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. graphene as a self - cooling device despite the extreme interest in the material, deal of mystery still surrounds graphene. because it is so extremely thin, it is difficult to test and measure accurately certain properties of the material. overcoming technical challenges, the university of illinois team used an atomi... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.645985 | 509 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:65b55048-f9ba-4db3-bbce-136fce4b77fb> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:07.947731 |
researchers at new jersey institute of technology ( njit ) have developed an inexpensive solar cell that can be painted or printed on flexible plastic sheets. “ someday, homeowners will even be able to print sheets of these solar cells with inexpensive home - based inkjet printers. consumers can then slap the finished ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.600754 | 488 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ebbdca74-3fac-402d-ad43-fe49594f0872> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:08.055054 |
breakthroughs bring the next two major leaps in computing power into sight breakthroughs might make quantum computing, replacement for silicon practical within a decade one of the best things about covering technology is that you ' re always on the edge of a completely new generation of stuff that will make everything ... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.65011 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:3ca19734-477a-46c8-bb68-c661817a1a5c> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.132540 |
by quantum - mechanical theory, and recorded the results. abstracting those results lets the computer model predict the behavior of almost any other quantum particle or environment, making it possible to use the quantum version of a cad / cam system to develop and test new approaches to the systems that will actually b... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.679936 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:3ca19734-477a-46c8-bb68-c661817a1a5c> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.133653 |
in this study, ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are fabricated using standard techniques such as electrochemical deposition of metals into porous anodic alumina oxide templates having pore diameters of about 50 nm. we perform optical measurements on these nanowire array structures. opt... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.653967 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.823743 |
- field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of light radiation. the spr in metal nanowires and related phenomena ( such as the surface - enhanced raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plasmonic excitation, to mention but a few ) contributes greatly ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.634597 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.824852 |
is used for the detection of 400 - to 800 - nm wavelength regime, and the ingaas photodetector is employed for the measurement of 1 - to 2 - μm wavelength regime. for measurements in the visible regime, the temperatures are set at 4. 2, 70, 150, and 200 k and at room temperature. the change of temperature is achieved i... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.641882 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.827045 |
nanowire arrays. figure 2. the spectra of optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k as indicated. the results for a ni nanowire array ( a ), a ni / cu superlattice nanowire array ( b ), and a cu nanowire array ( c ) are shown. in figure 3, the or spectra ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.637945 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.828109 |
arrays do. because the quantum confinement effect affects mainly the electronic states in different bands in the array structure, the main features of or due to interband electronic transition does not change very significantly. this is why ni nanowire arrays can reflect more strongly the visible radiation than cu arra... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.675082 | 511 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 7 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.832326 |
important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structure. we hope that the interesting experimental findings from this study can provide an in - depth understanding of optical properties of cu and ni nanowire arrays and cu / ni superlattice nanowire arrays and can provide a physical base fo... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.636577 | 334 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0> | 8 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.833087 |
is light made of waves, or particles? this fundamental question has dogged scientists for decades, because light seems to be both. however, until now, experiments have revealed light to act either like a particle, or a wave, but never the two at once. now, for the first time, a new type of experiment has shown light be... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.690353 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2beee413-cfb4-4e4b-b8c0-5316c1b27634> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.856554 |
a wave and a particle in our experiment, " physicist alberto peruzzo of england ' s university of bristol said in a statement. " this represents a strong refutation of models in which the photon is either a wave or a particle. " peruzzo is lead author of a paper describing the experiment published in the nov. 2 issue o... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.694704 | 289 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2beee413-cfb4-4e4b-b8c0-5316c1b27634> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:09.857182 |
pppl scientists propose a solution to a critical barrier to producing fusion posted april 23, 2012 ; 05 : 00 p. m. physicists from the u. s. department of energy ' s princeton plasma physics laboratory ( pppl ) have discovered a possible solution to a mystery that has long baffled researchers working to harness fusion.... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.622763 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.299003 |
