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Q:
Trying to access response data using fetch
I'm trying something simple where I make a request from the front end of my app using the fetch API like so
let request = new Request('http://localhost:3000/add', {
headers: new Headers({
'Content-Type': 'text/json'
}),
method: 'GET'
});
fetch(request).then((response) => {
console.log(response);
});
I am handling this request on the server like so,
app.get('/add', (req, res) => {
const data = {
"number1": "2",
"number2": "4"
};
res.send(data);
});
However, when I try to access my data on the front end console.log(response), I get the following object
Response {type: "basic", url: "http://localhost:3000/add", redirected: false, status: 200, ok: true…}
body:(...)
bodyUsed:false
headers:Headers
ok:true
redirected:false
status:200
statusText:"OK"
type:"basic"
url:"http://localhost:3000/add"
__proto__:Response
The response body is empty. I assumed that's where the data would show up? How do I pass data effectively from the server?
A:
Okay, this works on my front end
fetch(request).then((response) => {
console.log(response);
response.json().then((data) => {
console.log(data);
});
});
The key part was the resolution of the promise chain.
Similar question here JavaScript fetch API - Why does response.json() return a promise object (instead of JSON)?
| 2024-02-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4942 |
Fundamental movement skills in preschoolers: a randomized controlled trial targeting object control proficiency.
Adequately developed fundamental movement skills, particularly object control dimensions, are considered essential to learn more complex movement patterns and to increase the likelihood to successfully participate in organized and non-organized sports during later years. Thus, the present randomized controlled trial aimed at improving object control dimensions at an early state in a kindergarten setting. Catching, throwing, kicking, rolling and stationary dribbling were assessed via gross motor development 2 (TGMD-2) testing in 41 normally developed preschoolers. On a cluster-randomized basis [strata: age, sex and body mass index (BMI)], three kindergartens were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 22, INT, age: 4.6 ± 1.0 years; BMI: 16.2 ± 1.1 kg/m(2) ) and three to a control group (n = 19, CON: age: 4.5 ± 1.2 years; BMI: 16.8 ± 1.2 kg/m(2) ). Twelve structured training sessions were given within 6 weeks (12 sessions). The total training volume was 330 min. Moderate time × group interaction were observed for the total sum score (Δ+22%, P = 0.05) and dribbling (Δ+41%, P = 0.002). Adjusting for baseline differences analyses of covariance did not affect these results. Interestingly, likely to most likely practically worthwhile effects were detected for the total sum score, catching and dribbling. Object control dimensions such as dribbling and catching that apparently rely on rhythmical movement patterns and anticipatory eye-hand coordination seem to benefit from short-term object control training. These skills are considered important for successful team-sport participation and appropriate sportive motor development. | 2023-10-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5179 |
Recently, AI Crypto is talking with great exchanges for listing and there are 2 fixed exchanges(as of July 16 2018).
One is new exchange NEXYBIT and the other is IDAX.
This posting is guidance for investors who want to transact AIC on IDAX.
Step1. Enter IDAX https://www.idax.mn/#/
The exchange where AIC will be listed is IDAX no idex. Please check the site name.
Click ‘Register’ on the right side.
Step2. Write E-mail and click ‘Get Code’ below E-mail box.
Login the registered E-mail and check the code. Copy the code and paste it.
Write your password and tick off the agreement box and register.
(You don’t need to get Invite Code)
Step3. Verify your ID
Click your E-mail address on the main, you can enter User Center.
In the User Center, please click ID Verification tap.
Check ‘Other countries and regions’, choose your country and fill in the blanks
You can use Passport, Driver’s license and National ID Card but I used passport as an example.
After putting your information, please upload a photo of your passport.
Upload another picture with your face, passport and note which is written ‘IDAX, register year-month-date (ex. 2017,07.16)’.
Then you are ready to transact AIC.
However, you need to check ‘Security Info’ to protect your investment.
I will introduce how to use Google OTP.
Step4. Using Google OTP
Click ‘Enable’ of Google Authentication in Account Settings tap.
Download Google OTP on your mobile.
Install the app and add the account.
You can add your account by scanning barcode or put the provided key on IDAX homepage.
Then the code will be generated like this.
You need to put the 6-digit code in Google Authentication, IDAX password in Login password and Submit.
This is register guidance for IDAX.
Recently AI Crypto is talking with top 10 exchanges and we will notice when listing is confirmed. Thank you.
Official Homepage : https://aicrypto.ai/
WhitePaper : https://aicrypto.ai/AIC_WhitePaper_Eng.pdf
Telegram : https://t.me/aicryptoai
Share this: Twitter
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| 2024-01-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1338 |
Canada's prime minister Justin Trudeau has personally welcomed the first of 25,000 Syrian refugees Canada hopes to resettle over the next three months.
Key points
Canada's prime minister greets first of 25,000 Syrian refugees to arrive in the country
163 Syrians arrived by plane in Toronto
Canada is hoping to resettle 10,000 Syrians by the end of the year
Unlike the United States, there has been little opposition to the resettlement program
Government and opposition MPs joined Mr Trudeau in greeting the refugees when they landed in Toronto.
"This is a wonderful night, where we get to show not just a planeload of new Canadians what Canada is all about, we get to show the world how to open our hearts and welcome in people who are fleeing extraordinarily difficult situations," the prime minister said.
Mr Trudeau's Liberal government scaled back the number of Syrian migrants it will accept by year end after the attacks in Paris sparked concern that the election promise to bring in 25,000 by December 31 would not allow enough time for security checks.
The plane carrying 163 Syrian refugees touched down in Toronto just before midnight on Thursday (local time) and will be followed by a second military airlift to Montreal on Saturday.
Mr Trudeau has said 10,000 will be resettled by the end of the year and a further 15,000 by the end of February.
As he met the military aircraft amid tight security at a special terminal, privately sponsored Syrian refugees were arriving on commercial flights at Toronto's main terminal, greeted by sponsors and ordinary Canadians who had come to the airport to welcome the much-anticipated newcomers.
"They are very tired, but they are happy and hopeful," said Soriya Dasir, a worker with Abraham Festival, a group that sponsored a single mother and three children who had been living in a camp in Jordan for two years, as she escorted them past waiting media.
Warm reception contrasts with US response
Toronto's airport authority urged Canadians not to come to the airport to greet the refugees or drop off donations, saying: "We're so proud that our community wants to help, but such a response would be very overwhelming for those arriving."
The request did not deter Shai Reef, 20, who held up a sign that read: "Welcome to Canada" in Arabic.
"I'm here to show my solidarity for and support of the Syrian people going through genocide in Syria," Mr Reef said.
"As Jews, we were also locked out, I know what it feels like."
Toronto's mayor tweeted a welcome, while the Toronto Star, the country's largest newspaper, covered its front page with a "Welcome to Canada" banner headline in English and Arabic, along with an article explaining Canadian weather, ice hockey and slang.
The reception in Canada contrasted sharply with that of the neighbouring United States, where fear of Syrian refugees following the deadly November 13 Paris attacks spurred opposition to allowing them entry.
With security concerns, immigration paperwork and the flight's late-night arrival, refugees on the military aircraft were to be put up at a nearby hotel for the night before meeting their sponsors and resettlement agencies on Friday. | 2024-06-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3100 |
Inorganic crown ethers: sulfate-based Preyssler polyoxometalates.
A tungsten crown: The {SO(4)} units were introduced into the {W(30)} crown, resulting in a new Preyssler polyoxoanion {S(5)W(30)} with position-specific, guest, K(+) or Na(+) ions in its geometrical center. The as-prepared polyoxoanion exhibits an interesting ion-selective encapsulation of K(+) and Na(+) (see figure). | 2023-09-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1622 |
Q:
How to display additional fileds I've added to a page - the way I want them?
I've added some additional fields to the content type - Page. But now when the page is rendered it displays all of them as well - just lists them at the bottom of the content. But that's not what I want - I do not want them to display at all, I just want to use them elsewhere in PHP code. There should probably be a hook for this, but I still just can't get my head around the whole thing. Please?
A:
Hiding additional fields is easy, just notice Display Fields tab at the Manage Fields page for the specified content type (page in this case). There you can easily exclude additional fields from being automatically appended to the $content.
In order to show fields the way you want them use themename_preprocess_page hook and check $vars['node'] object for the particular fields.
| 2023-10-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8142 |
Public School Gina Draped Plaid Skirt
ITEM MOVED TO ARCHIVE: On November 21, 2017 10:02 pm, Fashion Stylist Online noted this item may be out of stock at Saks Off 5TH because it was not referenced in their latest online catalog. If this item is out of stock at Saks Off 5TH, you may be able to find similar fashions sold there or elsewhere on our Public School Designer Brand Directory.
Public School Women's Ilha Plaid Twill Shirtdress
Public School Women's Lucia Cotton Terry Jogger
Public School Men's Leon Jacket Black
Public School Men's Jersey Jogger Pants Black
Public School Women's Rib Knit Merino Wool Blend
$40.00
Public School Men's Albarn Youth Cotton T Shirt
$96.00
Public School Haring Subway T Shirt
$84.00
Public School Newman Psny Cotton T Shirt
$165.00
Public School Barrington Youth Sweatshirt
New promo codes and links offering limited time promotions, sales coupons, and special offers on Public School designer fashions and accessories will be posted on each designer label apparel page. For the latest up to date information on this Public School Gina Draped Plaid Skirt | Clothing fashion item, including product specifications, ordering options, pricing, shipping details, high resolution pictures, shopper comments, and other sales media, visit the Saks Off 5TH Online Store. | 2024-02-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6986 |
Meanings
Example Words
彼の方[anokata] that gentleman (lady)此方[kochira] this way (direction close to the speaker or towards the speaker)此方[konata] this way其方[sochira] that way (direction distant from the speaker, close to the listener)何方へ[dochirahe] how are you?
There are several other filters includes:
[grade:number],
[jlpt:number],
[stroke:number],
[radical:Kanji Radial]. You can combine the filters
to further narrow the search. Tips: Click on "options" to open up the assist panel | 2023-12-20T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8741 |
Q:
how can i replace unicode String in url for getting json response?
I have a this api from aparat site . I use this method for search
http://www.aparat.com/etc/api/videoBySearch/text/[نوروز]
I should fill last parameter with my editText value . For getting json . If i send english string it worked . But if i send unicode string like persian , It can't work and when i logging that , it say
java.lang.RuntimeException: Bad URL null
This is my JsonResponse method :
//this method call when search button pressed !
private void sendJsonRequest() {
String rawQuery = edtsearchQuery.getText().toString();
==> String first_url = "http://www.aparat.com/etc/api/videoBySearch/text/"+ rawQuery;
JsonObjectRequest request = new JsonObjectRequest(Request.Method.GET, first_url, (String) null, new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
parseJsonResponse(response);
adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
Log.d("onErrorResponseSenJsReq" , error.getMessage());
}
});
AppController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(request);
}
A:
Instead of sending نوروز in URL use URLEncoder for encoding it before appending it in main URL:
String strSearchQuery= URLEncoder.encode(rawQuery, "utf-8");
String first_url="http://www.aparat.com/etc/api/videoBySearch/text/"
+strSearchQuery;
| 2023-11-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4001 |
No, Kate, Don't Feed Your Cattle Refried Beans!
When emissions from land use and land use change are included, the livestock sector accounts for 9 percent of CO2 deriving from human-related activities, but produces a much larger share of even more harmful greenhouse gases. It generates 65 percent of human-related nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CO2. Most of this comes from manure.
The report concluded that cattle flatulence puts more greenhouse gases into the air than The Automobile, in fact constitutes somewhere between 20 and 30 per cent of the anthropogenic global warming problem.
So does this mean that I should stop feeding the cows nachos and refried beans when I invite my father-in-law's cattle herd over to watch Monday Night Football?That a city-boy like me should have to offer Kate advice on farming is astounding, but here I go! The answer is yes! Definitely stop feeding the cattle nachos and beans!
(Not that I am an expert or even did much research for this post. Personally, I first heard of the idea of breeding "green cows" at the ScienceDaily website in 2002. However, it appears I still know more about it than our "so-called" farm girl)
And you know what, Kate, it all comes down to diet, the design of eco-friendly cattle feeds. From the BEEB:
Aromatic plant oils in cattle feed could make cows less flatulent and dung smell sweeter if a research project EU-funded project led by scientists at the Rowett Research Institute in Aberdeen is successful.
[...]
Using aromatic extracts of herbs such as thyme, mint and others could reduce the level of fermentation in the rumen - causing less flatulence and a more bearable smell.
[...]
Dr John Wallace, head of the microbial metabolism research group at the Rowett, said: "We know that the release of methane from ruminants is extremely damaging to the environment.
"We believe our work has the potential to halt this increase and help stabilise the environment by taking a natural route to improved rumen fermentation."Again, its shocking that a BigCityLib should have to lecture a rural Conservative on what is essentially a rural issue, but let me repeat: lay off the nachos and beans, Kate! That's not being helpful!
Besides environmental concerns, cows don't like nachos and refried beans! I suspect that if I were ever to visit your farm I would find some very sad-eyed cattle. Shame on you!
Whooee! I get the Trawna Sun delivered t' my door every Sunday. It started comin' 'bout a year ago. I never ordered it an' nobuddy ever asked if I wanted it or if I'd pay fer it.
Yesterday, there was a 'pinion piece in the Comment section by Greg Weston. It was on GHG's an' the headline an' subhead both alluded t' the cow farts. In the article, Weston sez cow farts make up only 3% o' Canadee's GHG emissions. Mebbe KateyGal read the headline but din't bother readin' the whole story.
Fartin' ain't the onliest thing wrong with cows. Down in Brazil, they're choppin' down the rain forrest so's t' make more cowpastures. Before the cows even let the teensiest fart, they're the cause o' troublems in the dead-trees-don't-eat-CO2 department.
I seen sumbuddy who sed sumpin' 'bout the bigass herds o' bison that roamed the plains an' howcum their fartin' din't cause such troublems. Mebbe there was more bison then than there are cattle now. Mebbe not. Anybuddy know? I betcha when them buffalo was roamin', there was more forrests in North Merka gobblin' up CO2.
The big producers o' GHG's is the electricity generators, the oil an' gas industry an' vehicles. We can cut down on electricity used through reduction, conservation an' adoption o' more efficient technologies like CF light bulbs. We can put more hybrid vehicles on the road t' cut down on the need fer oil. We can insulate an' weather-proof our houses an' use less gas fer heatin'.
There's plenty o' good things we can do that don't involve swearin' off hamburgers an' milkshakes. | 2024-07-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2536 |
Round the Horne
Round the Horne is a BBC Radio comedy programme starring Kenneth Horne, first transmitted in four series of weekly episodes from 1965 until 1968. The show was created by Barry Took and Marty Feldman, who wrote the first three series. The fourth was written by Took, Johnnie Mortimer, Brian Cooke and Donald Webster.
Horne's supporting cast comprised Kenneth Williams, Hugh Paddick, Betty Marsden and, in the first three series, Bill Pertwee. The announcer was Douglas Smith, who also took part in the sketches. All except the last series featured music by Edwin Braden, played by the band "the Hornblowers", with a song in the middle of each show performed by the close-harmony singing group the Fraser Hayes Four; in the fourth series, the music was by Max Harris with a smaller group of players than the earlier series.
The show was the successor to Beyond Our Ken, which had run from 1958 to 1964 with largely the same cast. By the time the new series began, television had become the dominant broadcasting medium in Britain, and Round the Horne, which built up a regular audience of 15 million, was the last radio show to reach so many listeners. Horne was surrounded by larger-than-life characters including the camp pair Julian and Sandy, the disreputable eccentric J.Peasmold Gruntfuttock, and the singer of dubious folk songs, Rambling Syd Rumpo, who all became nationally familiar. The show encountered periodic scrutiny from the BBC management for its double entendres, but consistently received the backing of the director-general of the BBC, Sir Hugh Greene. Horne died suddenly in 1969; the BBC decided that Round the Horne could not continue without its star and they cancelled plans for a fifth series that year.
Over the following decades Round the Horne has been re-broadcast continually, and all 67 shows have been published on CD. In 2019, in a poll run by Radio Times, Round the Horne was voted the BBC's third-best radio show of any genre, and the best radio comedy series of all.
History
Background
In 1957 the radio presenter and comedian Kenneth Horne was the compere on the popular Saturday evening comedy and music radio show Variety Playhouse. The programme's writers were Eric Merriman and Barry Took, and when the series came to an end, they prepared a script for a pilot episode of a new show, Beyond Our Ken. The show, in which Horne was joined by Kenneth Williams, Ron Moody, Hugh Paddick and Betty Marsden, was broadcast in October 1957. The series was due to begin in April 1958, but in February Horne suffered a debilitating stroke; he was temporarily paralysed down his left-hand side and lost the power of speech. The BBC postponed the series. After physiotherapy Horne was able to begin recording Beyond Our Ken in June, in preparation for the broadcast of the first series between July and November.
Beyond Our Ken was written around the imperturbable establishment figure of Horne, while the other performers played a "spectrum of characters never before heard on the radio", including the exaggeratedly upper class Rodney and Charles (Williams and Paddick), the genteel, dotty pensioners Ambrose and Felicity (Williams and Marsden), the hoarse-voiced cook Fanny Haddock – a parody of the television cook Fanny Cradock (Marsden), the earthy gardening guru Arthur Fallowfield (Williams), the semi-articulate rock and roll singer Ricky Livid (Paddick) and Hankie Flowered, a parody of the comedian Frankie Howerd (Bill Pertwee). The first episode was not well received by a sample audience, but the BBC decided to back Horne and his team, and the initial six-week contract was extended to 21 weeks. Before the series came to an end, a second had been commissioned to run the following year. After the first series Moody was succeeded by Pertwee; Took left after the second series, leaving Merriman to write the remaining programmes on his own.
After the seventh series of Beyond Our Ken ended Horne was scheduled to appear in a number of other BBC programmes; Eric Merriman objected, contending that he had made Horne into a star, and that "no other comedy series should be allowed to use him", according to Horne's biographer, Barry Johnston. When the BBC refused to withdraw Horne from the programme Down with Women, Merriman resigned from writing Beyond Our Ken and the show came to an end. After some pressure from Horne to keep the remainder of the team together, the BBC commissioned Round the Horne as a replacement on similar lines. They turned to Took, as one of the original writers of Beyond Our Ken, and his new writing partner, Marty Feldman. The name of the programme came from a pun on Horne's name, combined with the naval term "round the Horn", meaning to navigate the waters at the southern tip of South America, Cape Horn. The pair aimed to write what they described as "down-market material in an upmarket way". The scripts they produced led to a faster-paced programme than Beyond Our Ken, which included more allusions to contemporary events, including politics and films.
Format
Round the Horne was based on a revue format, and contained parody and satire. The programme would include an introduction from Horne, who would sometimes give answers to a supposed quiz from the previous week, and then lead into sketches that would include a set-piece based on a film or novel, such as "The Man with the Golden Thunderball", and "The Three Musketeers". Martin Dibbs, in his history of the BBC Variety Department, writes that "the show was characterised by incessant innuendo and camp representation to an extent never before tolerated within the BBC."
As in Beyond Our Ken, there was a cast of recurring characters. Took and Feldman developed new characters for Williams, Paddick, Marsden and Pertwee, whose ability to change between personas produced a programme described by the radio historians Andy Foster and Steve Furst as "a cast of thousands played by the same four accomplished actors". Horne's role was described in The Daily Telegraph as providing "the perfect foil to the inspired lunacy happening all around him". The media analysts Frank Krutnik and Steve Neale consider that as such, Horne's role was similar to that of Jack Benny, Fred Allen and Tommy Handley, "as a 'stooge' rather than a joke-wielder, frequently switching roles between announcer and in-sketch performer".
Broadcasts
1965–1966: Series 1 and 2
The first episode of Round the Horne was broadcast on the Light Programme on 7 March 1965. It was described in Radio Times as "Five characters in search of the authors". The series consisted of 16 episodes and ran to 20 June 1965. The programme was produced by John Simmonds and included music from the Fraser Hayes Four and the studio orchestra, "the Hornblowers", conducted by Paul Fenoulhet; from episode six, Fenoulhet was replaced by Edwin Braden. Douglas Smith, an announcer and newsreader on the Home Service and the Third Programme, was used as the programme's announcer, but was given a larger role as the series progressed; he ended up advertising spoof products and giving human sound effects in addition to his normal role.
One of the early episodes included a sketch by Horne, a monologue based on "the centenary of the birth of the crumpet", including a huge crumpet built for Queen Victoria.
As an added novelty he hollowed out the centre and a Gaiety Girl was secreted inside. When the loyal toast was drunk, she leapt out, wearing pink combs and waving a Union Jack – either that or the other way round, I don't remember. In any event the whole affair was a great success and, as many people commented afterwards 'it was a smashing bit of crumpet'.
The sketch angered the strongly-conservative Member of Parliament Sir Cyril Black, who wrote to the BBC to complain. Frank Gillard, the BBC's director of radio, wrote to Dennis Morris, the chief of the Light Programme, asking Round the Horne to "watch its step, particularly over the next few weeks and keep itself within reasonable bounds". Instead, Took and Feldman wrote a riposte that Horne read at the end of the following programme, addressed to the "minority of killjoys" who complained:
Let me say to them that our scripts are whiter than white, as is the face of the producer when he reads them. You see, evil is in the eye of the beholder – and we believe you can make anything sound as if it has a double meaning – if you know how. So cheerio, see you next week.
Further complaints about the programme were received and Sir Hugh Greene, the director-general of the BBC, asked to see the scripts before broadcasting. All were returned with the words "I see nothing to object to in this" written on them. The complaints continued from Black, and from Mary Whitehouse – a campaigner against social liberalism – about the cast putting emphasis on certain words. Took replied that "When Laurence Olivier plays Hamlet he puts emphasis on certain words – it's called acting".
A second series was commissioned, and ran for thirteen weeks, from Sunday 13 March to 5 June 1966. The programme was recorded in front of a studio audience, and Williams would play up to them with physical humour, causing hilarity in the studio. Simmonds spoke to the cast, telling them that the radio audience were hearing unexplained laughter, and to try to keep the visual pranks to a minimum. At the end of the series Roy Rich, the head of BBC Light Entertainments for radio, spoke to Took, Feldman, Horne and Williams and discussed possible changes to the programme, including the removal of the Fraser Hayes Four, and the possible changing of Pertwee and Marsden. No changes were made before the next series was commissioned.
On 7 October 1966, at the age of 59, Horne suffered a severe heart attack. He was much weakened, and was unfit to work for three months. As a result, he did not appear in the Round the Horne Christmas special, which was recorded on 28 November. He returned to work in January 1967 to record the third series.
1967–1968: Series 3 and 4
The third series ran for 21 episodes from 5 February to 25 June 1967. After recording the first episode, Williams wrote in his diary that "the script was singularly uninspired I think – no innovations or bright ideas for the beginning of a new series ... For the first time I am beginning to feel that this show is rather dated and tired". The BBC hierarchy also thought the first show was slightly lacking and Williams was also downbeat after the second recording, writing that "I think the show is quite dead artistically and the format has completely atrophied itself – it is moribund now. I think I will withdraw after this series". Trying to turn the show around, Took and Feldman wrote out the popular camp Julian and Sandy characters (played by Paddick and Williams) from the third episode, but the cast and Simmonds all insisted they were put back, so the writers duly obliged. After a few weeks the show had settled down and Williams recorded in his diary that the recording "went v. well. Script was v. good indeed and the audience splendid – a great deal of affection there, one felt".
Feldman became increasingly successful on television, particularly with At Last the 1948 Show (1967); he decided to concentrate on writing and performing on the screen and left the series. Took agreed to stay, and he was joined by Johnnie Mortimer, Brian Cooke and – for the first six episodes of the next series – Donald Webster. In September 1967 BBC radio was radically reorganised. The Home Service, Third Programme and Light Programme were abolished and replaced by four new national channels – Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4; Round the Horne moved from the Light Programme to Radio 2. The change came with reduced budgets. The Fraser Hayes Four and Eddie Braden and the Hornblowers were replaced with a small instrumental group led by Max Harris, and Pertwee was dropped from the programme. The cost fell from £601 a show in series 3 to £486 in series 4. That year's Christmas special was broadcast with the new line-up and writers.
The fourth series began on 25 February 1968 and ran for 16 episodes to 9 June. After the first episode Williams was unimpressed with the new material, and wrote in his diary "Now there are 4 writers on it! It is unbelievable really. Four! For half an hour of old crap with not a memorable line anywhere ... of course one goes on and flogs it gutless and the rubbish gets by". Without Feldman, Took was enjoying the show less than he had previously. He also felt the humour was becoming more obviously dirty and complained to Williams that "We might as well write a series called Get Your Cock Out".
Horne died of a heart attack on 14 February 1969, while hosting the annual Guild of Television Producers' and Directors' Awards at the Dorchester hotel in London. An award had gone to Took and Feldman for their television series Marty, and Horne had just urged viewers to tune into the fifth series of Round the Horne – which was due to start on 16 March – when he fell from the podium. By 24 February 1969 it had been decided that Round the Horne could not continue without its star. As a result, the scripts for series five – which Horne had jokingly suggested should be subtitled "The First All-Nude Radio Show" – were hastily adapted into a new series for Williams called Stop Messing About, which ran for two series before it was dropped from the schedule in 1970.
Main regular characters
Kenneth Horne
The persona adopted by the writers for Horne was not greatly different from his real-life one, and largely the same as that of his Beyond Our Ken character: the urbane, unflappable, tolerant but sometimes surprised central figure, around whom the other characters revolved. The Times called Horne the "master of the scandalous double-meaning delivered with shining innocence", and in Round the Horne he combined the role of straight man to the flamboyant Julian and Sandy, Rambling Syd Rumpo and J.Peasmold Gruntfuttock with that of genial host of the show. Feldman called him "the best straight man I had ever seen", who nonetheless had "a lot of funny lines"; Jonathan Rigby, who played Horne in a stage show, Round the Horne ... Revisited, thought him "a stand-up comedian with a posh accent ... part of his genius was that he was able to be himself".
Horne introduced some programmes by reading out the answers to last week's (non-existent) questions:
The answer to question one: complete the first lines of the following songs – "If I Were a Blackbird I'd ..." The answer is I'd Whistle and Sing, and I positively will not accept any other suggestion. The second song was "There's a Rainbow Round My ..." Now we got an amazing number of replies to this. We haven't had so many since we asked you to complete "Over My Shoulder Goes ..." Really, it makes it very difficult for us to keep up the high reputation for sophisticated comedy we've never had.
At other times he would give a short lecture on justly forgotten figures from history, such as Robert Capability Lackwind, allegedly the inventor of Toad in the Hole, or Nemesis Fothergill, known to ornithologists – and the police – as the Birdman of Potter's Bar. In many episodes his opening slot was announcing the day's forthcoming events, such as International free style gnome fingering at the five minute Hippo Wash Brompton Oratory, Swan Upping at Downham and Swan Downing at Upham, and the two-man Rabbi bob sled championship down the escalators at Leicester Square tube station. He would close the programmes by commenting on the final sketch, or announcing a competition to complete a limerick with two fecund opening lines ("A young market gardener from Bude, Developed a cactus quite lewd ...") or with a public service announcement such as this police message:
If any passer-by in Lisle Street last Saturday night witnessed a middle-aged man stagger out of the Peeperama strip club and get knocked down by a passing cyclist, would you please keep quiet about it as my wife thinks I was in Folkestone. Goodbye. See you next week.
Douglas Smith
At the start of the first series of Round the Horne Douglas Smith took the traditional role of a BBC announcer on comedy shows, introducing the programme and its component parts and reading the credits at the end. As the show developed, the writers gave him more to do. In the second series Smith continually interrupts the programme to promote "Dobbiroids Magic Rejuvenators" (from "the makers of Dobbins Medical Cummerbunds for horses") and Dobbimist horse deodorant for UFO ("under fetlock odour"). In the third and fourth series he is included in the movie spoofs, playing a range of roles including a rumbling volcano:
Horne: ... And see there – dominating the island, the sacred volcano of Gonga – played by Douglas Smith with a hole in his head and steam coming out of his ears.
Paddick: What an awesome sight – snow mantling his mighty summit and lava oozing down his sides.
Smith: That's porridge, actually. I had a hurried breakfast this morning.
Horne: Shut up, Smith, you're a volcano. You just loom over us and rumble ominously.
Smith: Yes, I told you. I had a hurried breakfast.
Horne: Shut up, Smith.
Smith: Rumble rumble.
Horne: That's better.
His other roles include a telephone box, an inflatable rubber boat, a drophead Bentley and a cow:
Smith: Moo Moo – Splosh!
Horne: Splosh?
Smith: I kicked over the milk pail.
By the fourth series Smith has risen to the heights of playing the World ("You've just gone through my Khyber Pass travelling on a camel"), and in one programme he gets a solo singing spot, barracked by Paddick and Williams ("Letting an announcer sing! It's a disgrace!") performing "Nobody Loves a Fairy When she's Forty".
Beatrice, Lady Counterblast, née Clissold
The first of the new characters was an elderly ex-Gaiety Girl (played by Marsden) known as Bea Clissold in her theatrical heyday, when she was "the pure brass of the music hall", and subsequently an aristocratic widow. She has been much married and much divorced, and has retired to live in seclusion at Chattering Parva, waited on and complained about by her octogenarian butler, Spasm (Williams). Horne interviews her each week in the early programmes, when she reminisces about her life and husbands. In a commentary on the show's characters published in 1974 Took wrote, "Her anecdotes of past marriages combine the lurid with the turgid as the narrative flashes back on leaden wings to the turn of the century and the exploits of the young Bea Clissold". She appeared in the first programme of the series, and was a major feature of its early episodes. After she ceased to be one of the central characters she continually popped up with her catch phrase, "Many times, many, many times", originally referring to the number of times she was married, and later an all-purpose innuendo.
Julian and Sandy
The camp pair Julian and Sandy (played by Paddick and Williams) made their debuts in the fourth programme of the first series and rapidly established themselves as a permanent fixture throughout the run of Round the Horne. They are out of work actors whom Horne encounters each week in new temporary jobs. The writers' original idea was that the characters should be elderly and dignified Shakespearean actors filling in as domestic cleaners while "resting" (i.e. unemployed), but the producer, John Simmonds, thought they seemed rather sad, and at his suggestion Took and Feldman turned the characters into chorus boys. In a typical sketch Horne looks in at a new establishment, usually in Chelsea, with a title such as "Bona Tours", "Bona Books", "Bona Antiques" or "Bona Caterers", and is greeted with, "Oh hello, I'm Julian and this is my friend Sandy". The latter adds, using the gay and theatrical slang, palare, "How bona to vada your dolly old eek again", or "What brings you trolling in here?" Having first appeared as house cleaners, they are later shown working in a variety of implausible jobs. Took summed them up: "From working as part time domestics while 'resting' they progressed to running almost every trendy activity going from fox-hunting in Carnaby Street to the gents' outfitting department of MI5".
The use of palare enabled the writers to give Julian and Sandy some double entendres that survived BBC censorship because the authorities either did not know or did not admit to knowing their gay meaning. In the fourth series, Sandy tells Horne that Julian is a brilliant pianist: "a miracle of dexterity at the cottage upright", which to those familiar with gay slang could either refer to pianistic excellence or to – illegal – sexual activity in a public lavatory. At the time, gay male sex was a criminal offence in Britain. Julian and Sandy became nationally popular characters and are widely credited with contributing a little to the public acceptance of homosexuality that led to the gradual repeal of the anti-gay laws, beginning in 1967.
J. Peasmold Gruntfuttock
A week after the debut of Julian and Sandy came the first appearance of J. Peasmold Gruntfuttock, first broadcast on 5 April 1965. Played by Williams, Gruntfuttock is described by the writers as "the walking slum". In his first appearance he is a job applicant at the BBC, inspired by voices in his head, and keen to get on close terms with one of the female presenters. In later programmes he is first the king and then dictator of Peasmoldia, a small enclave in the East End, and subsequently Brother Gruntfuttock, member of an obscure religious community. He writes in regularly with incorrect and sometimes physically implausible answers to last week's questions:
Finally, we had "I get a kick out of ...". Well, Mr Gruntfuttock of Hoxton, I think we all know what you get a kick out of. And on looking at the list you sent me it's my considered opinion that you are running a severe risk of doing yourself a permanent injury.
In the fourth series he is a persistent caller of the spoof phone-in, the Round the Horne Forum of the Air, airing his peculiar personal obsessions in between bouts of heavy breathing. He was Feldman's favourite Round the Horne character; the two authors wrote of Gruntfuttock, "He married beneath him – which gives you some idea what his wife Buttercup (Betty Marsden) must be like. All in all not a couple one would wish to meet on a dark night or indeed at any time."
Charles and Fiona
Charles and Fiona are supposedly characters played by an extremely theatrical actor and actress: "ageing juvenile Binkie Huckaback" (Paddick) and Dame Celia Molestrangler (Marsden). The two, originally based on the theatre stars Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, were introduced in the eighth programme of the first series, and quickly became a fixture. They appeared in parodies of "stiff-upper-lip" dramas by Noël Coward and others; their fictitious plays had titles such as Present Encounter and Bitter Laughter. Their agonised love affairs are punctuated by brittle, staccato dialogue, in which they talk of their emotions in tortuous sentences:
Fiona: All I could think of back here was you out there thinking of me back here thinking of you out there – back here. Needing you, wanting you, wanting to need you, needing to want you.
Charles: I don't have the words for it.
Fiona: I know.
Charles: I know you know.
Fiona: I know you know I know.
Charles: Yes, I know.
Their sketches customarily end with an unexpected twist, such as the revelation that they are living in a telephone box, or are dining at the Ritz in the nude, or trysting in a refrigerator. Barry Took wrote that they were his own favourite Round the Horne characters. During the second series they were dropped in favour of a new feature, "The Seamus Android Show" (see below) but were quickly brought back.
Chou En Ginsberg and Lotus Blossom
In the ninth show of the first series Chou En Ginsberg (Williams) appeared for the first time. He is a parody of the stereotypical far-Eastern villain Fu Manchu. The first part of his name was borrowed from Chou En-Lai, the then Chinese premier; for comic contrast the writers wanted an incongruous second name and experimented with "Chou En Murphy" and "Chou En McWhirter" before settling on "Ginsberg". He always announces himself as "Dr Chou En Ginsberg, MA (Failed)". He appears regularly in the James Bond parodies, "Kenneth Horne, Master Spy", plotting a fiendish international crime, luring Horne into his clutches but then being outwitted.
Chou was joined in the next show by his concubine, Lotus Blossom (Paddick) who is, in the words of her master, common as muck. A drawing of the two by William Hewison in Took and Feldman's 1974 book Round the Horne shows a diminutive Chou alongside a large, looming and graceless Lotus Blossom bulging out of her cheongsam. Her attempts to entertain Special Agent Horne with her songs and dances cause him more distress than Chou's threats of death.
Rambling Syd Rumpo
First heard in the tenth show of the first series, and a fixture thereafter, Rambling Syd (Williams) is an itinerant folk singer. The writers describe him as "one of the last of the breed of wandering minstrels who are fast dying out – thank heavens". Often misappropriating the tunes of genuine folk songs, Rambling Syd's lyrics consist of dubious-sounding nonsense words such as these, from the "Runcorn Splod Cobbler's Song":
I sing as I cobble and hammer my splod
Tho' my trumice glows hot and my trade be odd
I sit as I gorble and pillock my splee
For a cobbler's life is the life for me.
Or, to the tune of "Foggy Dew":
When I was a young man
I nadgered my splod
As I nurked at the wogglers' trade.
When suddenly I thought
While trussing up my groats,
I'd whirdle with a fair young maid.
Took said of the character that his "bogus ethnic patter and totally meaningless songs" created the illusion of "something terribly naughty going on" – but that any naughtiness was in fact in the listener's mind.
Daphne Whitethigh
The character was loosely based on the television cook Fanny Cradock. Described by Took and Feldman as "fashion reporter, TV cook, agony aunt, pain in the neck", Daphne Whitethigh (Marsden) is a hoarse-voiced pundit, "whose advice on the placing of the bosom or the way to prepare Hippo in its shell is an absolute must for all those trendy moderns who want to look and feel frightful". Among her helpful cooking tips are that although rhinoceros is not very appetising you do get marvellous crackling; her recipes for yak include yak à l'orange, yak in its jacket, and coupe yak. She advises followers of female fashion that bosoms are still out, but may be on the way back (Horne says he will keep a light burning in the window) and her other useful pointers include how to use cold cream to remove those baboon claw marks from one's hip, and how to avoid crow's feet round the eyes: refrain from sleeping in trees.
Seamus Android
Described by Took as "an unskilled television labourer whose gift of the blarney and wistful Irish charm could empty any theatre in three minutes", Seamus Android is a parody of the broadcaster Eamonn Andrews, whose weekly television chat show was broadcast live on Sunday evenings. Took and Feldman had appeared on Andrews's show and been astonished by "the non sequiturs and other nonsense he came out with". Seamus Android was the only regular character played by Pertwee, who was otherwise cast as what Took called "the odds and ends" – the minor characters and straight parts. Android's interviewees include the much married actress Zsa-Zsa Poltergeist, the Hollywood producer Daryll F. Klaphanger, and the star of The Ipswich File, Michael Bane; promised appearances by such as Lord Ghenghiz Wilkinson, the dancing cloakroom attendant, Nemesis Poston, the juggling monk, and Anthony Wormwood-Nibblo, the Hoxton cat thief and heiress fail to materialise. As Pertwee was not in the cast for the last series, Android was dropped.
Dentures
Played by Paddick, this is the only regular Round the Horne character who had in all essentials already appeared in Beyond Our Ken, where he was named Stanley Birkinshaw. In Round the Horne he has no regular name, and appears in various capacities. He is a man with ill-fitting false teeth; his diction distorts all sibilants, and sprays saliva in all directions. Dentures often opens the show in the style of a toastmaster ("My lordsh, ladiesh and gentlemen," etc). In the second series he appears as "The Great Omipaloni, the world's fastest illusionist – and also the dampest". In the third series he is Buffalo Sidney Goosecreature, adversary of the Palone Ranger, and in the fourth he is Angus McSpray ("Rishe againsht the Shasshenachsh") to Williams's Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Julie Coolibah
The invention of Mortimer and Cooke, Julie Coolibah (Marsden) appears in the fourth season. She is an Australian visiting London, deeply suspicious of British men ("I know you Pommies are sex mad"). Every time she talks to Horne she interprets his innocent remarks as sexual overtures:
Horne: Good to have you back.
Julie: What do you mean by that?
Horne: Nothing, just extending the hand of friendship.
Julie: Yeah? With what purpose in mind, might I ask?
When Julie manages to find work in London she has constant difficulties coping with the men. As a bus conductress she is outraged when a passenger gives her fourpence and asks "How far can I go for that?" She tells Horne, "I cracked him with my cash-bag and put him off".
Critical reception
Round the Horne is described by Foster and Furst as "one of the seminal comedies to come out of the BBC". The programme continued the comedy vein of The Goon Show and provided an influential link, through I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, to the work of the Monty Python writers and performers; at one point Monty Python was given the working title Barry Took's Flying Circus by the BBC. Round the Horne helped change the way the BBC dealt with broadcasting humour: "The ebullience of the ... comedy – not to mention the filth of the innuendos – swept away decades of insipid and paternalistic inhibition at the BBC", according to Richard Morrison, the chief arts correspondent of The Times.
Six years after the last series was first broadcast, The Daily Mirror called Round the Horne "the last great radio show". In 2002 The Spectator described it as "one of the great radio successes"; the following year William Cook wrote in The Guardian that the show, "boasted a wonderful writing team" and "bestrode the airwaves like a colossus, reaching an audience of 15 million – the sort of ratings most current comedies can only dream about." In 2005 The Sunday Times referred to it as "One of the best-loved shows of all time." Punch commented that the series was probably the last comedy show on radio to have a huge following. According to Took, Round the Horne was broadcast when radio was considered to be on the wane when compared to television; such was the show's popularity, many thought radio would continue to be a leading form of entertainment.
Although Round the Horne attracted some adverse comments from Black, Whitehouse and others of similar views, the show was well received by the press. In 1967 The Times called it "half an hour of the purest impure entertainment", and as the third series came to an end the paper called for a Christmas special and a further series in the new year. "No-one, but no-one at all has yet presented those elegant queens, those touchily vulnerable bona-boys, those fashion fetichists so deftly, so pointedly, and, in the final accounting, so purely". In 1969 the paper commented that the show was "a success with lovers of the sophisticated pun" as well as appealing to "those who like a good belly laugh", with "obvious jokes ... mixed with clever word juggling".
In 1995, looking back at British radio comedy, The Guardian placed Round the Horne first in its list of the five greatest shows. In 2019, in a poll run by Radio Times, Round the Horne was voted the third best radio show of any kind, and the best comedy.
Legacy
Recordings
Recordings of all the episodes have been issued on CD by the BBC in its "Audiobooks" publications (2002):
Series 1:
Series 2:
Series 3:
Series 4:
In 2005, to mark the 40th anniversary of the show, the BBC published a boxed set containing all episodes, on 35 CDs, with an accompanying 3-hour, 3-disc set "Round The Horne: The Complete and Utter History", written and narrated by Took:
By 2006 over half a million copies of tapes and CDs of Round the Horne had been sold by the BBC. Editions of Round the Horne are regularly broadcast on the digital radio service BBC Radio 4 Extra.
Scripts
Some scripts from all four series have been published. Those printed in two different books listed below are not always identical. Some print the scripts as written and others as finally broadcast. The scripts have been published in five books:
Series 1
Programme 1: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 4: Took and Feldman, 1974
Programme 5: Took, 1989; and Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 7: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 12: Took, 1989
Programme 13: Took, 1989
Programme 14: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 16: Took, 1998
Series 2
Programme 1: Took and Feldman, 1974; and Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 2: Took, 1998
Programme 3: Took, 1989
Programme 4: Took, 1989; and Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 5: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 6: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 8: Took and Feldman, 1974
Programme 9: Took, 1989
Programme 10: Took, 1989
Programme 12: Took and Feldman, 1974
Programme 13: Took, 1989; and Took and Coward, 2000
1966 Christmas show: Took and Coward, 2000
Series 3
Programme 1: Took, 1989
Programme 4: Took, 1989; and Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 6: Took, 1989
Programme 7: Took and Feldman, 1974
Programme 10: Took, 1989; and Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 11: Took and Feldman, 1974
Programme 12: Took, 1989
Programme 13: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 14: Took, 1989
Programme 16: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 17: Took, 1998
Programme 19: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 20: Took and Feldman, 1974
Series 4
Programme 4: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 5: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 8: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 12: Took and Coward, 2000
Programme 14: Took, 1998
Programme 15: Took and Coward, 2000
The Bona Book of Julian and Sandy by Took and Feldman was published in 1976 and dedicated, "For David Attenborough, who ought to know better". It contains the scripts of thirteen Julian and Sandy sketches:
Bona Books (from series 2, programme 2)
Bona Prods (from series 3, programme 10)
Bona Bijou Tourettes (from series 3, programme 12)
La Casserole de Bona Gourmet (from series 3, programme 15)
Bona Hunt (from series 3, programme 14)
Fabe Homes and Bona Gardens (from series 1, programme 10)
Bona Tattoos (from series 2, programme 3)
The Ballet Bona (from series 2, programme 9)
Bona Grapplers (from series 2, programme 10)
Bona Law (from series 3, programme 2)
Bona Pets (from series 2, programme 13)
Bona Palare (from series 4, programme 13)
Bona Performers (from series 2, programme 13)
Source: The Bona Book of Julian and Sandy.
Spin off
Three weeks after the fourth series of Round the Horne finished, the first episode of Horne A'Plenty was broadcast on the ITV channel. In a sketch show format, and with Took as script editor (and later producer), this was an attempt to translate the spirit of Round the Horne to television, although with different actors supporting Horne: Graham Stark, for example, substituted for Williams and Sheila Steafel for Marsden. The first six-part series ran from 22 June to 27 July 1968, the second from 27 November to 1 January 1969.
Adaptations
Round the Horne ... Revisited
A stage version, Round the Horne ... Revisited, was adapted from the original radio scripts by Brian Cooke, the last surviving writer of the series, and directed by Michael Kingsbury. It was first produced in October 2003 at the White Bear, a fringe theatre in south London, and opened in the West End at The Venue, Leicester Square in January 2004, running for more than a year. It featured Jonathan Rigby as Horne, Robin Sebastian as Williams, Nigel Harrison as Paddick, Kate Brown as Marsden and Charles Armstrong as Smith. A scene from the show featured in the 2004 Royal Variety Performance at the London Coliseum. Following the success of the London production, a second cast was assembled to tour the provinces. Stephen Critchlow played Horne, with Stephen Matthews, David Rumelle, Felicity Duncan and Oliver Beamish as Williams, Paddick, Marsden and Smith. The original show ran in London until December 2004, when it was replaced by a Christmas edition with an unchanged cast. A third edition, Round the Horne Revisited 2, rounded off the London run from February to April 2005, and then made a provincial tour.
The original version of the stage play was filmed by the BBC; the television director was Nick Wood. The programme was first transmitted on BBC Four on 13 June 2004 and was repeated ten times on Four or BBC Two over the next four years.
Other stage versions
In 2008 Barry Took's former wife, Lyn, and the director Richard Baron prepared a new stage adaptation, Round the Horne – Unseen and Uncut, which drew entirely on Took and Feldman material from series one to three. It toured in 2008 and 2009. The cast included, from the 2004 show, Rigby as Horne, Sebastian as Williams and Harrison as Paddick (later succeeded by David Delve), with Pertwee's characters – all omitted from the 2004 show – restored, played by Michael Shaw; Stephen Boswell played Smith. Unlike the 2004 production, it had a six-strong cast, augmented by a group of vocalists and musicians in the roles of the Hornblowers and the Fraser Hayes Four.
In 2015, to mark 50 years since the radio series began, Apollo Theatre Company produced a stage adaptation, Round the Horne: The 50th Anniversary Tour, compiled from the original scripts and directed by Tim Astley. The cast comprised Julian Howard McDowell (Horne), Colin Elmer (Williams), Jonathan Hansler (Paddick), Eve Winters (Marsden) and Nick Wymer (Smith).
Documentaries
A 45-minute BBC radio documentary, Round and Round the Horne, was broadcast on 18 September 1976. It was presented by Frank Bough and included interviews with Williams and Took. A 60-minute radio documentary, Horne A' Plenty, was broadcast on 14 February 1994. It was presented by Leslie Phillips and included new interviews with Marsden and Took and archive material featuring Horne. A three-hour radio special, Horne of Plenty, was broadcast on 5 March 2005 for the 40th anniversary of the show. It was presented by Jonathan James-Moore and included interviews with Ron Moody, Pertwee, Merriman's son Andy, Cooke, Lyn Took, and extracts from Williams's diary read "in character" by David Benson. The special included the first and final episodes of Beyond Our Ken and Round the Horne in their entirety.
Contribution to British vocabulary
Round the Horne is cited as a source in 38 entries in The Oxford English Dictionary. Rambling Syd is quoted in the entry for "nadger": "In plural. The testicles. 'Now my dearios, I'll tether my nadgers to a grouting pole for the old grey mare is grunging in the meadow' – from a comedy monologue by the character 'Rambling Syd Rumpo' whose material is characterized by the use of nonsense words with a general air of sexual innuendo; the meaning is intentionally vague." Rambling Syd's surname is also cited: "rumpo", "n. Brit. slang. = rumpy-pumpy n. Perhaps influenced by the name of 'Rambling Syd Rumpo', a character (played by Kenneth Williams) in the British radio series Round the Horne (1965–9 ), whose songs, although largely consisting of nonsense words, often had an air of sexual innuendo."
Julian and Sandy are cited among the sources for a range of palare words, including "bona" (Good, excellent; attractive), "naff" (Unfashionable, vulgar; lacking in style, inept; worthless, faulty), "nante" (Nothing), "omee" (Man – spelled "omi" by Took and Feldman) and "palone" (A young woman. Also: an effeminate man).
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Sources
Books
Episodes
Journals
Magazines
Newspapers
Websites
External links
Category:BBC Light Programmes
Category:BBC Radio 2 programmes
Category:BBC Radio comedy programmes
Category:British variety radio programmes
Category:1965 radio programme debuts
Category:1968 radio programme endings | 2024-06-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9166 |
Abstract
The MASS (Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems) trial was established in the coastal mountains of British Columbia to compare clearcut, patch cut, green tree and shelterwood systems. A number of studies were carried out at the MASS trial to determine the extent to which these variable levels of stand retention retained old-growth attributes of N cycling and associated ecological processes. Harvesting led to increases in N mineralization in the forest floor (2X) and mineral soil (10X), and fluxes of N through the upper 25 cm of mineral soil (2X to 3X). However, fluxes of N were not large (< 0.35 kg ha-1 per growing season). Nitrogen mineralized was predominantly ammonium and not nitrate in the forest floor (> 95% in all but clearcut, > 75% in clearcut) and upper mineral soil horizon (42-86%). The nitrate component came from heterotrophic decomposition of organic matter, not conversion of ammonium to nitrate by autotrophs, and nitrate increases resulted from decreased gross nitrate consumption with harvesting, rather than increased nitrate production. The increases in soil N availability resulting from harvesting were reflected in only slight increases in seedling foliar N concentrations for two to four years after logging (peak of 2% for western hemlock and 1.6% for amabilis fir) before decreasing to below deficiency thresholds for both species. Overall, estimated losses of N from the rooting zone after harvesting (1 kg ha-1 yr-1) were minimal in comparison to estimated N inputs (4 kg ha-1 yr-1), N exports in logs at harvesting (250 kg ha-1) and soil reserves (11 400 kg ha-1). Although unlikely to affect future site productivity, losses of N could be reduced somewhat through the use of shelterwood harvesting. | 2024-03-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3418 |
Q:
Enzyme shallow render is rendering children components
I'm trying to shallow render a component to perform some basic unit tests.
The component I am doing this on has two child components which are rendered several times each depending on the parents props.
When querying the shallow rendered component, the child elements are being rendered -fully- also, meaning that the children's HTML elements are also accessible.
I am using Karma, Browserify, Jasmine and Enzyme, and can post the configs for each if needed. Has anybody seen similar behaviour before?
A:
This is the correct behaviour. The different to the other render methods from enzyme is, that it does not call any lifecycle methods and that it does not convert to real html, but it will render all its childs and childs of the childs and so on.
| 2023-08-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7516 |
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Salon Hair Care Products at Walgreens
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Stylists always seem to have the ability to reduce frizz, shape the tresses and get hairstyles to stay in place all day long. The salon styling products used are the secret to their success. Walgreens Salon Hair Care Products include serums and treatment products that can be used to tame your hair and make it more manageable. Texturizers, volumizers, pomades and other styling products make it easier to shape your hair and can address hair care concerns, such as lack of body. Finishing your style with a salon-quality hairspray will help it stay in place to cut down on the need for mid-day styling.
Shop Walgreens Salon Hair Care Products to find your favorite salon formulas by trusted brands without having to make a trip to the salon. The products include formulas from some of the top names in salon hair care such as Rusk and Biolage, and will help you unlock the secrets to salon style. | 2024-03-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7778 |
Washington, D.C. – Today the State Department released its supplemental review
of the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline. A year ago, President Obama responded to
strong public opposition by denying the original application and asking
State to revise its environmental review of the Keystone XL project. The new
review acknowledges the increased climate impacts of Canadian tar sands, but it
remains woefully inadequate in its consideration of the effects the
proposed pipeline would have on Americans’ climate, water, air and health.
In
response, Michael Brune, Executive Director of the Sierra Club, issued the
following statement:
"The Sierra Club is outraged by the State Department’s deeply
flawed analysis today and what can only be interpreted as lip service to one of
the greatest threats to our children’s future: climate disruption.
"We’re mystified as to how the State Department can acknowledge the
negative effects of the Earth’s dirtiest oil on our climate, but at the same
time claim that the proposed pipeline will ‘not likely result in significant
adverse environmental effects.’ Whether this failure was willful or accidental,
this report is nothing short of malpractice.
"President Obama said that he’s committed to fighting the climate crisis.
If that is true, he should throw the State Department’s report away and reject
the dirty and dangerous Keystone XL pipeline." | 2024-06-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1886 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a zener zap diode having a construction in which a conductive layer such as a polycrystalline silicon layer is formed on an outer base region constituting a base region and a contact between the conductive layer and a metal interconnecting layer for a base electrode is formed.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 illustrates a construction of a conventional zener zap diode formed at the same time with bipolar transistors, which will now be described using the references of parts from the bipolar transistor formed at the same time with the zener zap diode. In this figure, a device isolation film 103 by means of the LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) method is selectively formed in an N-type well region 102 formed on a P-type silicon substrate 101. An insulation film 104 for determining an area in which an outer base region 107 of a P-type described later is formed is selectively formed on the device isolation film 103 and the N-type well region 102. Furthermore, a first polysilicon layer 105 as a base lead electrode is formed so as to partially cover the insulation film 104. The polysilicon layer 105 is overlaid with a field insulation film 106.
The outer base region 107 which is made of a P-type impurity diffusion layer and constitutes a base region, and an active base region 108 are formed in areas adjacent to the surface of the silicon substrate 101 determined by the insulation film 104. An emitter region 109 made of an N-type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the silicon substrate 101 on the upper side of the active base region 108. The emitter region 109 and the active base region 108 constitute a PN junction of the zener zap diode.
A pit 110 reaching the emitter region 109 through the polysilicon layer 105 and the field insulation film 106 is formed on the upper side of the emitter region 109. A side wall insulation film 111 made of a silicon oxide film is formed around the inner wall of the pit 110 to completely isolate the emitter region 109 from the polysilicon layer 105.
A second polysilicon layer 112 as an emitter lead electrode is formed on the emitter region 109 and is extended to overlay the side wall 111 and a part of the field insulation film 106. A metal interconnecting layer 113-1 for connecting the emitter lead electrode is selectively formed on the polysilicon layer 112.
The first polysilicon layer 105 extends to the upper surface of the insulation film 104 formed on the device isolation film 103. A pit 114 reaching the polysilicon layer 105 is provided with the field insulation film 106 above the device isolation film 103. Forming the pit 114 gives a contact 114a between the polysilicon layer 105 and a metal interconnecting layer 113-2 for the base.
Thus, in the conventional zener zap diode, to reduce the parasitic capacity of the outer base region 107, the contact 114a between the first polysilicon layer 105 connected to the outer base region 107 and the metal interconnecting layer 113-2 has been disposed above the device isolation film 103.
In the manufacturing process of the integrated circuit (IC) comprising multiple semiconductor devices such as bipolar transistors and zener zap diodes, the so-called trimming process is a common exercise. The trimming process is conducted to save the IC chip from being disposed as totally defective due to a partial failure of the semiconductors. Namely, when there is a partial failure among the multiple semiconductor devices formed on one IC chip, the junctions configuring the semiconductor devices in failure are cut off, or on the contrary, short-circuited to change the defective semiconductor devices into resistors; thus saving the total of the IC chip. Especially when the semiconductor devices are zener zap diodes, the method called zener zap trimming is applied.
However, in the conventional zener zap diode in which the contact r a between the first polysilicon layer 105 connected to the outer base region 107 and the metal interconnecting layer 113-2 is disposed above the device isolation film 103, as shown in FIG. 1, trimming will cause the following problems.
When the zener zap trimming method is applied to a zener zap diode, that is, short-circuiting is done between the active base region 108 and the emitter region 109 to zap the PN junction, a filament 120 is formed from the emitter region 109 through the metal interconnecting layer 113-2 of the base lead region, as shown in FIG. 2. The filament 120 is an alloy of aluminum and silicon constituting the metal interconnecting layer 113-2, which is a product by a short-circuiting current running from the metal interconnecting layer 113-1 on the emitter side through the metal interconnecting layer 113-2 on the side of the base. The filament 120 is not formed in the silicon oxide film, and is formed only in the conductive layer and semiconductor layer. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the filament 120 is not formed in the device isolation film 103 and the insulation film 104 thereon, and is concentratedly formed in an inner area of the polysilicon layer 105 as far as an area above the device isolation film 103 is concerned. Thereby, an excessive stress is applied to the field insulation film 106 on the polysilicon layer 105, thus producing a possibility for a damage including cracks. Furthermore, the depth of the filament 120 is less than the depth of the polysilicon layer 105 in the area above the device isolation film 103; and therefore, the resistance after trimming increases in this area. Still more, the area in which the filament 120 is formed is not stabilized, and is inclined to be differently formed by each trimming and the resistance after trimming is dispersed to a large extent. Consequently, it has been difficult to secure a sufficient reliability on the IC chip regenerated by the trimming. | 2023-10-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8177 |
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Episcopal Voices Against North Carolina's Amendment One
In North Carolina a fierce battle is unfolding over the fate of Amendment One which would a) amend the state's constitution to define marriage as between a man and a woman and b) end the legal recognition of domestic partnerships (same or opposite sex) curently on the books in some cities and counties. Two days ago, the bishops of North Carolina -- The Rt. Rev. Michael B. Curry, Diocese of North Carolina; the Rt. Rev. Clifton Daniel, III, Diocese of East Carolina; and the Rt. Rev. G. Porter Taylor, Diocese of Western North Carolin --released a joint letter opposing Amendment One. Their statement (which can be found here) read in part,
“We oppose Amendment One because the love of God and the way of love that has been revealed in Jesus of Nazareth compels us to do so. We oppose Amendment One because every time we baptize someone in The Episcopal Church, the entire congregation vows to ‘strive for justice and peace among all people, and respect the dignity of every human being.’* We oppose Amendment One because it is unjust and it does not respect the dignity of every human being in the State of North Carolina."
Yesterday, the Chapel Hilll News added the voice of another Episcopalian to the debate. Viviane Taylor (writing under her current legal name, Sam) is a graduate of UNC, a recent Boston transplant from North Carolina, a writer, and an Iraq War veteran who has come out as transgender. Viviane (whose transition is reported in a two-part article -- here and here) has had a column in the Chapel Hill News since her deployment. In yesterday's piece, she comes out strongly against Amendment One.
North Carolinians are better than Amendment One. But I get it, there are a lot of Christians in my beautiful home state. There are a lot of people who put following the will of the Lord above all other things.
So let’s talk about God.
God is famous for, among a few other things, giving man The Law. Now folks today sure do like to hunt and peck with the Law, pick things they like and drop things they don’t.
If this thing The Law is going to be so important to people, well, we might as well give some small amount of energy to trying to understand what The Law is, what The Law means.
The Law is mainly found in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Folks like some of those five books. Genesis? Everyone knows Genesis, most have number some sort of fight over it. Exodus? It’s the model for every revolutionary group, whether it be America taking our independence from Britain or the folks of African descent fighting their way out of slavery, or hey, even gay and trans folks like me. And Leviticus and Deuteronomy? Some one is always trying to whip out that big old rule book to pop somebody else over the head.
But I’m going to direct you to everybody’s least favorite book of the Pentateuch, of the whole Bible even. The Book of Numbers. I know folks who have spent their entire lives studying the scriptures who avoid Numbers. Why? Because it can be powerfully, powerfully boring. It seems like nothing but W begot X begot Y begot Z begot and so and so on, right?
Turns out, No. There’s a story I want to point you to in Numbers chapter 27, verses 1 through 11. It’s a story about five women demanding their Rights.
Story goes that there was a man named Zelophehad who had five daughters, Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah and Tirzah and no sons. He died. The Law of Moses, the Law of God said that his property was to go to his nearest male relative. His daughters were to get nothing. Nothing.
The daughters saw how unjust that was. They went before Moses, Eleazar the priest, the leaders, and all the congregation and they told them that The Law was unjust, that they deserved their inheritance. Why should their family lose everything just because of the lack of a male to inherit it?
What happens? Does one of the leaders call them greedy? Or immoral? Or uppity? No, Moses takes their case to God. And God takes up for them. The Lord says, Those women are right. And The Law gets changed.
You see, The Law isn’t right because it’s The Law. The Law is only right so long as it is just. If The Law is being used to defend injustice, The Law is wrong and God wants it changed.
The man I believe is the Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth is recorded saying when someone asked him which was the most important commandment “You shall love the Lord you God with your whole heart, soul, and mind. This is the greatest and first commandment. And a second like the first, ’You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.”
Amendment One doesn’t work with the commandments Jesus gave us. It just exists to harm folks who aren’t hurting anyone, who are just living their lives as well as they can, just like everyone else.
I’m asking you to love your neighbor as yourself and vote against carving needless discrimination against your neighbor into our state’s constitution.
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Thou shalt not post gossip; for it is serious sin that nobody preaches about anymore.
Thou shalt not include thine own opinions in posts; but thou mayest post thine own opinions using the comments feature. | 2024-05-31T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2653 |
Q:
ASP.Net Generated SWF object
I'm working with SWF files (a video player that connects to Flash Media Server) and we're using ASP.Net. ASP.Net connects to the database and gets the stream URL, In the codebehind page, we get the InnerHTML value of the DIV of the video player and put the stream name in it.
Now it works perfectly, at least on Chrome, FireFox and Opera. However, in IE, it says that the movie, pertaining to the video player, is not loaded.
What does this mean?
A:
I just removed the stuf outside the embed tag.
| 2023-09-04T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1976 |
Sentai Filmworks began streaming English-subtitled trailers for the Girls Last Tour and Just Because anime series on Tuesday.
Girls Last Tour will premiere in Japan on the AT-X, Tokyo MX, KBS Kyoto, Sun TV, and BS11 channels on Friday. It will also run on TV Aichi on October 7, and on TVQ on October 9. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the anime for the fall 2017 simulcast season on Anime Strike in the United States and "select digital platforms" in other territories. Sentai FIlmworks is also planning a home video release.
Yen Press licensed the original manga and is releasing it in English. The company describes the story:
Civilization is dead, but Chito and Yuuri are still alive. So they hop aboard their beloved Kettenkrad motorbike and aimlessly wander the ruins of the world they once knew. Day after hopeless day, they look for their next meal and fuel for their ride. But as long as the two are together, even an existence as bleak as theirs has a ray or two of sunshine in it, whether they're sucking down their fill of soup or hunting for machine parts to tinker with. For two girls in a world full of nothing, the experiences and feelings the two share give them something to live for...
Takaharu Ozaki ( Persona 5 the Animation -The Day Breakers- ) is directing the anime at WHITE FOX. Kazuyuki Fudeyasu (Is the order a rabbit?, Monster Musume) is writing and overseeing the scripts, and Mai Toda (Matoi the Sacred Slayer, Holy Knight) is designing the characters and serving as chief animation director. Sho Tanaka ( No Game, No Life , Re: Zero ) is producing the anime. Kenichiro Suehiro (Space Patrol Luluco, Re:ZERO -Starting Life in Another World-) is composing the music.
The show is also inspiring a spinoff anime series titled Shōjo Shūmatsu Jugyō (Girls' Last Class) that will premiere on Kadokawa 's official YouTube channel on Friday, with new episodes every Friday.
Tsukumizu publishes the manga digitally on Shinchosha's "Kurage Bunch" website. Shinchosha published the fifth compiled volume on September 8.
Just Because will premiere in Japan on Thursday on AT-X (9:00 p.m.), Tokyo MX (11:30 p.m.), and TV Kanagawa (1:00 a.m., effectively October 6 morning). The show will also premiere on Friday on MBS (2:55 a.m., effectively Saturday morning), and on October 10 on BS Fuji (12:30 a.m., effectively October 11 morning). Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime and will stream it for the fall 2017 simulcast season on Anime Strike in the United States and on select digital outlets in other territories. The company is also planning a home video release.
Atsushi Kobayashi ( Girls & Panzer storyboards, episode director) is directing the anime at PINE JAM, with Hajime Kamoshida (The Pet Girl of Sakurasou) as the scriptwriter and Kiseki Himura (Sword Art Online: Progressive manga, Tawawa on Monday) as the original character designer. Hiroyuki Yoshii ( Tawawa on Monday ) is adapting the character designs for animation. Singer-songwriter Nagi Yanagi ( A Lull in the Sea , My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU , Bakemonogatari ) is credited as music producer and is also performing the opening theme song. The main female cast members, consisting of Karin Isobe, Yuna Yoshino, and Lynn, will perform the ending theme song as their respective characters. | 2024-06-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4139 |
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7 Ways With Spaghetti
Everyone's favorite noodle shows its versatility as it jumps from traditional recipes to new-fangled whole-grain and Asian options.
Photo: Beau Gustafson; Styling: Mindi Shapiro Levine
Pasta Recipes
Bring the classic childhood dish into your grown-up dinner rotation by serving it with rich sacues, Asian ingredients, or in a hearty casserole. Skip the jarred sauce and try one of our favorite spaghetti recipes tonight.
Randy Mayor
Spaghetti and Meatballs
Chances are you already have a favorite version of this classic, but you gotta try these meatballs. Made with ground sirloin and lean Italian sausage, they're way better than Italian restaurant fare. If time is short, pair meatballs with a bottled sauce.
Whole-grain Pasta Soup with Greens and Parmesan
A good chicken broth or stock, Parmesan cheese, fresh kale, red chili flakes, and whole-grain spaghetti combine to make this simple soup a stand out. Keep the pantry stocked, and this soup can come together quickly anytime the mercury dips.
