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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
How the hybridization was characterized?	Using genomic data obtained with the 3RAD method.	[ "Hybridization between sea turtle species occurs with particularly high frequency at two adjacent nesting areas in northeastern Brazil. To understand the outcomes of hybridization and their consequences for sea turtle conservation, we need to evaluate the extent of hybridization occurrence and possible deleterious ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1463" ]	false	[ "The late Pleistocene Holocene stratigraphic architecture on the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf off the Parnaíba Delta has been explored by high-resolution seismic profiles. The seismic surveys reveal the widespread distribution of incised valleys of different size in offshore continuation of the present-...
What are the impacts of heatwaves on marine ecosystems?	Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems.	[ "Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2437" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...
How were the ambiguities in oil detection resolved during the control of an oil spill in Guanabara Bay?	The ambiguities were resolved with the aid of auxiliary information in a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment.	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...	pira	en	true	[ "A719" ]	false	[ "The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement...
What is the estimate on the amount of oil contained in the Santos Basin?	At least 12-30 billion boe.	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A960" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
How many seasons were affected by dredging?	Two seasons	[ "This study was conducted in the Itajaí-Açu river lower estuary in Southern Brazil, in which we aimed to: (1) analyze spatiotemporal variations on the macrofauna; (2) search for relationships between environmental variables and the assembly and (3) evaluate the influence of capital dredging upon the assembly. Two h...	pira	en	true	[ "A1709" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
Where on South America have the most investigation about calcareous nannofossil distribution in Cenozoic marine sediments?	In the Brazilian continental margin and inland Argentina.	[ "Micropaleontological analyses based on calcareous nannofossils were conducted on samples taken from the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH)-Piedras Blancas-1 Well, which was drilled in the Sinú–San Jacinto Basin, Caribbean Region of Colombia. A summary of published literature on fossil coccolithophores from th...	pira	en	true	[ "A1584" ]	false	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...
When the SF1 occurred?	It occured from Late Cretaceous to the middle Miocene	[ "Rifting and related normal stress regime in the equatorial continental margin of Brazil ceased during the Late Cretaceous, when the stress regimes in eastern South America and West Africa changed to induce strike-slip or reverse motion. In this study, we explore the postrift tectonic, geomorphic, magmatic, and sed...	pira	en	true	[ "A1635" ]	false	[ "Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon...
What is the extension of the salt basin offshore Brazil?	2.200km from the Sergipe Basin to the Santos Basin	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1097" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
When did the Brazilian Government promote the revitalization of the national shipbuilding industry?	After 2008	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A485" ]	false	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...
What does the Pirabas Formation of the Aricuru outcrop consist of?	Consists of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposit, composed of wackestone and packstone	[ "The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P...	pira	en	true	[ "A1670" ]	false	[ "The Barreiras Formation records continental-to-shallow–water marine sequences deposited during the Paleogene–Neogene periods in the Brazilian continental margin. In northern Rio de Janeiro and southern Espírito Santo states, the Barreiras Formation preserve alluvial depositional system. The sediments were derived ...
When will the global population reach 8.5 billion people, according to UN estimates?	In 2030.	[ "Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue...	pira	en	true	[ "B2418" ]	false	[ "Population growth and demographic changes Although the global human population increased from 7 billion in 2011 to 7.7 billion in 2019, the growth rate has been steadily decreasing, from 2.1 per cent in 1968 to 1.08 per cent in 2019. Projections of global population growth suggest an uneven but continuing increase...
What characterizes a masking effect?	The production of a consequence over an ecosystem or a social component which is the same as if each causing pressure would be applied alone.	[ "The marine environment is currently subject to a number of pressures, many of which are derived from human activities. They include climate change, the extraction of resources, pollution (from land and marine sources) and invasive species, resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and diseas...	pira	en	true	[ "B2092" ]	false	[ "The \"pseudo-sticking and pull\", also nicknamed \"blocky effect\" (because of its general aspect), is a common acquisition artifact that reduces considerably the quality of wireline acoustic and microresistive image logs, even though it is not well known among image log interpreters, well-site geologists and engi...
