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question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What is the geological age range of reservoirs in Albora field?	The reservoirs range in age from Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) to Miocene.	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...	pira	en	true	[ "A839" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...
How many URRs are estimated to exist in Brazil's post-salt offshore basins?	Between 15 and 21 billion	[ "This study estimates oil production curves applying single and multi-cycle Hubbert models and Hubbert variants for the case of Brazil. The application of a top-down modeling approach is necessary, as the size of oil fields discoveries is usually confidential data and therefore not disclosed in Brazil. Despite frag...	pira	en	true	[ "A1795" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...
What are some of the cultural practices related to the traditional use of the ocean?	The ways of building boats or harvesting shellfish, and the stone fish traps found accross the coast of South-East Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands.	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services from the ocean (cultural services) cover a wide range of practices. The services are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2304" ]	false	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems Heritage is also part of the cultural services provided by the ocean, with significant, though often unquantified, social and economic benefits (Firth, 2015). The iconic nature of underwater cultural heritage, such as historic shipwrecks,...
Where is the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve located?	In the Marajó Archipelago	[ "The Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, located in the Marajó Archipelago, was created to protect its biodiversity and guarantee the sustainability of its ecosystems. Despite of it, local environmental problems have increased. In this sense, this study aimed to quantify the level of environmental perception, in four ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1585" ]	false	[ "In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo...
What are the ways humans change the ocean for the worse?	Through inputs of waste or through the ocean acidification from increased emissions of carbon dioxide.	[ "Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f...	pira	en	true	[ "B2364" ]	false	[ "Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t...
What are the main threats to mangrove loss?	Overexploitation of resources, conversion of mangrove areas to other land uses and the climate-change-induced sea-level rise.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2324" ]	false	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...
What are the major causes of seabird decline?	Invasive alien species and climate change	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af...	pira	en	true	[ "B2272" ]	false	[ "Background: Owing to the abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels, seabirds are considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems. Gout is a common disease affecting birds, but also occurs in other taxa, including mammals and re...
Wich type of energy the sites between 31.5° S and 28.5° S revealed the most?	Near-inertial energy	[ "Near-inertial oscillations (NIO) are intermittent motions with a frequency close to the inertial frequency and represent an important fraction of the energy to the currents in the upper ocean. Based on hourly velocity records at the shelf break covering the top 50 m of the water column in 5 locations and one addit...	pira	en	true	[ "A1941" ]	false	[ "This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source (Q1) and apparent moisture sink (Q2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to...
How many of largest cities in the world are located on estuaries?	22 of the 32 largest cities	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Biodiversity and economic activity Sometimes, because of the special physical features that contribute to high biodiversity, and sometimes because of the concentration of biodiversity itself, many societies and industries are most active in areas that are also biodiversity hotspots. As on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2390" ]	false	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...
Why is there a need to identify or develop products such as shale hydration inhibitors?	Because these products can increase the utility of the fluid while retaining its unique characteristics.	[ "A mixed metal oxy hydroxide (MMH-type) system, which exhibits under flow and gelation characteristics, was used to successfully drill an ultra deepwater well offshore Brazil. Subsequently rheological studies of laboratory-prepared and field fluids were conducted under temperature and pressure conditions similar to...	pira	en	true	[ "A1242" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
What can be associated with the discovery of higher concentrations of larvae at night?	Natural variation or net avoidance.	[ "Oceanographic features influence the early stages of fish to a high degree. We investigated the influence of continental shelf-slope gradient on the ichthyoplankton composition and distribution off Northeastern Brazil. Two oceanographic campaigns were performed during July-August 2010 and 2012. The samplings were ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1579" ]	false	[ "The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplank...
What is the two contrasting models that exist for the formation of seaward dipping reflectors?	The volcanic-faulting model and the volcanic-loading model. Each of these models has important implications for the processes which control the structure and formation of magma-rich rifted continental margins.	[ "The mechanism by which seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) are formed is a topic of debate. Two contrasting models exist for their formation, the volcanic-faulting model and the volcanic-loading model. Each of these models has important implications for the processes which control the structure and formation of magm...	pira	en	true	[ "A1372" ]	false	[ "Diapir piercement through the ocean floor marks the final stages of a dynamic migration path. Once exhumed, a diapir extrudes from the seafloor, placing an obstacle for the flow of ocean bottom currents. While the hydrodynamic response of the flow has been previously studied, the detailed depositional and weatheri...
How was it possible to test the efficiency of the Santos Operational Forecasting System (SOFS)?	Through the use of metrics, such as the mean square error (RMSE)	[ "We describe the design, implementation, and performance of a fully automated Santos Operational Forecasting System (SOFS), built to monitor and predict short-term (< 3 days) sea surface elevations, currents, temperature, and salinity in the Santos-Sao Vicente-Bertioga Estuarine System (SSVBES). The SSVBES located ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1647" ]	false	[ "In the Santos basin off Brazil, Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks (halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite) at high differential stress and high temperature, using finite-element codes developed in-house. The results were used to predict the evolution of the well closure...
