch(error =>{
return error;
});
| 2024-07-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2101 |
/*
* Licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one or more contributor
* license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright
* ownership. Elasticsearch B.V. licenses this file to you under
* the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
* not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
'use strict'
class ElasticsearchClientError extends Error {
constructor (message) {
super(message)
this.name = 'ElasticsearchClientError'
}
}
class TimeoutError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, meta) {
super(message)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, TimeoutError)
this.name = 'TimeoutError'
this.message = message || 'Timeout Error'
this.meta = meta
}
}
class ConnectionError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, meta) {
super(message)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, ConnectionError)
this.name = 'ConnectionError'
this.message = message || 'Connection Error'
this.meta = meta
}
}
class NoLivingConnectionsError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, meta) {
super(message)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, NoLivingConnectionsError)
this.name = 'NoLivingConnectionsError'
this.message = message || 'Given the configuration, the ConnectionPool was not able to find a usable Connection for this request.'
this.meta = meta
}
}
class SerializationError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, data) {
super(message, data)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, SerializationError)
this.name = 'SerializationError'
this.message = message || 'Serialization Error'
this.data = data
}
}
class DeserializationError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, data) {
super(message, data)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, DeserializationError)
this.name = 'DeserializationError'
this.message = message || 'Deserialization Error'
this.data = data
}
}
class ConfigurationError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message) {
super(message)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, ConfigurationError)
this.name = 'ConfigurationError'
this.message = message || 'Configuration Error'
}
}
class ResponseError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (meta) {
super('Response Error')
Error.captureStackTrace(this, ResponseError)
this.name = 'ResponseError'
this.message = (meta.body && meta.body.error && meta.body.error.type) || 'Response Error'
this.meta = meta
}
get body () {
return this.meta.body
}
get statusCode () {
if (this.meta.body && typeof this.meta.body.status === 'number') {
return this.meta.body.status
}
return this.meta.statusCode
}
get headers () {
return this.meta.headers
}
}
class RequestAbortedError extends ElasticsearchClientError {
constructor (message, meta) {
super(message)
Error.captureStackTrace(this, RequestAbortedError)
this.name = 'RequestAbortedError'
this.message = message || 'Request aborted'
this.meta = meta
}
}
module.exports = {
ElasticsearchClientError,
TimeoutError,
ConnectionError,
NoLivingConnectionsError,
SerializationError,
DeserializationError,
ConfigurationError,
ResponseError,
RequestAbortedError
}
| 2023-08-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7808 |
ABOUT US
The Wheelchair Skills Program (WSP) is a set of free online low-tech, high-impact, evidence-based resources for the assessment and training of the wheelchair skills of users (with or without the assistance of the caregivers) of manual wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs and motorized mobility scooters.
Warning
The wheelchair skills described and illustrated on this website can be dangerous and result in severe injury if attempted without the assistance of trained personnel.
Visit us on Facebook | 2023-12-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4505 |
"Seinfeld" fans can now get a rare glimpse of the iconic apartment behind the show about nothing.
A real-life, interactive replica of Jerry Seinfeld's Upper West Side apartment is open to the public through this weekend.
More than just memorabilia and props, guests will be able to be a part of favorite scenes, including a George Costanza Valentine’s Day photo shoot.
Hulu announced earlier this month that it would be creating the replica to coincide with the show's launch on its site. As of Wednesday, paid subscribers can stream every episode of the iconic '90s sitcom.
"Seinfeld" lovers can walk through a real-life model of the apartment and see different set items such as the Monk's Cafe table and booth, the Festivus Pole and George Costanza's photo shoot set from different episodes. There is also a canvas "brick wall" full of signatures from the show's many stars, guests and crew.
Larry Thomas, who played the memorable Soup Nazi, believes "Seinfeld" remains popular because of the show's relationships and the crazy situations its main characters — Jerry, Kramer, Elaine and George — found themselves in.
"What 'Seinfeld' really was about was these people, the way they treat each other, the way they treat the world and, you know, the way the world treats them, and it had nothing to do with the '90s or the technology or some of the other things," Thomas said.
Executive producer and co-creator Larry David later created and starred in the HBO series "Curb Your Enthusiasm." The '90s sitcom was a ratings success during its NBC run from 1989 to 1998, and "TV Guide" named it the greatest television program of all time in 2002.
"When humor is this finally crafted it never gets old," Thomas said. "The mark of good comedy is that you still laugh when you know the punch line. It goes right up there with 'I Love Lucy' and 'Honeymooners,' things that people can watch over and over again and still laugh."
Thomas appeared as a mean and very particular soup chef in season seven. His character would shout, "No soup for you!" to anyone who did not order correctly. He said the character became much bigger than he expected, and remains the role that gets him the most recognition from fans young and old.
"Some people will go, 'Oh, you are the Soup Nazi,' and then they will proceed to tell me that they have never seen 'Seinfeld,'" Thomas said.
The free pop-up event, called “Seinfeld: The Apartment,” is open from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. June 24 to 28 at Milk Studios, 451 West 14th Street, in Chelsea. | 2024-01-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1720 |
Propylene glycol alginate
Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) is an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener used in food products. It is a food additive with E number E405. Chemically, propylene glycol alginate is an ester of alginic acid, which is derived from kelp. Some of the carboxyl groups are esterified with propylene glycol, some are neutralized with an appropriate alkali, and some remain free.
See also
List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius
References
External links
What is the "propylene glycol alginate" found in salad dressings? at The Straight Dope
Category:Food additives
Category:Carboxylate esters
Category:E-number additives | 2024-05-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3564 |
Q:
Filling related entity when querying repository
In my repository, I get data from my TransportedMaterial table. I also 'include' TransportedMaterialPacking to retrieve all related data in this linked table. In this last table I also would like to retrieve the related MaterialPacking data. I don't know how?
On the picture above we see that the MaterialPacking is null (it has not been filled).
Here are the models:
public class TransportedMaterialPacking
{
public int TransportedMaterialPackingID { get; set; }
public MaterialPacking MaterialPacking { get; set; }
public double Quantity { get; set; }
public double? Width { get; set; }
public double? Height { get; set; }
public double? Length { get; set; }
}
public class MaterialPacking
{
public int MaterialPackingID { get; set; }
public string DescriptionFr { get; set; }
public string DescriptionNl { get; set; }
}
The relations are like this:
TransportedMaterial >> TransportedMaterialPacking >> MaterialPacking
public static class ORMExtensions
{
public static IQueryable<T> MyInclude<T, C>(this IQueryable<T> source, Expression<Func<T, C>> function)
where C : class
where T : class
{
return source.Include(function);
}
I use Entity framework.
Thanks.
A:
You can 'cascade' include by doing something like foo.Include("NavigationProperty.SubNavigationProperty") in your query.
Edit Using property notation to include navigation subproperties is possible, see this for example.
| 2024-03-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7983 |
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the brainstem.
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDDs) represent a broad spectrum of central nervous system disorders that can be differentiated on the basis of severity, clinical course, and lesion distribution, as well as imaging, laboratory and pathologic findings. The spectrum includes monophasic, multiphasic, and progressive disorders, ranging from highly localized forms to multifocal or diffuse variants. All forms of IIDDs may affect the brainstem usually in association with involvement of other areas of the central nervous system but only rarely in isolation. In this article, we will review the main clinical and imaging features of the different IIDDs which may involve the brainstem. | 2024-01-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6456 |
If we look at upper trap growth from a Hypertrophy standpoint, we would use heavy, high rep shrugs. Mechanical tension, metabolic stress, muscle damage… all 3 mechanisms of hypertrophy are there.
But what about Hyperplasia?
This gets hazy because there is no direct evidence in humans. In order to research it, you’d have to kill the subject and/or remove an entire muscle from the body. Then you’d have to manually count all fibers (which can be hundreds of thousands). Not practical in humans. But not an issue for birds.
Bird Gains
In Birds: According to the Avian stretch model, hang weight off a bird’s wing and leave it there. Over time, the bird gets jacked. In one study by Alway et al., 30 days of stretching in 34 birds averaged 171.8 +/- 13.5% increase in muscle mass and fiber number increased 51.8 +/- 19.4%. Chronic stretch induced Hyperplasia. Study here and here.
In humans: Autopsies on 7 right-handed men showed that the left anterior tibialis muscle was larger and had more total fibers than the right muscle. The researchers implied “long-term asymmetrical low-level daily demands on muscles of the left and the right lower leg in right-handed individuals provide enough stimuli to induce an enlargement of the muscles on the left side, and that this enlargement is due to an increase in the number of muscle fibres (fibre hyperplasia).” Study here.
What to do:
Enjoy!
Lift heavy things often. It’s not the same chronic stretch as the Avian stretch model or what’s happening at the contralateral tibialis anterior, but it’s a similar idea. Instead of a full month (or lifetime) of constant stretch, you could accumulate years of intermittent stretch from heavy deads, carrying dumbbells, and loading/unloading/carrying weight. | 2024-06-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7154 |
Forest Railway Welschbruch
The Forest Railway Welschbruch (French: Le chemin de fer forestier de la forêt de Barr, German: Waldeisenbahn Welschbruch) was a narrow gauge forest railway near Barr in the Bas-Rhin department of France.
Geography
The 6,3 km (3.9 mi) long track started at the Welschbruch forester's house and lead with an average gradient of 7% through several hairpin turns and along the river Kirneck via Fontaine Laquiante to the logging siding 445 m below. From there the logs were transported by oxcarts to the nearby railway station of Barr.
Rolling stock
Initially six trucks with wooden frames were used, which could transport up to 30 m long logs or up to four cubic metres of cut logs. 1887 the number of trucks was increased to 16. Empty trucks were hauled by horses from the logging siding to the forester's house. After loading they descended by gravity within 30 min to the valley controlled by a brake operator.
History
The transport of logs by sledges along the steep sledge path (Schlittweg) along the river Kirneck was dangerous and could only be done in winter. Therefore, the councils of Barr, Bourgheim, Gertwiller, Goxwiller and Heiligenstein decided to build a railway, as recommended by chief forester Rebmann, who was also the president of the Vosges-Club.
The construction of the track from the logging siding to Pfostenhiesel began in 1887. The track was extended to the forester house Welschbruch in 1888. It was connected to a section of ‘le Schienenweg’ over the river Rothlach. The track was officially opened on 16 July 1889 with celebrations as big as never before.
The construction costed more than 100,000 Mark, much more than the estimate of 63,000 Mark, so that its profitability was often doubtful. After only 20 years of operation, the railway was taken out of use in 1906.
References
Further reading
Category:Forest railways
Category:Narrow gauge railways in France
Category:Transport in Bas-Rhin
Category:Railway companies established in 1887 | 2024-02-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2162 |
Synthesis and antitumor, antityrosinase, and antioxidant activities of xanthone.
Ten substituted 1,3-dihydroxyxanthones were synthesized in one step. The yields ranged from 40 to 76%. Compounds 8-10 were first reported. Next, the compounds' in vitro anti-proliferative activities against nine human cancer cell lines, antityrosinase, and antioxidant activities were evaluated. Compounds 1, 4, 6-7, and 9-10 exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against certain cancer cells. Compounds 2, 8, 9, and 10 inhibited tyrosinase activity to a certain extent. In addition, compound 4 exhibited the best antioxidant activity, which was consistent with theoretical calculations. These results demonstrated that compounds 1-2, 4, and 6-10 were promising leads for further investigation. | 2024-05-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1180 |
The Great British Walk with The National Trust at Wicken Fen
The National Trust have just launched a brilliant campaign to encourage everyone to go on an Autumn walk. Autumn is a wonderful time to go on a walk; leaves on the trees are beginning to change colour, all sorts of mini beasts are getting ready for the winter and are easy to spot under leaves and rocks and you’ll be able to find some tasty blackberries.
This weekend we were lucky enough to be invited over to Wicken Fen Nature Reserve to experience a Great British Walk and some of the activities they offer. Wicken Fen is between Ely and Cambridge and was the first nature reserve to be owned by The National Trust. Its a very important place for all sorts of wildlife and research into the environment and some of the pioneering environmental archaeology work was undertaken there. I remember going on a university field trip there many years ago all the way from Sheffield. It’s that significant and worthwhile a visit.
My children were bursting with excitement at the idea of going exploring on a fen so we set off bright and early, kitted out with gear for all weather eventualities. The brilliant thing about Wicken Fen is that it is really accessible for those of us with buggies and so we could actually enjoy a stroll around with the ranger without having to worry about carrying little Ned.
We were lucky enough to be taken around the reserve by the community ranger who introduced the children to the delights of sweeping for mini beasts in the long grass. We really enjoyed hunting for them and capturing them in magnifying pots. Although I’m not sure that the Orb Web Spider we discovered really needed to be viewed under a magnifying glass!
As it is a fen you can take a boat trip, not only does this enable you to see more of the fen than you could on foot in any one day, you also get a different perspective on it. We learnt all about the reeds and their commercial uses, why there are holes in the bird hide and the history of the fen. It was a memorable trip and our eldest boy pinpointed the boat trip as his overall highlight.
At the moment we are trying to complete the National Trusts 50 things to do before you are 11 3/4 challenge. Its been great fun and I’ve surprised myself in that a lot of the activities I normally do with the children are featured in there ( I suspect we may be a slightly unusual family). However, the chance to discover what is in a pond had escaped us until our trip to Wicken Fen. Armed with a little bit of instruction, some nets and some trays we discovered the most amazing water beetles, saw a newt tadpole (caught by @liveotherwise family) and found some damsonfly larvae. And we ticked off one of the activities on the list.
One of the best ways to get your children walking about without complaint is to introduce them to the delights of geo-caching. The children are so busy following the compass and trying to spot the boxes of treasure that they don’t realise they have walked a long way and importantly there is no moaning! We had a go at geo-caching and it was a brilliant fun activity finding lots of things to make our very own dragonflies. It also allowed us to tick off number 49 on the 50 things challenge!
Now, if you happen to choose to visit a National Trust properly for your Great British Walk and they have a tea-room you cant really go wrong by refuelling on a slice of cake. Perfect!
I’ve said it before, but I will say it again; you can’t have more fun with the kids than taking them to a nature reserve. You will discover something new on each trip, create some valuable memories and have a brilliant family bonding experience. We had one of the best days of this summer at Wicken Fen and before we had even left the children were asking when we could come back.
Disclaimer: We were asked along to Wicken Fen by The National Trust who provided lunch, refreshments and travel costs.
Note: If you are reading this text or seeing these images on anything other than www.beingamummy.co.uk it has been used without my permission.
Related posts:
3 Responses
Naomi2nd September 2013 / 1:04 pm
Thanks for this post, it looks wonderful and just the sort of thing my family would love. I'm guessing though that it's not really accessible by public transport? We don't have a car but sometimes hire one, so I'll keep it in mind for one of those times. <br /><br />I've just started following your blog as you have some great ideas for things to do in the local area and I | 2024-01-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5907 |
Possible diamond-graphene read head for quantum computers
(Nanowerk News) Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds could be used to construct vital components for quantum computers. But hitherto it has been impossible to read optically written information from such systems electronically. Using a graphene layer, a team of scientists headed by Professor Alexander Holleitner of the Technische Universität München (TUM) has now implemented just such a read unit.
Ideally, diamonds consist of pure carbon. But natural diamonds always contain defects. The most researched defects are nitrogen-vacancy centers comprising a nitrogen atom and a vacancy. These might serve as highly sensitive sensors or as register components for quantum computers. However, until now it has not been possible to extract the optically stored information electronically.
A team headed by Professor Alexander Holleitner, physicist at the TU München and Frank Koppens, physics professor at the Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques near Barcelona, have now devised just such a methodology for reading the stored information. The technique builds on a direct transfer of energy from nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds to a directly neighboring graphene layer ("Ultrafast electronic readout of diamond nitrogen-vacancy centres coupled to graphene").
Non-radiative energy transfer
When laser light shines on a nanodiamond, a light photon raises an electron from its ground state to an excited state in the nitrogen-vacancy center. “The system of the excited electron and the vacated ground state can be viewed as a dipole,” says Professor Alexander Holleitner. “This dipole, in turn, induces another dipole comprising an electron and a vacancy in the neighboring graphene layer.”
In contrast to the approximately 100 nanometer large diamonds, in which individual nitrogen-vacancy centers are insulated from each other, the graphene layer is electrically conducting. Two gold electrodes detect the induced charge, making it electronically measureable.
Picosecond electronic detection
Essential for this experimental setup is that the measurement is made extremely quickly, because the generated electron-vacancy pairs disappear after only a few billionths of a second. However, the technology developed in Holleitners laboratory allows measurements in the picosecond domain (trillionths of a second). The scientists can thus observe these processes very closely.
“In principle our technology should also work with dye molecules,” says doctoral candidate Andreas Brenneis, who carried out the measurements in collaboration with Louis Gaudreau. “A diamond has some 500 point defects, but the methodology is so sensitive that we should be able to even measure individual dye molecules.”
As a result of the extremely fast switching speeds of the nanocircuits developed by the researchers, sensors built using this technology could be used not only to measure extremely fast processes. Integrated into future quantum computers they would allow clock speeds ranging into the terahertz domain. | 2024-01-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3121 |
Q:
Understanding servlet path expansion in Tomcat
I have searched high and low for an answer/tutorial on this with no joy. It must be too trivial a question.
I've installed Tomcat 7.0.27 and am messing around with the stock examples. The examples are stored in webapps/examples and server.xml says the docBase is webapps. The HTML index of the examples is accessed via http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/. So far, so good.