energy. the impurities stem from particles that the plasma kicks up from the tokamak wall. " when you hit this magical density limit, the islands grow and coalesce and the plasma ends up in a disruption, " said delgado - aparicio. these islands actually inflict double damage, the scientists said. besides cooling the pl... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.61937 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.300179 |
science, students are learning to isolate important characteristics, enumerate characteristics, use appropriate terminology, and use synonyms which are important reading skills ( carter & simpson, 1978 ). when students have used the process skills of observing, identifying, and classifying, they are better able to disc... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.605306 | 473 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ec9cf480-f6cb-437c-a4cf-e506d9210796> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.391677 |
please read how you can help keep the encyclopedia free absolute and relational theories of space and motion since antiquity, natural philosophers have struggled to comprehend the nature of three tightly interconnected concepts : space, time, and motion. a proper understanding of motion, in particular, has been seen to... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.643042 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.553053 |
bodies. fields, while determined by the states of bodies, are not themselves configurations of bodies if interpreted literally, and in quantum mechanics bodies have ‘ internal states ' such as particle spin. ) while not all changes seem to be merely the ( loco ) motions of bodies in physical space. yet since antiquity,... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.656294 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.556622 |
standards — uses that treat things closer to a point at the center of the earth as more ‘ down ’ and motions towards that point as ‘ downwards '. of course we would likely explain this usage in terms of the fact that we and our language evolved in a very noticeable gravitational field directed towards the center of the... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.630777 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.557816 |
the space that it occupies. thus it doesn ' t change place, which is should be to say that it doesn ' t move after all! descartes resolved this difficulty by taking all motion to be the motion of bodies relative to one another, not a literal change of space. now, a body has as many relative motions as there are bodies ... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.611629 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.561152 |
) to be a complete predicate : that is, moves - properly - speaking is a one - place predicate. ( in contrast, moves - relative - to is a two - place predicate. ) and note that the predicate is complete despite the fact that it is analyzed in terms of relative motion. ( formally, let contiguous - surroundings be a func... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.609478 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 6 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.562159 |
faster one ( rule iii ). but if the operative meaning of motion in the rules is the ordinary sense, then these two situations are just the same situation, differing only in the choice of reference frame, and so could not have different outcomes — bouncing apart versus moving off together. it seems inconceivable that de... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.608094 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 7 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.564292 |
the sense of motion relative to an arbitrary reference body, is not the mechanical sense, since that kind of rotation is not unique at all, but depends on the motion of the reference body. and so descartes ’ change of place ( and for similar reasons, motion in the ordinary sense ) is not the mechanically significant se... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.611691 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 9 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.570020 |
hand, presumably it is supposed to be part of the physical, not mental, realm. in de gravitatione, newton rejected both the standard philosophical categories of substance and attribute as suitable characterizations. absolute space is not a substance for it lacks causal powers and does not have a fully independent exist... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.650398 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 11 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.572783 |
the reader is referred to the entry on spacetime : inertial frames, but the general idea is that although a spatial distance is well - defined between any two simultaneous points of this spacetime, only the temporal interval is well - defined between non - simultaneous points. thus things are rather unlike newton ' s a... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.640816 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 12 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.574058 |
as aristotle and descartes proposed ). put another way, we can define the complete predicate x accelerates as trajectory ( x ) has - non - zero - rate - of - change - from - straightness, where trajectory maps bodies onto their trajectories in galilean spacetime. and this predicate, defined this way, applies to the wat... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.656026 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 13 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.575349 |
in general — and so the first of leibniz ' s problem is resolved. of course we see that the solution depends on a crucial shift from speed and velocity to acceleration as the relevant senses of ‘ motion ’ : from the rate of change of position to the rate of rate of change. while this proposal solves the first kind of p... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.613211 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 14 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.576522 |