Spaghetti with Parmesan and Bacon
Easy enough for a weeknight supper, kids of all ages will love the creamy sauce of eggs, milk, and Parmesan cheese that coats this spaghetti. Peas and bacon add color and texture to the dish, which is reminiscent of pasta carbonara.
Beef-Broccoli Lo Mein
You'll wonder why you ever ordered Chinese take-out after one bite of this crowd-pleasing Lo Mein. As spaghetti cooks, stir fry a small flank steak, onions, broccoli, garlic, and ginger. Add sesame oil and a few Asian condiments, and dinner is served.
Shrimp Pad Thai
Spaghetti noodles stand in for Asian rice noodles, and our other shortcuts shave time without sacrificing authentic flavor. Believe it or not, this dish comes together in about 15 minutes. If you don't eat shrimp, substitute tofu or chicken. | 2024-06-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5122 |
St. Johns
St. Johns
Located in northeast Austin at the intersections to Hwy. 290 and 183 and I-35, and a quick 10 minute drive to downtown Austin, the St. Johns neighborhood is one of the most affordable areas of the city. St. Johns is an older, ethnic community that resembles what Austin’s East side of years past, as they began experiencing an elevated neighborhood spirit and eventually became our once hidden jewel. Working diligently to maintain, beautify, and unite residents, the St. Johns neighborhood association regularly hosts community events. Recognized and awarded by the “Keep Austin Beautiful” campaign, St. Johns promises to be “the little neighborhood that could.” Comprised mostly of small working class families, it’s an area that is striving to follow in the footsteps of Austin’s East side.
Spotlight: Krab Kings Seafood Truck
This is a tricky one. Very tricky. Why, you ask? Because Krab Kingz Seafood Truck does not “live” in St. Johns, per se. But he likes to come and visit from his home in Killeen all the time, and if you want a real underground kind of trailer food experience you heard it here first. If I were the betting kind, I would wager that Krab Kingz will eventually become a brick and mortar business here in Austin. The reason is: look at the picture.
What you need to know in order to visit Karab Kingz when they come to Blackson Ave. in St. Johns: Diligently monitor Krab Kingz’s Facebook page to plan your day around this outing. The wait isn’t quite as long as Franklin’s Famous BBQ, but you know where I’m going with this. Bring an umbrella to shield the sun if you want, and water to drink in line. Is it worth it? Look at the picture. | 2023-11-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2158 |
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| 2024-02-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2351 |
You are here
4 Japanese climbers on Mount McKinley presumed dead in avalanche
Four Japanese climbers caught in an avalanche attempting to summit Mount McKinley appear to have perished, according to the National Park Service and multiple news agencies.
Denali National Park spokeswoman Maureen McLaughlin told Reuters the men were "presumed" dead because their bodies had not yet been recovered.
Park officials were notified by one climber from the group who survived the Thursday morning avalanche on McKinley's West Buttress, the most common path to summit the tallest summit in North America. He made his way down to get help. | 2023-11-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2451 |
The Single Best Strategy To Use For loop connection fly line
The Single Best Strategy To Use For loop connection fly line
This connection is The easiest method to immediately adjust leaders, though continue to touring through the guides efficiently.
The most typical different could be the “braided leader loop” that's slid over the top on the fly line, and locked in place by then sliding a tubular plastic portion more than best.
You may also make a loop, shove it inside of a pen cap and “weld” the tag close and line stop together with a hair straightener.
Then the bottom is a bimini just looped once or twice over the again loop, along with a perfection loop slipped above the front? Thanks for an brilliant article.
If you’re connecting a butt-segment loop on the loop at the conclusion of a knotless, tapered leader, move
How to help make a Loop to loop connection correctly. This crystal clear and easy to comply with video clip demonstrates you the way to properly make a loop to loop connection retaining complete power of you line.
The braided loops is often susceptible to “hinging” on the braid portion, With all the consequent failure to turn in excess of the leader effectively.
Answer: Over the past handful of many years, we’ve answered a handful More hints of “will it make any difference?” thoughts, and frequently The solution is either “No” or “I’ve never even thought of that, so it mustn’t matter.” But this one particular differs. It absolutely
When fishing streamers, I’ve normally seen trout chase the loop… some are yellow, and fish appear to be to like them!
Commence wrapping your thread for the loop and work your way back little by little right up until you’ve protected the 45 diploma Reduce fly line every one of the way.
Incorrect: Without the need of guaranteeing that the loops flatten out, you make a weak hinge-place inside the connection.
New braided loop, with plastic retaining tube, exhibiting frayed finish where by fly line will be to be inserted. The thoroughly clean braid offers you some idea of the quantity of drinking water it'll keep, when compared with a welded loop or leader link.
Query: Settle a guess—if you’re producing a loop-to-loop connection to attach a leader in your butt part, will it matter which loop goes more than another?
I discovered a online video of someone performing this a while again and when the video was in excess of I did it to all of my fly lines. No much more braided loops for me!
An appropriate representation in the requested useful resource couldn't be discovered on this server. This mistake was created by Mod_Security.
There appears to be no downside, and the costs are low at < US£5 for a packet of five. The line to leader back links provide a cheap Answer to a standard issue. | 2024-02-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8370 |
Winifred Lawson
Winifred Lawson (15 November 1892 – 30 November 1961) was an English opera and concert singer in the first half of the 20th century. She is best remembered for her performances in the soprano roles in the Gilbert and Sullivan operas as a member of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.
Life and career
Lawson was born in Wolverhampton, England. She started out as a concert singer; after a 1918 concert, The Times wrote, "It is becoming rare nowadays to hear a high soprano who sings perfectly in tune, with a flexible voice and without tremolo, and the pleasure is all the greater when it does come." She made her first appearance on the London opera stage in 1920 as the Countess Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro at the Old Vic. She went on to appear in The Magic Flute, as Marguerite in Faust, and as the Princess in Prince Ferelon. She also sang in the Cambridge performances of Purcell's Fairy-Queen.
D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
Lawson made her D'Oyly Carte Opera Company debut as a guest singer in 1922 at the Prince's Theatre in London, playing Princess Ida in Princess Ida. She then joined the company as principal soprano. Lawson regularly appeared as Phyllis in Iolanthe, Elsie Maynard in The Yeomen of the Guard, Casilda in The Gondoliers, Patience in Patience, Josephine in H.M.S. Pinafore and Yum-Yum in The Mikado.
She toured in the role of Lili in Lilac Time before rejoining the D'Oyly Carte company the 1929-30 season, adding the role of Aline in The Sorcerer to her repertoire, and during the 1930-31 she appeared for the first time as Rose Maybud in Ruddigore. Lawson left D'Oyly Carte in June 1931 in order to look after her mother, who was unwell. However, on her return to the company in February 1932, she appeared as Patience, Phyllis, Ida, Yum-Yum, and Casilda, until June of that year when she left the company for the last time.
With the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, she recorded five of her roles: Princess Ida (1924), Gianetta (1927), Elsie Maynard (1928), Phyllis (1929), and Patience (1930). She also recorded the Plaintiff in Trial by Jury (1927), though she never played the part on stage.
Later years
On the death of her mother in 1933, Lawson returned to the stage, appearing for two seasons with the Sadler's Wells Opera in Pagliacci, Faust, The Marriage of Figaro, Così fan tutte, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, and La bohème. In 1935 she toured Australia and New Zealand, appearing in many of the Gilbert and Sullivan soprano roles with the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company.
On her return to England, she reprised the role of the Countess in The Marriage of Figaro at the Open Air Theatre in London's Regent's Park in 1938. This was to be her last appearance on the London stage. During World War II, she sang in many concerts and toured the Middle East for ENSA, and after the war she took part in the 'Life of Gilbert and Sullivan' radio broadcasts for the BBC, when she sang popular songs from the operas.
Lawson was elected Vice-President of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society in 1944 and regularly joined Society meetings and events. Her autobiography, A Song to Sing-O!, with foreword by Sir Malcolm Sargent, was published by Michael Joseph in 1955.
She died in London at the age of 69.
Notes
References
Lawson, Winifred, A Song to Sing-O! (1955) Michael Joseph
Introduction by Martyn Green.
External links
Lawson on the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company website
Lawson in the 1928 'The Yeomen of the Guard'
Photos of Lawson at the G&S Archive
Photos of Lawson at the Memories of the D'Oyly Carte website
Drawing of Lawson as Patience
Information about Lawson's Princess Ida recording with a photo of a recording session
Category:English operatic sopranos
Category:People from Wolverhampton
Category:1892 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:20th-century English singers
Category:20th-century British opera singers
Category:20th-century English women singers | 2023-08-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9461 |
Syrian official: Car bomb in Damascus kills 10
This photo released by the Syrian official news agency SANA, shows Syrian fire fighters extinguishing burning cars after a huge explosion shook the Sabaa Bahrat Square, one of the capital's biggest roundabouts, in Damascus, Syria, Monday, April. 8, 2013. A car bomb rocked a busy residential and commercial district in central Damascus, killing over a dozen people, wounding at least 50 and causing heavy material damage, a Syrian government official said. (AP Photo/SANA)
DAMASCUS, Syria (AP) — A car bomb rocked a busy residential and commercial district in central Damascus Monday, killing at least 10 people and causing heavy material damage, a Syrian government official said.
The blast, which state-run Syrian TV described as a terrorist suicide bombing, went off near the Sabaa Bahrat Square, one of the capital’s biggest roundabouts. The Syrian Central Bank, a mosque and a school are located nearby.
A massive cloud of black smoke rose from the area as ambulances rushed to the scene.
Monday’s blast is the latest in a series of car bombs and suicide bombings to hit the Syrian capital. The last such explosion in central Damascus was on Feb. 22, when a suicide car bombing near the ruling Baath Party headquarters killed 53 people and wounded more than 200, according to state media.
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Anti-regime activists at the time put the death toll at 61, which would make it the deadliest bombing in the capital in the two-year Syrian civil war.
TV images on Monday showed thick black smoke billowing in a wide street with several cars on fire. At least six bodies were seen lying in the street. Paramedics were seen carrying on a stretcher a young woman wearing a jeans skirt, her face bloodied, into an ambulance.
Shaken teenage students holding their backpacks were seen walking away. The TV said the blast occurred near the Bukhari School.
The Syrian government official told The Associated Press that 10 people were killed. He spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to give official statements to the media. | 2023-09-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6197 |
Great White
We reserve a special place for the shark as a universally feared predator: the African savannah has its Lions and the Arctic has its Polar Bears… each of them apex predators within their eco-system, emblematic “lords” of their habitat. If the iconic Great White Shark is the oceanic equivalent of a lion or polar bear, why are we more likely to consider it a terror of the ocean than the king of the ocean?
Perhaps their size (up to 20 feet or more in length, weighing over 3,000 pounds), their voracious appetite (they can swallow an adult bull seal whole) or their awesome jaws (with huge, jagged teeth that rotate into the frontline, replacing teeth broken during predation) or the fact they lurk in unknown depths, prevents us from ever identifying with them, as we do with their mammalian counterparts.
As much as we fear them, we are fascinated by them: toys, emblems, movies… recent children’s films attempt a kind of rehabilitation, with two of them featuring “vegetarian” Great Whites… but the image that remains the most potent has to be that of Jaws…
Like land based predators, however, these incredible creatures are under threat: from loss of habitat, competition over food resources, and the global trade in shark finning. Like all predators, sharks play a pivotal role within their ecosystem: when lost, the system faces total collapse. | 2023-12-10T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8839 |
I ran across this story on the Christian Broadcasting Network today and it stunned me for the illogical tone it took with the article. Talk about preaching to the choir...
It's called "NRB Study: Social Sites Censoring Christians" and the NRB, for those who are unaware, is the National Religious Broadcasters - obviously, an impartial source to start with. The group's study claims that social networking sites are silencing Christians and list "Facebook, Google, Apple, and MySpace" as the main culprits.
They love Twitter, seem unaware that Apple isn't a social networking site, and no one has used MySpace since before they started their "study" a year and a half ago. Apple comes in for an extra dose of criticism for removing two anti-gay apps.
"There is a kind of viewpoint censorship that's going on. And we need to go ahead and stand up and say, 'Stop. Not here. Don't do it. Wrong way. Turn around now,'" [American Center for Law and Justice director of the office of governmental affairs Colby] May explained. ... "And you have to ask yourself, 'Why just these two viewpoints of the hundreds of thousands that you have?' And when you get the explanation, it's 'Well, some people were ruffled. They felt they were offended by it,'" May said.
Parshall complained that the companies behind these platforms give them "the authority to strip content off whenever other users, for any reason, decide they don't like the opinions of other users."
"Then you're thinking, 'Wait just a minute. We've crossed over into this netherworld where offense is now the justification upon which the rights we have as Americans to fully engage in the culture and to debate all issues is going to be decided?'" May asked.
Allow me to explain this for a moment to our friends nodding along at home and thinking, "Free speech for everyone! First amendment!" after the break. The rest of you can stop here and shake your heads in disbelief at the inanity.
Apple isn't the government. The First Amendment says the government can't censor your speech. Companies can and do all the time.
No one has a constitutional right to make an iPhone app and force Apple to promote it and offer it for sale for you.
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I think we need two more sentences for your definition of Free Speech. The one that the right wing seems to have the hardest time understanding.
Boycotts, blogs dedicated to refuting your statements, and protesters outside of your offices are not censorship. No person, organization, or religion has a constitutional right to patronage, donations, or ability to make statements without being refuted.
Yeah, occasionally Christians have reason for a legit complaint, but generally they are crybabies because others have the same right to put a message out that they do. They wail and moan because they can't control the entire media world, which is exactly what they think their warped sense of evangelism qualifies them to do. Since they imagine themselves to have a monopoly on Truth itself, they think they deserve to have a monopoly on the public arena as well.
S E R I O U S L Y. If they want to control the media then how about they put some of that ingenuity to work and make their own social networking sites, their own media sharing websites, and their own technology products instead of trying to boss everyone else around? Create MyReligiousSpace.com and you're free to do whatever you want with it! Trust me, I won't join! Create iJesusTunes and iJesusPhone and then you can produce all the apps you want! Many, if not most, of us will not be banging down your door to put our views on your website. Geesh.
And therein lies the problem. iJesus and MyReligiousSpace.com would lack the built-in audience necessary for the religionists to evangelize (which is another word for ramming their unwanted views down your throat). No one would be listening to their screeds except the seven other religionists.
I question the "NBR Study" claim. There have been many articles about Apple and facbook removing people and groups for religious veiws and most of them abused the terms of agreement just like any hacker/spammer. If all you take into account are the people that were pushing a Christian agenda then it looks like a freedom of speach issue. When in truth they have probably removed more Muslim groups than Christian and yes there have been alot of articles about that also. Neither of these groups pay any attention to the number of "breast enlargement cream" or "penis extension scams" that have also been removed. If you don't like the terms of agreement that you signed before using a privately owned website then you also have the right to go else where. | 2023-11-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8918 |
2006 GENERAL ELECTION ADVISORY VOTE
"Should the State of Idaho keep the property tax relief adopted in August 2006, reducing property taxes by approximately $260 million and protecting funding for public schools by keeping the sales tax at 6%?". | 2023-10-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1668 |
** This is a sample application that shows how data binding can be used with RecyclerView **
It has 2 RecyclerView lists. 1 of them has the same item type and the other one has mixed items.
All of the items from the first list are included in the second list so you can observe how
two lists stay in sync.
You should take a look at [BaseDataBoundAdapter](https://github.com/google/android-ui-toolkit-demos/blob/master/DataBinding/DataBoundRecyclerView/app/src/main/java/com/example/android/databoundrecyclerview/BaseDataBoundAdapter.java) class which adds a callback to the data binding class to prevent items from updating themselves. Instead, it notifies the RecyclerView about the change and waits for the RecyclerView to call onBind for that item.
This allows RecyclerView animations to work well and avoid unnecessary layout passes.
There are 2 adapters that are built on top of `BaseDataBoundAdapter`.
* [DataBoundAdapter](https://github.com/google/android-ui-toolkit-demos/blob/master/DataBinding/DataBoundRecyclerView/app/src/main/java/com/example/android/databoundrecyclerview/DataBoundAdapter.java) is suitable for lists where there is only 1 type of view. This way `bindItem(DataBoundViewHolder<T> holder, int position, List<Object> payloads)` implementation becomes type safe.
* [MultiTypeDataBoundAdapter](https://github.com/google/android-ui-toolkit-demos/blob/master/DataBinding/DataBoundRecyclerView/app/src/main/java/com/example/android/databoundrecyclerview/MultiTypeDataBoundAdapter.java) demonstrates using multiple item types. It works based on the asusmption that each item view receives a variable called data. This helps it to work with multiple activities.
You can see actual usage of these two adapters in the [MainActivity](https://github.com/google/android-ui-toolkit-demos/blob/master/DataBinding/DataBoundRecyclerView/app/src/main/java/com/example/android/databoundrecyclerview/MainActivity.java).
Note that this is not a library, rather a reference implementation. You can (should) customize it for your app to get the best of it.
| 2023-12-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8871 |
This invention pertains to a silicon nitride (Si.sub.3 N.sub.4) ceramic body and a process for preparing the ceramic body.
Silicon nitride ceramics are recognized for their excellent mechanical and physical properties, including good wear resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good thermal shock resistance, high creep resistance and high electrical resistivity. In addition, silicon nitride ceramics are resistant to chemical attack, particularly to oxidation. Because of these attributes, silicon nitride is useful in a variety of wear and high temperature applications, such as cutting tools and parts in pumps and engines.
Failure of silicon nitride ceramics is generally associated with brittleness and flaws. The object therefore is to prepare a silicon nitride ceramic with high fracture toughness (K.sub.IC) and strength. Fracture strength is directly proportional to the fracture toughness and inversely proportional to the square root of the flaw size. High fracture toughness combined with small flaw size is therefore highly desirable. Monolithic silicon nitride, however, has a relatively low fracture toughness of about 5 MPa (m).sup.1/2.
It would be very desirable to have a silicon nitride ceramic of high fracture toughness and high fracture strength. Moreover, it would be highly desirable to have a process which would be reproducible, inexpensive, and amenable to industrial scale-up for preparing such a tough and strong silicon nitride ceramic. | 2023-08-07T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1347 |
Investment Objective
The investment seeks long-term growth of capital.
The fund normally invests at least 80% of assets in common stocks of companies with small market capitalizations (which, for purposes of this fund, are those companies with market capitalizations similar to companies in the Russell 2000® Index or the S&P SmallCap 600® Index). It invests in domestic and foreign issuers. The fund invests in either "growth" stocks or "value" stocks or both. The advisor uses fundamental analysis of factors such as each issuer's financial condition and industry position, as well as market and economic conditions, to select investments. | 2023-12-02T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8313 |
World Cup Diary Part Four: Mama Said Knock You Out
Throughout the 2018 World Cup we’ll be keeping a diary of all the activity on and off the pitch, casting our eyes over every game in Russia, and attempting to pin down who on Earth might actually win this thing. In Part Four we’ve reached the second round, but the shocks don’t stop, and nor does the last gasp drama.
FRIDAY 29th JUNE 2018
No football. Checked the news, which made me depressed. Completely forgot what life outside a World Cup is like. It’s hell out there. Please, never let this tournament end. Beans on toast for dinner.
SATURDAY 30th JUNE 2018
Like a dog introducing itself to a stranger down the park, we’re at the business end of the competition. With half of those that arrived in Russia just over a fortnight ago already heading home, there remains sixteen teams with a chance of adding their names to the pantheon of football’s legends. Pele, Maradona, Beckenbauer, Sessions. The eight second round games threw up a couple of potential slobberknockers, and none hummed more dings than France v Argentina. Having scraped through their group by the skin of Lionel Messi’s teeth, few gave Argentina much chance against a side that, on paper, possess one of the most fearsome squads in the competition. Unfortunately for Didier Deschamps, football isn’t played on paper, and so far his side have been less ‘va va voom’ and a little more ‘I can’t believe I’ve accidentally put unleaded in AGAIN’. For their first knockout game the former national team captain made a slight tactical tweak – Blaise Matuidi, usually a central midfield enforcer, was hoyed out onto the left wing, presumably to provide extra cover in the face of Argentina’s star man. So it would’ve been with some peturbation that the French coach discovered that Messi Jorge Sampaoli had moved himself Messi into the middle, in a false nine role, with Angel Di Maria and Cristian Pavon providing width.
Luckily France didn’t have to pay too much attention to their opponents frontline in the opening stages, with Olivier Giroud, Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappe giving a brittle back four plenty to think about. A foul on Mbappe by the leaden-legged Javier Mascherano in the opening stages leading to Griezmann thwacking a free-kick against the crossbar. With Argentina slowly feeling themselves into the game, a stray ball on the edge of the French penalty area was picked up by Mbappe, and the teenager set off on a spectacular race towards goal, stopped in his tracks by Marcos Rojo after seventy yards and earning a penalty. Griezmann rolled it down the middle, did some kind of youth culture celebration, some old men yelled at some clouds, and a sedate Diego Maradona looked to the heavens. As soon as France took the lead there was a feeling the floodgates might open, though Paul Pogba’s wild free-kick minutes later could only draw looks of disgust from his brothers in the stands, and slowly but surely Sampaoli’s side got a foothold in the game. The Argentinian supporters would have been relieved to reach half-time just one goal down, so when Di Maria shifted the ball onto his right and blasted an effort beyond the reach of Hugo Lloris, their delight and surprise was palpable. From nowhere Argentina were back in it, with the Paris Saint Germain winger offering a reminder of why he was once one the most expensive import to the Premier League.
France emerged for the second half dazed and confused, unsure of how they hadn’t put the game to bed in the first half, and clearly their minds were elsewhere when Messi picked up the ball on the edge of the box, fired at goal, and watched as Gabriel Mercado’s standing foot deflected it wickedly, leaving Lloris no chance of making a save. From nowhere, Argentina were now in the driving seat for the quarter-final place. Sadly La Albiceleste know the danger of getting used to a good thing, and within ten minutes they’d been pegged back. Left-back Lucas Hernandez rampaged down the wing and lifted the ball across the penalty area, only to see it met by the surprising figure of fellow full-back Benjamin Pavard, who caught the ball with an absolute French kiss of a strike, watching as his volley sailed at top speed past Franco Armani. Suits you, sir. At that point, Argentina heads dropped, and it looked as though only one side would go on to win the game. Seven minutes later, Matuidi saw his shot saved, but Mbappe was on hand to turn in the rebound and put the French back in front. Then, with Argentina desperately throwing bodies forward, a France counter led by Giroud was executed with a scintillating finish from Mbappe, the PSG striker becoming the first teenager to score a brace in a World Cup match since Pele in the 1958 final. Erectile dysfunction awaits. The game then descended into a kicking match, with France happy to stoop to Argentina’s level by sticking the boot in where necessary; Matuidi’s chippiness earning him a booking that rules him out of the quarter final. As if the prior ninety minutes hadn’t been enough, there was still time for some late drama, as Sergio Aguero’s header reduced the deficit to one, and from the kick off Argentina fashioned one final chance, but Messi’s floater glanced across the face of goal as French hearts retreated back down French throats. As soon as the final whistle had sounded, questions regarding Lionel Messi’ future began to circulate, and if it’s symbolism you’re looking for then this could be the moment the baton is passed down to world football’s next superstar. Kylian Mbappe has already won two Ligue 1 titles in his short career, adding a World Cup before his 20th birthday would be some feat. Either way, he’s made his mark on this tournament.
After an afternoon of beautiful football with a little bite, the Saturday evening tie offered the potential of some bitey football with a little beauty. Uruguay v Portugal was built up as a battle of the shithouses, with Luis Suarez and Diego Godin facing off against Cristiano Ronaldo and Pepe. Words like ‘cagey’, ‘attritional’, and ‘tense’ were tossed about like mate tea leaves, but it was a moment of jaw-dropping skill that supplied the first talking point of the game. Edinson Cavani picked up the ball on the right, produced a raking crossfield pass to strike partner Suarez, and made a dash for goal. Uruguay’s talisman then cut inside, took one look up and lifted an inch perfect ball into the path of Cavani, whose unorthodox finish provided the first stunning goal scored by someone’s face. That early concession woke Portugal up, and for the remainder of the first half they had the best of the play, knocking the ball around in front of the Uruguayan defence without causing too much bother for Fernando Muslera. The defensive shape of Godin, Jose Giminez, Martin Caceres and relative newcomer Diego Laxalt was a joy to behold – leaving the Ronaldo Express parked at traffic lights for 45 minutes.
With renewed purpose the European Champions emerged for the second half and immediately looked to put pressure on those creaking bones in the Uruguayan defence. Goncalo Guedes and Bernado Silva began to find a little more room on the flanks, and from the latter’s corner Portugal found themselves level. A lapse of concentration from La Celeste, allowing Pepe to ghost in behind Ronaldo, gave the Besiktas defender time and space to plant a header beyond Muslera, breaching Uruguay’s defence for the first time in six games. With Fernando Santos’ team in the ascendancy, the chances of Ronaldo going further in the competition than Messi began to increase, because that’s something actual people care about, and the South Americans found themselves pinned back into their own penalty area for a spell after the equaliser. Then, from nowhere, Uruguay broke upfield, Rodrigo Bentancur rolled the ball into the path of Cavani, and the lanky haired marksman curled an exquisite effort beyond Rui Patricio to restore their lead. There were definite question marks over Patricio’s positioning, with Cavani allowed to pick his spot, but nothing should be taken away from another delightful goal. Once again Portgual were spurred into action, and some uncharacteristic fumbling from Muslera almost let The Navigators back in, only for Bernado Silva to blaze his chance over the bar. As the minutes ticked away, Portugal attacks became more and more desperate, but such was the discipline of Uruguay’s back line they were never really afforded another clear cut chance. Ronaldo and Messi out on the same day, and with 39% possession and three shots on target, international football might have found the new kings of efficiency in Uruguay. The sight of Cavani breaking down injured was a slight blot on the copybook, but worth it to see Ronaldo’s desperation to get on with the game by hurrying his opposite number off the pitch as quickly as possible. Social media applauded his sportsmanship afterwards, but you get the feeling he’d have booted Cavani off the pitch if he though he’d get away with it.
Uruguay vs France in the quarter finals – the unstoppable force vs the immovable object, and the potential for an absolute classic. 0-0 AET (2-1 on pens).
SUNDAY 1st JULY
After the drama and tension of two too-close-to-call games the day before, Sunday’s line-up looked altogether more straightforward. Hosts Russia, having already surprised everyone by getting to the knockouts, took on a Spanish side who, in the face of pre-tournament upheaval, had navigated the group stage relatively comfortably. Having seen his charges roundly trounced by Uruguay in their last game, Russia manager and part-time circus strongman Stanislav Cherchesov opted for a back five, looking to frustrate Diego Costa and co in the hope of nicking a goal or taking the game to penalties. That plan worked until the 11th minute when, having wrestled Sergio Ramos to the floor at a corner, Sergei Ignashevish inadvertently backheeled the ball past his own goalkeeper to give Spain the lead. The Spanish then enjoyed the best of the play for the remainder of the first half, without ever picking out Diego Costa with a killer ball. The casual attitude of Fernando Hierro’s team was punished two minutes before half-time as Gerard Pique stuck a hand out to block a Russian effort at goal and concede a penalty. Artem Dzubya stepped up and buried the spot kick past De Gea to bring Russia level.
From that point on, the genial hosts were clearly playing for penalties, while their guests were happy to pass the ball sideways across the midfield and go absolutely nowhere. The longer Spain kept possession the smaller the threat on the Russian goal seemed, and in the second half Hierro’s team came nowhere near edging ahead in the contest. Extra time brought much of the same, with Spain happy to knock the ball around and Russia happy to collapse with cramp every five minutes. A game for the neutral this was not, but a game for those in search of a genuine shock would have spent sixty seconds covering their faces with hands as Ramos fell to the floor under Ignashevish’s challenge, but on this occasion, with the most powerful man in the world watching, the referee avoided awarding a spot-kick. That eventuality arrived as the game came down to a shootout, and surprisingly Russia demonstrated the advanced concentration that performance enhancing drugs affords, netting each of their penalties, while Koke and Iago Aspas missed theirs – much to the bizarre joy of Diego Costa, who spent the pre-amble of the shootout telling anyone who would listen that the chosen takers would miss.
The identity of Russia’s next victims was decided in Niznhy Novgorod, as the standout team of the tournament so far, Croatia, met Denmark – the neutral’s heel based on a group stage which saw them scrape past the colourful Peruvians. Expectations of a drab affair were shattered within sixty seconds, when Matias Jorgensen capitalised on some sleepy Croatian defending from a long throw, and watching as Danijel Subašić fumbled his toe poke into the net. Fortunately for the Monaco ‘keeper, the Danish defence and also just woken up, and three minutes later Andreas Christensen had the ball walloped into his face, and fall at the feet of Mario Mandzukic six yards out to turn home. Immediately Croatia were in the driving seat, and some smart and fearless goalkeeping from Kasper Schmeichel kept the scores level when Ivan Rakitic, Luka Modric and Ivan Perisic all had efforts at goal in the space of ten seconds. The Croatian dominance continued into the second half, but it wasn’t until late in extra time that it looked like paying off, as Modric’s through-ball found Ante Rebic steaming in on goal, rounding Schmeichel and being unceremoniously dumped on his arse by Jorgensen. While it denied a certain goal, surely world class midfielder Luka Modric would bury the resulting penalty to all but send the Danes out? Er, no actually. The Real Madrid string-puller rolled a meek effort towards the bottom corner which Schmeichel saved with ease, and thankfully the world wasn’t denied the penalty shootout it deserved.
And what a shootout. Every now and then the World Cup throws up examples of professional footballers at the peak of their ability proving their incompetence, and for Denmark especially, their time had come. As soon as Christian Eriksen had the first penalty of the shootout saved, it became obvious that it wasn’t to be for the Danes, despite Schmeichel saving Croatia’s first kick, and Simon Kjaer’s absolute ripsnorter of a penalty aside, Age Hareide’s boys seemed desperate to give Subasic a helping hand. Lasse Schöne and Nicolai Jorgensen both provided terrible penalties, and despite Schmeichel’s heroics, it was Croatia that progressed.
Another side tipped by us to go out at the Group Stage, Croatia spent the first fortnight of this tournament looking like the best team in it, but a pedestrian showing against a poor Denmark side has the dark horse brigade scratching their heads. If they’re to best a revitalised Russia, they’ll have to up their game considerably.
MONDAY 2nd JULY 2018
Some teams head into the World Cup wanting to win the trophy, others arrive just hoping to win a game. Mexico sit somewhere in between as, after exiting at the second round stage in the last six tournament, this time they just wanted a fifth game. Having beaten Germany and South Korea, the prospects of Mexico making a quarter final started to look good. Then they absolutely shat the bed against Sweden, finished second in the group and ended up facing Brazil. Fate is a fickle mistress.
Then again, Brazil aren’t all that, are they? Some average performances have been ignored thanks to the senseless play-acting of their talisman, and several of their big names have yet to click into gear in this tournament. If you check Gabriel Jesus’ Wikipedia page, you’ll see his place of birth listed as Sao Paulo, but if you check his birth certificate you’ll see it’s actually Offside. Willian, too, has come in for criticism, while Neymar himself is yet to live up to his billing – rainbow flicks are all well and good in stoppage time against the weaker teams with the game wrapped up, but they don’t win World Cups. With all this in mind, Mexico’s appetite in the opening stages suggested there was a whiff of an upset in the air. Carlos Vela in particular found plenty of joy down the left against Fagner, though Hirving Lozano spent large parts of the first half playing as though he were in his back garden, charging at defenders, ignoring opportunities to pass, and wellying it at goal whenever possible. Needless to say, the half ended goalless.
Six minutes after a break in which the world began to wonder if it might see another big name heading out of the tournament, normal service was resumed. A move that was born in Paris but made in Chelsea, as a lovely one two between Willian and Neymar completely outfoxed the Mexican defence, and the winger’s ball across goal left Neymar with a simple tap in for his second of the tournament. That high-pitched noise you could hear after the goal was Mexico very very slowly deflating, as the weight of history crashed down onto their shoulders. For Rafa Marquez, playing in his fifth finals, it was an all too familiar scene. Alisson was at least tested in the second half, Vela bringing a smart save from the Brazilian keeper with a long ranger, but any notion of fight had been sucked out of Juan Carlos Osorio’s side. In stoppage time their fate was sealed, as Neymar laid it on a plate for Roberto Firmino, and the sinking feeling of ’94, ’98, ’02, ’06, ’10, and ’14 returned. Mexico out in the second round, again. For Brazil, a businesslike victory. Functional and efficient, if not particularly exciting. Now is the time to find top gear.
Belgium met Japan in Rostov to play for the priviledge to face the tournament favourites in the quarter-finals, after Adnan Januzaj’s winner against England had seen Belgium top Group G, simultaneously enraging his manager and further enhancing his role in the squad as whipping boy. Familiar faces returned to the Belgian starting line up, with Romelu Lukaku, Eden Hazard and Kevin De Bruyne all restored to the starting eleven, while Japan were keen to prove a point after the adverse reaction to their spoiling tactics against Poland in the final group game – apparently knocking the ball around the back and playing for a 1-0 defeat isn’t really cricket, or football for that matter. The choice of the Senegalese Malang Diedhiou as referee added even further delicious subtext. An open first half failed to produce any goals, but not for the want of either side trying – Lukaku’s fluffed effort prevented him from making ground on Harry Kane in the race for the Golden Boot, while a butterfingers moment for Thibaut Courtois just before the break left Belgian hearts in mouths, presumably getting covered in chips, mayonnaise and incredibly strong beer.
It was a game that definitely had goals in it, but even the most optimistic onlooker couldn’t have predicted what the second half had in store. Three minutes after the break, Genki Hariguchi found a yard of space in the penalty area, and arrowed an effort into the far corner. One in the eye for the ‘Japan are the weakest team in the second round’ brigade, and yet another sensational shock in this most surprising of World Cups. Straight from the kick-off, Belgium almost equalised, as Hazard bent an effort onto the post, with the relieved Eiji Kawashima beaten all ends up. Three minutes later, Japan had a second, and a beauty at that. Takashi Inui, the Samurai Blue’s most impressive performer in Russia, picked up the ball thirty yards out, drove and goal, and curled a stunning effort into the bottom corner. Heaven for Japan, Hell for the Red Devils. Belgium, visibly shaken. The Japanese now desperate to kill the game, swarming Roberto Martinez’s defence, who had Courtois to thank for keeping them in the game when it looked as though Yuya Osako was about to add a third. Martinez, with his game plan in tatters, threw Marouane Fellaini into the game. Because when all else fails, a massive bloke putting it about a bit is a failsafe plan. With a little over twenty minutes to play, Belgium were given a bizarre lifeline, as Jan Vertonghen’s looping header from the left-hand side of the area returned from orbit to drop beyond Kawashima’s reach and into the net. Five minutes later they were level, and Plan Z had paid off. Hazard twisted and turned to manufacture some room for a cross, and, in a scene reminiscent of Godzilla, Fellaini barged his way into the penalty area to head in the equaliser.
Japan, understandably, crestfallen. Belgium now had a spring in their step, and looked dangerous every time they came forward. Kawashima, rocked by his error that led to Belgium’s first, was now unconvincingly repelling shots from all sides, Vertonghen and substitute Nacer Chadli both testing the Metz man, until, in a brief moment of respite Japan won a corner. It was at this point Akira Nishino and his team were consumed by the Gambler’s Fallacy. Having held a two-goal lead and now facing extra-time, the instinct was to go for the win. Japan loaded up the penalty area and tossed the corner into the box. Completely forgetting they were the underdog. Completely forgetting their defensive responsibilities. Completely forgetting that they could regroup and look for the win in extra time. Completely forgetting that penalties offered a viable route to the quarter finals. Completely forgetting that they had already proven themselves heroic by taking the game to Belgium. And completely collapsing as Courtois plucked the ball out of the air and immediately set De Bruyne on his way. His beetroot complexion carving through the pitch, eating up the ground, and Japan backing off further and further. De Bruyne laid the ball out to Thomas Meunier, his first time cross was brilliantly dummied by Lukaku, and Chadli arrived to break Japanese hearts. 3-2 Belgium. The first team to come back from two down in a World Cup knockout match since West Germany in 1970. An astonishing game of football, setting up a mouthwatering meeting with Brazil. Unlike tonight, Martinez won’t be afforded second chances by Tite.
TUESDAY 3rd JULY 2018
Logic dictates that at European hosted World Cups, the European guests will generally prosper, though try telling that to Germany. Which is why you end up with second round games like Sweden v Switzerland – two very functional sides, but neither one the kind of sweepstake pick that elicits more than a “well that was a waste of a quid” by way of reaction. Sweden’s run to this stage has, in its own way, been impressive. Finishing above an admittedly poor Netherlands in qualifying, then stifling Italy in the play-offs, Janne Andersson’s compact defence and set-piece reliant attack managed to finish top of a group that contained serious World Cup pedigree, all framed around that heartbreaking last gasp defeat to the now deposed holders. Switzerland meanwhile raised eyebrows with their battling draw against Brazil, and earned plaudits for the win against a naive Serbia. The 2-2 draw with Costa Rica? A good old fashioned final group game ding dong. Passage to the quarter finals would rely on which side of the bed Xherdan Shaqiri got out of on the morning of the match, or quite possibly whether they could convert more penalties than their opponents.
After three days of football in which stupendous matches have been settled by wondergoals, and fingernails have been shredded by tension, we were due a dud game, and this one was awful. In the first half the Swedes appeared to be holding their own ‘miss of the tournament’ competition, in which Marcus Berg will feature heavily, whilst simultaneously refusing to offer a sniff to the Swiss. When a goal did finally come, it was befitting of the match. Emil Forsberg took a shot from the edge of the area, Manuel Akanji stuck his leg out, Yann Sommer was left wrongfooted, and the ball bounced in to send Sweden to their first World Cup quarter final since 1994. There was time for a lesser-spotted red card, as Michael Lang bundled Martin Olsson over with the full-back clean through, though the original reward of a penalty was overturned after a VAR review. Sweden have one thing going for them, and that’s being difficult to beat. Should a certain team lacking in hubris expect those clad in yellow and blue to roll over on Saturday, they’re very much mistaken.
And so then, to England. Perhaps the only nation in the world to spend weeks handwringing over enthusiasm for its football team, yet right to be sensibly cautious about plotting its way to the final. In the face of adversity, Colombia still progressed to the knockouts as group winners, and even without their best player in James Rodriguez, they still possessed enough talent to cause a green side problems. It was Southgate’s lads who shaded the first half, and it was a first half with plenty of shade. Harry Kane’s header over the bar aside, goalmouth action was at a premium, but Wilmar Barrios’ headbutt on Jordan Henderson cranked the heat in the match up a notch. The Liverpool captain’s reaction was hardly befitting, but Zinedine Zidane would be the first to say ‘that’s a red’. As it was, American referee Mark Geiger produced just a yellow, and Colombia smelled fear.
Ten minutes into the second half, and old faithful did the job for England. At a corner, Kane lost his man, and before he could reach the ball was sent tumbling by Carlos Sanchez climbing on his back, the former Aston Villa man taking ‘jockeying for position’ quite literally. The five minute delay caused by Colombian’s surrounding the referee and getting in Kane’s face was an unedifying spectacle, but bonus shithousery points for Johan Mojica, who gave the penalty spot a good old scuff before Kane placed the ball. Undeterred, England’s main man went straight down the middle to open the scoring. Very little football was played over the following half an hour, with both teams fashioning half chances but more interested in a kicking contest – the South Americans won that at a canter 23-13. Still, England were relatively comfortable, and looked set to book their place in the quarters. Then Mateus Uribe caught the ball with an audacious volley from 35 yards, forcing Jordan Pickford into a wondersave, and from the resulting corner Yerry Mina headed in his third of the tournament. Just as the script had said all along, this was going the full distance.
Extra time was flatter than the lager down your local, with Colombia shading it and England providing shade – Harry Maguire’s dive and Henderson’s snide kick on Radamel Falcao straight from Jose Pekerman’s playbook. And so, of course, it came down to penalties. As it always does with England. Falcao, then Kane; Juan Cuadrado, then Marcus Rashford; all four successful, with Luis Muriel’s calm slot making it five. Then up stepped Henderson, looking like a man who’s already planning his earnest post-match apologies, hits it at a good height for the keeper, and David Ospina (yes, that one) saves, and the all-too-familiar disappointment throws its blanket over a nation. Until Uribe smashes his kick against the bar, and Kieran Trippier equalises, and Jordan Pickford, relegated fourteen months prior to the tournament, pulls off a superb one handed save from Carlos Bacca, and Eric Dier steps up and scuffs his kick into the bottom corner. And England win a World Cup penalty shootout for the first time ever. And they’re in the quarter finals. | 2023-09-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4815 |
[For more discussion on how socialists organise, click HERE.]
By Dan DiMaggio
December 2010 -- Cultural Logic, posted at Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal with Dan DiMaggio's permission -- For the past seven-plus years I have devoted much of my life to effort to build a socialist movement in the United States. As a member of one of the many tiny socialist groups on the US left, I have organised dozens of anti-war, labour solidarity, immigrant rights and other rallies and campaigns. I have toured the country to speak at college campuses about socialism. I have set up numerous study groups and conferences and written and edited hundreds of articles for socialist publications. Most people might say, “Dan, you’re crazy if you think that socialism can be achieved in a country like the United States!” But despite the challenges, I hope to continue doing this for the next 50 or so years.
Lately, though, I’ve started to wonder just how the &*^$ a viable socialist movement can actually be built in the US. I’ve been grappling with this question for much of the last year as I attempt to overcome a funk rooted in my sense that the current organisational forms of the socialist movement, to which I and many others have given so much of our time and energy, are a dead end. Recently it seems like every time I try to raise a finger to help the movement, I am overcome by a crippling sense of the futility of it all.
My paralysis does not stem from pessimism about the possibilities for social change in the US. Rather, it is rooted in frustrations with the current methods of organisation dominant in the socialist movement, methods which make a difficult task even harder – if not impossible. I can’t shake the feeling that despite our best intentions, we are wasting resources by taking roads that lead to nowhere. It doesn’t help that the main form of organisation – tiny, competing groups divided by marginal differences – is out of tune with the content of our aims – “the full material and spiritual liberation of the toilers”. I’ve come to feel that all the heroic effort in the world cannot invest inherently barren forms with meaning.
This piece is my attempt to stimulate critical thinking about the way forward for the US socialist movement. I hope that it will be of interest to practicing socialists as well as other progressive activists, because I think that a healthy, attractive socialist movement can help contribute to the rebuilding of a broader and more powerful left. I realise I am not the first person to say what is written below, and there is much that remains unexplored and unanswered. But I hope it will lead to a productive and collaborative discussion that might open new possibilities for anti-capitalist organising.
To continue reading, download the article (pdf) HERE, or read on screen below. | 2024-05-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4641 |
The present invention generally relates to compound semiconductor integrated circuits, and more particularly to a compound semiconductor integrated circuit such as a gallium arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuit having a built-in input interface circuit for converting an incoming logic signal of an emitter-coupled logic (ECL) level into a logic signal of a GaAs level which is used in an internal circuit which is provided at a stage subsequent to the interface circuit.
Recently, the integration density of GaAs integrated circuits has increased considerably, and thus, the GaAs integrated circuits are popularly used in applications where high speed operation and low power consumption are demanded. In such cases, there is a demand to use the GaAs integrated circuit together with the conventional ECL integrated circuit. Hence, an input interface circuit for converting the logic signal of the ECL level into the logic signal of the GaAs level is provided at the input part of the GaAs integrated circuit.
FIG. 1 shows an essential part of an example of a conventional GaAs integrated circuit having a built-in input interface circuit for converting an input logic signal of the ECL level into a logic signal of the GaAs level.
In FIG. 1, a logic signal SA having the ECL level, that is, a high level of -1.14 [V] and a low level of -1.52 [V], for example, is input to an input terminal 1. An input interface circuit 2 converts the logic signal SA of the ECL level into complementary logic signals SC and SC having the GaAs level, that is, a high level of -0.45 [V] and a low level of -1.25 [V], for example.
An internal circuit 3 is provided at a stage subsequent to the input interface circuit 2. This internal circuit 3 includes a positive phase input terminal 3A and an inverted phase input terminal 3B. An input part which is coupled to the positive and negative phase input terminals 3A and 3B has a threshold voltage of -0.8 [V] on the high level side and -0.9 [V] on the low level side, for example.
A power line 4 is set to a ground voltage GND, and a power line 5 supplies a power source voltage V.sub.SS1 which is lower than the ground voltage GND. For example, the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 is -1.25 [V]. In other words, the internal circuit 3 operates using the ground voltage GND as the power source voltage on the high voltage side, and using the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 as the power source voltage on the low voltage side.
In the input interface circuit 2, a differential amplifier circuit 6 forms an input buffer. Power lines 7 and 8 are set to the ground voltage GND. A power line 9 supplies a power source voltage VS.sub.SS2 which is lower than the power source voltage V.sub.SS1. For example, the power source voltage V.sub.SS2 is -2.0 [V].
It is of course possible to drive the internal circuit 3 by the same power source voltage V.sub.SS2 which is used to drive the input interface circuit 2. However, in order to reduce the power consumption and improve the operation speed of the internal circuit 3, the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 which is smaller in absolute value compared to the power source voltage V.sub.SS2 is used to drive the internal circuit 3. The power source voltages V.sub.SS1 and V.sub.SS2 are supplied from independent power sources.
Enhancement type Schottky gate field effect transistors (hereinafter simply referred to as E-FETs) 10 and 11 are provided as driving transistors. A reference voltage V.sub.ref is applied to a reference voltage input terminal 12 and is supplied to E-FET 11. For example, the reference voltage V.sub.ref is -1.33 [V].
On the other hand, a depletion type Schottky gate field effect transistor (hereinafter simply referred to as D-FET) 13 forms a current source. The D-FETs 14 and 15 are used as loads.
The circuit constants of the differential amplifier circuit 6 are set so that the high level threshold voltage is -0.9 [V] and the low level threshold voltage is -1.9 [V], for example, and outputs a positive phase logic signal SB via a node 16 and an inverted phase logic signal SB via a node 17. For example, the positive and inverted phase logic signals SB and SB have a high level of 0 [V] and a low level of -1.0 [V].
In the input interface circuit 2, a level conversion circuit 18 converts the positive phase logic signal SB output from the differential amplifier circuit 6 into the positive phase logic signal SC having the GaAs level. This level conversion circuit 18 includes an E-FET 21 connected to a power line 19 which is set to the ground voltage GND, a diode 22, and a D-FET 23 connected to a power line 20 which supplies the power source voltage V.sub.SS2. The positive phase logic signal SC of the GaAs level is output via a node 24.
The circuit constants of the level conversion circuit 18 are set so that the level conversion circuit 18 outputs -0.45 [V], for example, which is the high level of the GaAs level when the E-FET 21 is ON and outputs -1.25 [V], for example, which is the low level of the GaAs level when the E-FET 21 is OFF.
In addition, in the input interface circuit 2, a level conversion circuit 25 converts the inverted phase logic signal SB which is output from the differential amplifier circuit 6 into the inverted phase logic signal SC of the GaAs level. This level conversion circuit 25 includes an E-FET 28 connected to a power line 26 which is set to the ground voltage GND, a diode 29, and a D-FET 30 which is connected to a power line 27 which supplies the power source voltage V.sub.SS2. The inverted phase logic signal SC of the GaAs level is output via a node 31.
The circuit constants of the level conversion circuit 25 are set so that the level conversion circuit 25 outputs -0.45 [V], for example, which is the high level of the GaAs level when the E-FET 28 is ON and outputs -1.25 [V], for example, which is the low level of the GaAs level when the E-FET 28 is OFF.
In the GaAs integrated circuit described above, if the logic signal SA of the ECL level input to the input terminal 1 has the high level, the E-FET 10 of the differential amplifier circuit 6 turns ON and the E-FET 11 of the differential amplifier circuit 6 turns OFF. Hence, the positive and negative phase signals SB and SB output from the differential amplifier circuit 6 respectively have the high level and the low level.
As a result, the E-FET 21 of the level conversion circuit 18 turns ON, and a signal having the high level of the GaAs level is output via the node 24. This signal output via the node 24 is supplied to the positive phase input terminal 3A of the internal circuit 3. On the other hand, the E-FET 28 of the level conversion circuit 25 turns OFF, and a signal having the low level of the GaAs level is output via the node 31. This signal output via the node 31 is supplied to the inverted phase input terminal 3B of the internal circuit 3.
On the other hand, if the logic signal SA of the ECL level input to the input terminal 1 has the low level, the E-FETs 10 and 11 of the differential amplifier circuit 6 respectively turn OFF and ON. Hence, the positive phase logic signal SB and the inverted phase logic signal SB output from the differential amplifier circuit 6 respectively have the low level and the high level.
As a result, the E-FET 21 of the level conversion circuit 18 turns OFF, and a signal having the low level of the GaAs level is output via the node 31. This signal output via the node 31 is supplied to the inverted phase input terminal 3B of the internal circuit 3.
In the conventional GaAs integrated circuit, the input interface circuit 2 and the internal circuit 3 use mutually different power source voltages on the low voltage side. For this reason, if the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 undergoes an absolute or relative deviation with respect to the power source voltage V.sub.SS2, the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3 undergo an absolute or relative deviation with respect to the logic signals SC and SC which are output from the interface circuit 2. If the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3 undergo an absolute or relative deviation with respect to the logic signals SC and SC, the logic signals SC and SC output from the input interface circuit 2 cannot be transferred correctly to the internal circuit 3, and there is a problem in that an erroneous operation is generated.
FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the deviation of the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3. In FIG. 2(a) shows the high level and the low level of the logic signals SC and SC which are output from the input interface circuit 2, where VOH and VOL respectively denote the high level and the low level.
On the other hand, FIG. 2(b) shows the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3 for the case where the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 undergoes no absolute or relative deviation with respect to the power source voltage V.sub.SS2, where VIH and VIL respectively denote the high level and the low level of the threshold voltages. In this case, VOH>VIH and VOL<VIL. Hence, the input part of the internal circuit 3 can accurately judge the high and low levels of the signals output from the input interface circuit 2.
In FIG. 2(c) shows an example of a deviation in the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3 for the case where the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 undergoes an absolute or relative deviation in the negative direction with respect to the power source voltage V.sub.SS2, where VIH' and VIL' respectively denote the threshold voltages for the high level and the low level. Since VOL>VIL' in this case, the input part of the internal circuit 3 cannot judge the low level of the signals which are output from the input interface circuit 2.
In addition, in FIG. 2(d) shows an example of a deviation in the threshold voltages of the input part of the internal circuit 3 for the case where the power source voltage V.sub.SS1 undergoes an absolute or relative deviation in the positive direction with respect to the power source voltage V.sub.SS2, where VIH" and VIL" respectively denote the threshold voltages for the high level and the low level. Since VOH<VIH" in this case, the input part of the internal circuit 3 cannot judge the high level of the signals which are output from the input interface circuit 2. | 2024-01-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4522 |
Beaverton Health & Science School
The Beaverton Health & Science School is a public school in the U.S. state of Oregon. Part of the Beaverton School District (BSD), the school offers grades 6 through 12. Opened in 2007, the school is housed in the Capital Center at 185th Avenue and Walker Road in Hillsboro. Since the beginning of 2016, the school has been directly adjacent to another BSD option school, the School of Science & Technology, with the relocation of that school to the Capital Center at the end of 2015.
The school hosts a HOSA- Future Health Professionals chapter.
History
The school district started the school in September 2007 with 120 students in ninth grade as an option program, intending to add students each year until it included grades six through twelve. In January 2008, the district purchased the Capital Center from Portland Community College and the Oregon University System for $15 million to serve as the home for the Health & Science School. Plans called for an additional $6 million to be spent remodeling the center for use by the school. The Capital Center was previously a campus of Tektronix that was sold in 1995 to a consortium of local public education entities with plans that included using part of it for a regional high school.
In 2008, the school was one of six district schools that failed to provide enough class time to meet a state mandate.
Three students were arrested on accusations of arson for a fire in a bathroom at the school in April 2011.
Also in 2011, the school was rated as needing improvement by the state after it failed to hold some state mandated tests.
The school was identified as one of several schools that would take students with the closure of Terra Nova High School in 2012.
Female students participated in the Hermanas Conference sponsored by Intel Corporation in February 2013.
Unfortunately, class 2019-2020 will be the last class for this school. Health and Science will be merging with Science and Technology to form BASE. An acronym for Beaverton Academy for Science and Technology. These new changes will be affective for class 2020-2021 and on.
Academics
Health & Science School is an option school; students opt out of their neighborhood school and are entered into a lottery for one of the limited spots at the school. As of 2013 it had an achievement index rating from the state of 56 and a rating of below average. Enrollment for the 2012 to 2013 school year was 687 students.
The high school adheres to a rigorous dual credit program that is incorporated into the Expeditionary Learning curriculum. Students have the opportunity to earn college credit in math, biomedical science, engineering, foreign language and science courses through OIT (Oregon Institute of Technology), PCC (Portland Community College) and PSU (Portland State University).
External links
Official site
References
14. "SST and HS2 Merging Into A New School" About Us.
Category:High schools in Washington County, Oregon
Category:Public middle schools in Oregon
Category:Education in Hillsboro, Oregon
Category:Alternative schools in Oregon
Category:Buildings and structures in Hillsboro, Oregon
Category:Public high schools in Oregon
Category:Beaverton School District
Category:2007 establishments in Oregon
Category:Educational institutions established in 2007 | 2024-02-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9818 |
The cast and EPs tease the fourth and final season in this exclusive video
Halt and Catch Fire type TV Show network AMC
Halt and Catch Fire‘s goodbye tour is about to begin.
In the exclusive behind-the-scenes video above, the cast and executive producers of the criminally under-viewed AMC techno-drama preview the series’ final season. Set in the ’90s, season 4 follows Joe (Lee Pace), Cameron (Mackenzie Davis), Donna (Kerry Bishé), and Gordon (Scoot McNairy) as they take on the world of search at the dawn of the internet age. However, they won’t be alone in their quest; the new season features both new and familiar faces.
In the new season, we have Veep‘s Anna Chlumsky, who joins the show as Dr. Katie Herman, the chief ontologist assisting Gordon and Joe with their latest business venture. The Emmy-nominated actress promises there’s more to her new character than meets this eye.
“She’s got this full-of-surprises quality to her,” Chlumsky teases in the video above.
This season will also feature Gordon and Donna’s children as teenagers. We already met Kathryn Newton (Big Little Lies, Supernatural) as Joanie in the exceptional third season finale, and this season, we’ll encounter the other Clark child, the introverted Haley (Susanna Skaggs), who shares “that computer brain that initially brought Gordon and Donna together,” says co-creator and EP Christopher C. Rogers, adding that she wanders into the business.
Overall, you can expect the final season to take stock of everything these innovative characters have created since the series premiere. “Halt and Catch Fire has always been the story of how people put themselves into the things they create. I think the fourth season is very much the story of how the things people create change them,” says Rogers.
Watch the video above to see Pace, Davis, Bishé, and McNairy preview what’s in store for their characters this season.
The final season of Halt and Catch Fire begins with a two-hour premiere Saturday, Aug. 19 at 9 p.m. ET on AMC. The first three seasons are now streaming on Netflix. | 2024-03-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6730 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2009, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package com.sun.javafx.iio.common;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
/**
* An interface describing an implementation of scaling for sources acquired
* line-by-line as for a pushbroom scanner.
*/
public interface PushbroomScaler {
/**
* Retrieves the destination buffer.
*
* @return The destination buffer.
*/
public ByteBuffer getDestination();
/**
* Push one scanline of source pixels into the scaling engine.
*
* @param scanline One scanline of source data.
* @param off The offset into the buffer.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>off < 0</code>.
* @return Whether the destination image is complete.
*/
public boolean putSourceScanline(byte[] scanline, int off);
}
| 2024-04-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2942 |
import LivechatClient from '@rocket.chat/sdk/lib/clients/Livechat';
import queryString from 'query-string';
const host = window.SERVER_URL
|| queryString.parse(window.location.search).serverUrl
|| (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development' ? 'http://localhost:3000' : null);
const useSsl = host && host.match(/^https:/) !== null;
export const Livechat = new LivechatClient({ host, protocol: 'ddp', useSsl });
| 2023-11-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3847 |
Idaho Falls, Idaho
Idaho Falls is a city in and the county seat of Bonneville County, Idaho, United States, and the state's largest city outside the Boise metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the population of Idaho Falls was 56,813 (2018 estimate: 61,535), with a metro population of 133,265.
Idaho Falls serves as the commercial, cultural, and healthcare hub for eastern Idaho, as well as parts of western Wyoming and southern Montana. It is served by the Idaho Falls Regional Airport and is home to the College of Eastern Idaho, Museum of Idaho, and the Idaho Falls Chukars minor league baseball team. It is the principal city of the Idaho Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Idaho Falls-Blackfoot, Idaho Combined Statistical Area.
History
Montana Trail origins
The area around Idaho Falls was first sparsely settled by cattle and sheep ranchers, but no significant development took place until 1864, when a man named Harry Rickets built and operated a ferry on the Snake River at . The ferry served a new tide of westward migration and travel on the Montana Trail following the Bear River Massacre of Shoshone Indians in 1863. The present-day site of Idaho Falls became a permanent settlement when freighter Matt Taylor built a timber-frame toll bridge across a narrow black basaltic gorge of the river downstream from the ferry. The bridge improved travel for settlers moving north and west, and for miners, freighters, and others seeking riches in the gold fields of Idaho and Montana—especially the boom towns of Bannack and Virginia City.
Eagle Rock
By the end of 1865, a private bank, small hotel, livery stable, eating house, post office, and stage station had sprung up near the bridge. The settlement was initially known as Taylor's Crossing, but postmarks indicate that by 1866, the emerging town had become known as Eagle Rock. The name was derived from an isolated basalt island in the Snake River near the ferry, where approximately twenty eagles nested.
In 1874, water rights were established on nearby Willow Creek and the first grain was harvested. Settlement was sparse and consisted of only a couple of families and small irrigation ditches. The first child of European descent was born at Eagle Rock in 1874.
Soon, the Utah and Northern Railway (U&NR) was built, stretching north from Utah through Eagle Rock and crossing the Snake River at the same narrow gorge as Taylor's bridge. The railway would eventually connect to the large new copper mines at Butte, Montana. The U&NR had the backing of robber baron Jay Gould, as Union Pacific Railroad had purchased it a few years prior. Grading crews reached Eagle Rock in late 1878, and by early 1879, a wild camp-town with dozens of tents and shanties had moved to Eagle Rock with a collection of saloons, dance halls, and gambling halls. The railroad company had 16 locomotives and 300 train cars working between Logan, Utah at the once-quiet stage stop. A new iron railroad bridge was fabricated in Athens, Pennsylvania at a cost of $30,000 and shipped by rail to the site, where it was erected in April and May 1879. The bridge was long and had two spans, with an island in the center. The camp-town moved on, but Eagle Rock now had regular train service and several U&NR buildings, shops, and facilities, which expanded and transformed the town.
As soon as the railroad came through, settlers began homesteading the Upper Snake River Valley in earnest. The first new settlers carved out homesteads to the north at Egin (near present-day Parker) and at Pooles Island (near present-day Menan). The Utah & Northern Railway provided easy access, especially to homesteaders from Utah, who soon populated much of the areas surrounding Eagle Rock. Some of these men had initially worked building the railroad, then later returned with their families to stake out new farms. These Utah families brought irrigation know-how developed in Utah's Great Basin settlements. Through their and others' canal systems, water from the Snake River made the Upper Snake River Valley into one of the most successful irrigation projects in the Mountain West. Large-scale settlement ensued and within a decade, there appeared roads, bridges, and dams, which brought most of the Upper Snake River Valley under cultivation.
In 1887, following the construction of the Oregon Short Line and a railroad workers' strike in Eagle Rock, most of the railroad facilities were moved to Pocatello, where the new line branched off the U&NR. This caused a sharp and immediate drop in population, which nearly killed the town. In 1891, in an effort to attract farmers wary of eagles and rocks, marketers convinced town leaders to change the name to Idaho Falls, in reference to the rapids below the bridge. Some years later, the construction of a retaining wall for a hydroelectric power plant enhanced the rapids into falls. In 1895, the world's then-largest irrigation canal, the Great Feeder, began diverting water from the Snake River, helping to convert tens of thousands of more acres of desert into green farmland. The area grew sugar beets, potatoes, peas, grains, and alfalfa, and became one of the most productive regions of the United States. The city once again began to flourish, growing continuously into the 20th century.
Nuclear reactors
In 1949, the Atomic Energy Commission opened the National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS) in the desert west of Idaho Falls, and on Dec. 20, 1951, a nuclear reactor produced useful electricity for the first time in history. There have been more than 50 unique nuclear reactors built at the facility for testing, although only three currently remain active.
NRTS was the scene of the only fatal nuclear reactor incident in U.S. history, on January 3, 1961. The event occurred at an experimental U.S. Army reactor plant known as the Argonne Low Power Reactor, which the Army called the Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One (SL-1). Due to poor design and maintenance procedures, a single control rod was manually pulled out too far from the reactor, causing the reactor to become prompt critical, and leading to a destructive power excursion. Three military, trained men had been working inside the reactor room when a mistake was made while reattaching a control rod to its motor assembly. With the central control rod nearly fully extended, the nuclear reactor rated at 3 MW rapidly increased power to 20 GW. This rapidly boiled the water inside the core. As the steam expanded, a pressure wave of water forcefully struck the top of the reactor vessel, upon which two of the men stood. The explosion was so severe that the reactor vessel was propelled nine feet into the air, striking the ceiling before settling back into its original position. One man was impaled by a shield plug and lodged into the ceiling, where he died instantly. The other men died from their injuries within hours. The three men were buried in lead coffins, and that entire section of the site was buried. The core meltdown caused no damage to the area, although some radioactive fission products were released into the atmosphere.
The site has since developed into the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a national laboratory operated by the United States Department of Energy. INL and its contractors are a major economic engine for the Idaho Falls area, employing more than 8,000 people between the desert site and its research and education campus in Idaho Falls. Among other projects, INL operates and manages the world-famous Advanced Test Reactor (ATR).
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
Natural disasters are rare in the area, although a F2 tornado hit the Idaho Falls area on April 7, 1978, causing up to $5 million in damage.
River Walk
Idaho Falls has an extensive river walk featuring running and bike trails, art installations, and points of interest along several miles of the Snake River, which flows through the center of the city. It is maintained by the city and often receives donations and grants that allow for expansion.
Neighborhoods
Notable Idaho Falls neighborhoods include:
Downtown - Historic downtown Idaho Falls sits on several blocks of the original townsite along the east side of the river. It features restaurants, plazas, shops, and cultural amenities including the Museum of Idaho, Colonial Theatre, Art Museum of Eastern Idaho, Idaho Falls Public Library, and Japanese Friendship Garden. It is home to the Idaho Falls Farmers' Market and many other community events.
The Numbered Streets - The numbered streets area was the first planned neighborhood in Idaho Falls. The streets run west and east between South Boulevard and Holmes Avenue. Traffic on the odd-numbered streets travels east, and west on the even-numbered streets. Kate Curley Park is located in the neighborhood, as is the Wesley W. Deist Aquatic Center and the Eleventh Street Historic District.
West Side - The West Side houses Idaho Falls Regional Airport and I-15. It has retained more of a small-town feel than the east side, which has grown and developed much more rapidly since the 1980s.
Snake River Landing - SRL is a large, mixed-use development on the west side of the river near I-15, which includes residential, restaurants, parks, and community event space, including a planned mid-sized indoor arena. It now hosts the Melaleuca Freedom Celebration, a large Independence Day event.
Climate
Idaho Falls experiences a humid continental climate with warm summers (Köppen Dfb).
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 56,813 people, 21,203 households, and 14,510 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 22,977 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.3% White, 0.7% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.6% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.9% of the population.
There were 21,203 households of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.20.
The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 29.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 11.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.
2000 census
The 2000 census reported there were 50,730 people, 18,793 households, and 13,173 families residing in the city, though MSN real estate reports an area population of 110,220. The population density was 2,972.2 people per square mile (1,147.4/km²). There were 19,771 housing units at an average density of 1,158.4 per square mile (447.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.09% White, 0.62% African American, 0.76% Native American, 1.05% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.81% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.18% of the population.
There were 18,793 households out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the city, the population was spread out with 30.3% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $40,512, and the median income for a family was $47,431. Males had a median income of $39,082 versus $23,001 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,857. About 7.8% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.
The top five ethnic groups in Idaho Falls are:
English - 22%
German - 16%
Irish - 7%
Mexican - 5%
Swedish - 4%
Economy
Idaho Falls serves as a regional hub for health care, travel, and business in eastern Idaho.
The community's economy was mostly agriculturally focused until the opening of the National Reactor Testing Station in the desert west of Idaho Falls in 1949. The city subsequently became largely dependent on high-income jobs from the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), known locally simply as "The Site." Since the 1990s, the city has added a significant retail, entertainment, and restaurant sector, and a regional medical center.
Idaho Falls was named by Business Week on the 2010 list of "Best Places to Raise Kids". Forbes.com selected Idaho Falls as one of the "2010 Best Small Places for Business & Careers". Money.CNN.com included Idaho Falls as one of their "Top 100 Cities in 2010".