On this page, hover over the "Execute" link for the "Hello World" servlet and the path expands to: http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlet/HelloWorldExample, which executes successfully of course. But servlet is supposed to expand to WEB-INF/classes. So I would expect the on-disk path to the class to be webapps/examples/servlets/WEB-INF/classes/HelloWorldExample.class, which it is not. The actual path is webapps/examples/WEB-INF/classes/HelloWorldExample.class. The only thing that's in the servlets directory is HTML and image files. Question #1: What's up with that? How did examples/servlets/servlet get re-routed to examples/WEB-INF/classes?
Question #2: I drop a compiled class Foo.class into WEB-INF/classes and try to access it both through http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlet/Foo and through http://localhost:8080/examples/servlet/Foo. Both produce 404 not found. Restarted Tomcat (shouldn't have to, but what the hay) which didn't help. What gives?
A:
Doesn't work like that. Servlets != CGI. There is no expansion.
Servlets are specifically mapped in the web.xml to their URL. Their package name, or placement within WEB-INF as a .class, in a .jar, or located some other place on the class path have no bearing on what URL they are mapped to.
Addena, in Servlet 3.0, they can be annotated instead of mapped in web.xml. That doesn't mean necessarily that compiled classes can be "just dropped in". That would be a container feature, I can't say whether Tomcat would allow that or not.
| 2023-10-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4595 |
Q:
How to convert a Python list of lists to a 2D numpy array for sklearn.preprocessing
I currently have a list which contains all of my input for an sklearn classifier. Each element in that list is a list of features, where each element represents a song in my dataset.
I need to convert this structure to a 2D numpy array so I can scale my data via sklearn's preprocessing. This is proving to be very difficult.
y = []
all_feats = []
for song in data:
mfccs_in_song = song[0]
oned_mfccs_in_song = []
for frame in mfccs_in_song:
for m in frame:
oned_mfccs_in_song.append(m)
all_feats.append(oned_mfccs_in_song)
label = song[-1]
y.append(label)
Long story short, all_feats is that list of lists. It has a length of 600. How can I convert this to a numpy array for preprocessing? I have tried numerous things, including simply all_feats = np.array(all_feats), however that does not work.
A:
That error suggests that all_feats may not have sublists of the same size. Take a look at its contents, and once you figure out what's the right length for the sublists, and how to prune the extra elements out, you can run all_feats = np.array(all_feats) and it should work!
Take a look at the answers in this link for more explanation.
| 2023-09-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1666 |
Epidemia de gripe (debate)
Presidente
De conformidad con el orden del día, se procede a una declaración de la Comisión sobre la epidemia de gripe.
Androulla Vassiliou
miembro de la Comisión. - Señor Presidente, gracias por la oportunidad de dirigirme al Parlamento, en su última semana, con respecto a la propagación global del virus de la gripe A(H1N1). Permítame, primero, informarle de la situación actual, y luego sobre lo que la UE hace para controlar esta crisis.
El último informe del Centro Europeo para la Prevención y el Control de Enfermedades (ECDC) afirma que hay actualmente 94 casos confirmados de gripe A(H1N1) en los países de la UE y de la EFTA, y 20 casos probables. La mayoría de esas personas han estado en zonas afectadas fuera de Europa, pero no todas. Se ha informado de ocho contagios de persona a persona, en un caso incluso a un trabajador sanitario.
No obstante, podemos alegrarnos de que no haya fallecido en la UE todavía ninguno de los pacientes infectados con el virus. A lo largo de una semana, hemos observado la propagación de la infección en México, los EEUU, Canadá, los Estados miembros de la UE y otros países.
En México, el impacto sobre la vida pública y económica ha llegado a adquirir una seria dimensión. Agradecemos y reconocemos los enormes esfuerzos hechos por las autoridades mexicanas para contener la propagación del virus y ayudar a los afectados por la infección.
La legislación comunitaria sobre enfermedades contagiosas obliga a los Estados miembros a informar sobre tales brotes y sobre las medidas que adoptan para mitigarlos. El ECDC gestiona las redes de supervisión que hacen el seguimiento del número de casos comunicados. Por lo tanto, disponemos de un panorama bastante preciso en toda Europa de la situación que se desarrolla, y eso es la base para la adopción responsable de medidas apropiadas y efectivas sobre cómo sacar el mejor partido de nuestros escasos recursos.
La situación mundial de la infección era lo suficientemente grave como para forzar a la OMS, el 29 de abril, a la declaración de fase 5 en su alerta de pandemias, reconociendo con ello que el contagio de persona a persona había tenido lugar al menos en dos áreas geográficas. La Comisión ha trabajado y colaborado en todo momento de forma estrecha con la OMS.
Mis unidades están trabajando duro para poner en práctica las medidas necesarias, según la definición del plan comunitario de preparación frente a pandemias de gripe, con el fin de afrontar los retos que plantea el brote actual. La Comisión puso en funcionamiento su estructura operativa de salud pública el 24 de abril, y desde entonces mis unidades han estado en un nivel operativo permanente.
La Comisión convoca desde el 25 de abril reuniones diarias de la Red de Enfermedades Contagiosas de los Estados miembros y del Comité de Seguridad Sanitaria de la UE. En esas reuniones se examina la situación epidemiológica y se discute y decide sobre medidas y disposiciones legislativas apropiadas.
Se ha debatido sobre la información al público y sobre cómo prevenir el contagio y hacer una elección consciente de destinos de viaje para garantizar un mensaje coherente por parte de todos los Estados miembros, basado en el asesoramiento científico del ECDC, en coordinación con la OMS. Decidimos ampliar el control de la gripe estacional, que normalmente debería haber terminado en la semana 20, para identificar contagios por este nuevo virus de la gripe.
El 30 de abril, la Comisión aprobó una definición de caso vinculante jurídicamente en base a la legislación comunitaria sobre enfermedades contagiosas, y esa decisión fue publicada en el Diario Oficial el 1 de mayo.
Dado que las contramedidas médicas, como los antivirales y las vacunas, ocupan un lugar central de nuestra respuesta de salud pública, me reuní con los productores europeos el miércoles 29 de abril, para conocer los últimos datos sobre qué productos están en fase de desarrollo y cuáles son los plazos para las nuevas vacunas, y para ver si la intervención de la UE puede acelerar el suministro. Estamos estudiando con los Estados miembros cómo optimizar el uso de las reservas existentes de antivirales, usando para ello el mecanismo de coordinación de la UE, el Comité de Seguridad Sanitaria.
También puedo informar al Parlamento de que, tras mi petición a la Presidencia checa, el Consejo de Sanidad se reunió el 30 de abril y aprobó una serie de firmes conclusiones en las que se reiteraba la necesidad de una respuesta coordinada a la nueva amenaza de la gripe.
El Consejo recordó a los Estados miembros la obligación legal de coordinar su vigilancia y respuesta a las amenazas a la salud, y mostró su acuerdo en que la restricción de viajar a las zonas afectadas no era una medida justificada de salud pública. Sin embargo, el Consejo también reconoció que una buena información al público era esencial y que los viajeros deberían poder decidir conscientemente.
La Comisión está ahora estudiando una hoja de ruta para la aplicación urgente de los puntos incluidos en las conclusiones del Consejo del 30 de abril. Entre ellos se cuentan el desarrollo de vacunas, una estrategia de vacunas, la orientación sobre el mejor uso de reservas de vacunas y antivirales, medidas de protección y preventivas y comunicación e información públicas.
Es evidente que todos nosotros nos beneficiamos de la integración europea de nuestra economía y sociedad. No obstante, ese beneficio también conlleva una responsabilidad. Lo que significa que debemos trabajar juntos para adoptar solamente aquellas medidas que estén justificadas por las evidencias. Eso es esencial si queremos evitar que una crisis sanitaria se convierta también en una crisis económica. Pero no deberíamos centrarnos excesivamente en los aspectos negativos de estos acontecimientos. Gracias a la preparación dirigida por la Comisión tras la gripe aviar de hace unos años, la UE dispone de los mecanismos para responder colectiva y eficazmente a esta amenaza.
Sé que hace poco, a medida que se acercan las elecciones europeas, esta Cámara ha debatido sobre lo que Europa realmente significa para sus ciudadanos. En estos días difíciles, creo que podemos ver algunas cosas con más claridad. Europa significa solidaridad en la unión para afrontar esta amenaza. Significa cooperación, compartir información, experiencia y capacidad, de tal modo que podamos actuar juntos en base a los mejores conocimientos disponibles. Significa innovación, con investigación financiada por la Unión que sirva para producir una vacuna lo antes posible. Significa capacidad, a través de las instituciones europeas, para posibilitar a todos los Estados miembros una respuesta inmediata y efectiva a una crisis compartida. Esto es lo que Europa aporta a los ciudadanos.
Así pues, sí, la situación es grave, pero estamos mejor preparados que nunca para afrontar esa amenaza. Y tras haber visto la determinación de los ministros de sanidad europeos -y los veintisiete estuvieron allí-, soy optimista con respecto a nuestra capacidad de respuesta en las semanas venideras.
Antonios Trakatellis
en nombre del Grupo del PPE-DE. - (EL) Señor Presidente, señora Comisaria, en primer lugar le agradezco la información que nos ha dado, que ha sido exhaustiva, y me congratulo por las medidas que ustedes han adoptado. Me gustaría destacar tres cuestiones básicas que usted ha mencionado y que considero necesarias para poder abordar una posible pandemia.
La primera son los planes que tenemos y que el Consejo, la Comisión Europea y el Parlamento ya han tramitado en relación con la gripe aviar. Por tanto, tenemos planes que son, en realidad, bastante buenos, a pesar del hecho de que científicos especializados han criticado determinadas omisiones. Por consiguiente, me gustaría preguntar si esos planes se han completado, si los Estados miembros los han aprobado y si están listos para su aplicación, ya que el eslabón más débil es aquí muy importante, y, por último, si existe la coordinación que usted ha mencionado; me encanta escuchar que están ustedes listos para asumir todo este asunto de la gripe conjuntamente con el Centro para la Prevención y el Control de Enfermedades.
La segunda cuestión que deseo comentar es la de los medicamentos antivirales. Se introdujo una obligación para los Estados miembros de disponer de una cuota adecuada. Los medicamentos antivirales se emplean también para el tratamiento, pero, desde luego, su función es preventiva y debe haber directrices en ese sentido porque no es posible usarlos arbitrariamente; hay que hacerlo de manera correcta.
La tercera cuestión que quiero plantear es que sería útil que pudiésemos encontrar una vacuna para la nueva gripe. Esa vacuna sería muy importante y creo que en la actualidad, con las técnicas a nuestra disposición, las empresas podrían tenerla lista en tres o cuatro meses. Así que me gustaría que ejerciesen presión en esa dirección para garantizar que se haga un verdadero esfuerzo para asegurar que dispongamos de una nueva vacuna que, junto con la vacuna para la gripe estacional, que ustedes, con razón, han ofrecido por todo tipo de razones científicas para combatir esta gripe, constituiría la mejor barrera de detención de una posible pandemia de gripe.
Jules Maaten
en nombre del Grupo ALDE. - (NL) Señor Presidente, parece que la pandemia de gripe no es tan grave como se esperaba. Una vez más, hemos tenido suerte, igual que la tuvimos con el SARS. Sin embargo, esta cuestión no depende de quienes toman las decisiones, señor Presidente. Cuando durante el fin de semana la amenaza de la gripe trascendió, ellos acordaron reunirse para abordar el tema el jueves, lo que se me antoja una redefinición de la palabra "urgente". Por consiguiente, no se decidió gran cosa. ¿Qué ocurrirá si se produce una verdadera crisis?
¿Qué ocurrirá ante la posibilidad de un "big one", de cuya llegada la Organización Mundial de la Salud está convencida, y que bien podría cobrarse de ocho a diez millones de vidas? Los ministros se reunieron para intercambiar información e hicieron planes. Con todo, ¿cuál fue la naturaleza de esos planes y del intercambio de información? ¿Qué medidas se ha tomado, y están de verdad coordinadas? ¿Está recibiendo la Comisión toda la información necesaria? Tengo mis dudas. Tomemos el ejemplo de los antivirales: ¿quién los tiene y quién no? ¿Están los ministros ahora también preparados, por fin, para crear una reserva europea de emergencia?
Si bien no estoy convencido de que sea buena la propuesta de Francia de obligar a todos los aviones a permanecer en tierra, la decisión del Consejo de que cada persona decida por sí misma sobre ello me parece, desde luego, una locura. En nuestra situación de fronteras abiertas, ¿cuál es el sentido de que un país lo haga si otro no lo hace? Los países deberían haber tomado esa decisión conjuntamente. La única solución a esto es autorizar a la Comisión a adoptar ese tipo de medidas de emergencia. Usted, Comisaria, por mandato del Consejo, debería poder tomar medidas de emergencia en veinticuatro horas sobre asuntos tales como la cuarentena, las medidas de desinfección en aeropuertos y las restricciones para viajar.
No estoy, pues, culpando a la Comisión. Comisaria, usted y sus funcionarios actuaron correctamente. ¿Pero dónde estaba el Consejo? Echamos un vistazo a la proverbial polvorienta plaza mexicana y allí, al sol, junto a la pequeña estación, se encuentra sentado el Consejo. Corremos hacia él gritando "¡Gripe, gripe!"; el sombrero se mueve ligeramente hacia arriba y el Consejo responde "Mañana, mañana", y reanuda su siesta. Es difícil hacer cualquier cosa con este Consejo.
Bart Staes
Señor Presidente, Señorías, debería unirme a los que le han dado las gracias, Comisaria, por la exhaustiva información que nos ha proporcionado. Con todo, estoy de acuerdo con el señor Trakatellis y el señor Maaten. Celebramos, ciertamente, un extenso debate en esta Cámara en junio de 2006. Aprobamos una resolución para la que trabajamos duro por aquel entonces en la Comisión de Medio Ambiente, Salud Pública y Seguridad Alimentaria del Parlamento. He vuelto a mirar esa resolución y debo decir que, como el señor Trakatellis, me temo que hay una buena cantidad de lagunas y muchos puntos débiles en el enfoque actual.
En aquel tiempo, recomendamos encarecidamente la garantía del intercambio de información y también una cooperación constructiva entre los Estados miembros, con un papel de coordinación para la Comisión y en colaboración activa con el Centro Europeo para la Prevención y el Control de Enfermedades. Cualquiera que ahora eche un vistazo en serio -y el señor Maaten planteó esta cuestión con mucho énfasis-, verá que hay numerosas lagunas y que las cosas marchan con una lentitud increíble.
Con respecto a las reservas de antivirales, usted misma nos dijo hace apenas unos días que eran suficientes para cubrir al 16 % de la población, cuando nosotros habíamos dicho que esa cifra necesitaba ser del 30 %. Por lo tanto, las cosas van bastante mal, por no comentar la situación con respecto al intercambio de información sobre la naturaleza del virus. Ese intercambio es esencial, ya que no es posible desarrollar las vacunas a no ser que se conozca la naturaleza del virus.
Los científicos con los que he mantenido contacto en los últimos días afirman que no tienen información, que no pueden conseguir ninguna. La información sobre la naturaleza del virus está protegida, se mantiene en secreto. Tenemos todos esos institutos de investigación, pero no podemos hacer lo que necesitamos. Es necesario hacer algo con respecto a esto. No podemos tolerar esto; la amenaza es, en verdad, demasiado grande.
Urszula Krupa
en nombre del Grupo IND/DEM. - (PL) Señor Presidente, al intervenir sobre el asunto de la amenaza que representa el virus de la gripe, me gustaría citar algunas de las opiniones de usuarios de Internet que han aparecido como respuesta al pánico en los medios de comunicación, al que los comentarios hechos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud le han dado un estímulo adicional. Se ha dicho que la causa de la histeria mediática es el deseo de deshacerse de las reservas de vacunas y del ineficaz medicamento Tamiflu, que ocupan espacio en las estanterías de las farmacias; así como un intento de distraer la atención de la crisis económica mundial.
Esas reacciones no solamente son un testimonio de la desconfianza hacia las autoridades, sino que también pueden llevar a los ciudadanos a ignorar una amenaza real de pandemia en el futuro. Creo que sería más inteligente facilitar información sobre el peligro de una posible pandemia de gripe u otra enfermedad tras una observación algo más prolongada de casos de la enfermedad e investigaciones cuidadosas del virus y su virulencia. Eso evitaría la circulación de información incompleta, el pánico y, por ejemplo, el sacrificio de cerdos que está teniendo lugar.
Irena Belohorská
- (SK) Señora Comisaria, también yo desearía agradecerle su activa e inmediata respuesta sobre el asunto en cuestión. Debido a la globalización y a los grandes movimientos de turistas, viajeros y gente corriente, no hay actualmente lugar en la Tierra donde esta enfermedad no pueda aparecer. Podemos verlo en los casos que han surgido en lugares tan distantes de México como Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Europa y África.
Pese a la subsidiariedad de la asistencia sanitaria, las enfermedades infecciosas no conocen fronteras y nos obligan a actuar conjuntamente. No es posible hallar una solución dentro de las competencias de un único país. Es la hora de la solidaridad. Eslovaquia está suficientemente preparada incluso para una transformación de la infección de gripe en una epidemia a gran escala, quizás debido a la anterior gripe aviar. Tenemos en las reservas nacionales 700 000 dosis de Tamiflu para cinco millones de habitantes, y debo decir que quizás también tenga que ver con la anterior amenaza de gripe aviar el hecho de que la población esté definitivamente bien preparada.
