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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
In which year is Asian aquaculture production expected to reach 89% of global production in this category?	2030	[ "The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen...	pira	en	true	[ "B2534" ]	false	[ "Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue...
What is the "water produced" resulting from offshore oil and gas exploration?	It is a mix of oil and water from underground formations brought to the surface during the oil and gas exploration.	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2311" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
How many marine benthic invertebrate species have researchers described since 2012?	They have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species	[ "As of 2019, 153,434 marine benthic invertebrate species had been described globally. Since 2012, researchers have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species; at the same time, biodiversity is changing globally at rates unprecedented in human history, creating the potential for species extinction befo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2333" ]	false	[ "The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m...
When will the vessel produced by Excelerate Energy start to operate?	The vessel will start operating in May 2014.	[ "Petrobras has awarded Excelerate Energy a 15-yr time charter for which Excelerate will provide an advanced floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) to be named by Petrobras VT3. Capable of storing 173,400 cu m, the vessel will deliver 20 million cu m/day of natural gas to southeastern Brazil. In addition, f...	pira	en	true	[ "A324" ]	false	[ "In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo...
What would be a quality burn in the tests?	Smoke-free and drip-free operation	[ "The paper discusses how a new burner can solve environmental challenges in well test applications by reducing the quantity of fallout, providing better control of the burning operation, and allowing operators to adjust to changes in the well/weather conditions. In order to conduct successful well tests, substantia...	pira	en	true	[ "A1834" ]	false	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...
How does the location of the largest lchthyoplankton behave?	It varies with the highest concentrations closer to the south-east channel of the CESM in the dry season, moving to the center in the rainy season.	[ "The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplank...	pira	en	true	[ "A1955" ]	false	[ "Oceanographic features influence the early stages of fish to a high degree. We investigated the influence of continental shelf-slope gradient on the ichthyoplankton composition and distribution off Northeastern Brazil. Two oceanographic campaigns were performed during July-August 2010 and 2012. The samplings were ...
What did Petrobras and its partners opted to do for in the fast track development of the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster?	Extended well tests (EWTs) and production pilots.	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A810" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What geographic accidents are generated from the geomorphic activity that occurs in the abyssal plains that exist between the continents?	Abyssal ridges, volcanic islands, seamounts, guyots (plateau-shaped seamounts), valley segments and trenches.	[ "A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial...	pira	en	true	[ "B2299" ]	false	[ "The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary...
Which qualities of the thermal compound collaborates to a potential saving during the transportation and installation activities?	It's lower U - values, which lowers thermal conductivity and reflects in a reduced coating thickness.	[ "ULTRA™ is a novel and advanced flow assurance coating technology recently introduced in the Brazilian market for upcoming, and challenging, offshore projects expected in the next years. This coating technology has been used for over 9 years, and has been designed, applied and installed in offshore projects worldwi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1897" ]	false	[ "Thermoplastic composite pipes (TCP) is a fully bonded pipe structure with a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material reinforced with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. DNV GL published in December 2015, the new Recommended Practice DNVGL-RP-F119, intended for the design and quali...
What are the two best comparsion about the Parnaíba River's changes of the depositional environments in relation to deglacial sea-level?	Mekong River and Red River.	[ "The late Pleistocene Holocene stratigraphic architecture on the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf off the Parnaíba Delta has been explored by high-resolution seismic profiles. The seismic surveys reveal the widespread distribution of incised valleys of different size in offshore continuation of the present-...	pira	en	true	[ "A1557" ]	false	[ "In the northernmost of Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil, the first comparative palynological study of the sedimentary profiles of two present-day Atlantic rainforests was conducted in Torres municipality: Pirataba forest (29°15? S, 49°51? W), 17 km from the coastline, and Faxinal forest (29°21? S, ...
What has the Libra Digital program aligned with Petrobras' corporate Digital Transformation initiative been doing?	The digital transformation has worked as a testing environment to validate solutions before scaling them up for Petrobras operations.	[ "Digital transformation has revolutionized the way companies operate in the market, changing their work processes with the inclusion of new technologies and thus influencing their culture. In the oil and gas industry, this phenomenon is more recent and is increasingly accentuating. Its importance is such that compa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1620" ]	false	[ "Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario...
What should be prioritized to reduce the vulnerability of the coastal communities and the ocean?	Ecosystem conservation, management and potential bioremediation/restoration using science-based solutions	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A612" ]	false	[ "Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot...