Idaho Falls hosts the headquarters of the United Potato Growers of Idaho and District 7 of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. It is the home to several small-to-medium-sized national corporations such as North Wind, Inc., Press-A-Print, and multi-level marketing company Melaleuca, Inc.
The median home price in Idaho Falls was $224,800 in January 2007.
Idaho Falls, Idaho / U.S. average:
Area population 122,995 / 647,500
Median home price $224,800 / $235,000
Cost-of-living index 99.8 / 100.0
Unemployment rate 2.7% / 4.6%
Job growth—5 years 18.84% / 4.90%
Job growth—1 year 2.74% / 1.66%
Median household income $47,719 / $46,326
Arts and culture
The Willard Arts Center, The Colonial Theatre and Civic Auditorium host musical concerts, plays, and events.
The Museum of Idaho showcases local artifacts and history. It also brings in major traveling exhibits such as dinosaur bones, Gutenberg Bibles, Titanic remnants, and "Bodies: the Exhibition."
Downtown Idaho Falls once struggled as the city expanded eastward, but it has been revitalized in recent years due to the efforts of local business owners, the City of Idaho Falls, and other organizations such as the Downtown Development Corporation and the Idaho Falls Chamber of Commerce. Today, it is home to a handful of locally owned shops, stores, restaurants, galleries, theaters, and future revitalization efforts.
The city attracts many tourists visiting nearby Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, Jackson Hole, and fishing on the Snake River. Due to its proximity to high-profile outdoor destinations, Idaho Falls was recently named to National Geographics list of "100 Best Adventure Towns".
Education
Higher education
Idaho Falls is home to a few higher education options, including College of Eastern Idaho. Originally established in 1969 as a vocational-technical college named Eastern Idaho Technical College, in May 2017, voters approved a measure to transition EITC into Eastern Idaho's only community college. Stevens-Henager College and University of Phoenix have also opened local resource centers in order to aid students in online degree programs.
A unique satellite campus called University Place features dual enrollment for students in both Pocatello-based Idaho State University and Moscow-based University of Idaho. Students generally earn core classes at University Place and then transfer to ISU's or UI's main campus to finish their degrees. However, a few dozen degree programs, both undergraduate and graduate, are fully offered at University Place. The campus also boasts high-tech facilities such as the Center for Advanced Energy Studies (CAES). CAES is run by a partnership of Idaho's three research universities (UI, ISU, Boise State) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL).
Primary and secondary education
Idaho Falls is served by Idaho Falls School District #91 and Bonneville Joint School District #93. District #91 covers the majority of urban Idaho Falls and a small portion of Bonneville County west of the city. District #93 covers minimal parts of eastern Idaho Falls, and the remainder of Bonneville County with the exception of some remote areas that have independent elementary districts. All middle and high school students are transported in to District #93 secondary schools.
Idaho Falls is home to eight public high schools, four public middle schools and 26 public elementary schools. It is also served by four public charter schools and three private schools.
Public high schools (9-12)
Bonneville High School
Hillcrest High School
Idaho Falls High School
Skyline High School
Thunder Ridge High School
Each fall, the varsity football teams of Idaho Falls and Skyline compete in a rival football game called the Emotion Bowl. Each year, after the game, the winning team and its fans traditionally paint the goalposts of the stadium in their school colors (orange for Idaho Falls and blue for Skyline). Bonneville and Hillcrest participate in a similar event, known as the Civil War.
Media
The Post Register, a daily newspaper, serves the Idaho Falls area. The area is also served by 7 radio stations, 2 owned by local media group Sand Hill Media, and the Idaho Falls/Pocatello market is served by five major television stations. There are four major news outlets in the area: KIDK (CBS, also broadcast on sister Fox station KXPI-LD), KIFI-TV (ABC), KPVI-DT (NBC, licensed to Pocatello), and Idaho Public Television.
Notable people
Chandler Brossard - beat novelist, author of Who Walk in Darkness
Gregory C. Carr - telecommunications entrepreneur and philanthropist; head of Gorongosa National Park restoration in Mozambique
Steven E. Carr - only American ever elected to Standing Commission of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, organization's highest governing body worldwide
Barzilla W. Clark - Governor of Idaho 1937-1939. Mayor of Idaho Falls 1913–15, 1926–36
Mike Crapo - U.S. Senator (R-ID), serving since 1998
Dame Darcy - avant-garde cartoonist and author of Meatcake
Jared Gold - fashion designer, featured on America's Next Top Model
Gregg Hale - guitar player for multi-platinum selling British band Spiritualized
Michael Jon Hand - former CIA operative, arms dealer, drug dealer and international fugitive; co-founder of the defunct Nugan Hand Bank
Mary Kornman - actress, best known for Our Gang comedies
Rachel Martin - NPR journalist, host of Morning Edition
Edgar Miller - designer and artist
Yo Murphy - former CFL/NFL wide receiver; played at Idaho Falls High School
Ryan Nelson - federal judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (2018–present)
Martha Raddatz - ABC News Chief Global Affairs Correspondent, recipient of 4 Emmy Awards
Wilson Rawls - author of Where the Red Fern Grows and Summer of the Monkeys
Brandi Sherwood - Miss Idaho Teen USA 1989, Miss Teen USA 1989, Miss Idaho USA 1997, Miss USA 1997 (succeeded)
John L. Smith - head football coach at Michigan State, Louisville, Utah State, Idaho, and Arkansas
Frank L. VanderSloot - businessman, owner of Melaleuca Inc., a home-goods/health-product marketing company; national finance co-chair for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign
Sister city
Idaho Falls has a sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:
Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
Gallery
References
External links
Idaho Falls Public Library
Idaho Falls Chamber Of Commerce
Idaho Falls Convention And Visitors Bureau
Category:Cities in Idaho
Category:Cities in Bonneville County, Idaho
Category:County seats in Idaho
Category:Populated places established in 1864
Category:Cities in Idaho Falls metropolitan area | 2024-06-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2816 |
Q:
Function argument seems to disappear in type analysis
I'm trying to make a function generic by using typeclasses, and I keep bumping into this error :
I have a data type :
data ValeurM m = VLitteralM Litteral
| VFonctionM (ValeurM m -> m (ValeurM m))
which represents either a function or a litteral value, the m is a Monad type
I also have an injector class to inject values into this type
class Injectable m t where
injecte :: t -> ValeurM m
instance Injectable m Bool where
injecte = VLitteralM . Bool
instance Injectable m Integer where
injecte = VLitteralM . Entier
I've then tried to make an ifthenelse function in a generic way, like this :
injIf :: (Fail.MonadFail m) => (Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) -> ValeurM m
injIf = injecte
ifM :: (Fail.MonadFail m) => Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m
ifM bool iss1 iss2 = if bool then iss1
else iss2
ifthenelseM :: (Fail.MonadFail m) => ValeurM m
ifthenelseM = injIf ifM
However, I get this error message :
Interprete.hs:595:9: error:
• Could not deduce (Injectable
m (ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m))
arising from a use of ‘injecte’
(maybe you haven't applied a function to enough arguments?)
from the context: Fail.MonadFail m
bound by the type signature for:
injIf :: forall (m :: * -> *).
Fail.MonadFail m =>
(Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) -> ValeurM m
at Interprete.hs:594:1-89
• In the expression: injecte
In an equation for ‘injIf’: injIf = injecte
|
595 | injIf = injecte
| ^^^^^^^
It's supposed to resemble Normalisation by evaluation, but I can't seem to make it work
What bothers me is that the error message does not seem to take into account the first Bool parameter, am I missing anything ?
It fails on compilation
A:
This instance
instance (Monad m, Injectable m t) => Injectable m ((Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) -> t) where
injecte = injecte
is not what you want. Indeed, it gives you:
injecte :: ((Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) -> t) -> ValeurM m
but you want
injIf :: (Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) -> ValeurM m
so instead it's the Bool -> t instance which kicks in.
You might need an instance
instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} (_TODO_)
=> Injectable m (Bool -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m -> ValeurM m) where
that overlaps with Injectable m (Bool -> t) which is why I added the {-# OVERLAPPING #-} annotation.
Alternatively, maybe you want a different combination of instances, which would work in combination with the Injectable m (Bool -> t) instance
instance Injectable m t => Injectable m (ValeurM m -> t) where
instance Injectable m (ValeurM m) where -- base case
Actually, that one seems a better solution. Here's an implementation of these two instances; with this, I could make your code compile:
instance (Monad m, Injectable m t) => Injectable m (ValeurM m -> t) where
injecte f = VFonctionM (\v -> pure (injecte (f v)))
instance (Monad m) => Injectable m (ValeurM m) where
injecte = id
| 2024-07-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4717 |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<script src="index.js"></script>
<script src="example.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
| 2023-09-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5732 |
I was more angry when he rejected Treasury's advice to work-test DPB recipients, calling it a "punitive" measure, than over any of this stuff. He is supposed to be on the 'right' side of Labour but he's a feminist statist toadie. That's the point of attack.
Well he is a vile little prick in any case - he harangued and insulted me in front of select committee with such comments like "are you a party, why have you come here?", "if you are libertarians why do you have a party, don't you just do things on your own?".
His role as feminist statist toadie is no surprise, he is a hard worker, but given his past he has to curry favours with the feminocracy.
LM: "I was more angry when he rejected Treasury's advice to work-test DPB recipients, calling it a "punitive" measure, than over any of this stuff."
And sadly, attacking those pronouncements gets no headlines. But equally, those doing this latest kind of attacking don't get public support for it, (do they Rodney?)
While we're talking, Lindsay, can you tell me what exactly Rodney's point is with his publication on his site of the numbers of immigrants on welfare? Is it to show that a lesser proportion of immigrants is on welfare than are naturalised New Zealanders? And is he perhaps suggesting that naturalised NZers might then take a lesson in hard work from those who choose to come here and live?
RW:"It's a conspiracy Rick. PC wants to drive you insane. I told him you can't break something twice but he just won't listen." | 2023-12-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6228 |
Why 'Sensintrovert'? Ramblings of a sensitive+introvert plus very sarcastic at most times; mostly about the happenings of his home yard.
Monday, August 29, 2005
Royal Commision for the revamp of our Malaysian education system? "No thanks,"says Kerisman.
Yeah, no need for that. You want to know why? Let me tell you a story here:
At 12 years old, we have UPSR. 'Deserving ones' go into residential schools while the 'commoners' go to normal schools.
At 15 years old, we have PMR. 'Deserving ones' go into MRSMs while the 'commoners' go to normal schools.
At 17 years old, we have SPM. 'Deserving ones' go for matriculation/JPA-sponsored overseas studies while the 'commoners' go for STPM/expensive A levels.
At 20 years old, 'deserving ones' are ALREADY in degree programmes in IPTAs while the 'commoners' are just barely lucky enough to step into IPTAs.
At 23 years old, 'deserving ones' graduated with mediocre results and with the aid of 'rent-seeking' while the 'commoners' graduated by studying day and night.
At 24 years old, 'deserving ones' already are tutors in IPTA, bound to leave to overseas for fully-sponsored postgrad studies soon, while the 'commoners' had to 'beg' for scholarships around the world for postgrad studies.
At 26 years old, 'deserving ones' are already lecturers, bound for rapid promotion and doing 'mickey mouse' research, while the 'commoners' still suffer from a dilemma whether to return or not.
At 30 years old, 'deserving ones' are already head of departments, while the 'commoners' are still on the postdoc 'threadmill.'
At 40 years old, 'deserving ones' are already Professors while the 'commoners' have just only secured a tenure track position in academia overseas.
The list goes on and on as we age...
Just how can we stand tall side by side each other?
And a message to the Kerisman:
Plurseeeeee...us Chinese are NEITHER afraid of your weapon, nor bombs and missiles. We had suffered inequality, discrimination and injustice in silence for decades ; what are those physical threats to us?
Just consider this: if MCA wields a sword at their assembly and say 'Loong de chuan ren yoong pu siao si/du yi wu er' (The decendants of the dragon will not vanish/invincible)and if the Malays complain, they rebut that the Malays should not fear the sword and the China superpower. Will that be accepted then? You may want to torch the MCA HQ then!
And mind you. The keris was not cheap. Better put it for better uses like buying water tanks.
A symbol of struggle? If Ayah Pin couldn't have his teapot as his symbol of struggle, why should you have the keris? And idolism is forbidden in Islam, why are you 'worshipping' the keris? | 2023-10-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9170 |
*ﾃﾞｻﾞｲﾝQR*
http://d-qr.net/ex/ | 2024-07-19T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2911 |
Man caught burglarizing dead neighbor's home, deputies said
A Key Largo man was caught burglarizing his deceased neighbor’s home Tuesday morning, according to a news release from the Monroe County Sheriff's Office.
Although the elderly owner of the Key Largo home had died, a roommate of hers who was still living in the house called 911 to report that someone was inside, the release stated.
The roommate, also inside the home at the time of the break-in, had locked himself in his room, where he monitored video surveillance cameras that had captured images of the prowler scouring through the house. He was able to provide dispatcher’s a description of the man, according to the Sheriff's Office.
When a deputy arrived, he reportedly found Eddy Lopez Jemot, 45, a neighbor who lived nearby, walking quickly away from the home. Since Lopez Jemot matched the prowler's description, the deputy detained him.
Lopez Jemot claimed to have permission from the deceased homeowner's family to be in the house, deputies said.
But he could not name the relative who gave him permission.
Three debit cards with the dead woman's name on them were allegedly found in Lopez Jemot's pocket. | 2023-11-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7096 |
Q:
How to install the SQL Server PHP drivers in DDEV-Local?
I'm working on a DDEV-Local project where I need the SQL Server drivers for PHP (sqlsrv and pdo_sqlsrv). How can I add them to its web container? I can't use the extra packages configuration because it requires adding external repositories.
A:
This answer is updated for ddev v1.14.1+.
Add this Dockerfile to .ddev/web-build:
ARG BASE_IMAGE
FROM $BASE_IMAGE
COPY install_sqlsrv.sh /tmp/
RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive sudo apt-get install -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests gcc make autoconf libc-dev pkg-config php-pear
RUN /bin/bash /tmp/install_sqlsrv.sh
And save this script as .ddev/web-build/install_sqlsrv.sh :
#!/bin/bash
# This script installs MSSQL server. Contains some ddev-specific tweaks:
# - doesn't add ondrej's repo because that's already added
# - doesn't source .bashrc because that will happen anyway.
# - doesn't restart Apache; it's not started at this point.
# - assumes it's being run under sudo anyway and doesn't use sudo or su or exit
# - tries to run apt update as few times as possible
# - Apache's mpm_event module is already disabled.
# Those don't work well with Docker builds.
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/php/installation-tutorial-linux-mac?view=sql-server-2017#step-1-install-php-2
# Some of these packages will be redundant.
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
# Install sqlsrv drivers.
export PHP_VERSIONS="php7.0 php7.1 php7.2 php7.3"
# Note: Only works for PHP 7.0+.
export PHP_SUFFIXES="7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3"
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/linux-mac/installing-the-microsoft-odbc-driver-for-sql-server?view=sql-server-2017
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | apt-key add -
#Download appropriate package for the OS version
#Choose only ONE of the following, corresponding to your OS version
#Debian 9
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/debian/9/prod.list >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list &&
apt-get update
apt-get install -y curl apt-transport-https
for v in $PHP_VERSIONS; do
apt-get install -y "$v" "$v"-dev "$v"-xml
done
ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install -y msodbcsql17
# optional: for bcp and sqlcmd
ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install -y mssql-tools
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >>~/.bash_profile
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >>~/.bashrc
# optional: for unixODBC development headers
apt-get install -y unixodbc-dev
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/php/installation-tutorial-linux-mac?view=sql-server-2017#step-3-install-the-php-drivers-for-microsoft-sql-server
# See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40419718/how-to-install-php-extension-using-pecl-for-specific-php-version-when-several-p/48352487
for v in $PHP_SUFFIXES; do
pecl -d php_suffix="$v" install sqlsrv
pecl -d php_suffix="$v" install pdo_sqlsrv
# This does not remove the extensions; it just removes the metadata that says
# the extensions are installed.
pecl uninstall -r sqlsrv
pecl uninstall -r pdo_sqlsrv
done
for v in $PHP_SUFFIXES; do
printf "; priority=20\nextension=sqlsrv.so\n" >/etc/php/"$v"/mods-available/sqlsrv.ini
printf "; priority=30\nextension=pdo_sqlsrv.so\n" >/etc/php/"$v"/mods-available/pdo_sqlsrv.ini
chmod 666 /etc/php/"$v"/mods-available/*sqlsrv*.ini
done
phpenmod sqlsrv pdo_sqlsrv
# Step 4 skipped because Apache is already configured.
# Step 5 skipped because Apache is not started at this point.
# Reduce image size some.
rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
Then just run ddev start again.
Note: This takes several minutes to build. You can speed it up by removing PHP versions you don't use from the variable at the top of the Bash script.
See the comments in the scripts for where the instructions came from and how they were tweaked to work with ddev.
| 2024-06-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1706 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a variable length coding apparatus which variable-length-codes the audio, image, data, and other information signals and generates coded arrays and a variable length decoding apparatus which decodes variable length coded arrays.
2. Description of the Related Art
Variable length coding is an encoding system to compress the information content by assigning a short code to the information of high occurrence probability and a long code to the information of low occurrence probability by the use of statistical properties which audio, image, data, and other information signals posses when these information signals are encoded.
In case of the image, for example, the differences of adjacent pixels are concentrated to the vicinity of zero because the correlation between adjacent pixels is high. Therefore, assigning a pixel whose absolute value of the difference is small to a short code and that of large absolute value to a long code enables the compression of the information content. In case of the binary image such as facsimile data, encoding the white length and the black length (run-length coding) and assigning the run length with higher occurrence probability to a short code and that with lower occurrence probability to a long code enables the compression of the information content.
The variable length coding apparatus which carries out coding with the code length made variable generally has a variable length ROM (read-only memory) which stores in advance a variable length code table listing the encoded information signal with correspondence to the variable length code, and a word length ROM, a shift register, and a word length counter.
According to this type of conventional apparatus, information signals comprising n-bit digital data are inputted to the first input terminal, while load pulses are inputted to the second input terminal. The information data is converted to the variable length code and k-bit word length data by the variable length ROM and the word length ROM, and loaded into the shift register and the word length counter, respectively, by the load pulse. The word length counter counts down with the digital value of the loaded word length data designate as an initial value and stops counting when the contents reduce to zero. During the period between the loading of the word length data to the word length counter and the decrement of the data to zero, the output signal of the output terminal is "L," indicating that the variable length coded data from the shift register will appear at the output terminal during this period.
This conventional variable length coding apparatus has a problem that the output of the ROM requires a large number of bits. For example, if the maximum length of the variable length code is 20 bits and input information signal is the n=8 bit data, the word length counter outputs needs k=5 bits. Therefore, the variable length ROM must have n=8 bit address inputs and 25-bit outputs. As a result, four memories each having 8 bits are required. In addition to the ROM of such a large number of bits, the conventional variable length coding apparatus needs a large shift register and a counter, resulting in a large circuit scale.
On the other hand, the variable length decoding apparatus which decodes the variable length codes generally has a shift register, ROM for storing the variable length codes with correspondence to decoded values, and a word length counter.
According to the conventional decoding apparatus, the variable length coded array is inputted to the first input terminal and the reset pulse is inputted to the second terminal at the first timing of the variable length coded array. The word length counter is reset with the reset pulse via a gate and every time one variable length coded array is inputted to the first input terminal, the word length counter counts up by the clock. The variable length coded array is inputted to the shift register in series and shifted by 1 bit. The k-bit word length data outputted from the word length counter and the shifted variable length coded array are given to provided to the ROM. The ROM stores the variable length code table which lists variable length codes with correspondence to decoded values, and if a coded array with the word length removed from the shift register output is located on the variable length code table, the ROM outputs the decoded value and the coincidence pulse VD of negative logic. The coincidence pulse VD is latched with a latch and outputted from the output terminal. The decoded value outputted from the ROM by the coincidence pulse is latched by a latch and outputted from the output terminal. The coincidence pulse is supplied to the word length counter as well via gate and resets the word length counter.
In this conventional variable length decoding apparatus, a ROM with a large number of bits is required. For example, if the maximum code length of the variable length code is 20 bits and the decoded value (information signal) in n=8 bit data, same as that described before, the output of the word length counter requires k=5 bits, and ROM requires the address input of 20+5=25 bits and the output of 9 bits which is yielded by adding 8 bits of decoded value to 1 bit of the coincidence pulse, requiring a capacity as large as 32M.times.9 bits.
As described above, in the conventional variable length coding and decoding apparatus, the variable length code tables are stored in a ROM and a large storage capacity ROM is needed, creating a problem that the circuit scale is extremely large. | 2024-01-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1733 |
<?php
/**
* Magento
*
* NOTICE OF LICENSE
*
* This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
* that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE.txt.
* It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
* http://opensource.org/licenses/osl-3.0.php
* If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
* obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
* to license@magento.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
*
* DISCLAIMER
*
* Do not edit or add to this file if you wish to upgrade Magento to newer
* versions in the future. If you wish to customize Magento for your
* needs please refer to http://www.magento.com for more information.
*
* @category Mage
* @package Mage_XmlConnect
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2006-2020 Magento, Inc. (http://www.magento.com)
* @license http://opensource.org/licenses/osl-3.0.php Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
*/
/**
* Orders chart data xml renderer block
*
* @category Mage
* @package Mage_XmlConnect
* @author Magento Core Team <core@magentocommerce.com>
*/
class Mage_XmlConnect_Block_Adminhtml_Connect_Dashboard_GraphOrderData
extends Mage_XmlConnect_Block_Adminhtml_Connect_Dashboard_GraphDataAbstract
{
/**
* Initialize object
*/
public function __construct()
{
$this->setHtmlId('orders');
parent::__construct();
}
/**
* Prepare chart data
*
* @return null
*/
protected function _prepareData()
{
$this->setDataHelperName('xmlconnect/adminhtml_dashboard_order');
$this->setDataRows('quantity');
$this->_axisMaps = array('x' => 'range', 'y' => 'quantity');
parent::_prepareData();
}
/**
* Add order chart data to xml object
*
* @param Mage_XmlConnect_Model_Simplexml_Element $xmlObj
* @return Mage_XmlConnect_Block_Adminhtml_Connect_Dashboard_GraphOrderData
*/
public function addOrderChartDataToXmlObj(Mage_XmlConnect_Model_Simplexml_Element $xmlObj)
{
$this->_xmlObj = $xmlObj->addCustomChild('chart_data_details', null, array('id' => 'orders'));
$this->_addAllStoreData();
return $this;
}
}
| 2023-11-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4975 |
Based on the New York Times best-selling novel, The Shack takes us on a father's uplifting spiritual journey that shows him the ultimate truth about love, loss and forgiveness.After suffering a family tragedy, Mack Phillips - Sam Worthington - spirals into a deep depression, isolating himself from his family and his closest friend Willie - Tim McGraw - and causing him to question his innermost beliefs. Facing a crisis of faith, he receives a mysterious letter urging him to an abandoned shack deep in the Oregon wilderness. Despite his doubts, Mack journeys to the shack and encounters an enigmatic trio of strangers - led by Acadamy Award winner Octavia Spencer.Through this meeting, Mack realises important truths that will transform his understanding of his tragedy and change his life forever.The Shack is a powerful story that offers a message of hope for all.
This Movie screening is a Fundraiser for Frontier Projects Haiti: a subsidiary of our Coffs Coast locally-based charity www.frontierprojects.org. We undertake projects of hope and love in Haiti - partnering with Haitian leaders to establish food and clean-water programs & sustainable energy and business projects for the schools and Community Homes that we build. All to bring hope and love to Haiti's children and orphans in desperate need. We love the incredible message of hope in THE SHACK. Thank you for joining us. | 2024-04-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5291 |
Impact of omalizumab in children from a middle-income country with severe therapy-resistant asthma: A real-life study.
Severe asthma in children is a global health problem. Severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA) in children is a major clinical challenge due to persistent symptoms despite high doses of corticosteroids and results in high public health costs. Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody) has been described as an effective add-on therapy in these patients. The characteristics of children with STRA from low- and middle-income countries have scarcely been reported, and no real-life study has been published on the effects of omalizumab in this group of patients. The aim of our study is to report the first clinical real-life experiences with omalizumab in Brazilian children with STRA. Children (6-18 years old) from a referral center who were diagnosed with STRA were included in this retrospective study based on our clinical databases. The included children had undergone at least 6 months of omalizumab treatment and fulfilled the following initial criteria: 1) >6 years old; 2) a positive skin-prick test for at least one aeroallergen; and 3) a serum total IgE level between 30 and 1500 IU/mL. Clinical and lung function variables were analyzed before and after treatment. Fourteen children (mean age: 11.9 years; percentage female: 72%) were included in this study. Omalizumab treatment significantly increased control of the disease according to a standardized questionnaire administered at every visit (P < 0.0001), ceased hospitalizations in 70% (P = 0.02) of patients, and allowed 8/9 (89%) patients to be weaned off oral steroids (P = 0.004). In this retrospective report, the use of omalizumab in Brazilian children with STRA significantly improved disease control, decreased hospitalizations, and allowed suspension of continuous oral corticosteroids. | 2024-04-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4303 |
Q:
css image overlay (zoom icon)
How can I get a image on top of another image in css? I'm trying to get a little magnifying glass icon on top of each image I have in a grid.
On a side question how can I get rid of the # in my css and change it to .
ul#grid {
list-style: none;
margin: 60px auto 0;
width: 1200px;
}
#grid li span {
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JSFIDDLE
A:
You have to change your position as absolute.
| 2024-06-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5211 |
[Correlation between cordocentesis performed during pregnancy and premature delivery].
Cordocentesis is a procedure used to obtain fetal blood sample or to perform an intrauterine therapy. The cordocentesis is performed to determine the blood group, blood cell counts, fetus karyotype, intrauterine infection, level of 17-OH progesterone and fetus renal secretion. Access to the umbilical vein is possible from the 16-18th week of gestation. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of cordocentesis on the premature delivery. Authors have analysed the course of gestation and delivery in all the cases with at least one cordocentesis carried out in the Department of Obstetrics in Gdańsk in 1991-2002. The group of 145 pregnant women was analysed. In this group 199 cordocenteses were performed. In 31 cases there was a premature delivery which was not a complication of cordocentesis. The duration of pregnancies in each group was compared to the control group--a total of 1657 patients who gave births in the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1998. For statistical analysis of the results the T-Student test was used with the significance level p = 0.05. The mean duration of pregnancy in the control group was 40 +/- 2.47 weeks (from 23 to 45), in the group of patients after cordocentesis--33.97 +/- 4.68 weeks (from 23 to 42)--no statistical difference was found. In the group of patients with lethal malformation of foetus the induction of delivery was performed in the 30.97 +/- 4.66 week of gestation (from 23rd to 41st)--statistical difference to the group of all patients after cordocentesis. In cases with only diagnostic cordocentesis the delivery took place in 36.85 +/- 2.60 weeks of gestation and in the group with fetal blood transfusions the mean duration of pregnancy was 35.36 +/- 3.72 weeks. The incidence of the premature deliveries in the control group was 7.18% and in the group of patients after cordocentesis--72.46%--there is significant difference between these two groups. The cesarean section was performed in the control group in 23.60% and in 36.23% in the group of patients with performed cordocentesis. The intrauterine transfusions during cordocentesis do not influence the term of delivery. The term of delivery after the diagnostic and therapeutic cordocenteses does not statistically differ from the term of delivery in the control group. The cordocentesis (the result of blood tests) allows to determine the need of induction of delivery. It gives better prognosis for the newborn. | 2024-06-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7988 |
Former Mets second-baseman Wally Backman was arrested on Long Island for allegedly shoving his girlfriend into a wall Friday morning and stopping her from calling cops, officials said.
Backman, who was part of the 1986 World Series champion Mets and currently manages the Long Island Ducks minor-league team, was charged with harassment and criminal mischief, police said.
The woman claimed Backman pushed her into a wall and twisted her hand at her Riverhead home, court officials confirmed. He also allegedly grabbed her cellphone trying to prevent her from calling police. The woman suffered a cut that required medical attention.
Backman, 59, was released without bail following his arraignment in Riverhead court. He’s due back in court Sept. 17.
His rap sheet includes a 2001 bust for domestic abuse involving his second wife and her pal and drunken driving a year earlier, according to prior reports. In those cases, he was ordered to complete courses in alcohol counseling and anger management.
His first wife reportedly filed a restraining order against him in 1995, claiming he hit her and threatened to do it again.
Backman’s criminal and legal woes — including filing for bankruptcy in 2003 — cost him a gig as manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks just four days after his hiring in 2004.
The team claimed Backman never disclosed his checkered past — and said it learned of his record only after reading news reports. His two-year contract was worth $1 million.
After Arizona ditched him, Backman, who played with the Mets from 1980 to 1988 during a 14-year major-league career, spent years managing in the minors. From 2010 to 2016, he managed Mets-affiliated teams, including the Brooklyn Cyclones and Las Vegas, where he was named Pacific Coast League manager of the year in 2014.
Backman was canned from Las Vegas amid his rocky relationship with then-Mets general manager Sandy Alderson. Backman has maintained he resigned.
Backman also lost out on the Mets’ managing job in 2011 to Terry Collins and was passed over for other major-league coaching jobs with the Mets.
The Ducks opened a home series against the Somerset Patriots Friday night with Backman in the dugout.
“We are aware of the August 30 alleged incident involving manager Wally Backman,” the Ducks said in a statement. “We have spoken with Wally and understand he categorically denies all charges against him. Wally will continue as manager and neither he nor the Long Island Ducks will comment further on this pending legal matter.”
Backman, who didn’t return a message seeking comment, is not the only 1986 Met who has been in trouble recently.
Last month, he weighed in on Dwight Gooden’s arrest for alleged cocaine possession and DUI. “It’s almost like you — I don’t know if grow up is the right word,” Backman told The Post at the time. “It becomes a sense that things have got to change.” | 2024-07-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5024 |
Q:
mysql-connector-c++ 8.0 connection refused
I'm using the mysql-connector-c++ 8.0 after getting it working with great difficulty and now the uri I've entered is as their mentioning in the docs but the connection is refused.
What the doc says:
Client cli("user:password@host_name/db_name", ClientOption::POOL_MAX_SIZE, 7);
My Code:
_mysql_client = std::make_unique<mysqlx::Client>("mysqlx://root:asdasd@localhost/asdasd");
try {
mysqlx::Session s = _mysql_client->getSession();
CoreLog->info("Successfully connected to mysql server on {}.", conn_uri);
} catch (const mysqlx::Error &err) {
CoreLog->info("Could not connect to mysql server on {} due to {}.", conn_uri, err.what());
}
and i get this error
[20:34:36.993] Core: Could not connect to mysql server on root:asdasd@localhost/asdasd due to CDK Error: Connection refused (generic:61).
What's the issue here?
A:
mysqlx::Client is for connection to the new Mysql X protocol. This listens on a different port (33060 by default instead of 3306) which is the cause of the "connection refused" message.
You need to install and enable the Mysql protocol X plugin. See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-shell/8.0/en/mysql-shell-install.html for instructions.
| 2024-03-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6807 |
Nina Springle
Nina Meredith Springle (born 6 March 1973) is an Australian politician. She was a Greens member of the Victorian Legislative Council, having represented South Eastern Metropolitan Region from 2014 to 2018.
In 2014 Springle became the first Greens MP to represent the South Eastern Metropolitan Region in Victoria’s Parliament. Springle has worked as a consultant in the community and education sectors.
During her term of office, Springle was the Victorian Greens spokesperson for Families and Children, Multicultural Affairs, Women, Health, Youth Justice, Prevention of Family Violence, Older People, Employment, Industrial Relations, Industry & Trade, Small Business, Digital Rights and Waste Management.
Nina Springle initiated the "Plastic Free Sea" campaign, which aims to stop marine plastic pollution in Victoria, and has worked on developing a container deposit scheme to reduce plastic and metal litter.
Springle was appointed the first Deputy Leader of the Victorian Greens on 12 October 2017, a role she retained until losing her seat at the 2018 state election. She resigned from the party after the election, citing dissatisfaction with the "party establishment" and its response to the loss of seats.
References
External links
Parliamentary voting record of Nina Springle at Victorian Parliament Tracker
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria
Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Council for South Eastern Metropolitan Region
Category:Deakin University alumni
Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Council | 2023-11-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9654 |
Neurologic deficit and cerebral ATP depletion after temporary focal ischemia in cats.
Focal ischemia was induced in 23 cats by occluding the left middle cerebral artery for 2 h. The animals were then divided into groups for unforced reperfusion of variable duration ranging from 2 to 48 h. Neurological ratings were obtained during both ischemia and reperfusion. Following planned sacrifice the regional ATP content was assessed by means of a bioluminescence method showing spatial distribution and degree of ATP depletion. All the animals developed a neurologic deficit, with a median of 6 points on a disability scale of 0-10. After reopening of the middle cerebral artery, neurologic recovery was quite variable depending on the initial neurologic deficit (partial phi = 0.67, p1 less than 0.05): Animals with mild initial functional impairment improved and those with severe neurologic disturbances either died early or developed a more severe neurologic deficit, irrespective of the duration of reperfusion. The degree of ATP depletion and the amount of brain tissue involved exhibited a significant correlation with the neurological outcome (tau = 0.50, p1 less than 0.05), but they were even more closely related to the initial neurologic deficit (partial phi = 1.00, p1 less than 0.001), suggesting an early definitive manifestation of deficiencies in regional energy metabolism. | 2024-06-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7083 |
---
abstract: 'We describe a new technique to obtain representations of the braid group $B_n$ from the $\Re$–matrix of a quantum deformed algebra of the one dimensional harmonic oscillator. We consider the action of the $\Re$–matrix not on the tensor product of representations of the algebra, that in the harmonic oscillator case are infinite dimensional, but on the subspace of the tensor product corresponding to the lowest weight vectors.'
author:
- 'M. Tarlini[^1]'
title: Braid group representations from a deformation of the harmonic oscillator algebra
---
Introduction
============
Given a vector space and a matrix acting on it a generator of the Artin braid group $B_n$ [@A] can be represented on the $n$-tensor product of the vector space if and only if the matrix satisfies the Yang-Baxter equation, the original main reason for the quantum groups was to solve this equation [@FRT], and to study links invariants [@KR], [@RT].
In this paper we want to give a new way to find representation of the braid group $B_n$ using a quantum group version [@h1q] of the harmonic oscillator algebra. This Lie algebra has four generators; we consider, besides the ladder operators, the constant operator and the Hamiltonian as generators. The irreducible representations of this algebra are infinite dimensional and it is not possible to use the standard methods based on the quantum $\Re$–matrix formalism without a regularization procedure, for instance a connection between the quantum deformed harmonic oscillator and some links invariants is given in [@GS].
Here we use a different approach which takes into account the fact that lowest (highest) weight spaces (they are finite dimensional) in the $n$-tensor product of representations of the quantum algebra are $B_n$ invariant and they define a representation of the braid group.
This idea has been followed in [@JK] for the $U_q(sl_2)$ quantum algebra, where the authors indicate with ${\bf W}_{n,l}$ the highest weight spaces and prove the isomorphism between ${\bf W}_{n,1}$ and the reduced Burau representation [@Burau],[@KT] of $B_n$ and between ${\bf W}_{n,2}$ and the Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow representation [@LKB], [@KT].
The advantage of working with the harmonic oscillator algebra is that we are able to construct the $B_n$ representation spaces analogous to the lowest weight spaces ${\bf W}_{n,l}$ very easily. Indeed it is possible to start with different representations of the quantum algebra in each tensor space, and to reach lowest weights space of higher level (corresponding to their parameter $l>2$). We recover in the simplest case, and with all the representations in the tensor product being equal each others, the reduced Burau representation and in a second step the Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow representation but with a parameter less.
In general following the formula (\[sigmaopo\]) it is possible to quantize a general classical representations of $B_n$.
The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we recall the quantum deformation of the harmonic oscillator algebra and its irreducible representation, in Section 3 we write explicitly the $\Re$–matrix and the assignment of the generators $\sigma_i$ of the braid group $B_n$. In Section 4 we describe the lowest weight vectors of the quantum algebra, and in Section 5 we introduce the operator $\opo$ and the reduction of the representations on the $n$-tensor product. In Section 6 we write the general formula (\[sigmaopo\]) that allows to build the representations of the braid group. Finally in Section 7 we give some explicit examples.
Quantum deformed algebra and his irreducible representations {#qda_irreps}
============================================================
In [@3dc; @h1q] we obtained a quantum group deformation of the Lie algebra of the harmonic oscillator by a contraction of the quantum algebra $sl(2)_q$. Here we recall the structure of Hopf algebra of this deformation that we write in the rational form and call $ho_q$.
The associative algebra $ho_q$ is defined over $\C$ with generators $\alpha^\pm\,,\epsilon\,,\qgm\,$, $\qmgm$ and $1$ with the relations $\qpmgm \qmpgm=1$ and with the following commutators, where $q$ is a nonzero parameter: $$\label{hoq}
[\alpha^-,\alpha^+]=\frac{\qg-\qmg}{q-q^{-1}}\equiv[\Gamma]_q\ ,\quad\quad [\epsilon,\alpha^{\pm}]=\pm\,\alpha^\pm\ ,\quad\quad [\qpmgm, \cdot]=0\ .$$
The Hopf algebra coproduct is given by $$\begin{gathered}
\label{hopf}
\Delta\, \alpha^\pm=\alpha^\pm\otimes\, \qgm + \qmgm\, \otimes\alpha^\pm\ ,\\
\Delta\, \epsilon =\epsilon\,\otimes 1 +1\otimes\, \epsilon\ , \quad
\Delta\, \qpmgm =\qpmgm\otimes \qpmgm\ ,
\end{gathered}$$ with counit of $\alpha^\pm$ and $\epsilon$ equal to zero and counit of $\qpmgm$ equal to one, the antipod is $$\begin{gathered}
S(\alpha^\pm)=-\alpha^\pm\ , \quad S(\qpmgm)=\qmpgm , \quad S(\epsilon)=-\epsilon\ .\end{gathered}$$
The algebra $ho_q$ has two Casimirs, one is $\qgm$ the other is $$C_q=[\Gamma]_q\; \epsilon -\alpha^+\,\alpha^-\ .$$
The representations of the braid groups will be derived starting from the representations of this algebra. The irreps are labeled by two numbers: $\gamma$ and $c$, we call ${\bf H}^{(\gamma,c)}$ the module freely generated by a set of vectors $h^{(\gamma,c)}_m\,,\ m\in \N_0$.
The representation of $ho_q$ on ${\bf H}^{(\gamma,c)}$ is then $$\begin{aligned}
\label{irreps}
\alpha^-\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m &=& [\gamma]_q^{1/2}\,m^{1/2}\, h^{(\gamma,c)}_{m-1}\ ,\nonumber\\
\alpha^+\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m &=& [\gamma]_q^{1/2}\,(m+1)^{1/2}\, h^{(\gamma,c)}_{m+1}\ ,\\
\epsilon\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m &=&(m+c)\ h^{(\gamma,c)}_m\ . \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ With $\qpmgm\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m= q^{\pm\gamma/2}\ h^{(\gamma,c)}_m$ and $C_q\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m=[\gamma]_q\,c\, h^{(\gamma,c)}_m$.
The generators of this representation can be obtained from the vector $h^{(\gamma,c)}_0$ by the action of $\alpha^+$, namely $h^{(\gamma,c)}_m=([\gamma]_q^m m!)^{-1/2}(\alpha^+)^m\, h^{(\gamma,c)}_0$.
We assume $\gamma,c\in \R$, we choose $q\in \R$ ($0<q<1$), then this representation is hermitian with respect to the star involution $(\alpha^\pm)^*=\alpha^\mp\ ,(\epsilon)^*=\epsilon$ and $(\gamma)^*=\gamma$. The star involution is an anti–homomorphism and it fulfills $\Delta \circ *=(*\otimes\,*)\circ \Delta$ and $S\circ *=*\circ S^{-1}$. The scalar product is given by $<h^{(\gamma,c)}_m|h^{(\gamma,c)}_{m'}>=\delta_{m\,m'}$.
The $\Re$–matrix {#Rm}
================
In [@h1q] the quasitriangular $\Re$–matrix is obtained as a contraction limit of the $\Re$–matrix of $sl_q(2)$, the result is $$\label{rmatrix}
\Re=q^{ -({\textstyle \epsilon}\,\otimes\,\Gamma + \Gamma\,\otimes\,{\textstyle \epsilon})} \exp[(q-q^{-1})\,(\qgm\,\otimes\,\qmgm)\,\alpha^-\,\otimes\,\alpha^+]\ .$$ It is a general feature that the $\Re$–matrix it is not an element of the tensor product of the quantum algebra given in the rational form, nevertheless it acts on any tensor product of algebra representations (see for instance Chapter 9 and 10 of the book [@CP] for a general reference). We are interested in the action of $\Re$ on the representations given in (\[irreps\]), this leads us to consider $\Gamma\cdot h^{(\gamma,c)}_m= \gamma\ h^{(\gamma,c)}_m$.
$\Re$ is then an endomorphism on ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_1,c_1)}\,\otimes\, {\bf H}^{(\gamma_2,c_2)}$. If ${\cal P}$ is the permutation on the tensor product, the action of ${\cal P}\, \Re$ gives an action of a generator of the braid group.
We write here the action of ${\cal P}\Re$ on an element $h^{(1)}_m\,\otimes\,h^{(2)}_{m'}\in{\bf H}^{(\gamma_1,c_1)}\,\otimes\, {\bf H}^{(\gamma_2,c_2)}$ , to simplify the notations we use $h_m^{(i)}$ for $h_m^{(\gamma_i,c_i)}$ : $$\label{p_er}
\begin{split}
{\cal P}\Re\;\cdot h^{(1)}_m\,\otimes\,h^{(2)}_{m'}&= q^{-((m+c_1)\gamma_2 +(m'+c_2)\gamma_1)} \sum^m_{k=0}{\binom {m+k-1}{m-1}}^{1/2} {\binom {m'+k}{m'}}^{1/2}\cdot \\
&\cdot (1-q^{-2\gamma_1})^{k/2} (q^{2\gamma_2}-1)^{k/2}\,h^{(2)}_{m'+k}\,\otimes\,h^{(1)}_{m-k}\ .
\end{split}$$
The Artin braid group $B_n$ is defined as the group generated by the $n-1$ generators $\sigma_1,\sigma_2,\cdots\sigma_{n-1}$ and the [*braid relations*]{}: $\sigma_i\sigma_j=
\sigma_j\sigma_i$ for $|i-j|>1$ and $\sigma_i\sigma_{i+i}\sigma_i=\sigma_{i+1}\sigma_i\sigma_{i+1}$ for $i=1,\cdots, n-2$ (see Section 1.1 of [@KT]).
The Yang–Baxter equation $\Re_{12}\Re_{13}\Re_{23}=\Re_{23}\Re_{13}\Re_{12}$ provides the braid relations of the generators $\sigma_i$ of the $B_n$ braid group presentation, then a representation of $B_n$ on ${\bf H}^{\otimes\,n}$ is given by the following identification $$\label{sigma}
\sigma_j=1^{\otimes\,j-1}\,\otimes\,{\cal P}\,\Re\,\otimes\,1^{\otimes\,n-j-1}\ .$$
The inverse of the $\Re$–matrix and consequently the inverse of $\sigma_i$ are obtained by the expression $\Re^{-1}=(S\,\otimes 1)\,\Re$; from (\[rmatrix\]) it results in the exchange $q\rightarrow q^{-1}$ in $\Re$ and then in $\sigma_i$. In the following section we describe a method to find a finite dimensional space of representation of $B_n$ starting from (\[sigma\]) and the infinite dimensional representations (\[irreps\]) of $ho_q$. The main feature is the fact that the operator ${\cal P}\,\Re$, and hence also the maps $\sigma_i$, commute with the action of the $ho_q$ algebra on the tensor product, this action is given by the coproduct.
Lowest weight spaces of $ho_q$ {#sec_weight_spaces}
==============================
The action of the generators of $ho_q$ on the $n$–tensor product of representations is given by the iterated coproduct defined as $\Delta^{(n)} =
(\Delta^{(n-1)}\,\otimes 1) \Delta$ with $n\geq 2$ and $\Delta^{(2)}\equiv\Delta$.
\[weight\_space\] The weight space ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,e)}$ corresponding to the weights $\gamma$ and $e$ is defined as ${\rm ker}(\Delta^{(n)}\Gamma -\gamma)\cap
{\rm ker}(\Delta^{(n)}\epsilon -e)\subset
\bigoplus_{\perm\in S_n}\bigotimes_{i=1}^n {\bf H}^{(\gamma_{\perm(i)},c_{\perm(i)})}$, where $\perm\in S_n$ is a permutation of $(1,\cdots,n)$.
The generator $\epsilon$ and $\Gamma$ are primitive then ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,e)}$ is the span of vectors of the form $$\label{vector_n}
h^{\perm(1)}_{m_1}\,\otimes h^{\perm(2)}_{m_2}\cdots\otimes\,h^{\perm(n)}_{m_n}\quad \text{with} \quad \left\{
\aligned \gamma_1+\cdots+\gamma_n&=\gamma\ , \\m_1+\cdots +m_n&=e-c_1-\cdots -c_n\ .
\endaligned \right.$$ Here we used the short notation $h^{(i)}_m$ for $h^{(\gamma_i,c_i)}_m$.
Then we have that $e\geq \sum_i^n c_i$ and $e - \sum_i^n c_i$ is a nonnegative integer, moreover the value $\gamma$ is fixed by the $\gamma_i$.
In the following we fix the representations ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_i,c_i)}$.
Note that the Casimir $C_q$ is not primitive therefore a generic vector in ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,e)}$ is not an eigenvector of $\Delta^{(n)} C_q$, in particular of the term $\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+\,\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^-$.
\[lowest\_weight\] The lowest weight space corresponding to $e$ is the space ${\bf V}^{(e)}\subset {\bf W}^{(\gamma,e)}$ of vectors $v_0^{(e)}$ such that $\Delta^{(n)} \alpha^- \cdot v_0^{(e)}=0$.
For every vector $v_0^{(e)}\in{\bf V}^{(e)}$ we have that $$\label{deltaC}
\Delta^{(n)} C_q\cdot\, v_0^{(e)}= (\frac{\Delta^{(n)}\, q^\Gamma-\Delta^{(n)}\, q^{-\Gamma}}{q-q^{-1}}\;
\Delta^{(n)}\epsilon -\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+\,\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^-)\cdot\,v_0^{(e)}=[\gamma]_q\,e\;v_0^{(e)}\ .$$ From now on we will indicate the eigenvalue of $\Delta^{(n)} C_q$ neglecting the $[\gamma]_q$ factor, namely we consider $e$ as the eigenvalue of $v_0^{(e)}$. Starting from a vector $v_0^{(e)}\in {\bf V}^{(e)}$ one can built a representation of $ho_q$ by applying the operator $\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+$, namely we define $$\label{vi}
v_m^{(e)}=([\gamma]^m_q\, m!)^{-1/2}(\Delta^{(n}\alpha^+)^m \, v_0^{(e)}\ ,$$ we notice that $v_m^{(e)}\in {\bf W}^{(\gamma,e+m)}$ is not an element of ${\bf V}^{(e+m)}$, indeed $\Delta^{(n)} \alpha^-\cdot\; v_m^{(e)}=[\gamma]_q^{1/2}\,m^{1/2}\, v_{m-1}^{(e)}\neq0$. The eigenvalue of the Casimir on $v_m^{(e)}$ is $e$ .
The relations (\[irreps\]) are fulfilled with the substitutions: $c\rightarrow e$, $h^{(c)}_m\rightarrow v_m^{(e)}$, $\alpha^+\rightarrow \Delta^{(n)} \alpha^+$, $\alpha^-\rightarrow \Delta^{(n)} \alpha^-$, $\epsilon\rightarrow \Delta^{(n)} \epsilon$ and the scalar product is $<v_m^{(e)}|v_{m'}^{(e)}>=\delta_{m\,m'}$.
For $n=2$ the lowest value for $e$ is $c_1+c_2$. The lowest weight space ${\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2)}$ is generated by $v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=h_0^{(1)}\otimes h_0^{(2)}$ (and the permutation $h_0^{(2)}\otimes h_0^{(1)}$), namely $\Delta\epsilon\cdot\, v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=(c_1+c_2)\; v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}$ and $\Delta\alpha^-\cdot\, v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=0$.
The next value for $e$ is $c_1+c_2+1$ then we write $v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}=a\;h_0^{(1)}\otimes h_1^{(2)} + b\;h_1^{(1)}\otimes h_0^{(2)}$ so that $\Delta\epsilon\cdot\, v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}=(c_1+c_2+1)\; v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$. Imposing the lowest weight relation we get $v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$ proportional to $q^{\gamma_2/2}\,[\gamma_1]_q^{1/2}\;h_0^{(1)}\otimes h_1^{(2)} - q^{-\gamma_1/2}\,[\gamma_2]_q^{1/2}\;h_1^{(1)}\otimes h_2^{(2)}$. We have that ${\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$ is generated by this $v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$ and the permutation obtained by the exchange $\gamma_1 \leftrightarrow \gamma_2$ and $(1)\leftrightarrow (2)$.
The operator $\opo$ and the reduction of the tensor product of representations
==============================================================================
We start with $n=2$, we take the representations ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_1,c_1)}$ and ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_2,c_2)}$. The idea is to find an operator $\opo\in ho_q\,\otimes\,ho_q$ that commutes with $\Delta \alpha^-$ and that works as a ladder operator on $\Delta\epsilon$ so that $\opo$ maps vectors of ${\bf V}^{(e)}$ in vectors of ${\bf V}^{(e+1)}$. The following proposition derives from a straightforward computation:
The operator $$\label{opo}
\opo=q^{-\Gamma/2}\,[\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\alpha^+\,\otimes\,[\Gamma]_q^{1/2} - [\Gamma]_q^{1/2} \,\otimes\,q^{\Gamma/2}\,[\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\alpha^+$$ satisfies the following commutators: $$\label{commopo}
[\Delta \alpha^-,\opo]=0\;, \qquad [\Delta \epsilon,\opo]=\opo\ ,$$ and obviously $$[\Delta \Gamma,\opo]=0\;,\qquad [\Delta \alpha^+,\opo]=0\ .$$
Following Definition \[lowest\_weight\] the space ${\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2)}$ is the lowest weight space with $e=c_1+c_2$ and $\gamma=\gamma_1+\gamma_2$, where $\gamma_i\,,c_i$ define the Casimirs eigenvalues on the representations ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_i,c_i)}$.
From the vector $v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=h^{(1)}_{0}\otimes h^{(2)}_{0}\in{\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2)}$ we can obtain $v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}=[\gamma]_q^{-1/2}\opo\,v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}$, with the eigenvalue of the Casimir $\Delta C_q$ given by $c_1+c_2+1$ and $v_1^{(c_1+c_2)}=[\gamma]_q^{-1/2}\,\Delta\alpha^+\,v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}$, with the eigenvalue of the Casimir given by $c_1+c_2$.
One can start from the vector ${v'}_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=h^{(2)}_{0}\otimes h^{(1)}_{0}\in{\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2)}$ and repeat the same construction.
The vectors $v_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$ and $v_1^{(c_1+c_2)}$ together with ${v'}_0^{(c_1+c_2+1)}$ and ${v'}_1^{(c_1+c_2)}$ have the eigenvalue of $\Delta\epsilon$ equal to $c_1+c_2+1$ and they span ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,c_1+c_2+1)}=\langle \; h_0^{(\perm(1))}\otimes h_1^{(\perm(2))},\,h_1^{(\perm(1))}\otimes h_0^{(\perm(2))}\,;\ \perm\in S_2\;\rangle$, namely the weight space with $e=c_1+c_2+1$.
In general ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,c_1+c_2+N)}$ is spanned by the $2(N+1)$ vectors $h_m^{\perm(1)}\otimes h_{m'}^{\perm(2)}$ for $m+m'=N$. It can be reduced in the combination of vectors of the representations with Casimir from $c$ to $c+N$ of the form $v_i^{(c_1+c_2+j)}$ with $i+j=N\ (i,j\geq0)$ obtained from $v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}=h_0^{\perm(1)}\otimes h_0^{\perm(2)}$ using (\[vi\]) and $$\label{v0}
v_0^{(c_1+c_2+k)}=([\gamma]^k_q\, k!)^{-1/2}\opo^{\,k} \, v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}\ .$$
From the commutation relation $[\opo^*,\opo]=\Delta [\Gamma]_q$ and $[\Delta\alpha^-,\opo]=0$ we can prove that these vectors verify $$<v_i^{(c_1+c_2+j)}|v_{i'}^{(c_1+c_2+j')}>=\delta_{i\,i'}\delta_{j\,j'}\ .$$ The rising of $c_1+c_2$ by $j$ steps using $\opo$ and the rising from $0$ to $i$ using $\Delta\alpha^+$ can be made in any order because of the commutativity of $\opo$ with $\Delta\alpha^+$.
We have then the following proposition:
\[reduction\] For $n=2$ we define ${\bf U}^{(j,N)}\subset {\bf W}^{(\gamma,c_1+c_2 +N)}$ as the space spanned by the vectors $\langle\; (\Delta\alpha^+)^{(N-j)}\;\opo^{\,j}\,v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}\; \rangle$, with $v_0^{(c_1+c_2)}\in {\bf V}^{(c_1+c_2)}$. The vectors in ${\bf U}^{(j,N)}$ are eigenvectors of $\Delta C_q$ and $\Delta \epsilon $ with eigenvalue respectively $c_1+c_2+j$ and $c+N$. We have that $$\label{eq_reduction}
{\bf W}^{(\gamma,c_1+c_2+N)}=\bigoplus_{j=0}^N{\bf U}^{(j,N)}\ .$$
We treat now the case of a generic $n$.
One can repeat what was done for $n=2$ using the operators $$\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+ \quad \text{and}\quad \opo_k=1^{\otimes k-1}\otimes\underbrace{\opo}_{k,k+1}\otimes\; 1^{\otimes n-k-1}\,,$$
$\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^-$, $\Delta^{(n)}\epsilon$ and $\opo_k$ still satisfy the commutation relations (\[commopo\]) for every $k$.
Fixing the Casimirs $c_i$ of the representations in the tensor product we call ${\bf c}$ the sum of them: ${\bf c}=c_1+c_2+\cdots +c_n$.
The number ${\cal N}_{n,N}$ of vectors of the form (\[vector\_n\]) (apart the action of ${\cal S}\in S_n$) that span ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+N)}$ is the number of different ways to add (taking into account the order) $n$ nonnegative integers $(m_1,m_2,\cdots,m_n)$ to get $N$, namely $${\cal N}_{n,N}=\binom{n+N-1}{n-1} \,,$$ the vectors obtained by the action of degree $j$ monomials $\opo_1^{j_1}\opo_2^{j_2}\cdots \opo_{n-1}^{j_{n-1}}$ on $v_0^{({\bf c})}$ with nonnegative $j_i$ and $j=j_1+\cdots +j_{n-1}$ are eigenspaces of constant Casimir equal to ${\bf c}+j$. They are in a number equal to $${\cal M}_{n,j}=\binom{n+j-2}{n-2} \,.$$ We have to act with $(\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+)^{N-j}$ on the vectors with constant Casimir ${\bf c}+j$ to get vectors in ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c} +N)}$, namely with $\Delta^{(n)}\epsilon$ equal to ${\bf c}+N$ . If we sum up all the value of $j$ from $0$ to $N$ we recover ${\cal N}_{n,N}\,$: $${\cal N}_{n,N}=\sum_{j=0}^N {\cal M}_{n,j}\ .$$
For example let us built the vectors of ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+3)}$ for $n=3$ and ${\bf c}=c_1+c_2+c_3$, (they have then the eigenvalue of $\Delta^{(3)}\epsilon$ equal to ${\bf c}+3$):
--------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------
States Casimir ${\cal N}_{3,3}=10$
$(\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+)^3\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+0$ ${\cal M}_{3,0}=1$
$(\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+)^2\,\opo_1\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+1$
$(\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+)^2\,\opo_2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+1$
$\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+\,\opo_1\,\opo_2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+2$
$\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+\,(\opo_1)^2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+2$
$\Delta^{(3)}\alpha^+\,(\opo_2)^2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+2$
$(\opo_1)^3\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+3$
$(\opo_1)^2\,\opo_2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+3$
$\opo_1\,(\opo_2)^2\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+3$
$(\opo_2)^3\,v_0^{({\bf c})}$ ${\bf c}+3$ .
--------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------
The following proposition is a generalization of Proposition \[reduction\]:
\[reduction\_n\] For generic $n$ we define ${\bf U}^{(j,N)}\subset {\bf W}^{(j,{\bf c}+N)}$ with $j\leq N$ as: $${\bf U}^{(j,N)}=\langle \; (\Delta^{(n)} \alpha^+)^{N-j}\,\opo_1^{j_1} \opo_2^{j_2}\cdots\opo_{n-1}^{j_{n-1}}\,v_0^{({\bf c})}\, ;\, j_1+\cdots+j_{n-1}=N\; \rangle\ ,$$ with $j_i\in \N_0$, where ${\bf c}=c_1+c_2+\cdots+c_n$ and $v_0^{({\bf c})}\in {\bf V}^{({\bf c})}$.
The vectors in ${\bf U}^{(j,N)}$ are eigenvectors of $\Delta^{(n)} C_q$ and $\Delta^{(n)} \epsilon$ with eigenvalues respectively ${\bf c}+j$ and ${\bf c}+N$. We have that: $$\label{eq_reduction_n}
{\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+N)}=\bigoplus_{j=0}^N{\bf U}^{(j,N)}\ .$$
[*Proof*]{}: We have that: $$\label{recursion}
{\bf W}^{(j,{\bf c}+N)}=\langle \; (1^{\otimes i-1}\otimes \alpha^+\otimes1^{\otimes n-i})\ {\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+N-1)}\,;i=1,\cdots,n\;\rangle\ .$$ Each of the $n$ vectors $(1^{\otimes i-1}\otimes \alpha^+\otimes1^{\otimes n-i})\, w^{({\bf c}+N-1)}$, where $w^{({\bf c}+N-1)}\in {\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+N-1)}$ has the form (\[vector\_n\]) with $m_1+m_2+\cdots+m_n=N-1$, can be written as a linear combination of the vector $\Delta^{(n)} \alpha^+\, w^{({\bf c}+N-1)}$ and the $n-1$ vectors $\opo_k\,w^{({\bf c}+N-1)}$, note that the terms containing $\Gamma$ take a numerical value on vectors of the form (\[vector\_n\]). This implies that if the equation (\[eq\_reduction\_n\]) is valid for $N-1$ we have that: $$\label{induction_U}
{\bf U}^{(j,N)}=\langle \;\Delta^{(n)}\alpha^+\, {\bf U}^{(j,N-1)}\ ,\ \opo_k\,{\bf U}^{(j-1,N-1)}\,;\, k=1,\cdots,n-1\;\rangle.$$ With an induction procedure making use of (\[induction\_U\]), we derive that ${\bf U}^{(j,N)}$ coincides with the definition in the proposition.
The following Lemma derives directly from the previous Proposition:
\[lwso\] The lowest weight spaces ${\bf V}^{({\bf c}+N)}$ are obtained as the vector spaces spanned by $\langle\;\opo_1^{j_1} \opo_2^{j_2}\cdots\opo_{n-1}^{j_{n-1}}\,{\bf V}^{({\bf c})}\,;\, j_1+\cdots+j_{n-1}=N\;\rangle$, with $j_i\in\N_0$.
Representations of the braid group $B_n$ {#repBn}
========================================
We are ready to build the representations of the braid group $B_n$. We use the presentation of the generators of the braid group given in (\[sigma\]). From the fact that $\sigma_i$ commute with $\Delta^{(n)} \epsilon$ we derive that ${\bf W}^{(\gamma,{\bf c}+N)}$ defined in Definition \[weight\_space\], where ${\bf c}=c_1+c_2+\cdots+c_n$ is the sum of the Casimir labels of the representations, is a representation space for $B_n$, moreover $\sigma_i$ commute with $\Delta^{(n)} C_q$ then this space is reducible. The lowest weight spaces ${\bf V}^{({\bf c}+N)}$ are again $B_n$ invariant.
We present here the main proposition:
\[representations\] We denote ${\bf V}^{({\bf c}+N)}$ the lowest weight spaces as in the Lemma \[lwso\].
For each choice of the representations ${\bf H}^{(\gamma_i,c_i)}$, we obtain a representation of the braid group $B_n$ given by an automorphism of ${\bf V}^{(c+N)}$.
[*Proof:*]{} The building block is the computation of the conjugation of $\opo_k$ by $\sigma_i$ given by (\[sigma\]), for $k=i$ and $k=i\pm 1$, we recall that $\sigma_i^{-1}$ is obtained from $\sigma_i$ by the exchange $q\leftrightarrow q^{-1}$ : $$\label{sigmaopo}
\begin{split}
\sigma_i\; \opo_i&=-(1^{\otimes\,i-1}\otimes q^{-\Gamma}\otimes q^{-\Gamma}\otimes\, 1^{\otimes\,n-i-1})\;\opo_i\;\sigma_i\quad ,\\
\sigma_i\;\opo_{i+1}&=(1^{\otimes\,i}\otimes q^{-\Gamma}[\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\otimes\, [\Gamma]_q^{1/2}\otimes\,
1^{\otimes\,n-i-2})\;\opo_i\;\sigma_i\,+ \\
& +(1^{\otimes\,i-1}\otimes [\Gamma]_q^{1/2}\otimes\, [\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\otimes\, 1^{\otimes\,n-i-1})\;\opo_{i+1}\;\sigma_i\quad ,\\
\sigma_i\;\opo_{i-1}&=(1^{\otimes\,i-1}\otimes [\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\otimes\, [\Gamma]_q^{1/2}\otimes\,
1^{\otimes\,n-i-1})\;\opo_{i-1}\;\sigma_i\,+ \\
& +(1^{\otimes\,i-2}\otimes\,[\Gamma]_q^{1/2}\otimes\, q^{-\Gamma}[\Gamma]_q^{-1/2}\otimes\,
1^{\otimes\,n-i})\;\opo_i\;\sigma_i\quad .
\end{split}$$
It is clear that $\sigma_i\;\opo_j=\opo_j\,\sigma_i$ for $|i-j|>1$.
If we act with $\sigma_i$ on the lowest weight vector $v_0^{({\bf c})}=h_0^{(1)}\otimes\, \cdots \otimes\, h_0^{(n)}\in {\bf V}^{({\bf c})}$ from (\[p\_er\]) and (\[sigma\]) we get the permuted vector up a numerical factor: $$\label{sigma0}
\begin{split}
\sigma_i\;&h_0^{(1)}\otimes\, \cdots\otimes\,h_0^{(i)}\otimes h_0^{(i+1)}\cdots \otimes\, h_0^{(n)}= \\
&q^{-c_i\gamma_{i+1}-c_{i+1}\gamma_i}\, h_0^{(1)}\otimes\, \cdots\otimes\,h_0^{(i+1)}\otimes h_0^{(i)}\cdots \otimes\, h_0^{(n)}\ .
\end{split}$$
Given a vector $o^{(N)}= \opo_1^{j_1} \opo_2^{j_2}\cdots\opo_{n-1}^{j_{n-1}}\,v_0^{({\bf c})}\in {\bf V}^{({\bf c}+N)}$ we compute $\sigma_i\, o^{(N)}$ by using (\[sigmaopo\]) repeatedly on $\sigma_i\, \opo_{i-1}^{j_{i-1}}\, \opo_i^{j_i}\,\opo_{i+1}^{j_{i+1}}$ to write $\sigma_i$ on the right. With $\sigma_i$ fully on the right we use (\[sigma0\]) and we apply on the left side of equation (\[sigma0\]) the combintion of operators $\opo_1^{k_1} \opo_2^{k_2}\cdots\opo_{n-1}^{k_{n-1}}$ that have come out from the use of (\[sigmaopo\]). Note that the action of $\sigma_i$ does not change the sum: $j_1+j_2+\cdots j_{n-1}=k_1+k_2+\cdots + k_{n-1}$, then we remain with vectors in ${\bf V}^{({\bf c}+N)}$.
Examples
========
Here would like to present some examples of representations of $B_n$ obtained using the Proposition \[representations\].
N=1
---
Let us choose as a first example $N=1$ and all $\gamma_i$’s and $c_i$’s equal.
The representation has dimension ${\cal M}_{n,1}=n-1$.
If we define for $k=1,\cdots,n-1$ $$w_k=\opo_k\, v_0^{(n\,c)}\quad \text{with}\quad v_0^{(n\,c)}=\underbrace{h_0^{(1)}\otimes h_0^{(1)} \cdots \otimes\, h_0^{(1)}}_n\ ,$$ (where all the representations are labeled by $c$ and $\gamma$) we have from (\[sigma0\]) that $\sigma_i\;v_0^{(n\, c)}= q^{-2\,c\gamma} v_0^{(n\, c)}$.