To ensure the efficiency of the Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCGS) project, a CO2 monitoring program for the Santos Basin pre-salt reservoir is being considered, which adversities it might face?	Some techniques for monitoring offshore storage sites may need some development or methodology adaptation to apply to pre-salt environments.	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...	pira	en	true	[ "A437" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What is the daily oil and gas processing capacity for the Lula Field?	100 thousand to 150 thousand Barrels per Day of oil, and 175 million to 280 million cubic feet/day of gas.	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...	pira	en	true	[ "A1857" ]	false	[ "The consortium operating Block BMS11 offshore Brazil has opened the 10 million cu m/day LulaMexilhao natural gas pipeline. The consortium is comprised of operator Petroleo Brasileiro SA 65%, BG Group 25%, and Petrogal Brasil SAGalp Energia 10%. The system connects the presalt Lula field to the Mexilhao platform in...
How many companies competed for the 23 blocks in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000?	Forty-four companies	[ "Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto...	pira	en	true	[ "A873" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
Although it is sometimes illegal, what types of mining are common practice in many countries nowadays?	Coastal beach and seabed sand mining.	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2455" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...
How many blocks were offered in the second bid of oil exploration offered by Brazil's government in June 2000?	23	[ "Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto...	pira	en	true	[ "A846" ]	false	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...
What are the main sedimentary processes along the continental shelf of Espírito Santo, Brazil?	Riverine sediment input and carbonate sedimentation	[ "We applied a combined approach of benthic terrain modelling with sediment type distribution, using regional available data sets in order to map the distribution of seabed physical habitats along the Espírito Santo Continental Shelf, Brazil. The Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) was used to define benthic terrain class...	pira	en	true	[ "A1302" ]	false	[ "All published chronostratigraphic charts of the Espírito Santo basin, Brazil, show stratigraphic frameworks based on second-order depositional sequences. The absence of published high-resolution biostratigraphic analyses precludes the proposition of a higher order stratigraphic framework. This work breaks down the...
What was the result of applying an I&C methodology to a comparative approach between EHMCSs ?	A table of engineering requisites for subsea manifolds SAC schemes.	[ "This article presents a set of analysis and results on Shared-Actuation Control (SAC) techniques, intended for the remote control of valves in subsea manifolds. The discussion covers historical aspects, including presentation of real cases of SAC in Brazilian fields of Petrobras, as well as covers a conceptualizat...	pira	en	true	[ "A1920" ]	false	[ "Turbulent air-sea heat fluxes were computed from in situ high-frequency micrometeorological data during two research cruises performed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) occurring in June 2012 and October 2014. Two different and dynamical areas were covered by the cruises: the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BM...
What makes it difficult to log the brazilian offshore salt seal?	Its depth.	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A571" ]	false	[ "Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ...
In which region of Brazil will the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema be operated?	The Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema will be operated by Petrobras in the Piranema oil field in northeastern Brazil.	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A702" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
What are the main freshwater flows to the ocean?	Direct flow from continental rivers and lakes; groundwater infiltration; runoff, melting of submarines and formation of icebergs from polar ice sheets; melting sea ice; and direct precipitation mainly rain, but also includes snowfall.	[ "The global ocean covers 71 per cent of the Earth’s surface, and contains 97 per cent of all the surface water on Earth (Costello et al., 2010). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean include: direct runoff from continental rivers and lakes; seepage from groundwater; runoff, submarine melting and iceberg calving from the...	pira	en	true	[ "B2525" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
What is Petrobras' track record in offshore activities in Brazil?	Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil.	[ "Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil. Most important is the company's success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin. These technological challenges and developments are described together with specific development program...	pira	en	true	[ "A1128" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
Which indigenous people are pursuing official authorization to resume some whale hunting, a particular element of their culture?	The Makah	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services from the ocean (cultural services) cover a wide range of practices. The services are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2305" ]	false	[ "Consumption and competition The recovery of several marine mammal populations is generating the potential for conflicts in some regions and opportunities in others. Marine mammals can learn to associate fishing activities with food availability, leading to the development of behaviours to depredate catches from fi...