Why does Petrobras make an inspection plan for monitoring rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical analysis of finite elements (FEA) of submarine pipelines that operate in Brazilian deep waters?	Because occurrence and numerical reanalysis provide an important answer for reducing pipeline integrity, potentials, and augmentation for future designs.	[ "This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul...	pira	en	true	[ "A830" ]	false	[ "Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th...
What has put many small-scale fisheries under threat?	Overexploitation, conflict with larger fishing operations and a loss productivity in costal ecosystems caused by a variety of other impacts.	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...	pira	en	true	[ "B2131" ]	false	[ "The fragmented and sectoral character of conservation as well as development policies has exacerbated the problems faced by small-scale fishers in developing countries. In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), traditional small-scale fishers (“Caiçaras”) has struggled to respond to the contemporary challenges ...
How could the Brazilian coast have been affected due to climate change?	the Brazilian coast may have been affected by both temperature changes and from the sea surface derived from this process.	[ "Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem...	pira	en	true	[ "A1184" ]	false	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...
What started the sedimentation history of the Ponta do Mel platform?	The deposition of siliciclastic and carbonate facies in a shallow water platform environment.	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...	pira	en	true	[ "A1325" ]	false	[ "This work intends to understand how the Ponta do Mel carbonate platform was implanted, to characterize its depositional model and its evolution in the light of modern stratigraphy, as well as to understand the stratigraphic relations with beneath, overlapping and contemporary units, from wells and seismic data. Th...
What areas are most vulnerable to sea level rises?	Flat areas with low slopes, usually coastal plains occupied by environmental protection areas, urban centers and historic centers.	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...	pira	en	true	[ "A1711" ]	false	[ "Sea level rise and cities Cities located along coastlines and in archipelagic and island States are becoming increasingly susceptible to erosion and sea level rise (De Sherbinin and others, 2007; Hanson and others, 2011; Takagi and others, 2016). Many comprise large areas of reclaimed land (the gain of land from t...
What are the biggest causes of the decrease in mangrove area?	The overexploitation of resources, the conversion of mangrove areas to other land uses and the rise in sea level.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2470" ]	false	[ "In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit...
What was some of the results caused by production optimizations?	Increased throughput of the system without mechanical modifications, reduced OPEX on chemicals and taken advantage of natural changes in fluid properties as the field has aged.	[ "The Shell operated BC-10 field located in deepwater, 1650-1920m (5500 -6400 ), offshore Brazil produces heavy oil in the range of API 16-24. Due to the low reservoir energy and deep water environment, 100% of BC-10 production has artificial lift. Mudline caisson separators with ESPs (Electrical Submersible Pumps) ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1379" ]	false	[ "Nowadays gas-lift is still a very expressive artificial lift method, for instance considering the whole Brazilian oil production profiles, gas lifted wells are responsible for 30% of monthly production. Due this huge importance, the injection efficiency should be ensured to avoid lid gas losses and maximize the pr...
Where are Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) detected?	POPs are detected in remote locations far from their source of production, which include the deepest parts of the ocean and the polar regions.	[ "Persistent organic pollutants Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continue to be a global issue, persisting at concentrations likely to cause biological effects. POPs are detected in remote locations far from their source of production, which includes the deepest parts of the ocean and the polar regions. The numb...	pira	en	true	[ "B2236" ]	false	[ "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are man-made organic chemicals that have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, sometimes altering ecosystem functioning with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. This study assessed PCBs and OCPs in surface sediments of two estua...
What factor influences the average wind speed at ESGA?	The South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone position.	[ "The objective of this work is to describe the climate of Espírito Santo and the northern part of the Campos Basin (i.e., the Espírito Santo geographical area - ESGA), which is located in southeastern Brazil. The observed data from the Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading-Brazil platform, operated by Petrob...	pira	en	true	[ "A299" ]	false	[ "Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon...
Why was a detailed business case study performed?	In order to quantify the potential CAPEX savings that TCP technology can bring compared to the low lazy wave systems currently installed in pre-salt fields, offshore Brazil.	[ "Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) has a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. It is a disruptive technology where all the advantages for ultra-deep water developments come together: high strength, light weight, corrosion free, low CAPEX...	pira	en	true	[ "A1945" ]	false	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...
Why Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques are used in order to allow a detailed structural analysis?	Because they can be used to investigate detailed loads due to the spread of water on the deck, especially in sea beam conditions, which traditionally are not covered by maritime rules.	[ "Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A365" ]	false	[ "Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the...