From (\[sigmaopo\]), after a renormalization of $\sigma_i$ by the constant factor $q^{-2\,c\gamma}$, we get: $$\label{Burau}
\begin{split}
\sigma_k\; w_k&=-q^{-2\gamma}\,w_k\ ,\\
\sigma_k\; w_{k+1}&= q^{-\gamma}\,w_k+ w_{k+1}\ ,\\
\sigma_k\; w_{k-1}&=w_{k-1}+q^{-\gamma}\, w_k\ ,\\
\sigma_k\; w_{k+i}&=w_{k+i} \quad \text{for}\ |i|>1\ .
\end{split}$$
This is the [*reduced Burau representation*]{} (see Section 3.3 of [@KT] with the rescaling on the vectors $q^{k\gamma} w_k\to b_{n-k}$ and the substitution $q^{-2\gamma}\to t$).
Next we consider again $N=1$ but we take one representation in the tensor product different with respect to the others.
We define $w_k^{(j)}=\opo_k (h_0^{(1)}\otimes\, \cdots\otimes\,\underbrace{h_0^{(2)}}_j\otimes\, h_0^{(1)})$ and we get the following representation for the $\sigma_i$:
$$\label{N=1c_1c_2}
\begin{split}
i>j+1&\quad\text{or}\quad i<j-2\\
\sigma_i\; w_i^{(j)}&=-q^{-2\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}&= q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}+ q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}&=q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}+q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}&=q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}\qquad \text{for}\qquad |k|>1\ ,\\
\\
i=j-2&\\
\sigma_i\; w_i^{(j)}&=-q^{-2\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}&= q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}[\gamma_1]_q^{-1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{1/2}\; w_i^{(j)}+ q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}&=q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}+q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}&=q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}\qquad \text{for}\qquad |k|>1\ ,\\
\\
i=j-1&\\
\sigma_i\; w_i^{(j)}&=-q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j-1)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}&= q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j-1)}+ q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}[\gamma_1]_q^{-1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{1/2}\; w_{i+1}^{(j-1)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}&=[\gamma_1]_q^{1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{-1/2}\,(q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\;w_{i-1}^{(j-1)}+
q^{-\gamma_2}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j-1)}\,)\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}&=q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_{i+k}^{(j-1)}\qquad \text{for}\qquad |k|>1\ ,\\
\end{split}$$
$$\label{N=1c_1c_2-bis}
\begin{split}
i=j\qquad&\\
\sigma_i\; w_i^{(j)}&=-q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j+1)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}&= [\gamma_1]_q^{1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{-1/2}\,(q^{-\gamma_2}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j+1)}+ q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_{i+1}^{(j+1)}\,)\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}&=q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}[\gamma_1]_q^{-1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{1/2}\; w_{i-1}^{(j+1)}+ q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_i^{(j+1)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}&=q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\; w_{i+k}^{(j+1)}\qquad \text{for}\qquad |k|>1\ ,\\
\\
i=j+1&\\
\sigma_i\; w_i^{(j)}&=-q^{-2\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}&=q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_i^{(j)}+q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+1}^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}&= q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i-1}^{(j)}+q^{-\gamma_1}q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}[\gamma_1]_q^{-1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{1/2}\; w_i^{(j)}\ ,\\
\sigma_i\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}&=q^{-2c_1\gamma_1}\; w_{i+k}^{(j)}\qquad \text{for}\qquad |k|>1\ .
\end{split}$$
In the specific case with $n=3$ we have the following matrix expressions: $$\sigma_1=
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
-d_1\, q^{-2 \gamma_1} & 0 & 0 & d_1 d_3^{-1}\, q^{-\gamma_1} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2} & 0 & 0 & d_2 d_3\, q^{-\gamma_2} \\
0 & -d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2} & 0 & 0 & d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & d_1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & d_2 d_3 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & d_2 d_3^{-1} & 0 \\
\end{array}
\right)\ ,$$ $$\sigma_2=
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
0 & d_2d_3^{-1} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
d_2d_3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & d_1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1} & 0 & 0 & -d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2} & 0 \\
d_2 d_3\, q^{-\gamma_2} & 0 & 0 & -d_2\, q^{-\gamma_1-\gamma_2} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & d_1 d_3^{-1}\, q^{-\gamma_1} & 0 & 0 & -d_1 q^{-2\gamma_1} \\
\end{array}
\right)\ ,$$
with $\quad d_1=q^{-2c_1 \gamma_1}\ $, $\quad d_2=q^{-c_2\gamma_1-c_1\gamma_2}\quad$ and $\quad d_3=[\gamma_1]_q^{1/2}[\gamma_2]_q^{-1/2}$.
N=2
---
We would like to describe the simplest example with $N=2$.
A representation of $B_n$ is obtained by the set of elements $w_{i,j}=\opo_i\,\opo_j\, (h_0^{(1)}\otimes\, \cdots\otimes\, h_0^{(1)})$ with $1\leq i\leq j \leq n-1$; there are ${\cal M}_{n,2}=n(n-1)/2$ vectors.
The resulting formulas for the generators of $B_n$ are (where $\{i-1,i,i+1\}\cap\{j,k\}=0$) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{LKB}
\sigma_i\; &w_{j,k} =w_{j,k} &\sigma_i\; &w_{i,i} =q^{-4\gamma}w_{i,i}\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i,k} =-q^{-2\gamma} w_{i,k} &\sigma_i\; &w_{k,i}=-q^{-2\gamma} w_{k,i}\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i+1,k} =q^{-\gamma} w_{i,k}+w_{i+1,k} &\sigma_i\; &w_{k,i+1}=q^{-\gamma} w_{k,i}+w_{k,i+1}\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i-1,k} =q^{-\gamma} w_{i,k}+w_{i-1,k} &\sigma_i\; &w_{k,i-1}=q^{-\gamma} w_{k,i}+w_{k,i-1}\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i-1,i} =-q^{-2\gamma}(w_{i-1,i}+ q^{-\gamma} w_{i,i}) &\sigma_i\; &w_{i,i+1} =-q^{-2\gamma}(w_{i,i+1}+ q^{-\gamma} w_{i,i}) \nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i-1,i-1} =q^{-2\gamma}w_{i,i}+ 2q^{-\gamma} w_{i-1,i}+w_{i-1,i-1} &&\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i+1,i+1} =q^{-2\gamma}w_{i,i}+ 2q^{-\gamma} w_{i,i+1}+w_{i+1,i+1} &&\nonumber\\
\sigma_i\; &w_{i-1,i+1} =q^{-2\gamma}w_{i,i}+ q^{-\gamma} (w_{i-1,i}+w_{i,i+1})+w_{i-1,i+1}&& \end{aligned}$$
This is the representation given in formula (44) of [@JK] using the following correspondence (with their elements $w$ rewritten as $W$ and their $q$ equal to $1$): $$\begin{aligned}
\label{corrJK}
&w_{i,i}=-2\, W_{i,i+1}\quad, \nonumber\\
&w_{i,i+1}=s^{-1}\,W_{i,i+1}-W_{i,i+2}+s\, W_{i+1,i+2}\quad,\\
&w_{i,r}=-\,W_{i,r+1}+s\,W_{i+1,r+1}+s^{-1}\, W_{i,r}-\,W_{i+1,r}\quad,\quad r\geq i+2\ .\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
In [@JK] it is shown the isomorphism between the representation ${\bf W}_{n,2}$ given in their formula (44) and the Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow representation.
In the specific $n=3$ case we get the following matrices: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{LKB-3}
\sigma_1=\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
q^{-4 \gamma} & 0 & 0 \\
-q^{-3 \gamma} & -q^{-2 \gamma} & 0 \\
q^{-2 \gamma} & 2 q^{-\gamma} & 1 \\
\end{array}
\right)\ , &&
\sigma_2=\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 q^{-\gamma} & q^{-2 \gamma} \\
0 & -q^{-2 \gamma} & -q^{-3 \gamma} \\
0 & 0 & q^{-4 \gamma} \\
\end{array}
\right)\ .\end{aligned}$$
Conclusions
===========
In this paper we show how is possible to obtain representations of the braid groups starting from a quantum enveloping algebra whose classical limit is the Lie algebra of the harmonic oscillator.
The fact that the representations of this algebra are infinite dimensional obliges us to work with the lowest weights vectors that form a representation of the braid group due to the commutativity of the operator ${\cal P}\Re$ with the coproduct. The formulas (\[sigmaopo\]) permit to construct a braided version of a classical representation of the braid group. It would be interesting to study the possible relations with the link invariants following the quantum groups techniques.
[3]{} E. Artin; [*Theorie der Zöpfe*]{}, Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg. [**4**]{}, 47–72, (1926) W. Burau; [*Über Zopfgruppen und gleichsinnig verdrillte Verkettungen*]{}, Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg [**11**]{}, 179–186, (1936) V. Chari, A. Pressley; [*A guide to quantum groups*]{}, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995) S. Bigelow; [*The Lawrence-Krammer representation*]{}, Topology and geometry of manifolds, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. [**71**]{}, 51–68, (2003) E. Celeghini, R. Giachetti, E. Sorace, M. Tarlini; [*3-Dimensional quantum groups from contraction of $SU(2)_q$*]{}, J. Math. Phys. [**31**]{}, 2548–2551, (1990) E. Celeghini, R. Giachetti, E. Sorace, M. Tarlini; [*The quantum Heisenberg group $H(1)_q$*]{}, J. Math. Phys. [**32**]{}, 1155–1158, (1991) L.D. Faddeev, N. Yu. Reshetikhin, L. A. Takhtajan; [*Quantization of Lie Groups and Lie Algebras*]{},Leningrad Math. J., [**1**]{}, 193–225 (1989) A.N. Kirillov, N. Yu. Reshetikhin; [*Representations of the algebra $U_q(sl_)$, q-orthogonal polynomials and invariants of links*]{}, in “Infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and groups” (Luminy-Marseille, 1988), 285–339, World Scientific Publ., Teaneck, NJ, 1989 N. Yu. Reshetikhin, V. G. Turaev; [*Ribbon graphs and their invariants derived from quantum groups*]{}, Comm. Math. Phys. [**127**]{}, 1–26 (1990) C. Gomez, G. Sierra; [*Quantum harmonic oscillator algebra and link invariants*]{}, J. Math. Phys. [**34**]{}, 2119–2131, (1993) C. Jacson, T. Kerker; [*The Lawrence-Kramer-Bigelow representations of the braid groups via $U_q(sl_2)$*]{}, Adv. in Math. [**228**]{}, 1689–1717, (2011) C. Kassel, V. Turaev; “Braid Groups”, Graduate Text in Mathematics [**247**]{}, Springer Science, New York, NY (2008) doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68548-9.
[^1]: INFN Sezione di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi Firenze, email: Marco.Tarlini@fi.infn.it
| 2024-06-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8124 |
Canada's Medical Laboratory Professionals Celebrate Week of Awareness
/CNW/ - The Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science (CSMLS) is proud to celebrate National Medical Laboratory Week, which runs April 20th to April 26th. Since 1985, CSMLS has sponsored this special awareness week to highlight the vital role of medical laboratory professionals in Canada's health care system.
HAMILTON, ON, April 21, 2014"Lab professionals are very proud of their role but their work is done behind closed doors so the public does not really understand how valuable it is" says Natalie Campbell, CSMLS President. "The contributions of these often unseen professionals are incredibly important to the health care system."
Over 1.2 million lab tests are performed on a daily basis in Canada and each one tells a story. Lab tests are crucial tools regularly used by medical practitioners to diagnose, monitor and treat patients. Each test provides vital information that guides medical decisions. Without lab tests, and the professionals to conduct them, quality patient care is impossible.
This year's theme is Born Lab and reflects that being a medical laboratory professional is more than a career choice, it is a calling."These individuals are passionate about their role and their contribution to patient care," says CSMLS Chief Executive Officer, Christine Nielsen. "It's in their DNA and they are truly born to do it."
Across the country, medical laboratory professionals will be holding events and setting up informative displays at local hospitals and private laboratories.Joining this nation-wide celebration will be Medical Laboratory Technologists, Diagnostic Cytotechnologists, Clinical Genetics Technologists and Medical Laboratory Assistants.
For more information on National Medical Laboratory Week and medical laboratory professionals, visit www.bornlab.ca.
The Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science is the national certifying body for medical laboratory technologist and medical laboratory assistant, and the national professional society for Canada's medical laboratory professionals. Incorporated in 1937 as the Canadian Society of Laboratory Technologists, the society has over 14,000 members in Canada and in countries around the world. | 2023-09-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4299 |
Dickeya solani
Dickeya solani is a bacterium that causes blackleg and soft rot in potato crops. Its symptoms are often indistinguishable from those caused by Pectobacterium but is more virulent, causing disease from lower levels of inoculum and spreading through the plant more effectively.
It was first discovered in the Netherlands in 2005, before spreading rapidly, causing €25–30 million of damage annually by 2010. Three cases appeared in Scotland in 2009 and one in 2010.
Host and symptoms
The host for Dickeya solani is the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum). Dickeya spp. can be the causal agents of soft rots and black leg. The symptoms that this bacteria causes can at times not be easily distinguished from the symptoms caused by Pectobacterium spp, since both pathogens induce a rotting of the plant tissue and black leg symptoms on the host. Black leg symptoms consist of wet, black rot on the stem that spread up from the original seed tuber. Symptoms of a Dickeya solani infection can include wilts and soft rots. The wilts occur when the bacterial pathogen invades the vascular system of the plant. The wilt symptoms can progress rather rapidly. Soft rots can be identified as soft, watery plant tissue with small, wet stem lesions.
Pathogenesis
Dickeya solani can cause disease more effectively in temperate climates in comparison to other Dickeya spp. Furthermore, Dickeya solani is more aggressive in causing black leg than other species. Dickeya solani can induce disease at lower inoculum levels. One reason for this is that Dickeya solani produces more cell wall degrading enzymes when compared to other Dickeya spp. Dickeya spp. have virulence factors such as extracellular enzymes, type III secretion systems, and phospholipases (Zhou, et al., 2015). Dickeya spp. have cell wall degrading enzymes such as cellulases and proteases that digest the plant cell wall and allow the pathogen to infect the plant. The usage of cell wall degrading enzymes is sometimes categorized as a “brute force” method. However, there are less blunt ways that Dickeya spp. can attack the host, the type III secretion system can code for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. In some Dickeya species the hrp genes are involved early on in pathogenesis. Dickeya solani can code for zeamine, which is a phytotoxin. The genes for coding zeamine are not well-conserved among the Dickeya spp. However these synthesis genes are similar in Dickeya zeae and Dickeya solani. During the evolution of Dickeya pathogens these genes were most likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer late in the evolutionary process.
Disease cycle
In the spring, primary inoculum can be found in the seed tubers. There are three major steps in the infection process. The pathogen must first be able to adhere to the plant’s surface and penetrate it either via a wound or a natural opening such as the stomata. Following penetration, the bacteria invades and then degrades the cell wall. In late spring to the summer the bacteria can spread from the original seed tuber to the developing roots and stems. Dickeya solani can invade quickly and the bacterial cells relay on a cell to cell communication method called Quorum sensing. In Quorum sensing the cells communicate with each other via small signaling molecules. The bacterial cells can reproduce in the intercellular spaces and can generate enzymes that degrade or destroy the plant cell wall. Once the cell wall is degraded a liquification of the stem and the original seed tuber occurs. New tubers growing alongside the diseased tuber may become contaminated in the late summer into the early fall. During harvest, mechanical injuries can occur on the tuber which can provide more entry spots for Dickeya solani. The disease can then spread more when the potato tubers are put into storage. Rotten tubers that were discarded can allow for disease dispersal. Furthermore, Dickeya solani can overwinter in soil on plant residues.
References
External links
Type strain of Dickeya solani at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Category:Potato diseases
Category:Bacteria described in 2014 | 2023-12-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7157 |
Right to left interatrial shunting following balloon mitral valvuloplasty.
A complication of balloon mitral valvuloplasty is development of left-to-right interatrial shunt. This report describes right-to-left interatrial shunting following balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a patient with mitral stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension. | 2023-08-05T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3833 |
Plus size san francisco
As providers of local fashion content in a town that’s seven square miles and packs a population of over 800,000, we realize that not every person in this diverse city will look the same—let alone share the same body type. For those seeking sizes 12 and up, we offer this list of independent Bay Area-based retailers that focus on fashion for plus-sized urbanites. | 2024-05-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3895 |
Sergio Herman on food waste: Chefs need to lead the way
Sergio Herman is an inspirational figure for chefs and foodies alike. His work ethic and determination led him to the top of the culinary world making him one of the most recognised and talented chefs in the world.
For his story, you may want to take a look at our more in-depth interview.
When we meet chefs we like to ask a series of similar questions to try and get insight into what they look for when they eat out, what they like to eat, their mentors and their view on an issue on which we like to raise awareness – food waste.
So we started this set of questions seeking Sergio’s view of food waste. “Here at The Jane, we try to waste as little as possible. Trimmings which we don’t use are turned into stews, served in the bar or to staff. We try to work with everything, maybe making chips with the trimmings from vegetables.”
“Sometimes I look around and see all the fish being used in restaurants around the world, I ask where is this all coming from. I worry because I think that we will not be able to continue working with certain produce in future. It is not going to happen now, but in a few years time we might lose a lot of things if we are not careful,” he tells me.
“Think of all those restaurants in the world working with certain ingredients. It is just not sustainable. We try to work as much as we can with vegetables. But we cannot just serve only vegetables. What is important is to find balance. Our ‘amuse-bouches’ at The Jane are mainly vegetarian.”
Sergio is also concerned about the waste that goes in and out of restaurants. “All the products come in boxes, cartons, plastic. It is just unbelievable. We need to work together as chefs to lead by example. If we do it together, it would mean a lot. It is great that many chefs start to work in this direction. We need to lead the way and show people how it is done. Let’s face it, nowadays it is so easy to go to a supermarket, put everything in your car and go home. Then you see in your fridge that a vegetable might not be looking so good any more and you throw it away. I know that it goes like that. If you go to a supermarket and buy a packet of spinach or rocket, there might be too much. You put it at the back of the fridge and it’s gone because you will not use it again,” he said. I can only nod in agreement.
Your mentor?
My father
Chefs that inspired you?
Chefs that follow an old style but have their own vision.
Best meal ever?
(Stops to think) Pierre Gaignaire – his restaurant in St. Etienne.
What wouldn’t you eat?
Brussels Sprouts, I don’t like them.
Do you cook at home?
Yes, not every day but I try to cook one or two days at home.
Favourite dish?
I like Arabic food and flavours. Cumin and coriander.
Technology in restaurant kitchens. What will go into the home kitchens in the next five years?
I don’t know. The techniques of the last years have been coming from El Bulli. Professionals are in the kitchen working every day. They use things like pacojets, thermomix, and the equipment to make foam. Now you see some people have it at home. Not only the hobby chefs but more people who start cooking. I think the hobby chefs go further than normal but it is still difficult to have a sous-vide machine or the equipment to vacuum pack things at home.
Best places to eat out in the Netherlands, Belgium?
My restaurants The Jane and Pure C! There are a lot of good places but actually over the last years I don’t eat so many times in restaurants. I eat simple things with my kids. I see myself more like my father. When I used to go out with my father, he used to eat classic things and I used to ask why was he eating all the classic things. But now I am also like that. I am looking at where can I eat a good fish soup, or a good piece of meat with friends and just a good salad or dame blanche. This is what I enjoy about eating out.
In the world?
There are so many places. It is funny but when I go to places like Paris or London, I like to first go to small restaurants, to see what is new and what’s good. This is what I look out for first. I like to go to visit simple places. I normally try to find the places to enjoy from journalists who I know. So sometimes, you go to London and you end up going to the same places because it’s very good. What’s good is good. In London, I like Zuma because of the flavours, it’s fast, there is a nice crowd and the food is always good. It’s pure and consistent.
In October, I was in Hong Kong and ended up eating in a small Thai restaurant in a very commercial area. It was just so good. And one of the nicest concepts I came across recently in Hong Kong was a place serving just chicken. They just had chicken on the menu and served it in every dish. For me it was wow. Such a nice concept to discover.
Sergio Herman is an inspirational person and just spending time with him fills you with a certain energy. So don’t miss our next article on the things we learnt from this great chef. Lots of life lessons to ponder on. | 2023-10-06T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6604 |
A stable non-prostaglandin inhibitor of platelet aggregation in human aorta intima extracts.
An inhibitor of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, adrenaline and thrombin is present in aorta intima extracts. The inhibitor is relatively stable and is not inactivated by prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C or 22 degrees C, but boiling for 15 seconds destroys it. It is not extracted by diethyl ether or chloroform, and is not affected by incubation with indomethacin or tranylcypromine. Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid is not affected by this inhibitor. These results suggest that this inhibitor is not PGI2 (prostacyclin), a recently described potent anti-aggregatory agent generated by blood vessel microsomes. | 2023-08-24T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1648 |
Luggage limbo: Bags still missing after JFK airport woes
Newlywed Ziad Dallal and his wife arrived home in New York, with wedding keepsakes in their bags, to find John F. Kennedy International Airport paralyzed by winter weather woes that canceled flights, froze equipment and separated thousands of passengers from their luggage.
Continue Reading Below
Eleven days later, the couple on Thursday was still waiting for one of their bags, or even a clear answer on where it was. Last they heard, a local luggage delivery company had it. Or it might be in a Delta Air Lines warehouse in Atlanta.
"Yes, there was a very bad weather situation, but that does not excuse anyone," said Dallal, a comparative literature doctoral student at New York University. "This is totally unacceptable to me and to my wife and to every passenger, I believe."
The Brooklyn couple, who flew back from London after marrying in Lebanon, was awakened at 1 a.m. Friday when a deliveryman suddenly showed up with one of their bags, Dallal said. The two canceled dinner plans Saturday after being told the second bag was coming, but it didn't.
It's among as many as 200 bags still missing after a long weekend of dysfunction at JFK, where a Jan. 4 snowstorm and subsequent cold snap spiraled into frozen equipment, planes waiting hours for backed-up arrival gates, a burst water pipe that flooded one terminal and days of delays.
The luggage in limbo is a fraction of the thousands of unclaimed bags that accumulated during the chaos. But it illuminates the magnitude of the breakdown and airlines' limitations in handling baggage backups.
The industry generally has a good record on luggage: Thanks to improvements in bag-tracking technology and processes, the rate of mishandled baggage has fallen 70 percent since 2007, hitting a record low in 2016, according to airline technology firm SITA. But airlines aren't prepared for an unexpected backlog that happens fast, said Robert Mann, an industry consultant and former airline executive.
"When an event like this happens, there's suddenly no physical manpower to address it," Mann said. "They are forced back into manual procedures and not equipped to handle it."
No kidding, says Inderjit Singh Kaul. He still was waiting Thursday in Mumbai, India, for word of the bag he last saw at JFK after a Jan. 6 flight from London.
He said the suitcase cleared customs at JFK, and then was re-checked when he went on to Las Vegas for a digital marketing conference.
The bag didn't get to Vegas — where Kaul missed part of the conference buying new clothes — until after he left for Mumbai Jan. 10, he said. The suitcase was apparently loaded the next day on a Paris-bound plane, supposedly to continue to Mumbai, but that's where the trail goes cold, he said.
"They should have tracked it. I don't know what's happening," said Kaul, who went the Mumbai airport Thursday to inquire again about what became of his bag. "Nobody has any idea."
Atlanta-based Delta said its JFK baggage operation had cleared the backlog and sent bags out to be delivered by Jan. 10, adding that it needs accurate contact and delivery information to return luggage.
Huntley Lawrence, the director of aviation for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the agency that runs the airport, said Thursday that "a couple hundred" bags had still not been reunited with JFK travelers as of Wednesday.
The authority's executive director, Rick Cotton, apologized for the breakdown and said "what happened was completely unacceptable and cannot be allowed to happen again."
Under U.S. regulations and international agreements, an international passenger whose luggage was lost may be able to recoup up to $1,536. A domestic passenger might claim up to $3,500. For baggage delays, airlines may have to pay "reasonable" expenses.
U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer, the Democratic minority leader, spotlighted the JFK luggage lag Monday while pressing federal transportation officials to urge foreign airlines to work better with the airport's government and private operators.
The Port Authority has tapped former Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood to investigate all the problems that followed the snowstorm, while the Federal Aviation Administration probes whether the Port Authority fell down on clearing snow.
LaHood joined Port Authority officials at a briefing Thursday and promised to "get to the bottom of this."
LaHood said he's received emails from travelers who still are waiting for their luggage.
"I know this is a very, very frustrating situation, and my message would be that the Port Authority understands what a huge big mess has occurred and they're about to try and get it fixed," he said.
David Elizandro, meanwhile, is finally unpacked after getting back from London early on Jan. 8.
After days of calling, waiting and wondering, the banking executive said he got the first of his bags Friday. The second arrived Tuesday at his Manhattan apartment, and Delta offered him a three-figure gift card, said Elizandro, who's logged many miles with the airline.
"It wasn't that the bag was on the other side of the world and had to be sent back," he marveled Wednesday. "It literally took, in one case, eight days to get from JFK to the Upper West Side." | 2024-01-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3854 |
Background
==========
The high school years is a period of life consistently associated with a subsidence in physical activity levels \[[@B1]-[@B5]\]. To slow down or reverse this trend, gaining a greater insight into the determinants of youth physical activity is required. Determinant-based frameworks of physical activity have been developed which focus on broad, multilevel, ecological health promotion approaches that work toward understanding the modifiable social and physical environmental determinants of physical activity \[[@B6],[@B7]\]. Despite the recent upsurge and popularity in studies examining how the physical environment influences physical activity habits, further research into the relative importance of social support from various sources continues to be advocated \[[@B8]\].
Encouragement, role modelling, and logistical support are all examples of social support that have been positively associated with youth physical activity participation \[[@B8]-[@B18]\]. Among these elements, however, encouragement may have a longer lasting effect on behaviour change as not only does encouragement act directly on physical activity, but indirectly through its influence on self-efficacy \[[@B10],[@B19]\], a key psychosocial variable repeatedly found to be associated with physical activity among young people \[[@B10],[@B11],[@B20]-[@B25]\].
Physical activity research, however, has been focused predominantly on two sources of encouragement -- parents and friends -- with little consideration of encouragement provided by siblings, extended family members (e.g., cousins), and schools. In New Zealand, living with extended family members is common among certain ethnic groups (e.g., Pacific Islanders) and therefore needs consideration \[[@B26]\]. When parental support has been examined, family type (e.g., no parents, two parent families, and single parent family) has rarely been considered. In 2001, 29% of families with dependent children in New Zealand were single parent families, placing New Zealand only behind America as having the second highest percentage of sole parent families among OCED countries \[[@B27]\]. Considering single parent families are disadvantaged economically and socially when compared to two-parent families \[[@B27]\] examining the influence of family type on youth physical activity levels is warranted. Furthermore, adolescence is a period of life characteristic of increasing independence from families and expanding social networks external to the family environment \[[@B28]\].
While prior studies support the encouragement -- physical activity link, the studies have lacked diversity in the range of physical activities examined. Participation in vigorous or moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity has typically been examined with little attention directed towards activities undertaken at specific time periods or segments of a school day (e.g., after-school activity, lunchtime activity, before school through active transportation) in which young people can be active. Ecological models, which are holistic and consider both intraindividual and environmental correlates of the targeted behaviour (e.g., physical activity), posit that influencers most proximal to the target group will have the strongest effect on the desired behaviour \[[@B7]\]. Hence, the importance of support from parents, friends, siblings, and schools is likely to be dependent on the location, period of the day, and context of physical activity examined. Initiating this type of investigation, authors of a recent study of Norwegian youth aged 9 or 15 years old concluded that psychosocial correlates of physical activity appear to be location specific, but further examination is warranted to provide further insight. \[[@B29]\].
To overcome the identified gaps in literature, the aim of the current study was to simultaneously examine the importance of perceived encouragement from parents, siblings/cousins, friends, and schools on participation in after-school physical activities, lunchtime physical activity, and engagement in active transportation to and from school.
Methods
=======
Data Collection
---------------
The OPIC (Obesity Prevention In Communities) project is an obesity prevention initiative focusing on high school aged students which is being conducted across four countries (Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Tonga). Within each country the project is being carried out within a predetermined suburb/neighborhood. The measures and data of this study represent a portion of the variables and data collected from schools participating in the New Zealand aspect of the OPIC project.
Sample
------
Students were recruited from seven low SES (decile rating of 1 or 2) high schools located in South Auckland, New Zealand. The decile rating, which ranges from 1 (most deprived) to 10 (least deprived), indicates the extent to which the school draws its students from low socioeconomic communities. The response rate varied by school, from 25% up to 78% (school average = 58%). For all schools combined, the original sample surveyed in 2005 was 3,581 (response rate of 53% from 6,827 students) and from these 14 participants (0.4%) were excluded due to not meeting age criteria for inclusion (i.e., 12--18 years old, inclusively) with a further 96 participants (2.7%) excluded as a result of incomplete data. The final sample consisted of 3,471 participants (97% of the original sample) with a mean age of 14.8 ± 1.4 years, and a composition of 48% male, 72% junior students (Years 9--11) and a mix of different ethnicities (Pacific Island descent, 57%; Māori, 20%; European, 12%; Asian/Other, 11%). Written consent was gained from all students. For students aged below 16 years written parental consent was obtained for most students with a small number of parents providing consent orally over the phone. Consent was also gained from the principal of each school.
Measures
--------
Physical activity, perceived encouragement, and demographic variables were collected using an electronic (i.e., personal digital assistant, PDA) self-report questionnaire administered during a scheduled class time. A pilot study of the survey was conducted with four classes, one class at each year level (Year 9 through to Year 12), to examine comprehension level and survey completion time.
### Demographic variables
The questionnaire requested information on age, gender, and ethnicity. For ethnicity, participants selected the main ethnic group they identified with from a list of New Zealand relevant ethnic groups. For the purpose of analyzes, students in Years 9, 10, and 11 were grouped as junior high school students, while senior high school students refers to those participants in Years 12 and 13.
### Physical activity variables
The questionnaire contained three separate items to assess physical activity in the form of active transportation, activity during lunchtime and activity during the after-school time period. These items were directly replicated from the New Zealand Child Nutrition Survey (CNS) \[[@B30]\], a national survey of physical activity and nutrition among children. The New Zealand CNS survey was based on the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), a questionnaire that has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity \[[@B31]-[@B33]\]. Of the items that comprise the New Zealand CNS, questions that individually examined after-school activity and lunchtime activity were used in this study. Face/content validity of each question was assessed by the authors, and participant comprehension was tested during the piloting of the entire OPIC survey.
For after-school physical activity participants were asked to self-report the number of days (0--5 days) over the previous 5 school days they participated after school in sports, dance, cultural performances, or played games in which they were active. Based on their self-reported level of participation, participants were dichotomized into \"active\" (i.e., participated in after-school activities on at least 3 school days) or \"less active\" (i.e., participated in after-school physical activities on 2 or fewer days) groups.
In terms of lunchtime physical activity, participants were asked \"over the last 5 school days, what did you do most of the time at lunchtime (apart from eating)\". Participants chose one of the following three response options: \'mostly just sat down\', \'mostly stood or walked around\', or \'mostly played active games\'. Based on their self-reported level of participation, participants were dichotomized into \"active\" (i.e., mostly played active games) or \"less active\" (i.e., mostly just sat down or mostly stood or walked around) groups.
For active transportation, each participant reported the number of trips he/she made by biking or walking to or from school over the previous 5 school days. Based on their self reported level of participation, participants were dichotomized into \"active\" (i.e., walked/biked to or from school for at least 5 trips in the previous school week) or \"less active\" (i.e., walked/biked to or from school for fewer than 5 trips in the previous school week) groups.
### Perceived encouragement
Similar to items used in previous studies \[[@B10],[@B34]\], perceived encouragement from the participant\'s mother, father, brothers/male cousins, sisters/female cousins, friends, and school was assessed individually using the following question format; \"How much does your \[*support source*\] encourage you to be physically active or play sports\". Participants responded using a 5-point response scale (a lot, some, a little, not at all, don\'t have/live with my \[*support source*\]).
Due to the potential of collinearity to occur between certain support sources, responses for maternal and paternal support were combined into a single independent variable referred to as \'parental encouragement\' whilst responses for brother/male cousin and sister/female cousins were combined to form the independent variable of \'sibling/cousin encouragement\'.
Based on their survey responses, participants were grouped into \'high\' (i.e., reported receiving a lot of encouragement) and \'low\' (i.e., reported receiving some to no encouragement) encouragement groups for each support source. The groups were then further divided according to their family structure (e.g., single parent family, two parent family, no parents) which was constructed from the participant\'s responses to maternal and paternal encouragement questions.
For parental encouragement, participants were classified as either receiving (1) high support from both parents in a two parent family, (2) high support from at least one parent from a two parent family, (3) high support from one parent within a single parent family, (4) low support from both parents within a two parent family, and (5) low support from their sole parent within a single parent family or does not live with his/her parents. In terms of sibling/cousin encouragement, participants were classified into one of three groups; high support from brothers/male cousins or sisters/female cousins, low (but not high) support from either brothers/male cousins or sisters/female cousins, and does not have siblings/cousins. For friend and school support, participants were grouped as either receiving high support or low support for each support source.
Data analysis
-------------
Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), with corrections for any design effects arising from sampling students by class. Using binary logistic regression both univariate and multivariate analyzes were conducted to calculate odd ratios (crude and adjusted, respectively) and 95% confidence intervals. Both univariate and multivariate models were adjusted by sex and ethnicity.
Developing the multivariate model consisted of a two step process. First, the \'proc logistics\' procedure in SAS was conducted to identify significant predictor variables based on mutual adjustment of all predictor variables while adjusting for sex and ethnicity also. All predictor variables with a p-value below 0.05 were identified and kept for the final multivariate model. As the variables had not been corrected for cluster sampling during this process, the final model was then tested through the \'Proc surveylog\' procedure to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR\'s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) that were adjusted by sex and ethnicity and corrected for cluster sampling.
Results
=======
After-school physical activity
------------------------------
Univariate analyzes (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) showed that encouragement from all sources (with the exception of school support for senior students) were significantly associated with frequency of after-school physical activities. After conducting the stepwise process, encouragement from parents (junior students, p \< 0.0001; senior students, p \< 0.0001) and friends (junior students, p \< 0.0001; senior students, p = 0.0001) remained significant across all groups while sibling/cousin support was only significant for junior students (p = 0.0001). As shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, these variables remained significant for their respective age groups in the multivariate model once cluster sampling was corrected for.
######
Univariate and multivariate analysis of perceived support from various sources for participation in after-school physical activity.
**Juniors (n = 2,490)** **Seniors (n = 981)**
----------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----- ------ ------------------- -------------------
**Parent(s)**
High (2/2 parents) 99 70.0 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^ 54 72.2 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^
High (1/1 parent) 1007 62.6 0.78 (0.47--1.29) 0.87 (0.53--1.44) 281 59.3 0.56 (0.30--1.06) 0.62 (0.33--1.16)
High (1/2 parents) 456 55.5 0.54 (0.43--0.68) 0.64 (0.50--0.80) 166 59.6 0.58 (0.39--0.86) 0.68 (0.45--1.01)
Low (2/2 parents) 753 44.1 0.36 (0.29--0.44) 0.47 (0.38--0.58) 390 42.1 0.33 (0.23--0.48) 0.41 (0.29--0.60)
Low (1/1, no parents) 175 41.1 0.33 (0.24--0.47) 0.46 (0.32--0.65) 90 36.7 0.25 (0.15--0.44) 0.31 (0.18--0.55)
**Sibling/Cousin(s)**
High 1241 67.9 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^ 392 65.1 1.0^\|\|^
Low 1095 46.5 0.45 (0.39--0.53) 0.66 (0.56--0.79) 515 47.0 0.54 (0.41--0.73)
No sibling 154 46.8 0.51 (0.36--0.71) 0.71 (0.50--1.02) 74 45.9 0.65 (0.39--1.10)
**Friend(s)**
High 986 70.1 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^ 385 70.4 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^
Low 1504 48.7 0.45 (0.38--0.54) 0.61 (0.51--0.74) 596 43.6 0.40 (0.29--0.54) 0.49 (0.35--0.69)
**School**
High 1369 62.3 1.0^§^ 546 57.2 1.0^ns^
Low 1121 50.9 0.67 (0.57--0.79) 435 51.6 0.85 (0.67--1.08)
\*participated in sport, dance, cultural performances, or played active games after school on at least 3 weekdays
† only variable found significant (p \<.05) through the stepwise process were included in the final multivariate model
‡ Corrected for cluster effect and controlled for sex and ethnicity
§ p = \<.0001; \|\| p = .0003; ns = non-significant
Based on the multivariate models (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) youth who received low parental support were less likely to be considered active after school compared to youth who received high levels of encouragement from both parents. Also, youth who resided in a single parent family but received high support from their sole parent were just as active after school as youth who received high support from two parents. Among junior students with siblings, those who received low support were less likely to be regularly active after-school. Furthermore, low friend support increased the likelihood of not being active after school with reported adjusted OR\'s of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.51--0.74) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.35--0.69) for junior and senior students, respectively.
Lunchtime physical activity
---------------------------
Based on univariate analyzes (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), all sources of support (parents, friends, siblings/cousins, and school) were significantly associated with being active at lunchtime for both junior and senior students. After conducting the stepwise process, only perceived friend support was significantly related to lunchtime physical activity levels for both junior (p \< 0.0001) and senior (p \< 0.0001) students. Parental support (p = 0.01) and school support (p = 0.03) also remained significant for junior students only. As shown in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, these variables, with the exception of school support, remained significant for their respective age groups in the multivariate model once cluster sampling was corrected for. For both junior (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.32--0.48) and senior students (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29--0.57), the multivariate models show that students reporting low peer support are less likely to be categorized as active (i.e., mostly played active games) compared to those reporting high levels of encouragement from friends. Also, among junior students from two-parent families, those receiving low support from at least one parent are less likely to be active during lunchtime with noted OR\'s of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.54 -- 0.87) for students with low parental support from two-parent families and 0.77 (95% CI 0.59 -- 0.99) for students with high support from only one parent from a dual parent family.
######
Univariate and multivariate analysis of perceived support from various sources for participation in lunchtime physical activity.
**Juniors (n = 2,490)** **Seniors (n = 981)**
----------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----- ------ ------------------- -------------------
**Parent(s)**
High (2/2 parents) 99 43.8 1.0^§^ 1.0\*\* 54 36.3 1.0^¶^
High (1/1 parent) 1007 33.3 0.82 (0.50--1.34) 0.92 (0.55--1.54) 281 31.5 0.92 (0.50--1.68)
High (1/2 parents) 456 33.1 0.64 (0.50--0.82) 0.77 (0.59--0.99) 166 26.5 0.66 (0.44--0.99)
Low (2/2 parents) 753 26.8 0.51 (0.40--0.65) 0.68 (0.54--0.87) 390 19.7 0.53 (0.37--0.76)
Low (1/1, no parents) 175 24.6 0.49 (0.33--0.73) 0.70 (0.46--1.04) 90 17.8 0.49 (0.26--0.93)
**Sibling/Cousin(s)**
High 1241 43.3 1.0^§^ 392 34.4 1.0^\|\|^
Low 1095 26.7 0.52 (0.43--0.63) 515 21.2 0.60 (0.45--0.79)
No sibling 154 26.6 0.59 (0.39--0.90) 74 16.2 0.50 (0.21--1.19)
**Friend(s)**
High 986 51.8 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^ 385 39.7 1.0^§^ 1.0^§^
Low 1504 23.9 0.34 (0.28--0.42) 0.39 (0.32--0.48) 596 17.3 0.41 (0.29--0.57) 0.41 (0.29--0.57)
**School**
High 1369 39.2 1.0^§^ 546 30.3 1.0^††^
Low 1121 29.7 0.64 (0.52--0.79) 435 22.7 0.71 (0.51--0.98)
\* played active games most of the time
† only variables found significant (p \<.05) through the stepwise process were included in the final multivariate model
‡ Corrected for cluster effect and controlled for sex and ethnicity
§ p = \<.0001; \|\| p=.001; ¶ p = .007; \*\* p = .02; †† p = .04; ns = non-significant
Active transportation
---------------------
As shown in Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}, univariate analyzes identified that only peer support among junior students was significantly associated with frequency of active transportation (i.e., walking/biking at least five times to or from school over a school week). After adjusting for all predictor variables through the stepwise process, friend support (p = 0.005) and school support (p = 0.04) were significant for junior students. No significant variables emerged for senior students, therefore, no multivariate model was tested for this age group. For junior students, the multivariate model, once corrected for cluster sampling, shows that junior students who receive low peer support have a reduced odds (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 -- 0.92) of undertaking at least 5 trips to or from school by active transportation modes, while low school support was associated with an increased odds of commuting actively on a regular basis (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02 -- 1.40).
######
Univariate and multivariate analysis of perceived support from various sources for participation in active transportation to and from school.
**Juniors (n = 2,490)** **Seniors (n = 981)**
----------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----- ------ -------------------
**Parent(s)**
High (2/2 parents) 99 61.6 1.0^ns^ 54 55.5 1.0^ns^
High (1/1 parent) 1007 59.6 0.90 (0.62--1.32) 281 59.3 1.22 (0.67--2.24)
High (1/2 parents) 456 60.7 0.97 (0.79--1.20) 166 53.6 0.96 (0.68--1.37)
Low (2/2 parents) 753 57.0 0.85 (0.71--1.03) 390 49.7 0.93 (0.68--1.28)
Low (1/1, no parents) 175 61.7 1.01 (0.74--1.39) 90 58.9 1.32 (0.77--2.26)
**Sibling/Cousin(s)**
High 1241 61.3 1.0^ns^ 392 57.1 1.0^ns^
Low 1095 58.8 0.91 (0.78--1.07) 515 52.2 0.89 (0.64--1.24)
No sibling 154 57.1 0.87 (0.62--1.22) 74 41.9 0.62 (0.40--0.96)
**Friend(s)**
High 986 63.4 1.0^\|\|^ 1.0^§^ 385 55.8 1.0^ns^
Low 1504 57.7 0.81 (0.69--0.95) 0.78 (0.66--0.92) 596 51.8 1.02 (0.77--1.36)
**School**
High 1369 58.4 1.0^ns^ 1.0^¶^ 546 51.3 1.0^ns^
Low 1121 61.9 1.14 (0.98--1.33) 1.20 (1.02--1.40) 435 55.1 1.21 (0.91--1.61)
\* walked/biked to or from school for at least 5 trips over the last 5 school days
† only variables found significant (p \< .05) through the stepwise process were included in the final multivariate model
‡ Corrected for cluster effect and controlled for sex and ethnicity
§ p = .004; \|\| p = .01; ¶ p = .03; ns = non-significant
Discussion
==========
This study examined the importance of one form of social support (i.e., encouragement to do physical activity) from four support sources (parents, siblings/cousins, friends, and schools) across three time-specific physical activities (after-school physical activity, lunchtime physical activity, and active transportation to and from school). A key and novel finding of this study was that the importance of encouragement from the various sources was dependent on the time-specific activity examined.
After-school physical activity
------------------------------
In line with prior research \[[@B8]\], we identified that encouragement from parents and friends was a key contributor to youth being active after school irrespective of age cluster. During adolescence, therefore, both parents and friends play an important role in the socialization of teenagers to after school activities. Students who reported receiving high support from at least one parent were just as likely to be active on most days during the after-school period, compared to their peers who received high levels of support from two parents. These findings provide a positive picture that youth from single parent families can be just as active after school as students from two parent families, as long as the available parent provides a high level of encouragement towards his/her offspring. Frequency of after-school activities was also significantly associated with peer encouragement, with students receiving limited support being less likely to be regularly active after school compared to their counterparts receiving higher levels of peer support. In addition, a significant association with sibling/cousin support emerged for junior but not senior students. In particular, among junior students with siblings/cousins, those who received high support were more likely to be active after school. The finding that the importance of sibling/cousin encouragement differed by age lends support to the perspective that during adolescence peers become powerful influencers, more so than family members; a finding similar to those noted in prior research \[[@B8],[@B14],[@B16]\]. This is not unexpected, and is likely a natural consequence of young people increasing their independence from families and expanding social networks external to the family environment as they move through adolescence \[[@B28]\]. Examining the sex, age, number of siblings/cousins and types of activities engaged in after-school may, however, help provide further insight into why this association emerged for junior students only.
Lunchtime physical activity
---------------------------
In contrast to the findings for after-school activities, friends emerged as the only consistent source of support associated with lunchtime physical activity levels across both age clusters. This is not unexpected as ecological models postulate that influencers most proximal to the target group will have the strongest effect on the desired behavior. During lunchtime and within a school setting the most proximal social force would be a friend, which explains why students who reported receiving low support from their peers were more likely to sit, stand, or walk around during lunchtime rather than play active games. A significant association with parental support emerged for junior students only, with low parental support from two parent families reducing the odds of their offspring to be considered active during lunchtime. For junior students, therefore, as long as they receive high support from either friends or parents, the probability of engaging in active play during lunchtime increases. The lack of an effect of parental encouragement on senior students is potentially indicative of the higher importance of peer influences with increasing age.
Active transportation
---------------------
Perceived encouragement to be active was not associated with the regularity of walking or biking to and from school among senior students. For junior students, commuting actively to school was positively associated with friend support but inversely related to school support. The limited findings between perceived encouragement and active transportation is not unexpected as physical environment factors, which have been linked to both active transportation \[[@B35]\] and physical activity in general \[[@B36]-[@B39]\], are more likely to impede students undertaking active transport than perceived encouragement. For instance, no matter how much encouragement parents provide to their children to be active, if the family lives too far from school commuting actively is less likely to occur. Considering active transportation occurs outside the home and school environments, examination of social factors at the neighborhood level (e.g., safety, people visible in the neighbourhood, level of neighbour interactions and cohesion) may provide further insight into social influencers on active transportation patterns to and from school.
A particular strength of this study was the large and ethnically inclusive sample. In addition, this study is one of the first to examine the influence of perceived encouragement from various support sources across three time dependent physical activity opportunities that exist within a school day. Also, examining how many parents each participant lived with during a school week allowed the effect of different parental structures (single parent, dual parents, or no parents) to be investigated. The limitations of this study, however, need to be noted. As it was not the purpose of the larger Obesity Prevention in Communities (OPIC) project to obtain a nationally representative sample of youth but rather to over sample for Pacific Island youth with low socioeconomic status, the resulting sample is not representative of the New Zealand youth population. Although the sample composition is similar to that of the New Zealand high school population for gender (approximately 50% females), the sample differed substantially by ethnicity when compared to national statistics. The ethnic composition of the sample was 57% Pacific Island, 20% Māori, 12% European, and 11% Asian and Other compared to 7.6%, 24.5%, 62.4% and 5.0%, respectively, for the New Zealand child population (\<15 years old). The generalizability of the findings to the New Zealand youth population must, therefore, be interpreted with some caution. Another limitation is the use of self-report measures \[[@B40]\], an unavoidable limitation as information about participation in specific physical activity contexts (e.g., active transportation) can only be confirmed by this method. Although accelerometers allow examination of physical activity intensity during certain time periods throughout a day, it cannot always distinguish the specific context in which the activity is taking place (e.g., physical activity after school could be due to sports participation or transport related physical activity). Reducing the self-report monitoring period to the week prior to the questionnaire completion day along with recalling frequency of activity during specific time periods, potentially reduce the effect of known associative recall bias of self-reports \[[@B40]\] when compared to longer monitoring frames or when specific duration of physical activities are examined. Although the encouragement questions were based on questions included in prior studies (thereby allowing cross study comparisons), the use of a single question may not accurately capture the complexity of perceived encouragement. Furthermore, school encouragement may have been interpreted differently among participants, in terms of source (e.g., support form head teacher, senior managers/teachers, physical education teachers) and type of encouragement (e.g., supportive school ethos, instrumental support, verbal encouragement). Clarifying the definition of school support is required in future studies. Other limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, which limits the ability to examine the impact of perceived support on the development of physical activity levels during the high school years longitudinally. Also, only one type of perceived support was examined which prevented the impact of overall support on youth activity to be analyzed.
Conclusion
==========
The findings from this study highlight the importance of proximal social networks on youth activity which should be considered when developing policies and programs looking to promote physical activity among young people. The findings also provide further evidence that parents and friends are the key social influencers of physical activity during adolescence. To determine the true effect of school support on adolescent physical activity, further research is required that utilizes more in-depth and specific question(s) to assess school encouragement and the wider school environment that may impact on perceived encouragement (e.g., the school ethos).
Competing interests
===================
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
RS is the principal investigator and DS a co-investigator on the Obesity Prevention in Communities (OPIC) project from which these data were obtained. MH, RS, GS and DS were all involved in survey design and acquisition of data. GS provided guidance regarding the statistical analyzes to be applied. GS and GK assisted with the interpretation of the results. MH developed the first draft of the manuscript while all other authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
================
The authors would like to thank the principals and students of the schools that participated in the OPIC project. Also, the Health Research Council (HRC) of New Zealand provided funding for the OPIC project through the School of Population Health, University of Auckland, and a PhD scholarship for the primary author.
| 2024-04-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4412 |
Combination intraventricular therapy with thiotepa and cytarabine in meningeal carcinomatosis due to breast cancer: in vitro evidence for supra-additive cytotoxicity.
Metastatic spread of tumors to the meninges is a frequent complication of many malignancies and is difficult to treat. We describe the case of a patient who developed carcinomatous involvement of the meninges from a breast adenocarcinoma. Despite intrathecal treatment with conventional and experimental agents, the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was not cleared of malignant cells until thiotepa and cytarabine were given in combination. This clinical observation led us to assess the in vitro activity of the combination of thiotepa and cytarabine in clonogenic cell survival assays. The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7WT and its doxorubicin-resistant variant MCF-7ADR were exposed to thiotepa and cytarabine either singly or in combination. We have found that the combination of the two drugs resulted in more than additive cytotoxicity than would have been predicted from the cytotoxicity of either drug given alone. We discuss the implications of these findings on the clinical management of patients with carcinomatous spread to the meninges. | 2024-03-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7912 |
Your voice is an instrument that needs training and practice so it improves. Fortunately, there are lots of exercises that teach you to breathe or vocalize properly. Whether you're working with a vocal coach or on your own, you can warm-up with your favorite techniques. Use these skills when you speak professionally and learn how to improve the quality of your singing voice. It's also important to avoid damaging habits such as overuse, shouting, and coughing which can strain your voice.
Steps
Method1
Practicing Vocal and Breathing Exercises
1
Pant at different speeds to build breath control. Start with short, fast panting for about 30 seconds and then do slower medium panting for another 30 seconds. Finish with 30 seconds of low, deep panting. Changing the depth of your breaths and the speed of panting will give you more control over your breathing.[1]
You should feel air moving deeply through your lungs when you do the deep panting.
2
Practice blowing out a single breath in controlled bursts. Learn to take deep breaths before speaking or singing so you don't run out of air in the middle of a line. Extend your arm and hold out your index finger. Take a deep breath and imagine your finger is a candle that you need to blow out 5 times. Release the breath in 5 bursts so they're equal in length and power.[2]
Doing this exercise will give energy to your breaths. This can prevent your voice from sounding flat or boring as you speak or sing.
3
Lip trill to prevent vocal fry. You'll damage your voice over time if you frequently speak or sing with vocal fry. Instead of making a low, creaking or rough sound based in your throat, practice bringing the sound from the front of your mouth. Take a full deep breath, bring your lips together and blow the air out of your mouth so your lips vibrate quickly or trill.[3]
Trill through your entire range and play around with the sounds you make.
If you have trouble trilling, try humming instead. This will also move the sound from your throat to your mouth.
4
Vocalize your vowels to prepare your voice. Stand up and bring your shoulders back with your feet apart. Use a deep voice with a full breath to say or speak "Maaaa, mayyyyy, meeee, mowwww, mooo." This will open your voice and help you relax.[4]
You should feel the muscles in your abdomen tighten as you sing these words.
5
Do solfege scale exercises to improve your pitch. Most people are familiar with practicing scales that ascend and descend along with a piano. Start with a major scale in the key of C and sing solfege notes such as "do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do," while ascending the pitches. Then decline back down to the pitch "do."[5]
Solfege scales will help you train your ear to hear and adjust your pitch.
6
Develop a simple warm-up program. If you can, work with a professional voice instructor to make a program designed specifically for you. You can also create your own 10 to 15 minute warm-up using basic exercises that you enjoy. If you're unsure how to begin, sit or stand with your shoulders relaxed and start with this simple warm-up program:[6]
Whole body stretching (3 min)
Breathing exercise such as controlled breaths (2 min)
Loosen your lips and jaw by trilling or humming (2 min)
Sing up and down scales or speak some of your lines (4 min)
Method2
Improving Your Singing Voice
1
Stand tall with your shoulders back and feet apart. Your feet should be shoulder width apart and you need to bring your chest forward. Good posture will allow the air to move easily from your lungs through your mouth. Your voice will have a better sound and seem more energetic because you have good air flow.[7]
Open your mouth wide and move your tongue forward. Stand in front of a mirror and sing a few lines while you pay attention to how much you open your mouth. Then open your mouth and place the tips of your index and middle fingers in it. Your mouth should be open much wider. Remove your fingers and bring your tongue towards the front of your mouth so the tip is near your bottom teeth.[8]
Practice singing with your tongue forward and mouth open. You should notice a better sound because there's more space in your mouth for the sound to resonate.
3
Study other singers, but sing within a range that's comfortable for you. Pay attention to how other singers breathe, hold themselves, and move their voices. You may learn little tricks such as tucking your chin on high notes or bringing your chest up to maintain energy. It's important to remember not to push your voice out of its comfort range or you could damage it.[9]
Instead, work on improving your tone and breathing so the quality of your voice improves.
4
Breathe from your diaphragm to improve your sound. Keep your shoulders in place and breathe deeply from your stomach instead of your chest. Comfortably release the air as you sing. Don't push it out forcefully or wait until you feel like you're going to run out of air before breathing again. Develop a comfortable breathing pattern as you sing.[10]
Keep in mind that you don't need to tank up on air before trying to hit a high note. You can sing high notes with proper breath so you don't strain your voice.
5
Enunciate your words so your voice sounds clear. The exercises that stress vowels and the scales that use consonants will help you bring out the words you sing. When you focus on delivering the words, the sound of your voice will improve and become clearer.[11]
When you practice a song, determine which words you want to really emphasize. This might mean that you take a breath before singing the word so it's energized.
Method3
Keeping Your Voice Healthy
1
Stay hydrated throughout the day. Drink non-caffeinated beverages such as water, herbal tea, juice, or decaf coffee. Try to drink 6 to 8 8-ounce (240 ml) glasses of water a day. Drinking plenty of fluids will keep the vocal folds in your voice box hydrated so they move easily.[12]
Avoid alcohol if you'll be speaking or singing soon because alcohol irritates the mucus lining of the throat.
2
Avoid vocal extremes such as whispering and screaming. You'll damage your vocal folds over time if you consistently scream or use your voice loudly. The folds can become swollen and red which will make your voice raspy or hoarse. Whispering also damages the vocal cords because they're tightly squeezed.[13]
3
Give your voice a rest. It's hard to give your voice a rest if you're constantly performing, but your voice will become strained and overworked if you don't. It's also important to rest your voice if you start to become sick. To rest your voice, try to talk or sing as little as possible for a few days.[14]
Plan on taking "vocal naps" according to your schedule. For example, avoid speaking or singing during your lunch break or on your commute home.
4
Sip water or gargle salt water to clear your throat. Since coughing can harm your vocal folds and cold medication such as decongestants may dry them out, sip water instead. You can also try clearing your voice by gargling salt water for about 30 seconds.[15]
Sucking on a cough drop or lozenge is safe for your vocal cords and will stop a cough.
5
Contact your doctor if you have a hoarse voice that doesn't improve. If you've rested your raspy voice but it hasn't gotten better after 2 to 3 weeks, schedule an exam with your doctor. If you don't have any other illness and you don't smoke, there may be a problem with some part of your vocal box. The doctor might refer you to an ear, nose and throat doctor for a diagnosis.[16]
Try practicing holding a note and keeping it steady and clear, using your diaphragm. But controlling your voice is all about learning your vocal strengths and building on them. Practice, practice, practice! What worked for me was picking a song that fit my vocal range and tone, then singing along with that. Recording yourself practicing is great, because then you can listen back and look at the areas where you could have been stronger, or held a note more clearly, then repeat. I guarantee after the first few recordings you'll notice the difference. I have a very soft voice, but have been able to strengthen it.
If you're getting over a cold, you'll just have to wait it out. But if you're feeling a little clogged up, water is always a good choice. Avoid soda and other foods and drinks that will "coat" your throat.
In terms of daily diet, nothing special. If you are talking about what to eat before you sing, try to have a lot of water beforehand. It may not be good to load up on food, since you will be using your diaphragm a lot and it could cause your throat to become dry, irritated, or clogged. Also, avoid foods that produce gas, like soda and large meals. It's awful when you sing something and you have to burp in the middle of it.
If I start off as a mediocre singer, is it still possible to for me improve my voice?
wikiHow Contributor
Community Answer
Of course! To a certain extent. There are some aspects that you can improve, such as staying on tune, breathing, articulation, expression, etc. The voice you're born with is, however, is the voice you are stuck with.
Things that vocal coaches will always stress are vowels, enunciation, and breath control. You want to have tall vowels when singing. Put your pointer and middle fingers between your front teeth to give you an idea of how wide your mouth should be. Make sure to over-stress your words. The clearer, the better! When breathing, don't breathe from your lungs, breathe from your diaphragm instead, near your stomach. Pretend you're sipping in chocolate milk. That's where you should breathe from.
Quick Summary
To train your voice, do a voice warm-up routine for 15 minutes every day. Start your routine by doing full-body stretches to open your lungs and improve your posture. Then, do some breathing exercises, like taking deep breaths and blowing them out in short bursts. Next, loosen your lips and jaw by humming and trilling. Finally, sing up and down the solfege scale to help improve your pitch. When you're not training your voice, remember to stay hydrated and let your voice rest so it doesn't get strained.
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Tips
Avoid smiling while you sing because it changes the shape of your mouth, making it harder to produce a quality sound.
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"Important basics for an amateur singer at no cost. Many enthusiasts are often taken for rides. "
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Mere Logan
Mar 8, 2016
"I've always wanted to sing. The tips that are here have helped me a lot in so many ways. For example, while singing you should always inhale and exhale from your stomach. That is one of the many problems I face while singing and with the help of these tips I'm getting a whole lot better now."..." more
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Ani Omemma
May 5, 2016
"I was really helped by the keyboard notes and the not straining of the voice." | 2023-11-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4450 |
Volunteer Program Information
Thank you for your interest in volunteering for the Bellefonte Area School District. By sharing your time and talent you can enrich the learning experience for students and provide needed support to our teachers and staff.
Any volunteer who plans on working in the buildings during the school day, or volunteering at an after-hours school-sponsored (not PTO/Booster club sponsored) event will need to become a Registered Volunteer. This includes (but is not limited to): Field Trip chaperones, school dance chaperones, classroom/building helpers, volunteering at classroom parties, PTO/PTA/Parent Group events in the buildings during school hours, and helping at MS/HS Fine Arts Department activities that are not open to the public (helping at rehearsals, volunteering at Band Camp, participating in Drama Work-Calls, etc.).
The following are considered Visitors, not Volunteers, and do NOT need to turn in clearances: Guest speakers/presenters; those in the building solely to distribute fundraisers to parents; those coming in to help only their own child with a project or presentation; attendees at a teacher/school-invited event - such as Promotion ceremonies, art shows, concerts, science fairs, Halloween parade, Grandparent's Day/Veteran's Day/etc. activities. In addition, volunteers at PTO/PTA/Booster Club events and meetings that take place outside of the regular school day do not need to turn in clearances (ie. Carnivals, Sports Banquets, PTO-sponsored dances/movie nights/shows, etc.).
Registered Volunteers are approved by the Bellefonte School Board after submitting the following:
1) Volunteer Form,
2) Statement of Confidentiality,
3) Residency Affidavit & Arrest/Conviction Report,
4) PA Child Abuse History Certification,
5) PA Criminal History clearance,
If you have lived in PA less than 10 years, you will also need to submit an FBI clearance.
Results of a TB test are required for athletic volunteers.
See "What Forms Do I Need" at left.
Completed paperwork can be turned in to your child's school, or dropped off/mailed to Volunteer Coordinator, 318 North Allegheny St, Bellefonte, PA 16823.
For more information on how to get involved, contact your school office or our Volunteer Coordinator, Liz Stone at mailto:lstone@basd.net.
Prospective Volunteer Athletic Coaches:Besides completing all the volunteer paperwork found here, you will also need to contact the High School Athletic Department. There are additional forms and requirements for PIAA, and all athletic volunteers must be approved by one of the Athletic Directors.
Effective July 1, 2015: Per PA State Act 153, all registered volunteers will need to update their clearances every 5 years. If your current clearances are more than 5 years old at any point of the 2017-2018 school year (so dated prior to June 15, 2013), you will need to update your Police Record check and your Child Abuse clearance before you can be reapproved. In addition, if you have lived in Pennsylvania less than 10 years, you are required to submit an FBI clearance as well. If you already have a TB test on file with the District, it will NOT need to be updated. | 2023-10-15T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/4297 |
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“There’s nothing going on” between the Red Sox and Royals regarding a possible trade for the Red Sox left-hander, a team source said Tuesday, responding to a Kansas City Star report that the Royals and Sox had discussed a deal in which the Sox would have received top outfield prospect Wil Myers in return.
The source hinted that the topic may have been broached; after losing 93 games last season, the Red Sox are open to discussing a wide range of trade possibilities, and teams generally ask about most players in which they have even a modicum of interest.
The Marlins are not entertaining trade offers for Giancarlo Stanton, Jon Heyman of CBSSports.com reports. In fact, Marlins president of baseball operations Larry Beinfest told Heyman he’d love to find a powerful bat to pair with Stanton in Miami’s lineup.
"We went someone to hit behind him, someone to offer more power," Beinfest told Heyman. "Giancarlo represents the power on our team."
Adding a power hitter appears to be the Marlins’ top priority. Stanton, the 23-year-old slugger who has surpassed the 30-homer mark in both of the past two seasons, won’t be traded. People with Marlins connections and rival executives agree he’ll return to Miami in 2013. But aside from Stanton, who’s still pre-arbitration eligible, there are lots of areas of need for the Marlins.
"It's not going to be easy," Beinfest acknowledged. "We're not going to put any expectations on it ... the reality is, we haven't played good for a couple years."
Valencia was just designated for assignment by the Red Sox last week. The 28-year-old was terrible at the major league level this past year, batting just .188/.199/.299 with a 38/3 K/BB ratio in 161 plate appearances, but the O's will likely give him a chance to win a job as a backup third baseman and right-handed bat off the bench.
Athletics acquired RHP Sandy Rosario from the Red Sox for a player to be named later or cash considerations.
Rosario never actually threw a pitch while property of the Red Sox, as he was claimed off waivers from the Marlins following the season. The 27-year-old right-hander made four appearances in the majors in 2012 and posted a 1.99 ERA and 24/2 K/BB ratio at the Triple-A level. The A's have added him to their 40-man roster.
The Red Sox's positional plan is starting to emerge, and it includes the trio of catcher/first baseman Mike Napoli and outfielders Nick Swisher and Cody Ross.
The Red Sox are in contact with all three players, and all are considered in play. The Red Sox seek a first baseman and two outfielders, and it appears this is their top triumvirate.
Napoli is also talking to the Mariners and Rangers, but one rival exec said he sees the Red Sox as the favorite. Napoli has been a natural from the start, with his 1.107 career OPS at Fenway Park.
Adam LaRoche is a logical second option for first base should Napoli go to the Mariners or stay with the Rangers. The higher-priced Josh Hamilton appears to be more of a fallback/long shot option at this point.
Swisher is thought to be drawing interest from the Giants, Braves, Mariners, Orioles, Phillies and others. Ross would be of interest to the very same teams as Swisher.
Boston likes the versatility that Napoli brings, and the same is true of Swisher, who could play first base on the occasions when Napoli catches. The Red Sox have been trying to re-sign Ross since the end of the season.
Napoli is likely to command a three- or four-year deal, Ross a two- or three-year deal and Swisher a four-year deal.
According to Jim Bowden of ESPN and SiriusXM, the Red Sox, White Sox and Angels are "playing on" Mike Adams.
And the Rangers are hoping to re-sign the talented setup man. Adams, 34, posted a 3.27 ERA in 52 1/3 innings this summer. He has a 2.28 career ERA and 1.06 career WHIP, and may be able to fetch a three-year contract. | 2024-01-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3028 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2012-2017 The ANTLR Project. All rights reserved.
* Use of this file is governed by the BSD 3-clause license that
* can be found in the LICENSE.txt file in the project root.
*/
package org.antlr.v4.codegen.model;
import org.antlr.v4.codegen.OutputModelFactory;
import org.antlr.v4.tool.ast.ActionAST;
public class ExceptionClause extends SrcOp {
@ModelElement public Action catchArg;
@ModelElement public Action catchAction;
public ExceptionClause(OutputModelFactory factory,
ActionAST catchArg,
ActionAST catchAction)
{
super(factory, catchArg);
this.catchArg = new Action(factory, catchArg);
this.catchAction = new Action(factory, catchAction);
}
}
| 2024-03-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1231 |
# Instructions on executing tests
This Directory contains test written with pytest framework using pytest-multihost plugin.