En caso de una epidemia es muy importante mantener bien informada a la ciudadanía porque donde no hay información habrá mucha desinformación. Eso podemos verlo en diversos países africanos, por ejemplo en Egipto, donde la amenaza de una epidemia de gripe asociada a la idea de que la propagación de la enfermedad la ocasionaban los cerdos, ha provocado el sacrificio de entre 300 000 y 400 000 ejemplares. No obstante, quizás en este caso deberíamos mostrarnos solidarios de otra forma, ya que las agencias de viaje vendían vacaciones a esos destinos, pero ahora la gente viaja allí solamente en caso de necesidad. Al disponer de Eurolat, deberíamos asimismo considerar la ayuda a México, donde se estima que esta enfermedad va a provocar un descenso de entre el 4 y el 5 % del PIB con respecto al nivel actual.
Cristina Gutiérrez-Cortines
(ES) Señor Presidente, yo quisiera decir que es preciso enviar mensajes realistas a la sociedad, como ha intentado hacer la señora Comisaria.
La ciencia está mucho mejor preparada de lo que estuvo hace cuatro años para enfrentarse a esta pandemia y lo demuestran las escasas muertes que está habiendo. Se conoce mucho más sobre los extremos aviares y humanos y sobre el repertorio de transmisión de este virus del cerdo. Se conoce mucho más sobre las soluciones; por tanto, creo que debemos confiar en la investigación, incentivar la investigación y pedir mucha más investigación para las vacunas, como ha dicho el señor Trakatellis.
Sabemos también que la sociedad está mucho más preparada de lo que estuvo hace tiempo, gracias al gran bagaje y a la organización en todos los países, sobre todo europeos, para prevenir, tener medicamentos almacenados y contar con un sistema amplio de atención a los ciudadanos.
Sin embargo, a mí me preocupa que no se dé suficiente información a esos mismos ciudadanos. Si miramos la prensa, observamos que el 90 % de lo que se publica, o mucho más, son llamadas de atención sobre el número de enfermos que están cayendo, pero se habla muy poco sobre los remedios y cómo tiene que comportarse el ciudadano.
Yo creo que la información tiene que ser mucho mayor. Creo, al mismo tiempo, que deben hacerse muchos más esfuerzos políticos de cara a los ciudadanos. Me llama la atención, por ejemplo, que no se haya presentado ningún miembro socialista al debate y que estén vacíos todos sus bancos, y que no haya pedido nadie la palabra para defender esto, cuando esto es un tema que está fuera de los partidos y nos interesa a todos los gobiernos.
Quiero insistir también en si es políticamente posible que demos un paso adelante, como ha dicho mi predecesora en el uso de la palabra, para los terceros países. Es preciso tender la mano a todos aquellos que no tienen las condiciones, ni la base ni la capacity building para atender a todos los ciudadanos.
Por tanto, la Europa solidaria debe ponerse en marcha, lo mismo que la Europa de la comunicación.
Françoise Grossetête
(FR) Señor Presidente, querría dirigirme a la Comisaria para expresar mi preocupación. El desarrollo del virus parece estar estabilizándose en México, en Europa y otros lugares, y, ya hoy, he escuchado comentarios en la radio en el sentido de que puede que hayamos ido demasiado lejos, de que hayamos preocupado a nuestros conciudadanos innecesariamente.
Bien, lo que me inquieta, señora Comisaria, no es lo que está pasando ahora, sino lo que va a pasar en octubre cuando el invierno se aproxime. Es bien conocido que a los virus no les gustan las altas temperaturas. El peligro, por consiguiente, no se plantea ahora, sino que resurgirá en el invierno, en octubre o noviembre.
Así que lo que nos gustaría saber, señora Comisaria, es lo que ustedes están haciendo precisamente para garantizar que estemos del todo preparados para afrontar este virus susceptible de desarrollo, que puede mutar en cada momento. Se dice que hay que hacer vacunas, ¿pero es seguro que esas vacunas, que van a ser desarrolladas, podrán servir en todos los casos?
Ésas son las cuestiones sobre las que me hago preguntas. La preocupación es de cara al invierno. Por ello, la comunicación es necesaria; hay que explicar a nuestros conciudadanos que, pase lo que pase, no es este un asunto en el que bajar la guardia y en el que hay que permanecer alerta. Señora Comisaria, ¿sería posible distribuir una especie de pequeña guía para orientar a nuestros conciudadanos sobre el comportamiento adecuado a seguir?
Paul Rübig
(DE) Señor Presidente, señora Comisaria, me interesaría saber si hay estadísticas disponibles sobre mascarillas. ¿Cuántas mascarillas hay disponibles en Europa y en qué cantidad podrían producirse en caso de un brote de esta enfermedad? Lo mismo es aplicable a los medicamentos disponibles, por supuesto. ¿Hay una visión de conjunto sobre la cantidad de medicamentos que está actualmente almacenada en Europa y sobre qué cantidad podría producirse ante el estallido de un brote? ¿Cree usted que sería también posible facilitar información para médicos en las veintitrés lenguas de la Unión Europea, de tal modo que pudiese darse información de forma rápida y eficaz?
Adamos Adamou
(EL) Señor Presidente, señora Comisaria, ante todo gracias por su exposición de conjunto y detallada. Yo fui el ponente del Parlamento Europeo en los preparativos de los veintisiete Estados miembros para abordar la cuestión de la gripe aviar. En aquel tiempo, comprobamos, junto con la Secretaría del Comisario, que determinados países iban rezagados con respecto a otros, principalmente en lo relativo a reservas de medicamentos antivirales. Querría preguntarle si esa situación persiste actualmente, o no es así, lo que significaría que los Estados miembros están mejor preparados.
También me gustaría pedirle que hiciese algo respecto a la prensa popular y los rumores no oficiales que circulan por la Unión Europea y están causando pánico entre sus ciudadanos. Creo que esto es también responsabilidad de los Estados miembros, y que, quizás, su Secretaría debería publicar una recomendación sobre el asunto.
Horst Schnellhardt
(DE) Señor Presidente, señora Comisaria, gracias por estar aquí y acudir tan rápido. Si comparamos esta situación con el caso de la gripe aviar, entonces, incluso como impaciente eurodiputado, estoy muy satisfecho del modo en que han reaccionado la Unión Europea, la OMS y también los propios Estados miembros.
Determinados colegas diputados han dicho que no hay suficiente información. En Alemania, yo creo que se me ha facilitado suficiente información sobre cómo comportarme. Tampoco quiero hacer siempre a Europa responsable de todo. Son los Estados miembros los responsables de proporcionar esa información. Asimismo, deberíamos aprovechar esta oportunidad para recordarles que tienen que cumplir su obligación de informar. También he oído varias veces que aún hay determinadas deficiencias, es especial en lo relativo al almacenamiento de vacunas. Me interesaría saber si ése es realmente el caso, si los Estados miembros no desean realmente compartir vacunas y si están almacenándolas solo para usarlas en su territorio, o si han acordado compartirlas. Pues entonces, nos encontraríamos al mismo nivel que la Comisión ahora. Querría expresar mi agradecimiento por este rápido y excelente trabajo. ¡Enhorabuena!
Presidente
Esto pone fin al período "a mano alzada".
Antes de dar la palabra a la señora Comisaria, yo también desearía darle las gracias por su intervención inicial. Querría igualmente agradecerle de antemano la información que va a proporcionarlos en breve sobre una cuestión extremadamente importante y actual. Ello muestra que tanto la Unión Europea como los Estados miembros están afrontando esta situación de una manera muy positiva y próxima a los ciudadanos.
Androulla Vassiliou
miembro de la Comisión. - Señor Presidente, agradezco a los diputados sus aportaciones. Para mí es muy importante escuchar sus opiniones sobre este asunto de tanta relevancia.
En primer lugar, permítanme garantizarles que todas las estructuras que hemos creado para afrontar cualquier amenaza a la salud de esta magnitud funcionan bien y que hemos empleado todos los mecanismos a nuestro alcance.
Como dije en mi exposición introductoria, desde el 25 de abril de 2009 hemos estado a diario en estrecho contacto con todos los Estados miembros, y se nos ha asegurado que las directivas que les hemos dado se han puesto en práctica y están en funcionamiento. Sin embargo, a la vista de la experiencia de la crisis actual estamos continuamente actualizando nuestras estructuras y mecanismos, lo que tiene sentido porque solamente en un verdadero período de crisis podremos ver las deficiencias de cualquier estructura.
Muchos oradores han mencionado los antivirales y la suficiencia de las reservas. Por desgracia, como ustedes saben, mi antecesor discutió ese problema del almacenamiento a nivel comunitario con los ministros de sanidad, pero, lamentablemente, ellos no quisieron que la UE se hiciese cargo de la coordinación. Discutimos el mismo problema el año pasado en Angers durante la Presidencia francesa y, de nuevo, los ministros de sanidad insistieron en que cada Estado miembro debería ser libre para decidir por sí mismo cuántas reservas quería. Sabemos que hay muchas diferencias entre las reservas de unos Estados a otros, y es un hecho que nos preocupa.
Con todo, a la vista de las conclusiones alcanzadas por los ministros de sanidad el 30 de abril de 2009, decidimos que la Comisión trabajase más estrechamente con los Estados miembros y que si un Estado miembro necesitase asistencia, entonces, con espíritu de solidaridad, pediríamos ayuda e intentaríamos coordinar las necesidades de los Estados miembros.
En cuanto a la vacuna, como dije, tuve una reunión con el sector empresarial y discutimos ampliamente la necesidad de antivirales y de la nueva vacuna. Confiamos en que el 11 de mayo de 2009 tendremos existencias del cultivo para entregárselas a los fabricantes y que comiencen con la producción de la nueva vacuna. No puedo decir cuándo estará lista, ya que eso dependerá de la eficacia de las existencias, pero calculamos que llevará entre 8 y 12 semanas.
En respuesta a la pregunta de la señora Grossetête, estoy totalmente de acuerdo con ella en que hemos de permanecer alerta para afrontar las necesidades que puedan surgir, claramente tras el verano, y espero que con la creación de la nueva vacuna podamos dar respuesta a las necesidades de nuestros ciudadanos.
No obstante, quiero reiterar el hecho de que la situación es grave, pero no deberíamos caer en el pánico. Estoy de acuerdo con el señor Adamou en que todos deberían ser en lo posible razonables y realistas ante esta situación: ser presa del pánico no ayuda a nadie.
Presidente
Se cierra el debate.
| 2023-08-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3648 |
Various blow-molding systems of the type in question are known, particularly systems equipped with various types of nozzles either designed to be brought into physical contact with the neck of the parison that is to be blow-molded (nozzles butting in a sealed fashion against the mouth of the neck of the parison, conical nozzles engaged in sealed fashion inside the neck of the parison, nozzles fitted tightly over the neck of the parison), or designed such that they are oversized relative to the neck of the parison so as to be brought to bear frontally and in a sealed manner against the wall of the mold supporting the parison while surrounding said neck from a distance (bell-shaped nozzles: see, for example, document FR 2 764 544).
The force with which the nozzle, whatever its type, is held bearing in a sealed fashion against the neck of the parison or against the wall of the mold has to be high enough to oppose the reaction thrust, in the opposite direction, due to the high pressure (typically of the order of 40×105 Pa) of the blow-molding fluid which is exerted on the walls of the nozzle. This bearing force has also to be high enough to seal the cooperation between the nozzle and the neck of the parison by slight elastic deformation of the thermo-plastic material and, in the case of the bell-shaped nozzle, for the seal provided transversely across the nozzle to be compressed enough that it is not driven radially off its seating under the effect of the high blowing pressure.
In practice, the movable equipment incorporating the nozzle is moved and kept bearing in a sealed fashion against the neck of the parison or the wall of the mold using a pneumatic actuator operated by a fluid under high pressure at least equal to the pressure of the blow-molding fluid, and the fluid delivered to the pneumatic actuator is the blow-molding fluid itself.
Now, from a financial standpoint, producing fluid at high pressure, typically at pressures of 40×105 Pa, represents a very significant item of expenditure in the operation of the entire thermoplastic receptacle (particularly bottle) production line: specifically, the higher the consumption of high-pressure fluid, the more highly specified the compressor needs to be, and therefore the more expensive it is, and furthermore, the higher its electrical power consumption.
Users are nowadays looking for manufacturing systems of improved profitability with higher production rates and lower operating costs. In this context, reducing the amount of high-pressure fluid used by the receptacle manufacturing line and, more particularly, by the blow-molding system, would seem to be desirable. | 2024-02-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9223 |
207 B.R. 207 (1997)
In re Malcolm W. COWEN and Susan E. Cowen, Debtors.
Bankruptcy No. 95-94012, Motion Control No. DN-1.
United States Bankruptcy Court, E.D. California, Modesto Division.
April 9, 1997.
Jeremy L. McPherson, Sacramento, CA, Special Assistant U.S. Attorney, for Internal Revenue Service.
Dan Nelson, Modesto, CA, for Malcolm W. Cowen and Susan E. Cowen.
MEMORANDUM DECISION
MICHAEL S. McMANUS, Bankruptcy Judge.
The chapter 13 debtors have objected to the priority claim of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for income taxes and interest for tax years 1989 and 1991. The debtors contend that this claim is not entitled to priority status because the returns for these years were due more than three years before the filing of their current chapter 13 petition.
The court holds that when the IRS, because of a prior bankruptcy filing, does not actually have three years to both assess and collect an income tax prior to the filing of a second petition, as is the case here, the three-year priority period of 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) is suspended to the extent it overlaps with the automatic stay triggered by the first petition, plus an additional six months.
I. Facts
On November 28, 1989, the debtors filed their first chapter 13 petition. It was dismissed on August 23, 1993. The debtors' current chapter 13 petition was filed on December 5, 1995.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) filed a proof of claim on January 29, 1996, but amended it on March 11, 1997. The debtors' objection puts in issue the priority status claimed for income taxes and interest owed for tax years 1989 and 1991.
The debtors did not file a federal tax return for 1989. The IRS, therefore, assessed separate deficiencies against the debtors. The amended proof of claim shows unsecured priority claims for 1989 as follows: (a) tax of $1,863.00 assessed November 1, 1993, and interest of $1,518.61 under Malcolm Cowen's social security number; and (b) tax of $902.00 assessed May 10, 1993, and interest *208 of $1,622.55 under Susan Cowen's social security number.
The debtors filed their 1991 federal income tax on April 20, 1992. It showed an unpaid tax liability of $285.00. The IRS assessed this tax on June 8, 1992, and included it in its amended claim with interest of $95.99. As with the claim for 1989 taxes, the IRS asserts that this claim is entitled to priority under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i).[1]
The 1989 and 1991 tax returns were due after the filing of the first petition but before its dismissal. The 1989 return was due more that five years and seven months before the second petition and the 1991 return was due more than three years and seven months before the second petition. If the three-year priority period of section 507(a)(8)(A)(i) is not suspended, then, the claim for each of these years is not entitled to priority status in the second case.
If this period is suspended pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 108(c)[2] and 26 U.S.C. § 6503(h)[3], the three-year priority period would not begin to run until February 23, 1994, six months after August 23, 1993, the date on which the first petition was dismissed. Since December 5, 1995, the date of the second petition, is one year and 285 days after February 23, 1994, the IRS' claim for taxes and interest for 1989 and 1991 would be entitled to priority treatment.
II. Discussion
The debtors maintain that the taxes and interest for 1989 and 1991 are not entitled to priority under section 507(a)(8)(A)(i) because the returns for these years were due more than three years before the filing of their second chapter 13 petition.
The IRS counters that the first petition suspended the three-year priority period of section 507(a)(8)(A)(i), because it could not collect the subject taxes during the first case by virtue of the automatic stay. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3). The length of the suspension equaled the amount of time the priority period overlapped with the automatic stay created by the first petition, plus an additional six months. The IRS argues that three-year period did not begin to run until February 23, 1994, six months after the dismissal of the first case, because the 1989 and 1991 tax returns were due during the pendency of the first case. The IRS concludes that it did not lose its priority because that date, February 23, 1994, is within three years of the date that the second petition was filed.
The court concludes that IRS is correct to assert priority status for its claim.
A.
Section 507(a)(8)(A) "creates a `delicate balance' between priority and discharge of tax claims. In re Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of White Farm Equip. Co., 943 F.2d 752, 757 (7th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 919, 112 S.Ct. 1292, 117 L.Ed.2d 515 (1992)." In re West, 5 F.3d 423, 426 (9th Cir.1993). The section reflects the intent of Congress "to give the government the benefit of certain time periods to pursue its collection efforts." In re West, 5 F.3d at 426. For the same reason, if a tax claim relates to a *209 tax year for which a tax return could have been filed within three years of a petition, it cannot be discharged in a chapter 7 case and must be paid in full in a chapter 13 case. 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(1) and 1322(b)(2); Brickley v. United States (In re Brickley), 70 B.R. 113 (9th Cir. BAP 1986); In re West, 5 F.3d at 426.
B.
But these general propositions are not in dispute. In this case, the court must determine if the three-year priority period of section 507(a)(8)(A)(i) is suspended when the tax returns for the subject taxes and interest were due during the pendency of the first case.
The courts in Brickley and West were confronted with a similar question. In each of these cases, the debtors were assessed income taxes prior to filing their chapter 13 petitions. Tax returns for these taxes were due within three years of their petitions. The taxes, then, were priority claims under section 507(a)(8)(A)(i). Both petitions were dismissed before these taxes were paid in full. Then the debtors filed another petition, a chapter 7 petition in Brickley and a chapter 13 petition in West. The debtors maintained that the taxes were no longer entitled to priority treatment and could be discharged because the three-period had expired.
Each court disagreed with the debtors, finding that 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) and 26 U.S.C. § 6503 acted to toll the priority periods of section 507(a)(8)(A).