At the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, what characteristics of people influence their environmental perception?	Age, education and number of people in the household	[ "The Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, located in the Marajó Archipelago, was created to protect its biodiversity and guarantee the sustainability of its ecosystems. Despite of it, local environmental problems have increased. In this sense, this study aimed to quantify the level of environmental perception, in four ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1779" ]	false	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The Regular Process is to provide an assessment of all the aspects of the marine environment relevant to sustainable development: environmental, economic and social. Even though the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet, it is still only ...
Earlier and higher oil production from oil fields could be attained by the use of which tool?	By the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), so far restricted to dry completions.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A584" ]	false	[ "Polymer flooding is a chemical enhanced oil recovery that aims to improve mobility control, by increasing the viscosity of injection brine and thus reducing the mobility ratio. Starting the polymer injection as early as possible brings the best economic results because it prevents the formation of viscous fingerin...
Which things are reconstructed for the last 7.4 cal ka BP?	The vegetation history and climate in southeastern Brazil, as well as the oceanic dynamics of the tropical Atlantic Ocean offshore	[ "The vegetation history and climate in southeastern Brazil, as well as the oceanic dynamics of the tropical Atlantic Ocean offshore, were reconstructed for the last 7.4 cal ka BP. This reconstruction was based on pollen, fern spores and dinoflagellate cysts identified in a marine core (CF10–04B). It was possible to...	pira	en	true	[ "A1636" ]	false	[ "We investigate the role of reactivation of Precambrian basement fabric in the tectono-sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of the Paraíba Basin, continental margin of northeastern Brazil, during the Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary. This basin represents part of the last bridge between South America and A...
What is the name of the national service responsible for training nearly 100000 people in the state of Rio Grande do Sul for the Oil and Gas industry?	SENAI-RS	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...	pira	en	true	[ "A736" ]	false	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...
What is one of the greatest requeriments for the Full Waveform Inversion (FWI), which was commonly used in a field survey in the brazilian offshore?	Basically the success of this technique depends on producing seamless short- and long-wavelength model updates while avoiding cycle skipping.	[ "Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) success depends on producing seamless short- and long-wavelength model updates while avoiding cycle skipping. In its traditional implementation, FWI risks converging to an inaccurate result if the data lacks sufficient low frequencies or the starting model is far from the true one. Ad...	pira	en	true	[ "A1867" ]	false	[ "The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa...
What it SMFPS?	SMFPS is a subsea multiphase flow pumping system	[ "The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2...	pira	en	true	[ "A790" ]	false	[ "Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant...
Where did the "Vessel Vergina II" oil spill occur?	In the São Sebastião channel, located in the state of São Paulo.	[ "Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th...	pira	en	true	[ "A278" ]	false	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...
Why does the increase in the potential of negotiation between private corporations and governments hamper the protection of marine environments?	Because it can generate conflicts over the access to resources and property rights, which undermines policies and agreements focused on sustainability	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...	pira	en	true	[ "B2209" ]	false	[ "Technological advancesAreas beyond national jurisdiction have become increasingly accessible owing to technological advancements that facilitate the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea resources, including biodiversity, minerals, oil and gas. Ensuring the sustainable development of those regions will require ...
What are the benefits of knowing the elastic properties of rock salt?	Can substantially benefit velocity modeling, seismic imaging, reservoir geomechanical analysis, prediction of wellbore stability and calculation of optimum fluid weight.	[ "Most subsurface rock models consider salt bodies as homogenous masses and set to evaporite minerals constant values of elastic properties such as density, compressional and shear velocities, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Lithological analyzes of outcrops and wells indicate that evaporites present large vert...	pira	en	true	[ "A1338" ]	false	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...
Where are the ends of the salt extension in Brazil?	In Bacia de Santos to the Bancia de Sergipe	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A978" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
How is the topology of the Serra do Mar in eastern Brazil?	It is a region with steep mountains and pronounced bays.	[ "Aim: The disjunct distributions of freshwater organisms along coastal drainages are usually explained by palaeodrainages formed during sea-level retreats that connected currently isolated basins, or by river capture from tectonic adjustments between adjoining watersheds. We evaluate the relative importance of thes...	pira	en	true	[ "A163" ]	false	[ "The Atlantic Ocean coast region of southeast Brazil contains two coast-parallel mountain ranges (the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira) generated by tectonic activity pulses tens of millions years after the main continental rift event occurred around 120 Ma. Although the short-term erosion rates for the region...
