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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
all they'll ultimately be able to give you
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
is big tables of numbers, matrices,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that define the neural network.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And you can stare at these tables of numbers
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
till your face turn blue,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and you're not gonna understand much
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
about why it made that move.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And even if you have natural language processing
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that can tell you in human language about,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
oh, five, seven, points, two, eight,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
still not gonna really help.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
So I think there's a whole spectrum of fun challenges
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that are involved in taking a computation
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that does intelligent things
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and transforming it into something equally good,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
equally intelligent, but that's more understandable.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And I think that's really valuable
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
because I think as we put machines in charge
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
of ever more infrastructure in our world,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
the power grid, the trading on the stock market,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
weapon systems and so on,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it's absolutely crucial that we can trust
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
these AIs to do all we want.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And trust really comes from understanding
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
in a very fundamental way.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And that's why I'm working on this,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
because I think the more,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
if we're gonna have some hope of ensuring
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that machines have adopted our goals
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and that they're gonna retain them,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that kind of trust, I think,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
needs to be based on things you can actually understand,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
preferably even improve theorems on.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Even with a self driving car, right?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
If someone just tells you it's been trained
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
on tons of data and it never crashed,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it's less reassuring than if someone actually has a proof.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Maybe it's a computer verified proof,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
but still it says that under no circumstances
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
is this car just gonna swerve into oncoming traffic.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And that kind of information helps to build trust
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and helps build the alignment of goals,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
at least awareness that your goals, your values are aligned.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And I think even in the very short term,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
if you look at how, you know, today, right?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
This absolutely pathetic state of cybersecurity
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that we have, where is it?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Three billion Yahoo accounts we can't pack,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
almost every American's credit card and so on.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Why is this happening?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
It's ultimately happening because we have software
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that nobody fully understood how it worked.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
That's why the bugs hadn't been found, right?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And I think AI can be used very effectively
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
for offense, for hacking,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
but it can also be used for defense.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Hopefully automating verifiability
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and creating systems that are built in different ways
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
so you can actually prove things about them.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And it's important.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
So speaking of software that nobody understands
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
how it works, of course, a bunch of people ask
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
about your paper, about your thoughts
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
of why does deep and cheap learning work so well?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
That's the paper.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
But what are your thoughts on deep learning?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
These kind of simplified models of our own brains
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
have been able to do some successful perception work,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
pattern recognition work, and now with AlphaZero and so on,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
do some clever things.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
What are your thoughts about the promise limitations
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
of this piece?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Great, I think there are a number of very important insights,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
very important lessons we can always draw
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
from these kinds of successes.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
One of them is when you look at the human brain,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
you see it's very complicated, 10th of 11 neurons,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and there are all these different kinds of neurons
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and yada, yada, and there's been this long debate
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
about whether the fact that we have dozens
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
of different kinds is actually necessary for intelligence.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
We can now, I think, quite convincingly answer
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
that question of no, it's enough to have just one kind.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
If you look under the hood of AlphaZero,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
there's only one kind of neuron
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and it's ridiculously simple mathematical thing.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
So it's just like in physics,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it's not, if you have a gas with waves in it,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it's not the detailed nature of the molecule that matter,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it's the collective behavior somehow.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
Similarly, it's this higher level structure
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
of the network that matters,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
not that you have 20 kinds of neurons.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
I think our brain is such a complicated mess
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
because it wasn't evolved just to be intelligent,
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
it was involved to also be self assembling
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
and self repairing, right?
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And evolutionarily attainable.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
And so on and so on.
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Max Tegmark: Life 3.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #1
So I think it's pretty,
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