Why scientists are more reliant on public databases of genetic sequence data rather than physical samples?	Decreasing sequencing and gene synthesis costs and advances in the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology fields.	[ "Marine genetic resources continue to be the focus of an expanding range of commercial and non-commercial applications. Rapidly decreasing sequencing and gene synthesis costs and swift advances in the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology fields within the biotechnology sector have rendered scientists less re...	pira	en	true	[ "B2514" ]	false	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu...
Are Petrobras semisubmersible platforms SS-20 used in connection with aut-leg and conventional mooring systems operating at which water depth?	Platforms are operating at a water depth varying from 600 to 1000 meters.	[ "The increase of oil exploration and production in a given ocean area may put new requirements on the design of mooring systems for the floating units. It is necessary to simplify the underwater layout through the reduction of the lines horizontal span and to allow smaller distance between the production units. In ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1032" ]	false	[ "The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t...
What was the results about the marine park health based on hydrochemical parameters?	Preserved conditions of the seawater around the Laje de Santos, that demonstrated excellent quality	[ "Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant...	pira	en	true	[ "A1921" ]	false	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...
When the population of Oncholaimus cobbi reached its highest population?	During the warmest months.	[ "Oncholaimus cobbi was described from the Brazilian coast. The area studied, Coroa Grande, is located in Sepetiba Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly, from May 1998 through April 1999. Most of the population was represented by adults, of which non-ovigerous females were the most a...	pira	en	true	[ "A1253" ]	false	[ "Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early-life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical pla...
What does the acronym SCRs mean?	It means Steel catenary risers	[ "Steel catenary risers (SCRs) have been successfully deployed on the Shell Auger TLP in the Gulf of Mexico and will also be deployed on the Shell Mars TLP. There is considerable interest in using SCRs for other applications, in particular for semi-sub based FPS systems. Petrobras is developing an SCR for installati...	pira	en	true	[ "A424" ]	false	[ "The SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. The SCR structures are subjected to several types of loads during their service life. These load...
How may the marginal seas that exist around the ocean basins have been created?	Some result from the interaction between tectonic plates, others from the sinking of former dry land as a result of isostatic changes from the removal of the weight of the ice cover in the ice ages.	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...	pira	en	true	[ "B2300" ]	false	[ "The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary...
What measures can be taken by design phase engineers to improve safety in the operational phase?	Receive feedback from operators and predict operational issues.	[ "The offshore O&G production has been increasing considerably in the last five years. Therefore, to guarantee the safety of their operations, the O&G companies are being pushed by regulators agencies to establish a robust and efficient safety management system, particularly in Brazil, where the Petroleum National A...	pira	en	true	[ "A288" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
What will be the design of the new implemented Sevan Stabilized Platform Piranema?	It will be a Sevan Marine's SSP cylindrical monohull.	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A970" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
What are the stratal slicing risks?	They may break down in the case of complex stratigraphic or tectonic structuring	[ "Creating an accurate subsurface model is paramount to many geophysical and geological workflows. Examples are background models for seismic inversion, rock property models for reservoir characterization, and geological models of depositional elements for seismic morphological interpretation. The standard workflow ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1712" ]	false	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...
What are the challenges in the research on the impact of marine ecosystems on human health?	Studies are conducted in isolation and there is little collaboration between researchers	[ "The marine environment brings both benefits and risks to human health, especially for people who live near it(see figure below; Depledge and others, 2013; Moore and others, 2013, 2014). Health has been defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or in...	pira	en	true	[ "B2144" ]	false	[ "There are a number of threats to human health arising from the marine environment that have now been identified: Increase in the spread of pathogens related to climate warming (e.g., Vibrio). Also, there is some evidence related to an increase in some harmful algal bloom species related to climate warming is some ...