By what name is the Brazilian EEZ called?	Blue Amazon.	[ "Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of...	pira	en	true	[ "A303" ]	false	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...
How was the procedure for repairing composite materials performed on FPSOs platforms?	A qualification for the repair of relevant defects was carried out to demonstrate it’s feasibility with simple examples, then more qualification tests were realized for patch repair and ended with the practical application of the Recommended Practice.	[ "This paper shows work performed through a Joint Industry Project (JIP), aimed to enable repairs made from composite materials to be applied to metallic structural components of offshore platforms in general and FPSOs in particular. The basic motivation was to provide a repair methodology that would cause a reduced...	pira	en	true	[ "A400" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...
What is the definition of ecosystem provided by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment?	A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.	[ "Ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, provide services to people, which are lifesustaining and contribute to human health and well-being (Millennium Ecosyste Assessment, 2005; de Groot, 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defines an ecosystem as “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism comm...	pira	en	true	[ "B1976" ]	false	[ "There is no universally agreed set of drivers that has been defined for the marine environment. Different programmes and assessment processes have defined drivers in varying ways and, in some cases, drivers and pressures, whether natural or anthropogenic in nature, are used interchangeably. In the Millennium Ecosy...
In which sector of the Campos Basin were the most abundant planktonic species of hot water found?	In the Rio de Janeiro sector.	[ "The distribution of planktonic foraminifera in box-core tops under the influence of a western boundary upwelling system along the southeastern Brazilian continental margin was examined to evaluate the similarity percentage (SIMPER) and to create a biofacies model for paleoenvironmental applications. Species associ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1284" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What is the main difficulty for predicting well bottom pressures to work?	The pressure generated by the fluid is the primary safety barrier	[ "The present study aims to propose a methodology to treat probabilistically the prediction of well bottom pressures during drilling, circulation and tripping operations. The pressure generated by the fluid is the primary safety barrier and its failure can immediately initiate gains and losses events in the well, wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1660" ]	false	[ "Drilling salt zones, especially in deep and ultra-deep waters, presents several challenges to be overcome. One of the main problems faced by drilling engineers while designing and executing a section in salt zones, is the formation flow to the wellbore. Temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above the salt ...
Who does studies related to the closure of the well in the Santos Basin	Petrobrás	[ "In the Santos basin off Brazil, Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks (halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite) at high differential stress and high temperature, using finite-element codes developed in-house. The results were used to predict the evolution of the well closure...	pira	en	true	[ "A1193" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What reasons lead to the development of new oil exploration technologies in Brazil?	Containment of capital expenditures, increased oil consumption and large oil fields located at high water depth.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A849" ]	false	[ "Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu...
What techniques accelerates biodegradation?	Biostimulation and bioaugmentation techniques.	[ "This chapter presents advances in studies related to the monitoring and development of biotechnologies for the restoration of mangrove areas in Todos os Santos Bay that have been impacted by petroleum. The results of surface sediment monitoring show that the estuary of the São Paulo River has the most pollution fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1772" ]	false	[ "Biosecurity Diseases continue to challenge global aquaculture and are one of the primary deterrents to the aquaculture development of many species. Thus, investment, along with a focus on biosecurity and health, have been on the increase worldwide (Subasinghe and others, 2019). Biosecurity in aquaculture consists ...
Where are the new deep water drilling rigs being tested?	In the Albacora Field, in the Campos Basin, on the Brazilian coast.	[ "New equipment developed for employing underbalanced drilling techniques on a floating drilling rig were presented. Field trials of the equipment are being conducted on a semi-submersible vessel in the Albacora Field of the Campos Basin in offshore Brazil. The test is being conducted in a partially depleted formati...	pira	en	true	[ "A1233" ]	false	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...
What is the difference between minor and large oil spills?	Minor spills require smaller resources, however made available in a smaller rage of time, whereas larger spills must be attended to with strongest resources, in a larger period of time	[ "In Brazil, environmental laws define oil containment and collection as a primary strategy to oil spills originated by exploitation and production enterprises that reaches water bodies. Thus, it is foreseen a continuous equipment increase over the time, in a scaled response, always in accordance to accidental scena...	pira	en	true	[ "A1401" ]	false	[ "A mysterious oil spill occurred in the ocean near Brazil in 2019, which affected coastal areas in northeastern Brazil. When oil pollution occurs in coastal zones, organisms such as small mammals can suffer deleterious effects to their health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to contaminated san...
How was the SMR/FT system developed by the company CompactGTL?	It was developed to incorporate modules weighing lower than 25 ton and produce 200 bpd of liquids per module. This SMR and FT reactions are carried out in a series of mini-channels.	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A458" ]	false	[ "In order to comply with ANP / INMETRO No. 1 regulations, Petrobras undertook a project to install fiscal flow meters on its gas pipelines located on its Marlin Asset platforms in the Campos Basin. However, meter installation required 15 days of shutdown on each platform, which would reduce production rates. A tech...