How much does the recently discovered, pre-salt area in Brazil extend geographically?	The area extends 800 kilometers from the northeast to the southern regions and 200 kilometers wide away from the coast	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A1004" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...
The coastal retrogradation of upper unconsolidated sediment during the last transgression contributed to what?	Contributed to the settlement of a sandbank at the bay mouth.	[ "A deposit dated from 40 cal ka bp is interpreted as a remnant of a spodic B horizon exposed on the seabed adjacent to Guanabara Bay at an average depth of 22 m. Bathymetric data, side scan sonar imagery, and underwater images were used to map the expressive feature, never informed before. It is a semi-consolidated...	pira	en	true	[ "A1734" ]	false	[ "Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode...
what type of basin is Campos basin?	Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, an usual type of basin in a passive continental margin.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A434" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What are the most important offshore oil reserves in Brazil?	The Campos and Santos basins.	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...	pira	en	true	[ "A1327" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
What is discussed other than the E&P used in Brazil for deepwater drilling?	New strategies, recent discoveries, development of oil fields, production and other technical aspects.	[ "The deepwater E&P technology used in Brazil for deepwater drilling which has made them a world leader in this area is discussed. The history and development of operations of Petrobrás and its various offshore operations are also presented. New strategies, recent discoveries, development of oil fields, production a...	pira	en	true	[ "A544" ]	false	[ "The 3 million bpd of crude oil produced globally in deep waters represent only 4% of the total explored volume by the petroleum industry. However, the expectation of a large increase in demand for energy in the coming decades is attracting new investments by oil companies. Although a matter that dominates the scen...
In which area analyzed with Euler deconvolution, magnetic anomaly standards indicate that the basement regional grain and structural elements are east-west-oriented?	In the area adjacent to the Transbrasiliano Lineament, the largest continental suture zone in the South American platform.	[ "The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-...	pira	en	true	[ "A1576" ]	false	[ "The rift phase of the Campos Basin developed during the Early Cretaceous on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Brasiliano-Pan African tectonic events, mostly generated during the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian amalgamation of western Gondwana blocks. The main rifting episode took place from th...
Name a possible cause of the marine reservoir effect, in locations under the effect of coastal marine upwelling.	The mixture of different water masses.	[ "The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I...	pira	en	true	[ "A1766" ]	false	[ "Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o...
How much bbl of light crude did Petrobras said to have in the Tupi field in 2007?	8 billion	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A933" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
How many people are employed in fisheries and aquaculture worlwide?	58.3 million people or 4.4 per cent of the economically active people	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...	pira	en	true	[ "B2143" ]	false	[ "The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t...
What are the types of platform support vessels used by Petrobras?	refueling units; specialized units responsible for oil well stimulation and seismic studies, diving vessels, ROV vessels, oil spill response vessels and anchor handling tug vessels.	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...	pira	en	true	[ "A592" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
Increased arsenic levels on the coastal environment were found in which countries in South America?	Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Argentina.	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....	pira	en	true	[ "A1344" ]	false	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...
What is possible to find in Papa Terra oil field?	Crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degrees.	[ "The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre...	pira	en	true	[ "A635" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...
What was the increase in Petrobras' production capacity after the FPSO leased from Single Buoy Moorings started operations?	Of 100,000 bpd	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A263" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
Name characteristics of the Cabo Frio region, on the southeast coast of Brazil.	Seasonal marine upwelling and rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds.	[ "The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I...	pira	en	true	[ "A1770" ]	false	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...
Why can't the few analogue reservoirs around the world be compared?	Because of differences in terms of volumes, water depth and distance to the coast	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A1067" ]	false	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...
What made possible the chronological determination of registration coverage?	An age model based on a radiocarbon dating of the isotope composition of planktony and oxygen of the bentonic	[ "One late Quaternary sediment core from the continental slope of the northern sector of Pelotas Basin (southern Brazilian continental margin, 2091 m water depth) was analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of the organic matter influx in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition on a regional scale. This...	pira	en	true	[ "A1570" ]	false	[ "This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This...
