episode stringlengths 45 100 | text stringlengths 1 528 | timestamp_link stringlengths 56 56 |
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Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | and you have to basically work both to educate others | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:09.020 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | and give them that opportunity, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:12.180 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | but also use that wealth to advance human society. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:13.580 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | In my case, I'm particularly interested in | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:16.700 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | using the tools of artificial intelligence | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:18.540 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | and machine learning to make society better. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:20.580 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | I've mentioned education, I've mentioned inequality | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:22.860 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | and middle class and things like this, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:26.020 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | all of which are a passion of mine. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:28.060 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | It doesn't matter what you do, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:30.100 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | it matters that you believe in it, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:31.860 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | that it's important to you, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:33.700 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | and that your life will be far more satisfying | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:35.380 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | if you spend your life doing that. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:38.100 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | I think there's no better place to end | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:40.540 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | than a discussion of the meaning of life. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:43.460 |
Eric Schmidt: Google | Lex Fridman Podcast #8 | Eric, thank you so much. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0008-large.html#00:32:45.220 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | The following is a conversation with Stuart Russell. He's a professor of computer science at | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:00.000 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | UC Berkeley and a coauthor of a book that introduced me and millions of other people | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:04.720 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | to the amazing world of AI called Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach. So it was an | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:10.240 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | honor for me to have this conversation as part of MIT course in artificial general intelligence | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:16.720 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | and the artificial intelligence podcast. If you enjoy it, please subscribe on YouTube, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:23.120 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | iTunes or your podcast provider of choice, or simply connect with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:28.560 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | spelled F R I D. And now here's my conversation with Stuart Russell. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:34.320 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | So you've mentioned in 1975 in high school, you've created one of your first AI programs | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:41.440 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | that play chess. Were you ever able to build a program that beat you at chess or another board | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:47.600 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | game? So my program never beat me at chess. I actually wrote the program at Imperial College. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:00:57.360 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | So I used to take the bus every Wednesday with a box of cards this big and shove them into the | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:06.880 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | card reader. And they gave us eight seconds of CPU time. It took about five seconds to read the cards | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:14.400 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | in and compile the code. So we had three seconds of CPU time, which was enough to make one move, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:21.440 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | you know, with a not very deep search. And then we would print that move out and then | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:28.080 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | we'd have to go to the back of the queue and wait to feed the cards in again. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:32.080 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | How deep was the search? Are we talking about one move, two moves, three moves? | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:35.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | No, I think we got an eight move, a depth eight with alpha beta. And we had some tricks of our | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:39.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | own about move ordering and some pruning of the tree. But you were still able to beat that program? | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:48.160 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | Yeah, yeah. I was a reasonable chess player in my youth. I did an Othello program and a | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:01:55.120 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | backgammon program. So when I got to Berkeley, I worked a lot on what we call meta reasoning, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:01.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | which really means reasoning about reasoning. And in the case of a game playing program, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:08.640 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | you need to reason about what parts of the search tree you're actually going to explore because the | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:14.240 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | search tree is enormous, bigger than the number of atoms in the universe. And the way programs | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:19.040 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | succeed and the way humans succeed is by only looking at a small fraction of the search tree. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:27.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | And if you look at the right fraction, you play really well. If you look at the wrong fraction, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:33.280 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | if you waste your time thinking about things that are never going to happen, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:37.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | moves that no one's ever going to make, then you're going to lose because you won't be able | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:41.600 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | to figure out the right decision. So that question of how machines can manage their own computation, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:46.480 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | how they decide what to think about, is the meta reasoning question. And we developed some methods | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:02:53.920 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | for doing that. And very simply, the machine should think about whatever thoughts are going | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:00.720 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | to improve its decision quality. We were able to show that both for Othello, which is a standard | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:07.040 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | two player game, and for Backgammon, which includes dice rolls, so it's a two player game | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:13.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | with uncertainty. For both of those cases, we could come up with algorithms that were actually | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:19.680 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | much more efficient than the standard alpha beta search, which chess programs at the time were | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:25.600 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | using. And that those programs could beat me. And I think you can see the same basic ideas in Alpha | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:31.