What should be addressed while developing and applying the MMH in Deepwater?	The narrow pressure window circumstances.	[ "A mixed metal oxy hydroxide (MMH-type) system, which exhibits under flow and gelation characteristics, was used to successfully drill an ultra deepwater well offshore Brazil. Subsequently rheological studies of laboratory-prepared and field fluids were conducted under temperature and pressure conditions similar to...	pira	en	true	[ "A1248" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
What were some of the technological challenges faced in the development of the pre-salt fields in the Santos Basin?	The production of fluids with high values of GOR (Gas Oil Ratio) and the high values of WAT (Wax Appearance Temperature).	[ "The development of pre-salt fields in the Santos Basin has presented a plenty of technological challenges, which include the production of fluids with high values of GOR (Gas Oil Ratio) and high values of WAT (Wax Appearance Temperature). To avoid the wax deposition, it is absolutely imperative handling the temper...	pira	en	true	[ "A673" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What is the main source rocks of the giant oil and gas fields in the east coasts of Brazil?	The Lower Cretaceous lacustrine calcareous black shale	[ "Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta...	pira	en	true	[ "A1543" ]	false	[ "Igneous rocks are widely developed in many hydrocarbon-bearing sedimentary basins in Brazil, and some igneous rocks play positive roles in the oil and gas accumulation process. But so far, no industrial oil or gas flow is discovered in igneous rocks in Brazilian onshore basins. At present, in some literatures publ...
What the presence of submerged terraces at Fernando de Noronha and Trindade is related to?	A combination of glacio-eustatic variations (low sea levels) and epeirogenic uplift.	[ "The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac...	pira	en	true	[ "A1559" ]	false	[ "Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo...
What is the depth range of the Albacora field, located at the Campos basin?	230m to 1,900m	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...	pira	en	true	[ "A940" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
What is used in order to determine the location and capacity of an offshore platform?	A set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes	[ "The problem of optimal location and sizing of offshore platforms for oil exploration can be formulated as follows: given a set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes, determine the location and capacity of the platforms to be built as well as the assignment of we...	pira	en	true	[ "A879" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
How many tons of marine aggregates are extracted annually by the UK and how does it rank in the world?	The UK is the world's largest producer of marine aggregates, currently extracting approximately 20 million tons of marine aggregates per year.	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...	pira	en	true	[ "B2056" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What changes are being observed in the oceans in relation to stratification?	Layer formations are being observed in ocean waters, which reduce the exchange of water between the deepest levels with the surface, which brings problems to ecosystems.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Salinity Alongside broad-scale ocean warming, shifts in ocean salinity (salt content) have also occurred. The variations in the salinity of the ocean around the world result from differences in the balance between freshwater inflows (from rivers and g...	pira	en	true	[ "B2294" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ...
What are the most important oil and gas basins of Brazil?	Campos Basin and Santos Basin.	[ "The acoustic patterns variation can be used to understand the sediment distribution extrapolating the information to places where is not possible to take any sample. Many authors already use this integrated method to investigate interest areas in, both, commercial and scientific aspect. In this direction the curre...	pira	en	true	[ "A668" ]	false	[ "Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ...
Related to the new wave on usage of artificial inteligence in engineering problems, what are in Brazilian offshore fields, the leading operating conditions and modes to its design?	The operating conditions for flexible riser applications, and the metallic layer’s fatigue failure mode.	[ "The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A1798" ]	false	[ "Brazil is entering the age of decommissioning, with aging offshore fields that have been in operation for more than 25 years. Brazil has migrated from an operator's monopolistic environment (with the state owned oil company, Petrobras) to a new reality in which many companies, national and international operate in...
How much does Petrobrás plans to invest in developing of gas production at the offshore Manati field in Camamu-Almada?	Over $1.2 bilion	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A522" ]	false	[ "Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ...
When did the collapse of the Fundão dam happened?	In november of 2015.	[ "The present study deals with bioavailability of trace metals in the Doce river continental shelf, southeast of Brazil. The bottom sediments of the study area were firstly sampled a few weeks before the biggest environmental disaster of Brazil, the collapse of the Fundão dam in November of 2015. The disaster releas...	pira	en	true	[ "A1408" ]	false	[ "In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ...
What are the surface complexities that can interfere with EOR processes?	Gas sweetening, compression, and fluid blending.	[ "Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1339" ]	false	[ "In the current scenario, the drilling of oil and gas wells in Brazilian offshore basins faces the barrier of crossing salt sequences to 2000 meters thick. In addition to the thickness, these sequences present in their composition different saline lithotypes with different physical and mechanical behavior. The char...
What are seismic surveys applied to the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons for?	They map the location of geological systems rich in hydrocarbons, preparing for geological and geophysical surveys in order to obtain refined data on the location of the resources sought	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...	pira	en	true	[ "B2269" ]	false	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...