## Requirements
1. Controller Node/Jumphost from where pytest is invoked. pytest and pytest-multihost plugin needs
to be installed.
2. Another Fedora/RHEL8 system(SUT/System under test) on which the actual commands specified in tests are run.
## Steps:
1. Setup required on Controller Node/Jumphost
* On Fedora 30 , Install below packages using dnf:
```$ dnf install python3-pip nss-tools python3-virtualenv gcc git openldap-devel```
* Clone sssd using **git**::
```$ git clone https://github.com/SSSD/sssd/```
* Create a Isolated Virtual Python Environment::
```$ virtualenv /tmp/abc```
* Activate the Virtual environment::
```
$ source /tmp/abc/bin/activate
$ (abc) [root@master-7740 bin]#
```
* Install the sssd-testlib on your virtualenv::
```
$ cd sssd/src/tests/python
$ python setup.py install
```
* Install **pytest, pytest-multihost, python-ldap, paramiko, PyYAML**::
```$ pip install pytest pytest-multihost paramiko python-ldap PyYAML```
2. Setup required on Fedora/RHEL8 system (SUT).
* Setup a FQDN Hostname for example **idm1.example.test**::
```
$ hostnamectl set-hostname idm1.example.test
```
* Add the ipv4 ipaddress and the hostname to have local resolution in /etc/hosts
```
$ cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.122.7 idm1.example.test
```
3. On the Controller Node/Jump Host verify **idm1.example.test** is resolvable by
adding the SUT ipaddress and hostname in **/etc/hosts**
```
$ ping -c 5 idm1.example.test
PING idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.258 ms
64 bytes from idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.295 ms
64 bytes from idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.230 ms
64 bytes from idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.081 ms
64 bytes from idm1.example.test (192.168.122.7): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.120 ms
```
4. Pytest Multihost plugin requires a configuration file in yaml format.
This configuration file contains the hosts and the roles the hosts are
playing required for a test suite.
* Below is the example multihost configuration for a single host. Since
all the tests in multihost/basic directory are single hosts tests that sets
up the ldap(389-ds), kerberos server and also configures client to authenticate against
the ldap and kerberos on the same system.
In the below example file **mhc.yaml**, multihost plugin connects to host *idm1.example.com*
using ssh and password **redhat*\::
```
root_password: 'redhat'
domains:
- name: example.test
type: sssd
hosts:
- name: idm1.example.test
external_hostname: idm1.example.test
ip: 192.168.122.7
role: master
```
5. Execute pytest::
```$ pytest -s -v --multihost-config=mhc.yaml sssd/src/tests/multihost/basic/```
* To execute only specific test case::
```$ pytest -s -v --multihost-config=mhc.yaml sssd/src/tests/multihost/basic/test_kcm.py```
| 2023-10-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2682 |
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| 2024-06-30T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6991 |
Should we worry about U.S. debt?
U.S. Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. - KAREN BLEIER/AFP/Getty Images
The dreaded debt ceiling is back. We were scheduled to hit it on Monday, which would mean the government couldn’t borrow any more money, and would default on its debts.
But the Treasury Department has raided various cookie jars, and now says it has enough money to last another two months. Congress used to raise the debt ceiling automatically. Not now. And the debt debate has spilled over into economic circles. With some economists saying, why worry?
They say, this is a good time to borrow. The government is paying very low interest rates, and investors are snapping up our debt. Even as it piles up. So, if investors aren’t worried, why should we be?
Dean Baker is one of the leading don’t-worry-about-the-debt economists. He’s co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research. I asked him, what’s the tipping point? When would he start worrying about our red ink? He says to think of our indebtedness as a cross-country road trip.
“It’s sort of like if we’re driving west and we’re in Ohio," he explains. "If you keep doing that you’ll hit the Pacific Ocean. But you really don’t have to worry about it when you’re in Ohio.”
He says our borrowing props up the economy. And we could even borrow more, maybe do more stimulus spending. Other economists are more middle of the road.
“Well there’s a reason to be concerned, but there’s no reason to go overboard," says Mark Vitner, senior economist at Wells Fargo.
Vitner says it’s kind of like we’re driving merrily down the debt highway, not realizing we have high blood pressure.
“And the doctor tells ya, you know your blood pressure is a little high," he explains. "You’re overweight. Nothing that you have to do immediately but if you don’t do it over time there’s going to be some serious repercussions. And that’s what we face with this debt burden.”
Plus, the longer we wait, the harder it is to change bad habits. Lewis Alexander is chief U.S. economist at Nomura Securities and says we can make gradual changes over time if we start whittling away at the debt now.
“Now that does not mean we have to have a massive fiscal consolidation tomorrow," he explains. "But it does mean we need to sort of address these long term trends and put ourselves on a better track.”
One that does not dump us unceremoniously into an ocean of debt.
Nancy Marshall-Genzer
Nancy Marshall-Genzer is a senior reporter for Marketplace, working from the Washington, D.C. Bureau. Nancy started with Marketplace in spring 2007, after filing freelance pieces for the program for years prior. Covering the daily news from the nation’s capital, Nancy has... | 2024-02-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7675 |
If you already know how to do everything with a bow and arrow thanks to other links on this site and yet you still cannot make a container for your arrows (otherwise known as a quiver), then read on. You'll be toting your arrows around in no time.
Steps
1
Find some sort of fabric for your quiver, such as a piece of leather, an old shirt, or even an old blanket.
2
Flatten out your fabric and fold it at the bottom and up the sides, leaving only the top part open.
3
Sew the two sides together and the bottom separate so that your arrows will not fall out.
4
Get some sort of string to use with the quiver (one really long string or two different, shorter strings).
5
Put a slit into the quiver in the middle and the bottom (the slit in the bottom is optional; it is just so the quiver will not slide on your shoulder). Pull the string through the middle slit first and then the bottom; make sure the two ends are on different parts of the quiver (if this doesn't make sense now, don't worry; it will later on).
6
Put it on your back (on your right shoulder if you are right-handed and vice versa). At this point you should have one string dangling behind you and the other one with each end of the string in each hand. You should have the ends positioned at your diaphragm.
7
Tie the two ends together like you would tie your shoes, then take the other string and tie those ends together around your waist.
Community Q&A
I would say as long as you'd like it to be, but make sure to first measure your arrows, to make sure they will fit. Also take into consideration your height, because you might need to make it longer to fit your proportions. Most quivers are somewhere between 20-30 inches long though.
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Video
Tips
If you want your quiver to last a long time, try to use leather.
Get a strong, weather(water,heat sun,ect.) resistant part,Like a large PVC pipe section or even cardboard and then hot glue a fabric or leather piece to the outside. This results in a stronger quiver that lasts longer and is better than a simple piece of cloth.
Make sure your arrows go into the quiver head first, leaving the side with the feathers about two inches away from the top of the quiver.
Fold cardboard in a tube, fasten and cover with brown cloth.
Cut the fabric into a heart shape; a heart-shape quiver folded in half is the original style.
You can also make a quiver out of wood. Get a light type of wood in a cylinder shape, then put coals on it to turn the hole where you will put the arrows. All you need to do then is attach the string as mentioned above.
Warnings
When making the slits in the quiver, make sure to position your hands so they don't get cut.
If you are working on the wood version, be careful with coals when burning the centre of the wood.
Don't allow the coals to fall off the wood and hit your hands. Try digging a small hole and putting one end of the wood into it for support.
Be careful when sewing the quiver together so as not to prick your finger. | 2024-06-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5636 |
Pokémon LEGEND (TCG)
An example of a complete Pokémon LEGEND
Pokémon LEGEND are a variant of legendary Pokémon found in the Pokémon Trading Card Game. They first appeared in the HeartGold & SoulSilver expansion as one of two replacement variants for Pokémon LV.X. Pokémon LEGEND are one or two Pokémon comprised of two different cards: the first is the top half of the card whilst the second is the bottom half of the card. Pokémon LEGEND always have LEGEND at the end of their names and, as a result, differ from their regular variants. However, both halves of the card have the same name, so only two copies of a complete Pokémon LEGEND card can be used in a deck. During gameplay, Pokémon LEGEND cannot be played during setup and are exempt from anything that affects Basic Pokémon or Evolution cards, though anything that affects Unevolved Pokémon will affect Pokémon LEGEND. Both halves of the card must be played to the Bench at the same time, and count as one card while in play. Outside of play, each half is treated as a separate card.
In terms of the design of a complete card, the illustration takes up three-quarters of the entire space, with the card text positioned around it on the bottom half of the second card, broken into pieces as if the text was being pushed aside by the illustration. The entire card is also holographic. All Pokémon LEGEND are either fully illustrated or cooperatively illustrated by special effects wizard Shinji Higuchi, and are the only cards to display the illustrator name in both English and Japanese.
Pokémon that have appeared as Pokémon LEGEND
Pokémon Cards listed with a blue background are only legal to use in the current Expanded format.Cards listed with a silver background are legal to use in both the current Standard and Expanded formats. | 2023-10-11T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1075 |
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| 2024-05-28T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8028 |
Weather Forecast
DNR says lower deer tallies may indicate smaller herd
Wildlife officials with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources say preliminary counts from the nine-day gun-deer hunt indicate that the state's deer population may be smaller than originally thought.
"Preliminary counts seem to indicate a lower-than-predicted deer population. That may indicate that deer populations could be moving toward healthy population goals," said Dale Warnke, a DNR big-game biologist.
A preliminary tally by the DNR shows hunters took 276,985 deer across the state during the recently completed gun hunt. That's a decrease of 66,782 deer from 2007.
"We still need to look at all the numbers from all deer seasons before we can say anything for sure," Warnke said.
"But it looks like our estimates of winter mortality and fawn production may be off, which if it proves true, would lead to over-estimation of the pre-hunt population," he added.
DNR officials say last year's long winter may have impacted this year's hunt and than fawn production was the lowest in 15 years.
Another factor in the low deer take this year was the season starting later, and past the rutting season in most areas of the state. That meant deer were not on the move as much.
DNR officials say that the west-central region is coming off of several years of herd reduction and Earn-a-Buck season structures which are meant to lower the size of the deer herd.
That strategy seems to be working and it could mean those control measures may be relaxed in coming years, according to Warnke.
"In the final analysis, once all the numbers are in, it is possible that there will be fewer herd control and Earn-a-Buck units in the coming season," Warnke said.
Across the region, hunters in St. Croix County took 648 fewer deer this year over 2007. In Pierce County hunters took 256 fewer deer.
In Pepin County, 64 fewer deer were harvested this year while in Polk County the number was down by 1,791 deer.
Decreases were also seen in Dunn, Chippewa and Eau Claire counties.
While fewer deer were taken, DNR officials reported that this year's hunt was the third safest on record.
According to Tim Lawhern, DNR's hunter safety expert, there were 9 total hunting incidents, including one fatality.
Of the nine incidents, six involved shotguns, two involved rifles, and one involved a handgun. Lawhern noted that 44 percent were self-inflicted.
"While the circumstances of these incidents may have been different, every one can be traced to a failure to practice the four cardinal rules of firearm safety," said Lawhern.
"Treat every gun as if it is loaded; be absolutely certain of your target and what is behind it; always point the muzzle in a safe direction - never point the muzzle at anything you would not want to shoot; keep your finger out of the trigger guard until you are ready to shoot," he added. | 2024-07-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2483 |
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1218/6 Leicester Street, Carlton VIC 3053 Only a short walk to University of Melbourne, RMIT, Queen Victoria Market, leading hospitals, and within the sought- after University High School zone. With transport also at your doorstep (tram stop within the free tram zone) and easily accessible to all am...
317/681 Chapel St South Yarra VIC 3141 Great for both investment or self-use! Sophisticated open plan living/dining area and a stylish balcony! Seamlessly floor to ceiling windows which provides amazing view of Yarra River, Melbourne City and the historical Church Street Bridge. Gourmet kitchen with... | 2024-03-08T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7488 |
291 N.W.2d 324 (1980)
Vera LaVerle THIELE, Milo George Whittenbaugh, Martin Gaylen Whittenbaugh, Edith LaZaida Moran, Penny A. McComb, Arthur V. James, William T. Charpier, Jr., Donna Jean Charpier, William Francis Whittenbaugh, Walter Faye Whittenbaugh, Marjorie Evelyn Knox, Rex Krivanek, and Nellie Ruth Clemens Yurkovich, Appellants,
v.
Maude E. WHITTENBAUGH, Robert L. Anthony, Executor of the Estate of William Whittenbaugh, Deceased, and Russell Jennings, Appellees.
No. 63712.
Supreme Court of Iowa.
April 23, 1980.
*325 R. L. Donohue and James S. Updegraff, West Union, for appellants.
R. L. Van Veldhuizen and M. S. O'Brien of O'Brien Law Firm, Oelwein, for appellees.
Considered by HARRIS, P. J., and McCORMICK, ALLBEE, McGIVERIN, and LARSON, JJ.
McGIVERIN, Justice.
This appeal involves questions that arose in an action to partition land between a life tenant, the second wife of a testator, and remaindermen under the testator's will. The trial court ordered the sale of the land and ruled that the partition sale proceeds were to be invested by a court-appointed trustee, with the income to be paid to the life tenant; and if the income was insufficient, the corpus of the trust could be invaded to pay the "expense of sickness" of the life tenant. In addition, the court ruled that the life tenant's medically prescribed nursing home care constituted an "expense of sickness" in light of the testator's will and prior probate orders interpreting the will. We affirm.
Plaintiffs, remaindermen, appeal raising the following issues for our review:
1. Whether the court had jurisdiction to consider certain estate matters in this partition action;
2. Whether the prior probate case rulings interpreting the testator's will, with regard to whether the phrase "any expense of sickness" included nursing home costs, rendered the issue of whether corpus may be invaded for "medically-prescribed nursing home care" res judicata;
3. Whether the will provisions establishing the scope of the life tenant's interest authorized the life tenant to invade corpus of the partition sale proceeds; and
4. Whether the court erred in its disposition of the sale proceeds.
William Whittenbaugh died testate in 1949. His principal asset was a Fayette County farm. In his will he made the following devise:
Item 2. I will, devise and bequeath the use and control of all of my estate, real, personal and mixed, of which I may die seized or to which I may be entitled, to by beloved wife, Maude Eleanor Whittenbaugh, for and during the period of her natural life as long as she remains unmarried and my widow, with the further provision that said life estate is to cover any expense of sickness and funeral *326 expense for my said wife, Maude Eleanor Whittenbaugh, if she remains unmarried and my widow.
The will further provided in Items 3 and 4 that upon Maude's death or remarriage the remainder of William's estate was to be sold by the estate executor and, subject to payment of her funeral expense, distributed to the remaindermen, plaintiffs herein.
Maude E. Whittenbaugh is the main defendant and appellee in this appeal. Robert L. Anthony is the executor of William's estate, the court-appointed trustee in the partition action, and a nominal defendant herein. Defendant Russell Jennings was a tenant on the farm when the partition action was commenced, but is not active in this appeal.
After William's death, Maude took possession of the farm devised pursuant to "Item 2" of William's will and received the income from it as life tenant. She has not remarried and was age 86 at time of trial in 1979. In recent years Maude's health has failed and the necessity and expense of care for her by others has increased.
On February 2, 1977, in William's estate file, the court construed the above will provisions to allow the invasion of the principal or corpus of the estate for the payment of Maude's "medical expenses." An appeal by the remaindermen from that ruling was dismissed as untimely. Thiele v. Whittenbaugh, 267 N.W.2d 412 (Iowa 1978) (decided without formal opinion).
On August 24, 1978, again in the probate file, on application of the remainderman, the court, without presentation of evidence, interpreted "medical expenses" in its February 2, 1977, order to mean "only doctor, hospital, medicine and the like. It does not include nursing home care. However, it does include any doctor or medicine used in the nursing home." No appeal was taken from that ruling.
Meanwhile, in 1977 the plaintiff remaindermen filed a petition in equity for partition, sale of the farm and division of the proceeds according to their respective shares. Attached to the petition was a copy of William's will. In her amended answer, Maude cross-petitioned also seeking partition of the real estate and that the proceeds be retained in trust for her use during her life. On September 20, 1978, the court entered a partial decree in which it granted partition, ordered sale, and approved the referee's sale of the farm for over $200,000. The court also found that Maude E. Whittenbaugh held a life estate with a power to invade the principal of the farm for medical expenses, but reserved jurisdiction to later provide for disposition of the sale proceeds.
All remaining matters in the partition case were heard at an evidentiary trial on May 8, 1979, by Judge Keefe, who was the same judge who had entered the probate orders of February 2, 1977, and August 24, 1978, construing the will. Remaining to be resolved in the partition case were disposition of the sale proceeds and allowance of attorney fees. Also before the court was a motion made by plaintiffs, with an attached copy of the probate order of August 24, 1978, which defined "expense of sickness" under the will. The motion urged that the August 24 order, because of its res judicata effect, precluded the claim by Maude that her "expense of sickness" could include her nursing home care. Maude filed a written resistance contending the issue of payment for the extraordinary care she requires had not previously been before the court, and that the sale proceeds should be kept intact and available to pay the expense of such care rather than divided between the parties as urged by plaintiffs.
At trial the deposition of Dr. John Ahrens, Maude's treating physician, was received in evidence. He testified that in his opinion her care at the Grandview Nursing Home in Oelwein was a medical necessity. She had acute and severe diabetes, a fractured left leg, continuing gangrenous ulcers on her right leg, and a fractured left arm following an episode of dizziness. In addition, she was confined in a wheel chair except for brief standing periods. She needed frequent nursing care for her leg ulcers and almost daily physiotherapy.
*327 As we have said, our review in partition actions brought pursuant to the authority of section 557.9, The Code 1977, is de novo. Huse v. Noffke, 271 N.W.2d 682, 683 (Iowa 1978). We now discuss the issues presented in light of that standard.
I. The jurisdiction problem. Plaintiffs contend the partition court had no jurisdiction to consider issues concerning which medical expenses of the life tenant the estate must pay and whether the corpus of the estate can be invaded for those expenses. Plaintiffs also say the trial of those issues in the partition action without notice deprived them of due process.
We agree with Maude that the deprivation of due process argument was not urged in the trial court and cannot be considered here for the first time. State v. Jones, 289 N.W.2d 597 (Iowa 1980); State v. Holmes, 276 N.W.2d 823, 828 (Iowa 1979).
Neither plaintiffs nor defendants challenge the jurisdiction of the court under section 557.9, The Code 1977,[1] to authorize the sale of the real estate or the distribution of the sale proceeds. We note that section 557.9, on its face, allows for such action by the court on the life tenant's petition, with the consent of the holder of the reversion. Huse v. Noffke, 271 N.W.2d at 684. We find that the filing of Maude's cross-petition seeking partition, the absence of a reversionary interest, and the consent of all vested remaindermen to the partition of the land,[2] met the express conditions precedent of section 557.9, thereby enabling the court to proceed pursuant to the dictates of that statute.
We have held "that the proper institution of an action in partition confers upon the court full jurisdiction over the property and over the full interest and title of every party properly before it." Schaal v. Schaal, 203 Iowa 667, 671, 213 N.W. 207, 209 (1927); Albright v. Moeckly, 196 Iowa 366, 368, 193 N.W. 625, 626 (1923).
The Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure and statutes relating to partition clearly contemplate the adjudication of the title interests of the several claimants to the land sought to be partitioned. Iowa R.Civ.P. 275 provides in pertinent part:
Except as permitted by this rule there shall be no joinder of any other cause of action and no counterclaim. But any party may perfect or quiet title to the property, or have an adjudication of the rights of any or all parties as to any or all matters growing out of or connected with it, including liens between them.
Iowa R.Civ.P. 271 provides in relevant part: "The petition shall describe the property and plaintiff's interest therein." Section 651.2 also provides:
The answers of the defendants must state, among other things, the amount and nature of their respective interests. They may deny the interest of any of the plaintiffs, and by supplemental pleading, if necessary, may deny the interest of any of the other defendants.
"These statutes contemplate joining issues with respect to the interest in or title to any portion of the estate by the adverse claimants thereto . . . and the establishment of title to the several shares of the estate previous to the partition thereof." Granger v. Granger, 172 Iowa 159, 162, 152 N.W. 503, 503 (1915), aff'd on rehearing, 172 Iowa 159, 154 N.W. 305 (1915) (decided pursuant to statutes preceding those presently in effect).
*328 A reading of the record in the present case reveals that plaintiff remaindermen alleged their respective interests in their petition. In addition, it is clear that Maude alleged in her cross-petition her interest in the property. She stated therein that her interest was in accordance with the prior probate decree of February 2, 1977. Plaintiffs in their answer to cross-petition denied Maude's allegation of her interest, thereby establishing the extent of Maude's interest as an issue properly before the court in this partition action.
Plaintiffs' lack of jurisdiction contention is also rebutted by the requirement that the court make a "suitable provision as to the proceeds of any share held for life years or in remainder . . . " as set forth in Iowa R.Civ.P. 277. In order to make a suitable provision for the proceeds in the present case, it was obviously necessary to establish the extent of Maude's controverted interest.
There is no merit to plaintiffs' first assignment.
Having found that the issue of the extent of Maude's interest was properly before the court, we now determine whether that issue had been decided in a prior probate proceeding so that it had a res judicata effect in the present action, and therefore was binding as to the parties herein.
II. The res judicata question. Plaintiffs contend the August 24, 1978, probate court's order (interpreting its prior probate order of February 2, 1977, so that the "any expense of sickness" provision of William's will did not include nursing home care) makes res judicata the partition court's interpretation of whether the medically prescribed nursing home expenses of the life tenant, Maude, must be paid from the partition sale proceeds (if the income therefrom is insufficient).
Maude asserts that the partition court's ruling did not violate the doctrine of res judicata in that the court has the power to interpret prior judgments.
Plaintiffs' claim was answered by Judge Keefe in this partition action in his May 22, 1979, ruling in the following manner:
1. On February 2, 1977, the Court issued an opinion interpreting the Will of the deceased, William Whittenbaugh, in Cause No. 12262. The Court held that all medical expenses of the widow not covered by Medicare would be first paid from cash-like items and thereafter the executor had the right to mortgage the realty to provide for the widow's medical expenses. This was appealed to the Iowa Supreme Court by the remaindermen. On June 28, 1978, the appeal was dismissed on a procedural ground.
2. On August 24, 1978, in the same cause, the Court issued an Order interpreting "medical expense" to only include doctor, hospital, medicine and the like; that it did not include nursing home care.
3. Prior to the issuance of the above-referred to Orders, conferences were held between the attorneys and the Court, but no testimony was presented, and the matter was handled as a legal proposition. The remaindermen now argue that the Court's Order of August 24, 1978, precludes the widow [from] being able to go into whether or not medically-prescribed nursing home care can fall into the Court's definition of "medical expenses." Issue preclusion or res judicata are not involved, as that specific question was never raised prior to this current hearing, and the Court will make a determination on that matter.
The trial court proceeded to interpret its prior probate orders of February 2, 1977, and August 24, 1978, in light of the testator's will provision granting Maude the power to have corpus invaded for "any expense of sickness," in order to determine whether the court intended to include Maude's medically prescribed nursing home care as a "medical expense."
"A decree is susceptible of interpretation on the same basis as other written instruments. `The determinative factor is the intention of the court as gathered from all parts of the judgment. Effect must be given to that which is clearly implied as well as to that which is expressed.'" *329 Dairyland, Inc. v. Jenison, 207 N.W.2d 753, 754 (Iowa 1973) (citations omitted). It was therefore necessary for the trial court to determine whether it intended in its February 2, 1977, and August 24, 1978, probate orders to include Maude's medically prescribed nursing home care. The circumstances under which an order is rendered are also relevant to show its meaning. Id. at 755.
In our previous cases where the same judge entered a prior order or decree which was the subject of interpretation or inforcement in a later proceeding, we have said, " [c]onstruction of its own decree by the trial court must be given great weight in determining the intent of the trial court.. . .'" Cooper v. Cooper, 158 N.W.2d 712, 714 (Iowa 1968) (citations omitted); Estate of Cooper v. Cooper, 215 N.W.2d 259, 260 (Iowa 1974); Peters v. Peters, 214 N.W.2d 151, 157 (Iowa 1974).
We give the same deference here to the partition court's interpretation of and conclusion relative to the February 2, 1977, and August 24, 1978, probate orders. The court stated in its May 22, 1979, ruling:
4. From the beginning the Court has ruled that Item 2 of decedent's Last Will and Testament clearly indicated decedent's desire that his widow, Maude Eleanor Whittenbaugh, had not only a life estate but use and control of the farm for any expenses of her sickness and funeral. If this had not been his intention he could have merely left a life estate in the farm and not provided additional language. In addition, Item 3 of said Will provides that immediately upon the death of said widow and after payment of the funeral, the property is to be sold, and therefore the testator had no intention of providing the farm property as such to his devisees but only what was left after payment of expenses.
5. The Court still is of the opinion that normal nursing home care would not qualify as sickness under decedent's Will. However, after reading the deposition of Dr. John Ahrens of Oelwein, Iowa, it is clear that the nursing home care in this case is unique enough to be considered an expense of sickness.
We agree with the trial court's determination in this matter.
The trial court relied heavily on the testimony of Dr. Ahrens in making its decision. "Although in equity appeals we are not bound by the findings of trial courts on the credibility of witnesses, we give weight to such findings." Harper v. Coad, 191 N.W.2d 682, 688 (Iowa 1971); Iowa R. App.P. 14(f)(7). Dr. Ahrens testified that the care Maude was receiving at the nursing home was a "medical necessity" and that she needed "a hundred per cent care."
It is obvious that Maude's placement at the nursing home was a result of medical necessity and not for purely custodial purposes, and therefore is included in the definition of "any expense of sickness" under the testator's will, as that phrase has been construed by the two probate orders.
We hold that the February 2, 1977, and August 24, 1978, probate orders had no res judicata effect so as to preclude the partition court from determining whether Maude's interest in the real estate to be partitioned included her costs of medically prescribed nursing home care. We also agree with the trial court's ruling requiring that all of her nursing home expenses not paid by Medicare since entering the nursing home in 1976 should have been paid first from her income interest and then from the possible mortgage proceeds from any mortgage of the farm.
We find no merit in plaintiffs' second contention.
III. Construction of testator's will. Plaintiffs contend that if we reject their arguments in divisions I and II, then we must determine whether the will was properly construed in the probate order of February 2, 1977.
In light of our determination in divisions I and II and because of our dismissal of the appeal from the February 2, 1977, probate order in Thiele v. Wittenbaugh, 267 N.W.2d 412 (Iowa 1978), we do not believe the issue plaintiffs seek to have us review is involved *330 in this appeal. See § 633.36; Iowa R.App.P. 1(a) and 5(a); Morrow v. Goodell, 246 Iowa 982, 69 N.W.2d 916 (1955); see also Iowa Public Service Company v. Sioux City, 254 Iowa 22, 116 N.W.2d 466 (1962).
There is no merit to plaintiffs' third contention.
IV. Disposition of the partition sale proceeds. Finally, plaintiff remaindermen seek a present distribution to them of at least a portion of the partition sale proceeds, and contend the trial court erred in its disposition of those proceeds.
The court made the following statement in its May 22, 1979, decree:
the widow herein was entitled to the income from the farm premises as a life tenant. In addition, the decedent's Will as construed by the Court gave her permission to invade the corpus for payment of "sickness and funeral expense." The mere fact the farm has been changed into cash proceeds would not change the life tenant's rights therein. . . . Equity requires that the widow not be placed in any worse position that she was in at the time of decedent's death.
The court ruled, inter alia, that the proceeds should be put in trust, that Maude be entitled to the investment proceeds from the trust for her life, and that in the event the investment proceeds are not sufficient to pay her "sickness and funeral expense," the corpus of the trust may be invaded for that purpose. Maude was also made responsible for payment of all taxes on the farm premises as income beneficiary.
As we said in Huse v. Noffke, 271 N.W.2d at 685, Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure "270-298, concerning partition proceedings, in general, provide the mechanics for implementation of § 557.9, if applicable, but provide no independent authority for sale. . . ."
We note that Iowa R.Civ.P. 276[3] states that "[a]fter a sale, each party . . . shall have the same rights or interests in the proceeds as they had in the property sold, subject to a prior charge for costs." (Emphasis added.) It is clear, therefore, that Maude has the same interest in the sale proceeds as she did in the farm.
We also note that Iowa R.Civ.P. 277 provides: "The court shall make suitable provision as to the proceeds of any share held for life or years or in remainder, which may be done by appointing a trustee for the proceeds involved." We, therefore, determine what is a "suitable provision as to the proceeds" for the life tenant, Maude, and the remaindermen, plaintiffs.
It is clear from rule 277 that the court had authority to use a trustee for the proceeds in making its distribution. It is also apparent that the provision as to the proceeds need only be "suitable" and not necessarily perfect.
Plaintiffs ask us to reject the trial court's provision as to the proceeds as unsuitable and substitute one of the three following distributions: (1) commute Maude's interest using commutation tables, then distribute that lump sum to her and distribute the balance to the remaindermen; (2) distribute part of the money to the remaindermen and put as much of the money in trust as is necessary to provide Maude the amount of income necessary to support her; or (3) appoint a trustee to administer all of the funds, but only pay her from the income the amount necessary for her support.
The general rule, stated at 51 Am.Jur.2d Life Tenants and Remaindermen § 92, at 337-38 (1970), is as follows, and tends to favor the trial court's determination:
In partition suits, commutation of life estates has usually been denied where not provided for by statute. The theory of the cases denying commutation upon such sale, in the absence of statute or consent, *331 is that the court has no power to give the life tenant a gross sum as the estimated value of his life interest in place of an interest for life in a share of the purchase money, because after the sale the rights of the life tenant and remainderman remain unchanged, and that since they have been legal rights which cannot be disturbed when adhering to the land, they can by no judicial authority be disturbed by a conversion of the land into money. [Footnotes omitted.]
We have no statute that would allow or require a division of the sale proceeds between the life tenant and the remaindermen, and plaintiffs cite no authority in support of their plans to divide the proceeds other than rule 277; nor have the parties consented to such a distribution.
We see no need to disturb the court's provision as to the proceeds in that, thereby, the interests held by the life tenant and the remaindermen in the farm have been preserved in the farm sale proceeds. We hold that the trial court made a "suitable provision as to the proceeds" and we hereby affirm that disposition.
AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[1] Section 557.9, The Code, provides:
No expectant estate shall be defeated or barred by an alienation or other act of the owner of the precedent estate, nor by the destruction of such precedent estate by disseizin, forfeiture, surrender, or merger; provided that on the petition of the life tenant, with consent of the holder of the reversion, the district court may order the sale of the property in such estate and the proceeds shall be subject to the order of court until the right thereto becomes fully vested. The proceedings shall be as in an action for partition.
[2] For discussions of the meaning of "reversion" see Huse v. Noffke, 271 N.W.2d 682 (Iowa 1978) and Long v. Crum, 267 N.W.2d 407 (Iowa 1978). "It should be noted that § 557.9 does not require the consent of any persons holding the remainder interest nor any right of present possession as required by Traversy v. Bell, 195 Iowa 1243, 193 N.W. 439 (1923)." Huse, 271 N.W.2d at 684.
[3] Iowa R.Civ.P. 276 provides:
The property or its proceeds shall be subject to the order of the court until the right becomes fully vested. After a sale, each party, including holders of liens from which the property has been freed by the sale, shall have the same rights or interests in the proceeds as they had in the property sold, subject to a prior charge for costs.
| 2024-01-21T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2267 |
Q:
PouchDB as a real live data tool for different collections
I'm thinking of using PouchDB as a solution to automatically update comments that are submitted by users on papers.
It should mimic the behavior of a subscribe/publish service. Whenever someone submits a comment in his client, the list of comments on an other client should automatically update.
This is possible using PouchDB as described in the getting started guide:
var db = new PouchDB('paper');
var remoteCouch = 'http://user:pass@mname.iriscouch.com/paper';
function sync() {
var opts = {live: true};
db.replicate.to(remoteCouch, opts, syncError);
db.replicate.from(remoteCouch, opts, syncError);
}
The app holds different papers, each with their own comments. When using PouchDB as my publish/subscribe service, I have these questions:
Is it a good idea to use PouchDB this way?
If I only want to sync the comments of the current paper a user is working on, should I create a new database for each paper? (This would also mean I would lose the possibility to query for example all the users comments in all the papers from a single database)
Is there a way to only sync a part of the database? This way I could still use the database to hold all the comments even for different papers.
A:
Yep, PouchDB works fine for real-time stuff. It doesn't use web sockets, but it uses long-polling, which is fast enough for most use cases.
It sounds like you probably should create a separate database for each paper, assuming you want to restrict access on a per-paper basis. CouchDB authentication is kinda tricky, but basically if you want to control read access, you can either give users full read access or zero read access to an entire database. There's a writeup here.
Also don't worry about creating thousands of databases; a "database" is cheap in CouchDB.
The only other thing I would advise is that maybe you would like the relational-pouch plugin, because then you could easily set up a relational-style database with a "paper" type and a "comment" type.
| 2024-04-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5867 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
N-methyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate-receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that form a cornerstone of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain^[@CR1]^. They are composed of homologous subunits selected from three sub-families with multiple members: GluN1 (with 8 alternatively spliced isoforms), GluN2 (four subtypes, A-D) and GluN3 (two subtypes, A and B). Moreover, the subunit composition strongly affects NMDAR pharmacological and biophysical profiles^[@CR2]^. Although GluN1 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain, GluN2 subtypes show spatial and temporal differentiation. GluN2A and GluN2C are expressed mainly after birth, whereas GluN2B and GluN2D predominate early during development with restricted expression in the mature brain^[@CR3]^. NMDARs have critical roles in synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and higher cognitive function^[@CR4]^. Given their broad physiological importance, it is unsurprising that NMDAR dysfunction, as a result of pathogenic mutations, is associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, intellectual disability and autism-spectrum disorders^[@CR5]--[@CR9]^.
To understand the consequences of NMDAR mutations on neuronal activity, here we have studied a range of de novo missense mutations affecting the GluN2B subunit, subsequently profiling four in detail, C461F, P553L, N615I and V618G, which are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children^[@CR5],[@CR6],[@CR9]^. These mutations were selected because of bioinformatic predictions of pathogenicity, and because they are structurally diverse, involving functionally important domains in NMDARs. In addition, we wanted to explore potential links between NMDAR dysfunction and clinical phenotypes. Notably, C461F features in an individual with Lennox Gastaut syndrome with autistic features^[@CR5]^; P553L was present in another subject with severe intellectual disability^[@CR9]^; and N615I and V618G both associate with West syndrome^[@CR6]^.
We investigated how these mutations affected the structure and function of NMDARs in vitro before examining how excitatory transmission was perturbed in situ. In doing so, we uncovered differential effects of the ion channel mutants on Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^ permeability, providing new insight into Mg^2+^ and memantine binding sites in the channel, and how mutations alter NMDAR kinetics to affect excitatory transmission. Finally, we explored the binding site, mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of the NMDAR antagonist memantine, a drug that has been approved for use in humans by regulatory agencies such as the Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Our findings open the possibility that memantine could be used for some individuals with neurological conditions resulting from GluN2B mutations.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
Bioinformatics of disease-causing NMDAR mutations {#Sec3}
-------------------------------------------------
We examined 13 mutations in GluN2B that associate with neurodevelopmental disorders (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). From these we selected nine, predicted to be pathogenic from bioinformatics analysis, for a broad screen of recombinant NMDAR properties in HEK293 cells. These mutations were located to domains of GluN2B NMDARs, and their effects on glutamate potency, current density, and how they affected the current--voltage relationship were examined (Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Subsequently, four mutations (C461F, P553L, N615I and V618G) were selected for detailed investigation based on their diverse locations within the NMDAR and because of their profound effects on receptor function (Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Generating a 3D model of the human NMDAR model {#Sec4}
----------------------------------------------
To provide a structural framework for precisely locating the selected GluN2B mutations, we generated a hybrid model of a human tetrameric NMDAR (GluN1--GluN2B) (Figs. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a and [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). To do so, we used several templates provided by crystal structures of rat and *Xenopus* GluN1--GluN2B NMDARs^[@CR10],[@CR11]^. In these templates, to facilitate crystallisation of the NMDAR structure, some domain linkers were removed. Although these missing linkers were retained in recent cryo-EM structures of NMDARs^[@CR12],[@CR13]^ the associated atomic models could not be used as templates because of their lower resolution (\~7 Å;^[@CR12]^, 10--15 Å;^[@CR13]^, when compared to the 3.7 Å; (frog)^[@CR10]^ and 4 Å; (rat)^[@CR11]^ resolution for the X-ray structures). Also the cryo-EM structures were captured in pre-open/desensitised or inhibited states, whereas our primary aim was to obtain a structure in a trapped state to investigate Mg^2+^ and memantine binding. Our hybrid NMDAR model closely aligns with the pore region of the *Xenopus laevis* structure (PDB 4TLM; Supplementary Fig. [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) that is considered to reside in a trapped conformation following co-crystallisation with the NMDA channel blocker, MK-801^[@CR10]^.Fig. 1Location of missense mutations in the GluN2B subunit. **a** Homology hybrid model of the human tetrameric GluN1--GluN2B receptor using the rat (PDB: 4PE5) and frog (PDB: 4TLL, 4TLM) crystal structures as templates (orange: GluN1, blue: GluN2B). The amino terminal domain (ATD), ligand binding domain (LBD) and transmembrane domain (TMD) of the subunits are shown in ribbon format with the residues selected for study in green in stick format. **b** C461 is located in the S1 region of the LBD, proximal to the glutamate binding site with bound glutamate (yellow). **c** Glutamate at the orthosteric binding site (position taken from rat NMDAR structure; PDB: 4PE5). **d** P553 is located in pre-M1 in close proximity to M3. **e** N615 is located at the beginning of the M2--M3 linker and V618 is in the M2--M3 linker, its side-chain faces away from the channel poreFig. 2Effects of GluN2B mutations on glutamate potency. **a** Primary sequence alignment of human NMDAR subunits showing the locations for the four selected mutations. The mutations are shown in colour in the sequence and on the linear subunit structure (crosses) showing the ATD, CTD (C-terminal domain), S1 and S2 regions, plus the M1-M4 TMD. **b**--**e** Glutamate concentration--response curves in the presence of 10 μM glycine and normalised to the maximum peak response evoked by saturating glutamate. Control curves in **c**--**e** are taken from **b**. The glutamate EC~50~s and Hill slopes (*n*) are: **b** GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ 7.18 ± 0.82 μM, 1.45 ± 0.12; GluN2B^C461F^ 511.40 ± 55.49 μM, 1.44 ± 0.03 unpaired Student's *t*-test *p* \< 0.0001, **c** GluN2B^P553L^ 12.67 ± 2.01 μM, 0.89 ± 0.05, *p *\< 0.05, **d** GluN2B^N615I^ 9.15 ± 1.23μM, 1.27 ± 0.13, *p *\> 0.05; and **e** GluN2B^V618G^ 6.08 ± 1.43 μM, 1.23 ± 0.12, *p *\> 0.05. Inset in **c** shows glutamate-activated currents (to saturating concentration of glutamate and 10 μM glycine) in HEK293 cells expressing GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ or GluN1--GluN2B^P553L^ at −30 mV. The red lines show exponential curve fits
To build a 'near-complete' hybrid model, we reinserted the absent linkers in conjunction with those domains provided by the individual NMDAR crystal structures. In our model, only the M1-M2 intracellular loop and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of each subunit are absent, which are also missing in the *Xenopus* and rat NMDAR crystal structures. This new molecular build provides one of the most complete models for the human GluN1--GluN2B tetramer.
For the selected GluN2B mutations, C461 is located in S1 of the ligand binding domain (LBD), close to the orthosteric glutamate binding site formed by H486, R519, S690, Y731, D732 and Y762 (Fig. [1b, c;](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} Supplementary Fig. [2c--e](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). By contrast, P553 was located at the extracellular end of the first transmembrane domain, M1 (pre-M1) (Fig. [1d](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig. [2a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). This region is considered, by the nature of its residues^[@CR14]^, to form a 'hydrophobic box' involved in NMDAR gating. The hybrid model indicates that P553 is adjacent to the highly conserved nine residue signal-transduction element, -SYTANLAAF-, in M3 of the same subunit (Supplementary Fig. [2a, b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), which is involved in coupling ligand binding to ion channel gating^[@CR15]^. The final two selected residues, N615 and V618, are located in the M2--M3 linker, which forms part of the ion channel lining. Asparagine 615 is found just above the narrowest constriction in the pore and is associated with the juxtaposed N616 of the GluN1 subunit; Fig. [1e](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). By contrast, V618 was located deeper in the pore, with a side-chain rotated away from the lumen, interacting with residues in M2 and M3 of GluN1, and with the M2--M3 linker in GluN2B (Fig. [1e](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig. [2f](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Impact of GluN2B mutations on glutamate potency {#Sec5}
-----------------------------------------------
We first assessed the effect of the mutations on glutamate potency by generating concentration--response curves for GluN1--GluN2B NMDARs in HEK293 cells. We used the alternatively spliced GluN1--4b isoform for co-expression with GluN2B. This avoided complications arising from the 'a' isoforms that are involved with Mg^2+^-induced potentiation at NMDARs^[@CR16]^. Also, the 1--4b isoform is expressed during early development^[@CR17]^, which is important given that the effects of the GluN2B mutations predominate in children^[@CR6]^.
Receptors comprising GluN1--GluN2B^C461F^ and GluN1--GluN2B^P553L^ showed reduced glutamate potency, by 71-fold (EC~50~ = 511.4 ± 55.5 μM) and 1.7-fold (12.7 ± 2.0 μM), respectively, compared to GluN1--GluN2B wild-type (WT, EC~50~ = 7.2 ± 0.8 μM; Fig. [2b, c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig. [3a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). By contrast, neither GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ (9.2 ± 1.2 μM) nor GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ (6.1 ± 1.4 μM) affected glutamate potency (Fig. [2d, e](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
We then assessed the glutamate-activated current profile for GluN1--GluN2B receptors. No changes were apparent for NMDARs with C461F, N615I and V618G mutations compared to wild-type GluN2B, but for P553, which is highly conserved amongst iGluRs (Supplementary Fig [3b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), switching to leucine increased glutamate current desensitisation compared to GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ (wild-type decay *τ* = 21.17 ± 0.31 s; GluN1--GluN2B^P553L^: *τ* = 420.3 ± 30.1 ms; Fig. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, we compared the maximal glutamate current densities (maximal current /cell capacitance), for all four mutants. No changes were apparent, apart from C416F, which caused a reduction (Supplementary Fig. [3c](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Ion channel mutants and Mg^2+^ voltage-dependent block {#Sec6}
------------------------------------------------------
The ion channel mutants N615I and V618G, were previously reported as gain-of-function NMDAR mutations due to the loss of voltage-dependent channel block by Mg^2+^ ions^[@CR6]^. To explore the activation of NMDARs at membrane potentials where they would normally remain blocked, we used whole-cell electrophysiology on recombinant NMDARs expressed in HEK293 cells and structural modelling. To probe the block, concentration--inhibition relationships for Mg^2+^ (1 μM--10 mM) were generated at −60 mV (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The Mg^2+^ IC~50~ was determined for GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ only (141.7 ± 40.2 μM), as GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ and GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ were unaffected by external Mg^2+^ (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig. [4b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Indeed, GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ revealed a small increase in current at high Mg^2+^ concentrations (3--10 mM).Fig. 3Ion channel mutants N615I and V618G prevent Mg^2+^ block. **a** Mg^2+^ concentration--inhibition relationships for antagonising the response to 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine recorded from HEK293 cells expressing GluN1--GluN2B^WT^, GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ or GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ receptors voltage clamped at −60 mV. Curve fits were generated using the trapping block model (black line: WT, red: N615I, blue: V618G). Glutamate-activated currents in increasing concentrations of Mg^2+^ are normalised to the current activated by control (Ctrl) 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine in 0 Mg^2+^. GluN2B^WT^ IC~50~ = 141 ± 40.2 μM, *n* = 8; GluN2B^N615I^ *n* = 9; GluN2B^V618G^, *n* = 11). All symbols represent mean ± s.e.m. **b** Mg^2+^ coordination site in the channel pore determined from DFT geometric optimisation. N616 of GluN1 (red) and GluN2B (blue) directly coordinate Mg^2+^ along with two water molecules. N615 from GluN2B subunits stabilise Mg^2+^ coordination by H-bonding with N616 of GluN1. **c** Higher resolution image of **b** showing the Mg^2+^ coordination site. Dotted lines in **b** and **c** are H-bonds
To predict the location for the Mg^2+^ binding site in the NMDAR channel and how this may be disrupted by the mutations, we used density functional theory (DFT) (Fig. [3b, c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig [4a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). DFT was selected as it is a quantum mechanical modelling method that is more accurate than molecular docking for predicting stable binding modes for ions (which are small and spherical with minimal geometric constraints that docking software normally relies upon^[@CR18]^). This analysis revealed that four asparagine residues (N616), donated by each GluN1 and GluN2B subunit, are directly involved in the coordination of Mg^2+^ along with two water molecules (Fig. [3b, c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Two further asparagines (N615) from GluN2B subunits are also likely to stabilise Mg^2+^ coordination by forming H-bonds with N616 from the GluN1 subunits (Fig. [3b, c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). This coordination site for Mg^2+^ would explain the disruption caused by GluN2B^N615I^, following the loss of H-bonding between GluN2B^N615^ and GluN1^N616^ (Supplementary Fig. [4c](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
By removing the Mg^2+^ block with the channel mutations, it was conceivable that the channel permeability to Mg^2+^ was also affected, especially as amino acid substitutions in the channel will alter divalent cation selectivity^[@CR19]--[@CR22]^ and asparagines in the M2--M3 linker are important for binding divalent cations^[@CR23]^. To assess Mg^2+^ permeability the external solution was altered such that Mg^2+^ was the only current-carrying cation (Mg^2+^ solution). Consistent with a lack of Mg^2+^ permeation in wild-type receptors, exposing GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ to Mg^2+^ solution at −60 mV did not elicit a response to glutamate and glycine (10 μM). The same result was apparent for GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ (Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}; Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). However, activating GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ in Mg^2+^-solution resulted in large inward currents attaining 58.4 ± 9.8 % of the maximum glutamate-activated current in Krebs solution in the absence of Mg^2+^ (Fig. [4a;](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). This indicated that Mg^2+^ permeates the channel, possibly due to changes in pore constriction and altered side-chain conformations in the channel lumen resulting from the V618G substitution. To assess whether the channel mutants affected Ca^2+^ permeation, we modified the external solution to make Ca^2+^ the only current-carrying cation^[@CR24]^ (Ca^2+^ solution). The Ca^2+^ current activated by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine was comparable for GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ and GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}) and significantly reduced for GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^, reaching only 11.07 ± 1.04 % of the current activated by the agonists in normal Krebs solution. This implied a significant reduction in Ca^2+^ permeation for GluN2B^N615I^.Fig. 4Mg^2+^ permeability and block of NMDARs. **a** Ion permeability experiments using Mg^2+^ solution applied to HEK293 cells at −60 mV. Upper panel, NMDARs are exposed to 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine either in nominally 0 Mg^2+^ Krebs (−Mg^2+^) or in Mg^2+^ solution (+Mg^2+^). Lower panel, bargraph of glutamate currents (*I*~Glu~) presented as a percentage *I*~Glu~ in Mg^2+^ solution/*I*~Glu~ in 0 Mg^2+^ Krebs. Membrane current in Mg^2+^ solution was only evident with GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc test, \*\**p* \< 0.01. **b** I--V relationships in Krebs solution (with 1.2 mM Mg^2+^) generated by a voltage step protocol (from −90 to +90 mV) in the presence of 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine. The curve fits used in all plots were generated using the trapping model (black: WT; red: N615I; blue: V618G)Table 1Ion permeation of wild-type and mutant GluN2B-containing NMDARsMg^2+^ solutionCa^2+^ solution Construct*I*~Mg~ current density (pA/pF)*I*~Mg~/*I*~Krebs~ (%)*I*~Ca~ current density (pA/pF)*I*~Ca~/*I*~Krebs~ (%)WT−0.07 ± 0.030.91 ± 0.37−7.08 ± 2.1252.83 ± 1.07N615I−0.09 ± 0.031.63 ± 0.64−0.47 ± 0.10^\*\*^11.07 ± 1.04^\*\*^V618G−10.28 ± 2.53^\*\*^58.46 ± 9.8\*\*−5.00 ± 0.6446.28 ± 3.18Table reports membrane current densities after NMDAR activation by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine co-applied to HEK293 cells voltage clamped at −60 mV in either external Mg^2+^ solution (100 mM) or Ca^2+^ solution (100 mM). Current densities are also reported as a percentage of current in Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^ solution with regard to current measured in normal Krebs solution. Different sets of cells were used for Mg^2+^ solution and Ca^2+^ solution. Number of cells for each condition = 5--8. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc test was performed to assess the changes in the ion permeability between wild-type and mutant receptors\*\**p* \< 0.01
To examine how the voltage-sensitive Mg^2+^ block was affected by N615I and V618G, current--voltage (I--V) relationships were constructed in Krebs containing 1.2 mM Mg^2+^. For wild-type NMDARs, the expected Mg^2+^ block at negative membrane potentials was evident. However, for the mutants, the I--V relationships lacked the negative slope conductance, adopting a linear relationship at negative membrane potentials in accord with a loss of Mg^2+^ inhibition (Fig. [4b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}; Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). These data, coupled to the structural analysis, indicated that the loss of Mg^2+^ voltage-dependent block resulted from a disruption to the Mg^2+^ binding site in both channel mutants and from increased Mg^2+^ permeability in GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^.Table 2Trapping block model parametersBlockersModel valuesWTN615IV618G*K*~A~ (μM)888*K* ~E~888*H*~E~ (mV)650650650Mg^2+^*K*~Mg~ (0 mV) (mM)1.07 ± 0.19------IC~50~ (−60 mV) (μM)142 ± 40------*δ* ~Mg~0.88 ± 0.04------Memantine*K*~Mem~ (0 mV) (μM)10.34 ± 0.7021.53 ± 0.4286.5 ± 7.03IC~50~ (−30 mV) (μM)7.33 ± 1.861.54 ± 0.2752.2 ± 3.67*δ* ~Mem~0.65 ± 0.0260.42 ± 0.110.42 ± 0.03*V*~o~ (mV)39.159.959.8{#d29e1444}The table reports values for dissociation and conformational constants used in the trapping receptor model where A is glutamate (assuming saturated glycine binding to GluN1), R is the NMDAR in shut (R, AR) or open (AR\*) forms, bound with Mg^2+^ or memantine (Mem) in shut (RMem, ARMem, RMg, ARMg) or blocked (AR\*Mem, AR\*Mg) forms. *K*~A~, *K*~Mem~ and *K*~Mg~ represent the dissociation constants for glutamate, Mg^2+^ and memantine, respectively. *K*~E~ is a conformational constant for channel activation. *H*~E~ indicates the intrinsic voltage-dependent gating of GluN1--GluN2B receptors. IC~50~ represents the concentration of either Mg^2+^ or memantine causing a 50% reduction in the glutamate-activated current measured at −30 mV for memantine and at −60 mV for Mg^2+^. *V*~0~ is the change in membrane potential (*V*~m~) that results in an *e*-fold change in the antagonist dissociation constant, where *V*~0~ ~=~ *RT*/*δ*z*F*, and *δ* represents the fraction of membrane potential sensed by the blocker (*δ*~Mem~ for memantine, and *δ*~Mg~ for Mg^2+^) when it is bound in the channel; *z* is the charge of the blocker, and *R*, *T* and *F* are the gas constant, absolute temperature and the Faraday constant, respectively.
Quantifying Mg^2+^ block using the trapping model {#Sec7}
-------------------------------------------------
To quantitatively account for the experimental data with the channel blocking mutants, we devised a kinetic model. A sequential open channel block mechanism was inconsistent with the reported characteristics of Mg^2+^ block because agonist EC~50~ and the kinetics of whole-cell currents^[@CR25]^ are unaffected. Also, the NMDA channel burst length in Mg^2+^ does not increase linearly with Mg^2+^ concentration^[@CR24]^. We adopted the 'trapping model' as it explained the broadest number of observations with regard to Mg^2+^ block of the NMDA channel^[@CR25]--[@CR27]^. This model enabled Mg^2+^ to become trapped in the channel after dissociation of glutamate^[@CR25],[@CR27]--[@CR30]^. The elements of the model are:
{#d29e1606}
Where *K*~A~ is the glutamate dissociation constant and *K*~E~ is the gating constant, A represents glutamate (assuming saturated glycine binding to GluN1), R is the NMDAR in shut (R, AR) or open (AR\*) or blocked (ARMg, AR\*Mg) conformations bound with Mg^2+^, and *K*~Mg~ represents the dissociation constant for Mg^2+^. In a controlled heterologous expression system, each NMDAR is expected to contain two GluN1 subunits and two GluN2B subunits. Although the subunits could interact in a cooperative manner at several levels, we assumed for simplicity that they behaved independently^[@CR31]^.
The kinetic model was used in conjunction with a two-barrier ionic permeation model^[@CR32],[@CR33]^ (see Methods), allowing Mg^2+^ to permeate the channel especially at negative membrane potentials^[@CR29],[@CR34]^. Using least-squares optimisation of the Mg^2+^ block parameters, the Mg^2+^ concentration--inhibition data (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) and current--voltage (I--V) relationship for the wild-type NMDAR (Fig. [4b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}; Supplementary Fig. [5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) were fitted (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). This also estimated the dissociation constant for Mg^2+^ binding (3.82 ± 0.69 mM, at 0 mV; 123 μM at −60 mV) in the channel and its voltage dependence (*δ*~Mg~) (0.88 ± 0.04). The latter implied (by assuming a linear electric field across the cell membrane) that the Mg^2+^ site was located \~4/5 into the channel from the external surface.
Ion channel mutants and binding of memantine {#Sec8}
--------------------------------------------
As the channel mutants ablated Mg^2+^ block, we then investigated whether the voltage-dependent blocker memantine was similarly affected. Memantine has anticonvulsant properties in animal models of epilepsy^[@CR35]^. It presents a safe profile in children^[@CR36]^ with variable effectiveness as an adjunctive therapy for gain-of-function missense mutations in GluN2A^[@CR37]^ and GluN2D subunits^[@CR7]^. Thus, it may be therapeutically useful where Mg^2+^ block is compromised.
First, we examined the primary location for memantine binding using molecular docking. In wild-type NMDARs, memantine binds above the central vestibule near M2 by H-bonding to asparagine residues N615 and N616 (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). At this site, memantine is orientated with its charged quaternary amine facing towards the intracellular end of the channel. By contrast, molecular docking with N615I revealed two defined memantine poses. One coincides with the same position defined in wild-type NMDARs, whereas the second was centred above the channel gate to a lateral site defined by a cavity between M2 and M3 (Supplementary Fig. [6b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Fig. 5Memantine inhibition of GluN1--GluN2B NMDARs. **a** Molecular docking of memantine in the channel at the trapping site. Note memantine binds just above the channel gate with the quaternary amine facing towards the channel pore and H-bonding (dashed lines) with the two N616 residues in GluN1 (red). H-bonding between GluN2B^N615^ and GluN1^N616^ (pink arrowhead) is also proposed to stabilise memantine coordination. **b** Upper panel, memantine inhibition of 10 μM glutamate-activated currents at --30 mV in a HEK293 cell expressing GluN1--GluN2B^WT^. Glutamate-activated currents in increasing concentrations of memantine are normalised to control currents elicited by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine. Lower panel, memantine concentration--inhibition relationships for WT and GluN2B^N615I^ and GluN2B^V618G^ mutants. The curve fits were generated using the trapping model (black line: WT, red: N615I, blue: V618G). Dashed line shows the calculated memantine concentration--inhibition curve (WT + Mg calc) in the presence of 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ for WT receptors. Currents are normalised to the control current activated by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine (=100%). The experimental IC~50~s are: GluN2B^WT^: 7.33 ± 1.86 μM, *n* = 6; GluN2B^N615I^: 1.54 ± 0.27 μM, *n* = 5, *p* \< 0.001; GluN2B^V618G^: 52.23 ± 3.67 μM, *n* = 11, *p* \< 0.001) one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc test. The predicted IC~50~s from the trapping model are (μM): GluN2B^WT^ 5.48 μM; GluN2B^N615I^ 0.89 μM; GluN2B^V618G^ 52.6 μM; and GluN2B^WT^ in the presence of 1.2 mM Mg^2+^~o~ 18.6 μM. **c**, **d** I--V relationships for currents activated by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine in the absence (0 mM) and presence (1.2 mM) of Mg^2+^, with 30 or 300 μM memantine for WT and GluN2B channel mutants. The curves are generated using the trapping block model (black: WT, red: N615I; blue: V618G)
Whether memantine binding was affected by Mg^2+^ in the channel was investigated using molecular docking with a wild-type NMDAR. Memantine was laterally displaced from its binding site above the channel gate by bound Mg^2+^ (Supplementary Fig. [6c, d](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), consistent with partially overlapping binding sites^[@CR30]^. We therefore incorporated into our kinetic model the premise that memantine and Mg^2+^ competed for a mutually exclusive binding site. As with Mg^2+^ block, we adopted the trapping model, especially as the deactivation rate for glutamate-activated currents remained unaffected by memantine (Supplementary Fig. [6e](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Lastly, there was no evidence for memantine permeating through the channel and so this possibility was discounted when analysing the block.
The experimental data obtained in zero Mg^2+^ (at −30 mV) revealed the channel mutants either increased (GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ IC~50~ = 1.54 ± 0.27 μM) or reduced (GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ IC~50~ = 52.23 ± 3.67 μM) memantine potency compared to GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ (IC~50~ = 7.33 ± 1.86 μM; Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [6a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Compared to wild-type, both mutants showed marked reductions in outward rectification at depolarised potentials due to the memantine block. At negative potentials, the memantine block was comparable between all the NMDARs, particularly at high memantine concentrations for V618G (Fig. [5d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, the trapping model suggested the voltage dependence (*δ*) for block was significantly reduced for the channel mutants, interpreted as a reduced exposure of the memantine binding site to the membrane electric field (GluN2B^WT^: *δ* = 0.65 ± 0.03; GluN2B^N615I^: 0.42 ± 0.11; GluN2B^V618G^: 0.42 ± 0.03; *p* \< 0.05) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).
We then used the blocking parameters estimated by the trapping model fits of the I--V relationships in memantine (in 0 and 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ for wild-type receptors; in 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ for the mutants) to fit curves to the memantine concentration--inhibition data (Fig. [5b, c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). The curve for GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ was shifted to the right by 1.2 mM Mg^2+^, consistent with mutually exclusive binding of Mg^2+^ and memantine^[@CR30]^ (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). For the channel mutants, the theoretical memantine inhibition curves in 0 and 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ overlapped due to the loss of Mg^2+^ sensitivity. With regard to the voltage sensitivity of memantine block, under similar conditions for wild-type and mutant NMDARs, good agreement between the experimental data and the model predictions was evident. This supported the assumption that Mg^2+^ and memantine binding are mutually exclusive and validated the use of the trapping model. Indeed, these data also accord with structural predictions of partly overlapping binding sites from the hybrid model suggesting memantine binds just superficial to Mg^2+^.
Effect of GluN2B mutations on neuronal NMDARs {#Sec9}
---------------------------------------------
The impact of the GluN2B mutations was assessed on neuronal NMDARs by evoking network-driven NMDAR-mediated EPSCs in hippocampal neurons transfected with either wild-type or mutant GluN2B constructs. Hippocampal cultures were superfused with Krebs containing 10 μM CNQX and 20 μM bicuculline to block non-NMDA receptor and GABA~A~ receptor-mediated currents, respectively. By removing external Mg^2+^ the appearance of spontaneous EPSCs was evident and these were blocked by the NMDAR antagonist, APV (20 μM) (Supplementary Fig. [7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). To obtain phase-locked EPSCs, a loose cell-attached patch electrode was used to serially stimulate presynaptic neurons yielding evoked EPSCs in postsynaptic neurons.
The relative contributions of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits to NMDAR-mediated currents (at 13--15 DIV) was assessed using the selective antagonists, TCN213 (30 μM, for GluN2A) and ifenprodil (3 μM, for GluN2B). Ifenprodil reduced the peak EPSC amplitude and decreased the decay time by 30%, whereas 30 μM TCN213 minimally (10 %) reduced peak EPSC amplitude but caused a 40% prolongation of the EPSC decay (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). This profile reveals the faster current decay for GluN2A- compared to GluN2B-containing NMDARs. It also reproduces the level of ifenprodil block of glutamate currents observed for recombinant GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B triheteromers^[@CR38]^, as well as the reduced sensitivity to allosteric GluN2A antagonists by the presence of GluN2B in the heteromer^[@CR38],[@CR39]^. For GluN1-GluN2A diheteromers, 30 μM TCN213 is nearly equivalent to the IC~50~^[@CR40]^. The partial block by TCN213 is the expected profile for triheteromeric NMDARs and accords with previous studies at the same developmental stages in hippocampal^[@CR41]^ and cortical cultures^[@CR40],[@CR42]^ and acute cortical slices^[@CR43]^. Moreover, our transfection protocol did not cause overexpression of the GluN2B subunit as the EPSC peak amplitude and decay remained comparable between untransfected and (GluN2B^WT^) transfected neurons (Supplementary Fig. [8](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Fig. 6GluN2B mutations and NMDAR-mediated evoked (e)EPSCs. **a** Pharmacological characterisation of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs from 13--15 DIV untransfected hippocampal neurons. Bar graphs report mean peak EPSC amplitude (left) and decay time (right) in the presence of either 3 μM ifenprodil (*n* = 15) or 30 μM TCN213 (*n* = 5), as a percentage of control EPSC values (dashed line, =100%). All bars are mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed paired *t*-test \**p *\< 0.05; \*\**p *\< 0.005; \*\*\**p* \< 0.0005. **b**, **c** Bar graphs of peak amplitude (**b**) and weighted decay time constant (**c**) for evoked EPSCs for GluN1--GluN2B^WT^ and GluN2B mutant NMDARs. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc test \**p* \< 0.05. **d**--**h** Evoked and spontaneous EPSCs recorded at −70 mV from hippocampal neurons expressing GluN2B^WT^ (**d**), GluN2B^C461F^ (**e**), GluN2B^P553L^ (**f**), GluN2B^N615I^ (**g**) and GluN2B^V618G^ (**h**). In this and succeeding figures, red traces represent averaged EPSCs of 20 sweeps and the black dots indicate the presynaptic stimulation time point. Numbers of cells (*n*): GluN2B^WT^ *n* = 25, GluN2B^C461F^ 9, GluN2B^P553L^ 15, GluN2B^N615I^ 11, GluN2B^V618G^ 13. Calibration in **d** applies to other panels **e**--**h**
The impact of the GluN2B mutations on EPSC peak amplitudes and decays was compared to control EPSCs recorded from GluN2B^WT^ transfected neurons. For GluN2B^C461F^, GluN2B^P553L^ and GluN2B^N615I^ expressing neurons, the EPSCs exhibited faster decay times compared to GluN2B^WT^ counterparts (GluN2B^WT^: 767.7 ± 33.7 ms; GluN2B^C461F^: 517.3 ± 25.1 ms; GluN2B^P553L^: 522.2 ± 29 ms; GluN2B^N615I^: 585.4 ± 44.9 ms; Fig. [6c--g](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, GluN2B^P553L^ also reduced the mean peak EPSC amplitude (GluN2B^WT^: −359.5 ± 39.7 pA; GluN2B^P553L^: −206.3 ± 36.4 pA), possibly reflecting the rapidly desensitising nature of this mutant NMDAR (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). By contrast, the channel mutant GluN2B^V618G^ did not affect the profile of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (GluN2B^V618G^ peak −341.2 ± 40.4 pA; decay 706.4 ± 31.8 ms; Fig. [6b, c, h](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}).