How much could cost the development of the fields for the commercial exploration of the layer under the salt?	Development of the fields could reach $2,000 to $4,000 million or more	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A738" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
Who did the first installation of the InForce Intelligent Well System in the Snorre field?	Baker Oil Tools.	[ "Norsk Hydro has congratulated Baker Oil Tools for its installation of the InForce Intelligent Well System in the Snorre field in the North Sea, which is the first ever installation of the system in the area. The installation will help Hydro reduce rig cost, as well as facilitate production from the P-30 well. The ...	pira	en	true	[ "A803" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
Which substances were analyzed in the Campos Basin?	Lipid biomarkers and carbon stable isotopes.	[ "Lipid biomarkers [fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols] and carbon stable isotopes (?¹³C values) in surface sediments from 9 cross shelf transects (25–3000 m water depth) from the Campos Basin, SE Brazilian continental margin were analyzed. The aim was to investigate the link between the prevailing regional spe...	pira	en	true	[ "A1392" ]	false	[ "The Campos Basin (100,000 km2) is located on the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil. Despite the significant oil and gas industrial activities underway in the Campos Basin, scarce information is available regarding the hydrocarbon contents and microbial communities in the deep-sea sediments. To gain new insi...
What are the necessary precautions to implement the Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) technique?	Due to the complex scenario of two floaters moored in close proximity, an extensive and careful hydrodynamic analysis is required to guarantee a successful execution.	[ "Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the...	pira	en	true	[ "A1868" ]	false	[ "This paper describes measured and simulated downhole pressure variations (\"surge and swab\") during drill pipe connections when drilling an ultra-deepwater well offshore Brazil on the Carcará field. Floating rig motion caused by waves and swell (\"rig heave\") inducessurge and swab when the drillstring issuspende...
How did the production estimate released by Petróleo Brasileiro SA and that of the BG Group differ?	The BG Group reported that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more, while Petrobras reported that the discovery was 8 billion barrels of light oil in 2007.	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A724" ]	false	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...
As an oil well ages, what kind of problems happens with it's production?	The well can suffer with oscilations in the flow rate and pressure	[ "As an offshore oil well ages, it is common for the production system to face multiphase flow problems such as limit cycles. This phenomenon, known as slugging in the jargon of the oil industry, causes oscillations in the well's flowrate and pressure. Its main effects are reducing production and increasing the risk...	pira	en	true	[ "A1418" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
Drilling engineers face many problems while designing and executing a section in salt zones. Which part of salt zones especially presents theses challenges that the engineers have to overcome?	The deep and ultra-deep water parts of drilling salt zones.	[ "Drilling salt zones, especially in deep and ultra-deep waters, presents several challenges to be overcome. One of the main problems faced by drilling engineers while designing and executing a section in salt zones, is the formation flow to the wellbore. Temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above the salt ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1154" ]	false	[ "Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c...
What is the depth of water in the presalt of the Santos basin reservoirs?	5300 to 7000 m deep.	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...	pira	en	true	[ "A351" ]	false	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...
What is the company and the place where the research will be carried out?	The company is Petrobras and the research is focused on the Campos Basin's.	[ "A panoramic view of Petrobras activity offshore Brazil focusing on the Campos Basin's early and permanent production systems, the capability of Brazilian engineering and industry to overcome the challenge of producing oil and gas from the sea, as well as forecasting the performance of the Brazilian state oil compa...	pira	en	true	[ "A441" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
Where to find Amphisbaena pretrei?	Eastern Brazil.	[ "The Neotropics host the highest number of species of the biological realms, but the roles of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and longstanding geographic barriers on the origins of this remarkable biodiversity remains debated. Here, we test the relative contribution of these evolutionary mechanisms on the genetic...	pira	en	true	[ "A201" ]	false	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...
How were submarine cannons created?	By erosion and sedimentation either underwater or fluvial when sea level was lower during the ice ages	[ "A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial...	pira	en	true	[ "B2355" ]	false	[ "The Exploration and Production Department of Petrobras asked the R&D Center the development of a production system for 1800 m water depth, in Campos Basin, which would allow the installation of Steel Caterany Risers (SCR) in the starboard side of a production platform. The subsurface buoy concept was chosen as one...
What is the advantage of using the Torpedo Pile and where is this technology used a lot?	Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the installation of the mooring, has a very efficient retention capacity, and using free fall energy for its own installation. This technology is widely used in Brazil, by Petrobras.	[ "Anchoring systems in deep-water Oil & Gas operations can be very challenging, considering the high loads usually applied and the soft soil to hold the anchor. The development of offshore anchoring systems with Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the mooring installation. ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1555" ]	false	[ "Invented by Petrobras in 1996, the torpedo anchor has been successfully applied in Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) in the Gulf of Mexico (Medeiros, 2002). With a torpedo-like hydrodynamic shape, the torpedo anchor obtains the kinetic energy required for penetration by free-falling through the wat...