How many fish species are there in the ocean?	There are 17762 known species.	[ "The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m...	pira	en	true	[ "B2354" ]	false	[ "The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ...
What are the main threats to mangroves?	The main threats are the uncontrolled exploitation of resources, the use of mangroves as areas of occupation and rising sea levels.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2296" ]	false	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...
Why concrete structure is supposed to be used in this project?	Because is less costly than a steel structure.	[ "The feasibility of the construction of concrete platforms for deep water locations (130 m) offshore Brazil, was investigated. A large depth of water is not available near the coast in Brazil, and a construction method was devised to overcome this difficulty. The design incorporates storage tanks and is less costly...	pira	en	true	[ "A1836" ]	false	[ "During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and ...
Which company is one of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim?	FMC Technologies Inc.	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A230" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
What was the effective of the MARPOL requirements?	Reductions in oil pollution, particularly in western Europe, have improved the economic position of those affected.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Shipping Pollution from ships takes the form of both catastrophic events (shipwrecks, collisions and groundings) and chronic pollution from regular operational discharges. Good progress has been made over the past 40 years in reducing both. There have been large increases in t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2241" ]	false	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...
What can cause a significant increase in mortality for marine species?	Catch by fishing, exposure to pollution and increased noise levels in the ocean	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2541" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...
What is the rate of increase in acidity in the oceans when the pH of the global surface of the oceans declines on average by 0.1?	30 per cent	[ "Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be...	pira	en	true	[ "B2319" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ...
Where will the FPSO vessel be operated?	In Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1049" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
Where are most of gas vents situated at?	along seafloor faults	[ "Deep-sea fans have been proposed to act as carbon sinks, rapid deposition driving shallow methanogenesis to favor net storage within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Here, we present new evidence of widespread gas venting from the GHSZ on the upper Amazon deep-sea fan, together with analyses of the first sam...	pira	en	true	[ "A1948" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
how do technological advances impact offshore drilling and production?	the use of predictive analytics and artificial intelligence tools is enhancing data analysis for detecting equipment breakdown and improving operational efficiency	[ "Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op...	pira	en	true	[ "B2493" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
Where were the UV - Fs chemicals mostly present on fishes?	They were mostly presents on fishes's liver	[ "UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, m...	pira	en	true	[ "A1640" ]	false	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...
What the accumulation of permeable and porous sediments in the troughs of vertically stacked cyclic steps can cause?	This may create vertical pathways for fluid migration.	[ "Circular to elliptical topographic depressions, isolated or organized in trails, have been observed on the modern seabed in different contexts and water depths. Such features have been alternatively interpreted as pockmarks generated by fluid flow, as sediment waves generated by turbidity currents, or as a combina...	pira	en	true	[ "A1600" ]	false	[ "Shallow and insufficient soil support may lead to upheavel buckling of heated pipelines in shores approach areas. This article presents a nume rical model to simulate the thermomechanical buckling of buried heated pipelines in shore approach areas. An analysis adopting geometrical, physical, and operational data i...
Where are most of the Brazilian oil and gas reserves located?	In offshore deep waters.	[ "Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac...	pira	en	true	[ "A985" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
What contracts did Petrobras and Frade Japao Petroleo Ltd sign?	They have signed construction and installation contracts.	[ "Various companies have adopted new production practices in drilling industry. Cengroup Petroleum has signed a contract with the Azeri government to begin the oil-gathering process. A new gas pipeline, called Nabucco pipeline, is being planned to access the reserves at the Caspian basin that produces plenty of oil....	pira	en	true	[ "A949" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
The reactivation of the basement fabric by the seismicity in the continental interiors would affect which Brazilian region and why?	would affect the Northeastern Brazil, where most of the syhismicity and active failures are concentrated along the coast	[ "The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-...	pira	en	true	[ "A1577" ]	false	[ "In passive continental margins, the brittle reactivation of shear zones and their role in the deformation and deposition of sedimentary basins are still a matter of debate. In this research, we investigated the role of the brittle reactivation of Precambrian shear zones in the nucleation of rift and postrift fault...