Why is the complex system of the atmosphere and ocean currents crucial to the distribution of life in the ocean?	Because these complex system regulates many factors, such as temperature, salinity, oxygen content, absorption of carbon dioxide, the penetration of light and the distribution of nutrients.	[ "The complex system of the atmosphere and ocean currents is also crucial to the distribution of life in the ocean, since it regulates, among other factors, (as said above) temperature, salinity, oxygen content, absorption of carbon dioxide and the penetration of light and (in addition to these) the distribution of ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2458" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
How is aerobic life possible in deep ocean?	Cold saltier water sinks into the deepest ocean basins, bringing oxygen and thus enabling aerobic life to exist.	[ "The winds in the atmosphere are the main drivers of these ocean surface currents. The interface between the ocean and the atmosphere and the effect of the winds also allows for the ocean to absorb oxygen and, more importantly, carbon dioxide from the air. Annually, the ocean absorbs 2,300 gigatonnes of carbon diox...	pira	en	true	[ "B2117" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
What is the target for the Brazilian waterway matrix in 2025?	The goal is to exceed the current 13% to 25% in 2025.	[ "Brazil has a transport system with little presence of intermodality and use of Short-Sea Shipping. Nevertheless, these are goals for Brazilian waterborne transportation matrix, which is expected to exceed 13% going to 25% in 2025. Currently, Brazilian transportation matrix isn't balanced surpassing that of other c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1332" ]	false	[ "In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led...
Why is ULTRA so relevant today for the Brazilian market?	Because it is over 9 years old, and still being used in offshore projects worldwide.	[ "ULTRA™ is a novel and advanced flow assurance coating technology recently introduced in the Brazilian market for upcoming, and challenging, offshore projects expected in the next years. This coating technology has been used for over 9 years, and has been designed, applied and installed in offshore projects worldwi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1891" ]	false	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...
What contributed to Brazil fall behind on the improvements needed to prevent spills?	Political injustices.	[ "In August 2019, an oil spill incident washed the coast in Brazil affecting some of the country's most visited and preserved beaches in Northeast and Southeast. This paper argues that the influence of power disconnects delayed the proper actions. Power disconnects occur when the victims of environmental harm (resid...	pira	en	true	[ "A1264" ]	false	[ "Brazil has suffered water contamination caused by oil spills, which has caused both short-and long-Term environmental damages. Human error and mechanical problems in offshore equipment during the production, transportation and storage of petroleum constitute the main causes of oil spill. Due to this fact and to em...
What did Petrobras' maritime support fleet renewal program include?	The construction of 146 offshore support vessels in Brazilian shipyards.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1171" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...
Why not use energy from waves and ocean currents?	Because so far, projects that generate energy from tides are still rare, and those that exist have not yet reached full commercialization.	[ "The offshore wind sector is expanding globally to regions with no utility-scale (grid) installations at present. The use of floating platforms is a step change enabling the industry to open up large areas with deeper waters. In 2019, 28.3 gigawatts (GW) of installed capacity from the offshore wind sector was deplo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2481" ]	false	[ "Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ...
What does the Pico das Gaivotas Unit clinopyroxene phenocrysts suggests?	Pico das Gaivotas Unit clinopyroxene phenocrysts suggest a particularly higher-pressure environment, and a complex evolutionary history.	[ "Martin Vaz Archipelago is located at the parallel 20°S, 1200 km away from the Brazilian coastline and is composed of Plio-Pleistocenic alkaline rocks that represent the last volcanic event of the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The Archipelago is divided into three main units: Pico das Gaivotas Unit (i) is made up of nose...	pira	en	true	[ "A151" ]	false	[ "We present the first evidence of Archean oceanic crust submitted to Proterozoic high-pressure (HP) metamorphism in the South American Platform. Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotopic data combined with U–Pb geochronological data from the Campo Grande area, Rio Grande do Norte domain, in the Northern Borborema Province, reflect ...
What are the five more influential drivers on marine environment and its sustainability ?	Population growth and demographic changes; Economic activity; Technological advances; Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability; and Climate change.	[ "Drivers that have the greatest influence on the marine environment and its sustainability are: (a) population growth and demographic changes; (b) economic activity; (c) technological advances; (d) changing governance structures and geopolitical instability; and (e) climate change. Relationships between drivers and...	pira	en	true	[ "B2540" ]	false	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The Regular Process is to provide an assessment of all the aspects of the marine environment relevant to sustainable development: environmental, economic and social. Even though the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet, it is still only ...
What is an example of a bay where the development of the coast was not well planned and led to negative impacts on its marine fauna and flora?	The Vlora Bay in Albania	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...	pira	en	true	[ "B2166" ]	false	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th...
with which purpose will Petrobras invest at least $ 3.5 billion in Bahia through 2010?	The purpose is to expand local gas networks.	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A1062" ]	false	[ "BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio...