Regarding cargo shipped and unloaded, what is the relationship between developed and developing countries?	The balance between cargo loaded and unloaded at developing country ports is approaching that of developed countries	[ "Theme G Adverse impacts on marine ecosystems come from the cumulative impacts of a number of human activities. Ecosystems, and their biodiversity, that might be resilient to one form or intensity of impact can be much more severely affected by a combination of impacts: the total impact of several pressures on the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2073" ]	false	[ "Cargo traffic Until 2020, recovery of the world’s economy after 2011 has been reflected in the growth of world trade and, consequently, in the tonnage of cargo carried by international shipping (figure II). When the distances over which the cargoes were carried are taken into account, the growth in ton-miles is ev...
Why is it expected an increase in anthropogenic noise in the Arctic?	Because the Arctic is opening up to shipping.	[ "The main anthropogenic noise sources in the ocean include vessels, industrial activity, including seismic exploration and renewable energy development, and sonar. Anthropogenic noise levels vary across space and time, the primary drivers being levels of human activity and propagation characteristics in the region....	pira	en	true	[ "B2201" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co...
how were the LNG terminals designed?	a floating dock capable of receiving a supply vessel on one side and a regasification vessel on the other	[ "This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t...	pira	en	true	[ "A479" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
The technological advances from the offshore oil and gas sector is facilitating the emergence of which industry?	The marine renewable energy industry.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2098" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...
What are the options of offshore carbon dioxide storage that have been studied?	Aquifers, depleted reservoirs, and salt caverns.	[ "Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1787" ]	false	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...
How does the innovative governance model settled by Petrobras to deal with new regulation work?	It works as a multidisciplinary committee coordinated by an executive manager. The governance model involves a law support for environmental issues and four work fronts.	[ "This paper provides an overview of the main efforts that are being endeavored by Petrobras in order to contribute for developing a Brazilian regulation for use and discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas operation, based on operational safety, well integrity and environmental aspects. I...	pira	en	true	[ "A1862" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
What is the estimated rate of growth in the number of international tourists between 2011 and 2017?	The estimated rate of growth in the number of international tourists between 2011 and 2017 was 5.7% per year	[ "Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita...	pira	en	true	[ "B1996" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...
How much was the percentage increase in endangered species compared to 2010?	3%	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af...	pira	en	true	[ "B2348" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...
What is studied and analysed in tidal power plants?	They studied the configuration management and current physical conditions of the dam	[ "There have been an increasing number of government policies and research activities aimed at the exploitation of renewable energy resources to diversify power supply and meet the growing demand for electricity. In the context of Brazil, an example of this is tidal energy, which has a significant potential and is m...	pira	en	true	[ "A1667" ]	false	[ "This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, o...
From this modernization of the semi-submersible drilling platform, the anchor moored drilling capacity can reach up to possibly how many meters in depth?	Possibly up to 2000 meters	[ "The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1174" ]	false	[ "Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op...
What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade?	In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been disrupting global trade extensively. Demand for the transport of raw materials and finished goods has dropped significantly, while demand for the transport of health-related goods has risen	[ "Cargo traffic Until 2020, recovery of the world’s economy after 2011 has been reflected in the growth of world trade and, consequently, in the tonnage of cargo carried by international shipping (figure II). When the distances over which the cargoes were carried are taken into account, the growth in ton-miles is ev...	pira	en	true	[ "B2482" ]	false	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...
What is the main source of marine litter?	Most litter is land-based.	[ "Plastics now represent the major share of marine litter or marine debris. Most marine litter is from land-based sources, resulting from poor waste management practices, especially in some rural and developing regions. Marine litter is present in all marine habitats, affecting the environment and marine organisms t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2520" ]	false	[ "IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of...
In the last years, an increase in passenger traffic on ferries has been observed. However, these numbers plumbed during early 2020. Which factor contributed to this scenario?	Passenger traffic was significantly reduced in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	[ "Passenger traffic Passenger traffic is almost entirely carried on local ferries or on cruise ships. The pattern of ferry traffic remains as described in the first Assessment, but the level of traffic has grown steadily (International Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2017). The activities of cruise ships hav...	pira	en	true	[ "B2435" ]	false	[ "Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup...
What is one of the most complex subsea developments ever executed in Brazil?	The Papa Terra oil field.	[ "The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre...	pira	en	true	[ "A905" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and...