Section 108(c) extends non-bankruptcy statutes of limitation for the longer of the limitation period or 30 days following notice of the termination or expiration of the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). Section 6503(h)[4] suspends the limitation period on tax collection until six months after the dismissal of a petition. Section 6503(h) represents a nonbankruptcy statute of limitation which is within the scope of section 108(c). In re West, 5 F.3d at 425. Therefore, the period to assess or collect the taxes is suspended for the period a bankruptcy petition is pending plus an additional six months.
But, unlike section 6503(h), the three-year priority period of section 507(a)(8)(A)(i) is obviously not a non-bankruptcy statute of limitation. Nonetheless, the court in West found that the policy behind section 108(c) and section 6503(h) also warranted suspending the priority periods of section 507(a)(8)(A).
"Interpreting § 108(c) literally would allow a debtor to create an `impenetrable refuge' by filing a bankruptcy petition, waiting for § 507(a)[(8)]'s priority periods to expire, and then dismissing the case and refiling shortly thereafter. [Citation omitted.]
. . . . .
Given the clearly-expressed statutory purpose of providing the IRS with a specific period of time within which to collect taxes, `[s]uch a result is neither required by, nor consistent with, a holistic interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code.' [Citation omitted.]"
In re West, 5 F.3d at 426.[5]
C.
This case is distinguishable from West and Brickley in one respect. The returns for the taxes at issue in this case were not due prior to the filing of the first petition, but during the pendency of the first bankruptcy case. The debtors argue that this distinction is significant for four reasons.
*210 First, the debtors maintain that the result in West and Brickley was dictated by section 108(c) which is applicable to pre-petition but not post-petition claims. However, this interpretation of section 108(c) is incorrect. There is no language in that section which limits it to claims arising prior to the petition. Section 108(c) refers only to "a claim against the debtor."
"Claim" is defined in section 101(5) of the code, which provides:
(5) "claim" means
(A) right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured; or
(B) right to an equitable remedy for breach of performance if such breach gives rise to a right to payment, whether or not such right to an equitable remedy is reduced to judgment, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, secured, or unsecured ...
"Claim", then, is neither definitionally limited to pre-petition claims by section 101(5) nor specially confined to pre-petition claims within section 108(c). Other bankruptcy code provisions specify when they are applicable only to pre-petition claims. For example, sections 362(a)(1), (2), (5), (6), and (7) automatically stay certain actions to enforce claims against a debtor and his or her property. 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a)(1), (2), (5), (6), & (7). These sections expressly limit "claims" to those "that arose before the commencement of the case under this title." This is in sharp contrast to sections 362(a)(3) and (4), which do not temporally qualify "claim" when the claim is being enforced against property of the estate. 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a)(3) & (4). No claim, whether pre-petition or post-petition, may be enforced against property of the estate until the automatic stay terminates or expires.
Second, the debtors assert that the holding of West and Brickley should not apply because the IRS had the option of requesting termination of the automatic stay created by the debtors' first petition in order to collect the post-petition taxes from the property of their bankruptcy estate. While it may have had this option,[6] it had no obligation to seek termination or modification of the stay to enforce its claim against the property of the estate, (Wekell v. United States, 14 F.3d 32, 34 (9th Cir.1994)), nor is it clear that it would have been entitled to such relief. In the words of the court in Wekell:
"The simple rule is also the fairest: So long as a person is listed as a debtor in a bankruptcy petition, everyone is entitled to count on the automatic stay. To the extent the stay tolls the statute of limitations on collection of certain debts, it will do so until the petition is dismissed ... or the court grants relief from the stay.
... The IRS did not obtain a relief from stay; nor was it required to.... [T]he statute of limitations on collection of IRS debts ... was therefore extended...."
Id. at 34.
If the debtors had confirmed a chapter 13 plan in their first case which provided that property of the estate revested in them upon confirmation of the plan,[7] the result might have been different. Since the taxes at issue here were due after the filing of the first petition, the IRS was free to assess the taxes without running afoul of the automatic stay. *211 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) & (6). And if the plan had revested the property of the estate in the debtors, the IRS could have also attempted to collect the taxes without violating the automatic stay. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3) & (6). The automatic stay only enjoins efforts to collect pre-petition debts from property of debtors. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(6). Under these circumstances, the petition would not toll the three-year priority period.
The debtors' third argument plays off this analysis of the effect of revesting. They maintain that, if the property of the estate revests in a debtor after confirmation of a plan, and if that debtor owes pre-petition priority taxes, section 6503 would not apply because the former property of the estate would no longer be subject to the control of the court and no longer protected by the automatic stay. Therefore, a debtor could file a chapter 13 petition, confirm a plan revesting the property of the estate in the debtor, wait for the three-year priority period to expire, dismiss, then file a chapter 7 petition and discharge the taxes or refile a chapter 13 petition and treat the taxes as a general unsecured claim.
This argument ignores, however, the impact of 11 U.S.C. § 1327(a) which states that "[t]he provisions of a confirmed plan bind the debtor and each creditor...." Further, a chapter 13 must provide for payment in full of priority claims. 11 U.S.C. § 1322(a)(2). Whether or not the plan makes provision for such a priority claim, its confirmation binds the IRS and it cannot take any action to enforce any pre-petition priority claim except to the extent permitted by the plan.
Whether it is because of section 362(a) or section 1327(a), in the situation posited by the debtors, the IRS is prohibited "by reason of [the bankruptcy] case from ... collecting" its pre-petition priority tax claim. 26 U.S.C. § 6503(h). Therefore, section 108(c) and section 6503(h) are fully applicable and, by virtue of the Ninth Circuit's holding in West, the three-year priority period is suspended.
The debtors finally argue that because the IRS had the right pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1305(a)(1)[8] to file a post-confirmation claim in their first case, the three-year priority period should not be suspended. But the IRS did not file such a claim and could not be required to file one. It should not suffer a prejudice to its claim because it did not do something it was not required to do.
III. Conclusion
If the IRS, because of a prior bankruptcy petition, does not have three years to both assess and collect an income tax prior to the filing of a second petition, West and Brickley dictate that the three-year priority period of 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) be suspended to the extent it overlaps with the first petition (or at least as long as the automatic stay created by the filing of the first petition prevents the IRS from collecting the tax), plus an additional six months.
An appropriate order shall issue.
NOTES
[1] 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) provides:
"(a) The following expenses and claims have priority in the following order:
. . . . .
(8) Eighth, allowed unsecured claims of governmental units, only to the extent that such claims are for
(A) a tax on or measured by income or gross receipts
(i) for a taxable year ending on or before the date of the filing of the petition for which a return, if required, is last due, including extensions, after three years before the date of the filing of the petition ..."
[2] 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) provides in relevant part:
"[I]f applicable nonbankruptcy law ... fixes a period for commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a bankruptcy court on a claim against the debtor, ... and such period has not expired before the date of the filing of the petition, then such period does not expire until the later of
(1) the end of such period ...; or
(2) 30 days after notice of the termination or expiration of the stay under section 362...."
[3] 26 U.S.C. § 6503(h) provides in relevant part:
"The running of the period of limitations provided in section 6501 or 6502 on ... collection shall, in a case under title 11 of the United States Code, be suspended for the period during which the Secretary is prohibited by reason of such case from ... collecting and
. . . . .
(2) for collection, 6 months thereafter."
[4] The court in Brickley dealt with subsection (b) rather than subsection (h) of 26 U.S.C. § 6503. Both are very similar. Subsection (b) suspends limitation periods when the assets of a taxpayer are in the custody of a court of the United States. In 1990, subsection (h) was added to section 6503. This subsection suspends limitation periods when the IRS is prevented from assessing or collecting a tax because of a bankruptcy case.
[5] In Brickley the first petition was under chapter 13 and the second under chapter 7. The court concluded in the subsequent chapter 7 case, that the debtor's taxes were nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(1) even though the debtor's tax returns were due more than three years before the chapter 7 petition. Since nondischargeable taxes are also priority taxes, the court's conclusion necessarily means that the priority periods of section 507(a)(8)(A) were suspended because of the delay caused by the first petition. In re Brickley, 70 B.R. at 116.
[6] The IRS did not have an opportunity to request relief from the stay in order to pursue collection of the 1989 tax obligation because the debtors did not timely file their 1989 tax return. Consequently, the IRS did not assess the taxes until after the first case was dismissed.
[7] Actually, had the plan simply been silent on the point, confirmation of the plan would have resulted in property of the estate being revested in the debtors. 11 U.S.C. § 1327(b) provides that "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in the plan or the order confirming the plan, confirmation of a plan vests all of the property of the estate in the debtor." The debtors' plan provided that "[t]itle to the property of the estate shall vest in the debtor as custodian on confirmation of the Plan, but shall otherwise remain property of the estate until discharge is granted or the case dismissed." Since the plan clearly preserves the property of the estate, the significance of the reference to the debtors as custodians is not clear. The court interprets it as an effort to make clear that the debtors rather than the chapter 13 trustee were entitled to the possession and use of the property of the estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 1306(b).
[8] 11 U.S.C. § 1305(a)(1) provides:
"(a) A proof of claim may be filed by any entity that holds a claim against the debtor
(1) for taxes that become payable to a governmental unit while the case is pending ..." (Emphasis added.)
| 2023-08-31T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3785 |
States Where People Are Having the Most Babies
Ever wonder which states are contributing the most to our ever-expanding population? Or the ones that are contributing the least? Of course, generally, a state’s population size matters most — the larger the size of the populace the more the state is likely to contribute to U.S. population growth. But a state’s fertility rate and the number of women who are within the fertile age range are essential to understanding how states compare.
24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 2015 fertility rate in each state. South Dakota and Utah top the list, with South Dakota just inching past Utah as the state with the highest fertility rate or 77 births per 1,000 women age 15 to 44. Of course, California — the most populous — tops the list of most babies born although its fertility rate is 14th smallest.
Women in New Hampshire have the fewest babies. With a fertility rate of 51 per 1,000 women within fertile age range — the lowest of all states — births in the state accounted for only 0.3% of the near 4 million births in the United States.
Read on to find out which of the 50 states has the highest fertility rate. Any guesses?
Click here to see the states where people are having the most babies.
Click here to see our detailed findings and methodology. | 2023-09-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4128 |
Expression of MicroRNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma.
MicroRNA (miRNA) are negative regulators of gene expression and subsequent protein production. This method of action translates into regulatory control over cellular processes, including development, signaling, metabolism, and apoptosis. A broad range of miRNA are shown to have abnormal expressions in thyroid cancers which could explain the pathology of tumor oncogenesis and disease progression. A review is conducted of the current research on miRNA dysregulation in thyroid cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Dysregulated miRNA and their associated regulatory pathways are identified and their oncogenic and pathological significance are discussed. | 2024-01-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5452 |
#include<unistd.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string>
pthread_t t1, t2;
pthread_key_t tlsKey;
class FakeLock {
public:
FakeLock(const char* label);
~FakeLock();
private:
std::string m_label;
};
FakeLock::FakeLock(const char* label): m_label(label){
printf("%s constructor of FakeLock\n", m_label.c_str());
}
FakeLock::~FakeLock() {
printf("%s descturctor of FakeLock\n", m_label.c_str());
}
void t1_cleanup(void* args){
printf("t1 clean up\n");
sleep(20);
}
void* t1_run(void* args){
printf("t1: begin\n");
FakeLock fakelock("t1");
pthread_cleanup_push(t1_cleanup, nullptr);
sleep(2);
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
printf("t1: end\n");
return NULL;
}
void* t2_run(void* args) {
printf("t2: begin\n");
FakeLock lock("t2");
pthread_cancel(t1);
pthread_exit(NULL);
printf("t2: end\n");
return NULL;
}
int main() {
pthread_create(&t1, NULL, t1_run, NULL);
pthread_create(&t2, NULL, t2_run, NULL);
pthread_join(t1, NULL);
pthread_join(t2, NULL);
//pthread_key_delete(tlsKey);
return 0;
}
| 2023-12-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7756 |
Why is sanitization so important in homebrewing?
Everyone talks about sanitization, is what I use really that important? If you don’t know anything else about brewing, the first thing you should know is this: sanitization is your #1 priority when making beer. The reason it is so important is because if all of your equipment is not properly sanitized, your beer will be awful. We don’t want to panic anyone here because some people do go overboard, but make sure that anything that is going to come in contact with your beer after boiling is sanitized. This includes spoons, hydrometers, tubing, stoppers, airlocks, etc. Then it just comes down to what product will work best for you.
We want to make it clear that there are two types of products for making sure that your equipment is not a haven for bacteria: cleaners and sanitizers. You want to make sure that your equipment is clean before you sanitize it. We want to stress here that cleaners do not sanitize! If you are using a cleaner as a sanitizer, you run the risk of having a batch go bad due to bacteria.
Midwest Supplies is the largest wine making and home brew supply shop in America and was voted the Twin Cities Best Homebrewing Supplies shop for 2012. Since 1995 we have been providing home brewers and winemakers with quality home brewing and wine making equipment, fresh ingredients and outstanding customer service. Whether you're new to brewing, a weekend vintner or a master of all things fermented, we've got all the wine and beer making equipment and ingredients you need. Midwest Supplies has more hundreds of beer recipe kits to brew and over 130 wine ingredient kits to choose from. We are proud of our wide selection and the high quality of the thousands of products we offer. To make your home beer brewing and wine making easy, we offer free instructional videos with any purchase. Open 7 days a week, our knowledgeable and super friendly staff of brewers and wine makers are always available to answer your questions about home beer brewing or wine making and help you make the best wine and beer. We offer a 30 day money back guarantee for all products. | 2024-01-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2065 |
The major movie studios of the MPAA are behind the recent shutdown of the torrent site YTS, the associated release group YIFY, and the main Popcorn Time fork, PopcornTime.io. In an international effort spanning Canada and New Zealand, visits were carried out at the premises of at least two key suspects
The BitTorrent piracy ecosystem lost several key players in recent weeks.
The main Popcorn Time fork operating from the PopcornTime.io domain name closed its doors on October 23, citing internal issues.
Part of the trouble was started by rumors of legal pressure, which the MPAA confirmed today.
The major movie studios have sued three Popcorn Time developers in Canada, the group announced in an official statement. The MPAA obtained an injunction on October 16 ordering the shutdown of the Popcorntime.io site.
The complaint accuses the developers of various copyright infringing acts and also lists the VPN provider VPN.ht, which was operated by two of the Popcorn Time developers.
The complaint
The legal action in Canada was not an isolated incident, however. Around the same time, movie industry representatives targeted the operator of YTS/YIFY who’s a New Zealand resident.
The movie industry representatives had a warrant and threatened a multi-million dollar lawsuit, urging the operator to cooperate.
YTS went dark two weeks ago as a result of the legal trouble and is not coming back.
The status of the lawsuits in Canada and New Zealand is currently unclear, but sources told us last week that several of the accused are working on an agreement to minimize their harm, possibly in exchange for information.
The MPAA, meanwhile, is ready to declare the outcome as a clear victory.
“This coordinated legal action is part of a larger comprehensive approach being taken by the MPAA and its international affiliates to combat content theft,” MPAA boss Chris Dodd says.
“Popcorn Time and YTS are illegal platforms that exist for one clear reason: to distribute stolen copies of the latest motion picture and television shows without compensating the people who worked so hard to make them,” he adds.
—
Update: The article was updated to remove some unrelated info, and add other bits and pieces that came in.
Update: The Popcorn Time injunction and claim (via HWR).
Breaking story, more info may follow later. | 2024-02-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4016 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a data converter and a terminal, and more particularly, to a terminal and a converter for converting data, which are attached to an E mail (electronic mail) routed to the terminal, into data in a format which can be processed by the terminal.
2. Description of the Background Art
As the Internet techniques have progressed in recent years, the environment in which an E mail can be transmitted and received, or the environment in which WWW (World Wide Web) can be accessed have been prepared in offices, homes, and so forth. A terminal which is represented by a personal computer (hereinafter abbreviated as PC) is used for the transmission and receiving of the E mail and the access to the WWW.
As high-density packaging technology and wireless communication technology have progressed, a portable terminal which is represented by a notebook-sized PC and a personal digital assistant has spread. If a user uses the portable terminal, the user can transmit or receive an E mail or refers to information stored in the WWW through a subscriber line even from the place where he or she has gone. The portable terminal is connected to a network on the basis of a protocol which is represented by PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) , and accesses a mail server or the WWW through the network, to acquire the E mail or the information.
In the present specification, the mail server means an equipment contained in the network for delivering the E mail to the terminal or the portable terminal. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) or POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) are generally used for transmission or receiving of the E mail between the mail server and the terminal or the portable terminal. That is, examples of the mail server include one for processing the E mail transmitted from the terminal or the portable terminal in accordance with the SMTP (a so-called SMTP server) and one for processing the E mail received by the terminal or the portable terminal in accordance with the POP3 (a so-called POP server). The SMTP server and the POP server may, in some cases, be independent equipments. However, the same equipment may, in some cases, combine the functions of the SMTP server and the POP server. Whether or not the SMTP server and the POP server are independent of each other is not directly related to the present invention. In the specification, however, the mail server shall have the functions of both the SMTP server and the POP server for convenience.
When the terminal acquires the E mail from the mail server, the name of the mail server or an IP address assigned by the mail server, and a user ID and a password for accessing the mail server are required. When the terminal transmits the E mail to the mail server, a message ID is assigned to the E mail. The message ID may, in some cases, be used for specifying whether the E mail has already been acquired or has not been acquired yet between the terminal and the mail server because it uniquely specifies the E mail.