What are the most relevant uncertainties that the initial development phase in Petrobras Business Plan's (2011-15) will have to cope with?	The quality and the heterogeneity degree of each reservoir zone	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A1023" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
What were some of the capabilities being actively monitored for and sought after during the laboratory research?	Cuttings suspension, filtration control, and bridging.	[ "In the Peregrino field, located in the Campos Basin offshore Brazil, the operator adopted the use of water-based drilling fluids for drilling development wells due to rig limitations. In the 12 ¼-in. sections of several wells drilled in this field, high dispersion of shale minerals suffered by the drilling fluid c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1930" ]	false	[ "Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of ...
What are the two long term changes in the ocean caused by sustained warming?	The first change is sea level rise and the second is ocean acidification.	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2434" ]	false	[ "Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T...
When did the first phase of the development plan conceived for Albacora field start?	October, 1987	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...	pira	en	true	[ "A775" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
How many sites have been studied in Paranaguá Bay and what was the period that this study of fish fauna took place?	Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000.	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...	pira	en	true	[ "A375" ]	false	[ "The composition of estuarine fish fauna is dynamic and complex. Despite the variation in fish fauna in estuaries, it is possible to observe some species associated with microhabitats. The assemblage composition of these communities is apparently derived from habitat selection. The aim of this study was to assess t...
By what means can coastal ecosystems control pests and animal populations?	Through trophic-dynamic relations and by supporting pollination	[ "Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se...	pira	en	true	[ "B2210" ]	false	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...
Of the fish species with conservation assessments, which are threatened or almost threatened with extinction?	about 6 percent of bony fish, nearly 50 percent of elasmobranchs, 10 percent of chimeras and both species of coelacanths.	[ "The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m...	pira	en	true	[ "B2182" ]	false	[ "Some 90 per cent of mangrove, seagrass and marsh plant species have been assessed as being at risk of extinction; 19 per cent of mangroves, 21 per cent of seagrass species and one marsh plant species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among macroalgae, ...
What are the proposed methods for decommissioning of a rigid pipeline between two platforms in Campos Basin?	The complete removal by cut and lift or leave in situ	[ "A new method developed to evaluate the performance measure of some sub-criteria of the environmental criterion in a Comparative Assessment of various options of the decommissioning of subsea installations in Brazil is presented. The method is based on an adaptation of that proposed by IBAMA in Technical Note N°. 1...	pira	en	true	[ "A1696" ]	false	[ "The Campos basin is a sedimentary basin located in offshore Brazil, between the north coast of Rio de Janeiro State and the south coast of Espírito Santo State, encompassing many oilfields. Most of the reservoirs in the basin are high-permeability sandstones containing low API gravity oil but are without strong wa...
What methods can be used for artificial lifting in deep sea reserves?	Methods that can be used are hydraulic jet pumping, pressing cavity pumping, multiphase pumping and subsea separation.	[ "Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac...	pira	en	true	[ "A302" ]	false	[ "Anchoring systems in deep-water Oil & Gas operations can be very challenging, considering the high loads usually applied and the soft soil to hold the anchor. The development of offshore anchoring systems with Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the mooring installation. ...
What is threathening coastal systems and low-lying areas around the world?	The sea-level rise, due to ocean warming and the melting of land ice.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Shellfish productivity Because of the acidification of the ocean, impacts on the production by shellfish of their calcium carbonate shells has already been observed periodically at aquaculture facilities, hindering production. As acidification intensi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2513" ]	false	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...
What happened to the commercial catches of minke whales and fin whales, respectively?	The commercial catches of minke whales have decreased and stabilized, and the commercial catch of fin whales was suspended in 2019 and 2020.	[ "Consumption and competition The recovery of several marine mammal populations is generating the potential for conflicts in some regions and opportunities in others. Marine mammals can learn to associate fishing activities with food availability, leading to the development of behaviours to depredate catches from fi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2276" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...
How did the use of Hot Tapping and Plugging with Bypass tenchology help with the planned shutdown?	The use of those technologies reduced planned shutdown by 35 days.	[ "In order to comply with ANP / INMETRO No. 1 regulations, Petrobras undertook a project to install fiscal flow meters on its gas pipelines located on its Marlin Asset platforms in the Campos Basin. However, meter installation required 15 days of shutdown on each platform, which would reduce production rates. A tech...	pira	en	true	[ "A730" ]	false	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...
Why is the application of Electric Submersible Pump challenging?	Because there is presence of ultra-deep waters and heavy, viscous oil.	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...	pira	en	true	[ "A1721" ]	false	[ "This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM...
What are the levels of governance of the ocean management?	The process of decision-making and management tools are the two distinct levels of governance	[ "The ecosystem approach is one of the most significant approaches to ocean management, consisting of the environmental, social and economic management of human interactions with oceans and coasts at multiple levels (transboundary, regional, national and local). While there is general agreement that the ecosystem ap...	pira	en	true	[ "B1989" ]	false	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...
how many tons of seaweed have been produced through aquaculture in 2012?	24.9 million tons	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...	pira	en	true	[ "B2186" ]	false	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...