How is it associated with variations in seasonal metal concentrations in shipyards on the Brazilian coast?	Its concentration is associated with its specific source (antifouling paints, metals, steel alloys and petroleum products) together with periods of intensive traffic and vessel repair.	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...	pira	en	true	[ "A385" ]	false	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...
How is the most dense ocean water, which is cold and salty, produced in the polar seas?	When seawater freezes, the salt is rejected (the ice is mostly fresh water), which makes the remaining liquid seawater saltier.	[ "The winds in the atmosphere are the main drivers of these ocean surface currents. The interface between the ocean and the atmosphere and the effect of the winds also allows for the ocean to absorb oxygen and, more importantly, carbon dioxide from the air. Annually, the ocean absorbs 2,300 gigatonnes of carbon diox...	pira	en	true	[ "B2118" ]	false	[ "The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss...
How is the torpedo anchor installed on the seabed?	Using kinetic energy obtained by free-falling into the water.	[ "Invented by Petrobras in 1996, the torpedo anchor has been successfully applied in Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) in the Gulf of Mexico (Medeiros, 2002). With a torpedo-like hydrodynamic shape, the torpedo anchor obtains the kinetic energy required for penetration by free-falling through the wat...	pira	en	true	[ "A315" ]	false	[ "Anchoring systems in deep-water Oil & Gas operations can be very challenging, considering the high loads usually applied and the soft soil to hold the anchor. The development of offshore anchoring systems with Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the mooring installation. ...
What are some of the coastal regions where the model is being applied?	Madeira Island, Adriatic Sea, Coastal California, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil	[ "Recent technological advances over the past few decades have enabled the development of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling prediction systems that are used today to support short-term (days to weeks) and medium-term (10–21 days) needs for both the operational and research communities. We overview the coupling...	pira	en	true	[ "A1437" ]	false	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...
What formation models for seaward dipping reflectors are applicable to the Pelotas rifted margin?	Both the volcanic-faulting and volcanic-loading models for SDR formation are applicable to the Pelotas rifted margin.	[ "The mechanism by which seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) are formed is a topic of debate. Two contrasting models exist for their formation, the volcanic-faulting model and the volcanic-loading model. Each of these models has important implications for the processes which control the structure and formation of magm...	pira	en	true	[ "A1373" ]	false	[ "This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This...
How was the study in this article made?	Applying the one-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model HEC-RAS 5.0.5.	[ "Estuarine systems are very sensitive environments to sea level rise as a consequence of climate changes, which can enhance seawater intrusion and affect multiple water uses. The seawater intrusion under sea level scenarios in an estuarine river by applying the one-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model H...	pira	en	true	[ "A1883" ]	false	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...
Which companies are involved in the Parque das Conchas project?	Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC	[ "Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f...	pira	en	true	[ "A853" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
What are the main objectives in the development process of the SAASS acoustic recorder?	Short development period and low cost	[ "Acoustic monitoring in oceans has grown greatly for several purposes. To meet the needs of an acoustic monitoring program of Petrobras, a Brazilian oil exploration company, an acoustic recorder was developed, called SAASS, an autonomous system for the acquisition of submarine signals. This development had as main ...	pira	en	true	[ "A753" ]	false	[ "The following paper had its development on the continental shelf of Sergipe and southern Alagoas aiming the regional mapping of geomorphological features and sedimentary cover through the study of high-resolution shallow seismic imaging, combined with bathymetry and sedimentology data on the platform. This mapping...