At the beginning, only a character in a text format has been transmitted or received as data by the E mail. However, data other than the character in the text format has been generally attached to the E mail using MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) in recent years. Attached to the E mail is data generated by various types of application software which are represented by image processing, document processing, or spreadsheet or data generated in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) as an example.
In order to realize the above-mentioned function of the E mail, software referred to as a mailer is installed in the terminal or the portable terminal. The installed mailer performs processing which is represented by transmission or receiving, display, editing, or arrangement of the E mail in accordance with an instruction from the user. Almost all mailers for the terminal correspond to MIME, and can process the E mail to which data is attached. In the terminal, when the data attached to the E mail is selected by the user, the application software which is related to the attached data is started, to display the attached data. Further, the application software of the document processing may, in some cases, have the function of not displaying the attached data as it is but analyzing the attached data, and then converting the analyzed attached data into data in a text format and displaying the data in the text format.
An example of a device constituting the WWW is a Web server. The Web server gets a request from the terminal or the portable terminal, and retrieves document data designated by the request from an internal storage area. Thereafter, the Web server transmits the retrieved document data to the terminal or the portable terminal which has issued the request through the WWW. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is used as a transfer protocol between the terminal or the portable terminal and the Web server. The document data which is handled by the terminal or the portable terminal and the Web server is typically generated in HTML. Uniqueness in the WWW of the document data is maintained. The uniqueness is realized by a character representing an address referred to as URL (Uniform Resource Locator). URL may, in some cases, be referred to as a URL address, an address, and an Internet address. URL is constituted by portions called a scheme, a host, a port, a path, a parameter, a query, and a fragment, as illustrated as an example in FIG. 14.
The Web server may, in some cases, have the function of executing a computer program referred to as CGI (Common Gateway Interface). In many cases, CGI is a script described in a language represented by Perl or typically a computer program in an execute format described in a C language. CGI can be thus constituted by a script or a program. The Web server performs, when it can execute CGI, processing conforming to the program referred to as CGI on the basis of information transmitted from the terminal or the portable terminal, to transmit document data representing the results of the processing to the terminal which has transmitted the information.
The following are examples of a method of forwarding information required to execute CGI (i.e., a factor) from the terminal or the portable terminal:
(1) A method of the terminal setting the factor in the query included in URL assigned to CGI, and transmitting the factor to the Web server (corresponding to the use of a request method referred to as GET in the HTTP).
(2) A method of the terminal setting the factor in an entity body (contents displayed by the terminal), and transmitting URL assigned to CGI to the Web server (corresponding to the use of a request method referred to as POST in the HTTP).
Judgement as to which of the above-mentioned methods (1) and (2) should be employed by the Web server depends on the description of CGI.
The Web server starts, when URL assigned to CGI is designated by the factor transmitted by the terminal using the method (1) or (2), the designated CGI. The Web server executes CGI in accordance with the information transmitted from the terminal. The Web server executes CGI, to retrieve a data base previously holding data, for example, and transmit to the terminal document data, generated in HTML, representing the results of the retrieval.
Application software referred to as a user agent or a browser is installed in the terminal. The application software requests the Web server to transmit a Web page, and interrupts and displays the Web page transmitted from the Web server. Such application software is hereinafter merely referred to as a browser.
The browser has various functions. The typical functions include:
(1) The function of analyzing the document data generated in HTML and an image which are transmitted from the Web server, displaying the data and the image on a display of the terminal, and voice-outputting the data and the image when required.
(2) The function of requiring, when the user of the terminal selects Hot Spot embedded in the document data created in HTML or enters URL, the Web server to transmit the specified document data created in HTML.
(3) The function of transmitting, when the user enters information into a field embedded in the document data created in HTML, the entered information to the Web server.
Some of the recent mailers have the function of automatically extracting URL described in the E mail, and underlining or coloring the extracted URL, to inform the user of URL. In the terminal, when the user selects URL in the E mail displayed by the mailer, the browser is automatically started. The browser acquires from the Web server the document data created in HTML which is specified by the selected URL, and displays the acquired document data. The browser thus realizes good accessibility to the WWW in cooperation with the mailer.
As described in the foregoing, the transmission or receiving of the E mail has been convenient for the user, so that data can be attached to the E mail. However, a terminal on the transmission side may, in some cases, be unconscious of the application software installed in the terminal on the receiving side. That is, the terminal on the transmission side may, in some cases, attach to the E mail data generated by application software which the terminal on the receiving side does not have. In such a case, the terminal on the receiving side cannot correctly reproduce the attached data.
As described in the foregoing, the mailer and the browser have steadily increased in function year by year, so that they have been conveniently used. However, the portable terminal is made small in size and lightweight, low in power consumption, or low in cost depending on its portability. In many cases, the processing capabilities of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) and the memory capacity in the portable terminal are smaller than those in the normal terminal. Consequently, the portable terminal cannot desire more highly functional processing than the terminal even if it has the functions of the mailer and the browser. Therefore, the data attached to the E mail cannot be displayed and reproduced.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a data converter or a terminal capable of correctly displaying data attached to an E mail on the receiving side.
The present invention attains the above-mentioned objects by the following aspects.
A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a data converter contained in a network capable of transmitting and receiving an E mail between a terminal and a mail server for converting data attached to the E mail into data in another format, comprising:
a receiving portion for receiving mail acquiring information which the terminal uses to acquire the E mail from the mail server;
an acquisition portion for acquiring the E mail from the mail server on the basis of the mail acquiring information received by the receiving portion;
a conversion portion for converting the format of the data attached to the E mail acquired by the acquisition portion into another format which can be displayed by the terminal; and
a transmission portion for transmitting to the terminal the data converted by the conversion portion.
The data converter according to the first aspect converts the data attached to the E mail into data in another format which can be displayed by the terminal, and transmits the converted data. Even if data which cannot be correctly displayed is attached to the E mail, therefore, the terminal can receive from the data converter data in a format which can be displayed by itself. The data converter is thus contained in the network, so that the terminal can correctly display the attached data.
A second aspect is dependent on the first aspect, wherein that
the conversion portion further converts the format(s) of all data attached to the E mail acquired by the acquisition portion, and generates data representing an index which is related to the data converted by the conversion portion, and
the transmission portion transmits each of the data converted by the conversion portion and the generated data representing the index.
According to the second aspect, the data converter collectively converts all the data attached to the E mail, and generates the data representing the index which is related to the converted data. The data converter further transmits to the terminal the converted data and the data representing the index, so that the terminal can simultaneously acquire the data attached to the E mail and further acquire the data representing the index from the data converter. Consequently, a user of the terminal can efficiently refer to the plurality of data, which have already been converted, simultaneously transmitted utilizing the index.
A third or fourth aspect is dependent on the first or second aspect, wherein that
the transmission portion transmits the data converted by the conversion portion as an E mail to the terminal.
According to the third or fourth aspect, the data converter transmits the data converted by the conversion portion to the terminal with the data attached to the E mail. The terminal can acquire from the mail server the data converted by the data converter.
A fifth aspect is directed to a terminal, which is contained in a network with a mail server and a data converter, for acquiring an E mail from the mail server, comprising:
a mail acquisition portion for acquiring the E mail from the mail server on the basis of previously held mail acquiring information;
an issue portion for analyzing the E mail acquired by the mail acquisition portion and issuing an alternate URL including data specifying information for specifying data attached to the E mail and the mail acquiring information as required;
a transmission/instruction portion for transmitting the alternate URL issued by the issue portion and instructing the data converter to convert the format of data specified by the alternate URL into a predetermined data format; and
a display portion for receiving the data converted by the data converter and displaying the received data.
The terminal according to the fifth aspect issues the alternate URL as required, and transmits the alternate URL to the data converter. The data converter acquires the E mail specified by the alternate URL from the mail server using the mail acquiring information from the terminal. That is, the data converter acquires the E mail in place of the terminal. The data converter converts the format of the data attached to the acquired E mail into a predetermined format. The terminal displays the data in the predetermined format. Even if data which cannot be correctly displayed is attached to the E mail, therefore, the terminal can receive from the data converter data in a format which can be displayed by itself and display the received data.
A sixth aspect is dependent on the fifth aspect, wherein that
the issue portion issues the alternate URL only to the data which can be converted by the data converter out of the data attached to the E mail acquired by the mail acquisition portion.
According to the sixth aspect, the issue portion issues the alternate URL only to the data which can be converted by the data converter, and does not issue the alternate URL to the data which cannot be converted by the data converter. Consequently, no unnecessary alternate URL is issued.
A seventh or eighth aspect is dependent to the fifth or sixth aspects, further comprising
a delete portion for deleting the attached data specified by the alternate URL issued by the issue portion.
When the alternate URL is issued, the attached data to which the alternate URL has been issued is unnecessary for the terminal. According to the seventh or eighth aspect, the unnecessary attached data is deleted, so that a storage area of the terminal can be effectively utilized.
Ninth to twelfth aspects are dependent on the fifth to eighth aspects, wherein that
the issue portion issues the alternate URL further including an address assigned to the E mail, and
the transmission/instruction portion transmits the alternate URL issued by the issue portion, converts the format of the data specified by the alternate URL into a predetermined data format, and instructs the data converter to transmit the E mail to which the converted data is attached.
According to the ninth to twelfth aspects, the terminal can acquire from the mail server the data converted by the data converter.
Thirteenth to twentieth aspects are dependent on the fifth to twelfth aspects, wherein that
the issue portion includes temporary mail acquiring information in the alternate URL.
The mail acquiring information is generally information which is high in secrecy to the user of the terminal and is not desired to be known by the others. According to the thirteenth to twentieth aspects, the terminal causes the mail server to issue temporary mail acquiring information and includes the issued temporary mail acquiring information in the alternate URL. Consequently, the secrecy of the original mail acquiring information can be ensured.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. | 2024-07-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8382 |
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Set-top box
A set-top box (STB), also colloquially known as a cable box is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV-tuner input and displays output to a television set and an external source of signal, turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen or other display device. They are used in cable television, satellite television, and over-the-air television systems, as well as other uses.
According to the Los Angeles Times, the cost to a cable provider in the United States for a set-top box is between $150 for a basic box to $250 for a more sophisticated box. In 2016, the average pay-TV subscriber paid $231 per year to lease their set-top box from a cable service provider.
TV signal sources
The signal source might be an Ethernet cable, a satellite dish, a coaxial cable (see cable television), a telephone line (including DSL connections), broadband over power lines (BPL), or even an ordinary VHF or UHF antenna. Content, in this context, could mean any or all of video, audio, Internet web pages, interactive video games, or other possibilities. Satellite and microwave-based services also require specific external receiver hardware, so the use of set-top boxes of various formats has never completely disappeared. Set-top boxes can also enhance source signal quality.
UHF converter
Before the All-Channel Receiver Act of 1962 required US television receivers to be able to tune the entire VHF and UHF range (which in North America was NTSC-M channels 2 through 83 on 54 to 890 MHz), a set-top box known as a UHF converter would be installed at the receiver to shift a portion of the UHF-TV spectrum onto low-VHF channels for viewing. As some 1960s-era 12-channel TV sets remained in use for many years, and Canada and Mexico were slower than the US to require UHF tuners to be factory-installed in new TVs, a market for these converters continued to exist for much of the 1970s.
Cable converter
Cable television represented a possible alternative to deployment of UHF converters as broadcasts could be frequency-shifted to VHF channels at the cable head-end instead of the final viewing location. However, most cable systems could not accommodate the full 54-890 MHz VHF/UHF frequency range and the twelve channels of VHF space were quickly exhausted on most systems. Adding any additional channels therefore needed to be done by inserting the extra signals into cable systems on nonstandard frequencies, typically either below VHF channel 7 (midband) or directly above VHF channel 13 (superband).
These frequencies corresponded to non-television services (such as two-way radio) over-the-air and were therefore not on standard TV receivers. Before cable-ready TV sets became common in the late 1980s, an electronic tuning device called a cable converter box was needed to receive the additional analog cable TV channels and transpose or convert the selected channel to analog radio frequency (RF) for viewing on a regular TV set on a single channel, usually VHF channel 3 or 4. The box allowed an analog non-cable-ready television set to receive analog encrypted cable channels and was a prototype topology for later date digital encryption devices. Newer televisions were then converted to be analog cypher cable-ready, with the standard converter built-in for selling premium television (aka pay per view). Several years later and slowly marketed, the advent of digital cable continued and increased the need for various forms of these devices. Block conversion of the entire affected frequency band onto UHF, while less common, was used by some models to provide full VCR compatibility and the ability to drive multiple TV sets, albeit with a somewhat nonstandard channel numbering scheme.
Newer television receivers greatly reduced the need for external set-top boxes, although cable converter boxes continue to be used to descramble premium cable channels according to carrier-controlled access restrictions, and to receive digital cable channels, along with using interactive services like video on demand, pay per view, and home shopping through television.
Closed captioning box
Set-top boxes were also made to enable closed captioning on older sets in North America, before this became a mandated inclusion in new TV sets. Some have also been produced to mute the audio (or replace it with noise) when profanity is detected in the captioning, where the offensive word is also blocked. Some also include a V-chip that allows only programs of some television content ratings. A function that limits children's time watching TV or playing video games may also be built in, though some of these work on main electricity rather than the video signal.
Digital television adapter
The transition to digital terrestrial television after the turn of the millennium left many existing television receivers unable to tune and display the new signal directly. In the United States, where analog shutdown was completed in 2009 for full-service broadcasters, a federal subsidy was offered for coupon-eligible converter boxes with deliberately limited capability which would restore signals lost to digital transition.
Professional set-top box
Professional set-top boxes are referred to as IRDs or integrated receiver/decoders in the professional broadcast audio/video industry. They are designed for more robust field handling and rack mounting environments. IRDs are capable of outputting uncompressed serial digital interface signals, unlike consumer STBs which usually don't, mostly because of copyright reasons.
Hybrid box
Hybrid set-top boxes, such as those used for Smart TV programming, enable viewers to access multiple TV delivery methods (including terrestrial, cable, internet, and satellite); like IPTV boxes, they include video on demand, time-shifting TV, Internet applications, video telephony, surveillance, gaming, shopping, TV-centric electronic program guides, and e-government. By integrating varying delivery streams, hybrids (sometimes known as "TV-centric") enable pay-TV operators more flexible application deployment, which decreases the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market, and limits disruption for consumers.
As examples, Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) set-top boxes allow traditional TV broadcasts, whether from terrestrial (DTT), satellite, or cable providers, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet and personal multimedia content. Advanced Digital Broadcast (ADB) launched its first hybrid DTT/IPTV set-top box in 2005, which provided Telefónica with the digital TV platform for its Movistar TV service by the end of that year. In 2009, ADB provided Europe's first three-way hybrid digital TV platform to Polish digital satellite operator n, which enables subscribers to view integrated content whether delivered via satellite, terrestrial, or internet.
UK based Inview Technology has over 8M STBs deployed in the UK for Teletext and an original push VOD service for Top Up TV.
IPTV receiver
In IPTV networks, the set-top box is a small computer providing two-way communications on an IP network and decoding the video streaming media. IP set-top boxes have a built-in home network interface that can be Ethernet, Wireless (802.11 g,n,ac), or one of the existing wire home networking technologies such as HomePNA or the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1Gbit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines, and coaxial cables).
In the US and Europe, telephone companies use IPTV (often on ADSL or optical fiber networks) as a means to compete with traditional local cable television monopolies.
This type of service is distinct from Internet television, which involves third-party content over the public Internet not controlled by the local system operator.
Features
Programming features
Electronic program guide
Electronic program guides and interactive program guides provide users of television, radio, and other media applications with continuously updated menus displaying broadcast programming or scheduling information for current and upcoming programming. Some guides, such as ITV, also feature backward scrolling to promote their catch-up content.
Favorites
This feature allows the user to choose preferred channels, making them easier and quicker to access; this is handy with the wide range of digital channels on offer. The concept of favourite channels is superficially similar to that of the "bookmark" function offered in many Web browsers.
Timer
The timer allows the user to program and enable the box to switch between channels at certain times: this is handy to record from more than one channel while the user is out. The user still needs to program the VCR or DVD recorder.
Convenience features
Controls on the box
Some models have controls on the box, as well as on the remote control. This is useful should the user lose the remote or if the batteries age.
Remote controls that work with other TVs
Some remote controls can also control some basic functions of various brands of TVs. This allows the user to use just one remote to turn the TV on and off, adjust volume, or switch between digital and analog TV channels or between terrestrial and internet channels.
Parental locks
The parental lock or content filters allow users over 18 years old to block access to channels that are not appropriate for children, using a personal identification number. Some boxes simply block all channels, while others allow the user to restrict access to chosen channels not suitable for children below certain ages.
Software alternatives
As complexity and potential programming faults of the set-top box increase, software such as MythTV, Select-TV and Microsoft's Media Center have developed features comparable to those of set-top boxes, ranging from basic DVR-like functionality to DVD copying, home automation, and housewide music or video playback.
Firmware update features
Almost all modern set-top boxes feature automatic firmware update processes. The firmware update is typically provided by the service provider.
Ambiguities in the definition
With the advent of flat-panel televisions, set-top boxes are now deeper in profile than the tops of most modern TV sets. Because of this, set-top boxes are often placed beneath televisions, and the term set-top box has become something of a misnomer, possibly helping the adoption of the term digibox. Additionally, newer set-top boxes that sit at the edge of IP-based distribution networks are often called net-top boxes or NTBs, to differentiate between IP and RF inputs. The Roku LT is around the size of a pack of cards and delivers Smart TV to conventional sets.