. some of these tensions can be put down simply to his changing his mind ( see cover and hartz 1988 for an explication of how leibniz ' s views on space developed ). however, we will concentrate on the fairly short period in the mid 1680 - 90s during which leibniz developed his theory of mechanics, and was most concern... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.60949 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 15 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.577630 |
bodies. thus the thing that we take to be the same for the two bodies — the place — is something added by our minds to the situation, and only ideal. as a result, space, which is after all constructed from these ideal places, is itself ideal : ‘ a certain order, wherein the mind conceives the application of relations ’... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.614876 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 16 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.578645 |
active forces result. ( there ' s a real puzzle here. collision presupposes space, but primitive forces constitute matter prior to any spatial concepts — the primitive active and passive forces ground motion and extension respectively. see garber and rauzy, 2004. ) derivative passive force shows up in the different deg... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.613484 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 17 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.579640 |
speed associated with each body. at the very least, leibniz does say that there is a real difference between possession and non - possession of vis viva ( e. g., in section 18 of the discourse ) and it is a small step from there to true, privileged speed. indeed, for leibniz, mere change of relative position is not ‘ e... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.609338 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 18 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.580643 |
an order of successions ” ( liii. 4 ), which is naturally taken to mean that space is at base nothing but the distance and temporal relations between bodies. ( though even this passage has its subtleties, because of the ideality of space discussed above, and because in leibniz ' s conception space determines what sets ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.604626 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 21 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.583687 |
the kind of folk - reading of newton that underlies much of the contemporary literature replaces mach ' s interpretation with a more charitable one. according to this reading, newton ' s point is that his mechanics — unlike descartes ' — could explain why the surface of the rotating water is curved, that his explanatio... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.628493 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 24 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.591881 |
in a further example from newton ' s scholium. newton considered a pair of identical spheres, connected by a cord, too far from any bodies to observe any relative motions ; he pointed out that their rate and direction of rotation could still be experimentally determined by measuring the tension in the rod, and by pushi... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.626231 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 25 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.593017 |
deny any relations between bodies and spacetime itself. like the actual leibniz, they allow absolute quantities of motion, but claim that space and time themselves are nothing but the relations between bodies. of course, such views raise the question of how a motion can be not relative to anything at all, and how we ar... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.620417 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 27 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.595263 |
( and by extension the globes argument ) that has largely persisted in the literature since. mach viewed the argument as directed against a ‘ strict ’ or ‘ general - relativity ’ form of relationism, and as an attempt to establish the existence of absolute space. mach points out the obvious gap in the argument when so ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.624772 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 28 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.596364 |
to be taken over all massive bodies in the universe. since the top sum is weighted by distance, distant masses count much more than near ones. in a world with a ( reasonably ) static distribution of heavy distant bodies, such as we appear to live in, the equation entails local conservation of linear momentum in ‘ inert... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.608356 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 29 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.597441 |
us that the relative rotation of the water with respect to the sides of the vessel produces no noticeable centrifugal forces, but that such forces are produced by its relative rotation with respect to the mass of the earth and the other celestial bodies. no one is competent to say how the experiment would turn out if t... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.618873 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 30 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.598492 |
/ minkowski ) spacetime setting, we discuss them in the next section. ) rather than formulating a revised law of gravity / inertia using relative quantities, barbour and bertotti attacked the problem using the framework of lagrangian mechanics, replacing the elements of the action that involve absolute quantities of mo... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.638638 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 31 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.599645 |
