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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
triangle, you can evolve the first angle and you evolve the second angle, but you don't need to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:04:47.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
evolve the third. You know what it is already. Now, why do you know? That's a gift for free
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:04:50.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
from geometry in a particular space. You know what that angle has to be. And if you evolve
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:04:54.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
an ion channel, which is, ion channels are basically transistors, right? They're voltage
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:04:58.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
gated current conductances. If you evolve that ion channel, you immediately get to use things
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:01.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like truth tables. You get logic functions. You don't have to evolve the logic function.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:06.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
You don't have to evolve a truth table. It doesn't have to be in the DNA. You get it for free,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:10.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right? And the fact that if you have NAND gates, you can build anything you want, you get that for
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:14.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
free. All you have to evolve is that first step, that first little machine that enables you to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:17.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
couple to those laws. And there's laws of adhesion and many other things. And this is all that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:22.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
interplay between the hardware that's set up by the genetics and the software that's made, right?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:27.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
The physiological software that basically does all the computation and the cognition and everything
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:33.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
else is a real interplay between the information and the DNA and the laws of physics of computation
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:38.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and so on. So is it fair to say, just like this idea that the laws of mathematics are discovered,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:43.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
they're latent within the fabric of the universe in that same way the laws of biology are kind of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:50.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
discovered? Yeah, I think that's absolutely, and it's probably not a popular view, but I think
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:55.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that's right on the money. Yeah. Well, I think that's a really deep idea. Then embryogenesis
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:05:59.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is the process of revealing, of embodying, of manifesting these laws. You're not building the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:05.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
laws. You're just creating the capacity to reveal. Yes. I think, again, not the standard view of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:16.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
molecular biology by any means, but I think that's right on the money. I'll give you a simple example.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:23.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Some of our latest work with these xenobots, right? So what we've done is to take some skin
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:27.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cells off of an early frog embryo and basically ask about their plasticity. If we give you a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:31.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
chance to sort of reboot your multicellularity in a different context, what would you do?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Because what you might assume by... The thing about embryogenesis is that it's super reliable,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:40.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right? It's very robust. And that really obscures some of its most interesting features. We get
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:45.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
used to it. We get used to the fact that acorns make oak trees and frog eggs make frogs. And we
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:50.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
say, well, what else is it going to make? That's what it makes. That's a standard story.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:54.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
But the reality is... And so you look at these skin cells and you say, well, what do they know
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:06:57.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
how to do? Well, they know how to be a passive boring two dimensional outer layer, keeping the
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
bacteria from getting into the embryo. That's what they know how to do. Well, it turns out that if
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:07.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you take these skin cells and you remove the rest of the embryo, so you remove all of the rest of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:11.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the cells and you say, well, you're by yourself now, what do you want to do? So what they do is
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:17.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
they form this multi little creature that runs around the dish. They have all kinds of incredible
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:20.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and incredible capacities. They navigate through mazes. They have various behaviors that they do
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:26.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
both independently and together. Basically, they implement von Neumann's dream of self replication,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:30.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
because if you sprinkle a bunch of loose cells into the dish, what they do is they run around,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:38.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
they collect those cells into little piles. They sort of mush them together until those little
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:42.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
piles become the next generation of xenobots. So you've got this machine that builds copies of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:46.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
itself from loose material in its environment. None of this are things that you would have expected
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:50.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
from the frog genome. In fact, the genome is wild type. There's nothing wrong with their genetics.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:07:56.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Nothing has been added, no nanomaterials, no genomic editing, nothing. And so what we have
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:01.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
done there is engineered by subtraction. What you've done is you've removed the other cells
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:06.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that normally basically bully these cells into being skin cells. And you find out that what they
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:11.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
really want to do is to be this, their default behaviors to be a xenobot. But in vivo, in the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:15.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
embryo, they get told to be skinned by these other cell types. And so now here comes this really
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:21.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
interesting question that you just posed. When you ask where does the form of the tadpole and
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:28.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the frog come from, the standard answer is, well, it's selection. So over millions of years,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:33.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's been shaped to produce the specific body that's fit for froggy environments.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:39.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Where does the shape of the xenobot come from? There's never been any xenobots. There's never
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:44.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