How much will Petrobras invest for gas production in the state of Bahia?	$3.5 billion	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A812" ]	false	[ "BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio...
what may be the cause of upheavel buckling in heated pipelines in shores approach areas?	Shallow and insufficient soil support	[ "Shallow and insufficient soil support may lead to upheavel buckling of heated pipelines in shores approach areas. This article presents a nume rical model to simulate the thermomechanical buckling of buried heated pipelines in shore approach areas. An analysis adopting geometrical, physical, and operational data i...	pira	en	true	[ "A805" ]	false	[ "This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul...
What are the recommendations for a side-hulled balcony to have a protective effect against the increase of beam waves?	The protective effect against the increase of waves in beam waves is only effective with a lateral extension of 8m.	[ "Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A367" ]	false	[ "Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ...
What are the events that significantly impact coastal communities and to which the Southern Brazilian Coast is highly susceptible?	Events are storm surges that often lead to coastal flooding and erosive processes, significantly impacting coastal communities.	[ "The Southern Brazilian Coast is highly susceptible to storm surges that often lead to coastal flooding and erosive processes, significantly impacting coastal communities. In addition, climate change is expected to result in expressive increases in wave heights due to more intense and frequent storms, which, in con...	pira	en	true	[ "A168" ]	false	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...
How important are the oceans in the culture of all types of population?	They are part of cultural self-identification and in virtually all cultures there are spiritual connections with the sea.	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The assessment of what is happening to aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual values is also very difficult. In essentially every coastal or island culture, the indigenous peoples have spiritual links to the sea. They often also have links with sp...	pira	en	true	[ "B2548" ]	false	[ "Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f...
What is the reason for the growth in seaweed production between 2012 and 2017?	The main reason for the growth was the demand from agriculture	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2472" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What was Petrobras's influence on the utilization of floating production units?	Petrobras pioneered and led the industry effort to approve floating production unit international standards, consolidating their use worldwide.	[ "This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and...	pira	en	true	[ "A553" ]	false	[ "The second phase, Module 1A, of the Roncador field, offshore Brazil, was developed with a large semisubmersible floating production unit (FPU). This paper explains the strategies adopted by Petrobras to overcome the challenge of starting oil and gas production at a water depth of 1800 m in a short period of time, ...
How is the P-20 repair done in composite materials for application in metallic structural components of offshore platforms?	through carbon fiber reinforcements within a vinylester matrix.	[ "This paper shows work performed through a Joint Industry Project (JIP), aimed to enable repairs made from composite materials to be applied to metallic structural components of offshore platforms in general and FPSOs in particular. The basic motivation was to provide a repair methodology that would cause a reduced...	pira	en	true	[ "A399" ]	false	[ "The increase of oil exploration and production in a given ocean area may put new requirements on the design of mooring systems for the floating units. It is necessary to simplify the underwater layout through the reduction of the lines horizontal span and to allow smaller distance between the production units. In ...
What does the the jacket for the santos basin exploration, designed by Interconsult (Micoperi) has of difference ?	The concept for steel jackets using vertical external skirt piles. The concept eliminated the need for pile guides and enabled the 160-m-long piles to be installed and driven in a single piece	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...	pira	en	true	[ "A1211" ]	false	[ "The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth...
Why the temperature was the most important variable for the distribution of the months?	Temperature was the most important variable for the distribution of the months, allowing the division of the study period into hot and cold months. The temporal variation in the fish fauna composition was indicated by cluster analysis, with highest percentages of dissimilarity between the sampling sites during hot mont...	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...	pira	en	true	[ "A374" ]	false	[ "Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon...
where are the albian carbonate reservoirs?	in the Campos Basin offshore Brazil	[ "Brazilian carbonate reservoirs contain huge oil-in-place volumes and are likely to have an important economic impact in global oil industry. Such carbonate reservoirs, both Albian and Aptian, are located offshore in deep water, which has an important role in development costs. In siliciclastic plays it is standard...	pira	en	true	[ "A838" ]	false	[ "In carbonate rock reservoirs, spatial distribution models and elastic properties are complex because of diagenetic processes and mineralogical composition, which together directly interfere with variations in pore shape and interconnectivity. The main objective of this paper is to propose a workflow to aid in thre...
When were the carbonate rocks of the Ponta do Mel Formation formed?	Late Albian.	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...	pira	en	true	[ "A1326" ]	false	[ "This work intends to understand how the Ponta do Mel carbonate platform was implanted, to characterize its depositional model and its evolution in the light of modern stratigraphy, as well as to understand the stratigraphic relations with beneath, overlapping and contemporary units, from wells and seismic data. Th...