a temptation to think of at least acceleration as ‘ true ’ or ‘ absolute ’. if such a realist believes motion to be by nature a relation rather than a property ( and as we saw in the introduction, not all philosophers accept this ) then she will feel obliged to accord some sort of existence or reality to the structure ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.639569 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 33 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.607199 |
sizes ), it is arguably most natural to restrict oneself to the invariant spacetime separation given by the interval between two points : [ dx2 + dy2 + dz2 — dt2 ] — the four - dimensional analog of the pythagorean theorem, for spacetime distances. if one regards the spacetime interval relations between masses - at - t... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.641339 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 34 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.608775 |
either. their oddity is forcefully captured by noticing that if we choose appropriate bits of matter at ‘ times ’ eight minutes apart, i - now am at zero distance from the surface of the sun ( of eight minutes ‘ past ’, since it took 8 minutes for light from the sun to reach me - now ). so we are by no means dealing he... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.615976 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 35 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.610084 |
spatial relations change. maudlin does not claim this version of relationism to be victorious over an absolutist or substantivalist conception of minkowski spacetime, when it comes time to make judgments about the theory ' s ontology. there may be more to vindicating relationism than merely establishing a 1 - 1 correla... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.627629 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 36 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.611294 |
happened — disconfirmation. as is well known, attempts to detect the earth ' s velocity in the aether were unsuccessful. on the theory side, attempts to formulate the transformation laws for electrodynamics in moving frames — in such a way as to be compatible with experimental results — were complicated and inelegant. ... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.615211 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 37 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.612429 |
desiderata. but einstein ' s chief reason for not pursuing the reconciliation of gravitation with str ' s spacetime appears to have been his desire, beginning in 1907, to replace str with a theory in which not only velocity could be considered merely relative, but also acceleration. that is to say, einstein wanted if p... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.616843 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 38 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.613478 |
gtr ). there is one key element left out of this success story, however, and it is crucial to understanding why most physicists reject einstein ' s claim to have eliminated absolute states of motion in gtr. going back to our accelerating rocket, we accepted einstein ' s claim that we could regard the ship as hovering a... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.603856 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 40 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.615800 |
be completely determined by the relational distribution of matter ( and relative motions ), einstein wished to see the metric as entirely determined by the distribution of matter and energy. but what the gtr field equations entail is, in general, only a partial - determination relation. we cannot go into the mathematic... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.623566 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 41 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.617208 |
is best understood as rotation relative to a ‘ background ’ spacetime that is identical to the minkowski spacetime of str, only ‘ curved ’ by the presence of matter in the region of the star. on the other hand, there is one charge of failure - to - relativize - motion sometimes leveled at gtr that is unfair. it is some... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.611793 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 42 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.625890 |
frame - dragging becomes complete inside the shell. in other words : our original minkowski background structure effectively disappears, and inertia becomes wholly determined by the shell of matter, just as mach posited was the case. this complete determination of inertia by the global matter distribution appears to be... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.644147 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 43 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.629701 |
; the inertial effects normally used to argue for absolute motion are all understandable as effects of rotations and accelerations relative to the cosmic matter, just as mach hoped. but even if we agree that motions in our world are in fact all relative in this sense, this does not automatically settle the traditional ... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.66368 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 44 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.632397 |
debate ’. ( i ) there is the question of whether all motions and all possible descriptions of motions are equal, or whether some are ‘ real ’ — what we have called, in seventeenth century parlance, ‘ true ’. there is a natural temptation for those who hold that there is ‘ nothing but the relative positions and motions ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.626627 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 45 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.638302 |
- in - chief, but we will clarify his relationist credentials below. finally, we have discussed ( ii ) in the context of relativity, first examining maudlin ' s proposal that the embedding of a relationally - specified system in minkowski spacetime is in general unique once all the spacetime interval - distance relatio... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.640259 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 46 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.642992 |