How are supercomputing advances transforming resource estimation?	A new kind of processing technique, full waveform inversion, is applied to existing seismic data using supercomputers, creating a model of the subsurface rock layers in rich detail. Similarly, advances in four-dimensional seismic technology, coupled with superior computing power, now provide new insights into hydrocarb...	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...	pira	en	true	[ "B2384" ]	false	[ "Technological advances As maritime activities have expanded and demands on resources have increased, technological advances have been key to increasing efficiencies, expanding markets and enhancing economic growth associated with activities. Such innovations have led to both positive and negative outcomes for the ...
How can the performance of wave spectra inferences be evaluated?	Comparing the statistical parameters results with the measures obtained in a basin.	[ "The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A761" ]	false	[ "Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode...
Will the climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean increase or decrease the net primary production of phytoplankton communities?	It is not clear yet since there are both positive and negative impacts on different plankton communities.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Plankton Phytoplankton and marine bacteria carry out most of the primary production on which food webs depend. The climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean that had been predicted are now causing shifts in phytoplankton communiti...	pira	en	true	[ "B2141" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...
What is mostly related to the passage of transient synoptic systems?	It is mostly related to short period changes in atmospheric conditions.	[ "Turbulent air-sea heat fluxes were computed from in situ high-frequency micrometeorological data during two research cruises performed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) occurring in June 2012 and October 2014. Two different and dynamical areas were covered by the cruises: the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BM...	pira	en	true	[ "A159" ]	false	[ "A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transit...
From what era dates the fossils of ostracod species found on the Atlantic coast of North and Central America?	Neogene	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...	pira	en	true	[ "A1382" ]	false	[ "The vegetation history and climate in southeastern Brazil, as well as the oceanic dynamics of the tropical Atlantic Ocean offshore, were reconstructed for the last 7.4 cal ka BP. This reconstruction was based on pollen, fern spores and dinoflagellate cysts identified in a marine core (CF10–04B). It was possible to...
What places are interconnected by the gas line?	The gas line interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin	[ "Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A602" ]	false	[ "On November, 2010 Petrobras defined the necessity of one additional gas export pipeline in Santos Basin Pre-Salt area to improve the capacity of the export gas network and assure the objectives defined in the Strategic Plan. Nowadays there are two gas export pipelines in operation to export the gas from pre-salt a...
What are the impacts of uncertainty for fisheries?	Impacts on food and economic security and undermining sustainable management	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Fish stock distribution As seawater temperatures increase, the distribution of many fish stocks and the fisheries that depend upon them is shifting. While the broad pattern is one of stocks moving poleward and deeper in order to stay within waters tha...	pira	en	true	[ "B2060" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...
How does the leisure time afect the tourism?	Levels around the world of disposable income and leisure time determine the extent of cruises and other types of tourism	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The Regular Process is to provide an assessment of all the aspects of the marine environment relevant to sustainable development: environmental, economic and social. Even though the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet, it is still only ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2391" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...
To collect samples to recognize ages, correlations and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Cretaceous and Paleogenic sections of the Brazilian continental margin, what method can be used?	Drill offshore wells in Brazilian continental margin.	[ "Dinoflagellate cysts are commonly used to obtain the relative ages, correlations and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Cretaceous and Paleogenic sections of the Brazilian continental margin. However, the micropaleontological data of the Pelotas Basin is mainly concerning to calcareous microfossils, which i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1292" ]	false	[ "The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r...
Why is the magnitude of the effects of oceanic oxygen decline uncertain?	Because the magnitude of the effects varies between species and biological and ecological processes.	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry As the oxygen content of water declines, an increasing fraction of production is diverted to microbes (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Wright and others, 2012). Food webs change because of altered encounter rates and the species-specific effects of low oxygen on the feeding effi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2302" ]	false	[ "Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be...
What was analyzed about the Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia?	The habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species.	[ "Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia is a semi-aquatic chelonian found in Northern South America. We analyzed the habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species on Algodoal-Maiandeua Island, a protected area on the Northeastern coast of the Brazilian state of Pará. Four distinct habitats (coastal plain l...	pira	en	true	[ "A1254" ]	false	[ "Brazilian Environmental Authority (IBAMA) adopted EPA rules for discharging drill cuttings from O&G operations. EPA method describes procedures to evaluate toxicity using Leptocheirus plumulosus. Despite being an exotic species, Brazilian laboratories keep L. plumulosus cultures. Otherwise, Grandidierella bonn...
How geologists call shell-mounds located on Brazil's offshore?	The most used name is sambaqui.	[ "There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th...	pira	en	true	[ "A1887" ]	false	[ "The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I...
Which datasets were used to train the Artificial Neural Network that tried to predict sea-level variations in Santos Basin?	An hourly time series of water level in a point of 415 meters and 6-hourly series of atmospheric pressure and wind.	[ "This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model developed to predict extreme sea level variation in Santos basin on the Southeast region of Brazil, related to the passage of frontal systems associated with cyclones. A methodology was developed and applied to Petrobras water deep data set. Hourly time ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1061" ]	false	[ "The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth...