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | Go and Alpha Zero today. The way they explore the tree is using a form of meta reasoning to select | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:42.000 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | what to think about based on how useful it is to think about it. Is there any insights you can | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:51.600 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | describe with our Greek symbols of how do we select which paths to go down? There's really | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:03:57.360 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | two kinds of learning going on. So as you say, Alpha Go learns to evaluate board positions. So | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:04.720 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | it can look at a go board. And it actually has probably a superhuman ability to instantly tell | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:11.280 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | how promising that situation is. To me, the amazing thing about Alpha Go is not that it can | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:19.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | be the world champion with its hands tied behind his back, but the fact that if you stop it from | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:28.240 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | searching altogether, so you say, okay, you're not allowed to do any thinking ahead. You can just | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:36.960 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | consider each of your legal moves and then look at the resulting situation and evaluate it. So | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:42.160 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | what we call a depth one search. So just the immediate outcome of your moves and decide if | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:48.240 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | that's good or bad. That version of Alpha Go can still play at a professional level. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:04:53.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | And human professionals are sitting there for five, 10 minutes deciding what to do and Alpha Go | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:02.000 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | in less than a second can instantly intuit what is the right move to make based on its ability to | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:06.960 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | evaluate positions. And that is remarkable because we don't have that level of intuition about Go. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:14.800 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | We actually have to think about the situation. So anyway, that capability that Alpha Go has is one | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:23.280 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | big part of why it beats humans. The other big part is that it's able to look ahead 40, 50, 60 moves | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:31.680 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | into the future. And if it was considering all possibilities, 40 or 50 or 60 moves into the | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:41.520 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | future, that would be 10 to the 200 possibilities. So way more than atoms in the universe and so on. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:05:49.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | So it's very, very selective about what it looks at. So let me try to give you an intuition about | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:01.360 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | how you decide what to think about. It's a combination of two things. One is how promising | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:08.800 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | it is. So if you're already convinced that a move is terrible, there's no point spending a lot more | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:14.800 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | time convincing yourself that it's terrible because it's probably not going to change your mind. So | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:22.560 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | the real reason you think is because there's some possibility of changing your mind about what to do. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:28.800 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | And it's that changing your mind that would result then in a better final action in the real world. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:34.400 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | So that's the purpose of thinking is to improve the final action in the real world. So if you | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:40.960 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | think about a move that is guaranteed to be terrible, you can convince yourself it's terrible, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:47.920 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | you're still not going to change your mind. But on the other hand, suppose you had a choice between | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:53.440 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | two moves. One of them you've already figured out is guaranteed to be a draw, let's say. And then | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:06:59.280 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | the other one looks a little bit worse. It looks fairly likely that if you make that move, you're | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:05.040 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | going to lose. But there's still some uncertainty about the value of that move. There's still some | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:10.000 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | possibility that it will turn out to be a win. Then it's worth thinking about that. So even though | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:16.640 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | it's less promising on average than the other move, which is a good move, it's worth thinking | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:22.080 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | about on average than the other move, which is guaranteed to be a draw. There's still some | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:27.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | purpose in thinking about it because there's a chance that you will change your mind and discover | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:32.160 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | that in fact it's a better move. So it's a combination of how good the move appears to be | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:36.800 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | and how much uncertainty there is about its value. The more uncertainty, the more it's worth thinking | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:42.720 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | about because there's a higher upside if you want to think of it that way. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:48.640 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | And of course in the beginning, especially in the AlphaGo Zero formulation, everything is shrouded | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:52.240 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | in uncertainty. So you're really swimming in a sea of uncertainty. So it benefits you to, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:07:59.760 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | I mean, actually following the same process as you described, but because you're so uncertain | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:07.600 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | about everything, you basically have to try a lot of different directions. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:11.120 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | Yeah. So the early parts of the search tree are fairly bushy that it will look at a lot | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:15.360 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | of different possibilities, but fairly quickly, the degree of certainty about some of the moves, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:22.480 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | I mean, if a move is really terrible, you'll pretty quickly find out, right? You lose half | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:27.840 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | your pieces or half your territory and then you'll say, okay, this is not worth thinking | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:32.000 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | about anymore. And then so further down the tree becomes very long and narrow and you're following | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:37.280 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | various lines of play, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 moves into the future. And that again is something that | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:45.360 |
Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9 | human beings have a very hard time doing mainly because they just lack the short term memory. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0009-large.html#00:08:55.280 |
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