motion and space, which exists in leibniz ' s views, but which is otherwise problematic ; still, no better description presents itself. others who are absolutists about motion but relationists about space include sklar ( 1974 ) and van fraassen ( 1985 ) ; sklar introduced a primitive quantity of acceleration, not super... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.610858 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 47 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.645688 |
c., 1994, “ einstein ' s struggle for a machian gravitation theory, ” studies in history and philosophy of science, 25 : 287 - 336. - huggett, n., 2006, “ the regularity account of relational spacetime, ” mind, 115 : 41 - 74. - – – –, 2000, “ space from zeno to einstein : classic readings with a contemporary commentary... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.635693 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 49 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.648637 |
graham, 1994, the shape of space ( 2nd edition ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - neumann, c., 1870, ueber die principien der galilei - newton ' schen theorie. leipzig : b. g. teubner, 1870. - newton, i., 2004, newton : philosophical writings, a. janiak ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - newto... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.646177 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 50 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.650025 |
l., 1974, space, time and spacetime, berkeley : university of california press. - stein, h., 1977, “ some philosophical prehistory of general relativity, ” in minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 8 : foundations of space - time theories :, j. earman, c. glymour and j. stachel ( eds. ), minneapolis : universit... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.646694 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 51 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.651472 |
287 - 319. - earman, j. and j. norton, 1987, “ what price spacetime substantivalism : the hole story, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 38 : 515 - 525. - hoefer, c., 2000, “ kant ' s hands and earman ' s pions : chirality arguments for substantival space, ” international studies in the philosophy of scie... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.645447 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 52 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.656983 |
314. - – – –, 1996, “ what spacetime explains, ” philosophical quarterly, 46 : 127 - 131. - – – –, 1994, what spacetime explains : metaphysical essays on space and time, new york : cambridge univ pr. - – – –, 1973, “ hands, knees, and absolute space, ” journal of philosophy, 70 : 337 - 351. - rynasiewicz, r., 2000, “ o... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.609664 | 314 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62> | 53 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.658423 |
by staff writers chicago il ( spx ) jan 11, 2013 technologically valuable ultrastable glasses can be produced in days or hours with properties corresponding to those that have been aged for thousands of years, computational and laboratory studies have confirmed. aging makes for higher quality glassy materials because t... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.605374 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c3f50b79-8c61-44c3-9407-5d3feede364f> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.792816 |
had actually produced a highly evolved, ordinary glass rather than an entirely new material. " there ' s interest in making these materials on the computer because you have direct access to the structure, and you can therefore determine the relationship between the arrangement of the molecules and the physical properti... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.619068 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:c3f50b79-8c61-44c3-9407-5d3feede364f> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:10.793896 |
in the star wars : where science meets imagination exhibit, luke skywalker ' s landspeeder is on display for the first time. click on image for full size courtesy of landspeeder image © 2006 lucasfilm ltd. & tm photo : dom miguel photography star wars exhibition brings reality to fantasy news story originally written o... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.604265 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b520b6fd-c96f-4973-b437-da14b19d3e8f> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.434066 |
learn something new every day more info... by email a block diagram is a graphical method used to explain the concept of a system without the need to understand the individual components within that system. this type of diagram might be used in a variety of industries to illustrate and educate individuals about how a s... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.613566 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2c34c5c0-a1b4-4d46-b4ea-5cdd8086df4a> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.474913 |
p ] ( x ) to be the result of running p with input x. now we define p ( x ) to be the program p modified so that it no longer takes an argument or input but instead substitutes the ' hard - coded ' value of x instead. in other words [ p ( x ) ] = [ p ] ( x ). p ( x ) is, of course, another program. there are also many ... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.630229 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:e9f8736e-fa3e-4ea6-b907-b80b1d97b5d9> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.799256 |
) ( by definition of q0 ) = [ q0 ( q0 ) ] ( by definition of p ( x ) ) in other words q0 ( q0 ) is our fixed point. so now take p to compute the identity function. then [ q0 ( q0 ) ] = [ p ] ( q0 ( q0 ) ) = q0 ( q0 ). so q0 ( q0 ) outputs itself when run! what ' s more, this also tells us how to do other fun stuff like... | subdomain_quantum_cryptography | 0.632 | 337 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:e9f8736e-fa3e-4ea6-b907-b80b1d97b5d9> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.799863 |