We next examined the effect of external Mg^2+^ block on EPSCs (at −70 mV) from neurons expressing GluN2B^WT^, GluN2B^N615I^ or GluN2B^V618G^ subunits (Fig. [7a--f](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The mean peak amplitude and charge transfer (area) for evoked EPSCs were compared between 0 and 1.2 mM external Mg^2+^ conditions (Fig. [7g, h](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). EPSC amplitudes and areas for neurons expressing wild-type constructs were inhibited by Mg^2+^ (GluN2B^WT^: 88.8 ± 2.8 %), and this was notably reduced for the mutant constructs GluN2B^N615I^ (73.8 ± 4.7%) and GluN2B^V618G^ (68.7 ± 8.9 %; Fig. [7g, h](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 7Ion channel mutants and Mg^2+^ block of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs. Hippocampal neurons (13--15 DIV) expressing GluN2B^WT^ (**a**, **b**), GluN2B^N615I^ (**c**, **d**) or GluN2B^V618G^ (**e**, **f**) subunits were recorded at −70 mV in Krebs with either 0 Mg^2+^ (Control, **a**, **c**, **e**) or + 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ (**b**, **d**, **f**). Bar graphs showing inhibition as a percentage of the mean peak EPSC amplitude (**g**), and charge transfer (area under the evoked EPSCs; (**h**) compared to controls in 0 Mg^2+^ for neurons expressing GluN2B^WT^, GluN2B^N615I^ or GluN2B^V618G^ subunits at −70 mV. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc test \**p* \< 0.05, *n* = 5--7 cells for each condition. Calibration in **a** applies to **b**--**f**
To examine whether memantine could be an effective therapeutic agent by blocking gain-of-function mutant NMDARs, we determined the level of inhibition for EPSCs in 0 Mg^2+^ (Fig. [8a--f](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}), chosen as 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ alone would cause substantive inhibition preventing quantification of the memantine block. Under these conditions, peak EPSC amplitude and charge transfer (area) for evoked NMDAR-mediated EPSCs were inhibited to a comparable extent by memantine for GluN2B^WT^, GluN2B^N615I^ and GluN2B^V618G^ transfected neurons (Fig. [8g, h](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}), which was also comparable to the degree of block of recombinant NMDARs receptors at −70mV (Fig. [5c, d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 8Memantine inhibition of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs. Synaptic currents were recorded in 0 Mg^2+^, in the absence and presence of memantine (30 μM for GluN2B^WT^ and GluN2B^N615I^; and 300 μM for GluN2B^V618G^) in hippocampal neurons 13--15 DIV expressing GluN2B^WT^ (**a**, **b**), GluN2B^N615I^ (**c**, **d**) and GluN2B^V618G^ (**e**, **f**). Bar graphs report the percentage inhibition of mean peak EPSC amplitudes, one-way ANOVA *p *\> 0.05 (**g**), and the area under the evoked EPSCs (**h**). Calibration in **a** applies to **b**--**f**
Discussion {#Sec10}
==========
Dysfunctional excitatory synaptic transmission, caused by NMDAR mutations, has been implicated in numerous neurodevelopmental disorders^[@CR5],[@CR6],[@CR8],[@CR9]^. Here, we investigated missense mutations in the human GluN2B subunit that associate with Lennox Gastaut syndrome with autistic features, intellectual disability and West syndrome in children. The expression profile of GluN2B is highest in the developing nervous system where it partly underpins synaptic plasticity and normal brain function^[@CR1],[@CR44]^. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms underlying NMDAR dysfunction and consider potential pharmacotherapies targeting NMDARs. Our structural and functional studies suggest that pathogenicity arising from GluN2B variants is likely to be a consequence of compromised NMDAR physiology. However, some GluN2B variants are not associated with significant functional defects, which highlight the importance of structure--function studies in confirming likely pathogenicity. We chose four GluN2B mutations for detailed study in recombinant systems as diheteromers, before investigating their effects in neurons as diheteromers and triheteromers with native subunits to mimic the heterozygous expression profile likely to occur in patients carrying the mutations.
We located C461 to S1 of the LBD, where it is not directly involved in binding glutamate, but nevertheless, glutamate potency was reduced by C461F. Our NMDAR model suggested that new van-der-Waals interactions could form between F461 and neighbouring hydrophobic residues, V417, L465 and F529. These may stabilise a conformation of S1 that could hinder glutamate access to its binding site, and/or affect the 'clam-shell ligand-locking' operation of the LBD, which occurs after glutamate is bound^[@CR13],[@CR45]^. In neurons, C461F increased the decay rate of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs, which may reflect faster glutamate unbinding, accounting for the lower glutamate potency for receptors containing GluN2B^C461F[@CR46]^. Furthermore, the phenotypic effect of C461F will be offset in neurons by native NMDARs. In the presence of wild-type GluN2 isoforms, NMDARs will likely contain 0, 1 or 2 copies of a mutant GluN2B subunit. In such triheteromers, we would expect a reduced glutamate potency shift^[@CR46]^ that would also mitigate any effects of the mutation on the EPSC profile, possibly explaining the unaffected peak EPSC amplitude possibly due to synaptic glutamate concentrations (1--2 mM)^[@CR47]^ that could saturate lower affinity GluN2B^C461F^-containing receptors. However, faster EPSC decay rates will lower charge transfer, reducing excitation and imposing stringent time constraints on coincidence detection that could compromise synaptic plasticity. Overall, we define C461F that is associated with Lennox Gastaut syndrome with autistic features, as a loss-of-function NMDAR mutation. This is consistent with reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission in animal models of autism-spectrum disorder (e.g. *BTBR* mice)^[@CR48]^ where the phenotype can be improved by a selective AMPAR positive allosteric modulator (AMPAKINE)^[@CR48]^. Lennox Gastaut syndrome is a severe form of childhood epilepsy. High expression of mutant GluN2B subunits during early development could also compromise neurotransmitter-based signalling (e.g. GABA release via presynaptic NMDARs^[@CR49]^) as well as the operation of distinct cell types (interneurons/principal neurons)^[@CR50]^ with consequences for excitation and inhibition.
By comparison, P553 is found in pre-M1 and minimally affected glutamate potency, but notably, the rate of desensitisation of GluN1--GluN2B^P553L^ was markedly increased. Pre-M1 is highly conserved amongst iGluRs (Supplementary Fig. [3b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) with four key residues (F550 (pre-M1), P553 (pre-M1), W559 (M1) and Y646 (M3), human GluN2B numbering) forming a hydrophobic box, which influences desensitisation^[@CR14]^. Exchanging a single residue in this region (F/Y554 in NMDARs for L in AMPARs) transfers, to some extent, the desensitising profile of AMPARs to NMDARs^[@CR14]^.
Pre-M1 is also in close proximity to the highly conserved transduction element, -SYTANLAAF-, in M3 of GluN2B. This motif is involved in coupling ligand binding to channel opening, and controlling open channel probability^[@CR15]^. Thus, forming new interactions between L553 and N649 and/or L650 in the motif (Supplementary Fig. [2b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) would likely interfere with gating. Indeed, substituting this residue in GluN2A either slowed (GluN2A^P552R^) or accelerated (GluN2A^P552G^) glutamate current decay^[@CR8]^.
Consistent with a desensitising phenotype, expressing GluN2B^P553L^ in neurons increased the decay rate and reduced peak amplitudes for NMDAR-mediated EPSCs. A reduction in surface trafficking of GluN2B^P553L^ has been reported^[@CR8]^. This was not evident in our study and may reflect distinct trafficking itineraries for different GluN1 isoforms (GluN1--4b used here vs GluN1--1a in ref. ^[@CR8]^). As such, P553L is a loss-of-function mutation associated with severe ID. The profound effects of P553L on excitatory synaptic transmission might explain the clinical phenotype, especially given the roles NMDARs have in higher cognitive function.
For recombinant NMDARs containing the channel mutants N615I or V618G, voltage-dependent Mg^2+^ block was lost. This unique feature underlies the property of coincidence detection, requiring coordinated agonist binding (presynaptic release) with membrane depolarisation (postsynaptic activity) for NMDAR activation^[@CR1]^. Despite their close physical location, we discovered distinct mechanistic effects for these two mutations, providing new insight into NMDAR channel structure and function.
GluN2B^N615^ stabilises the Mg^2+^ coordination site by H-bonding to N616 in GluN1, which with N616 from GluN2B, directly coordinates Mg^2+^. Our results are consistent with recent findings of Mesbahi-Vasey et al.^[@CR23]^ They utilised MD simulations and on comparison with our DFT approach, both studies identified 6 asparagines as participating in the Mg^2+^ binding site. Furthermore, Mesbahi-Vasey suggested that only four asparagine residues would directly coordinate Mg^2+^. Our present results agree, and we further propose that the four asparagine residues are those at position 616 (in GluN1 and GluN2B subunits), whereas those at position 615 (in GluN2B) indirectly stabilise Mg^2+^ coordination. Disrupting the Mg^2+^ binding site with N615I prevented Mg^2+^ block without causing Mg^2+^ permeability. However, V618G not only removed the block but also permitted Mg^2+^ permeation via the channel. The pore architecture is highly conserved across iGluRs. It is characterised by a narrow constriction at the extracellular end that forms the selectivity filter defined by a ring of six asparagine in the M2--M3 linker in NMDARs. Substitutions of N616 (in GluN1 and GluN2) both affected Ca^2+^ permeability^[@CR20]^. In our study, we find that GluN2B^N615^ is also important for Ca^2+^ binding, evident by the reduced current for GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ when Ca^2+^ is the only current-carrying ion.
The channel lining contains hydrophobic residues with their side-chains rotated away from the lumen forming a 'cuff' that selects for divalent cation permeability (e.g. W607L in M2 of GluN2B)^[@CR22]^. Valine 618 is ideally placed in the M2--M3 linker of GluN2B to interact with neighbouring hydrophobic residues in M2, M3 and in the M2--M3 linker. If, as proposed, outward movement in M3 promotes channel widening after receptor activation^[@CR51]^, GluN2B^V618^ could have a role in such a mechanism. Thus when mutated, Mg^2+^ permeation increases, resulting from faster Mg^2+^ unbinding in the channel. This could be interpreted as a reduction in the energy barriers for ion permeation, compromising the Mg^2+^ coordination site.
The channel mutations N615I and V618G may be classed as gain-of-function mutations, potentially underlying the increased excitability in West syndrome for which the onset^[@CR6]^ associates with the high expression profile of GluN2B in late infancy (\<1year)^[@CR52]^. For V618G, increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity is likely given the lack of Mg^2+^ block combined with comparable levels of Ca^2+^ permeation compared to wild-type NMDARs. However, the reduced Ca^2+^ permeation noted with N615I may compromise synapse formation, maturation and synaptic plasticity.
In principle, the lack of Mg^2+^ block could be compensated by another voltage-sensitive channel blocker such as memantine. However, memantine was more potent at GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^ and less potent at GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ (cf. ref. ^[@CR53]^), compared to wild-type receptors, with implications for therapeutics. Moreover, the memantine binding site was likely displaced by the channel mutations (*δ*~Mem~ was reduced by \~30% compared to wild-type NMDARs) reducing voltage sensitivity compared to wild-type. Memantine binding was also affected by the presence of bound Mg^2+^ in the channel (for wild-type but not of course for the channel mutants), which reduced memantine potency suggesting overlapping binding sites. The trapping model was able to account for the mechanism of action for memantine by reduced binding to GluN1--GluN2B^V618G^ and increased binding at GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^, both of which are coupled to reduced voltage sensitivity. This suggested a re-positioning of the memantine binding site in the membrane electric field, with a reduced voltage dependency in accord with displacement of the structurally predicted site away from the channel pore (pose 2, Supplementary Fig. [6b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Our kinetic and molecular docking results are consistent with overlapping sites for Mg^2+^ and memantine^[@CR26],[@CR30],[@CR54]^, with Mg^2+^ binding at the level of the asparagine residues, whereas memantine binds just above the channel pore. The memantine site agrees with the cryo-EM structure for a triheteromeric NMDAR (GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B) bound with another trapping channel blocker, MK-801, which binds in the same channel vestibule as memantine with its positively charged amino group also facing the channel pore^[@CR55]^. However, for memantine, we found two distinct positions for binding to GluN1--GluN2B^N615I^. One coincided with the binding site observed for the wild-type receptor, whereas the second position implied displacement of the site to a cavity in the vestibule between M2 and M3.
The effect of the channel mutants on memantine inhibition may also relate to the 'two-sites hypothesis' for memantine binding involving a high affinity (trapping) site and a second low affinity (non-trapping) site, sometimes referred to as the 'superficial site'^[@CR26]^. These two sites were proposed to distinguish between different mechanisms of action for memantine and other NMDAR channel blockers^[@CR26]^. This hypothesis also relates to the voltage dependency of the two sites. Blanpied et al.^[@CR28]^ described a primary channel site for memantine with a *V*~0~ = 31.5 mV and a second site with *V*~0~ = 67.2 mV (*V*~0~ is the change in membrane potential causing an *e*-fold change in the dissociation constant, *K*~Mem~). Interestingly, we find comparable values for GluN2B^WT^ (*V*~0~ = 39.1 mV) and mutant receptors (GluN2B^N615I^ *V*~0~ = 59.9 mV and GluN2B^V618G^ *V*~0~ = 59.8 mV; Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). This suggests higher occupancy of the primary (trapping) site in wild-type NMDARs, compared to greater occupancy of the non-trapping, superficial site in the mutants. Despite the similar *V*~0~ for the superficial site, our data show that memantine does not prevent channel gating (evident by the unaffected EPSC decay with the blocker) (Supplementary Fig [6e](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), which is a central premise of the trapping block mechanism^[@CR25]^. Thus, the change in *V*~0~ would suggest either the binding site is displaced or the membrane electric field is perturbed following the channel mutations. Other mechanisms might also underlie the different modes of action for fully (e.g. ketamine) and partial-trapping (e.g. memantine) blockers such as the conformational state and receptor subunit composition^[@CR56],[@CR57]^.
Given the predominant early expression of GluN2B, a role in synaptogenesis and cognitive function is likely to be pre-eminent^[@CR44]^. The clinical phenotypes of individuals with GluN2B mutations are likely to correlate with the nature of NMDAR dysfunction, and with the impact this has on the NMDAR subunit switch during development, with consequences for excitatory synapse formation^[@CR3]^.
Of the four mutations studied in detail, two present as loss-of-function (C461F and P553L), and the other two as gain-of-function (N615I, V618G). On this basis, memantine cannot be considered an all-encompassing treatment for NMDAR mutations and will be therapeutically beneficial only for selected gain-of-function channel mutants. The inhibition of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs at negative membrane potentials by memantine was comparable between wild-type and N615I or V618G-expressing neurons supporting a role for this drug as a potential therapy to mimic lost Mg^2+^ block at these potentials in neurons. Interestingly, at depolarised potentials, memantine was more efficacious in the channel mutants compared to wild-type NMDARs, which might be advantageous during seizures involving depolarising membrane potential shifts.
Methods {#Sec11}
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Bioinformatics analysis {#Sec12}
-----------------------
Missense mutations in *GRIN2B* that associate with disease, were assessed for pathogenicity using several predictive bioinformatic tools: SIFT (<http://sift.jcvi.org>), Polyphen-2 (<http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/>) and Mutation Taster (<http://www.mutationtaster.org>). The 1000 Genome Project database (<http://www.1000genomes.org>) was also utilised to distinguish disease-causing mutations from common benign polymorphisms. Thus selected missense mutations thought to be disease-causing were predicted by SIFT, Polyphen-2 and Mutation Taster, and were absent from the 1000 Genomes database.
Structure modelling and molecular docking {#Sec13}
-----------------------------------------
A near-complete structure of the human NMDAR was generated using MODELLER 9.10^[@CR58]^ based on crystal structure templates of rat (PDB 4PE5) and *Xenopus* (PDB 4TLL, 4TLM) GluN1--GluN2B receptors. These species exhibit 99 and 90% identity, respectively, with the human GluN1--GluN2B receptor. We compiled this structure because no human equivalent NMDAR structure exists and also we needed to infill those sections of the rat and *Xenopus* NMDAR crystal structures that have been truncated or deleted as necessary pre-requisites for successful receptor crystallisation. First, a multiple alignment of the subunits primary sequences was generated incorporating different domains from each crystal structure, e.g. the amino terminal domain (ATD) (from PDB 4PE5), the ligand binding domain (LBD) (from PDB 4PE5, 4TLL, 4TLM), and the transmembrane domains (from 4TLL and 4TLM^[@CR10],[@CR11]^). These three crystal structures were used because each contributed high resolution, but different, structures of the NMDAR, e.g. the *Xenopus* structures had near intact channel pores, whereas the rat structure exhibited a higher sequence identity to the human NMDAR.
GluN1 (isoform 'a' here to reproduce what was used in the X-ray structures) and GluN2B subunits were first compiled as structures in isolation, with 100 models generated and then ranked according to their discrete optimised protein energy (DOPE) scores^[@CR59]^. The most energy-favourable models for each subunit were selected for co-assembling GluN1 and GluN2B, initially as a dimer by utilising UCSF Chimera v1.9, before final co-assembly of the NMDAR tetramer by initial superimposition onto the rat NMDAR crystal structure. The tetrameric model of the human NMDAR was then optimised, using MODELLER 9.10, generating 100 tetrameric models that were ranked, firstly, according to their DOPE scores and secondly by using QMEANBrane, a quality estimation method for membrane proteins^[@CR60]^ that assesses the best ranks for those regions of the NMDAR that lay within the cell membrane. These regions of the NMDAR were previously identified using the PPM server^[@CR61]^. The most energy-favourable model that emerged, and was used in this study, was finally assessed by ranking according to the 'Borda score'^[@CR62]^. For this score, each model fit (*i*) within a group of *N* fits is ranked (*r*) according to a list of S different parameter scores, where *S* \> 1. The Borda score is defined by,$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B = \mathop {\sum }\limits_{i = 1}^S (N - r).$$\end{document}$$
Thus, our ranking criteria used both DOPE and QMEANBrane scores, whereby the highest ranked models were raised in the list by the number of models ranked beneath them.
For the docking studies with memantine (PubChem, CID:3833001) in the NMDAR channel, we selected the quaternary amine charged structure, as the memantine p*K*~a~ is 10.7 (DrugBank ver 5) indicating that this strong base is mostly charged (99.95 %) at physiological pH. The memantine cation was docked into a binding cavity. This was considered to be the 'primary (trapping) binding site', which we defined with up to 6 asparagine residues from the M2--M3 linkers of both GluN subunits (GluN1^N616^, GluN2B^N615^ and GluN2B^N616^; Supplementary Fig. [4a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) having previously been proposed to have key roles in memantine binding^[@CR26],[@CR30],[@CR54]^, and by the provision of two water molecules.
To define the volume of the binding site for the docking study, a centroid was defined by including all residues located within a radius of 12 Å; from the key asparagine residues. Docking used Hermes v1.6.2 and GOLD v5.2.2. The genetic algorithm values were set to automatically optimise the docked ligand, which was allowed full flexibility. Fifty diverse docking solutions were generated using the CHEMPLP scoring function using the default parameters. The memantine cation was also docked into the structural model after the two N615 residues of the GluN2B were mutated to isoleucines (N615I). The new isoleucine rotamers were presented in orientations that had the lowest clash scores with each other and with the surrounding NMDAR residues (using UCSF Chimera ver 9.1).
To determine the optimal coordination of Mg^2+^ in its NMDAR channel blocking position, the six asparagines (two GluN1^N616^, and two GluN2B^N615^ and GluN2B^N616^) considered to interact with Mg^2+[@CR19],[@CR21],[@CR22],[@CR63]^, were cropped from the PDB structure. A single Mg^2+^ ion was then placed at the core of a centroid determined by the six asparagines and a DFT-based geometry optimisation was performed that also included additional water molecules to find the lowest energy coordination for Mg^2+^. The asparagine Cα atoms were also substituted for fixed atom methyl groups during the geometric optimisation to ensure that their position did not move from their original conformation in the hybrid model and to maintain plausible bond angles and dihedral angles between the side-chain and backbone. DFT calculations were performed on the asparagine--Mg^2+^ complex, using the Gaussian 09 package^[@CR18]^. All calculations were performed using the hybrid functional ωB97X-D^[@CR64]^ with a Pople triple-zeta basis set with polarisation (6--311G\*\*) and the conductor-like polarisable continuum model (CPCM) to account for solvation^[@CR65]^. Frequency analysis was used to confirm energy minima by geometric optimisation (Supplementary Note [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
cDNA site-directed mutagenesis and cell culture {#Sec14}
-----------------------------------------------
Site-directed mutagenesis using the QuikChange Lightning kit (Stratagene, Agilent Technologies) was used to generate GluN2B mutants, which were confirmed by Sanger DNA sequencing. All human NMDAR GluN1 (isoforms GluN1--4b^[@CR66]^) and GluN2B constructs were cloned into the pRK5 expression vector (CMV promoter) with optimised Kozak sequences.
Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% v/v foetal calf serum (FCS), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin, incubated at 37 °C in 95% air and 5% CO~2~. Cells were plated on poly-[l]{.smallcaps}-lysine coated 22 mm coverslips in culture medium containing 400 µM D-APV for 48 h prior to electrophysiology. GluN2B was co-transfected with GluN1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-C1) in a 1:1:1 ratio using a calcium phosphate protocol: 340 mM CaCl~2~ and HEPES buffered saline (50 mM HEPES, 280 mM NaCl, 2.8 mM Na~2~PO~4~ and pH 7.2).
Dissected hippocampi were dissociated from E18 Sprague Dawley rat embryos using procedures and protocols that have been approved by the UK Home Office. They were dissociated into single cells using 0.1% w/v trypsin and serially triturated with flame-polished Pasteur pipettes. Cells were plated on 22 mm glass coverslips coated with 500 μg/ml poly-[d]{.smallcaps}-ornithine, in minimum essential media (MEM; Invitrogen) supplemented with 5% v/v FCS, 5% v/v HS, 10 U/ml penicillin-G, 10 μg/ml streptomycin, 2 mM [l]{.smallcaps}-glutamine and 20 mM glucose (plating media). After 2 h, this plating media was replaced with maintenance media composed of Neurobasal-A (Invitrogen) supplemented with 1% v/v B-27 (Gibco), 50 U/ml penicillin-G, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, 0.5% v/v Glutamax (Invitrogen) and 35 mM glucose. Neurons were transfected after 10 days in vitro (DIV) with either cDNAs for the GluN2B WT or mutants together with DsRed using Effectene (Qiagen) and recorded at 13--15 DIV.
Electrophysiology {#Sec15}
-----------------
Whole-cell currents (in HEK293 cells) and evoked NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (in cultured neurons) were recorded using an AxoPatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The external solution (Krebs) was composed of (mM): 140 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 2.52 CaCl~2~, 11 Glucose and 5 HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH. Patch pipettes (3--4 MΩ) were filled with an internal solution containing either (mM): 120 KCl, 1 MgCl~2~, 11 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 1 CaCl~2~ and 2 K~2~ATP adjusted to pH 7.2 with 1 M NaOH (for HEK cells); or (mM): 145 Cs methanesulfonate, 5 MgATP, 10 BAPTA, 0.2 NaGTP, 10 HEPES, 2 QX314, adjusted to pH 7.2 with 1 M CsOH (for neurons). Currents were digitised at 10 kHz using a Digidata 1320A (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). In experiments using Mg^2+^ as the main external cation, the external solution was replaced by a Mg^2+^-solution containing (mM): 100 MgCl~2~, 5 HEPES adjusted to pH 7.4 with Mg(OH)~2~. The experiments using Ca^2+^ as the main external ion were performed using a 'Ca^2+^-solution' containing (mM): 100 CaCl~2~, 5 HEPES adjusted to pH 7.4 with Ca(OH)~2~. Glutamate (10 µM) activated currents in both Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^ solutions were evoked in the presence of 10 µM glycine. Cells were voltage clamped at −60 mV. Free Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^ concentrations in external and intracellular solutions were estimated using an activity coefficient of 0.56 and allowing Mg^2+^ buffering by intracellular ATP and Ca^2+^ buffering by EGTA.
For HEK cells, glutamate-activated currents (at −30 mV) were recorded in the presence of 10 µM glycine. For Mg^2+^ (at −60 mV) and memantine (at −30 mV) concentration--inhibition relationships, different concentrations of each antagonist were co-applied with 10 µM glutamate and 10 µM glycine using a U-tube application system.
To examine voltage-dependent block of NMDARs, HEK293 cells were voltage clamped at −30 mV, and currents recorded following a voltage (10 mV) step protocol from −90 to +90 mV. The protocol was performed first in Krebs to measure membrane leak currents, and then repeated during the steady-state current induced by 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine with 1.2 mM Mg^2+^ (leak current in Mg^2+^). The current induced by the agonists was determined by subtracting the leak current before plotting the I--V relationship. Similar procedures were followed for I--Vs determined in the presence of memantine, with or without external Mg^2+^.
For hippocampal neuron experiments, the same external recording solution described for HEK cells was used supplemented with: CNQX (10 μM), bicuculline (20 μM) and [d]{.smallcaps}-serine (10 μM), to isolate the NMDAR component of EPSCs, to block GABA~A~ receptor-mediated inhibitory transmission, and to prevent inhibition of NMDARs by CNQX saturating the glycine site, respectively.
NMDAR-mediated EPSCs were evoked by direct stimulation of single neighbouring neurons using a loose cell-attached patch electrode filled with Krebs and containing a bipolar stimulating electrode. Untransfected neighbouring neurons were stimulated by a brief 1 ms current step (300 μA) every 12 s, whereas EPSCs were recorded from transfected neurons voltage clamped at −70 mV. For the pharmacological characterisation of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs, the selective antagonists ifenprodil (+)-hemitartrate (Santacruz biotechnology) and TCN213 (Tocris) were used. If DMSO was used as a solvent the highest concentration was 0.1% v/v and this had no effect on NMDAR-mediated currents.
Analysis of membrane currents {#Sec16}
-----------------------------
Glutamate concentration--response relationships were constructed by normalising glutamate-activated currents to the response evoked by a saturating glutamate concentration. The normalised concentration--response curves were fitted with the Hill equation:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$I/I_{\mathrm{max}} = \left( {A^n/\left( {A^n + {\mathrm{EC}}_{50}^n} \right)} \right),$$\end{document}$$Where *I*~max~ is the maximum response elicited by saturating glutamate concentrations, EC~50~ is the concentration of glutamate resulting in half-maximal currents, and *n* is the Hill coefficient.
To determine Mg^2+^ and memantine potency peak glutamate-activated currents were measured in the absence and presence of different antagonist concentrations (*B*). Currents were normalised to the control glutamate response (10 µM glutamate with 10 µM glycine) and the antagonist concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC~50~) was determined by curve fitting using the following inhibition model equation:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$y = 100\times \left( {1{\mathrm{ }} - {\mathrm{ }}\left( {B^n/\left( {B^n + {\mathrm{IC}}_{50}^n} \right)} \right)} \right).$$\end{document}$$
EPSCs were analysed offline using WinWCP (Strathclyde Electrophysiology Software, UK). Peak EPSC amplitude, the area of the EPSC (charge transfer) and EPSC decays were measured. The decay time constants (*τ*) were determined by fitting the EPSC decays with a double exponential function. The weighted time constant (*τ*~w~) was calculated using the following equation, where *A* indicates the relative area of each time constant.$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau _{\mathrm{w}} = ((A_1.\tau _1) + (A_2.\tau _2))/\left( {A_1 + A_2} \right).$$\end{document}$$
Kinetic model of the NMDAR {#Sec17}
--------------------------
To explain the block of the NMDAR we adopted a trapping based model (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) whereby the antagonist can remain bound to its site (e.g. in the channel) after agonist dissociation. The membrane current (*I*~m~) was modelled as:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$I_{\mathrm{m}} = N \,\left( {V_{\mathrm{h}} - V_{\mathrm{rev}}} \right)\,\gamma P_{{\mathrm{open}}},$$\end{document}$$where *N* is the number of receptors in the cell membrane, *V*~h~ and *V*~rev~ are the holding potential and NMDA current reversal potential, respectively, *γ* is the single channel conductance and *P*~open~ is described by:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P_{\mathrm{open}}\left({V}_{\mathrm{m}} \right) {}\hskip23pc \\ \hskip-4.5pc = \frac{1}{{\left\{ {1 + K_{\mathrm{E}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)}{\left( {1 + \frac{{K_{\mathrm{A}}}}{\left[ {\mathrm{Glut}} \right]}} \right)} \right\}.\left\{ {1 + \frac{{\left( {\left[ {{\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + }} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}k_{ + {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)} \right) + \left( {\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }} \right]_{\mathrm{i}}k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)} \right)}}{{k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) + k_{ - {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)}} + \frac{{[{\mathrm{Mem}}]}}{{K_{\mathrm{Mem}}(V_{\mathrm{m}})}}} \right\}}}$$\end{document}$$
The weak voltage sensitivity of GluN2B receptor activation^[@CR67]^ was accounted for by defining $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$K_{\mathrm{E}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = K_{\mathrm{E}}\left( {0\, {\mathrm{mV}}} \right)\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}\left( { - V_{\mathrm{m}}/H_{\mathrm{E}}} \right),$$\end{document}$ where *H*~E~ is the change in membrane potential giving an *e*-fold change in *K*~E~ and was estimated from the control I--V relationship as 650 mV. The voltage dependence of the dissociation constant, *K*~Mem~, for memantine block was described by:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$K_{\mathrm{Mem}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = K_{\mathrm{Mem}}(0\,{\mathrm{mV}})\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}({\mathrm{\delta }}_{\mathrm{Mem}}{z}_{\mathrm{Mem}}\cdot{FV}_{\mathrm{m}}/{RT})$$\end{document}$$where *δ*~Mem~ is the fraction of the membrane voltage that memantine experiences at its binding site, *z*~Mem~ is the charge on memantine (=1) and *F*, *R* and *T* are the Faraday constant, gas constant and the absolute temperature (*K*). The rate constants (*k*) for binding (+) and unbinding (−) of Mg^2+^ ions from the outside (o) and inside (i) of the membrane were described by:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$k_{ + {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = k_{ + {\mathrm{bo}}}(0\,{\mathrm{mV}})\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}\left( {( - {\mathrm{\delta }}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}/2)\cdot{z}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}\cdot\left( {{FV}_{\mathrm{m}}/{RT}} \right)} \right)$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$k_{-{\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {0\,{\mathrm{mV}}} \right)\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}\left( {({\mathrm{\delta}}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}/2)\cdot{z}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}\cdot\left( {{FV}_{\mathrm{m}}/{RT}} \right)} \right)$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {0\,{\mathrm{mV}}} \right)\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}\left( {(1 - \delta _{{\mathrm{Mg}}}/2)\cdot{z}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}\cdot\left( {{FV}_{\mathrm{m}}/{RT}} \right)} \right)$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$k_{{\mathrm{ - bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = k_{ - {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {0\,{\mathrm{mV}}} \right)\cdot{\mathrm{exp}}\left( { - (1 - \delta _{{\mathrm{Mg}}}/2)\cdot{z}_{{\mathrm{Mg}}}\cdot\left( {{FV}_{\mathrm{m}}/{RT}} \right)} \right)$$\end{document}$$where *δ*~Mg~ is the fraction of the membrane voltage that Mg^2+^ experiences at its binding site, and *z*~Mg~ = 2. The dissociation constant for Mg^2+^ block from the outside of the membrane (*K*~Mg~) was defined by (*k*~−bo~ +* k*~−bi~)/*k*~+bo~.
For simplicity, we based our trapping block model (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) on the binding of a single glutamate molecule causing receptor activation (assuming the glycine site was saturated), because in this model, the block is not agonist-dependent. We also omitted desensitised states of the receptor. The glutamate, Mg^2+^ and memantine dissociation constants are shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} along with the corresponding conformational constant, *K*~E~ for channel opening.
The initial parameter values selected were chosen to provide NMDAR *P*~open~ values comparable with previous studies^[@CR68],[@CR69]^, as the ion channel mutants (N615I, V618G) have been found not to affect glutamate potency and presented comparable deactivation rates to the wild-type GluN2B. The dissociation and conformation constants for glutamate were fixed at, *K*~A~ = *K*~E~ = 8, in accord with these studies. This value was also used for *K*~A~ and *K*~E~ for antagonist bound receptor states, as memantine or Mg^2+^ do not affect agonist potency^[@CR25]^. The intrinsic voltage-dependent gating of GluN1--GluN2B receptors^[@CR67]^ was determined from the I--V relationships constructed in nominally zero external Mg^2+^ (0 Mg^2+^) in the presence of 10 μM glutamate and 10 μM glycine for the wild-type GluN1--GluN2B receptor.
The reversal potential for glutamate (*V*~rev~), and the number of receptors, *N*, were empirically estimated for each data set. The relative position of the binding site for memantine (*δ*~Mem~) and for Mg^2+^ (*δ*~Mg~) in the membrane electric field, and *K*~Mem~ (for memantine) and *k*~−bo~ (for Mg^2+^), were all estimated by non-linear least-squares fitting of Eq. [4](#Equ4){ref-type=""} to the I--V relationships. For each data set, the I--V relationships for glutamate (control) and with memantine and Mg^2+^ were simultaneously fit to yield a single estimate of each parameter for the wild-type, the N615I and V618G mutant receptors. The values of *k*~+bo~(0 mV) and *k*~+bi~(0 mV) were fixed at 5 × 10^7^ M^-1^ s^-1^. The values for *k*~−bi~ and δ~Mg~ are highly correlated when they are estimated from fitting the I--V relationship in the presence of Mg^2+^. Given that at the Mg^2+^ reversal potential the net rate of movement of Mg^2+^ ions through the channel is zero, *k*~−bi~ was estimated from the values of the other rate constants using the relationship: *k*~−bi~=(\[Mg^2+^\]~i~·*k*~+bi~·*k*~−bo~)/(\[Mg^2+^\]~o~·*k*~+bo~). This allowed *k*~−bo~ and *δ*~Mg~ to be estimated independently. For the permeation model (see below), the same principle was used to define the ion binding rate (*k*~+bi~) from the inside of the channel.
The extracellular (*k*~−bo~ (0 mV)) and intracellular (*k*~−bi~ (0 mV)) unbinding rate constants for Mg^2+^ from its site were kept constant when estimating the *K*~Mem~ and *δ*~Mem~ in the presence of memantine. The constant, *k*~−bi~, reflects Mg^2+^ unbinding towards the intracellular space resulting in Mg^2+^ permeation^[@CR34],[@CR70]^. These parameter estimates were then used to predict the I--V relation in the presence of Mg^2+^ and memantine and the inhibition curve for memantine measured at −30 mV. Because Mg^2+^ block parameters could not be measured for the N615I and V618G mutants, a single binding site, two-barrier permeation model^[@CR32],[@CR33]^ was used to estimate rate constants to describe the binding and permeation of Mg^2+^ through the mutant channels. The net current through the channel was therefore described by:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$I_{\mathrm{Mg}} + I_{\mathrm{Na}} + I_{\mathrm{K}} + I_{\mathrm{Ca}}\hskip 20pc \\ {{= \frac{{\left( {\frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}} \right]_{\mathrm{i}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Mgi}}}}} \right).I_{\mathrm{Max}}\,_{\mathrm{Mgi}} + \left( {\frac{{\left[ K \right]_{\mathrm{i}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Ki}}}}} \right). I_{{\mathrm{Max}}\,{\mathrm{Ki}}} - \left( {\frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Mgo}}}}} \right).I_{{\mathrm{Max}}\,{\mathrm{Mgo}}} - \left( {\frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Na}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Nao}}}}} \right).I_{{\mathrm{Max}}\,{\mathrm{Nao}}} - \left( {\frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Ca}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Cao}}}}} \right).I_{{\mathrm{Max}}\,{\mathrm{Cao}}}}}{{1 + \frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}} \right]_{\mathrm{i}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Mgi}}}} + \frac{{\left[ K \right]_{\mathrm{i}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Ki}}}} + \frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Mgo}}}} + \frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Na}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Nao}}}} + \frac{{\left[ {\mathrm{Ca}} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}}}{{K_{\mathrm{Cao}}}}}}}}$$\end{document}$$where for each ion, *I*~max~ is calculated by (for example):$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$I_{\mathrm{Max}}\,_{\mathrm{Mgi}} = {ze}\frac{{k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}}}{{1 + \left( {\frac{{k_{ - {\mathrm{bi}}} + k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}}}{{k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}}}} \right).\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + } \right]_{\mathrm{i}}}}$$\end{document}$$where '*z*' is the valence of the ion and '*e*' is the unitary charge. This allowed rate constant values to be chosen for each ion that were consistent with the measured NMDAR currents in normal Krebs solution and in Ca^2+^- or Mg^2+^-solutions.
Channel open probability (*P*~open~) was predicted for the Mg^2+^ inhibition curves (at −60 mV) and for the memantine inhibition curves (at −30 mV) using Eq. [4](#Equ4){ref-type=""}. IC~50~ values for the blockers were calculated from:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathrm{IC}}_{50}({\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + },V_{\mathrm{m}}) = \frac{{\left( {\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + } \right]_{\mathrm{i}}k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( V_{\mathrm{m}} \right)} \right) + \left( {k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( V_{\mathrm{m}} \right)} \right) + \left( {k_{ - {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)} \right)}}{{k_{ + {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( V_{\mathrm{m}} \right)}}$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathrm{IC}}_{50\left( {\mathrm{Mem}} \right)}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) = \left\{ {1 + \frac{{\left( {\left[ {{\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + }} \right]_{\mathrm{o}}k_{ + {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)} \right) + \left( {\left[ {\mathrm{Mg}}^{2 + } \right]_{\mathrm{i}}k_{ + {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)} \right)}}{{k_{ - {\mathrm{bo}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right) + k_{ - {\mathrm{bi}}}\left( {V_{\mathrm{m}}} \right)}}} \right\}K_{{\mathrm{Mem}}}(V_{\mathrm{m}})$$\end{document}$$
All data are reported as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical tests analysed the normality, size and equality of data variances before applying parametric analysis methods. All tests were performed on data derived from a minimum of five experiments using an unpaired or paired Student's *t*-test (as stated) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett's post-hoc test when *p* \< 0.05.
Data availability {#Sec18}
-----------------
The data that were generated in the study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
Electronic supplementary material
=================================
{#Sec19}
Supplementary Information
These authors contributed equally: Trevor G. Smart, Robert J. Harvey.
**Electronic supplementary material**
**Supplementary Information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41467-018-02927-4.
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This work was supported by an MRC grant to R.J.H. and T.G.S.
L.F. performed the majority of the experiments. L.F., R.J.H., A.G., T.G.S., J.N. and M.T. analysed the data. R.J.H. and T.G.S. conceived and designed the study. L.F., A.G. and T.G.S. wrote the paper, R.J.H. edited and revised, and all authors contributed to editing the paper.
Competing interests {#FPar1}
===================
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
| 2024-01-01T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/5968 |
Q:
Connecting a Motion Simulator to GTA
I'm trying to connect a real-life motion simulator to my pc gaming rig one game at a time. Since all the GTA games are super hackable (with respect to physics, map, & texture hacking), AND the fact that GTA5 is coming soon to PC, i thought it would be a cool start.
From the motion simulator side, it seems that the most logical point to pull a feed would be the vehicle's suspension. Speed, mass, obstacles, handling, etc... are already computed by the game & mirroring the suspension should be a pretty believable experience.
Does this sound doable? Has anyone tried to pair a real-life machine with existing game vehicle before? Any experiences or insight to what this would entail would be extremely appreciated.
From the research I've put into this project, it seems that the hardest part will be to pull a realtime feed off an in-game event as the game is already compiled. My hope is that there is some existing trigger for debugging or perhaps controller feedback in place. Alternatively, what are the chances of probing around an assembly code level version of the game to insert calls to external scripts? I realize that a full decompile to a high level language is 99% never going to work again with a game this complex.
Thanks for any helpful contributions pointing in the right direction...
A:
Not sure if I get this the right way but want to create physical feedback of the simulated car in game to your real seat/cockpit and also drive it from there. (something like Plane HW simulators)
Driving
that should be pretty easy just use joystick and some keyboard messages inserter (or real hacked keyboard). I assume you already know how to do this part
feedback
I would create some starting App that would own the Game's process so I could have full Access to its memory. Then I would track all the memory chunks allocated to it and scan for periodic changes then draw it as some video overlay and play the game to see which chunks are changing dependently to what you do in game.
Good way is also log the memory chunks to file for later inspections once you get the candidates for memory locations that could hold the simulated car parameters then try to hack them to see if anything match to in game car speed,orientation ...
You also need some ID of the chunks so look for specific patterns in them so you can find the same chunk even when it is reallocated (or game is restarted)
DLL's
if the GAME use any DLL for specific task like physics simulation then you are in luck and can create wrapper DLL which will have the same interface as original DLL. So create DLL which will just call the calls of the original DLL plus add of some logging so you see what you need (similarly to bullet #2). Once identified what you need then you can easily insert you driving code into it ...
[Notes]
Did not do anything like this in a very long time so I have no clue of nowdays tools for this. My favourite tool back in the day was DLPORTIO driver for windows 9x,nt,w2k,xp. it enables full access to everything from IO to memory without exceptions ...
If the game has player as a complex class then you can try to search for Players name in memory and look around its location for parameters you need
| 2024-06-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2753 |
Google admits current Motorola devices not up to their standards
About nine months ago when Google acquired Motorola, the company also inherited about 18 months worth of product pipeline. This included models such as the RAZR HD and the RAZR M. It seems, however, that none of these products are up to Google's standards.
While talking in a conference, Google's Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President Patrick Pichette said that the current products in Motorola's pipeline are "not really to the standards that what Google would say is wow — innovative, transformative."
That's an awfully honest thing to admit. But Pichette did not stop at that. He also said that "We've inherited 18 months of pipeline that we actually have to drain right now, while we're actually building the next wave of innovation and product lines".
We have been hearing rumors of Google working on an X Phone with Motorola, with some even expecting it to be announced at this year's Google I/O. However, now that we know that Google still has several months to go before they empty Motorola's current pipeline of products, this mythical X Phone won't be coming any time soon.
I agree...i have not been a fan of Motorola design. They need to radically change the direction of their design form factor now that Google has something to do with it. I expect the rumored X phone to be a great departure from the usual Moto design b... | 2024-07-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/7447 |
Abstract
Cultural transmission in our species works most of the time as a cumulative inheritance system allowing members of a group to incorporate behavioral features not only with a positive biological value but sometimes also with a neutral, or even negative, biological value. Most of models of dual inheritance theory and gene-culture coevolution suggest that an increase, either qualitative or quantitative, in the efficiency of imitation is the key factor to explain the transformation of primate social learning in a cumulative cultural system of inheritance as it happens during hominization. We contend that more efficient imitation is necessary but not enough for this transformation to occur and that the key factor enabling such a transformation is that some hominids developed the capacity to approve or disapprove their offspring's learned behavior. This capacity to approve or disapprove offspring's behavior makes learning both less costly and more accurate, and it transformed the hominid culture into a system of cumulative cultural inheritance similar to that of humans, although the system was still prelinguistic in nature.
Culture defined as variation acquired and maintained by indirect (basically stimulus and local enhancement) and direct (basically imitation) social learning is common in nature, but it reached an important level in Homo sapiens only when it led to a cultural evolution process with a great adaptive value (1, 2). Cultural transmission in our species works most of the time as a cumulative inheritance system allowing members of a group to incorporate behavioral features not only with a positive biological value, but sometimes also with a neutral, or even negative, biological value. It is not clear how cultural transmission has improved human adaptability, especially when other primates with well developed social learning abilities show comparably restricted ranges. Hence, we are left to answer the questions: what types of changes occurred during the hominization process that transformed typical social learning in primates into a cumulative cultural inheritance system similar to that of humans and what was the adaptive advantage that made these changes possible? The recent developments of the two closely related fields of gene-culture coevolution and dual inheritance theory provided, until now, the most convincing answers to these questions (for reviews, see refs. 3 and 4).
Boyd and Richerson (1) and Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (5) had argued that social learning improves human adaptability by exempting individuals from the costs of individual learning (basically trial and error learning). Time costs and potential mistakes can make individual learning quite expensive, and therefore, if others individuals have already paid those costs, learning from the behavior of these individuals may be cheaper. Imitation allows individuals to acquire a vast store of useful knowledge without incurring the costs of discovering and testing this knowledge themselves.
Rogers (6), using a simple mathematical model, has shown that the fact that social learning (basically imitation) allows an individual organism to avoid the costs of learning does not increase the ability of that species of organism to adapt and is insufficient to explain the adaptive success of human culture. He proved that, as long as the only benefit of imitation is that imitators avoid the cost of individual learning, imitation has no effect at all on the evolving organism's average fitness in the long run. Although imitators do very well when they are rare and individual learners are common, they do poorly when they are common and individual learners are rare. This means that at equilibrium the mean fitness of the population as a whole is the same as that in a population of purely individual learners.
Boyd and Richerson (7) have shown that Roger's result is robust. However, they also show that imitation can be adaptive and increase average fitness of imitators if it makes individual learning less costly or more accurate. The first condition (i.e., imitation makes individual learning less costly) is satisfied if individuals use individual learning when it is cheap and reliable and switch to imitation when individual learning is expensive. The second condition (i.e., imitation makes individual learning more accurate) is satisfied if imitation allows the accumulation of behaviors (i.e., the direct and accurate copying of behaviors) that no individual learner could acquire by himself from one generation to the next. That is, it allows cumulative cultural evolution.
For Boyd and Richerson (7), cumulative cultural evolution is not present in chimpanzees culture because chimpanzees unfold their imitative learning abilities in a less consistent manner than humans do. The authors show that, although cultural accumulation is adaptive, the evolution of the psychological capacities that make it possible is difficult when these capacities are rare. Boyd and Richerson also suggest that it is likely that the cognitive capacities that allow the initial evolution of an efficient capacity of imitation must evolve as a side effect of some other adaptive change, e.g., a capacity for theory of mind that may have initially evolved to allow individuals to better predict the behavior of other members of their social group. Tomasello (8) claims that the key for the transformation of social learning in hominids into a human cultural inheritance system was a qualitative change in imitation ability, which requires as a previous step that individuals develop a capacity for a theory of mind that would enable them to perceive their peers as intentional beings with a similar mind.
In this paper, we suggest that, in contrast to the common assumptions in models of gene-culture coevolution and dual inheritance theory, imitation in human and nonhuman primates is basically a tool that allows an individual to learn the behaviors that other individuals of the population exhibit but to refrain from adopting the behaviors until after further evaluation. From this definition of imitation as a process of observational learning but not of replication of behaviors without evaluation, we contend that an increase, either qualitative or quantitative, in the efficiency of imitation is not enough to explain the transformation of primate social learning into a cumulative cultural system of inheritance in the strict sense. The key factor enabling such a transformation was the fact that some hominids developed the capacity to approve or disapprove their offspring's learned behavior. It was this capacity to approve or disapprove offspring's behavior that makes learning both less costly and more accurate and that transformed the hominid culture into a system of cumulative cultural inheritance similar to that of humans, although the system was still prelinguistic in nature.
The Evolution of Culture
Imitation Is Necessary for Human Cultural Transmission but It Is Not Enough. We consider that the adoption of a learned behavior in primates can be defined as a process with three steps: (i) to discover and to learn a behavior, (ii) to test and to evaluate the learned behavior, and (iii) to reject or to incorporate the behavior into the behavioral repertory (see ref. 9 for a more detailed explanation). Primates can discover and learn a behavior (the first step) through trial-and-error learning, insight, local enhancement, imitation, etc., but afterward individuals must test and evaluate learned behavior through their evaluative brain structures, and they can choose to adopt or reject the behavior that they have learned. Primates maintain intact the evaluation systems required for the trial-and-error learning, and these systems are phylogenetically older, in mammals, than the capacity of imitation.
We suggest that individual learning (basically trial-and-error learning) and social learning (basically local and stimulus enhancement and maybe imitation) in primates represent two alternative mechanisms for discovering a given behavior that do not compromise the final adoption of the behavior. Therefore, nonhuman primate imitators learn the behaviors they observe but evaluate the behaviors before deciding which behavior is going to be incorporated into their behavioral repertoire. Besides, they can rectify the previously adopted decision if the reward obtained from the behavior changes. Heyes (10) claims that available evidence suggests that behaviors acquired through imitation are no more likely than those acquired through any other form of learning to be retained if they are punished, if alternative behaviors are rewarded equally, or if alternative behaviors are preferentially rewarded. Galef (11) suggests an approach to analysis of social learning processes that assumes that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behavior patterns into a naïve individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behavior determine whether that behavior continues to be expressed. However, even if it were possible to omit the evaluation of behavior, it would be dangerous to do it because the imitation capacity is far from being perfect, and therefore, the individuals generate by mistake behaviors different from those of the cultural models. Furthermore, it is well known that, even when the behavior is correctly copied, human and nonhuman primates can modify it to adjust it to the actual and successive environments in a process that Boyd and Richerson (1) have called guided variation.
According to this reasoning, we claim that imitation in the hominid lineage did not evolve as an alternative to rigorous assessment of individually learned behavior, i.e., a mechanism to adopt conducts without evaluating them. Imitators learn easily the diverse cultural variants present in the population, but imitation does not act as an inheritance system that allows the reproduction of the phenotypic structure of the parental population. We think that imitation arises and acquires adaptive meaning as an instrument that facilitates the learning of those adaptive behaviors that are difficult to develop through individual learning or through indirect social learning, e.g., local and stimulus enhancement. The reason is that imitation, unlike indirect social learning mechanisms, allows an individual to copy the behavior of another individual without having to reinvent it. Accordingly, the greater the adaptive significance and the difficulty to develop a given behavior through individual learning, the greater the selection pressure should be in favor of the development of imitation processes, ensuring its rapid acquisition.
Reader and Laland (12) found empirical evidence that innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, a fact that is in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual learning and imitation as the current models of gene-culture coevolution suggest (see, for example, ref. 3). These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, imitative cognitive capacities, and brain size in mammals. Thus, they imply that the social and ecological intelligence hypotheses for brain evolution must not necessarily be regarded as alternatives and that multiple sources of selection favored the evolution of a large primate executive brain. Henrich and McElreath (4) suggest that evolution of both individual and social learning (including imitative capacities) has been consequence of an intertwined adaptive response to increasing amounts of environmental variability. We agreed with this proposition, and we maintain that the coevolution of individual learning and imitation responds to the following process: an increase of environmental variability favors individual learning, and this favors, in turn, the development of social learning abilities through the exploitation of a body of adaptive knowledge that is stored in the individually learned behavioral repertoire of the population. This development is adaptive whenever the environment does not change so quickly that it cancels the biological value of what was learned by the previous generation. In this situation of moderate environmental variability, imitation can be more favored by natural selection than other forms of indirect social learning (although it requires a greater cognitive investment) alone, but only if it increases the probability that imitators discover and profit from adaptive behaviors that can be learned only by very few individuals through individual or indirect social learning. However, it should be noted that the development of imitative abilities does not necessarily generate in turn a positive feedback process in favor of higher levels of innovation and insight. Those individuals who imitate get access to those behavioral innovations from the individuals with a higher intellectual capacity, not necessarily their parents, and therefore, imitation may restrain the adaptive advantage of a greater investment on intellectual capacity. In other words, the development of imitation does not necessarily lead to a gradual development of innovative capacity as it happened in our species.
The Capacity to Approve or Disapprove of Offspring's Learned Behavior. We suggest that the transformation of primitive hominid social learning, which was probably rather similar to that of today's chimpanzees (i.e., based on indirect social learning mechanisms and rudimentary imitative abilities), into a human cultural transmission system required that our hominid ancestors developed the capacity to approve or disapprove of offspring's learned behavior. Our thesis holds that the simultaneous presence of both capacities in our hominid ancestors, imitation and approval/disapproval of offspring's learned behavior, represented a radical change in the rudimentary cultural transmission of first hominids. Individuals with both abilities, which we call assessors, generated a cultural inheritance system in a strict sense, because by approval/disapproval, they constrained the behavior that offspring incorporated into their repertoires (9).
Furthermore, assessor parents facilitate the evaluation of children's learned behavior, making learning both less costly and more accurate. Approval or disapproval of offspring's behavior works as a new evaluative criterion, which is particularly useful when evaluation is difficult and has little reliability. Approval favors the implementation of behavior, which has no immediate positive evaluation for the individual experiencing it. Disapproval allows the offspring to acquire information about behaviors they are self-discovering without having to experience all their negative consequences. This allows offspring to take advantage of parental expertise and avoid learning costs. Assessor parents make available to the offspring all they had learned either referent to the things they can do or to the things they cannot do. The former can be imitated from individuals that are not the parents, but the latter is transmissible only between parents and offspring by disapproval of behavior. In this way, assessor cultural transmission favors instead of restrains an increase investment in the intellectual capacity.
Assessor cultural transmission transforms culture into an inheritance system in a rigorous sense, increasing phenotypic resemblance among parents and offspring for those behaviors that parents know and have previously categorized. Individual learning represents an answer to rapid environmental changes that natural selection cannot face, whereas assessor cultural transmission implies an attempt to take advantage of what has been learned in an individual manner when its validity holds for long enough, but not long enough for genetic adaptation to emerge, e.g., dozens or even hundreds of generations. This is likely the rhythm of environmental change that has characterized the hominid evolution (4). Besides approval and disapproval of offspring's learned behavior increases the reliability of imitation generating a cumulative cultural inheritance system that is capable of keeping and cumulating the behavioral findings of a generation and passing it on to the next. The need for fidelity in the copied behavior for cultural transmission to work as a cumulative inheritance system is a serious handicap to explain cultural transmission in humans, as it is noted by several researchers (see, for example, ref. 13). In our hypothesis, disapproval of badly imitated behavior forces the imitator to repeat the process, and this repetition makes the increase in fidelity in the copied behavior possible, hence allowing cumulative cultural transmission. Moreover, an assessor cultural inheritance system is flexible despite its reliability because it does not impede dissemination of behavioral innovations, which lack previous evaluation.
Cultural Dynamic. A simple model of cultural transmission that can be applied to assessor hominids ancestors can illuminate previous ideas better. Let us define the probability that an individual without capacity of imitation acquires behavior i as hiβi, where hi is the probability that an individual discovers the behavior i, and βi is the probability that the behavior will be included in his repertoire. If the individual already knows an alternative (behavior j) to behavior i, the probability that behavior i will be included in his repertoire will be equal to hiβij, where βij is the probability that he chooses i instead of alternative behavior j. However, if the individual also has the imitation capacity and there are cultural models in the population, the probability of his including i in his repertoire will be , where is the probability that an individual learns either by individual learning or by imitation behavior i, and equals , where α represents the efficacy of the process of imitation, and (1 - hi)α measures the net effect of this process. Therefore, an increase in the imitation capacity is expressed as an increase in the value of α.
During ontogeny, individuals learn by imitating the behaviors that their parents (vertical transmission) and others individuals of the population (oblique and horizontal transmission) exhibit. We assume that imitation capacity is well developed in the individual (a ≈ 1) and that population size is small enough so that he can observe all of the behavioral variants present in the population during his life cycle. This means that for any behavior i present in the population. Under these circumstances, the incorporation of behavior i, assuming that there is only one other alternative (behavior j), will depend on βij. We assume that if βij > 0.5, the payoff of behavior i is greater than that of behavior j, and vice versa. If βij = 0.5, then there are no differences in terms of reward between behaviors i and j, or at least the individual's brain evaluative system cannot detect them.
We distinguish two types of individuals: imitators who can imitate very efficiently (α ≈ 1) and assessors who, in addition to being able to imitate (α ≈ 1), can also approve or disapprove of offspring's behavior. If individuals are only imitators but not assessors, the equilibrium frequencies of behaviors i and j will be (in absence of selection) βij and βji = 1 - βij, respectively. If individuals are assessors, the probability that an individual will include i into his repertoire will depend on his parents, and we suppose, for simplicity, that only the mother approves or disapproves of a child's behavior. In such conditions, the probability that an individual assessor will incorporate definitively into his behavioral repertoire one of these behaviors (i or j) at the end of his development is given by the transmission matrix in Table 1, where βij is, as defined before, the probability of accepting behavior i instead of j when the individual knows both behaviors. Parameter δ measures the efficacy of maternal approval or disapproval, whereas (1 - βij)δ and βijδ measure the net effect of such approval or disapproval. If 1 ≥ δ > 0, the individual is an assessor, and if δ = 0, the individual is an imitator but not an assessor. Let us assume that the individuals of a population exhibit two alternative cultural behaviors i and j with frequencies p and q = 1 - p, respectively. If δ < 1, it can be shown that, in absence of selection, the equilibrium phenotypic frequencies of behaviors i and j converge as before to βij and 1 - βij, respectively, although slowly. However, if δ = 1, the system maintains the initial frequencies irrespective of the value of βij and 1 - βij replicating the phenotypic structure of the parental generation (see Appendix).
Let us now assume that selection is introduced in such a way that the ratio of fitness of behaviors i and j is 1:1 - s, and that genetically the capacity to approve or disapprove of offspring's learned behavior is controlled by an haploid genetic system with two alleles, A for the assessor and a for the nonassessor. Mutation is absent. Then, it is possible to show that the assessor genotype A (δA > 0) can invade a population of imitator, nonassessor genotypes a (δa = 0) and that it will also be stable against invasion by the nonassessor genotype (see Appendix). This means that if there are fitness differences between behaviors i and j, selection favors individuals with greater δ.
What is the difference between the model presented here and the basic standard model derived from gene-culture coevolution and dual inheritance theories? In the basic standard model of Boyd and Richerson (ref. 1, chapter 3), each individual of the new generation chooses a cultural model from the previous generation (either the parents or an individual taken at random) and adopts his behavior: i, with probability p, or j, with probability q = 1 - p. Afterward, he meets another individual and they compare their behaviors. If the behaviors coincide (with probability p2 + q2), they maintain the behaviors. If the behaviors are different (with probability 2pq), each of the individuals can adopt one or the other with probability = 0.5, i.e., imitation without evaluation is unbiased. This could happen several times. The result is that the initial frequencies p and q of the two alternative cultural behaviors i and j are maintained (p′ = p2 + pq = p). Therefore, culture (imitation without evaluation) replicates the phenotypic structure of the parental generation and behaves as a system of inheritance. From this unselective model, biased transmission models that favor the transmission of some variants above others can be built. For example, in the direct bias model of a qualitative character of Boyd and Richerson (1), naive individuals select with a bias B one of the variants. Although this bias is analogous to our βij, its effect in the direct bias model leads to a very different result [p′ = p2 + pq(1 + B) = p + Bp(1 - p)]. That is, directly biased transmission creates a force that always increases the frequency of the variant that is favored by the bias. Therefore, other forces being absent, the variant i tends to fixation instead of to βij as it occurs in our model with imitator nonassessors.
Besides, most of the standard models used to analyze the evolution of culture consider that an evolutionary tradeoff exists between individual learning and imitation (7, 14–16). All such models have consistently found that an environment that varies substantially in time and space will favor a greater dependence on individual experience, whereas a more constant environment favors imitation without evaluation, i.e., imitation as an unbiased inheritance system. In our model, imitators always test learned behavior until they make a decision about whether to accept it. Thus, if individuals are imitators but not assessors, culture is not a true inheritance system, and the initial frequencies p and q of behaviors i and j will change into βij and βji = 1 - βij, respectively. Only if individuals are assessors with δ values close to 1 will a true system of cultural inheritance develop. Therefore, an evolutionary tradeoff could exist, but it would be between assessor cultural transmission and individual learning. Now the conflict emerges if the parental generation transmits values that are not valid in the new environment in which the offspring is growing up. If the conflict arises, assessor individuals can overcome it modifying the learned value of a behavior, although such changes in the assessment of a cultural trait that is considered good are more difficult than would logically seem in the face of it (17), i.e., the assessor can modify the assessment only if the negative signals are intense enough. However, the tradeoff will not be frequent because the rate of environmental change that occurs during hominization is moderate (4).
The available evidence on primate social learning supports the proposed model. For example, culture in chimpanzees fit to a population of rudimentary imitators with small α and δ ≈ 0. We think that the anthropological and sociological evidence available in the human societies also adjust better to a model of cultural inheritance based on the approval or disapproval of offspring's behavior rather than to a model of replication/imitation. For example, approval and disapproval explain better the obstacles put up by cultural transmission to any modification involving the replacement of positively assessed behavior by a new type of behavior (17, 18). In any case it seems possible to test empirically which model better explains the properties of culture as a system of inheritance in both human and nonhuman primates.
Why Is the Assessor Rare?
Approval or disapproval of offspring's learned behavior has a cost for the assessor teacher just as many other traits of parental care have. The cost comes from the time and energy devoted to influence the offspring's behavior. The evolution of approval and disapproval of offspring's behavior will depend on whether the benefit of parental orientation outweighs the cost. However, we think that the fact that assessor cultural transmission has evolved only in the hominid line does not seem to be related to the importance of the implied costs, but rather with the need for complex cognitive development, similar at least to that possessed by chimpanzees within primates. According to some authors, imitation is present in some primates (19–21), but others doubt whether it really exists in primates living in their natural environment (22, 23). However, there is a consensus among researchers that chimpanzees reared by human mothers/families are able to imitate. Probably a qualitative and quantitative improvement of imitative capacities required the development of a capacity for theory of mind (2, 8), which enables individuals to make a connection between the acts of other animals and their own acts and goal states.
The ability to approve or disapprove of offspring's learned behavior seems completely absent in primates (24–26). Probably the evolution of this capacity would require the previous development of the capacity to conceptually categorize learned behavior. The conceptual capacity to categorize is defined as the ability to categorize one's own and others' learned behavior in terms of values, i.e., positive or negative, or good or bad (27, 28). This definition implies the transformation of an unconscious and automatic mechanism for categorizing behavior used for individual learning into a conceptual categorization mechanism. The starting point of this conceptual ability to categorize depends on the evolution of certain functions. The first function is the development of the cortical system in such a way that, when conceptual functions appeared, they could be strongly linked to the limbic system. The second function is the development of a new kind of memory based on this linkage. This value–category memory system is able to categorize responses in the different brain systems that carry out perceptual categorization, and it does so according to the demands of the limbic brainstem value system. The third function is a special reentrant circuit that allows for continual reentrant signaling between the value–category memory and the ongoing global mappings that are concerned with perceptual categorization in real time. The final function is the development of some kind of symbolic memory connected to that memory system in charge of storing value categories and to those structures responsible for perceptual categorization. Probably, this would demand the development of neural circuits between regions in the cortex and from it to the thalamus. This memory for symbols and their related evaluative meanings would allow the conceptual coding of behavior in terms of positive or negative. Behavior rewarded during learning will receive, at least initially, a positive conceptual categorization, whereas behavior provoking some rejection will get a negative evaluation. We think that hominids with the ability to conceptually categorize learned behavior were able to approve or disapprove their offspring learned behavior.
Thus, according to our hypothesis, a chimpanzee may classify other individual's behavior as favorable or unfavorable with respect to himself and may act accordingly, but he is not able to attribute a protoconcept of good or bad to his own behavior, and this inability impedes the categorization of other individual's behavior as good or bad for that individual. Cheney and Seyfart (24) experimentally proved that macaque mothers are unable to transmit to their offspring information about the existence of hidden food or about the presence of a predator. Authors attributed this scarcely human behavior to the fact that monkeys are unable to distinguish between what they know and what others, including their offspring, know. We think it seems more reasonable to assume that mothers are not able to categorize their offspring's behavior as good or bad when taking the offspring's interests into account.
The capacity of approving or disapproving the children's learned behavior may be considered as an elementary form of teaching because individuals can transmit to their offspring the emotional value they gave to those behaviors they have previously learned and categorized. Really it is not a question of showing to the children how a thing can be done, but only if it must or must not be done and if it has been performed well or badly. Note that what is new is the increase in the ability to transmit a new kind of information, i.e., information about whether an individual must or must not continue testing a given behavior as a function of what the parents know about it. Moreover, such transmission of values may start to work without the need for new mechanism of communication, given that disapproval of other individual's behavior is habitual in chimpanzees and other primates, but always with the purpose of modifying other's behavior when it directly affects the speaker. Notwithstanding, it seems that we humans have developed psychological mechanisms enabling assessor cultural transmission by making ourselves more receptive to parental directions. For example, Baum (29) states that humans are unusually sensitive to expressions of approval and disapproval by parents, whereas chimpanzee young brought up as human children remain quite wild and troublesome. Waddington (30) defines human beings as authority acceptors because children need to have the ability to be taught and they need to develop authority systems in their minds for that. Simon (31) suggested that humans posses a tendency to accept social influence that can be called human docility.
Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the hypothesis above about the evolution of culture could have interesting implications on the evolution of other typical traits of the human species. For example, we have proposed that conceptual classification of behavior in terms of positive/negative (good/bad) involves, according to its natural origin, a feeling of duty toward those positive behaviors, and this behavioral categorization and the feeling of “must” are the developmental roots of the ethical capacity (32). We have also shown that the adaptive advantage that implies the improvement of the assessor cultural transmission could be a key factor in the evolution of language (33).
Acknowledgments
This work has been developed within the R&D Project of Estudio Interdisciplinar de Rasgos Funcionales del Grado Humano (BSO2000-116-C04).
Footnotes
↵† To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: toro{at}inia.es.
Bacteria could help tackle the growing mountains of e-waste that plague the planet. Although researchers are a long way from optimizing the approach, some are already confident enough to pursue commercial ventures.
Holographic acoustic tweezers, in which ultrasonic waves produced by arrays of sound emitters are used to individually manipulate up to 25 millimeter-sized particles in three dimensions, could be used to create 3D displays consisting of levitating physical voxels. | 2024-03-13T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9644 |
Tibet burns, India feels heat
March 19, 2008
Hindustan Times
March 18, 2008
Several Lok Sabha members were vociferous in their condemnation of the
Chinese crackdown on Tibetan protestors and demanded that the Centre
should also take a tough stand on the issue, urge the UN to intervene
and join the international community in asking Beijing to show restraint.
Disputing suggestions that the Centre was a mute spectator, External
Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee said the government has already
reacted on the issue. He said the Centre has expressed “distress” over
the “unsettled situation and violence” in Tibet and wanted the causes of
trouble in the “autonomous region” of China to be resolved through
dialogue and non-violent means.
The issue came up during Zero Hour. BJP’s VK Malhotra alleged that China
was trying to “culturally finish” Tibet though its spiritual leader
Dalai Lama has sought autonomy — and not separation — from Tibet.
