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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
my blah, blah, blah interpretation and something like that.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
But you're allowed to get excited at the possibility of discovery.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Oh yeah.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
You have to double check it.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
No, but how it's related to another ground truth, is it just temporary or it is for forever?
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
You know, you always have a feeling when you found something, how big is that?
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
So 20 years ago when we discovered statistical learning theory, nobody believed, except for
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
one guy, Dudley from MIT, and then in 20 years it became fashion, and the same with support
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
vector machines, that is kernel machines.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
So with support vector machines and learning theory, when you were working on it, you had
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
a sense, you had a sense of the profundity of it, how this seems to be right, this seems
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
to be powerful.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Right.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Absolutely.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Immediately.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
I recognized that it will last forever, and now when I found this invariant story, I have
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
a feeling that it is complete learning, because I have proof that there are no different mechanisms.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
You can have some cosmetic improvement you can do, but in terms of invariants, you need
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
both invariants and statistical learning, and they should work together.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
But also I'm happy that we can formulate what is intelligence from that, and to separate
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
from technical part, and that is completely different.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Absolutely.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Well, Vladimir, thank you so much for talking today.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
Thank you.
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Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #5
It's an honor.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
The following is a conversation with Guido van Rossum, creator of Python, one of the most popular
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
programming languages in the world, used in almost any application that involves computers
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
from web back end development to psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, robotics, deep
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
learning, natural language processing, and almost any subfield of AI. This conversation is part of
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
MIT course on artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, iTunes, or your podcast provider of choice, or simply connect
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman, spelled F R I D. And now, here's my conversation with Guido van
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Rossum. You were born in the Netherlands in 1956. Your parents and the world around you was deeply
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
deeply impacted by World War Two, as was my family from the Soviet Union. So with that context,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
what is your view of human nature? Are some humans inherently good,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
and some inherently evil? Or do we all have both good and evil within us?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum Ouch, I did not expect such a deep one. I, I guess we all have good and evil
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
potential in us. And a lot of it depends on circumstances and context.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell out of that world, at least on the Soviet Union side in Europe, sort of out of
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
suffering, out of challenge, out of that kind of set of traumatic events, often emerges beautiful
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
art, music, literature. In an interview I read or heard, you said you enjoyed Dutch literature
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
when you were a child. Can you tell me about the books that had an influence on you in your
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
childhood? Guido van Rossum
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Well, with as a teenager, my favorite writer was my favorite Dutch author was a guy named Willem
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Frederik Hermans, who's writing, certainly his early novels were all about sort of
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
ambiguous things that happened during World War Two. I think he was a young adult during that time.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
And he wrote about it a lot, and very interesting, very good books, I thought, I think.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell In a nonfiction way?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum No, it was all fiction, but it was
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
very much set in the ambiguous world of resistance against the Germans,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
where often you couldn't tell whether someone was truly in the resistance or really a spy for the
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Germans. And some of the characters in his novels sort of crossed that line, and you never really
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
find out what exactly happened.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell And in his novels, there's always a
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
good guy and a bad guy, the nature of good and evil. Is it clear there's a hero?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum No, his heroes are often more,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
his main characters are often anti heroes. And so they're not very heroic. They're often,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
they fail at some level to accomplish their lofty goals.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell And looking at the trajectory
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
through the rest of your life, has literature, Dutch or English or translation had an impact
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
outside the technical world that you existed in?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum I still read novels.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I don't think that it impacts me that much directly.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell It doesn't impact your work.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum It's a separate world.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
My work is highly technical and sort of the world of art and literature doesn't really
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
directly have any bearing on it.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell You don't think there's a creative element
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
to the design? You know, some would say design of a language is art.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum I'm not disagreeing with that.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I'm just saying that sort of I don't feel direct influences from more traditional art
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
on my own creativity.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell Right. Of course, you don't feel doesn't mean
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
it's not somehow deeply there in your subconscious.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum Who knows?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Peter Bell Who knows? So let's go back to your early
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
teens. Your hobbies were building electronic circuits, building mechanical models.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
What if you can just put yourself back in the mind of that young Guido 12, 13, 14, was
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
that grounded in a desire to create a system? So to create something? Or was it more just
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
tinkering? Just the joy of puzzle solving?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Guido van Rossum I think it was more the latter, actually.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I maybe towards the end of my high school period, I felt confident enough that that
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I designed my own circuits that were sort of interesting somewhat. But a lot of that
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
time, I literally just took a model kit and follow the instructions, putting the things
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
together. I mean, I think the first few years that I built electronics kits, I really did
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
not have enough understanding of sort of electronics to really understand what I was doing. I mean,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I could debug it, and I could sort of follow the instructions very carefully, which has
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
always stayed with me. But I had a very naive model of, like, how do I build a circuit?
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
Of, like, how a transistor works? And I don't think that in those days, I had any understanding
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
of coils and capacitors, which actually sort of was a major problem when I started to build
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
more complex digital circuits, because I was unaware of the sort of the analog part of
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
the – how they actually work. And I would have things that – the schematic looked
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
– everything looked fine, and it didn't work. And what I didn't realize was that
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
there was some megahertz level oscillation that was throwing the circuit off, because
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
I had a sort of – two wires were too close, or the switches were kind of poorly built.
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
But through that time, I think it's really interesting and instructive to think about,
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
because echoes of it are in this time now. So in the 1970s, the personal computer was
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
being born. So did you sense, in tinkering with these circuits, did you sense the encroaching
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
revolution in personal computing? So if at that point, we would sit you down and ask
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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6
you to predict the 80s and the 90s, do you think you would be able to do so successfully
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