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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
central. Again, it's just a bunch of cells. I mean, all of them, right? There are no,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:05.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
there are no singular indivisible intelligences anywhere. We are all, every example that we've
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:10.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
ever seen is a collective of something. It's just that we're used to it. We're used to that. We're
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:16.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
used to, okay, this thing is kind of a single thing, but it's really not. You zoom in, you know
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:21.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
what you see. You see a bunch of cells running around. Is there some unifying, I mean, we're
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:24.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
jumping around, but that something that you look at as the bioelectrical signal versus the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:29.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biochemical, the chemistry, the electricity, maybe the life is in that versus the cells.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:36.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
It's the, there's an orchestra playing and the resulting music is the dictator.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:47.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
That's not bad. That's Dennis Noble's kind of view of things. He has two really good books
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:21:57.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
where he talks about this musical analogy, right? So I think that's, I like it. I like it.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:02.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Is it wrong though?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:07.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I don't think it's, no, I don't think it's wrong. I don't think it's wrong. I think the important
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:08.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
thing about it is that we have to come to grips with the fact that a true proper cognitive
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:13.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
intelligence can still be made of parts. Those things are, and in fact it has to be, and I think
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:23.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's a real shame, but I see this all the time. When you have a collective like this, whether it
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:27.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
be a group of robots or a collection of cells or neurons or whatever, as soon as we gain some
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:32.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
insight into how it works, meaning that, oh, I see, in order to take this action, here's the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:40.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
information that got processed via this chemical mechanism or whatever. Immediately people say,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:45.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
oh, well then that's not real cognition. That's just physics. I think this is fundamentally
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:50.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
flawed because if you zoom into anything, what are you going to see? Of course you're just going to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:54.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
see physics. What else could be underneath, right? It's not going to be fairy dust. It's going to be
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:22:58.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
physics and chemistry, but that doesn't take away from the magic of the fact that there are certain
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:01.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
ways to arrange that physics and chemistry and in particular the bioelectricity, which I like a lot,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:05.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to give you an emergent collective with goals and preferences and memories and anticipations
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:11.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that do not belong to any of the subunits. So I think what we're getting into here,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:18.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and we can talk about how this happens during embryogenesis and so on, what we're getting into
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:22.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is the origin of a self with a capital S. So we ourselves, there are many other kinds of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:26.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
selves, and we can tell some really interesting stories about where selves come from and how they
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:33.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
become unified. Yeah, is this the first, or at least humans tend to think that this is the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:37.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
level of which the self with a capital S is first born, and we really don't want to see
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:42.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
human civilization or Earth itself as one living organism. Yeah, that's very uncomfortable to us.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
It is, yeah. But is, yeah, where's the self born? We have to grow up past that. So what I like to do
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:23:54.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is, I'll tell you two quick stories about that. I like to roll backwards. So as opposed to, so if
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:01.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you start and you say, okay, here's a paramecium, and you see it, you know, it's a single cell
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:06.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
organism, you see it doing various things, and people will say, okay, I'm sure there's some
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:10.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
chemical story to be told about how it's doing it, so that's not a paramecium.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So that's not true cognition, right? And people will argue about that. I like to work it backwards.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I say, let's agree that you and I, as we sit here, are examples of true cognition, if anything,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:23.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
as if there's anything that's true cognition, we are examples of it. Now let's just roll back
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:28.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
slowly, right? So you roll back to the time when you were a small child and used to doing whatever,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:32.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and then just sort of day by day, you roll back, and eventually you become more or less that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:36.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
paramecium, and then you sort of even below that, right, as an unfertilized OSI. So
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:41.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's, no one has, to my knowledge, no one has come up with any convincing discrete step at which
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:46.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
my cognitive powers disappear, right? It just doesn't, the biology doesn't offer any specific
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:53.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
step. It's incredibly smooth and slow and continuous. And so I think this idea that it just
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:24:59.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
sort of magically shows up at one point, and then, you know, humans have true selves that don't exist
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:04.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
elsewhere, I think it runs against everything we know about evolution, everything we know about
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:10.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
developmental biology, these are all slow continua. And the other really important story I
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:13.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
want to tell is where embryos come from. So think about this for a second. Amniote embryos, so this
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:18.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is humans, birds, and so on, mammals and birds and so on. Imagine a flat disk of cells, so there's
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:23.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