The distinction between external tuner or demodulator boxes (traditionally considered to be "set-top boxes") and storage devices (such as VCR, DVD, or disc-based PVR units) is also blurred by the increasing deployment of satellite and cable tuner boxes with hard disk, network or USB interfaces built-in.
Devices with the capabilities of computer terminals, such as the WebTV thin client, also fall into the grey area that could invite the term "NTB".
Europe
In Europe, a set-top box does not necessarily contain a tuner of its own. A box connected to a television (or VCR) SCART connector is fed with the baseband television signal from the set's tuner, and can have the television display the returned processed signal instead.
This SCART feature had been used for connection to analogue decoding equipment by pay TV operators in Europe, and in the past was used for connection to teletext equipment before the decoders became built-in. The outgoing signal could be of the same nature as the incoming signal, or RGB component video, or even an "insert" over the original signal, due to the "fast switching" feature of SCART.
In case of analogue pay-TV, this approach avoided the need for a second remote control. The use of digital television signals in more modern pay-TV schemes requires that decoding take place before the digital-to-analogue conversion step, rendering the video outputs of an analogue SCART connector no longer suitable for interconnection to decryption hardware. Standards such as DVB's Common Interface and ATSC's CableCARD therefore use a PCMCIA-like card inserted as part of the digital signal path as their alternative to a tuner-equipped set-top box.
Energy use
In June 2011 a report from the American National Resources Defense Council brought attention to the energy efficiency of set-top boxes, and the US Department of Energy announced plans to consider the adoption of energy efficiency standards for set-top boxes. In November 2011, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association announced a new energy efficiency initiative that commits the largest American cable operators to the purchase of set-top boxes that meet Energy Star standards and the development of sleep modes that will use less energy when the set-top box is not being used to watch or record video.
See also
AllVid
CableCARD
Comparison of digital media players
Digital media player
Over-the-top media services
References
External links
Category:Cable television technology
Category:Consumer electronics
Category:Satellite broadcasting
Category:Television terminology | 2024-03-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5906 |
Rick Gates walked away from the witness stand Wednesday with the rest of the world newly privy to the specifics of how he went behind the backs of the government, his longtime boss, and his family to support a so-called secret life.
In all the star witness in the tax evasion and bank fraud trial of political consulting guru and former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort, answered questions for more than 10 hours spanning three days from special counsel Robert S. Mueller III’s prosecutors and Manafort’s lead defense attorney, Kevin Downing.
Prosecutors needed Gates to testify so they could introduce evidence that showed Manafort authorized foreign wire transfers from accounts he did not report on his tax returns and fudged the numbers on a profit and loss statement in order to secure a bank loan, among other dealings.
Gates pleaded guilty in February to one count of conspiracy against the United States and one count of lying to an FBI agent in exchange for testifying against his former boss.
Manafort, the high-powered political consultant, is facing 18 counts and a maximum 305-year prison sentence if the Eastern Virginia jury finds him guilty. | 2024-06-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9103 |
Q:
Python for loop not iterating
I'm trying to loop through a list of strings and add them to a dictionary if their length equals a length input by the user. When the last loop runs, it only runs one time. I know this because the first word in the dictionary is 8 characters long, and when the user input is 8, it prints just that word, and not the other 8 character words. If the input is 3, an empty dictionary is printed. Why is my loop not iterating through all of the words in the list linelist?
wordLength = raw_input("Enter a word length ")
word_dict = {}
infile = open("dictionary.txt")
for line in infile:
line = line.strip()
linelist = line.split(" ")
for word in linelist:
if len(word) == int(wordLength):
if len(word) in word_dict:
word_dict[len(word)] = word_dict[len(word)].append(word)
else:
word_dict[len(word)] = word
print word_dict
A:
Each time your first loop runs, it sets linelist to a new value, overwriting any old value. After that first loop runs, linelist will contain only the split result from the last line of the file. Every time you process one line of the file, you are throwing away whatever you did with the previous line.
If you want to build a list of all words in the dictionary file, you need to make a list and append to it on each iteration of your for line in infile loop.
Also, it doesn't make much sense to use split on each line if each line is just one word, since there will be no splitting to be done.
| 2024-06-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1846 |
Effects of disinfectant fogging procedure on dust, ammonia concentration, aerobic bacteria and fungal spores in a farrowing-weaning room.
In the last decades, large-scale swine production has led to intensive rearing systems in which air quality can be easily degraded by aerial contaminants that can pose a health risk to the pigs and farm workers. This study evaluated the effects of fogging disinfectant procedure on productive performance, ammonia and dust concentration, aerobic bacteria and fungal spores spreading in the farrowing-weaning room. This trial was conducted in 2 identical farrowing-weaning rooms of a piggery. In both rooms, 30 pregnant sows were lodged in individual cages. At 75 days of age, the piglets were moved to the fattening room. In the treated room, with the birth of the first suckling-pig, the fogging disinfection with diluted Virkon S was applied once a day in the experimental room per 15 minutes at 11:00. The fogging disinfectant treatment was switched between rooms at the end of the first trial period. Temperature, relative humidity, dust (TSP-RF fractions and number of particles), ammonia concentration and aerial contaminants (enterococci, Micrococcaeae and fungal spores) were monitored in both rooms. Ammonia concentration reduction induced by fogging disinfection was estimated 18%, total suspended particles and the respirable fraction were significantly lower in the experimental room. Fungal spores resulted in a significant reduction by the fogging procedure, together with dust respirable fraction and fine particulate matter abatement. The fogging disinfection procedure improved air quality in the piggery, thereby enhancing workers and animals health. | 2023-09-10T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3540 |
Segmentation of skin lesions from digital images using joint statistical texture distinctiveness.
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Incidence rates of melanoma have been increasing, especially among non-Hispanic white males and females, but survival rates are high if detected early. Due to the costs for dermatologists to screen every patient, there is a need for an automated system to assess a patient's risk of melanoma using images of their skin lesions captured using a standard digital camera. One challenge in implementing such a system is locating the skin lesion in the digital image. A novel texture-based skin lesion segmentation algorithm is proposed. A set of representative texture distributions are learned from an illumination-corrected photograph and a texture distinctiveness metric is calculated for each distribution. Next, regions in the image are classified as normal skin or lesion based on the occurrence of representative texture distributions. The proposed segmentation framework is tested by comparing lesion segmentation results and melanoma classification results to results using other state-of-art algorithms. The proposed framework has higher segmentation accuracy compared to all other tested algorithms. | 2024-02-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3240 |
33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian)
33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian) was formed from Hungarian volunteers, in December 1944.
It never had more than one regiment when it was absorbed by the 26th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Hungarian) the following month, after it was almost destroyed in the fighting near Budapest.
There is also some doubt that there ever was a 33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian) in anything but name.
The number 33 was re-issued and given to the Charlemagne Division.
References
Category:Military units and formations established in 1944
Category:Cavalry divisions of the Waffen-SS
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Category:Foreign volunteer units of the Waffen-SS
Category:Collaboration with the Axis Powers | 2024-04-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2332 |
cnxps.cmd.push(function () { cnxps({ playerId: '36af7c51-0caf-4741-9824-2c941fc6c17b' }).render('4c4d856e0e6f4e3d808bbc1715e132f6'); });
The views expressed in this op-ed do not reflect the editorial line of
Anyone who thinks Hamas is going to beg for a cease-fire, that Operation Pillar of Defense will draw to a close and quiet will reign in the South because we hit targets in the Gaza Strip, needs to think again.With the elimination of a murderous terrorist and the destruction of Hamas’s long-range missile stockpile, the operation was off to an auspicious start, but what now? This must not be allowed to end as did Operation Cast Lead: We bomb them, they fire missiles at us, and then a cease-fire, followed by “showers” – namely sporadic missile fire and isolated incidents along the fence. Life under such a rain of death is no life at all, and we cannot allow ourselves to become resigned to it.A strong opening isn’t enough, you also have to know how to finish – and finish decisively. If it isn’t clear whether the ball crossed the goal-line or not, the goal isn’t decisive. The ball needs to hit the net, visible to all. What does a decisive victory sound like? A Tarzan-like cry that lets the entire jungle know in no uncertain terms just who won, and just who was defeated.To accomplish this, you need to achieve what the other side can’t bear, can’t live with, and our initial bombing campaign isn’t it.THE DESIRE to prevent harm to innocent civilians in Gaza will ultimately lead to harming the truly innocent: the residents of southern Israel. The residents of Gaza are not innocent, they elected Hamas. The Gazans aren’t hostages; they chose this freely, and must live with the consequences.The Gaza Strip functions as a state – it has a government and conducts foreign relations, there are schools, medical facilities, there are armed forces and all the other trappings of statehood. We have no territorial conflict with “Gaza State,” and it is not under Israeli siege – it shares a border with Egypt. Despite this, it fires on our citizens without restraint.Why do our citizens have to live with rocket fire from Gaza while we fight with our hands tied? Why are the citizens of Gaza immune? If the Syrians were to open fire on our towns, would we not attack Damascus? If the Cubans were to fire at Miami, wouldn’t Havana suffer the consequences? That’s what’s called “deterrence” – if you shoot at me, I’ll shoot at you. There is no justification for the State of Gaza being able to shoot at our towns with impunity. We need to flatten entire neighborhoods in Gaza. Flatten all of Gaza. The Americans didn’t stop with Hiroshima – the Japanese weren’t surrendering fast enough, so they hit Nagasaki, too.There should be no electricity in Gaza, no gasoline or moving vehicles, nothing. Then they’d really call for a ceasefire.Were this to happen, the images from Gaza might be unpleasant – but victory would be swift, and the lives of our soldiers and civilians spared.IF THE government isn’t prepared to go all the way on this, it will mean reoccupying the entire Gaza Strip. Not a few neighborhoods in the suburbs, as with Cast Lead, but the entire Strip, like in Defensive Shield, so that rockets can no longer be fired.There is no middle path here – either the Gazans and their infrastructure are made to pay the price, or we reoccupy the entire Gaza Strip. Otherwise there will be no decisive victory. And we’re running out of time – we must achieve victory quickly. The Netanyahu government is on a short international leash. Soon the pressure will start – and a million civilians can’t live under fire for long. This needs to end quickly – with a bang, not a whimper.The Jerusalem Post | 2023-10-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4739 |
GameZebo: Driftmoon Review
GameZebo: The lunar world of Driftmoon is in trouble. Soon after arriving back in your hometown of Northrop, a band of lizard warriors attack, leaving your friends and neighbors turned to stone and your alchemist father kidnapped. With few clues to go on, you set out on a journey to rescue your father and find a way to save the petrified townsfolk, not realizing that this adventure will take you around the moon and into the heart of an evil thousands of years old. | 2024-03-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2442 |
With insights from a number one deployment consulting group, this ebook bargains an creation to Microsoft CRM basics and gives instructions for adapting Microsoft CRM to satisfy exacting enterprise wishes.
Get the concentrated, scenario-based tips you want to plan and set up vanguard risk administration Gateway (TMG) as your community perimeter firewall. The evolution of Microsoft ISA Server, leading edge TMG offers a number of layers of consistently up-to-date protections opposed to the most recent Web-based threats, together with URL filtering, antimalware inspection, and intrusion prevention.
Full quoting [single quote]. 'STRING' preserves all special characters within STRING. This is a stronger form of quoting than "STRING". See Chapter 5. , comma operator. The comma operator [1] links together a series of arithmetic operations. All are evaluated, but only the last one is returned. 1 let "t2 = ((a = 9, 15 / 3))" 2 # Set "a = 9" and "t2 = 15 / 3" The comma operator can also concatenate strings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 for file in /{,usr/}bin/*calc # ^ Find all executable files ending in "calc" #+ in /bin and /usr/bin directories.
1 var="-n" 2 echo $var 3 # Has the effect of "echo -n", and outputs nothing. previous working directory. A cd - command changes to the previous working directory. This uses the $OLDPWD environmental variable. Do not confuse the "-" used in this sense with the "-" redirection operator just discussed. The interpretation of the "-" depends on the context in which it appears. Minus. Minus sign in an arithmetic operation. = Equals. Assignment operator 1 a=28 2 echo $a # 28 In a different context, the "=" is a string comparison operator.
Plus. Addition arithmetic operator. In a different context, the + is a Regular Expression operator. + Option. Option flag for a command or filter. Certain commands and builtins use the + to enable certain options and the - to disable them. In parameter substitution, the + prefixes an alternate value that a variable expands to. % modulo. Modulo (remainder of a division) arithmetic operation. 1 let "z = 5 % 3" 2 echo $z # 2 In a different context, the % is a pattern matching operator. ~ home directory [tilde]. | 2024-02-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2687 |
"Your act was evil and selfish. You chose to listen to the worst parts of yourself that day," Landen's father said of Aranda. "That is where your impact on us stops. You will take nothing more from us."
The fall left Landen with two broken arms, a broken leg, and a fractured skull, among other injuries. He also had fluid leaking into multiple organs and had to have his spleen removed.
Landen's family started the GoFundMe page back in April to help pay for their son's medical care, which involved numerous surgeries, months in intensive care and finally his rehabilitation program, which began last month. The page has raised more than $1 million, with money pouring in from more than 29,000 donors.
"Thank you to all of you who prayed for us and loved us during the past 4½ months," the family posted on their page. "You helped to give us hope and show us the Glory of God’s great love here on earth even during the darkest of days." | 2024-01-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3963 |
Q:
Scroll TextView to the top
I have a Text View (UITextView) which displays a long text that is set on runtime like so:
@IBOutlet weak var textView: UITextView!
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
if something {
textView.text = "(very long text here)"
}
textView.contentOffset = CGPoint.zero // doesn't work
}
Unfortunately, when the Text View is displayed, the text is not scrolled to the top but somewhere in the middle.
I'm thinking, either setting the contentOffset is the wrong way of doing it or I am doing it at the wrong time (maybe the text gets changed after setting contentOffset?).
I have tried a lot, I even contacted Apple Code Level Support. They couldn't help me, really (which surprised the hell out of me) – can you?
I'd very much appreciate it. Thank you.
A:
I had a very similar issue, especially when using splitview and testing on the iPhoneX, I resolved this by incorporating this bit of code in my ViewController when I needed the textView to scroll to the top:
textView.setContentOffset(.zero, animated: false)
textView.layoutIfNeeded()
If you wish to scroll to the top of the textView upon loading your ViewController:
override func viewDidLayoutSubviews() {
super.viewDidLayoutSubviews()
// Can add an if statement HERE to limit when you wish to scroll to top
textView.setContentOffset(.zero, animated: false)
}
| 2024-06-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7608 |
The Leading Business Publication For Nonprofit Management
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Shutdown Slams Closed Federal Worker Giving
October 4, 2013 Patrick Sullivan
(0)
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The government shutdown, which began on October 1 due to a Congressional spat over the Affordable Care Act, has ground the combined federal campaign (CFC) to a halt. Beyond that, it’s too soon to tell just how much will be lost from the workplace giving campaign for federal employees.
“I am not very clear with how the shutdown will affect the CFC, but that there’s no doubt in my mind that those who need government services the most – the underserved and marginalized – will be direly affected,” said Aaron Dorfman, executive director of National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy (NCRP) in Washington, D.C. Dorfman was a member of the CFC 50 Commission, convened in 2011 to examine and make recommendations to streamline and enhance the half-century old CFC.
The CFC raised $258 million for charities last year, down from $272.7 million in 2011 and a high of $282.6 million in 2009.
The Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which is responsible for the campaign’s oversight, was unavailable for comment. A message on its communications and public liaison line said the agency was unavailable to answer due to a lapse in appropriations, i.e. the shutdown.
Steve Taylor, vice president of public policy for Alexandria, Va.-based United Way Worldwide (UWW), said it’s not so much the loss of donations from the shutdown that will have the most effect. Rather, it will be “the impact of the federal employees’ mentality,” he said. “They’re going to be down, morale is going to be low, because if this (shutdown) extends for any length of time it’s going to hit them hard financially. Most federal employees are not making a ton of money, and most are giving all they can afford to give already.”
United Ways around the country administer most local CFC campaigns: 70 percent, according to a study produced by the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy (formerly the Center on Philanthropy). “The disruption, because of the timing of the shutdown, is going to have some modest impact, but the impact on the employees’ state of mind will be the bigger impact,” said Taylor. CFCs run from September 1 to December 15, so administrators were in middle of their campaigns when federal employees stopped getting paid.
Taylor said UWW and its affiliates are preparing for an increase in demand for services from those same government workers who have been a reliable source of revenue for charity. “Some of these federal employees, maybe many, are living paycheck to paycheck,” he said. “You take away their paycheck and they may have trouble paying their rent, their mortgage, utilities, groceries. There’s some irony that this workforce, which has been a dedicated source of contributions to charities in their communities, will suddenly be asking those same charities for help. We owe them help.”
There have been government shutdowns during the presidential administrations of Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. The most recent lasted 26 days in 1995, and the longest was 28 days in 1977, according to America’s Charities. CFC revenue increased in all but one of those years.
“Historically, it’s the people who are disadvantaged the most who tend to give the most,” said Kalman Stein, president and CEO of EarthShare in Bethesda, Md., which administers the campaign in the National Capital Region. “They understand the value of a helping hand.” The National Capital Area CFC raised more than $61 million last year, making it the largest single source of unrestricted funds for area charities, according to Stein.
Stein, whose nonprofit also administers the campaign in New York City, said he was encouraged by early indications. “We were very excited,” he said. “We had some real momentum, and hopefully we’ll regain that.” But he said it depends on how long the shutdown lasts. Stein and Steve Delfin, president and CEO of America’s Charities in Chantilly, Va., both think federal employees will receive back pay lost during the shutdown, but there has been no official word. “A lot depends on if pay gets restored,” said Stein.