His colleague Aditya Nath warned that unless stopped, China might extend
its grip on Nepal, which would impact the northeastern states. There was
no reference to whether or not the Dalai Lama should have commented on
the issue since, as a spiritual person, he is not expected to indulge in
political activity on Indian soil.
But parties did not refrain from taking a dig or two at each other.
MPs like Aditya Nath, without mentioning the CPM by name, wondered why
some parties were silent on the Chinese developments.
And when Malhotra said he was not satisfied with Mukherjee’s statement,
the Leader of the House shot back by recalling the BJP’s tenure. “What
did they do when they were in power from 1998 to 2004? Or in 1977?” he
asked, adding that India’s policy vis-a-vis Tibet has been consistent
and remained the same no matter which government was in power.
The verbal duel continued even outside the House. Malhotra criticised
the Centre’s “weak response” and the Left’s silence on the issue, the
CPM said that the violence in Tibet was China’s internal affair. | 2023-08-23T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2933 |
During vertebrate cytokinesis it is thought that contractile ring constriction is driven by nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) translocation of antiparallel actin-filaments, similar to muscle contraction. Here we report in vivo, in situ and in vitro observations that challenge this hypothesis. NM II-B is essential for normal cardiac myocyte development. Ablation of NM II-B in mice resulted in defects in cardiac myocyte cytokinesis. Surprisingly, expression of mutant NM II-B R709C that cannot translocate actin filaments and has a substantially diminished MgATPase activity, in place of wild-type NM II-B, successfully rescues multinucleation in NM II-B ablated cardiomyocytes in mouse hearts. Graded siRNA knockdown of NM II-B in cultured COS-7 cells reveals that the amount of NM II limits contractile ring constriction. Time-lapse analyses show that both the rate and extent of ring constriction depends on the level of NM II expression. In addition expression of motor-impaired mutant NM IIs (NM II-B R709C, NM II-A N93K and NM II-A R234A) restores contractile ring constriction in COS-7 cells depleted of NM II-B, even though these mutant NM IIs are incapable of translocating actin-filaments. However contractile ring constriction is blocked by blebbistatin which keeps NM II in the weakly bound (to actin) state, in cells expressing either wild-type or mutant NM IIs. These results support a role for NM II in generating tension but not translocating actin-filaments during contractile ring constriction. This role is substantiated by in vitro transient kinetic experiments with baculovirus-expressed NM II proteins using stopped-flow analyses. The mechanochemical properties of mutant NM II-B R709C show extremely high affinity for actin, despite loss of actin translocation. Under loaded conditions, mutant NM II exhibits prolonged strong actin attachment during which a single mechanoenzymatic cycle spans most of the time of cytokinesis. This prolonged attachment promotes simultaneous binding of essentially all NM II heads to actin, thereby increasing tension generation and resisting expansion of the ring and cell cortex, but further preventing translocation of actin-filaments. | 2024-04-18T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/8820 |
Wednesday, April 22, 2015
Attack “avoided”: “ISB has what to do” according Cazeneuve – TF1
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the April 22, 2015 at 20:49, updated the April 22, 2015 at 8:53 p.m..
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bernard cazeneuve, attack, tf1
Miscellaneous Guest 20h TF1 the interior minister was keen to defend the work of the ISB after chance arrest Sunday Ghlam Sid Ahmed, suspected of planning an attack against churches in the Paris region.
“ISB did everything she needs to do “and” made all the checks that were to be made “on Ghlam Sid Ahmed, suspected of plotting attacks against Catholic churches in Villejuif, said Wednesday Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve log TF1 . Faced with criticism after the chance arrest Sunday Ghlam Sid Ahmed, the minister said that “we must stop start theorize about flaws, look what procedures the law in France and work services information. ” “There was a report of Ghlam to the Directorate General of Internal Security (ISB) in spring 2014. She called and there was connection of data on telephony were recovered. They did not reveal, “said Bernard Cazeneuve, assuring that” ISB has done what it should do in these circumstances. “” When at the beginning of ’2015 year, we have been other reports that he could move to Turkey for a trip he justified by tourist reasons, the same process was set up. It did not reveal anything ” he continued. “We carried out all the checks that had to be made. From the moment the checks reveal no connections with terrorist circles, we are in a state of law and the rule of law, we fight against terrorism while respecting the rule of law, “he continued. | 2024-02-09T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9510 |
/*
utils.c:
Copyright (C) 2003-2008 Ludovic Rousseau
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/
#include <string.h>
#include <pcsclite.h>
#include <config.h>
#include "ccid.h"
#include "defs.h"
#include "ccid_ifdhandler.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "debug.h"
int ReaderIndex[CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS];
void InitReaderIndex(void)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS; i++)
ReaderIndex[i] = -1;
} /* InitReaderIndex */
int GetNewReaderIndex(const int Lun)
{
int i;
/* check that Lun is NOT already used */
for (i=0; i<CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS; i++)
if (Lun == ReaderIndex[i])
break;
if (i < CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS)
{
DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Lun: %d is already used", Lun);
return -1;
}
for (i=0; i<CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS; i++)
if (-1 == ReaderIndex[i])
{
ReaderIndex[i] = Lun;
return i;
}
DEBUG_CRITICAL("ReaderIndex[] is full");
return -1;
} /* GetReaderIndex */
int LunToReaderIndex(const int Lun)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<CCID_DRIVER_MAX_READERS; i++)
if (Lun == ReaderIndex[i])
return i;
DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Lun: %X not found", Lun);
return -1;
} /* LunToReaderIndex */
void ReleaseReaderIndex(const int index)
{
ReaderIndex[index] = -1;
} /* ReleaseReaderIndex */
/* Read a non aligned 16-bit integer */
uint16_t get_U16(void *buf)
{
uint16_t value;
memcpy(&value, buf, sizeof value);
return value;
}
/* Read a non aligned 32-bit integer */
uint32_t get_U32(void *buf)
{
uint32_t value;
memcpy(&value, buf, sizeof value);
return value;
}
/* Write a non aligned 16-bit integer */
void set_U16(void *buf, uint16_t value)
{
memcpy(buf, &value, sizeof value);
}
/* Write a non aligned 32-bit integer */
void set_U32(void *buf, uint32_t value)
{
memcpy(buf, &value, sizeof value);
}
/* swap a 16-bits integer in memory */
/* "AB" -> "BA" */
void p_bswap_16(void *ptr)
{
uint8_t *array, tmp;
array = ptr;
tmp = array[0];
array[0] = array[1];
array[1] = tmp;
}
/* swap a 32-bits integer in memory */
/* "ABCD" -> "DCBA" */
void p_bswap_32(void *ptr)
{
uint8_t *array, tmp;
array = ptr;
tmp = array[0];
array[0] = array[3];
array[3] = tmp;
tmp = array[1];
array[1] = array[2];
array[2] = tmp;
}
| 2023-10-16T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3024 |
Influenza virus infection of the guinea pig: immune response and resistance.
Guinea pigs were inoculated by intranasal inoculation with unadapted, influenza virus A/England/42/72, and virus was recovered from nasal washings between 3 and 10 days post-inoculation. Infected animals did not exhibit a febrile response to infection, did not produce local antibody and produced only relatively low levels of serum antibody. However, they developed delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus, demonstrable by both skin tests and macrophage migration inhibition tests, which was similar to that of man. The relevance of the influenza virus specific delayed hypersensitivity in immunity to infection was examined in this model. Guinea pigs previously infected with virus or passively immunized with hyperimmune serum were relatively resistant to reinfection with influenza virus A/England/42/72. Inoculation of guinea pigs with spleen cells from immune donor animals, together with or without immune serum, did not give or enhance resistance to challenge virus infection. The results do not suggest a role for delayed hypersensitivity response in immunity to influenza virus infection. | 2023-09-26T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3888 |
Mechanical joints for pressurized fluid handling tubing offer a large measure of convenience to the laboratory worker in that they may be easily assembled and disassembled in accordance with constantly changing system needs of the user. However, this convenience must be balanced with the possibility of leaks developing in the system at the joints. The invention described herein relates generally to an apparatus for simplifying mass spectrometer leak detector tests of these joints. More particularly, it relates to a rigid fitting which is snapped over a joint to be tested. It is a result of a contract with the Department of Energy. | 2024-05-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/6333 |
List of New York Islanders award winners
The New York Islanders are an American professional ice hockey team based in Uniondale, Long Island, New York. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Islanders arrived in Uniondale in 1972, and play their home games at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
The franchise, and its members, have won numerous team and individual awards and honors. The team won the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl trophy for having the best regular-season record in the Campbell Conference in 1978, 1979 and 1981. Following league realignment in 1981, they then captured the Prince of Wales Trophy as the Wales Conference playoff champion consecutively from 1982 to 1984. The Islanders won the Stanley Cup four consecutive years from 1980 to 1983. Denis Potvin, Bryan Trottier and Mike Bossy have won at least four awards, with all three winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year in their first NHL seasons. They also won other various awards, such as the Art Ross, James Norris Memorial and Lady Byng Memorial trophies. All three players earned selections to the First and Second All-Star Teams numerous times. Mike Bossy played in seven All-Star Games, the most in Islanders history.
Six players have had their numbers retired by the Islanders. Of them, five players have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame: Denis Potvin, Bryan Trottier, Mike Bossy, Billy Smith and Clark Gillies. Other management personnel who have been inducted include Al Arbour, who coached the Islanders from 1972 to 1986 and 1988 to 1994, and Bill Torrey, who held the general manager position from 1972 to 1992.
League awards
Team trophies
The New York Islanders have won the Prince of Wales Trophy and Clarence S. Campbell Bowl three times each and the Stanley Cup four consecutive times, from 1980 to 1983. The Islanders have never won the Presidents' Trophy which has been given to the team finishing the regular season with the best overall record based on points since the 1985–86 season. Prior to the creation of the trophy the Islanders led the league in points three times for the 1978–79, 1980–81, and 1981–82 seasons.
Individual awards
Bryan Trottier, Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy have won four or five individual awards each. In 1978–79, Trottier led the NHL with 47 goals and 134 points, earning him the Art Ross Trophy and a spot on the NHL First All-Star Team. Trottier also received the Hart Memorial Trophy for being the most valuable player during the 1978–79 regular season. In the 1975–76, 1977–78, and 1978–79 regular seasons, Potvin was awarded the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the best defense player in the league. Bossy is a three-time winner of the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, an award given for gentlemanly conduct during the regular season. All three have won the Calder Memorial Trophy once, and have been on the NHL First All-Star Team at least twice. Trottier and Bossy have both won the Conn Smythe Trophy once, which is awarded to the most valuable player of the playoffs.
All-Stars
NHL First and Second Team All-Stars
The NHL First and Second Team All-Stars consists of the top players at each position as voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.
NHL All-Rookie Team
The NHL All-Rookie Team consists of the top rookies at each position as voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.
All-Star Game selections
The National Hockey League All-Star Game is a mid-season exhibition game held annually between many of the top players of each season. Thirty-nine All-Star Games have been held since the Islanders entered the league in 1972, with at least one player chosen to represent the Islanders in each year except 2001 and 2011. The All-Star game has not been held in various years: 1979 and 1987 due to the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87 series between the NHL and the Soviet national team, respectively, 1995, 2005, and 2013 as a result of labor stoppages, and 2006, 2010, and 2014 because of the Winter Olympic Games. Denis Potvin played a franchise-high nine All-Star Games as a member of the Islanders. The Islanders have hosted one of the games. The 35th took place at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
All-Star Game replacement events
Selected by fan vote
Career achievements
Hockey Hall of Fame
Several members of the Islanders organization have been honored by the Hockey Hall of Fame. Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy were the first Islander players inducted, gaining election in 1991. Potvin recorded 310 goals in 1060 games for the Islanders, and Bossy recorded 573 goals in 752 games. They were joined in 1993 by a fellow member of the 1980–83 Stanley Cup championship teams, Billy Smith. Smith spent 17 seasons with the Islanders, recording 305 wins and capturing the Vezina Trophy and the William M. Jennings Trophy once each. Bryan Trottier, elected in 1997, became the fourth former Islanders player to enter the Hall of Fame. Trottier played 15 seasons on Long Island and recorded 500 goals in 1123 games. In 2002, Clark Gillies became the fifth former Islander inducted into the Hall; Gillies was a member of the Islanders from 1974 to 1986.
Two members of team management have been inducted in the "Builders" category. Former head coach Al Arbour gained election as a builder in 1996, having coached the Islanders to four Stanley Cup victories. Arbour coached 20 seasons with the Islanders from 1973 to 1986, and 1988–94, and his 740 wins in 1500 games are a team record. Bill Torrey was the Islanders' general manager from the organization's first year in 1972 to 1992. During that period, the Islanders qualified for the playoffs 14 consecutive times between 1974 and 1988, including an additional time in 1990. Torrey was inducted in 1995.
Foster Hewitt Memorial Award
One member of the Islanders organization has been honored with the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award. The award is presented by the Hockey Hall of Fame to members of the radio and television industry who make outstanding contributions to their profession and the game of ice hockey during their broadcasting career.
Lester Patrick Trophy
Four members of the Islanders organization have been honored with the Lester Patrick Trophy. The trophy has been presented by the National Hockey League and USA Hockey since 1966 to honor a recipient's contribution to ice hockey in the United States. This list includes all personnel who have ever been employed by the New York Islanders in any capacity and have also received the Lester Patrick Trophy.
United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Retired numbers
The New York Islanders have retired six numbers, which means that no player can use those jersey numbers again while part of the team. Of the six players whose numbers were retired, five have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In addition to the numbers, two additional banners are raised at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. One of these is for Al Arbour, who was the Islanders head coach for 19 seasons. The number on Arbour's banner is 1500, which represents the number of games Arbour has coached. Another banner is for Bill Torrey, who was the general manager of the Islanders from 1972 to 1992. In place of a number, his banner features a bow tie (his unofficial trademark) and the words "The Architect". Also out of circulation is the number 99 which was retired league-wide for Wayne Gretzky on February 6, 2000. Gretzky did not play for the Islanders during his 20-year NHL career and no Islanders player had ever worn the number 99 prior to its retirement.
On December 18, 2019, the Islanders announced that the numbers of John Tonelli (27) and Butch Goring (91) will be retired in 2020.
New York Islanders Hall of Fame
The New York Islanders Hall of Fame was established in 2006. Individuals who had their number retired or had a banner hanging from the rafters prior to 2006 gained automatic induction.
Team awards
Bob Nystrom Award
The Bob Nystrom Award is an Islanders team award given each year to the player who "best exemplifies leadership, hustle and dedication." It was first awarded in 1991, and is named after Islanders' Hall of Famer, Bob Nystrom.
References
General
Specific
External links
New York Islanders official website
New York Islanders
Category:New York Islanders
Category:New York Islanders lists | 2024-05-12T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1986 |
---
abstract: 'We construct the gravity background which describes the dual field theory with aging invariance. We choose the decay modes of the bulk scalar field in the internal spectator direction to obtain the dissipative behavior of the boundary correlation functions of the dual scalar fields. In particular, the two-time correlation function at zero temperature has the characteristic features of the aging system: power law decay, broken time translation and dynamical scaling. We also construct the black hole backgrounds with asymptotic aging invariance. We extensively study characteristic behavior of the finite temperature two-point correlation function via analytic and numerical methods.'
---
Seungjoon Hyun$^{1}$, Jaehoon Jeong$^1$ and Bom Soo Kim$^{2,3}$
${}^1$[*[Department of Physics, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea]{}*]{}\
${}^2$[*[Crete Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Crete, Crete, Greece]{}*]{}\
${}^3$[*[IESL - FORTH, P.O.Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece]{}*]{}\
sjhyun@yonsei.ac.kr, j.jeong@yonsei.ac.kr, bskim@physics.uoc.gr
Introduction
============
AdS/CFT correspondence has been successful in describing strongly-coupled field theories using weakly-coupled classical gravity backgrounds, providing new paradigm of analytical methods for theories with strong coupling [@Maldacena:1997re][@Aharony:1999ti]. Recently this correspondence extended its application to non-relativistic setup with general dynamical exponent z $\neq$ 1. Those non-relativistic holographic theories include Schrödinger [@Son:2008ye; @Balasubramanian:2008dm; @Goldberger:2008vg; @Barbon:2008bg] and Lifshitz holography [@Kachru:2008yh]. [^1] Since then, they have been enjoying continuous attractions.
An acquaintance of non-relativistic holographic theories with z $\neq$ 1 tells that we can construct a plethora of explicit time dependent backgrounds by utilizing the distinguished role of time. This is different from the relativistic theories. Thus we might hope to shed lights on time dependent backgrounds in string theory and in AdS/CFT correspondence even though they are in general known to be challenging. We would like to add some contributions to this direction in the context of the non-relativistic Schrödinger holography with z=2.
One of the simplest applications of the non-equilibrium physics is known as [*aging*]{}. Aging phenomena can be characterized by two-time correlation functions, which typically show that older systems relax in a slower manner than younger systems after entering a given physical phase under study, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Cugliandolo:2002dy][@Helkel:2007nept] for reviews. Two pioneering works of aging in holographic setup have been put forward in [@Minic:08073665][@Jottar:2010vp] by generalizing Schrödinger background [@Son:2008ye][@Balasubramanian:2008dm] with explicit time dependent terms. The authors of [@Jottar:2010vp] observe that aging algebra can be realized as a subset of Schrödinger algebra using a singular time dependent coordinate transformation. See also [@Nakayama:2010xq] for similar observations of general time dependent deformations of Schrödinger backgrounds.
Along the line of Schrödinger backgrounds [@Son:2008ye][@Balasubramanian:2008dm], there have been progresses with much interest. Their finite temperature generalizations with the thermodynamic analysis can be found in [@Herzog:2008wg; @Maldacena:2008wh; @Adams:2008wt; @Yamada:2008if] and transport properties are analyzed in [@Ammon:2010eq], recently. These solutions are constructed nicely using the null Melvin twist [@Gimon:2003xk][@Alishahiha:2003ru]. There also have been efforts constructing Schrödinger solutions from string or M theory, sometimes with supersymmetry. See [@Hartnoll:2008rs; @Duval:2008jg; @Mazzucato:2008tr; @Jeong:2009aa; @Kim:2011fb], for example. While these Schrödinger backgrounds have been drawn much interest, the progresses directly along this line have been hindered due to the conceptual difficulties related to their non-trivial boundary structures. Furthermore one quickly finds that finite temperature generalizations of the Schrödinger backgrounds are complicated, and thus practical calculations are difficult.
An alternative candidate for the Schrödinger holography, AdS in light-cone, has been constructed in [@Goldberger:2008vg][@Barbon:2008bg] even before the finite temperature generalizations of the Schrödinger backgrounds. Its finite temperature generalizations were done in [@Maldacena:2008wh][@Kim:2010tf] with thermodynamic analysis, and transport properties are also analyzed in [@Kim:2010tf][@Kim:2010]. It turns out that these two different holographic theories, Schrödinger backgrounds and AdS in light-cone, have the same thermodynamic properties [@Maldacena:2008wh][@Kim:2010tf] and also the same transport properties when the comparisons are reliable [@Kim:2010tf]. Thus AdS in light-cone is a viable candidate for Schrödinger holography. While it remains as a question whether these two theories describe the same physical properties or not, AdS in light-cone has advantages over the Schrödinger backgrounds: it has well-defined holographic renormalization and is as simple as original AdS in its computations.
Motivated by these observations, we would like to construct a holographic model of aging in the context of [@Goldberger:2008vg][@Barbon:2008bg], Aging in light-cone, by realizing the aging symmetry with the singular time dependent coordinate transformation. This is done in section \[sec:ZeroTemp\]. From the bulk gravity side, we obtain the two-point correlation function of the dual field theory. In particular, we consider the, so-called, spectator coordinate $x^-$ as an [*internal*]{} direction. [^2] Furthermore, since we are dealing with time dependent and dissipative system, we choose the decay modes of the bulk scalar field in the internal spectator direction. This is in contrast with the complexification of spacetime done in [@Jottar:2010vp]. As a result, we obtain generalized two-time correlation function of the dual field theory, which exhibit the characteristic features of the aging system.
In section 3 we consider finite temperature generalizations of the aging holography on Aging in light-cone as well as Aging in Schrödinger backgrounds. We focus on the former case, which has simpler form, and then give some comments on the latter. We study the finite temperature two-point correlation function in Aging in light-cone via AdS/CFT correspondence. We provide the novel time dependent structure of aging two-point correlation function in coordinate space, compared to that of Schrödinger case and to that of momentum space. As the latter is not exactly solvable, we use numerical as well as analytic methods to see its behavior. Finally, we give some comments on the aging phenomena from the Schrödinger background stressing the difference compared to those of the Aging in light-cone. It turns out that the internal isometry direction plays a crucial role throughout in this paper. In section 4, we give conclusion.
Zero Temperature Aging Holography {#sec:ZeroTemp}
=================================
In this section, we start with a brief review of aging holography based on recent papers [@Minic:08073665][@Jottar:2010vp] and also fix some notations. The relevant geometry is simple and possesses lots of isometries, yet there are many difficulties in its fundamental level. We also notice [@Nakayama:2010xq], which considered some universal time dependent deformations in the context of Schrödinger geometry. One of the deformations is essentially the same as that of [@Jottar:2010vp], yet the discussion was brief and not developed to the degree done in [@Jottar:2010vp].
Then we develop the basic two-point correlation functions from a background called AdS in light-cone [@Goldberger:2008vg; @Barbon:2008bg; @Maldacena:2008wh; @Kim:2010tf] following [@Minic:08073665][@Jottar:2010vp]. On the way, we develop several conceptually important points of the applications of AdS/CFT on time dependent backgrounds. They include\
i) Establishing the holographic aging equation which describes non-equilibrium critical phenomena,\
ii) Non-trivial radial fall offs of wave function, which are different from the conformal dimensions of the corresponding field, and\
iii) Utilizing the $x^-$ coordinate as an internal direction from the point of view of holography, which gives an alternative way to get real two-time correlators instead of complexifying the geometry done in [@Jottar:2010vp].
To make a clear distinction between these two approaches, we refer Aging background and Schrödinger background for the geometric realization with the additional terms in the background [@Son:2008ye][@Balasubramanian:2008dm][@Jottar:2010vp], while we use the term Aging in light-cone and AdS in light-cone for [@Goldberger:2008vg][@Barbon:2008bg][@Kim:2010tf].
Zero Temperature Aging Background : A Review {#sec:AgingBac}
--------------------------------------------
Starting with the Schrödinger background [@Son:2008ye][@Balasubramanian:2008dm] $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 &= r^2 \left( d\vec{y}^2 - 2 dx^{+} dx^{-} -\tilde \beta^2 r^2 d x^{+2} \right) + \frac{dr^2}{r^2} \;,
\label{SchBackrMet}\end{aligned}$$ the following Aging background is constructed in [@Jottar:2010vp] $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 &= r^2 \left[ d\vec{y}^2 - 2 dx^{+} dx^{-} - \left( \tilde \beta^2 r^2 + \frac{\tilde \alpha \tilde \beta}{x^+} \right) d x^{+2} \right] -2 \tilde \alpha \tilde \beta r dr dx^++ \frac{dr^2}{r^2} \;.
\label{AgingBacMet}\end{aligned}$$ This turns out to be one of the simplest time dependent background which possesses a large number of isometries called aging symmetry with dynamical exponent z=2. The Dilatation scaling symmetry $D$ is associated with the transformations, $\vec y \rightarrow \lambda \vec y$, $x^+ \rightarrow \lambda^2 x^+$ and $x^- \rightarrow x^-$. Other relevant symmetries are spatial translations $P_i$, Galilean boosts $K_i$, rotations $R_{ij}$, central element $M$ interpreted as a particle number and the special conformal transformation $C$, while the time translational symmetry is broken by the explicit time dependence of the metric [*globally*]{}. We come back to this below.
There exist several valuable observations in [@Jottar:2010vp], which are related to the geometry in equation (\[AgingBacMet\]) and worthwhile to be mentioned:
- The metric (\[AgingBacMet\]) is connected to the Schrödinger background (\[SchBackrMet\]) by a local, but [*singular*]{}, coordinate transformation $$x^- \quad \longrightarrow \quad x^- - \frac{\tilde \alpha \tilde \beta}{2} \ln \left( r^2 x^+ \right) \;.
\label{CoordinateChange}$$ This singular time dependent coordinate change is a key to realize aging symmetry. It does not generate curvature singularities at any point in spacetime. It is argued in [@Jottar:2010vp] that this coordinate singularity in this context is similar to a black hole horizon, where physical boundary conditions are imposed, and thus has profound effects, from the gauge/gravity point of view. This geometry is called [*locally Schrödinger*]{} in [@Jottar:2010vp]. Thus it is important to impose physical boundary conditions on the time boundaries in addition to the spatial boundaries.
- Thus, locally, the Aging background has the full Schrödinger symmetry with modified set of generators, especially the time translation ($H_A$) and special conformal transformation ($C_A$) generators as $$\begin{aligned}
H_A &= \partial_{x^+} - \frac{\tilde \alpha \tilde \beta}{2 x^+ } \partial_{x^-} \;, \nonumber \\
C_A &= - x^+ r \partial_r + x^+ \vec y \cdot \vec \partial + x^{+2} \partial_{x^+}
+ \frac{1}{2} \left( \vec y^2 + \frac{1}{r^2} - \tilde \alpha \tilde \beta x^+ \right) \partial_{x^-} \;.
\label{ModifiedIsom}
\end{aligned}$$ The other relevant symmetry generators are not changed by the coordinate transformation (\[CoordinateChange\]) [@Jottar:2010vp]. Globally the time translation symmetry is broken and the aging symmetry is realized as conformal Schrödinger symmetry modulo time translation, and described by the generators $\{R_{ij}, P_i, K_i, D, C, M \}$.
- The analysis is done with the complex $x^+$, especially at $x^+ = 0$, and also the geometry is extended to be complex with complexified parameter $\tilde \alpha$ in [@Jottar:2010vp]. With real $\tilde \alpha$, the resulting correlator has the time dependence only in its phase. To achieve a relaxation process, $\tilde \alpha$ should be complex.
We show that there is a way out from complexifying the geometry by utilizing the fact that $x^-$ can be considered as an [*internal*]{} coordinate from the holographic point of view.
Aging in Light-Cone {#sec:AgingLC}
-------------------
In a similar manner, we start with the AdS in light-cone [@Goldberger:2008vg; @Barbon:2008bg] $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 &= r^2 \left( d\vec{y}^2 - 2 dx^{+} dx^{-} \right) + \frac{dr^2}{r^2} \;,
\label{AdSLCMet}\end{aligned}$$ which is shown to be another viable candidate for the Schrödinger holography. This metric can be obtained from the AdS metric with the following coordinate change $$\begin{aligned}
x^+ = b(t+x) \;,\qquad x^- = \frac{1}{2b}(t-x) \;.
\label{LightConeCoordinate}\end{aligned}$$ This coordinate transformation was introduced in [@Maldacena:2008wh][@Kim:2010tf][@Kim:2010] and should be viewed as a two-step procedure: a boost in the $x$-direction with rapidity $\log b$, followed by transforming to light-cone coordinates. To ensure z=2, we assign $[b]$ (the scaling dimension of $b$ in the unit of mass) as $-1$, and thus $[y_i]=-1$, $[x^+] = -2$ and $[x^-]= 0$. To achieve the desired Schrödinger isometry, it is further required to identify the coordinate $x^+$ as time and also to have a momentum projection along the other coordinate $x^-$. $x^-$ direction provides an isometry to the background and thus the corresponding momentum gives the central element $M$ which serves as the total particle number or the mass of the resultant non-relativistic theory. Furthermore this AdS in light-cone is known to have a well defined holographic renormalization and as simple as the case of AdS black holes [@Kim:2010tf]. [^3]
It has been known that the Schrödinger background and the AdS in light-cone share the same physical properties such as thermodynamic [@Maldacena:2008wh; @Kim:2010tf] and transport properties [@Kim:2010tf]. We would like to investigate whether this similarity extends to this time dependent settings or not.
With the [*singular*]{} coordinate transformation (\[CoordinateChange\]) and a notation change $\tilde \alpha \tilde \beta ~\rightarrow ~ \alpha$, we obtain the following metric $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 &= r^2 \left( d\vec{y}^2 - 2 dx^{+} dx^{-} - \frac{\alpha}{x^+} ~dx^{+ 2} \right)
-2 \alpha ~ r dr dx^+ + \frac{dr^2}{r^2} \;,
\label{AgingLCMetric}\end{aligned}$$ which is simpler than that of the Aging background (\[AgingBacMet\]). One may note that $\alpha$ is a dimensionless parameter. It can be shown that this metric shares the similar properties as the geometry (\[AgingBacMet\]), mentioned in the previous section \[sec:AgingBac\]. First, the metric (\[AgingLCMetric\]) is locally AdS in light-cone, while time translation symmetry is broken globally by the [*singular*]{} coordinate transformation which connects these two metrics (\[AgingLCMetric\]) and (\[AdSLCMet\]). Second, the isometry of the metric (\[AgingLCMetric\]) is aging symmetry with the same set of the generators given in (\[ModifiedIsom\]).
With these properties in mind, let us investigate the background (\[AgingLCMetric\]). For this purpose, we change the coordinate as $u=\frac{L^2}{r}$ and concentrate on the five dimensional background with $d \vec y^2 = dy_1^2 + dy_2^2$ and the metric becomes $$\begin{aligned}
ds_u^2 = \frac{L^2}{u^2} \left( dy_1^2 + dy_2^2 -2 dx^{+} dx^{-} - \frac{\alpha}{x^+} ~dx^{+ 2}
+ \frac{2 \alpha }{u} du dx^+ + du^2 \right) \ ,\end{aligned}$$ where the boundary sits at $u=0$. Let us couple the background with a probe scalar $\phi$, whose action has the following form $$\begin{aligned}
S = K \int d^4 x \int_{u_B}^{\infty} du \sqrt{-g}
& \left( g^{uu} ~\partial_u \bar \phi ~\partial_u \phi + g^{u x^-} ~\partial_u \bar \phi ~\partial_{x^-} \phi \right. \nonumber \\
& \left.
+ g^{u x^-} ~\partial_{x^-} \bar \phi ~\partial_u \phi
+ g^{\mu\nu} ~\partial_{\mu} \bar \phi ~\partial_{\nu} \phi + m^2 ~\bar \phi ~\phi \right) \ ,
\label{ScalarAction}\end{aligned}$$ where $K = -\pi^3 L^5 /4 \kappa_{10}^2$ and $\mu, \nu = +, -, y, z$. We used $u_B$ for the boundary cutoff, which is small and will be sent to zero eventually. The linearized field equation for $\phi$ becomes $$\begin{aligned}
2M \left(i \frac{\partial}{\partial x^+} + \frac{\alpha M}{2 x^+} \right) \phi & \nonumber \\
= \frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial u^2} &+ (2 i M\alpha -3) \frac{1}{u} \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial u}
-\left ( \frac{4i M\alpha + \alpha^2 M^2 + m^2 L^2 }{u^2} + \vec \nabla ^2 \right) \phi
\;.
\label{BlukScalarEq}\end{aligned}$$ Note that here we treat $x^-$ coordinate special and replace all the $\partial_{x^-}$ as $iM$, because this coordinate plays a distinguished role in the Schördinger holography. Later on we consider the parameter $M$ to be either [*real*]{} or [*imaginary*]{}, from the observation that the coordinate $x^-$ can be treated as an internal coordinate from the field theory point of view.
Two-point Correlation Function {#ZeroTCorrelationFunction}
------------------------------
To find the solution of the equation (\[BlukScalarEq\]), we use the Fourier decomposition as $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(u,x^+, \vec y) = \int \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2} ~e^{i \vec{k} \cdot \vec{y}}
~T_{\omega}(x^{+})~ f_{\omega,\vec{k}}(u) ~\phi_0 (\omega,\vec{k}) \ ,
\label{IntTran}\end{aligned}$$ where $\vec{k} $ is the momentum vector for the corresponding coordinates $\vec y $. $\phi_0(\omega,\vec{k}) $ is introduced for the calculation of the correlation functions and is determined by the boundary condition with the normalization $f_{\omega,\vec{k}}(u_B) =1$. And $T_{\omega}(x^{+})$ is the kernel of integral transformation that convert $\omega$ to $x^{+}$, which is necessary for our time dependent setup.
With this Fourier mode, the differential equation (\[BlukScalarEq\]) decomposes into time dependent part and radial coordinate dependent part. The time dependent equation and its solution read $$\begin{aligned}
\left( \frac{\alpha M}{2 x^+} + i \partial_{+} \right) T_{\omega} = \omega T_{\omega} \qquad \longrightarrow \qquad
T_{\omega}(x^+)
= c_1 \exp^{-i \omega x^+} (x^+)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} \;.\end{aligned}$$ The radial dependent equation is given by $$\begin{aligned}
u^2 f_{\omega,\vec{k}} '' +(2 i M\alpha -3) u f_{\omega,\vec{k}}'
-\left ( 4i M\alpha + \alpha^2 M^2 + m^2 L^2 + u^2 \vec k^2 \right) f_{\omega,\vec{k}}
= 2 M\omega ~u^2 f_{\omega,\vec{k}} \;,
\label{radial equation}\end{aligned}$$ where $f^\prime=\partial_u f$. An analytic solution is available in terms of Bessel functions as $$\begin{aligned}
f_{\omega,\vec{k}} =u^{2-i \alpha M} \left( c_2 I_\nu (q u) + c_3 K_\nu (q u) \right) \;,\end{aligned}$$ where $I_\nu$ and $K_\nu$ are Bessel functions with $\nu= \sqrt{4+L^2 m^2 } $ and $q = \sqrt{\vec k^2 +2 M \omega}$.
For this solution to be well defined, we need to impose two different physical boundary conditions, one in deep inside the bulk and another at $x^+ =0$, because we consider only $x^+ \geq 0$. To have a well defined field deep in the bulk, we choose $K$ over $I$, $$\begin{aligned}
f_{\omega,\vec{k}} = c ~ u^{2-i\alpha M} K_\nu (q u)\;,\end{aligned}$$ which is exponentially converging for large $u$, deep in the bulk. Thus the full solution is $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(u,x^+, \vec y) = \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}\frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} e^{i \vec{k} \cdot \vec{y} -i \omega x^+} u^2 \left( \frac{\alpha x^+}{u^2} \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} ~c~ K_\nu (q u) ~ \phi_0 (\omega,\vec{k}) \;.
\label{AgingWaveFunction}\end{aligned}$$ Thus we confirm that the aging scalar function is scale-invariant prefactor $\left( \frac{\alpha x^+}{u^2} \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} $ times that of the Schrödinger background, advertised in [@Jottar:2010vp] $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{\text{Aging}}(u,x^+, \vec y) = \left( \frac{\alpha x^+}{u^2} \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} \phi_{{ \text{Schr\"odinger}}}(u,x^+, \vec y) \;.
\label{FinalWaveFunction}\end{aligned}$$
We consider the $x^-$ coordinate as the one for the internal manifold and restrict the system to be a sector with an eigenvalue $M$. The parameter $M$ would be real if the $x^-$ coordinate is periodic as in discrete light cone quantization. We assume that the $x^-$ has boundaries, for example, at $x^-=0$ and take $M$ to be a general complex number. This seems to accord with the the boundary at $x^+=0$. It would be natural to expect that the imaginary $M$ would represent the dissipative behavior of the system. Let us consider the radial fall offs of the wave solution of the scalar field with the conformal dimension $2-\nu$. At the boundary $u \rightarrow 0$, the solution behaves as $$\begin{aligned}
f_{\omega,\vec{k}}
\sim u^{2-\nu} u^{-i\alpha M} \sim u^{2-\nu + \alpha M_I} u^{-i\alpha M_R} \;, \quad \text{with} \quad
M = M_R + i M_I \;.\end{aligned}$$ Note that we consider complex $M = M_R + i M_I$ for notational simplicity. Below, we will consider real $M=M_R$ and imaginary $M=i M_I$ cases separately to make the distinction clear.
It is worthwhile to pause and have some comments. First, the conformal dimension of the scalar field $\phi$ is the same as in AdS in light-cone because the factor $\left( \frac{\alpha x^+}{u^2} \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} $ is scale invariant and thus does not contribute to the scaling dimension, which is observed in [@Jottar:2010vp]. Second, as a result, the fall-off behavior of the scalar wave solution at the boundary changes for the case $M=i M_I$. This explicitly demonstrates that the correct scaling dimension of some operators can not be read off just from the behavior of the radial wave solution in the time dependent holography. Third, this change of the radial wave solution can be viewed as “wave function renormalization” and should not be canceled by additional counter terms, as observed in [@Jottar:2010vp]. Physical quantities would have appropriate time dependence to compensate this extra effect. This will be explicitly demonstrated by evaluating the correlation functions below.
We further require the scalar wave solution to behave well as it approaches to $x^+ \rightarrow 0$, because $x^+ =0$ also serves as a boundary. This is similar to the boundary condition imposed deep inside the bulk along the $u$-direction, which leads physically reasonable results below. To check the behaviors, we calculate the wave solution, equation (\[AgingWaveFunction\]), near the boundary in coordinate space for the massless case $m=0$ with $M=i M_I$, $\nu=2$ and $\phi_0 (\omega,\vec{k})=1$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\theta(x^+) (x^+)^{-\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}-1} \exp \left\{-\frac{ M_I \vec y^2}{2 x^+}\right\} \;.\end{aligned}$$ This shows the typical behaviors of the wave solution in the coordinate space. One sees that the wave solution converges at $x^+ =0$ for $M_I >0$ due to the exponential factor and also converges at $x^+ \rightarrow \infty$ for $\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}+ 1>0 $ due to the polynomial factor. This demonstrates the convergence of the wave solution at the time boundaries for the imaginary $M=i M_I$. From the fact that the asymptotic forms of the wave solution and two point correlation function are restricted by aging symmetry, one expects to get similar exponential and polynomial factors for more general cases.
We follow [@Son:2002sd][@Son:2007vk][@Skenderis:2008dh][@Skenderis:2008dg] to compute the correlation functions by introducing a cutoff $u_B$ near the boundary and normalizing $f_{\omega,\vec{k}}(u_B) = 1$, which fixes $ c = u_B^{-2+ i \alpha M} K_\nu^{-1} (q u_B)$. Let us consider the on-shell action, which has two different contributions, the terms proportional to $g^{uu}$ and to $g^{u-}$, as $$\begin{aligned}
S[\phi_0]
&= \int d^3 x \frac{L^5}{u^5} ~\phi^* (u,x^+, \vec y) ~\left(\frac{u^2}{L^2}\partial_u + i M \frac{\alpha u}{L^2} \right) \phi (u,x^+, \vec y) \big |_{u_B} \;. \end{aligned}$$ This can be recast using the equation (\[AgingWaveFunction\]) as $$\begin{aligned}
&\int d x^+ ~\theta (x^+) ~\frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} e^{-i (\omega' -\omega) x^+}
\left( \alpha x^+ \right)^{-\frac{i\alpha (M^*-M)}{2}}
\nonumber \\
&\qquad \times
\int d^2 y \int \frac{d^2 k'}{(2\pi)^2} \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi)^2}
e^{i(\vec k' - \vec k) \cdot \vec y} ~ \phi_0^* (\omega',\vec{k'}) {\cal F}(u, \omega', \omega, \vec{k'}, \vec{k}) \phi_0
(\omega,\vec{k}) \big |_{u_B} \;,
\label{wholeEQ}\end{aligned}$$ where $\theta (x^+)$ represents the existence of the physical boundary along the time direction as $0 \leq x^+ < \infty$, and ${\cal F}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F} (u, \omega', \omega, \vec{k'}, \vec{k})
&= \frac{L^5}{u^5} f_{\omega',\vec{k'}}^* (\omega',\vec{k'},u) \left(\frac{u^2}{L^2}\partial_u
+ i M \frac{\alpha u}{L^2} \right) f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (\omega,\vec{k},u) .\end{aligned}$$ Note that the spatial integration along $\vec y$ can be done to give delta function $\delta^2 (\vec k' -\vec k)$. One can bring the $u^{\pm i \alpha M}$ factors in $f$ and $f^*$ together to cancel each other, which removes the second part in $ {\cal F}$. Then using the relation $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial}{\partial u} u^2 K_\nu (q u) = u \{ (2-\nu) K_\nu (q u) - q u K_{\nu-1} (q u) \} \;,\end{aligned}$$ one can evaluate the $u$-dependent part at $u=u_B$ at the boundary by expanding in terms of small $u_B$ to obtain the non-trivial contribution in ${\cal F}$ as $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k})
&= - \frac{2 \Gamma (1-\nu)}{ \Gamma (\nu)}
\left( \frac{L^3}{u_B^4} \right) \left( \frac{q u_B}{2}\right)^{2\nu} + \cdots \;.
\label{FFfunction}\end{aligned}$$ Note that the function ${\cal F}$ is only function of $\omega$ and $\vec k$ when it is evaluated at the boundary. Thus the time independent part is the same as previously considered cases in [@Balasubramanian:2008dm] [@Goldberger:2008vg][@Jottar:2010vp]. But this is not the end of the story. To obtain the final form of the momentum correlation function, we need to evaluate the time dependent part. Here we consider two cases, $M=M_R$ and $M=i M_I$ with real parameters $M_R$ and $M_I$, separately.
### $M=M_R$
One can perform the $x^+$ integration in equation (\[wholeEQ\]) to get the following results, because of the step function and vanishing exponent, $M^* - M =0$, $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal G} (\omega' - \omega) = \frac{\delta (\omega' - \omega)}{2} -\frac{i}{2 \pi (\omega' - \omega)} \;.
\label{GMR}\end{aligned}$$ Thus the momentum correlation function has two parts $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\cal O}^* (\omega',\vec{k}') {\cal O}(\omega, \vec{k}) \rangle
= -2 (2\pi)^{-3} \delta (\vec{k}' - \vec{k} ) ~ {\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k})~ {\cal G} (\omega' - \omega)
\;,\end{aligned}$$ where ${\cal F}$ is given in equation (\[FFfunction\]). This is the final form of the momentum space correlation functions. Note the extra term present due to our boundary condition with step function in time domain.
Let us evaluate the coordinate correlation function as[^4] $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+},\vec{y}_{2}) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec{y}_{1}) \rangle \nonumber \\
&\quad = \int \frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k'}{(2\pi )^2} \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}
e^{i \vec{k'} \cdot \vec{y}_{2} -i \vec k \cdot \vec{y}_{1} } e^{ -i \omega' \cdot x^{+}_{2} + i \omega \cdot x_1^+}
\left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{i \frac{\alpha M_R}{2}}
\langle {\cal O}^* (\omega',\vec{k}') {\cal O}(\omega, \vec{k}) \rangle \;. \end{aligned}$$ For further calculations, we use the following integral $$\begin{aligned}
\int \frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} e^{- i (\omega' -\omega) x_2^+ } {\cal G} (\omega' - \omega) = \frac{1+ \text{sign} (x_2^+) }{2} = \theta (x_2^+) \;, \end{aligned}$$ with the condition $x_2^+ >0$, and the inverse transform of $q^{2\nu}$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{M_R^{1+\nu} }{\pi 2^{1-\nu} i^{1+\nu} \Gamma (-\nu)}
\frac{\theta(x_2^+ - x_1^+) }{(x_2^+ - x_1^+ )^{2+\nu}} \exp \left( {i M_R \frac{(\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 }{2 (x_2^+ - x_1^+)}} \right) \;,\end{aligned}$$ where we used $(\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 >0$ and $ x_2^+ - x_1^+ >0$. Then the coordinate space correlation function is $$\begin{aligned}
&-2 \left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{i \frac{\alpha M_R}{2}} \int \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}
e^{-i \vec{k} \cdot (\vec{y}_{1}-\vec{y}_{2})} e^{ i \omega (x^{+}_{1} - x_2^+) } \cdot
\int \frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} e^{- i (\omega' -\omega) x_2^+ } {\cal G} (\omega' - \omega) \cdot
{\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k}) \nonumber \\
&= \frac{\Gamma (1-\nu)}{ \Gamma (\nu) \Gamma (-\nu)}
\frac{L^3 M_R^{1+\nu} }{\pi 2^{\nu-1} i^{1+\nu} u_B^{4-2\nu}}
\cdot \frac{\theta (x_2^+) \theta(x_2^+ - x_1^+) }{ (x_2^+ - x_1^+)^{2+\nu}}
\left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{i \frac{\alpha M_R}{2}}
\exp \left( {i \frac{M_R (\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 }{2 ( x_2^+ - x_1^+)}}\right)
\;. \label{ZeroTCorrelatorReal}\end{aligned}$$ This is our main result for the zero temperature correlation function with $M= M_R$. We would like to pause to comment:
- We find that the time dependent polynomial part is the same as the result [@Jottar:2010vp] when $ M = M_R$. This is associated with the fact the the scaling dimension of a boundary scalar operator is opposite to that of the source of the corresponding scalar field. $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle_{\text{Aging}}
= \left( \frac{x^{+}_{1}}{x^{+}_{2}} \right)^{-\frac{ i \alpha M_R}{2}}
\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle_{\text{Schr\"odinger}} \;.
\label{AgingSchrCorrReal}\end{aligned}$$
- It turns out that there exist only oscillating behaviors for $M= M_R$. Thus the same is true for real value for $\alpha M$, because there exists only the combination $\alpha M$.
- For the massless case with $\nu = 2$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F}(u_B,\omega,\vec{k}) = - \frac{L^3}{8} q^{4} \log (q^{2} ) + \cdots \;.\end{aligned}$$ Thus the coordinate space correlation function is given by $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle \nonumber \\
&=-
\frac{ i L^3 M_R^{3} }{\pi }
\cdot \frac{\theta (x_2^+) \theta(x_2^+ - x_1^+) }{ (x_2^+ - x_1^+)^{2+\nu}}
\left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{i \frac{\alpha M_R}{2}}
\exp \left( {i \frac{M_R (\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 }{2 ( x_2^+ - x_1^+)}}\right)
\;. \end{aligned}$$
### $M=i M_I$
Let us evaluate the time integral first. We perform the Fourier transform for the time range $0 \leq x^+ < \infty$, and define $ {\cal G} (w) = \int dx^+ e^{i w x^+} \theta (x^+) \cdot (\alpha x^+)^{-\alpha M_I}$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal G} (w)
=\alpha^{-\alpha M_I} |w|^{-1+\alpha M_I} \Gamma (1-\alpha M_I) \left(- i \cos (\frac{\pi \alpha M_I}{2}) \text{sign} (w) + \sin (\frac{\pi \alpha M_I}{2}) \right) \;.
\label{GMI}\end{aligned}$$ where $w=\omega' -\omega$. Note that these results are essentially the same as those evaluated by Laplace transform in, so called, $s$-domain.
Thus we get the momentum correlation function as $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\cal O}^* (\omega',\vec{k}') {\cal O}(\omega, \vec{k}) \rangle
= -2 (2\pi)^{-3} \delta (\vec{k'} - \vec{k} )~ {\cal G} (\omega' -\omega) ~ {\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k}) \;. \end{aligned}$$ Again, ${\cal F}$ is given in equation (\[FFfunction\]), and $q=\sqrt{\vec k^2 + 2M \omega}$. Here we can have $\vec k=0$ due to the spatial translational invariance, but not for $\omega$ because time translation symmetry is broken.
Let us calculate the coordinate space correlation function as $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+},\vec{y}_{2}) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec{y}_{1}) \rangle \\
&\quad = \int \frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k'}{(2\pi )^2} \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}
e^{i \vec{k'} \cdot \vec{y}_{2} -i \vec k \cdot \vec{y}_{1} } e^{ -i \omega' \cdot x^{+}_{2} + i \omega \cdot x_1^+}
\left( \alpha^2 x_1^+ x_2^+ \right)^{\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}}
\langle {\cal O}^* (\omega',\vec{k}') {\cal O}(\omega, \vec{k}) \rangle \;. \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ After carrying out the integral for the $\omega' $ first $$\begin{aligned}
\int \frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} ~e^{ i ( \omega' - \omega) x^{+}_{2}} ~ {\cal G} (\omega' -\omega)
= \theta (x_2^+)~\alpha^{-\alpha M_I} |x_2^+|^{- \alpha M_I} \;, \end{aligned}$$ the expression reduces to the previous case for the time independent part, whose calculation is done similarly. We get $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+},\vec{y}_{2}) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec{y}_{1}) \rangle \nonumber \\
&=
-2 \theta (x_2^+)~\left( \alpha^2 x_1^+ x_2^+ \right)^{\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}} ~\alpha^{-\alpha M_I} |x_2^+|^{- \alpha M_I} \int \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}
e^{-i \vec{k} \cdot (\vec{y}_{1}-\vec{y}_{2})} e^{ i \omega (x^{+}_{1} - x_2^+) } {\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k}) \nonumber \\
&= \frac{\Gamma (1-\nu)}{ \Gamma (\nu) \Gamma (-\nu)}
\frac{L^3 M_I^{1+\nu} }{\pi 2^{\nu-1} u_B^{4-2\nu}}
\cdot \frac{\theta (x_2^+) \theta(x_2^+ - x_1^+) }{ (x_2^+ - x_1^+)^{2+\nu}}
\cdot \left( \frac{x_2^+}{x_1^+} \right)^{-\frac{\alpha M_I}{2} } \cdot \exp \left( -{ \frac{M_I (\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 }{2 ( x_2^+ - x_1^+)}}\right) \;.
\label{ZeroTCorrelatorIm}\end{aligned}$$ This is the result we are looking for. This confirms that the correlation function has dissipative behavior for $M= i M_I$. Thus
- We find that the time dependent polynomial part is identical to the result [@Jottar:2010vp] when $ M = M_R$. This is associated with the fact the the scaling dimension of a boundary scalar operator is opposite to that of the source of the corresponding scalar field. $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle_{\text{Aging}}
= \left( \frac{x^{+}_{2}}{x^{+}_{1}} \right)^{-\frac{ \alpha M_I}{2}}
\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle_{\text{Schr\"odinger}} \;.
\label{AgingSchrCorrIm}\end{aligned}$$
- There exist only the combination $\alpha M$, and thus the result is true for imaginary $\alpha M$.
- For the massless case with $\nu = 2$, we have the coordinate space correlation function similar to the $M=M_R$ case as $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle
=-
\frac{ i L^3 M_I^{3} }{\pi }
\cdot \frac{\theta (x_2^+) \theta(x_2^+ - x_1^+) }{ (x_2^+ - x_1^+)^{2+\nu}}
\left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{-\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}}
\exp \left( {- \frac{M_I (\vec y_2 - \vec y_1)^2 }{2 ( x_2^+ - x_1^+)}}\right)
\;. \end{aligned}$$
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![ Plot of the equation (\[TwoTimeCorr\]) with $\nu = 0,~ \alpha M_I = 1, ~\alpha M_R = 0$. The horizontal and vertical axes are $\Delta x^+ =x_2^+ - x_1^+$ and two-time correlation function $C= C(x^{+}_{2}, x^{+}_{1})$, respectively. The four plots, black, red, green and blue (from left to right) are for the particular waiting time $x_1^+ = 25, 50, 100$, and $200$, respectively. They show that the older is the system the slower it relaxes. This plot is to be compared with that of the numerical results in [@Helkel:2007nept].[]{data-label="fig:AgingPlot"}](AgingPlot2.jpg "fig:"){width="60.00000%"}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
Two-time Correlators
--------------------
One of the important physical observables considered in the literature (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Cugliandolo:2002dy][@Henkel:2002vd]) is two-time correlation functions at the same space positions, which we refer to $C(x^{+}_{2}, x^{+}_{1})$ $$\begin{aligned}
C(x^{+}_{2}, x^{+}_{1}) &= \langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+} , \vec y_2)
{\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec y_1) \rangle _{\vec y_1 = \vec y_2}
\equiv (x_1^+ )^{-\lambda_b} ~f_C \left( \frac{x_2^+}{x_1^+} \right) \;,
\label{TwoTimeCorr}\end{aligned}$$ where $
f_C \left( x \right) = x^{-\lambda_C /{\rm z}}$, and z is the dynamical exponent. $x_1^+$ and $x_2^+$ are called a waiting time and a response time, respectively. This scaling behavior is expected to apply for the “aging regime”: $ x_1^+, x_2^+ \gg x_{mi}^+ $ and $ x_2^+ - x_1^+ \gg x_{mi}^+$, where $x_{mi}^+$ is a microscopic time scale of a given system.
Our dual field theory possesses aging invariance, inherited from the bulk gravity and hence exhibits two important characteristic features of aging system, namely the time dependence and the existence of dynamical scaling. Furthermore, for $M_R=0$ and for $x_2^+ \gg x_1^+ $ , which is physically interesting aging regime, our two-time correlation function decays slowly following power law, like (\[TwoTimeCorr\]), with $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_b = \nu + 2 , \qquad \lambda_C
= {\rm z} \left(\nu + 2 +\frac{ \alpha M_I}{2}\right) \;,
\label{exponents}\end{aligned}$$ where ${\rm z}=2$ for our case. These two parameters $\lambda_b$ and $\lambda_C$ are our physical exponents associated with the two-time correlation function. The dissipating behaviors of the correlation function are plotted in figure \[fig:AgingPlot\] with several different waiting time. We clearly see the typical aging behavior: older systems relax in a slower manner than younger systems, and thus the correlation between two different time $x_1^+$ and $x_2^+$ has more correlation for the bigger waiting time $x_1^+$ in our correlation function $C(x^{+}_{2}, x^{+}_{1})$.
Comments on Schrödinger Background
----------------------------------
In this section, we would like to briefly comment on the aging construction on the Schrödinger background [@Jottar:2010vp] with our approach, especially with the complex $M$ and without complexifying the spacetime geometry.
Schrödinger background can be embedded in string theory in a nice way using null Melvin twist [@Gimon:2003xk][@Alishahiha:2003ru]. Previous sections already confirmed that the results of the scalar wave solution and the two-point correlation function are the same for both cases even though these two approaches are rather different. This is mainly because the Schrödinger symmetry is large enough to restrict the physical properties of two point correlation functions. It is still worthwhile to revisit the aging construction for the Schrödinger background with our approach.
Let us consider the following metric with the change $x^+ \rightarrow t$, $u\rightarrow z$ and $x^- \rightarrow \xi$ $$\begin{aligned}
ds^{2} &= \frac{L^{2}}{z^2}\left( dz^2 - \frac{1}{z^{2}} \,dt^{2} -2dtd\xi + d\vec{y}^{2}\right)
+ \frac{L^{2}}{z^2}\left( \frac{2\alpha}{z}\,dzdt - \frac{\alpha }{ t} \,dt^{2} \right) \;,\end{aligned}$$ where extra matter contents, which are not explicitly written here, are necessary to support this background. Following the previous section, we couple a scalar field to this background. We find the identical radial differential equation as the one in AdS in light-cone if we change, $m^2 \rightarrow m'^2 = m^2 + M^2 / L^2$ [@Goldberger:2008vg].
For the complex parameter $M=M_R + i M_I$, the form of the corresponding solution is the same as (\[AgingWaveFunction\]) with $q =\sqrt{\vec k^2 +2 M \omega}$ and $\nu'= \sqrt{4+L^2 m^2 +M^2 }$. These parameters were used in the Schrödinger background [@Son:2008ye][@Balasubramanian:2008dm]. Again we confirm that the aging scalar wave solution is given by the scale-invariant factor, $\left( \alpha x^+ / u^2 \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}}$, times the Schrödinger wave solution as advertised in [@Jottar:2010vp]. This is given in (\[FinalWaveFunction\]). With this in hand, it is straightforward to evaluate the two-point correlation function, which is also the same as that of the AdS in light-cone and is given in equations (\[ZeroTCorrelatorReal\]) for $M=M_R$ and (\[ZeroTCorrelatorIm\]) for $M=i M_I$. Thus, at zero temperature, the physical properties of Aging in light-cone are the same as those of the Aging background for the operators with the same scaling dimensions, $\nu = \nu'$. The scaling dimension of the operator $\phi$ is complex in general for complex $M$. If we consider either real $M=M_R$ or pure imaginary $M= i M_I$, which are physically interesting cases, the scaling dimension is still real. It is interesting to notice that the scaling dimension $\Delta_\phi = 2-\nu' $ decreases for the real $M=M_R$, while it increases for imaginary $M=i M_I$.
All the other discussions and physical properties remain unchanged compared to the Aging in light-cone at zero temperature. Interestingly enough, as we will see later, these do not persist at the finite temperature.
Comments on Dual Field Theory
-----------------------------
In the context of the holographic condensed matter application, the field theory dual of the gravity description is not explicitly known in most cases. For the case of the Schrödinger geometry, the situation is much better because the construction are explicitly known as Discrete Light-Cone Quantization (DLCQ) for AdS in light-cone and null Melvin twist for the Schrödinger background. The basic field theory dual of AdS in light-cone is DLCQ of the ${\cal N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills theory proposed in [@Ganor:1997jx][@Kapustin:1998pb] as explained in [@Maldacena:2008wh]. It is further required to project the conserved particle number $M$ to a single sector, which is related to the isometry of the gravity backgrounds and has distinguished role [@Son:2008ye; @Goldberger:2008vg; @Barbon:2008bg; @Kim:2010tf]. We are required to focus on a single sector of the particle number. For further developments along the Schrödinger background with null Melvin twist, see [@Adams:2008wt]. In this section we would like to comment on some properties directly related to the time dependent generalizations of the setup, which apply for both AdS in light-cone and Schrödinger backgrounds.
The differential equation (\[BlukScalarEq\]), we consider at the end of section \[sec:AgingLC\], has an explicit time dependence. Thus the dual boundary field theory is expected to have not Schrödinger but aging symmetries. From the observation that the equation (\[BlukScalarEq\]) factorize into $u-$dependent and $u-$independent parts, we factorize $\phi = \varphi(x^+, \vec{y}) ~f(u)$ and find that the boundary wave function $\varphi$ satisfies the following differential equation $$\begin{aligned}
2M \left(i \frac{\partial}{\partial x^+} + \frac{\alpha M}{2 x^+} \right) \varphi
+ \vec \nabla ^2 \varphi
-v^2 \varphi =0
\;,
\label{BoundaryScalarEq}\end{aligned}$$ where $v^2$ is the eigenvalue of the radial differential equation. The term $v^2\varphi$ can be interpreted as the one coming from the variation of the Landau-Ginzburg potential, i.e. $\frac{\delta {\cal V}_{LG}}{\delta \varphi}=v^2\varphi$. One may generate the general Landau-Ginzburg potential by considering the self-interacting scalar fields in bulk. It is clear that our geometric realization of aging symmetry actually constrains the nature of the time dependence of the equation of the dual field theory as the form $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\alpha M^2}{ x^+} \varphi \;.\end{aligned}$$ It is interesting to note that if we can add noise contributions the differential equation becomes the Langevin equation [@HJK1].
It is not difficult to solve the differential equation (\[BoundaryScalarEq\]) and read off the time dependent part of the solution. Compared to the $\alpha=0$ case we get $$\begin{aligned}
\varphi \quad \longrightarrow \quad (x^+)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} ~\varphi \;.\end{aligned}$$ Thus with aging symmetry, the boundary scalar field will acquire the explicit time-dependence of this form. Note that we can also infer the same conclusion from the local transformation (\[CoordinateChange\]) which contains essential effects to the bulk side of the story. Furthermore, the parameter $v$ contains other effects due to the renormalization of the radial coordinate. It turns out that, for real $M$, there is no net effects of this radial wave function renormalization on physical observables such as the two-point correlation function as we see in (\[FinalWaveFunction\]) and (\[ZeroTCorrelatorReal\])(\[ZeroTCorrelatorIm\]).
Finite Temperature Aging Holography
===================================
We start with the Einstein-Hilbert action with cosmological constant, which admits the planar black hole solution $$\begin{aligned}
ds^{2} &=& \left( \frac{r}{L} \right) ^{2} \left[ \frac{1-h }{4b^{2}} (dx^{+})^{2}-(1+h )dx^{+}dx^{-} + (1-h )b^{2} (dx^{-})^{2} + d\vec{y}^{2} \right]\nonumber \\
&+&\left( \frac{L}{r} \right) ^{2} \frac{1}{h } dr^{2} \;, \qquad \qquad h = 1 - \frac{r_H^4}{r^4}\;.\end{aligned}$$
We would like to exploit the idea that the aging metric is locally Schrödinger, and thus we can get the Aging black hole from the Schrödinger black hole using the coordinate transformation as $$\begin{aligned}
x^{-} &\rightarrow& x^{-} +\frac{\alpha}{2} \textrm{ln} \left( r^{2} x^{+} \right) \;.
\label{SingularTR}\end{aligned}$$ The black hole metric in the simplest form can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 =& \bigg(\frac{r}{L}\bigg)^2 \bigg\{ - \frac{h}{1-h}b^{-2} dx^{+2}
+ (1-h)b^2 \bigg( dx^- +\frac{\alpha}{r}d r -\left(- \frac{\alpha}{2x^{+}} + \frac{1}{2b^2}\frac{1+h}{1-h} \right)dx^+ \bigg)^2
+ d \vec y^2 \bigg\} \nonumber\\
&+ \bigg(\frac{L}{r}\bigg)^2 h^{-1} dr^2 \;.\end{aligned}$$ We would like to consider this finite temperature metric to construct the correlation functions.
Equation of Motion {#sec:finiteTeq}
------------------
We consider a probe scalar on the Aging black hole background and try to evaluate the two-point correlator similar to the previous section. The equation of motion is given by $$\begin{aligned}
&\frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \partial_{\mu} \left( \sqrt{-g} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_{\nu} \phi \right) -m^{2} \phi =0 \;.
\label{probeEq}\end{aligned}$$ The metric depends only on $(x^{+},r)$ and the equations of motion can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{r}{L^{2}} (4+h)\partial_{r}\phi - \frac{4\alpha}{L^{2}} \partial_{-} \phi - \frac{L^{2}}{r^{2}} \frac{\alpha b^2}{2(x^{+})^{2}}\frac{1-h}{h} \partial_{-} \phi +g^{\mu\nu} \partial_{\mu}\partial_{\nu} \phi -m^{2} \phi=0 \;.\end{aligned}$$ As was done in the previous section, we replace the derivative of the $x^-$ coordinate as $\partial_{x^-} = iM$. The mode expansion becomes of the form, $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(r,x^{+},\vec{y}) = \int \frac{d\omega}{2\pi} \frac{d^{2}k}{(2\pi)^{2}} \exp^{-i\vec{k}\cdot \vec{y}} \phi_k ( r,x^{+}) \phi_{0}(\omega,\vec{k})\;, \end{aligned}$$ where $\phi_k ( r,x^{+})= T_{\omega}(x^{+}) f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (r)$.
The equation of motion in $r$ coordinate is complicated. It is slightly better to go to a different coordinate using $z= \frac{r_H^2}{r^2}$. Then the differential equation is $$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{L^4}{4 z h r_H^2} \left( \frac{1+h}{h} M \frac{\hat{D} T_{\omega}}{T_{\omega}}-\frac{(1-h)b^{2}}{h} \frac{\hat{D}^{2} T_{\omega}}{T_{\omega}} \right) \nonumber \\
& =
\frac{f_{\omega,\vec{k}}''}{ f_{\omega,\vec{k}}}
- \frac{\left( -i \alpha M h-h +2 \right)}{z h} \frac{f_{\omega,\vec{k}}'}{f_{\omega,\vec{k}}}
-\left( \frac{4i\alpha M + \alpha^2 M^2 h + m^2 L^2 }{4 z^2 h}+ \frac{\vec k^{2}
- \frac{M^{2}}{4b^{2}}\frac{1- h }{ h }}{4 z h r_H^2 /L^4} \right) \;,
\label{FiniteTDiff}\end{aligned}$$ where $f'=\partial_z f$, and we used $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{D} \equiv i \frac{\partial}{\partial {x^+}} +\frac{\alpha M}{2x^{+}} \;, \qquad h = 1-z^2 \;.
\label{TimeOp}\end{aligned}$$ One qualitatively different feature from zero temperature case is that this finite temperature version of the differential equation does have a second order time derivative term. Yet as we see in the first line of equation (\[FiniteTDiff\]), this does not generate different dynamics along time direction compared to the zero temperature case because the time dependent parts of the differential equation, equation (\[FiniteTDiff\]) factorize in a special way.