Who can not keep the same pace with ocean industry integration and market change?	Governance and regulations.	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2080" ]	false	[ "Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o...
What is the difference between the 8-VRG-7D-RN and the 8-MLS-67HA-RJS wells?	The first one (8-VRG-7D-RN ) was created in May 2001, in Brazil, (Petrobras) in Mossoro (Rio Grande do Norte State). It was active for a trial period ending in April 2002. The second (8-MLS-67HA-RJS) is a subsea deepwater well installation that was carried out in August 2003, in a water depth of 1180 m in the Marlim Su...	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A1006" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
What was the period and how many samples of the tailings were collected?	The samples were collected before, during and after the arrival of the tailings from the mine to the Doce River estuary.	[ "In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1666" ]	false	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...
What has caused an increase in the establishment of marine protected areas and an associated increase in the protection of the marine environment?	Targets set in association with international agreements, such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals.	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...	pira	en	true	[ "B2156" ]	false	[ "In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led...
Sevan Marine will manage which platform at the John Wood Group unit?	Sevan Marine will operate and manage the Sevan Stabilized Platform Piranema, which is a floating production and unloading vessel	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A689" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
Where the available decommissioning options based in this analysis are applicable for?	They are applicable for fixed platform, floating platforms, pipelines and subsea facilities.	[ "Decommissioning and abandonment of Brazilian offshore oil & gas fields has become more important in the last few years due to the maturing hydrocarbon producing basin in the region. However, a complete abandonment of a Brazilian offshore field has not been completed to date and the consequent lack of a reference c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1565" ]	false	[ "A new method developed to evaluate the performance measure of some sub-criteria of the environmental criterion in a Comparative Assessment of various options of the decommissioning of subsea installations in Brazil is presented. The method is based on an adaptation of that proposed by IBAMA in Technical Note N°. 1...
What is the focus of the development proposed for Libra started with Phase 0, in 2014?	It's focused on information gathering	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1088" ]	false	[ "The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing...
When was the use of Electric Submersible Pumps ONLY in dry completions overcome?	October/1994.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A515" ]	false	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...
When are the stresses ranges composed related to the fatigue damage calculation of the SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) system?	Along the whole structure service life.	[ "The SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. The SCR structures are subjected to several types of loads during their service life. These load...	pira	en	true	[ "A349" ]	false	[ "One of the main challenges in rigid riser design for Brazilian Pre-salt is the fatigue limit state. At this new production frontier, some key points are imposed as a challenge for riser designers, mainly due to the high level of motions imposed by the FPSO at the riser top in a coupled system with water depth arou...
What are the two fundamental problems of safety management systems (PSMS) in the offshore oil and gas industry?	Lack of uniformity and inefficient enforcement	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...	pira	en	true	[ "A921" ]	false	[ "The offshore O&G production has been increasing considerably in the last five years. Therefore, to guarantee the safety of their operations, the O&G companies are being pushed by regulators agencies to establish a robust and efficient safety management system, particularly in Brazil, where the Petroleum National A...
What is the size of the last phase of the blocks in most of the pre-salt wells in Brazil?	Most of the pre-salt wells in Brazil have the size of 12.25in in the last stage.	[ "This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field we...	pira	en	true	[ "A1820" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
Between which basins is the salt, which extends for 2200km off the Brazilian coast, located?	It lies between the Sergipe Basin and the Santos Basin.	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A513" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
Which group has the Sevan Marine made a deal with?	With the John Wood Group	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1064" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
Petrobras has increased its production of oil in Marlin Sul. In the year of 2003, what was the averaged production, in bpd, of Marlin Sul?	151,000 bpd	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A957" ]	false	[ "In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of...