maybe 50,000 cells. And in that, so when you get an egg from a fertilized, let's say you buy a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:29.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
fertilized egg from a farm, right? That egg will have about 50,000 cells in a flat disk, it looks
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:35.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like a little tiny little frisbee. And in that flat disk, what'll happen is there'll be one set
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:42.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of cells will become special, and it will tell all the other cells, I'm going to be the head,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:25:50.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you guys don't be the head. And so it'll amplify symmetry breaking amplification, you get one
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
embryo, there's some neural tissue and some other stuff forms. Now, you say, okay, I had one egg
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:00.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and one embryo, and there you go, what else could it be? Well, the reality is, and I used to, I did
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:06.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
all of this as a grad student, if you take a little needle, and you make a scratch in that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:10.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
blastoderm in that disk, such that the cells can't talk to each other for a while, it heals up, but
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:16.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
for a while, they can't talk to each other. What will happen is that both regions will decide that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:20.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
they can be the embryo, and there will be two of them. And then when they heal up, they become
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:26.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
conjoint twins, and you can make two, you can make three, you can make lots. So the question of how
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:29.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
many cells are in there cannot be answered until it's actually played all the way through. It isn't
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:33.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
necessarily that there's just one, there can be many. So what you have is you have this medium,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:40.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this, this undifferentiated, I'm sure there's a there's a psychological version of this somewhere
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:44.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that I don't know the proper terminology. But you have this, you have this list, like the ocean of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:49.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
potentiality, you have these 1000s of cells, and some number of individuals are going to be formed
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:53.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
out of it, usually one, sometimes zero, sometimes several. And they form out of these cells,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:26:58.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
because a region of these cells organizes into a collective that will have goals, goals that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:05.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
individual cells don't have, for example, make a limb, make an eye, how many eyes? Well, exactly
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:10.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
two. So individual cells don't know what an eye is, they don't know how many eyes you're supposed
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:15.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to have, but the collective does. The collective has goals and memories and anticipations that the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:19.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
individual cells don't. And that that the establishment of that boundary with its own
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:23.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
ability to maintain to to pursue certain goals. That's the origin of selfhood.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:27.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
But I, is that goal in there somewhere? Were they always destined? Like, are they discovering
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:33.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that goal? Like, where the hell did evolution discover this when you went from the prokaryotes
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:42.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to eukaryotic cells? And then they started making groups. And when you make a certain group,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:49.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you make a, you make it sound, and it's such a tricky thing to try to understand, you make it
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:27:55.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
sound like this cells didn't get together and came up with a goal. But the very act of them
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:03.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
getting together revealed the goal that was always there. There was always that potential
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:09.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
for that goal. So the first thing to say is that there are way more questions here than
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:16.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
certainties. Okay, so everything I'm telling you is cutting edge developing, you know, stuff. So
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:20.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's not as if any of us know the answer to this. But, but here's, here's, here's my opinion on
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:25.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this. I think what evolution, I don't think that evolution produces solutions to specific problems,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:29.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
in other words, specific environments, like here's a frog that can live well in a froggy
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:36.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
environment. I think what evolution produces is problem solving machines that that will that will
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:39.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
solve problems in different spaces. So not just three dimensional spaces, but in a way,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:46.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
three dimensional space. This goes back to what we were talking about before we the brain is a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:50.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
evolutionarily a late development. It's a system that is able to net to pursue goals in three
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:28:55.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
dimensional space by giving commands to muscles, where did that system come from that system
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:01.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
evolved from a much more ancient, evolutionarily much more ancient system, where collections of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:05.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cells gave instructions to for cell behaviors, meaning cells move to divide to die to change into
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:10.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cells to navigate more for space, the space of anatomies, the space of all possible anatomies.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:18.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And before that, cells were navigating transcriptional space, which is a space of all
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:23.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
possible gene expressions. And before that metabolic space. So what evolution has done,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:27.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think, is is is is produced hardware that is very good at navigating different spaces using a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:31.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
bag of tricks, right, which which I'm sure many of them we can steal for autonomous vehicles and
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:38.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
robotics and various things. And what happens is that they navigate these spaces without a whole
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:42.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
lot of commitment to what the space is. In fact, they don't know what the space is, right? We are
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:47.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
all brains in a vat, so to speak. Every cell does not know, right? Every cell is some other name,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:29:51.520