The time dependent part can be solved as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\left( \frac{\alpha M}{2 x^+} + i \partial_{+} \right) T_{\omega} = \omega T_{\omega} \quad \longrightarrow \quad
T_{\omega}(x^+) = c_1 \exp^{-i \omega x^+} (x^+)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} \;.\end{aligned}$$ Thus, we would like to stress that, the time dependent part of the scalar wave solution at finite temperature is exactly the same as that of the zero temperature case. Anticipating the appearance of the scaling invariant combination, $x^+/z$, we factorize as $f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) = z^{-\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} \tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)$ and obtain the radial equation: $$\begin{aligned}
&\tilde g ''- \frac{1+ z^2 }{z (1-z^2) } \tilde g ' - \frac{ m^2 L^2 }{4 z^2 (1-z^2)} \tilde g
+ \frac{{\bf w}^2 z }{ (1-z^2)^2} \tilde g
- \frac{{\bf q}^2 }{z (1-z^2)} \tilde g = 0 \;, \nonumber \\
&\text{where} \qquad {\bf w} = \frac{M/(2b^2)- \omega }{2 \pi T} \;, \qquad {\bf q}^2 = \frac{2 M \omega + \vec k^2}{(2 \pi b T)^2}\;,
\label{MassiveEq}\end{aligned}$$ where used $r_H =\pi L^2 b T$. The equation includes the term which has the Schrödinger invariant combination $2 M \omega + \vec k^2$, explicitly, and the term which is partially broken due to the other combination ${\bf w} \sim M/(2b)-b \omega$ at finite temperature. The term proportional to ${\bf w}$ is dominant at the horizon $z=1$ and important for the calculation of the correlation functions. Interestingly enough, the combination of chemical potential $\frac{1}{2b^2}$ and conserved charge $M$ of $x^-$ direction of the time-independent Schrödinger black hole shows up with the energy of the probe scalar $\omega$. In what follows, we consider the low energy regime in which the magnitude of the combination $\frac{M}{2b^2}$ is bigger than $\omega$, which corresponds to ${\bf w} >0$.
Note that this equation is nothing but the radial equation for the AdS planar black hole in light-cone. Thus we explicitly check that the radial part of the time independent aging wave solution is the same as that of the AdS in light-cone case. This has an important implication that the time independent part of the aging wave solution and correlation functions are those of the AdS in light-cone at least in momentum space with some modification, which can be identified and thus isolated.
The full solution is $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(z,x^+, \vec y) = \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}\frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} e^{i \vec{k} \cdot \vec{y} -i \omega x^+}
\left( \frac{\alpha x^+}{z} \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} ~c~ \tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) ~ \phi_0 (\omega,\vec{k}) \;,
\label{FinTsol}\end{aligned}$$ where the solution has the desired scaling form with an appropriate normalization for the correlator calculation. We concentrate on the momentum space correlation functions from now on.
Finite Temperature Correlation Functions
----------------------------------------
In this section, we would like to evaluate the scalar correlation function of the Schrödinger geometry via AdS in light-cone with finite parameters $M$, $\omega$ and $\vec k$, which is fairly non-trivial even in this simple setup. First, we consider the time dependence of the coordinate space correlation functions and outline the general properties of the correlation functions at finite temperature. After that we concentrate on the momentum space correlation functions starting with analytic approaches in general. And then we evaluate the correlation functions analytically for some special cases and obtain the expression for the shear viscosity, which is presented in appendix \[sec:viscosity\]. Finally we get the full features with numerical studies. From the numerical study, we observe two distinct peaks in momentum space correlation functions, one broad peak at the $(\omega, k)=(0,0)$ and another at finite values of $\omega$ and $k$, which are explained in detail at the end of this section.
### General Features
In section (\[sec:finiteTeq\]), we have some important observations regarding the time dependence of the scalar equation of motion. Combining with the experience from the zero temperature case in section (\[ZeroTCorrelationFunction\]), we would like to see the general time dependence of the coordinate space correlation functions.
Following the steps done in section (\[ZeroTCorrelationFunction\]), we rewrite the solution (\[FinTsol\]) as $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(z,x^+, \vec y) = \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi )^2}\frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} e^{i \vec{k} \cdot \vec{y} -i \omega x^+}
\left( \alpha x^+ \right)^{\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} ~ f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) ~ \phi_0 (\omega,\vec{k}) \;,
\label{FinTsolTF}\end{aligned}$$ where $f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) = c z^{-\frac{i\alpha M}{2}} \tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)$. Then the on-shell action has the form $$\begin{aligned}
S[\phi_0]
&= \int d^3 x \sqrt{-g} ~\phi^* (z,x^+, \vec y) ~\left(g^{zz} \partial_z + i M g^{z-} \right) \phi (z,x^+, \vec y) \big |_{z_B} \;. \end{aligned}$$ This can be recast using the equation (\[FinTsolTF\]) as $$\begin{aligned}
&\int d x^+ ~\theta (x^+) ~\frac{d \omega'}{2 \pi} \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi} e^{-i (\omega' -\omega) x^+}
\left( \alpha x^+ \right)^{-\frac{i\alpha (M^*-M)}{2}}
\nonumber \\
&\qquad \times
\int d^2 y \int \frac{d^2 k'}{(2\pi)^2} \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi)^2}
e^{i(\vec k' - \vec k) \cdot \vec y} ~ \phi_0^* (\omega',\vec{k'}) {\cal F}(u, \omega', \omega, \vec{k'}, \vec{k}) \phi_0
(\omega,\vec{k}) \big |_{u_B} \;,
\label{wholeEQ2}\end{aligned}$$ where $\theta (x^+)$ represents the physical region as $0 \leq x^+ < \infty$, and ${\cal F}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F} (z, \omega', \omega, \vec{k'}, \vec{k})
&= \sqrt{-g} f_{\omega',\vec{k'}}^* (\omega',\vec{k'},z) \left( g^{zz} \partial_z
+ i M g^{z-} \right) f_{\omega,\vec{k}} (\omega,\vec{k},z) .\end{aligned}$$ Note that the spatial integration along $\vec y$ can be done to give delta function $\delta^2 (\vec k' -\vec k)$. One can bring the $z^{\pm i \frac{\alpha M}{2}}$ factors in $f$ and $f^*$ together to cancel each other, which removes the second part in $ {\cal F}$. Then time independent radial part ${\cal F}$ of momentum correlation function is given by $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F} (z, \omega', \omega, \vec{k'}, \vec{k})
&=
\frac{b^4 \pi ^4 L^{5} T^4}{2 z^3} \left( \frac{\tilde g_{\omega',\vec{k'}} (z)}{\tilde g_{\omega',\vec{k'}} (z_B)} \right)^* \frac{4 z^2 h }{L^2} \partial_z \left( \frac{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)}{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z_B)} \right) \;.
\label{TFFfunction}\end{aligned}$$ It turns out that evaluating this correlation function is highly nontrivial because the differential equation is not analytically tractable for the AdS in light-cone except some special limits, while it is even more complicated for the Schrödinger background.
Before explaining the time dependent part of the correlation function, we would like to comment on our choice of the incoming boundary condition for the equation (\[MassiveEq\]), which is not clear due to the contribution of $M$ in the ${\bf w}$. We choose our incoming boundary condition as $$\begin{aligned}
e^{ -i \omega x^+} (1-z)^{i {\bf w}/2} \propto
~e^{ -i \omega \left( x^+ + z_* \right)}\end{aligned}$$ where $z_* = \frac{\ln (1-z)}{4\pi T}$. We come back to this radial dependent part of the correlation function with several different approaches below.
As discussed in the section \[sec:ZeroTemp\], this is not the end of the story. The time dependent parts turn out to be the same as those of the zero temperature case because their time dependences in the wave solution (\[FinTsol\]) are the same. This is explained below equation (\[TimeOp\]). Thus the time dependent parts of the correlation function can be explicitly computed and are given by ${\cal G}$ in equations (\[GMR\]) and (\[GMI\]). Explicitly, we get $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\cal O}^* (\omega',\vec{k}') {\cal O}(\omega, \vec{k}) \rangle
= -2 (2\pi)^{-3} \delta (\vec{k}' - \vec{k} ) ~ {\cal F}(u_{B},\omega,\vec{k})~ {\cal G} (\omega' - \omega)
\;,\end{aligned}$$ where ${\cal F}$ is given in equations (\[TFFfunction\]). By performing the $\omega'$ integration, the coordinate space correlation function is give by $$\begin{aligned}
&\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+},\vec{y}_{2}) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec{y}_{1}) \rangle
= \theta (x_2^+)~\left( \frac{x_2^+}{x_1^+} \right)^{-i \frac{\alpha M}{2} }
\langle {\mathcal O}^* (x_{2}^{+},\vec{y}_{2}) {\mathcal O}(x_{1}^{+},\vec{y}_{1}) \rangle _{\text{Schr\"odinger}} \;.
\end{aligned}$$ Where $M$ can be either $M=M_R$ or $M=i M_I$. The latter case is related to the dissipative case.
It is not straight forward to evaluate the general momentum space correlation functions analytically, not to mention the coordinate space correlation functions. Thus we would like to concentrate on the momentum space correlation function for the rest of the section.
### Analytic Approaches
Let us outline the analytic approach we considered and summarize our observations.
The differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]) has 4 regular singular points, which, in general, can not be solved with systematic approach. If we take $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{g}(z)=z^{\frac{1+\bar \gamma}{2}}(z-1)^{\frac{-1+\bar \delta}{2}}(z+1)^{\frac{-1+\bar \epsilon}{2}} G(z) \;.\end{aligned}$$ The differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]) can be cast into the Heun’s equation $$\begin{aligned}
& G''(z)+\left(\frac{\bar \gamma}{z}+\frac{\bar \delta}{z-1}+\frac{\bar \epsilon}{z+1}\right) G'(z)
+\frac{\bar \alpha \bar \beta z -\bar q}{z(z-1)(z+1)} G(z)=0 \;, \\
\text{where} \qquad & 4 \bar \alpha \bar \beta = \nu^{2} -2 + 2(\bar \gamma \bar \delta +\bar \delta \bar \epsilon + \bar \epsilon \bar \gamma) \;, \quad
-2\bar q= \bf{q}^{2} +\bar \gamma \bar \delta + \bar \gamma \bar \epsilon \;, \end{aligned}$$ with the special values of $$\begin{aligned}
\bar \gamma=1\pm \nu \;, \qquad \bar \delta=1\pm i {\bf w} \;, \qquad
\bar \epsilon=1\pm \bf{w} \;.\end{aligned}$$ The general solutions of this equation are known as the Heun functions $
Hl(-1, \bar q ; \bar \alpha, \bar \beta, \bar \gamma, \bar \delta ; z) \;
$. In general, we have 8 different combination of the parameters ${\bar\gamma, \bar\delta, \bar\epsilon}$, out of which only 4 solutions are physical due to the incoming boundary condition we would like to impose at $z=1$. That corresponds to the choice $\bar \delta=1 + i \bf{w}$ due to our choice of ${\bf w}$ parameter given in equation (\[MassiveEq\]). For special values of parameters, the Heun functions might provide analytic solutions.
We observe that our differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]) is similar to the equation (3.4) of [@Policastro:2001yb], even though they have very different setup. We can rewrite the differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]) in a slightly different way to make the comparison straightforward $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde {\tilde g} '' -\frac{1+z^2 }{z(1-z^2) } \tilde {\tilde g} '
-\left( \frac{ L^2 m^2 }{4z^2 (1-z^2)} +\frac{ Q^2 - z^2 Y^2}{z(1-z^2)^2} \right) \tilde {\tilde g } =0 \;.\end{aligned}$$ where $Y^2 = \frac{\vec k^2 +( M/(2b)+b \omega)^2}{4\pi^2 b^2 T^2}$, $Q^2 = \frac{2 M \omega + \vec k^2}{4\pi^2 b^2 T^2}$. Note that, in general, $Y^2 \geq Q^2$, where the equality holds when $M = 2 \omega b^2$. One of the crucial difference between this equation and (3.4) of [@Policastro:2001yb] lies in the last term. In our case, $Y^2$ has always larger contribution than $Q^2$, and the term proportional to $Y^2$ is multiplies by $z^2$. On the other hand, the corresponding term in (3.4) of [@Policastro:2001yb] can be neglected to give a constant numerator, which make possible to proceed further. Due to the difference, we can not use the approach adapted in [@Policastro:2001yb] in a reliable way except for a very special case, which we don’t pursue further here.
In subsequent sections, we consider high temperature limit, called hydrodynamic limit, and low temperature limit in some details. And then we evaluate the differential equation using numerical method to see the full features of the correlation functions.
### High Temperature Correlation Functions {#sec:HighTCorr}
For the high temperature limit, we have small parameters ${\bf w}$ and ${\bf q}^2$, which can be used as expansion parameters in equation (\[MassiveEq\]). Following [@Son:2002sd], we can derive similar results [@Herzog:2008wg][@Adams:2008wt][@Kim:2010tf]. For $m=0$ case, we calculate ${\cal F}$ using incoming boundary condition at the horizon $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F} &= 2 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4 \left\{ - \frac{{\bf q}^2}{z_B} +\left( i {\bf w} + {\bf q}^2 \right) + {\cal O}\left({\bf w}^2,
{\bf w} {\bf q}^2 , {\bf q}^4\right) \right\}\;,
\label{FFFunctionHighT}\end{aligned}$$ where we used $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) = (1-z)^{i {\bf w}/2} \left(1 - \left(i\frac{ {\bf w}}{2} + {\bf q}^2\right) \ln \frac{1+z}{2} + \cdots \right) \;.\end{aligned}$$ Note that the form of the first non-trivial contributions are the same as the results of [@Son:2002sd] even though the differential equations are different. Yet, the physical implication seems to be more complicated. In general we can not claim to have ${\bf q}=0$ for the zero momentum case $\vec k =0$ because of the parameter $M$. The first term diverges for the strict $u_B \rightarrow 0$ limit, while the second term gives finite contributions as $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Re} ~{\cal F} &= 2 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4 ~ \left( -\frac{ M_I }{4 \pi b^2 T} + \frac{2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2}{(2 \pi b T)^2} \right) \;, \\
\text{Im} ~{\cal F} &= 2 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4 ~ \left( \frac{M_R -2 b^2 \omega }{4 \pi b^2 T} + \frac{2 M_I \omega}{(2 \pi b T)^2} \right) \;.\end{aligned}$$ Where we put the result with $M=M_R + i M_I$ for notational simplicity.
Let us concentrate on the case ${\bf q}=0$. This explicitly means that $ 2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2 = 0$ and $M_I = 0$. Thus the momentum correlator has an extra contribution in imaginary part of the correlator compared to relativistic case [@Son:2002sd] $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Re} ~{\cal F} = 0 \;, \qquad
\text{Im} ~{\cal F} = 2 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4 ~ \frac{M_R -2 b^2 \omega }{4 \pi b^2 T} \;. \end{aligned}$$ If one considers the case of zero spatial momenta $\vec k=0$ and thus $M_R=0$, we get $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Im} ~{\cal F} = - b^4 \pi ^3 L^{3} T^3 \omega \;.
\label{ImFFfinal}\end{aligned}$$ For the application to shear viscosity, see appendix \[sec:viscosity\].
### Low Temperature Correlation Functions {#sec:LowTCorr}
With a change of the function $\tilde g(z) = \sqrt{ z-\frac{1}{z} }~ g(z) $, we get the differential equation for $g(z)$ $$\begin{aligned}
&g'' = \left({\bf w}^2 F + H \right) g \;, \label{DiffLowT} \\
F = \frac{(1-z^2) {\bf s}^2 - z^2}{z \left(1-z^2\right)^2}\;, \qquad
& H = - \frac{-3+6 z^2+z^4 - m^2 L^2 (1-z^2)}{4 z^2 \left(1-z^2\right)^2} \;,\end{aligned}$$ where, in the low temperature regime, $ {\bf q}^2, {\bf w}^2 \gg 1$ and ${\bf s} ^2= \frac{{\bf q}^2}{{\bf w}^2} = \frac{ 2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2}{(M_R/(2b)-b \omega)^2}
\approx {\cal O} (1)$. Then the term proportional to ${\bf w}^2 $ dominates the potential, and the solution can be found by the WKB approximation following [@Son:2002sd]. We concentrate on the case $M_I =0$ in this section.
The Schrödinger equation (\[DiffLowT\]) has a potential, which is positive when $0 < z < z_0$ and negative when $z_0 < z <1$, where $$\begin{aligned}
z_0 = \sqrt{\frac{{\bf s}^2}{1+ {\bf s}^2}} =
\sqrt{\frac{ 2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2}{(M_R/(2b)+b \omega)^2+ \vec k^2 }} \;. \end{aligned}$$ Thus the solution of the equation (\[DiffLowT\]) decays exponentially in the interval $0< z< z_0$ and oscillates in the interval $z_0< z< 1$. Physically the particle has to tunnel from $z=0$ to $z=z_0$ before it can reach the horizon $z=1$. The imaginary part of $G^R$ is proportional to the tunneling probability $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Im}~ G^R \sim \exp \left( -2 |{\bf w}| \int_0^{z_0} dz \sqrt{F(z)} \right) \;, \end{aligned}$$ and this integral is easy to evaluate for the following two limits :
- For small ${\bf s}$,[^5] we get $\int_0^{z_0} dz \sqrt{F(z)} =-\frac{\sqrt{2} \pi^{3/2} }{\Gamma \left(-\frac{1}{4} \right)
\Gamma \left(\frac{7}{4} \right)}~({\bf {\bf s}^2})^{3/4} \;, $ and $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Im}~ G^R
= \exp\left(-\frac{ 0.556}{b T} \cdot \frac{ ( 2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2 )^{3/4} }{(M_R/(2b)-b \omega)^{1/2}} \right) \;.
\label{LoglargeW}\end{aligned}$$
- For large ${\bf s}$, we get $\int_0^{z_0} dz \sqrt{F(z)} =\frac{2 \sqrt{\pi } \Gamma\left(\frac{5}{4}\right)}{\Gamma\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)}\sqrt{{\bf s}^2}$, and thus $$\begin{aligned}
\text{Im} ~G^R
= \exp \left( - 0.835 ~ \frac{\sqrt{ 2 M_R \omega + \vec k^2}}{b T} \right) \;.
\label{LoglargeQ}\end{aligned}$$
Thus, at low temperature, we obtain the generic behavior of the imaginary part of the correlation functions as an exponentially decaying one, $e^{-A / T}$. Specifically, the result for large ${\bf q}$, where $\text{Im} ~G^R
\sim \exp \left( - {\bf q} \right) $, is further confirmed by our numerical study in below.
Numerical Results {#sec:numerics}
-----------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --
![Real and Imaginary parts of the scalar correlation function in terms of the parameters $k$ with $\omega=0$ for left plot and $\omega$ with $k=0$ for right plot for the fixed values $M=10, b=1$ and $T=1$. There exist well defined peaks in imaginary part of the correlation function for both cases.[]{data-label="fig:NumBigMZeroMass2D"}](2DReIm10.jpg "fig:"){width="45.00000%"} ![Real and Imaginary parts of the scalar correlation function in terms of the parameters $k$ with $\omega=0$ for left plot and $\omega$ with $k=0$ for right plot for the fixed values $M=10, b=1$ and $T=1$. There exist well defined peaks in imaginary part of the correlation function for both cases.[]{data-label="fig:NumBigMZeroMass2D"}](2DOmegaReIm10.jpg "fig:"){width="45.00000%"}
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In this section we would like to present the numerical results of the correlation functions by solving the differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]). For massless $m^2 =0$ case, the series solutions of the boundary and horizon are presented in appendix \[sec:SeriesSolm=0\]. Massive case has also similar solutions with an additional parameter $m^2 L^2$, whose behaviors are briefly explained below.
### Description in terms of $\omega$ and $k$ {#sec:omegakDesc}
For fixed $M=10, b=1$ and $T=1$, we present plots for the real and imaginary parts of the two-point correlation function in figure \[fig:NumBigMZeroMass2D\]. The left plot is for the fixed $\omega = 0$. There exist a sharp peak at finite momentum and also a much broader peak at zero momentum $k=0$ for zero frequency. As we increase $\omega$ to the positive value, the peak moves toward to the $k=0$ and the peak becomes bigger and narrower, while it becomes smaller and broader as we decrease $\omega$ to the negative value. The right plot is for the fixed $k=0$. There also exists a sharp peak at finite value of $\omega$ for zero momentum. As $k$ increase, the sharp peak moves toward negative $\omega$ and becomes smaller and broader. Thus, overall, the sharp peak becomes broader and smaller as we increase $k$ and decrease $\omega$.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![Imaginary part of the scalar correlation function in terms of the parameters $\omega, k$ for the fixed values $M=10, b=1$ and $T=1$. They are even functions of $k$ and we take the parameter range as $-10 \leq \omega \leq 5, ~0 \leq k \leq 15$. The plots are only drawn for the parameter range $2 M\omega + k^2 \geq 0$.[]{data-label="fig:NumBigMZeroMass3D"}](Im3DM10-50.jpg "fig:"){width="70.00000%"}
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These behaviors can be checked in the figure \[fig:NumBigMZeroMass3D\]. Note that we exclude the region which gives imaginary ${\bf q}$. There is another much broader peak at $(\omega, k)=(0,0)$, which can be identified as the point ${\bf q}=0$. This peak becomes smaller and broader along the line identified by ${\bf q} \sim 2 M \omega + k^2 =0$. This peak can be clearly seen in an alternative description below, section \[sec:QWDesc\]. The above mentioned sharper peak seems to follow the broader peak line with some fixed distance, which can be described as $2M \omega + k^2 = \frac{M^2}{b^2}$. This peak is identified as the case where ${\bf w}=0$. Thus we confirm that these two peaks are related to the case when each of the last two terms in (\[MassiveEq\]) has vanishing contributions.
Let us comment about novel features of the scalar correlation functions for the Schrödinger geometry. First, we clearly have two peaks, of which the higher peak is distinctively clear and directly related to the unique property of the Schrödinger geometry, the isometry $M$ and associated chemical potential $\frac{1}{2b^2}$ of the spectator direction. This, apparently, is analogous to the quasi-particle peak at the Fermi surface in the case of spinor. Second, the shape of our peaks in the $(\omega, k)$ space follows a curve $2 M \omega + k^2 = const.$ due to the typical energy dispersion relation in non-relativistic Schrödinger type, rather than relativistic ones which would be linear in the same parameters.
### Description in terms of ${\bf q}$ and ${\bf w}$ {#sec:QWDesc}
While it is more physical to parametrize the physical properties of the correlation function in terms of $\omega, k$, some of its properties are more transparent in terms of the parameters, ${\bf w}$ and ${\bf q}$. Here we add some comments on them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![Imaginary part of the scalar correlation function in terms of the parameters ${\bf w}$ and ${\bf q}$. There are two peaks we observed in the previous plot, figure \[fig:NumBigMZeroMass3D\]. []{data-label="fig:3DPlotQW"}](Im3DWQ-100b.jpg "fig:"){width="65.00000%"}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
The typical shape of the correlator is depicted in figure \[fig:3DPlotQW\]. We would like to identify the corresponding peaks we observed in section \[sec:omegakDesc\]. One of the peaks is located in ${\bf q} =0$, which is matched to the broad peak located in $\omega=k=0$. This is not exactly located at the origin but located in slightly non-zero value of the parameter ${\bf w}=\frac{M}{4\pi b^2 T}$, due to the non-trivial parameter $M$ for the Schrödinger holography. The other peak is very sharp in terms of the parameter ${\bf q}$ and spread out in ${\bf w}$. It is located at finite ${\bf q}^2 = \frac{M^2/b^2 + \vec k^2}{(2\pi b T)^2}$, we can identify this point near ${\bf w}=0$. As we increase the value of ${\bf w}$, the peak gets smaller and broader, but the peak location does not change much in ${\bf q}$.
Let us comment about the behavior of correlation function as we change the bare mass of the scalar $m^2 L^2$, which correspond to the change of the conformal dimension of the corresponding Field theory operator. For the range $-4 < m^2 L^2 < -3$, there is a single peak at ${\bf q}=0$ and at small ${\bf w}$, which spread out as ${\bf w}$ increases. As we increase $m^2 L^2$, the single peak moves to some positive value of ${\bf q}$ without being separated from the peak at $-{\bf q}$. Further increase of the bare mass brings the peak to the origin around at $m^2 L^2=0$. For positive mass range, $m^2 L^2 > 1$, there exist two separate peaks which are similar to the zero mass case in figure \[fig:3DPlotQW\], while the peaks are small compared to the zero mass case. With the numerical analysis, we find that massless $m^2 =0$ case is rather special and has a well defined isolated peaks at ${\bf q}=0$ and ${\bf w}=0$ and spreading as we change the parameters.
Finally we would like to comment on the correlation function at large ${\bf q}$ and large ${\bf w}$ with ${\bf q} \geq {\bf w}$. The figure \[fig:LogPlotLargeQ\] represents a typical behavior in the region. We can check the exponentially decaying behavior we obtained with analytic analysis in equation (\[LoglargeQ\]).
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![A typical log plot of the imaginary part for ${\bf w} = 3$.[]{data-label="fig:LogPlotLargeQ"}](LogPlot.jpg "fig:"){width="50.00000%"}
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Comments on Schrödinger Background
----------------------------------
In this section we consider the aging holography from the generalized Schrödinger background [@Herzog:2008wg][@Maldacena:2008wh][@Adams:2008wt] generated through the null Melvin twist. The action is given by $$\begin{aligned}
&S= \frac{1}{16\pi G} \int d^{5} x \sqrt{-g} \left( R - \frac{4}{3} \partial_{\mu} \phi \partial^{\mu} \phi -\frac{1}{4} e^{-8\phi/3} F^2 - 4 A^2 -4 e^{ 2\phi /3 } \left( e^{2\phi} -4 \right) \right) \;, \end{aligned}$$ where $A$ and $F$ are a massive vector field and the associated field strength, and $\phi$ is a dilaton. The black hole geometry associated with the action was found as $$\begin{aligned}
ds^{2} &= r^{2} k^{-2/3}\left[ \left( \frac{1-h}{4 b^{2}} -r^{2} h \right) (dx^{+})^{2} + \frac{ b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{4}} (dx^{-})^{2} -(1+h)dx^{+}dx^{-} \right] \nonumber \\
& + k^{1/3} \left( r^{2} d\vec{y}^{2} + \frac{dr^{2}}{r^{2} h} \right) \;, \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
& \qquad h = 1- \frac{r_H^{4}}{r^{4}} \;, \qquad
k = 1+ \frac{b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{2}} \;.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ The massive vector field and dilaton also have the non-trivial configurations as $$\begin{aligned}
&A=\frac{r^{2}}{k}\left( \frac{1+h}{2} dx^{+} -\frac{b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{4}} dx^{-} \right)\;, \qquad
e^{\phi} =\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} \;.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Following the previous section, we use the local coordinate transformation (\[SingularTR\]) to generate Aging black hole inherited from the Schrödinger background as $$\begin{aligned}
ds^{2} &= r^{2} k^{-2/3}\left[ \left( \frac{1-h}{4 b^{2}} -r^{2} h \right) (dx^{+})^{2} + \frac{ b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{4}} \left( d x^{-} +\frac{\alpha}{r}d r +\frac{\alpha}{2x^{+}}d x^{+}\right)^{2} \right.\nonumber\\
&\quad \left. -(1+h)dx^{+}\left( d x^{-} +\frac{\alpha}{r}d r +\frac{\alpha}{2x^{+}}d x^{+}\right) \right]
+k^{1/3} \left( r^{2} d\vec{y}^{2} + \frac{dr^{2}}{r^{2} h} \right)\;,\end{aligned}$$ with the massive vector field $$\begin{aligned}
A=\frac{r^{2}}{k} \left[ \left( \frac{1+h}{2} -\frac{\alpha b^2 r_H^{4} }{2x^{+}r^{4}} \right) dx^{+} -\frac{b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{4}} dx^{-} - \frac{\alpha b^2 r_H^{4}}{r^{5}} dr \right] \;.\end{aligned}$$ We can check that the metric reduces to that of [@Jottar:2010vp] when $r_{h} \rightarrow 0 $ and also to that of [@Herzog:2008wg][@Maldacena:2008wh][@Adams:2008wt] when $\alpha \rightarrow 0$ by construction. One can make sure that these configurations satisfy the Einstein equation.
We consider a probe free scalar on this background following the section \[sec:finiteTeq\] with the same equation of motion (\[probeEq\]). Using the mode expansion $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(r,x^{+},\vec{y}) &= \int \frac{d\omega}{2\pi} \frac{d^{2} k}{(2\pi)^{2}} \exp^{-i \vec{k}\cdot \vec{y} } T_{\omega}(x^{+}) f_{\omega, \vec{k}}(r) \phi_{0}(\omega,\vec{k}) \;,\end{aligned}$$ we can separate the $x^{+}$ dependent part of the differential equation with the same operator $\hat{D}$ given in equation (\[TimeOp\]). The solution of the time dependent part is exactly the same as before, $T_{\omega}(x^{+}) = c_{1} \exp^{-i \omega x^{+}}(x^{+})^{\frac{i \alpha M}{2}}$. This is one of the main observation for the aging backgrounds compared to the Aging in light-cone.
Upon changing $z=\frac{r_{h}^{2}}{r^{2}}$ and $f_{\omega,\vec{k}}(z)=z^{- \frac{i \alpha M}{2} }\tilde{g}_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)$, the $z-$dependent equation becomes $$\begin{aligned}
&\tilde g ''- \frac{1+ z^2 }{z (1-z^2) } \tilde g ' - \frac{( m^2 k^{1/3}+M^{2}) }{4 z^2 (1-z^2)} \tilde g
+ \frac{{\bf w}^2 z }{ (1-z^2)^2} \tilde g
- \frac{{\bf q}^2 }{z (1-z^2)} \tilde g = 0 \;, \nonumber \\
&\text{where} \qquad {\bf w} = \frac{M/(2b^2)- \omega }{2 \pi T} \;, \qquad {\bf q}^2 = \frac{2 M \omega + \vec k^2}{(2 \pi b T)^2}\;,
\label{SchrMassiveEq}\end{aligned}$$ with the same temperature relation $r_H = \pi bT$ and with $L=1$ for the notational convenience. Again, this differential equation is identical to that of the Schrödinger backgrounds, confirming the general relations (\[FinalWaveFunction\]), (\[AgingSchrCorrReal\]) and (\[AgingSchrCorrIm\]) in the Schrödinger black hole backgrounds. From these observations, we argue that the local coordinate transformation (\[CoordinateChange\]) brings the same time dependent factor $\left( \frac{x^{+}_{1}}{x^{+}_{2}} \right)^{-\frac{ i \alpha M_R}{2}}$ for $M=M_R$ given in equation (\[AgingSchrCorrReal\]) and $ \left(\frac{ x_2^+}{ x_1^+}\right)^{-\frac{\alpha M_I}{2}}$ given in equation (\[AgingSchrCorrIm\]) to the correlation functions for the holographic aging phenomena.
This equation (\[SchrMassiveEq\]) is the same as the corresponding equation (\[MassiveEq\]) of the AdS in light-cone except the following change $$\begin{aligned}
m^2 \quad \longrightarrow \quad m^{2} ~ k(z)^{1/3} + M^{2} \;,\end{aligned}$$ which is another main observation of this section. We would like to comment about the consequences of this change without detailed investigation of this differential equation.
- In general, $k$ depends on the radial coordinate, which is crucially different from the case of AdS in light-cone. In there, the corresponding term in equation (\[MassiveEq\]) is constant and thus it is possible to consider the case $m^2=0$ consistently. On the other hand, it is not possible to ignore this term for the aging Schrödinger case in general with non-zero $M$. This seems to be the first non-trivial evidence that there exist differences between the two different geometric realizations of Schrödinger holography.
- $k$ is non-singular and monotonically increasing function from $k=1$ at the boundary to $k= 1+\pi^2 b^4 T^2$ at the horizon.
- This is the finite temperature generalization of the difference between the AdS in light-cone and the Schrödinger backgrounds, $m^2 \rightarrow m^2 + M^2$, which remains to be true at the boundary even at finite temperature. Thus we conclude that the differential equation of the Aging background is the same as that of the AdS in light-cone at the asymptotic region.
It seems that the differential equation (\[SchrMassiveEq\]) is similar to the massive case of Aging in light-cone given in (\[MassiveEq\]). It remains to be seen the differences in detail with further investigations, which we postpone for the future.
Conclusion and Outlook
======================
In this paper we studied the time dependent aging systems by considering their dual gravity solutions with relevant symmetry, namely aging symmetry. We mainly focused on AdS in light-cone for the field theory with Schrödinger symmetry and its aging generalizations to incorporate the aging phenomena. Using these geometries, we study the two-point correlation functions of the dual scalar fields in aging system at zero temperature as well as those in Schrödinger system at finite temperature. At zero temperature, the two-time correlation function of the dual scalar fields exhibit all the relevant features of the typical aging system. Among others, it shows that the older is the system the slower it relaxes. At finite, but low, temperature with Schrödinger isometry, the analysis of momentum space correlation function exhibits the exponentially decaying behavior as a function of the inverse temperature.
One of the important features in the Schrödinger holography and also in aging holography is the existence of the spectator direction in the bulk geometry. One usually chooses an eigenvalue $M$ in that $x^-$ direction, which appears as an extra free parameter in the boundary conformal field theory. In order to deal with the time dependent, open and dissipative system, it is tempting to relax the nature of this spectator or, more appropriately, internal direction and allow $M$ to be a complex eigenvalue. Indeed, we could see that all the relevant features of the two-time correlation function in boundary aging system are revealed from the imaginary part of $M$.
Another important point in this paper is the clear differences we found between Aging in light-cone and Aging backgrounds at finite temperature. They are the conformal dimensions of the scalar operators and the mass dependence of the differential equations, which can be understood simply from the differences in the effective mass, $m^2$ in the former and $m'^2 =m^2 k(r)^{1/3} + M^2$ for the latter. For AdS in light-cone, we evaluate two-point correlation functions in momentum space for massless scalar case, $m=0$, with finite $M$ using numerical method and analytic approaches for two special cases, low and high temperature limits. It seems to be possible to connect this case to read off the viscosity in AdS in light-cone with finite $M$ for general setup, while that was not possible in Schrödinger background due to the presence of $m'$ in the fluctuation of the gravity modes. Further systematic investigations are required to see the details, while preliminary analysis is presented in \[sec:viscosity\]. Thus AdS in light-cone and its generalization to aging seems to be more attractive in their physical applications at finite temperature on top of the simplicity and well-defined boundary structure.
Surely, we still need to clarify many issues to use the AdS/CFT correspondence for the time dependent field theory. Further extensive study of the aging system in this paper may shed some lights on the study in this direction. One particular example is the thermodynamic properties of time dependent backgrounds, which are readily calculated in this setup and appropriate applications can be clarified in a controllable setting due to the large isometry and simple setup [@HJK2].
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
We would like to thank to J. Hartong, C. Hoyos, M. Järvinen, E. Kiritsis, M. Lippert, D. Martelli, D. Minic, Y. Oz, C. Panagopoulos, J. Sonnenschein, J. Troost and D. Yamada for discussions, comments and correspondence, especially to M. Järvinen for his careful illustrations of numerical calculations. BSK is grateful to the members, especially J. Sonnenschein, of the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences at Tel Aviv University for their warm hospitality during his visit. We also thank to the referee who provided several critical comments. SH is supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) with the grant number 2009-0074518 and the grant number 2009-0085995 and by the grant number 2005-0049409 through the Center for Quantum Spacetime(CQUeST) of Sogang University. JJ is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) with the grant number 2009-0072755. BSK is supported through excellent grant MEXT-CT-2006-039047 and also partially supported by a European Union grant FP7-REGPOT-2008-1-CreteHEP Cosmo-228644 and by PERG07-GA-2010-268246.
High Temperature Correlator : Next Order {#sec:HighTNext}
========================================
In section \[sec:HighTCorr\], we evaluate the scalar two-point correlation functions for the first non-trivial order. We evaluate the next order with the same setup. Here we summarize only the results. $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z) &= c (1-z)^{i {\bf w}/2} \nonumber \\
&\times \left\{1+ \left(i\frac{ {\bf w}}{2} - {\bf q}^2\right) \ln \frac{1+z}{2} {\bf q}^4 \left(\frac{5\pi ^2}{24}- \ln\left[\frac{1-z}{2}\right] \ln\left[\frac{1+z}{2}\right]+\frac{1}{2} \ln[z] \ln[1+z]
\right. \right. \nonumber \\
& \left. \left. \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad -\frac{1}{2} \text{PL}[2,1-z]+\frac{1}{2} \text{PL}[2,-z]-\text{PL}\left[2,\frac{1+z}{2}\right]\right) \right. \nonumber \\
& \qquad \left.
-\frac{1}{6} i{\bf q}^2 {\bf w} \left(\pi ^2-6 \ln[2]^2+\ln[64] \ln[1-z]
\right. \right. \nonumber \\
& \left. \left. \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad
-6 \ln\left[\frac{1-z}{2}\right] \ln[1+z]-6\text{PL}\left[2,\frac{1+z}{2}\right]\right) \right. \nonumber \\
& \qquad \left. +\frac{1}{24}{\bf w}^2 \left(-2 \pi ^2+15 \ln[2]^2+12 \ln[1-z] \ln\left[\frac{1+z}{2}\right] \right. \right. \nonumber \\
& \left. \left. \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad +3 \ln[1+z] (-2 \ln[8]+\ln[1+z])
+12\text{PL}\left[2,\frac{1+z}{2}\right]\right) \right\} \;, \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
c= \frac{24}{\pi ^2 \left({\bf q}^2-i {\bf w}\right)^2+3 \left(8+\ln [2] \left(-4 {\bf q}^4 \ln [2]+{\bf q}^2 (8+4 i {\bf w} \ln [2])+{\bf w} (-4 i+{\bf w} \ln [8])\right)\right)} \;.\end{aligned}$$ Where $\text{PL}$ is $\text{PolyLog}$. Following the standard prescription, we normalize the wave solution to be unity at $z=0$ and use the incoming boundary condition at $z=1$.
From the first two non-trivial orders of the expansion, we can calculate the momentum correlator as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{{\cal F}}{ 2 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4} &= - \frac{{\bf q}^2}{z_B} -i {\bf w} + {\bf q}^2 + {\bf q}^4+ \left(2 i{\bf w} {\bf q}^2+{\bf w}^2 \right) \ln [2]-{\bf q}^4 \ln [4 z_B] + \cdots \;.
\label{MomentumCorrelatorForSmallWQ}\end{aligned}$$ Note that this is similar to the relativistic results [@Son:2002sd] if we identify the parameters our ${\bf w}$ and ${\bf q}$ as relativistic frequency and momentum, respectively. But the physical meaning of these two parameters are very different and we develop several imaginary contributions by introducing complex $M$ as we explained in section \[sec:HighTCorr\]. In particular, there is another non-trivial contribution $ {\bf w}^2 \ln [2]$ in the next order in addition to $ -i {\bf w}$ even in the case ${\bf q}=0$.
Series Solutions with $m=0$ {#sec:SeriesSolm=0}
===========================
Here we solve the differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]) at the boundary and at the horizon with appropriate expansions in each regions. These series solutions are used in the section \[sec:numerics\]. It is also interesting to consider general cases with non-zero mass $m^2$, we would like to concentrate on $m=0$ in the differential equation (\[MassiveEq\]). These series solutions are used to evaluate the radial part ${\cal F}$ of the correlator as $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F} = &\frac{b^4 \pi ^4 L^{5} T^4}{2 z^3} \left( \frac{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)}{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z_B)} \right)^* \frac{4 z^2 h_z }{L^2} \partial_z \left( \frac{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z)}{\tilde g_{\omega,\vec{k}} (z_B)} \right) \bigg |_{z \rightarrow z_B} \;. \end{aligned}$$
At the boundary, we found a series solution upto 6th order of the expansion as $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde g_{B} = A \left(\sum_{n=0}^{5} a_n z^n + \sum_{n= 2}^{5} b_n z^n \ln z \right)+ B \left( \sum_{n=0}^{5} c_n z^{n+2} \right) \;.\end{aligned}$$ We explicitly list here only the first four terms as $$\begin{aligned}
& a_0 = 1\;, \quad a_1 =- {\bf q}^2 \;, \quad a_2 =0 \;,\quad a_3 =\frac{1}{9} \left(-3 ~ {\bf q}^2+2 ~ {\bf q}^6-3 ~ {\bf w}^2\right)\;, \nonumber \\
& b_2 = -\frac{1}{2} ~{\bf q}^4 \;, \quad b_3 =-\frac{1}{6} ~{\bf q}^6 \;,
\nonumber \\
&c_0 = 1\;, \quad c_1 =\frac{ {\bf q}^2}{3}\;, \quad c_2 =\frac{1}{24} \left(12+ ~{\bf q}^4\right) \;, \quad
c_3 = \frac{1}{360} \left(84 ~{\bf q}^2+ ~{\bf q}^6-24 ~{\bf w}^2\right)
\;. \end{aligned}$$ This solution has two independent parameters, $A$ and $B$, which can be fixed by the solving the differential equation at the horizon using incoming boundary condition and by interpolating the solution to the boundary.
At the horizon we have a similar series solution upto 6th order of the expansion $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde g_{H} = (1-z)^{\frac{i {\bf w}}{2}} \left( \sum_{n=0}^{5} d_n (1-z)^n \right) \;,\end{aligned}$$ with incoming boundary condition at the horizon as explained in the main body. The first four coefficients are $$\begin{aligned}
& d_0 = 1\;, \quad d_1 =\frac{2 i {\bf q}^2+ {\bf w}}{4 i-4 {\bf w}} \;,
\nonumber \\
& d_2 =-\frac{4 {\bf q}^4+ {\bf q}^2 (8+8 i {\bf w})+ {\bf w} \left(-4 i+6 {\bf w}+i {\bf w}^2\right)}{32 \left(-2-3 i {\bf w}+ {\bf w}^2\right)} \;,\nonumber \\
&d_3 = -\frac{8 {\bf q}^6+12 {\bf q}^4 (8+5 i {\bf w})+6 {\bf q}^2 (2+i {\bf w}) (8+ {\bf w} (8 i+ {\bf w})) }{384 (6-i {\bf w} (-11+ {\bf w} (-6 i+ {\bf w})))} \nonumber \\ &\qquad
-\frac{ {\bf w} (-48 i+ {\bf w} (108+(54 i-5 {\bf w}) {\bf w}))}{384 (6-i {\bf w} (-11+ {\bf w} (-6 i+ {\bf w})))}
\;.\end{aligned}$$ These two solutions, near boundary and near horizon solutions, can be connected numerically. And the two-point correlation function is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{{\cal F} }{4 b^4 \pi ^4 L^{3} T^4 } = \frac{B }{A}
\end{aligned}$$ in terms of various parameters we are interested in.
Shear Viscosity {#sec:viscosity}
===============
The finite temperature hydrodynamic correlation functions for the off-diagonal component of the energy-momentum tensor $\langle T_{y_1}^{~y_2}~ T_{y_1}^{~y_2} \rangle$ were evaluated for the Schrödinger background in [@Herzog:2008wg][@Adams:2008wt], while that of the AdS in light-cone was done in [@Kim:2010tf]. It is interesting to recall that the viscosity-entropy ratio for the strongly coupled non-relativistic plasma also satisfies the universal bound, $\frac{\eta}{s} = \frac{1}{4\pi}$ [@Herzog:2008wg][@Adams:2008wt][@Kim:2010tf] for $\omega /T\ll 1$ with vanishing parameters including $M$ as confirmed in section \[sec:HighTCorr\]. If we demand $M=\vec k=0$, the calculations are simple and effectively identical to those with the wave equation for a massless scalar field of AdS$_5$ black hole.
Let us revisit the earlier treatments to evaluate the shear viscosity concentrating on Schrödinger geometry, which essentially used the scalar correlation functions, as advertised in [@Kovtun:2003wp]. While it is straightforward to identify the correlation functions of the energy-momentum tensor to those of scalar operators for the relativistic case with the vanishing spatial momenta, there exist subtleties due to the internal direction in the non-relativistic Schrödinger case. It is argued in [@Herzog:2008wg] that $M=0$ is required to evaluate the shear viscosity in the Schrödinger background. The scalar operator has the conformal dimension $\Delta = 2+ \sqrt{4+L^2 m^2 +M^2 }$ in the Schrödinger backgrounds, while the gravity modes have the conformal dimension $\Delta =4$. Thus it is required to put $M=m=0$ to calculate the shear viscosity using the scalar operator, and thus restricted to the sector, $M=0$.
The story is different for the AdS in light-cone. As we mentioned in several places, we concentrate on the fixed sector of $M$ and we would like to consider the fluctuation equation of the off-diagonal component as in [@Herzog:2008wg] $$\delta g_{y_1}^{y_2} = e^{-i \omega x^+ + i M x^-} \Phi (r) \;,$$ which satisfy the following differential equation $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi'' + \frac{4+h}{r h} \Phi'
+ \frac{\left(M^2 + 4 b^4 \omega^2 \right) (1-h) -4 b^2 M\omega
(1+h)}{4 b^2 r^4 h^2 } \Phi = 0 \;.
\label{MetricFluc}\end{aligned}$$ Thus we are supposed to solve this differential equation directly to get the correlation functions related to the metric fluctuations. This equation is nothing but the scalar differential equation given in (\[MassiveEq\]) with $m=0$, expressed in the $z$-coordinate. Now a crucial difference comes into play. Note that the conformal dimension of a scalar operator is given by $\Delta = 2+ \sqrt{4+L^2 m^2}$. Thus we can just restrict ourselves to the case $m=0$, which is already taken care of in (\[MassiveEq\]). This made it possible to read off the viscosity, for general sector $M$, readily from the boundary two-point correlation of the scalar fields using the equation (\[MetricFluc\]). This would be regarded as a crucial difference between the AdS in light-cone and Schrödinger backgrounds in the finite temperature case. We defer the systematic analysis for finite $M$ with full generality to the future.
For $m=0$, being required by the conformal dimension of the energy momentum tensor, and $M=0$, being required by the condition ${\bf q}=0$ (this restriction would be lifted for general setup), we can read off the shear viscosity from the equation (\[ImFFfinal\]) $$\begin{aligned}
\eta = \frac{ b^4 \pi ^3 L^{3} T^3}{16 G} \qquad \rightarrow \qquad \frac{\eta}{s} = \frac{1}{4\pi} \;,\end{aligned}$$ where we use the entropy formula from [@Kim:2010tf] and take into account the factor $K$ in front of the action (\[ScalarAction\]). This is the advertised entropy-viscosity ratio of the strongly-coupled non-relativistic fluid advertised in [@Herzog:2008wg][@Adams:2008wt][@Kim:2010tf]. The result is the same as the relativistic counter part for $M=0$.
[aaaa]{}
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[^1]: See [*e.g.*]{} [@Horava:2009uw] for a very different usage of the Lifshitz symmetry with z=3 in the context of quantum field theory of gravity.
[^2]: Note that the geometric realizations of Schrödinger symmetry separates itself from the other holographic examples, providing a correspondence between $(d,1)$-dimensional field theory and $(d+3)$-dimensional gravity theory. In addition to the usual radial direction, it has another coordinate $x^-$, which does not contribute to the coordinates in field theory. The $x^-$ coordinate is known to provide a non-relativistic particle number or mass, referred here by $M$. We call this spectator direction, $x^-$, as [*internal*]{} because it does not show up explicitly in the dual field theory.
While the full potential associated with the $x^-$ direction remains to be seen, we believe that the treatment adapted in this paper is one of the first non-trivial examples of utilizing this spectator direction. See [*e.g.*]{} [@Guica:2010sw][@Balasubramanian:2010uw] for different attempts on this issue.
[^3]: See [*e.g.*]{} [@Balasubramanian:1999re][@de; @Haro:2000xn] for holographic renormalization in general, [@Ross:2009ar] for Schrödinger background using modified definition of the stress tensor, and [@Horava:2009vy] for general anisotropic backgrounds using anisotropic scaling.
[^4]: Note the time dependent factor $\left( x^+\right)^{-i \frac{\alpha M_R}{2}}$ in front of the boundary scalar operator is opposite to that of the corresponding scalar field in (\[AgingWaveFunction\]). The scaling dimension of the aging scalar operator is effectively different by $i \alpha M$ compared to that of the Schrödinger case $$\begin{aligned}
[\phi_{\rm aging}] = [\phi_{\text{Schr\"odinger}}] + i \alpha M \;,\end{aligned}$$ as read off from the radial fall-offs in equation (\[FinalWaveFunction\]). This should be compensated by an appropriate time dependent factor. Another way to see this is the the relation $$\begin{aligned}
\langle {\cal O} (1) \cdots \rangle = \frac{\delta}{\delta \phi_0 (1)} \cdots e^{\int_{\partial} {\cal O} \phi_0 } \;, \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ where the time dependent factor would result in opposite way. This is the same for the case with $M=i M_I$ discussed below.
[^5]: One might wonder that this condition invalidates the assumption $ {\bf q}^2, {\bf w}^2 \gg 1$. For ${\bf w} \geq {\bf q}$, one can evaluate the following differential equation $$\begin{aligned}
&g'' = \left({\bf q}^2 \tilde F + \tilde H \right) g \;, \qquad
\tilde F = \frac{(1-z^2) - z^2 \tilde {\bf s}^2 }{z \left(1-z^2\right)^2}\;, \qquad \tilde H = H\;.\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde {\bf s}^2 = 1/{\bf s} ^2 \geq 1$. Then the term proportional to ${\bf q}^2 $ dominates the potential, and the solution can be found in a similar manner.
| 2023-10-17T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3987 |
Liberty and Power
Liberty and Power is a group weblog established in 2003 and is part of the History News Network of the Center for History and New Media. The members share a libertarian or classical liberal perspective. They are primarily university professors and represent diverse fields. Past guest bloggers have included Nicholas Von Hoffman, a former 60 Minutes commentator. Most, but not all, of the members are critical of the Iraq War.
Liberty and Power played an important role in shaping coverage of several news stories. For example, journalists Debra Pickett of the Chicago Sun-Times, Ellen Barry of the Los Angeles Times, and Jerry Mitchell of the Clarion-Ledger quoted David T. Beito because of his entries on the Emmett Till case. Beito had conducted the first interviews in decades with Henry Lee Loggins, an alleged participant in the crime, and Willie Reed, a trial witness.
Entries opposing the Academic Bill of Rights sparked a running debate on Liberty and Power with David Horowitz, the chief sponsor of the bill. They were also instrumental in two articles on the subject for the American Historical Association and the Organization of American Historians.
Contributors
Notable contributors to Liberty and Power include:
Radley Balko, senior editor at Reason magazine.
Jonathan Bean, professor of history at Southern Illinois University.
David T. Beito, associate professor of history at the University of Alabama.
Peter Boettke, professor of economics at George Mason University.
Donald J. Boudreaux, professor of economics at George Mason University.
Stephen D. Cox, editor of Liberty magazine, and professor of Literature at the University of California at San Diego.
Gene Healy, policy analyst at the Cato Institute.
Robert Higgs, senior fellow at the Independent Institute.
Steven Horwitz, professor of economics at St. Lawrence University.
Karen Kwiatkowski, Ph.D. former Air Force colonel and Iraq war critic.
Roderick Long, associate professor of philosophy at Auburn University.
Wendy McElroy, columnist at Fox News.
James Otteson, professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama.
Sheldon Richman, editor of The Freeman.
Chris Matthew Sciabarra, visiting scholar in politics at New York University.
Sudha Shenoy, honorary associate in economic history at the School of Policy at the University of Newcastle, Australia.
Amy H. Sturgis, Ph.D., assistant professor of interdisciplinary studies at Belmont University.
References
David Horowitz, "Historians' Hypocrisy," Frontpage, March 14, 2006.
External links
Liberty and Power Group weblog
RSS feed
Category:American political blogs
Category:Libertarian publications
Category:Internet properties established in 2003 | 2024-03-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/1441 |
Assessment of bariatric surgery efficacy on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
A worldwide rise in weight and obesity is taking place, associated with an increase in several comorbid conditions, such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment approach for obesity, with resultant improvement in obesity-related comorbidities. However, the relationship between this type of treatment and OSA is not well established. This systematic review aims to assess and characterize the impact that different types of bariatric surgery have on obese OSA patients. 22 articles with stated preoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index (AI) or respiratory disturbance index (RDI) were analyzed in this review. A significant improvement in AHI/AI/RDI occurred after surgery, in addition to the foreseeable reduction in body mass index (BMI). Moreover, almost every study stated a postoperative reduction of the AHI to < 20/h and/or a >50% postoperative reduction of AHI, with few exceptions. The interventions with a combined malabsorptive and restrictive mechanism, like roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), were more efficacious in resolving and improving OSA than purely restrictive ones, like laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). In conclusion, bariatric surgery has a significant effect on OSA, leading to its resolution or improvement, in the majority of cases, at least in the short/medium term (1-2 years). However, the different results must be interpreted with caution as there are many potential biases resulting from heterogeneous inclusion criteria, duration of follow-up, diagnostic methodology and assessed variables. | 2023-11-14T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2113 |
Q:
Not able to access data from Rest API-JIRA
I have created a atlassin account for testing the Jira rest api and created a project and tickets under it.
I am able to access the projects but not the issues under it. Please find below for more info
Could someone please help me what permissions I am missing
A:
We can access the issues using URL request for api as below
"https://site.atlassian.net/rest/api/2/search?jql=updated>-90d&startAt="
| 2024-04-29T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/3782 |
Cytokine serum levels, autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction and surface marker analysis in never medicated and chronically medicated schizophrenic patients.
A number of immunological parameters were studied in 82 DSM-III-R diagnosed schizophrenic patients (53 first drug-naive and 29 medicated chronic patients) as well as 62 healthy blood donors. The serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured and correlated with cellular immunity, as assessed by the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). T lymphocyte subsets were also examined. The above immune parameters were reassessed in a subgroup of 11 first-episode, drug-naive patients 1month after neuroleptic medication. IL-2 serum levels were significantly lower, and IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy donors (P<0.001); no significant difference was observed between the two patient groups (medicated and not medicated). Abnormal cytokine serum levels were associated with decreased AMLR responses in vitro. Increased percentages of activated CD4+ and CD16+ natural killer cells, as well as cells expressing ICAM-1 adhesion molecules and IL-2 specific receptors, were detected in the patients. Immunophenotype studies revealed a higher percentage of cells expressing IL-2 receptors in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients compared with drug-naive patients. The abnormal cytokine production in vivo, along with the low AMLR responses in vitro, and the high percentage of activated CD4+ lymphocytes presented in this study suggest alterations in the immune system of schizophrenic patients (medicated or not medicated) consistent with immune activation. | 2023-08-03T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/9139 |
Last updated on .From the section Cricket
Barry McCarthy has made an impressive start to the season with Durham
Durham seam bowler Barry McCarthy's fine start to the season has earned him an Ireland call-up for the one-day series against Sri Lanka.
The 23-year-old, who took his maiden first-class five-wicket haul in May, is the one uncapped player in the squad for the games on 16 and 18 June.
"It's been brilliant to play first-team cricket at Durham and to achieve success," said Dubliner McCarthy.
Both matches against Sri Lanka will be staged at Malahide.
John Bracewell, Ireland's head coach, said: "Barry has been in tremendous form with Durham and deserves his opportunity,"
Craig Young (elbow) and Andrew Balbirnie (hip) were not available because of injury.
Meanwhile, Andrew Poynter has announced his retirement from Ireland and inter-provincial duty because of business and family commitments.
Clontarf batsman Poynter, 29, made his Ireland debut against Bangladesh A in 2008 and made 69 appearances for his country.
"I have always found it tough to manage an international and inter-provincial cricket career whilst having to juggle running my own business," said Poynter.
"I'm head of youth coaching at Clontarf CC and have other coaching roles as well as a young family."
Ireland coach John Bracewell said Poynter had made a "tremendous contribution to Irish cricket".
Ireland squad: William Porterfield (Warwickshire, capt), George Dockrell (Leinster Lightning), Ed Joyce (Sussex), Tim Murtagh (Middlesex), Andrew McBrine (North-West Warriors), Barry McCarthy (Durham/Leinster Lightning), Kevin O'Brien (Leinster Lightning/Leicestershire), Niall O'Brien (Leicestershire), Stuart Poynter (Durham), Boyd Rankin (Warwickshire), Paul Stirling (Middlesex), Stuart Thompson (North-West Warriors), Gary Wilson (Surrey). | 2024-07-27T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2754 |
NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
JASON GRANT GETSCHER, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 18-0500
FILED 8-27-2019
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2017-153891-001
The Honorable Mark H. Brain, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Joseph T. Maziarz
Counsel for Appellee
Barbara Hull Attorney at Law, Phoenix
By Barbara L. Hull
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. GETSCHER
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Judge Kenton D. Jones delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Paul J. McMurdie and Judge Randall M. Howe joined.
J O N E S, Judge:
¶1 Jason Getscher appeals from his conviction and sentence for
one count of forgery. After searching the entire record, Getscher’s defense
counsel identified no arguable question of law that is not frivolous.
Therefore, in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), and
State v. Leon, 104 Ariz. 297 (1969), defense counsel asks this Court to search
the record for fundamental error. Getscher was granted an opportunity to
file a supplemental brief in propria persona and did so. After reviewing the
entire record, we reject the arguments raised in Getscher’s supplemental
brief, and find no error. Accordingly, Getscher’s conviction and sentence
are affirmed.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 On November 21, 2017, police discovered a fabricated
Arizona driver’s license in Getscher’s wallet.1 The license included a
photograph of Getscher but the name and personal information of a
different individual, which Getscher had acquired while selling that
individual a truck. After being informed of his rights pursuant to Miranda
v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 433-34 (1966), Getscher admitted to making the
license, claiming he did so to show a friend how easy fake IDs are to make.
¶3 The State charged Getscher with one count of forgery. He was
released on bond and admonished to appear at all further hearings. After
appearing at most of the pretrial hearings, Getscher failed to appear at trial,
and his counsel did not object to the trial continuing in his absence. The
jury was instructed not to consider Getscher’s absence when deciding
whether the State had proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
1 “We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the
conviction[] with all reasonable inferences resolved against the defendant.”
State v. Harm, 236 Ariz. 402, 404, ¶ 2 n.2 (App. 2015) (quoting State v.
Valencia, 186 Ariz. 493, 495 (App. 1996)).
2
STATE v. GETSCHER
Decision of the Court
¶4 At the close of the State’s case, the jury convicted Getscher as
charged. At sentencing, Getscher admitted four prior felony convictions
for: (1) forgery committed on November 16, 2012 in CR2012-159020-001;
(2) forgery committed on February 22, 2011 in CR2011-138297-035;
(3) misconduct involving weapons committed on June 14, 2002 in CR2002-
010297-001; and (4) forgery committed on May 25, 2001 in 2001-008582-001.
The State indicated that two of the convictions would be used as historical
priors for repetitive offender status and one of the felonies from less than
ten years prior would serve as an aggravating factor. In mitigation,
Getscher introduced letters from family and his role as a witness in an
unrelated murder trial.
¶5 The trial court sentenced Getscher as a non-dangerous,
category-three repetitive offender to the presumptive sentence of ten years’
imprisonment, adding that while the mitigation did not outweigh the
aggravation, the presumptive sentence was appropriate. The court credited
Getscher with fifty-three days of presentence incarceration. Getscher
timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to Arizona Revised
Statutes (A.R.S.) §§ 12-120.21(A)(1),2 13-4031, and -4033(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
I. Prior Felony Convictions
¶6 Within his supplemental brief, Getscher raises several
arguments suggesting error in the use of his prior felony convictions in
sentencing. In sum, Getscher contends the convictions were either old or
improperly counted and should not have impacted his sentencing;
therefore, he should have been sentenced according to a lesser sentencing
category. We disagree.
¶7 Getscher relies on A.R.S. § 13-105(22)(c), which allows a class
four felony to serve as an historical prior only if “committed within the five
years immediately preceding the date of the present offense.” However,
this section goes on to add that “any time spent . . . incarcerated is excluded
in calculating if the offense was committed within the preceding five
years.” In addition, “[a]ny felony conviction that is a third or more prior
felony conviction” can also serve as an historical prior felony conviction.
A.R.S. § 13-105(22)(d). Applying these definitions, the 2012 forgery
conviction falls within the five-year limit required for an historical prior
2 Absent material changes from the relevant date, we cite the current
version of rules and statutes.
3
STATE v. GETSCHER
Decision of the Court
under subsection (c), and the third and fourth prior felony convictions
qualify as historical priors under subsection (d) regardless of the date the
underlying crimes were committed. Therefore, the trial court properly
sentenced Getscher as a category-three repetitive offender, in accord with
A.R.S. § 13-703(C) (“[A] person shall be sentenced as a category three
repetitive offender if the person is at least eighteen years of age or has been
tried as an adult and stands convicted of a felony and has two or more
historical prior felony convictions.”).
¶8 Getscher also argues that his prior felony convictions were
counted incorrectly, particularly that a single count of forgery was counted
as a conviction in both CR2011-138297-035 and CR2012-159021-001. The
record reflects, however, that Getscher committed the former offense on
February 22, 2011, and the imposition of sentence was suspended following
his conviction on August 15, 2012. Getscher then committed a new forgery
offense on November 16, 2012, and was convicted on April 9, 2013. At a
combined sentencing and disposition hearing, Getscher’s probation was
revoked, and he was sentenced for both offenses. The fact that sentence
was imposed for the two charges at the same time is immaterial; the crimes
were distinct events for which Getscher was convicted separately. The fact
that he was initially placed on probation for the 2011 offense, and not
sentenced to prison until convicted of the subsequent felony, does not
change the fact that there were two separate offenses committed and
adjudicated.
¶9 Getscher further argues the trial court should not have
considered his prior felony convictions because they were not determined
by a jury. Getscher waived error on this basis when he voluntarily waived
his right to a trial on the issue. Although Getscher argues the waiver was
invalid because the State needed to agree to the waiver, this argument is
without precedent, and the record reflects Getscher unambiguously
intended to waive the priors trial. See State v. Young, 230 Ariz. 265, 268-69
(App. 2012) (holding that there is no error, let alone fundamental error,
when the defendant was advised of his rights and knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently waived the right to a priors trial).
II. Mitigating Factors
¶10 Getscher also argues the trial court improperly weighed the
mitigating factors that were introduced during sentencing. In his
supplemental brief, Getscher contends that the court first suggested that the
mitigating factors outweighed the aggravating factors and then later
asserted the opposite. Upon review of the record, we find that it was
4
STATE v. GETSCHER
Decision of the Court
Getscher’s counsel who made the former statement, and that Getscher was
incorrect in asserting that the court had done so. This Court, furthermore,
“will not disturb a trial court’s sentencing discretion as long as we find
reasonable evidence in the record to substantiate the aggravating factors
found by the trial court.” State v. Smith, 171 Ariz. 501, 506 (App. 1992)
(citing State v. Meador, 131 Ariz. 343, 348 (App. 1982)). The record contains
reasonable evidence to substantiate the aggravating factors here, and we
therefore need not disturb the court’s decision to impose a presumptive
sentence despite any mitigating factors raised.
III. Fundamental Error Review
¶11 Further review reveals no fundamental error. See Leon, 104
Ariz. at 300 (“An exhaustive search of the record has failed to produce any
prejudicial error.”). “A person commits forgery if, with intent to defraud,
the person: [f]alsely makes, completes or alters a written instrument.”
A.R.S. § 13-2002(A)(1). The record contains sufficient evidence upon which
a jury could determine beyond a reasonable doubt that Getscher was guilty
of that offense.
¶12 All the proceedings were conducted in compliance with the
Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure. So far as the record reveals, Getscher
was represented by counsel at all stages of the proceedings. See State v.
Conner, 163 Ariz. 97, 104 (1990) (right to counsel at critical stages) (citations
omitted). Getscher did not appear for the final pretrial management
conference or trial but does not suggest any error in the trial court’s decision
to proceed in absentia. We likewise find no error, as Getscher was advised
of the trial date and warned that the State could go forward with the trial
in his absence if he failed to appear. See State v. Muniz-Caudillo, 185 Ariz.
261, 262 (App. 1996) (“The trial court may infer that a defendant’s absence
is voluntary if the defendant had personal knowledge of the time of the
proceeding, his right to be present, and the warning that the proceeding
would take place in his absence if he failed to appear.”) (citing State v.
Tudgay, 128 Ariz. 1, 2 (1981), and Ariz. R. Crim. P. 9.1). Moreover, the jury
was instructed not to consider Getscher’s absence when deciding whether
the State had proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
¶13 The jury was properly comprised of eight jurors, and the
record shows no evidence of jury misconduct. See A.R.S. § 21-102(B); Ariz.
R. Crim. P. 18.1(a). The trial court properly instructed the jury on the
elements of the charged offenses, the State’s burden of proof, and Getscher’s
presumption of innocence. At sentencing, Getscher was given an
opportunity to speak, and the court stated upon the record the evidence
5
STATE v. GETSCHER
Decision of the Court
and materials it considered in imposing the sentence. See Ariz. R. Crim. P.
26.9, 26.10. Additionally, the sentences imposed were within the statutory
limits. See A.R.S. § 13-703(C), (J).
CONCLUSION
¶14 Getscher’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
¶15 Defense counsel’s obligations pertaining to Getscher’s
representation in this appeal have ended. Defense counsel need do no more
than inform Getscher of the outcome of this appeal and his future options,
unless, upon review, counsel finds an issue appropriate for submission to
our supreme court by petition for review. State v. Shattuck, 140 Ariz. 582,
584-85 (1984).
¶16 Getscher has thirty days from the date of this decision to
proceed, if he wishes, with an in propria persona petition for review. See Ariz.
R. Crim. P. 31.21. Upon the Court’s own motion, we also grant Getscher
thirty days from the date of this decision to file an in propria persona motion
for reconsideration. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 31.20.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
6
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| 2024-03-22T01:26:18.401715 | https://example.com/article/2281 |
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