According to Stein, it’s up to the OPM whether the CFCs could be extended into January to make up for lost time and revenue. “The OPM is on the record saying they’re not in favor of extending the campaign, but that was pre-shutdown,” he said. “I would certainly hope they would consider it.”
Delfin said that his organization expected a 5 percent decrease in funds generated for member charities for this year’s CFC. America’s Charities originally predicted a 2 to 3 percent decrease because of sequestration furloughs, but revised the number once the government shut down.
The CFC is plagued by more problems than a government shutdown, contends Delfin. “(The OPM) seems to view it as something they have to do because it’s required by the executive order of the president,” he said. “OPM has lost track and they look at it as an auditing and compliance function. It’s still vitally important, but it could be so much more and so much better if the OPM could just view it as part and parcel of what they do for federal employees instead of as a segregated activity.”
Like Taylor, Delfin is worried on behalf of federal employees. “We need to be very aware that there will be federal employees looking for services themselves,” he said. “It’s the charities that provide services to families that will see these folks. Federal employees have been great contributors, so let’s make sure we’re looking out for them.” | 2024-04-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5372 |
Q:
grails ORM , how to search Date without time
I am using postrges db.
My domain has a date field:
java.util.Date requestedDate;
I am trying to search by date in my controller:
eq ("requestedDate", requestedDate)
This works fine, but the problem is that date and time has to be exactly matching for this. But in application the user will only enter the date to search items (like give me all requests which are made on 2014-02-05 and the browser application will add the current time to the request). So the comparison fails because the user entered time is different from the time during creation of the request.
I tried 'like' but it throws error.
How to compare only date part ?
A:
You could do something like this:
Date now = new Date()
now.clearTime()
def results = Meeting.withCriteria {
between('date', now, now+1)
}
So this strips off the time portion of the current date, and then does a 'between' query (between midnight just gone and midnight 24 hours later).
| 2023-08-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6703 |
The proposed research will test the effectiveness of an eye drop formulation of a new thiol antioxidant, N- acetylcysteine amide (NACA), in preventing and treating cataracts and retinal degeneration in relevant animal models. This application's broad, long-term objectives are to develop an eye drop formulation of NACA for treatment of age-related eye diseases (AREDs) and to provide impetus for greater exploration of pharmacologic antioxidant approaches to the treatment of a variety of age-related diseases. The importance of oxidative stress damage in the pathogenesis of AREDs has been established for cataracts and the dry form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The lens and macula are both subjected to significant photo-oxidative stress, while the macula is the site of high rate of metabolic activity and the presence of concentrations of polyunsaturated fats. Lens and retinal cells combat oxidative stress by generating sufficient antioxidant enzymes or small molecular weight antioxidants like glutathione (GSH). Their ability to produce such antioxidants decreases with age, leading to increased oxidative damage. In the lens, the result is a progressive reduction in solubility of crystalline proteins that manifests in an opacification of te lens. In the retina, it results in mitochondrial damage and the accumulation of drusen that characterizes dry AMD. Antioxidants like N- acetyl cysteine (NAC) have shown promise in ameliorating oxidative stress damage. Our data indicates that a stable pharmaceutical analogue of NAC, NACA works much better than NAC in reducing oxidative stress. Preliminary animal studies have shown that intraperitoneal NACA reduces cataract formation while application of NACA to retinal epithelial cells prevents loss of cell viability. The Specific Aims of the proposed research are to evaluate 1) cataract formation in male Wistar rat pups receiving selenite injections and 2) retinal degeneration in rd10+/+ and Ccl2-/- mice that spontaneously develop progressive photoreceptor cell death either early (rd10+/+) or later (Ccl2-/-). We will also use a chemically-induced model, in which sodium iodate will be injected into C57/BL6 mice to induce RPE degeneration. The protective effects of NACA will be assessed in animal models by staging cataracts and measuring opacity indices in various experimental groups, while in the rd10+/+ and Ccl2-/- mice the protective effects of NACA will be assessed by measuring the visual potential and photoreceptor function based on measurements of outer nuclear layer (ONL) density and rod and cone electroretinograms (ERGs). In all animal models, we will assess the antioxidant effects of NACA by removing the target tissue (lens or retina) and measuring a number of oxidative stress parameters, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of pro-apoptotic and apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and caspases. We will also study protein oxidation of crystallins, lipid peroxidation, and protein bound GSH and cysteine. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The loss of vision from age-related eye diseases now affects over 30 million people in the United States-a number that is expected to double in the coming decades. Diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration significantly affect quality of life and represent sizable medical costs. The annual total outlay for cataract surgery each year in the U.S. is over $9 billion while the total costs of all services related to such visin problems is over $20 billion. Several experiments show that an antioxidant called N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) may delay the onset or halt the progression of these types of diseases. This research will test whether NACA in eye drop form can prevent and treat eye diseases such as cataracts and macular degeneration in animal models. Successful results from this study will support the advance of this medication into human use. NACA eye drops would represent an alternative to costly cataract surgery, reduce health care costs related to age-related eye diseases and greatly improve the quality of life of people affected by these diseases. | 2023-08-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4003 |
Q:
AJAX call to controller action
I have a "mainpage" controller, with a view of the same name, containing a boostrap navbar along the top. Upon clicking the various options of the navbar, a div at the bottom of the view has it's contents replaced with an appropriate partial (using a "replaceWith / render" call in a .js.erb file)
For one such partial, I have a form with 2 select boxes. These need to be populated dynamically on loading of the partial, so I am trying to put some AJAX together. Below is my AJAX efforts thus far (found at the end of my partial's code):
<script>
// Get Perforce Suites
var xmlhttp;
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) // modern browser
{
xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
}
else // proper old school! IE 6 and older. Does anyone...? Never mind...
{
xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function()
{
if (xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200)
{
//processing of responsetext to go in here
}
}
xmlhttp.open("GET","/perforce_sync/getPerforce", true);
xmlhttp.send();
alert (xmlhttp.responseText);
</script>
So you can see I still have the response processing to do... but as it stands, the alert(xmlhttp.responseText) is coming back empty.
I'm guessing its the xmlhttp.open that is wrong - I'm trying to call an action (getPerforce) in the "perforce_sync" controller. I'm not getting any errors in the server output - but nor am I getting anything back from the request!
Note - the above script was based mostly on http://tinyurl.com/ygzdwg with the URL based on what I read here http://tinyurl.com/netps6v
Any guidance welcomed! Thanks!
A:
Let me explain how to use ajax:
Ajax
Ajax stands for Asynchronous Javascript And XML - which basically means it uses Javascript to send a request to a server on your behalf
The JS in your browser can then handle the response, allowing you to manipulate the DOM as required (update page without refresh)
Although you can use what you've got, JQuery has made Ajax a lot easier:
$.ajax({
url: "/perforce_sync/getPerforce",
data: [[form data]]
success: function(data) {
//append data to DOM
}
});
Calling this will allow you to handle the data you need from your controller without refresh
Code
To give you specific info, you've mentioned that your application needs to populate another select box depending on the value of the first select
I'd do this:
#config/routes.rb
scope module: 'perforce_sync' do
get "getPerforce", to: "controller#action"
end
#app/assets/javascripts/application.js
$("#select1").on("change", function(){
$.ajax({
url: "/perforce_sync/getPerforce"
data: $(this).val(),
dataType: "json",
success: function(data) {
//handle data
},
error: function(data) {
alert("error");
}
});
});
#app/controllers/your_controller.rb
def action
respond_to do |format|
format.json
end
end
| 2023-12-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7691 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Jun 6 2019 20:12:56).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <IDEKit/IDEViewController.h>
@class DVTPathControl, IDEComparisonEditor, IDEComparisonEditorChangesStepperView, IDEComparisonEditorTimelineNavBar;
@interface IDEComparisonNavTimelineBar : IDEViewController
{
IDEComparisonEditorTimelineNavBar *_navTimelineBarContainerView;
IDEComparisonEditor *_comparisonEditor;
}
@property(retain) IDEComparisonEditor *comparisonEditor; // @synthesize comparisonEditor=_comparisonEditor;
@property(retain) IDEComparisonEditorTimelineNavBar *navTimelineBarContainerView; // @synthesize navTimelineBarContainerView=_navTimelineBarContainerView;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (void)layoutContainerView;
@property(readonly) IDEComparisonEditorChangesStepperView *changesStepperControl;
@property(readonly) DVTPathControl *secondaryPathControl;
@property(readonly) DVTPathControl *primaryPathControl;
@property BOOL hideSecondaryPathControl;
- (void)primitiveInvalidate;
- (void)viewWillUninstall;
- (void)loadView;
- (id)initWithComparisonEditor:(id)arg1;
@end
| 2024-01-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2822 |
Type K/SK/SSK Tank Cleaning Machines
The Butterworth Type K automated tank cleaning machine provides 360° impact indexed coverage for cleaning tank interiors. The Butterworth Type K is the world’s most successful design in terms of durability and reliance with thousands of machines in service worldwide.
In Application
The K machine’s primary construction material is bronze alloys and employs an integrated turbine drive. The Type K Machine has the ability to clean tanks up to a capacity of 10,000,000 gallons (38,000 m3) or higher when multiple machines are used.
Operational
The Butterworth Type K machine uses stream impingement technology to create a pattern matrix similar to a ball of twine (see cleaning pattern simulation below). A complete pattern is established when 63 axial revolutions of the body have been completed. During the process of this pattern development, 2 cycles are established with each cycle increasing the density of the pattern matrix. | 2023-10-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8764 |
A Y/5 translocation in a 45,X male with cri du chat syndrome.
In a patient described as a 45,X male with cri du chat syndrome, combined cytogenetic and molecular methods revealed Y euchromatic material to be translocated onto the short arm of one chromosome 5, resulting in a chromosome der(5)(5qter----5p14::Yp11.31----Ypter). The translocated Y euchromatin comprised only the distal short arm including the pseudoautosomal region and the so-called deletion intervals 1 and 2. A review of 45,X males from the literature showed that; most of them carry a paternally transmitted Y/autosome translocations; resulting in various autosomal deletions. Depending on the segment concerned, the deletion led to congenital malformations. | 2024-02-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8285 |
Discharge teaching needs of parents in the NICU.
Teaching parents how to care for their infant in the NICU can be a challenge. This study investigated card sort as a teaching aid. Proposed by many investigators to improve the effectiveness of nurses' teaching interventions, card sort is based on Q-technique, once used in research, now adapted as a teaching tool. Card sort involves parents in sorting out topics of information according to their own priorities. A pilot study was designed to test this method in the NICU. Ten parents and seven nurses participated in this trial. The parents were asked to sort a set of 17 colorful 5 x 7 inch cards into three piles (from least important to most important); each card was labeled with a discharge teaching topic. The nurses working with these parents also sorted the cards, and their responses were compared to those of the parents. Although parents' and nurses' discharge teaching priorities differed, both groups ranked CPR and signs and symptoms of illness as priorities. There are many advantages of the card sort method in relation to adult learning and social cognition theory. Parents are clearly the best source for determining their own teaching needs, and card sort is a useful tool that involves parents in discharge teaching through self-assessment of needs. | 2024-01-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7401 |
🎉 $600,000 transacted through the Request network 🎉
Today we’d like to announce an important milestone: $600,000 has been transacted through the Request network. 🎉
Some interesting statistics of these transactions to date:
The average transaction size per request was $461.95.
73% of the created payment requests were paid.
38% of the created payment requests were in DAI.
We are proud to have reached this number. It shows that our users and partners have been able to use our technology reliably to use cryptocurrency for their financial flows. We look forward to building on this foundation of trust to continue to improve the way businesses work. Onward!
Interested in upgrading the way you do business? Get in touch here.
Request has updated its external communication policy. Find it here. | 2023-09-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7347 |
E- I took it once with a slight hangover. Made a 28 and don't know how I did it. Got nothing, but that was a long time ago. I would get a full ride at UAT and a laptop today. I think the test was easier 25 years ago.
Hoop. If Tiger put on silk pajama's like Hefner, and told everyone what he was going to do, no one would care. He cultivated the opposite image, one he couldn't live up to (most of us can't) and he's paying the price. None of my business really, but I was never a big fan.
I play PF he plays PG/combo guard, it will be interesting though because I used to be on the same AAU team as him and so were 3 other players on our team but he got pissed at our team and left because the coach screwed him over...so we shall see
ingram may turn out to be worthy of their company, but bo, herschel and alexander are the three best rbs i have seen in the sec since 1980. ingram is already clearly in that second group of great backs but has not approached legend status yet. if he sticks around two more years and avoids injury, he could be up there with absolute greats. something tells me richardson and the passing game are going to eat into his stats some next year.
Norm, my guess is that a lot will depend upon how Rollison reacts to this suspension. If you look at what happened with Eric Smith, I think his suspension taught him a lesson. If Rollison grows from this he should still have a good shot. It is possible he will be better off in the long run because of this. It could be a nip it in the bud deal.
I will be looking for my ticket THT and really looking forward to meeting all the Hotties.Some one said that Tyrik apologized on his FB and said he would atone for what he did. I hope this is right. I would love to jump on the Rollison Express but will wait and see.
It is easy to forget these players are kids and teaching is a big part of these coaches jobs. Because Rollison got in trouble once isn't something to panic over. Yea, I do think it hurts his chances at being the starter, but the coaches will do what is best for the team.
I once drove I-10 from Phoenix to Mobile by myself. I started with sandstorms through AZ and NM, moved to an ice storm across TX, then finished with blinding rain from Lake Charles to Mobile (then a bonus 3 hours of the same rain on I-65 up to Prattville). That was one of the worst road trips ever.
Flying out of Ft. Lauderdale pre 9/11. I thought I was going to get by without someone sitting next to me because the seat beside me was empty. I always sit on the aisle seat if I can....They were about to close the door and you hear "STOOOOOPPPP" from up the ramp. I see this woman coming on the plane with this huge palm tree thing... The guys on the next aisle start laughing like crazy because the seat beside me is the ONLY seat left on the plane. I leaned into the isle for the entire flight.
K.C. and the Sunshine band were also on the flight...Naturally I hummed their songs rather loudly while in line behind them waiting to board.
FSJ - I think I can top your flight story. If not top it, at least match it. My hot wife and I once stayed at a hotel in Philly on a floor directly below the floor where the performance group "Stomp" was staying. That's a noisy group of people no matter what time is on the clock.
FSJ, I had a similar experience on a flight. I was on the back row of a plane. There were three seats in the row. I was next to the window. There was a big guy on the isle. At the last moment this huge woman came plodding back. I swear, I could hear her coming way before I saw her. I spent the flight with the side of my head up against the window. Fortunately it was a relatively short flight from Nashville to Raleigh. I don't think I could have took much more.
In the last several months between ATL and LAX, I've shared flights with; Dr. J (got to meet him at baggage claim), Al Sharpton, Ludacris, Darryl Hannah, some chick who said she used to be on Walker, Texas Ranger (anyone other than Chuck Norris could tell me that and I'd likely accept it as truth) and some band who were imminently forgettable to me since I'm not a fan.
Essentially it was Halloween and I was flying out of Louisville...(I think)....It's hard to get a flight out of Louisville to Bham late in the day. So anyway..I maneuvered some things around and had a layover in Memphis...I was going to be cutting things close on getting home. I was going to a party..I was a pimp...My "employees" were counting on me to be there. I decided to dress before the flight so that I wouldn't waste time getting to the party.
Naturally I got stuck in Memphis for several hours. It was fun though. People laughed at me the whole way home.
I used to fly a good bit for work, too (in my pre-chocolate days). On one flight back from Denver I was really hung over from entertaining some guys from a certain really large computer company. Shortly after takeoff, I've got my head down on my tray table and am trying desperately not to be sick. I keep hearing stuff hit the tray table next to me. I look over and the girl next to me has emptied out her purse and is frantically searching through the contents. She looks at me and asks, "Can I write you a check?" I say, "For what?". "Well, I'm scared of flying and need a drink, but I don't have any cash." I notice that among purse contents are some Immodium tablets. I tell her, "I'll buy you a drink for two of those." Anyway, long story short, we make the trade (for two drinks, in fact). I end up feeling a tiny bit better, but she keeps talking to me the whole way back to Nashville, even when I appear to be close to using the barf bag. "Wow, you must feel really bad? Have you ever seen so and so movie? Have you ever been to so and so town? Flying is scary, huh? You sure you don't want me to write you a check?" Man, it was pure misery.
Norm, I used to travel to LAX every once in a while. I would always be on the lookout for celebrities, but the only one I ever saw was Loretta Swit. I don't think she could play anyone with a nickname similar to "Hot Lips" anymore.
Here's my travel brush with fame that is related to AU football. On the way to NO for the Sugar Bowl after the 04 season, Rece Davis and Mark May were on my flight. Mark talked to some people, but Rece slept the whole time.
One of our ski trips. Stupid forgot to check the tickets and thought our flight was an hour later than it really was. Instead of ATL-Vancouver nonstop, we flew to DFW where we missed the connection because the ATL>DFW flight was late, so they stuck us on a flight to Salt Lake City from whence we got a flight to our final destination. It was our first time to Whistler. Instead of driving up from Vancouver in the early afternoon, we were driving up there in the pitch black night on snow roads, arriving around midnight. The following weekend on the drive back, I realized why I never saw any lights on my left on the way up. It was a steep drop into the sound.
I don't know about you upstanding people, but I find it right annoying that some of the people I know and am connected with on FB feel the need to post virtually every minute detail about what they're doing. I often think I'll follow suit just to make a point. Some potential examples:Norm: just took a crap.Norm: just farted.