What was the average production of Marlin Sul in 2003?	It was 151.000 bpd.	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A423" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
What was determined through the study of the delimitation of areas favorable to fish fishing?	Surface temperature ranges corresponding to the largest fish catch.	[ "The delimitation of favourable zones for the fishing of three tuna species in the waters southeast and south of Brazil with oceanographic and satellite data was studied. Oceanographic data of surface temperature and fish catch (CPUE) data were correlated. Surface temperature intervals corresponding to larger fish ...	pira	en	true	[ "A321" ]	false	[ "Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre-existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variab...
Which methods is Petrobas analysing for subsea use to exploit oil and gas reserves on deep waters?	Gas lift, Electrical Submersible Pump, Hydraulic Jet Pump, Progressing Cavity Pump, Multiphase Pump and Subsea Separation System.	[ "Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac...	pira	en	true	[ "A499" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
How much oil could the BG Group have discoverd?	They may have discoverd 12-30 billion boe or more	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A1056" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
What is the relation between the penetration of sunlight into the ocean and the euphotic zone?	The euphotic zone is made up of the first 200 meters deep in the ocean, where there is enough light for photosynthesis.	[ "The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary...	pira	en	true	[ "B2249" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ...
Why the studied species in the Paranaguá Bay presented so many diferences?	Such differences seem to be related to the complexity of habitats, which occur due to different types of bottom cover found at each sampling site.	[ "The composition of estuarine fish fauna is dynamic and complex. Despite the variation in fish fauna in estuaries, it is possible to observe some species associated with microhabitats. The assemblage composition of these communities is apparently derived from habitat selection. The aim of this study was to assess t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1533" ]	false	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...
Which is the direct benefit of aquaculture production?	Increasing the nutritional health of global population, in specific on rural poor regions	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2454" ]	false	[ "Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue...
What is the distance between the reservoir in Campos Basin, initially discovered in January 2001, and the coast?	It is about 80 kilometer	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A1226" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What criterias can be used to determine the more suitable mangrove areas for the conservation and fishery of Ucides in Brazil?	Crab biotic parameters, land use/cover and social factors.	[ "Mangroves are productive ecosystems of tropical coastal landscapes, constituting habitat for many commercial fisheries, as the crab Ucides cordatus. In Brazil this crab holds a major socio-economic importance for artisanal fishery, but with obvious decline on their productivity. In this study we determined and map...	pira	en	true	[ "A1297" ]	false	[ "In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit...
What does Petrobras want to make with the deep water oil and gas reserves?	Petrobas wants to make them available for subsea use.	[ "Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac...	pira	en	true	[ "A300" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
What LNG terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system?	Terminals in the Bay of Guanabara and the Port of Pecém.	[ "This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t...	pira	en	true	[ "A645" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
Where you can usually find the C. excavatum Adelosina milletti, the Elphidium discoidade, the Rosalina bradyi and the Triloculina oblonga in the Almada River Estyary?	In shallow areas with muddy sediment and under marine influence.	[ "Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1552" ]	false	[ "Length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for nine fish species of Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Island. Samples were conducted in 2014 (Rocas) and 2015 (Noronha and Trindade) in tidepools using anaesthetic clove oil and hand nets to collect fish fauna. Four species (Stegastes r...
Why are ocean currents important?	Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries can isolate different genetic lineages of the same species, as well as different species. Many marine animals (e.g., salmon and squid) have migration patterns that depend on transport in major ocean current systems, and other species d...	[ "The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm...	pira	en	true	[ "B2043" ]	false	[ "The Earth's ocean and atmosphere are parts of a single, interactive system that controls the global climate. The ocean plays a major role in this control, particularly in the dispersal of heat from the equator towards the poles through ocean currents. The heat transfer through the ocean is possible because of the ...