principles of design balance in design is similar to balance in physics. a large shape close to the center can be balanced by a small shape close to the edge. a large light toned shape will be balanced by a small dark toned shape ( the darker the shape the heavier it appears to be ) graduation of size and direction pro... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.608988 | 396 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:1c130101-a582-4897-9622-779b3ce5a7a6> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.802744 |
what is fluorescence? fluorescence is the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light. this property has led to a variety of uses. let ’ s shed some further light on this topic ; consider the omnipresent “ fluorescent ” lights... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.644678 | 486 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8a9fffa2-d413-4b8a-87c4-d9c60c04d098> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.807757 |
one of my favorite science fiction ideas is in a short story called light of other days about something called “ slow glass. ” light took decades to pass through. in this story, the idea was that people could buy glass windows that took so long for the light to pass through, that they could nostalgically watch long gon... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.619853 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8f498e56-e231-41ee-a50d-2f4d5c42ebe2> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:11.856286 |
textbooks. discussions of textbooks have been included on creation and evolution in the public education debate. the smith v. board of school commissioners of mobile county case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks. in his book, surely you ' re joking, mr. feynman!, the late physi... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.601352 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c> | 12 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.133953 |
phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re - emit the radiation it absorbs. the slower time scales of the re - emission are associated with " forbidden " energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. as these t... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.680594 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:cbfeed37-69d9-4a8e-b3f9-0b5f8344ab1e> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.308578 |
thus progress at significantly slower time scales. most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet lifetimes on the order of milliseconds. however, some compounds have triplet lifetimes up to minutes or even hours, allowing these substances to effectively store light energy in the form of... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.625602 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:cbfeed37-69d9-4a8e-b3f9-0b5f8344ab1e> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.309650 |
| quantum field theory | | | it has been suggested that this article be merged with zero - point energy. ( discuss ) proposed since june 2012. | in quantum field theory, the vacuum state ( also called the vacuum ) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. generally, it contains no physical particles. zero -... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.729032 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.399507 |
a field φ, which should be written as, is usually condensed to. virtual particles the presence of virtual particles can be rigorously based upon the non - commutation of the quantized electromagnetic fields. non - commutation means that although the average values of the fields vanish in a quantum vacuum, their varianc... | subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics | 0.708868 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.404967 |
quantum fields have zero - point energies and vacuum fluctuations. " this means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field ( considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields ), such as the electromagnetic field, the dirac electron - positron field, and so on. according... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.675243 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.410790 |
and philosophy. london / new york : routledge. chapter 10, p. 205. isbn 0 - 415 - 03221 - 0. - aip physics news update, 1996 - physical review focus dec. 1998 - walter dittrich & gies h ( 2000 ). probing the quantum vacuum : perturbative effective action approach. berlin : springer. isbn 3 - 540 - 67428 - 4. - for an h... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.71054 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.412633 |
( 14 ). arxiv : hep - ph / 0607118. bibcode : 2006phrvl.. 97n0402g. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 97. 140402. - davis ; joseph harris ; gammon ; smolyaninov ; kyuman cho ( 2007 ). " experimental challenges involved in searches for axion - like particles and nonlinear quantum electrodynamic effects by sensitive optical ... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.744026 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.413826 |
example, moray b. king ( 2001 ). quest for zero point energy : engineering principles for ' free energy ' inventions. adventures unlimited press. pp. 124 ff. isbn 0 - 932813 - 94 - 1. - quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be m... | subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics | 0.729226 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 6 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.414968 |
york, isbn 0 – 88318 – 797 – 3, page 342. - jauch, j. m., rohrlich, f. ( 1955 / 1980 ). the theory of photons and electrons. the relativistic quantum field theory of charged particles with spin one - half, second expanded edition, springer - verlag, new york, isbn 0 – 387 – 07295 – 0, pages 287 – 288. - milonni, p. w. ... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.682218 | 509 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 7 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:12.416264 |