been selection to be a good xenobot. These cells find themselves in the new environment.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:48.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
In 48 hours, they figure out how to be an entirely different protoorganism with new capacities like
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:51.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
kinematic self replication. That's not how frogs or tadpoles replicate. We've made it impossible
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:08:57.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
for them to replicate their normal way. Within a couple of days, these guys find a new way of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:02.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
doing it that's not done anywhere else in the biosphere. Well, actually, let's step back and
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:05.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
define, what are xenobots? So a xenobot is a self assembling little protoorganism. It's also a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:09.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biological robot. Those things are not distinct. It's a member of both classes. How much is it
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:16.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biology? How much is that robot? At this point, most of it is biology because what we're doing is
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:22.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
we're discovering natural behaviors of the cells and also of the cell collectives. Now, one of the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:28.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
really important parts of this was that we're working together with Josh Bongaert's group at
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:35.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
University of Vermont. They're computer scientists, they do AI, and they've basically been able to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:39.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
use a simulated evolution approach to ask, how can we manipulate these cells, give them signals,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:45.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
not rewire their DNA, so not hardware, but experience signals? So can we remove some cells?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:51.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Can we add some cells? Can we poke them in different ways to get them to do other things?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:56.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So in the future, there's going to be, we're now, and this is future unpublished work, but
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:09:59.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
we're doing all sorts of interesting ways to reprogram them to new behaviors. But before you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:04.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
can start to reprogram these things, you have to understand what their innate capacities are.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:08.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Okay, so that means engineering, programming, you're engineering them in the future. And in
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:13.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
some sense, the definition of a robot is something you in part engineer versus evolve. I mean,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:19.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's such a fuzzy definition anyway, in some sense, many of the organisms within our body
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:28.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
are kinds of robots. And I think robots is a weird line because it's, we tend to see robots
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:33.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
as the other. I think there will be a time in the future when there's going to be something akin to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:40.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the civil rights movements for robots, but we'll talk about that later perhaps. Anyway, so how do
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:45.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you, can we just linger on it? How do you build a Xenobot? What are we talking about here? From
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:10:52.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
when does it start and how does it become the glorious Xenobot?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:00.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah, so just to take one step back, one of the things that a lot of people get stuck on is they
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:06.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
say, well, you know, engineering requires new DNA circuits or it requires new nanomaterials,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:12.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you know, what the thing is, we are now moving from old school engineering, which use passive
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:19.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
materials, right? That things, you know, wood, metal, things like this, that basically the only
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:24.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
thing you could depend on is that they were going to keep their shape. That's it. They don't do
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:28.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
anything else. It's on you as an engineer to make them do everything they're going to do.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:31.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And then there were active materials and now computation materials. This is a whole new era.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:35.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
These are agential materials. This is you're now collaborating with your substrate because your
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:39.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
material has an agenda. These cells have, you know, billions of years of evolution. They have goals.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:43.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
They have preferences. They're not just going to sit where you put them. That's hilarious that you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:51.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have to talk your material into keeping its shape. That's it. That is exactly right. That is exactly
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:11:54.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right. Stay there. It's like getting a bunch of cats or something and trying to organize the shape
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
out of them. It's funny. We're on the same page here because in a paper, this is, this is currently
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:04.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
just been accepted in nature by engineering. One of the figures I have is building a tower
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:08.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
out of Legos versus dogs, right? So think about the difference, right? If you build out of Legos,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:12.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you have full control over where it's going to go. But if somebody knocks it over, it's game over.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:17.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
With the dogs, you cannot just come and stack them. They're not going to stay that way. But
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the good news is that if you train them, then somebody knocks it over, they'll get right back
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:26.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
up. So it's all right. So as an engineer, what you really want to know is what can they depend
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:29.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
on this thing to do, right? That's really, you know, a lot of people have definitions of robots
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:33.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
as far as what they're made of or how they got here, you know, design versus evolve, whatever.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I don't think any of that is useful. I think, I think as an engineer, what you want to know is
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:41.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
how much can I depend on this thing to do when I'm not around to micromanage it? What level of,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:45.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
what level of dependency can I, can I give this thing? How much agency does it have?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:50.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Which then tells you what techniques do you use? So do you use micromanagement,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:54.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like you put everything where it goes? Do you train it? Do you give it signals? Do you try
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:12:57.360