On the flight back it was supposed to be Portland to DC to Charlotte to Chattanooga due to cost cutting that was the cheapest trip.
We get to DC on the way back and our 2 PM flight to Charlotte is cancelled. There is a blizard that's going to hit DC that night, so we needed to get south. There were 4 of us and the two ladies who were with us were in a panic thinking we'd be stuck.
There were no other flights to Charlotte that we could get on so I check the board for anything close to Chattanooga and there is a flight to Huntsville at 3:30. So after some negotiation I get us on that flight.
We get to Huntsville and their last flight of the day to Chattanooga is cancelled. However I'm ok, because we are two hours from home. One of the ladies we were flying with suddenly starts negotiating to fly from Huntsville to either Memphis or Cincinnatti because they have tons of flights to Chattanooga from there. WHAT?? Nobody else thought that was a good idea, so what does this 30 year old adult do? She sits down in the middle of the airport and starts crying. We are two hours from home, how is it logical to fly 5 or 6 hours away from home, then fly back home? As I just walk away from the scene I notice that the whole time she's making a scene, her butt crack is just out there for everyone to see.
Well we end up getting a van shuttle trip from Huntsville to Chattanooga and get home around 10 PM. However that was one fun trip back.
Of course, that's where they took the characters from. I was a little kid when Laugh In was on, so I pretty much just waited for Ruth Buzzi to hit Arte with her purse. I'm sure I didn't usually know why she was doing it, but I still thought it was pretty funny.
THT ..I've done the Vancouver to Whistler drive. We did it in a pickup with a camper shell. Those windy, icy road snaking around the Fiords with 500-1000' vertical drops were intimidating. Bet you drove back slower during the day than at night after realizing the danger.
I ate TCBY's at the ATL airport with Terry Bradshaw on Sunday Nite. It was after his show ended. He was headed to La ...I was headed to NY. He's a Regular dude.
I had a drink with Jay Leno. He was gathering data to do a special on Philadelphia. A couple of us ran into him on South St., walked a couple of blocks with him and took him into our fav Irish Bar and bought him a drink. He was kinda scattered.
Skied a run with Gloria Estaban, her hubby and kid at Crested Butte. He was funny, she seemd nervous about being recognized. Kid was great.
Hmmm, doesn't look like it's happening. The absence of Michael and Harrison definitely tend to slow things down during puppet hour. I wonder if Harrison's mom was okay when Michael popped up out of a suitcase once they got to Hawaii?
I ran into Charles Barkley in the Super Foods on Vaughn Road in the gump about 10 years ago. Have no idea what he was doing in MGM. Ran into Joe Cribbs at the Burger King on the Southern Bypass in the late 80s. Finally, stood right next to Joe Paterno at some downtown KC hotel. He was gripping about his bill, and looked the same then as he does now.
I know I've told this on here before, but now I feel compelled to mention the time that Bo Jackson got his groceries mixed up with mine at the A&P. Also, we've made chocolates for Peter Frampton and Ruben Studdard. We made the ones for Ruben right after he won American Idol, and I subsequently got invited to his Christmas party. I was the only white guy there besides one of the bartenders. By the end of the night, my nickname was "White Chocolate".
Forgive the tirade, but I need to blow off some steam. I'm driving home from work when a car pulls out in front of me. No other car behind me, but they have to pull out in front of me. All the time I'm thinking where is a cop when you need one? In my rearview mirror, I see blue flashing lights, so I pull over to let him pass, but he pulls in behind me! Young cop walks up to my car and starts lecturing me about the safe distance behind a car, and I tell him he apparently didn't see that car pull out in front me. No he didn't see that car pull out in front of my truck. He then goes back to his car to check to see if I'm a wanted felon, because I'm 51 with red hair. I'm sure I looked dangerous!!! When he comes back to my truck, he tells me that he was going to write me a warning ticket, but he saw how I was an Auburn fan (license tag) so he figured my year had been bad enough. EXCUSE ME..........I told him I could tell he was an arrogant Alabama fan and I wish he would write me a ticket so I could tell the Mayor, Chief of Police, etc just what kind of cops he has patrolling our streets and harassing the citizens. What a waste of taxpayer money. Why is it that Alabama fans are so concerned about us Auburn fans? Why can't they just enjoy their season and quit worrying about us. AUBURN is now and will always be fine!!!
I saw Charles Barkley at my school several times when I was in High School at Emma Sansom. He was close to one of the teachers (Watkins) that was some sort of Auburn booster. He used to come by and see her occasionally.
I also ran into him at Best Buy off of 280 in bammerham a little less than a year ago. He was very nice to everyone that spoke to him.
I met Steve McQueen and Sterling Moss at Sebring back in the 60s. THT, thanks for everything you did in getting the HABOTN section organized at the Outback Bowl as well as for the procuring of and distribution of the ducats to the game. My sons and I are so looking forward to this trip. 2.0, if you are still lurking, I think having the opportunity to met and talk with you in person will be one of the highlights of the trip, right up there with an Auburn win. WAR EAGLE everybody.
IV, you win. Steve McQueen is probably the coolest man of all time. As a auto and motorcycle racing junkie he is definitely one of my heroes. And meeting Stirling Moss would have been pretty cool too.
I read an interview recently with the stunt guy who did the fence jump in the great escape and part of the chase scene in Bullit. He said Steve was pissed he didn't get to do those scenes, the director didn't tell Steve he wasn't doing them until they were already done. | 2023-11-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1027 |
The Death of Demos
Having just returned from Greece, I settled in to watch the second U.S. presidential debate over the tsipouro and kefalogravera I smuggled in my luggage from Chania. I thought it would comfort me as I watched the most corrosive presidential debate in U.S. history.
It didn’t.
Sunday’s debate and the Greece I visited last week were a stark reminder of the fact that democratic societies are supposed to operate amidst a fundamental faith in strangers. On laws. Science. Facts. Instead, the U.S., Greece and indeed much of the world has sacrificed that principle and along with it a sense of civitas and informed body politic. We’ve entered an era where the dissolution of our current world order, the transformation of ideals that supported the longest peacetime period in modern history is devolving into the death of demos and the birth of demagoguery not seen since the 1930s.
Greeks are fighting a war without guns against an enemy now clearly in focus: themselves. Alexis Tsipras swept into power feeding Greeks a diet of lies, and yet there he remains, in place and in power. The maddening capitulation to further austerity promising to resurrect Greece’s economy laid the 2015 referendum to waste – and democracy along with it – reducing the country to a failed state. A well operating failed state, but a failed state nonetheless.
As an American Greek, I am profoundly self-conscious of my criticism of Greece because the U.S. election has left me even more chastened and dejected. The debate introduced a new low. No, it wasn’t Trump’s political stunt of holding a press conference 90 minutes before a 90-minute debate with four women accusing Bill Clinton of sexual assault. Or even his scorched-earth personal attacks designed to humiliate Hillary Clinton in the only manner Trump understands: degrading her sexually. No. The lowest moment came when he promised that if elected, he would put Clinton in jail.
Clinton skillfully and coherently answered questions that did no real damage to her candidacy but very little beyond bridging to her platform positions. In all fairness it couldn’t have been easy for her to walk onto that stage. Her discomfort was palpable. Trump, on the other hand, reveled in it. His shallowness of intellectual capacity delivered a series of incoherent, robotically parroted talking points, regardless of context. He loomed behind her. Called her the devil. Accused her of having “hate in her heart.” It was impossibly hard to watch. Because this isn’t Salem. U.S. presidential campaigns aren’t supposed to be witch-hunts. Trump’s strongman narcissism and contempt for judicial process is far scarier than all the creepy clowns creeping into our collective consciousness. Trump’s campaign has become a monstrous TV sideshow we tune into because it seems impossible for us to turn away. At any moment, he quite possibly may morph into Zerxes and have Clinton’s name stricken from the histories entirely.
One of the hallmarks of U.S. democracy is the peaceful transition of power. No tanks have ever rolled down Pennsylvania Avenue after elections to jail opponents. Apparently Donald Trump thinks that’s a shame. His threat of jailing Clinton and his capacity for transforming economic frustrations into ethnic, racial and misogynistic hatred injects a frightening new contempt for democratic process.
American’s founding fathers venerated the political ideals of Ancient Greece precisely because they understood the threat power-hungry demagogues, bloodthirsty dictators and shadowy conspirators presented to the fledgling Republic. When Benjamin Franklin was asked at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention by one Mrs. Powell if he had crafted a republic or monarchy, he quickly replied: “A Republic, if you can keep it.” Franklin, like Madison, Jefferson and Adams, deeply respected Solon of Athens, who reformed the Athenian constitution by including the right of trial by jury and division of society into bodies that would balance and check each other in governing Athens. A cornerstone of America’s founding. And a principle of pride for both Americans and Greeks now held in contempt. | 2023-12-25T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6861 |
Q:
No. 17 official status
Be aware that this question contain spoilers from episode 127, 128 and 130.
So in episode 127 it was shown that 17 self sacrificed in order to save Goku and Vegeta. This resulted in referee saying that they could assume that he self destructed which resulted in Jiren getting no penalty. Is this correctly translated from japanese? Hence meaning that the referee indicates that 17 wasn't officially eliminated. In the godpad he was also never removed by the Zenos.
In episode 128 when Vegeta dropped out we were only shown a part of the godpad, the top row. 17 is on the bottom row, meaning there is no official status about it yet.
In episode 130 he makes a return. Were the previous episodes made like that in japanese as well (text wise) in order to indicate that 17 is still in the tournament? Or was he officially eliminated making his current status exactly what?
I find this extremely confusing as in the past there had been some translation errors meaning that a sentence can hold a different meaning from the original intended one. As far as I can tell he was never officially removed, meaning referee and Zenos were aware of this and didn't remove him. Or are they surprised and were they perhaps unaware, meaning that there was an error of judgement on their side?
A:
Firstly, The Omni Kings marking off fighters on the Godpad is only a formality and doesn't really have to do with a fighter being completely eliminated. The reason I make this argument is because of Episode 110. After the Spirit Bomb clash between Goku and Jiren, Goku was presumed to be dead and there was a scene where the Omni Kings were right about to push the button, the world of void began to shake because of Goku. If Goku was a few seconds late, the Omni Kings would've pushed the button and would have to redo the same if Goku hadn't actually died because it was an error on their parts and not the contestant's part.We also know by this that a contestant doesn't necessarily have to only be knocked out to get eliminated. If he or she is either disqualified for violating a rule or dies or is in any position where the fighter cannot continue to fight in the tournament of power, the fighter is considered to be eliminated.So to answer your main question. Yes! Android 17 was presumed to be dead just like Goku was which as a result, meant elimination.As for the other questions, The Omni Kings and even The Grand Priest were under the impression that Android 17 did die during the self-destruction. We know this based on what he said right after, where Jiren wasn't going to be disqualified because Android 17 chose to kill himself. Even in Episode 110, the Grand Priest initially assumed that Goku died after the Spirit Bomb Struggle as he clearly stated that Jiren wouldn't be disqualified as Goku died as a result of his own attack. With regard to them not showing the official elimination of Android 17(ie Marking him out on the God Pad), is something only the staff and writers would know. Perhaps there wasn't sufficient time in the episode to include this bit of animation or maybe because Android 17's death was confirmed by multiple characters(Based on Goku's, Vegeta's, Universe 7 fighters, Jiren's, Grand Priest's etc comments) and there wasn't really a reason to indicate the same or perhaps they left this out because of what which happens in episode 130.
Based on my Initial Argument, I personally believe it honestly d wouldn't make a difference if they were to have marked Android 17 out. It would've just been considered an error in judgment which they would have redone. It would only matter if pressing the button on the Godpad causes the character to get erased or creates some form of restriction that prevents them from fighting in the tournament of power. As of now, it is solely there for the entertainment purposes and as a list for the Omni Kings to keep track of the fighters remaining.
| 2024-06-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7732 |
Since its inception, Sociable Cider Werks in Northeast Minneapolis has been infusing and playing with ciders and cider-making in new and interesting ways – some that take a little less time than others to come to fruition. On a weekly I-need-an-exciting-and-delicious-new-drink-to-try basis, they are instant-infusing their cider with salacious flavor combinations, like cucumber habañero and poblano pineapple for a $5 12-oz. pour.
With the complexity of a well-mixed cocktail and the sweet effervescence of a classic cider, the weekly change-up gives regulars something to experiment with and first-timers something stimulating to try. A new batch begins Thursday and runs through the weekend, and every couple of weeks the theme shifts when the base ingredient runs out and inspiration is gathered at the grocery store. First there was ginger, then a lot of mint, followed by habañero and a few other peppers, and now rhubarb. Jim Watkins, one of the owners, has future plans to explore pepper infusions more, with their zesty finish and spice that builds the more you drink.
The infusion setup is relatively simple. The crew can put pretty much anything inside the small tank in between the cider keg and tap, creating an immediate unique libation for weekend visitors. Functioning a lot like a French press, it has a net catch at the bottom to keep the ingredients out of the cider itself, while allowing time for it to ruminate with the week’s selection as it is pulled. Over time the flavor changes slightly; the first few glasses tend to be further from the ideal end result and the last few can be a little overwhelming, especially with a strong contender like mint.
Tasting notes: Sociable Cider Werks Rhubarb Berry-infused cider (Thursday, May 1, 2014)
Dry, with light fruity undertones, the pour is a clear, lightly carbonated straw color. The nose is soft with hints of lemon. On the palate it’s reminiscent of champagne-soaked strawberries. The subtle woody flavors of the base cider complement the fleeting earthy tones of the rhubarb to make a well-rounded cider that, while definitely the sweetest pour on tap, is pleasant and drinkable at 5.8% ABV. | 2024-03-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8522 |
Q:
How do I remove a validate class using jquery?
I have some options for pricing using radio buttons.
When a user selects the radio button with no value my checkbox form must not be validated.
here is my code:
Options:
<input type="radio" name="pricing_option_rect" id="pricing_imp_rect1" checked="checked" value="100">100
<input type="radio" name="pricing_option_rect" id="pricing_imp_rect2" value="200">200
<input type="radio" name="pricing_option_rect" id="pricing_imp_rect3" value="300">300
<input type="radio" name="pricing_option_rect" id="pricing_imp_rect4" value="0" />0
Checkboxes:
<input type="checkbox" value="check1" name="rectcat[]" class="{validate:{required:true, minlength:1, maxlength:5}}" />One
<input type="checkbox" value="check2" name="rectcat[]" />Two
<input type="checkbox" value="check3" name="rectcat[]" />Three
<input type="checkbox" value="check4" name="rectcat[]" />Four
<input type="checkbox" value="check5" name="rectcat[]" />Five
<input type="checkbox" value="check6" name="rectcat[]" />Six
<input type="checkbox" value="check7" name="rectcat[]" />Seven
<input type="checkbox" value="check8" name="rectcat[]" />Eight
<div class="container">
<label for="rectcat[]" class="error">
Please Select a Minimum of ONE and a Maximum of FIVE categories!
</label>
</div>
A:
You can change this:
class="{validate:{required:true, minlength:1, maxlength:5}}"
To this:
class="{validate:{required:'#pricing_imp_rect4:unchecked', minlength:1, maxlength:5}}"
required allows a depdency expression instead of just true. In this case, it's only required if the #pricing_imp_rect4 isn't checked. You can read more about the dependency expression option here.
| 2023-10-31T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3440 |
Throughout this contest, the six central midfielders focused on breaking up play, rather than constructing passing sequences of their own. Aston Villa's Yacouba Sylla was the best example of this defensive slant – the Frenchman concentrated on pressing Liverpool's Lucas Leiva, who misplaced an unusually high number of passes, preventing Liverpool from controlling the game in the first half. But this meant Paul Lambert's most advanced midfielder was primarily a destroyer rather than a creator, so Villa had to find their three attackers without him.
Indeed, both sides were more dangerous when they bypassed the midfield zone with quick attacks. Their precise tactics were contrasting – Liverpool's front three spent the first half moving short, allowing their defenders to knock the ball past the midfielders. Philippe Coutinho and Stewart Downing played narrow, while Luis Suárez dropped deep before spinning in behind.
Villa did not share that reluctance to play directly – their goal came from a simple long ball towards Gabriel Agbonlahor and Christian Benteke, bypassing a 40-yard zone lacking any home players. That was an effective way to get around being a "broken" side, although many of their attacks involved pushing the full-backs into advanced positions (often taking advantage of Downing and Coutinho's narrowness) before crossing. Their first two clear chances came from this approach – first left-back Joe Bennett delivered a good ball to Benteke, then right-back Matthew Lowton played an excellent low, curled cross for Agbonlahor.
Liverpool's equaliser was a slick passing move – but also an extremely direct attack. Steven Gerrard and Coutinho both played quick forward balls to take Liverpool the length of the pitch in just two passes.
Yacouba Sylla's defensive role from an advanced position meant both sides bypassed the midfield zone in possession. Illustration: Graphic
From then, Liverpool's entire midfield replicated what Sylla had initially done very effectively – pushing up, getting tight and forcing the home side's midfielders into sloppy passes. Suárez remains the Premier League's best 'defensive' forward because of his sheer energy, while Jordan Henderson's decisive contributions for Liverpool have come because of his stamina and work rate, rather than his creativity. Those two led the pressing, and with Gerrard and Lucas backing them up and squeezing Villa inside their own half, the tempo increased, the pressure mounted, and mistakes from a nervous Villa side were inevitable.
An emphasis upon short passing football is the key feature of Brendan Rodgers's strategy, but this victory – where Liverpool attacked at speed and pressured the opposition efficiently – was a better demonstration of his side's strengths this season. | 2023-12-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9515 |
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