by the temperature factors. high values, indicating lots of motion, are in red and yellow, and low values are in blue. notice that the interior of the protein has low b - values and the amino acids on the surface have higher values. you can click on the picture for an interactive jmol view. tip : temperature factors ar... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.61753 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:3cad986f-7e03-4efc-8be6-6e30e29e53b4> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:13.757230 |
it ' s entertaining, the same way you or i would enjoy a video game in a completely sandboxed environment. they, however, are doing things in the real world. same layer of digital separation between you and the consequences of your actions, with the added thrill of knowing it ' s real. - does computer insecurity exist ... | subdomain_quantum_cryptography | 0.600207 | 326 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:f1e52f6b-281e-4507-bbd1-be5c4b3c1422> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:13.927983 |
mit professor ’ s book digs into the eclectic, textually linked reading choices of people in medieval london. cambridge, mass. - - following the 1997 creation of the first laser to emit pulsed beams of atoms, mit researchers report in the may 16 online version of science that they have now made a continuous source of c... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.640813 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:14.210007 |
the bose - einstein condensate ( bec ). bec forms at temperatures around one millionth of a degree kelvin, a million times colder than interstellar space. ketterle ' s group had developed novel cooling techniques that were key to the observation of bec in 1995, first by a group at the university of colorado at boulder,... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.651238 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:14.211087 |
##nsate. in addition, they used an optical trap as the reservoir trap, which is insensitive to the magnetic fields used for cooling atoms into a bec. the researchers also needed to figure out how to move the fresh condensate - chilled to astronomically low temperatures - from the production chamber to the science chamb... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.64321 | 452 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:14.212309 |
reactions, with the result being a massive release of energy in the form of heat. in every way, this technology matches what i had hoped for throughout my childhood and later on in my life : in addition, the millions of jobs created around the world by a cold - fusion revolution would galvanize the global economy and e... | subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics | 0.602701 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:49e65512-cd36-482c-a80e-a39c0a4b14ac> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:14.462825 |
a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps, tailings, and structures including, but not limited to, mills, buildings, he... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.612734 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ce887800-9d44-4677-90d7-308e457d152f> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:14.578403 |
an earthquake is a sudden vibration or trembling in the earth. more than 150, 000 tremors strong enough to be felt by humans occur each year worldwide ( see chance of an earthquake ). earthquake motion is caused by the quick release of stored potential energy into the kinetic energy of motion. most earthquakes are prod... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.60275 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:15.446742 |
the ilc promises extraordinary power in the study of the terascale. the annihilation of an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, allows the understanding of collisions to an unparalleled level of detail and precision. as others have comprehensively documented, the ilc view of the terascale, complementary to the ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.604612 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b7f61ddd-9532-4c4e-be42-c9da7e694d04> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:15.629612 |
until the page is filled ( although, over time, they should be able to condense all the essential material from one entire lecture on the top half of one sheet ). next, students fold the earlier columns behind and engage in repeated sketching and writing of these concepts in columns three and four. the recopying and re... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.6015 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:57b75815-58af-4193-aab3-5055aea95477> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:16.389800 |
at the heart of materials science is an understanding of the microstructure of solids. " microstructure " is used broadly in reference to solids viewed at the subatomic ( electronic ) and atomic levels, and the nature of the defects at these levels. the microstructures of solids at various levels, especially the defect... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.698678 | 423 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:e208dae8-1b37-4cf8-9490-b8eb556972c8> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:17.211822 |
the most romantic way i have ever heard chaos theory described is, “ there are patterns, and even great beauty, in seemingly chaotic events. ” formally, chaos theory is defined as a sub - discipline of mathematics that studies complex, or dynamic, systems. these complex systems contain so many moving parts that it take... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.617311 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:9ba90793-fbf1-4bce-950c-7da7b7cd1c1f> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:17.829433 |
mar. 4, 2013 behind locked doors, in a lab built like a bomb shelter, perry gerakines makes something ordinary yet truly alien : ice. this isn ' t the ice of snowflakes or ice cubes. no, this ice needs such intense cold and low pressure to form that the right conditions rarely, if ever, occur naturally on earth. and wh... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.603951 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:74190acf-e8c7-4820-8247-7a59a228b7ac> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:17.997649 |