Why are the Coastal wetlands at significant risk?	They may not keep up with the rising seas in the future	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...	pira	en	true	[ "B2558" ]	false	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...
What is the main factor that favors the phenomenon of paraffin deposition in the subsea production lines in the wells of the Albacora Field?	Presence of low temperatures in deep waters	[ "The production of several wells from the Albacora ield (Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is being togressively lowered due to a paraffin deposition roc ess in the subsea production flowlines. The subsea low temperature is considered to be the leading factor in the paraffin deposition or waxing process of deep...	pira	en	true	[ "A1163" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...
What would happen without the thermohaline circulation system in the ocean?	The bottom waters of the ocean would soon be depleted of oxygen, and aerobic life there would cease to exist.	[ "Wind-driven mixing affects only the surface of the ocean, mainly the upper 200 metres or so, and rarely deeper than about 1,000 metres. Without the ocean’s thermohaline circulation system, the bottom waters of the ocean would soon be depleted of oxygen, and aerobic life there would cease to exist. Superimposed on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2306" ]	false	[ "The winds in the atmosphere are the main drivers of these ocean surface currents. The interface between the ocean and the atmosphere and the effect of the winds also allows for the ocean to absorb oxygen and, more importantly, carbon dioxide from the air. Annually, the ocean absorbs 2,300 gigatonnes of carbon diox...
What are functional estuaries?	Temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs).	[ "Apart from representing the vast majority (71%) of South Africa's 258 functional estuaries, temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) are common in Australia, on the southeastern coasts of Brazil and Uruguay, the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka, but are poorly represented in North America, Europe and mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A180" ]	false	[ "Estuaries provide an appropriate unit for spatial analyses that permit the establishment of environmental management strategies, based on the existing knowledge of their hydrographic basins. The present study developed a diagnostic approach to landscape and environmental management, based on the theoretical concep...
What needs to be more studied regarding aquaculture?	The knowledge regarding the impact of climate change on aquaculture still needs to be improved, in which more research is necessary to improve seeds, feeds, and the health management of the industry.	[ "The rapid growth of intensive aquaculture, in some cases not well planned, has caused concern about environmental impact, human health and social issues. Although the lion’s share of production originates in Asia, opposition to aquaculture development is strongest in some developed countries (Froehlich and others,...	pira	en	true	[ "B2440" ]	false	[ "Inputs and resources Land and water are the most important resources for aquaculture development. Gentry and others (2017) estimated that 11,400,000 km2 of coastline are suitable for fishes, and more than 1,500,000 km2 could be developed for bivalves. The challenge is to secure suitable land and water resources fo...
Where is the additional subsea separation and boosting system contract for the brownfield Congro and Corvina development that Petrobras awarded to FMC?	In the Campos basin.	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A262" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
What is the technique that can be used to estimate data beyond the maximum depth reached by a CPTu test (40 meters)?	Neural Networks with train and test data based on previous analytic and heuristic data.	[ "Piezocone Penetration Test (CPTu) is widely used in offshore projects to obtain soil parameters, suchas the undrained shear strength. Due to depth limitations to perform this test, it is common to obtaindata until around 40m when the conductor installation process would require at least double the depth.The presen...	pira	en	true	[ "A1861" ]	false	[ "Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa...
where do the geochemical properties of oil converge?	Eastern Marlim oilfield	[ "The current research was performed in the eastern portion of the Marlim oilfield to identify the hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Albian-Oligocene sequences (Macaé Group, Ubatuba and Carapebus formations) in the Campos Basin, Brazil. On the basis of petroleum geochemical proxies, an integrated approach was ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1308" ]	false	[ "Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil...
What does the “blue infrastructure development” approach mean?	It's an approach that harmonizes coastal protection and development as well as habitat and ecological protection.	[ "Coastal and marine infrastructures are necessary for the use, exploitation and protection of the coastal and marine natural resources and environment for socioeconomic development. In general, if well-designed and well-built, coastal infrastructure development can be ecologically as well as economically and social...	pira	en	true	[ "B2565" ]	false	[ "The green corridor is an initiative of the European Commission in order to strengthen competitiveness of the logistics industry and create sustainable solutions. An essential pillar in a green corridor is the concept of co-modality, defined as the efficient use of different modes in combination, which will result ...
Which countries were the major producers of aquatic plants in 2016?	China and Indonesia.	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2008" ]	false	[ "The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen...
What are the benefits of using natural ecosystems as barriers for flooding over artificial structures?	Natural ecosystems, in addition to protecting the land, provide their valuable ecosystem functions and services and do not require the large maintenance and expansion efforts in the long term that hard engineered barriers do.	[ "Sea level rise and cities Cities located along coastlines and in archipelagic and island States are becoming increasingly susceptible to erosion and sea level rise (De Sherbinin and others, 2007; Hanson and others, 2011; Takagi and others, 2016). Many comprise large areas of reclaimed land (the gain of land from t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2460" ]	false	[ "Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se...
