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Alkenes react with what to form dihalides?
halogens
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The moon has a crust, mantle, and a?
core
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What is a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely enclosed by mesoderm called?
coelom
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Myopia and hyperopia are defects that can be corrected with devices?
lenses
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What term means taking used items and materials and turning them into something new?
recycling
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Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments in a process called coral bleaching and eventually die, while corals in turn provide protection, making this what type of relationship?.
symbiotic
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What type of energy travels through space as electrical and magnetic waves?
electromagnetic energy
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What energy is stored in a person or object?
potential energy
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Dissolved oxygen in seawater is critical for sea creatures, but as the oceans warm, oxygen becomes less what?
soluble
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What type of electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus?
negative electrons
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Shivering helps the body return to a stable what?
temperature
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Animal cells grow mainly by synthesizing protein-rich cytoplasm, a process that is described as expensive in what way?
metabolically
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What is produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm in a fallopian tube?
zygote
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Solid balls of water and dust falling from the sky are known as?
hail
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What do fission reactors use to slow down the neutrons?
moderator
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Group 15 of the periodic table is also called which group?
nitrogen
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What can increase the occurance of earthquakes?
two plates sliding
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A system of glands secretes what chemical messenger molecules into the blood?
hormones
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What does the moon not have to protect it from extreme temperatures?
atmosphere
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What part of the sweet potato store sugar from photosynthesis as starch?
roots
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Which organ in the body controls the amount of water loss in urine in response to maintaining homeostasis?
kidneys
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What causes rivers to always flow downhill?
gravity
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The variable is the speed of light. for the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m/s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in what?
hertz
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What paired organs that are part of the urinary system play the prime role in excretion?
kidneys
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What kingdom of organisms constitutes up to 20 percent of all living things on earth in mass?
archaeans
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What type of treatment is being researched that may cure or prevent genetic disorders?
gene therapy
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What are the three fundamental phases of matter?
solid, liquid, and gas
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What term describes anything that occupies space and has mass, and is generally divided into three states?
matter
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Behaviors that occur naturally and are not learned are called what?
innate
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Common disease of what system include asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema?
the respiratory system
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What term refers to any method of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in another form?
carbon sequestration
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Creep, which usually takes place where the ground freezes and thaws frequently, involves movement of particles due to what force?
gravity
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What are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with different properties called?
elements
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What bone forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth?
maxillary bone
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Instead of a nervous system, plant responses are generally controlled by what type of molecules, which serves as chemical messengers?
hormones
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What are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass?
mirrors
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The cell wall of plants is made up of a complex carbohydrate that is a polymer of what sugar?
glucose
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The golgi apparatus works like a mail room by receiving and sending what?
proteins
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What kind of cells have positive cell potentials, and all the reduction reactions are reversible?
galvanic cells
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What is common in muscles that have become exhausted by use?
lactic acid fermentation
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What control reproductive cycles, which are in turn regulated by environmental cues?
hormones
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What causes polarization in a neutral object?
separation of charges
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Burning of methane is a type of what, which involves the breaking and forming of bonds?
chemical reaction
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The period of life between the start of puberty and the beginning of adulthood is called?
adolescence
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What is the term for a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell?
organelle
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Vertebrates also require relatively large quantities of calcium and phosphorus for building and maintaining what?
bone
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What can exposure to chemical or biological agents cause later in life?
an acquired immunodeficiency
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What is caused by differences in density at the top and bottom of the ocean?
deep currents
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Which human body system is a complex network of nervous tissue that carries electrical messages throughout the body?
the nervous system
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Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as what?
homeostasis
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What type of chemistry is the study of the composition of matter?
analytical
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Varicose veins are veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer do this?
close properly
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What is the total range of the energy from the sun called?
electromagnetic spectrum
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What do we call the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation?
genetics
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Studies have shown that not only does reproduction have a cost as far as how long male fruit flies live, but also fruit flies that have already mated several times have limited amounts of this?
sperm
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What type of rock is a sandstone?
sedimentary rocks
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The interaction of what opposite factors describe a biome and ecosystem?
abiotic and biotic
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A basic function of cells includes obtaining what from glucose?
energy
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What produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes?
stamens
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How many chromosomes are in each set?
23
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Ocean currents transfer heat from the equator towards what locations?
poles
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The pituitary gland is associated with what bodily system?
endocrine
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What are changes in membrane potential that vary continuously with the strength of a stimulus are known as?
graded potentials
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Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate these?
metabolic processes
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Some plants have stolons, or stems, that run along the ground and are commonly called what?
runners
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What is a key factor in the growth of populations?
immigration
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The name of which ion always comes first?
positive ion
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Bryophyta is the formal taxonomic name for the phylum that consists solely of what?
mosses
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What is stacked in layers in "layer cake geology"?
rock stata
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Nonshivering thermogenesis, which involves the breakdown of brown adipose tissue, is a special methods newborns have for what purpose?
generating heat
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What glands in the breast secrete milk?
mammary glands
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Adult tunicates also develop a sac, called a what?
tunic
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What are the sporophytes in ferns?
leafy plants
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The flow of water through the sponge is unidirectional, driven by the beating of what?
flagella
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In the water molecule, two of the electron pairs are lone pairs rather than what?
bonding pairs
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Marine fishes take in divalent ions by incessantly drinking what?
seawater
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Prions are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause diseases of what vital organ in mammals?
brain
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What explains why two different species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place for very long?
competive exclusion princple
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What is the term for the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk?
pearl
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Blood enters the heart in what valve?
atria
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What protists absorb food molecules across their cell membranes?
absorptive
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What is the term for stored energy that an object has due to its position or shape?
potential energy
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What phenomenon, crucial for evolution, creates new genetic variation in a gene pool and is how all new alleles first arise?
mutation
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What helps ensure that, at least, some species will survive environmental change?
biodiversity
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Gametes are products through meiosis in which organs?
gonads
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Sound navigation and ranging is an acronym for what, which is used to locate underwater objects such as submarines?
sonar
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Why are the stems of many xerophytes fleshy?
stores water
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A desmosome is a cell structure that anchors the ends of what fibers together?
cardiac muscle
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Hydrogen sulfide is a noxious and toxic gas produced from decaying organic matter that contains what?
sulfur
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What term means the amount of space matter takes up?
volume
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What is formed when sperm mixes with secretions from the various other glands of the reproductive system?
semen
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What liquid is referred to as the "universal solvent"?
water
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What is produced during the light reactions in photosynthesis?
oxygen
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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are examples of what, the term for a disease-causing microorganism?
pathogen
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What are the male gametes called?
sperm
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Heart valves prevent what kind of blood flow from happening in the heart?
backflow
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What is our sun's next stage called?
red giant
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Gibbs free energy values can be used to determine what?
equilibrium constants
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What do you call the symbiotic relationship where a parasite benefits while the host is harmed?
parasitism
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What kinds of cells that are important to our physical functioning can atrophy when they are not used?
muscles
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