gaseous state into the disorderly solid called amorphous ice. amorphous ice is exactly the opposite of the typical ice on earth, which forms perfect crystals like those that make up snowflakes or frost needles. these crystals are so orderly and predictable that this ice is considered a mineral, complete with a rating o... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.64411 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:74190acf-e8c7-4820-8247-7a59a228b7ac> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:17.998814 |
quantum teleportation leaps to new distance record a new record of roughly 60 miles has been set in the field of qubit transmission. " this is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though i expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams, " said analyst rob enderle. " something li... | subdomain_quantum_information_theory | 0.719282 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:9e0ed9cf-7ff0-4c4d-ae4c-98d6e5f83d62> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:18.491238 |
its electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like the planets orbit the sun. exactly 112 electrons circle the atomic nucleus in an atom of the new element " copernicium ". element 112 is the heaviest element in the periodic table, 277 times heavier than hydrogen. it is produced by a nuclear fusion, when bombarding zinc ions ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.627262 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:149ab25b-f1f4-4231-88ea-4e1968ed8a9d> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:18.787056 |
atommate is a chemistry card game that consists of a deck of 49 playing cards with the names, symbols and facts about the elements of the periodic table. it is used to play games that involve making chemical compounds. designed for students aged 10 and up, it is a grow - with - me game. beginning students learn the nam... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.615605 | 358 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ea57bd49-6413-4418-9465-6cb21d964fb7> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T15:30:18.789843 |
seventh grade - practice vocabulary word list a / b / c / d / e / f / g / h / i / j / k / l / m / n / o / p / q / r / s / t / u / v / w / x / y / z vocabulary words - seventh grade - e : 1 - 25 ( of 26 ) ( adj. ) honest and polite ; serious. ( adj. ) related to the economy. ( adj. ) using time, money, or goods carefull... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.601331 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:262eb5d5-cd95-4438-a9dc-c17c3eaefa5c> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:41.354553 |
a precious metal. 1914. sound familiar? the start of wwi. in roughly the same distance in time as from desert storm to now, aluminum went from a rarely used metal in the military with only the german junkers j. i making it to war, to being a strategic commodity ubiquitous in its use from eating utensils to intercontine... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.619861 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:76331367-c12b-45ee-aaeb-9e40ab037d59> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:41.497805 |
we have a renewed perception of it through our six sense gates of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind. that is, with name and form as condition, six sense gates arise. from this moment we begin to see, hear, smell, taste, touch and think, and we are aware of things as they happen. ¨i contact ( spars ¡ ca ) : when w... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.60656 | 511 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:3bcde091-387e-479a-b0f3-72ce70b9b825> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:41.649244 |
if you assign a task to the computer. it can only complete the task if it can understand everything you want to say to computer. if your words are signs that you use to deliver the message to computer. the computer will not be able to fulfill the requirement and cannot perform according to your instructions. contextual... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.609777 | 403 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:be8c328d-0611-452e-8182-7908000f6143> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:45.230333 |
octet : selected works from the school of visual arts, new york relational aesthetics, a term coined in 2002 by nicolas bourriaud refers to a kind of art that interacts with its onlookers. not based on formal concerns of aesthetic experience, audience participation is a necessary and required aspect of this type of wor... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.640193 | 349 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:9b863cdd-5c64-48fa-89fe-4edbf3d08558> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:45.389283 |
in table 4 - 26. gleyic and stagnic properties refer to soil material which is saturated with water at some periods of the year, or throughout the year, in most years, and which show evidence of reduction processes or of reduction and segregation of iron. gleyic properties are related to saturation by groundwater. stag... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.635193 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:d3dbef6b-a4b3-4f9e-9468-5cf3dba27c57> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:45.547807 |
| u. s. naval observatory | | earth orientation department | in 1956, following several years of work, two astronomers at the u. s. naval observatory ( usno ) and two astronomers at the national physical laboratory ( teddington, england ) determined the relationship between the frequency of the cesium atom ( the standa... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.627665 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ad3517d5-9fdc-41be-abb7-3b5ca1eaa42c> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T16:03:46.625682 |
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