Did the provisional Garoupa early production system that Petrobras implemented after the collapse of the production tower at Campo de Garoupa manage to manipulate how many barrels of oil per day until the permanent system was completed?	He managed to handle around 30,000 bopd.	[ "When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro...	pira	en	true	[ "A589" ]	false	[ "By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ...
What is present in the ecossystems of the brazilian coastal zone?	Saltmarshes, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds.	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A890" ]	false	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...
What events helped to formalize and put into practice the legal issues regarding the oceanic area of Brazil?	The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, from 1988, and the the ratification of the country to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1994.	[ "The establishment of policies relevant to the oceanic area in Brazil aims to guide the rational planning of resources of marine space (Blue Amazon), ensuring the quality of coastal population life and the effective protection of ecosystems and resources within it. Therefore, it appears as a major factor in the for...	pira	en	true	[ "A1076" ]	false	[ "In 1992, Brazilian Navy and PETROBRAS carried out a geophysical survey along the continental margin off northeastern Brazil, as part of a governmental plan to delineate the \"Legal Continental Shelf’ according to the international Law of the Sea. This data set is leading to a better understanding of the crustal tr...
What method can be used to estimate air–sea sensible- and latent-heat fluxes?	The turbulent covariance method.	[ "Turbulent air-sea heat fluxes were computed from in situ high-frequency micrometeorological data during two research cruises performed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) occurring in June 2012 and October 2014. Two different and dynamical areas were covered by the cruises: the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BM...	pira	en	true	[ "A160" ]	false	[ "Recent technological advances over the past few decades have enabled the development of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling prediction systems that are used today to support short-term (days to weeks) and medium-term (10–21 days) needs for both the operational and research communities. We overview the coupling...
Why Micoperi company was important for the exploration of Santos Basin?	On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. They completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...	pira	en	true	[ "A1223" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
Where was tested the developed methodology for validating petroleum production tests?	It was applied to 13 representative wells of a Brazilian offshore oil field.	[ "Well production in oil fields is a dynamic and complex activity. The patterns and characteristics inherent to the well, such as pressures and flow rates, are changing based on production time and the fluid composition - a complex multiphase mixture composed of oil, water, and gas. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate...	pira	en	true	[ "A1698" ]	false	[ "During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr...
According to the text, what did the SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco do?	They have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center.	[ "SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co...	pira	en	true	[ "A1259" ]	false	[ "In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields...
When should the platform FPSO reach full capacity?	By the end of 2004	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A742" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
What was Brazil's last major find in 1996 by Petrobras?	The 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A868" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
Why is the gas line a landmark in Brazilian energy?	Because it interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin	[ "Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A606" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has launched the 38-in., 179-km Cabiunas-Reduc III (Gasduc III) gas pipeline, which is capable of carrying 40 million cu m/day. Gasduc III enhances regional transportation capacity to 40 million from 16 million cu m/day. The line can transport gas produced in the Campos and Espirito Santo basins, as well...
what is required for effective implementation of ecosystem-based management?	appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect different ecosystem components and their functioning. It also requires the identification of solutions to prevent and mitigate the pressures being caused by those interactions	[ "Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff...	pira	en	true	[ "B2180" ]	false	[ "The ecosystem approach is one of the most significant approaches to ocean management, consisting of the environmental, social and economic management of human interactions with oceans and coasts at multiple levels (transboundary, regional, national and local). While there is general agreement that the ecosystem ap...
It is known that the continental shelf underlying the municipality of Salvador was exposed to underwater conditions during most of the Quartenário period. This scenario is usually the cause of erosive effects, however, there was a condition that allowed this not to happen, what was that condition?	the erosive effects were certainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the structural and stratigraphic framework of the Camamu and Jacuípe basins, highlighting the physiographic features of relics from both basins.	[ "The continental shelf adjacent to the municipality of Salvador (CSS), state of Bahia, is the narrowest sector of the entire Brazilian continental shelf. During most of the Quaternary, this sector of the shelf was exposed to subaereous conditions, since sea level was approximately 45-60 meters below what is current...	pira	en	true	[ "A1870" ]	false	[ "The Atlantic Ocean coast region of southeast Brazil contains two coast-parallel mountain ranges (the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira) generated by tectonic activity pulses tens of millions years after the main continental rift event occurred around 120 Ma. Although the short-term erosion rates for the region...

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