Which regions may be linked to the projected growth of the offshore oil and gas industry in the next few years?	The east coast of South America, the west coast of Africa and eastern Mediterranean.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2101" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...
What kind of analysis is needed to define the importance of an integrated and sustainable logistics system in a country of continental dimensions in Brazil?	Local transport analysis, focused on short sea shipping.	[ "The green corridor is an initiative of the European Commission in order to strengthen competitiveness of the logistics industry and create sustainable solutions. An essential pillar in a green corridor is the concept of co-modality, defined as the efficient use of different modes in combination, which will result ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1797" ]	false	[ "Brazil has a transport system with little presence of intermodality and use of Short-Sea Shipping. Nevertheless, these are goals for Brazilian waterborne transportation matrix, which is expected to exceed 13% going to 25% in 2025. Currently, Brazilian transportation matrix isn't balanced surpassing that of other c...
What is the most important Petrobras success?	The most important Petrobras success is developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin.	[ "Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil. Most important is the company's success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin. These technological challenges and developments are described together with specific development program...	pira	en	true	[ "A1041" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
What is the probable explanation for the upper and middle slopes exhibiting the highest concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and lipids, but with the presence of OM with a high degree of bacterial degradation in lipid biomarkers?	Action of eddies and meandering of the Brazil Current and bottom currents in the region.	[ "Lipid biomarkers [fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols] and carbon stable isotopes (?¹³C values) in surface sediments from 9 cross shelf transects (25–3000 m water depth) from the Campos Basin, SE Brazilian continental margin were analyzed. The aim was to investigate the link between the prevailing regional spe...	pira	en	true	[ "A1396" ]	false	[ "A better understanding of the sources – continental or marine – and distribution of organic matter (OM) in shelf sediments of areas under distinct natural and anthropogenic forces is essential to obtain a global view of the carbon cycle. In this study, we evaluated the influence of river discharge on the OM accumu...
Where are The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs located?	In deepwater offshore Brazil	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1089" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
Which regions of Brazil have the lowest Levelized Cost of Energy and Capital Expenditure from an economic and energy point of view?	The Northeast region of the Brazil, especially between Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte states.	[ "The onshore wind energy has been growing rapidly in recent years and has reached a share of 9% in the Brazilian energy matrix. Although there is no offshore wind installation in Brazil, research has shown a large and unexplored energy potential in the country. The aim of this study is to perform an economic analys...	pira	en	true	[ "A1894" ]	false	[ "Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ...
What human activities pressure the marine environment?	Climate change, extraction of resources, pollution and introduction of invasive species	[ "The marine environment is currently subject to a number of pressures, many of which are derived from human activities. They include climate change, the extraction of resources, pollution (from land and marine sources) and invasive species, resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and diseas...	pira	en	true	[ "B2228" ]	false	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th...
How do marine dead zones impact the economy?	By making fishing and tourism industries less attractive	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...	pira	en	true	[ "B2430" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct...
Who developed the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform?	It was developed by the Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo de Petrobras (Cenpes) within an Agreement of Technological Cooperation with China.	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...	pira	en	true	[ "A899" ]	false	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...
What does the mouth closure of functional estuaries causes?	Mouth closure cuts off tidal exchanges with the ocean, resulting in prolonged periods of lagoonal conditions during which salinity and temperature stratification may develop, along with oxygen and nutrient depletion.	[ "Apart from representing the vast majority (71%) of South Africa's 258 functional estuaries, temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) are common in Australia, on the southeastern coasts of Brazil and Uruguay, the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka, but are poorly represented in North America, Europe and mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A182" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...
What were the considerations made during the analysis of microfaces in the Arraial do Cabo Bay?	(1) during the rapid sea transgressive trend it was coarse soft substrate, (2) after the postglacial sea level maximum succeeding a slow decline to present sea level it changed into fine soft substrate. At ~ 7000 years ago the coarse soft substrate was characterised by fruticose corallines and composed of quartz grains...	[ "Southeastern Brazilian marine coastal deposits provide an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental changes such as sea level and trophic variability during the Holocene period. In this study, we present a sediment record from Arraial do Cabo Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. In order to improve the understandin...	pira	en	true	[ "A1524" ]	false	[ "This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and...
what is the condition for marine hydrates to exist?	there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough.	[ "Marine hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) exist primarily on continental slopes where there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough. Concern has been expressed about the climatic risks resulting from the sudden release of large amounts of meth...	pira	en	true	[ "B2499" ]	false	[ "The stability of methane hydrates on continental margins worldwide is sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. It has been shown how gradual increases in bottom water temperatures due to ocean warming over post-glacial timescales can destabilize shallow oceanic hydrate deposits, causing their d...

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