By what means has the global drilling market increased?	Because of improving crude oil prices amid signs of economic recovery around the world.	[ "Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. P...	pira	en	true	[ "A720" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
What do the plankton C/N/P and N/P nutrient ratios and elemental concentrations found in the study suggest?	That the system was oligotrophic and nitrogen limited.	[ "This long-term study, performed during the years 2003-2005 and 2008-2009, investigated the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents of the phyto- and zooplankton communities and the nutrient regime of Cabo Frio Bay, SE Brazil. The information intends to serve as baseline of the plankton C, N, and P st...	pira	en	true	[ "A1936" ]	false	[ "Data presented in this investigation refer to studies integrating palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses that were performed on 51 samples of PEC-41-SE-9 well, located in the Sergipe Basin, Eastern Brazilian continental margin. It was evaluated the potential for oil generation, identifying the type and deg...
How can we have the perception of ocean warming as an increasing trend ?	Comparing temperature data from last century to recent decade.	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2024" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-surface temperature The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has reaffirmed in its fifth report its conclusion that global sea-surface temperatures have increased since the late nineteenth century. Upper-ocean temperature (and hence its heat ...
What was the net growth of the Arctic ice sheet before 1990?	50 Gt/y.	[ "The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss...	pira	en	true	[ "B2231" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th...
Which model analyzed the salinity and velocity of the estuary current?	A dredging operation model was used.	[ "Many estuaries present natural harbor conditions with relatively calm and shallow waters that provide a connection between the ocean and continental waterways. The increase in the demand for goods by the constant growing of the world population has forced estuaries to be altered by human activities, such as dredgi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1486" ]	false	[ "This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and...
What are the upsides of the holistic description of the digital life cycle for the topsides of the FPSO?	Reduce capital and operating costs, shorten project development cycles and decrease offshore labor requirements	[ "This paper focuses on solutions and strategies for conserving weight and space, reducing emissions, and leveraging data to optimize the performance of rotating equipment on floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessels. It discusses design considerations for gas turbines in offshore applications (i....	pira	en	true	[ "A1673" ]	false	[ "During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and ...
What is the PDET project comprised of?	A fixed central pumping station, PRA-1, a large FSO, and two calm buoys systems, at a depth of 100 m.	[ "Considering demands for internal Brazilian market and international crude oil trade, PETROBRAS has taken the decision to concentrate a significantly part of the future of crude oil production from three deep-water fields; Roncador, Marlim Sul and Marlim Leste, all of which are in Campos Basin, with one off-shore t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1012" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
In the replacement of the provisional oil production system in Brazil, how many bopd did this contingency system handle?	The provisional system handled more than 30,000 bopd	[ "When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro...	pira	en	true	[ "A893" ]	false	[ "Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t...
What is the main characteristic of countries where tourism is the main source of employment?	Countries with a large coastal zone	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...	pira	en	true	[ "B2555" ]	false	[ "Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita...
What was the number of accidents involving Petrobras support vessels in 2012?	95 recorded accidents.	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...	pira	en	true	[ "A594" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
Where is the Lula Oil Field located?	In the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil.	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...	pira	en	true	[ "A1852" ]	false	[ "The consortium operating Block BMS11 offshore Brazil has opened the 10 million cu m/day LulaMexilhao natural gas pipeline. The consortium is comprised of operator Petroleo Brasileiro SA 65%, BG Group 25%, and Petrogal Brasil SAGalp Energia 10%. The system connects the presalt Lula field to the Mexilhao platform in...
What is ESPS technology about?	ESPS is an acronym for Electrical Submersible Pump in Subsea wells, a technology for deep and ultra deep waters	[ "This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM...	pira	en	true	[ "A938" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...
What did the Brazilian government intend to promote with the renewal program of the Navy Fleet?	The revitalization of the national naval construction industry	[ "There are several oil fields offshore Brazil with horizontal oil density variations. API tracking, that is available in some commercial finite difference simulators, can deal with such cases by allowing definition of an initial oil gravity distribution and tracking variations of oil density, due to the movement of...	pira	en	true	[ "A1563" ]	false	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...
In what year did the Tupi Field begin its commercial activity?	In December 2010.	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...	pira	en	true	[ "A560" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What advantages are offered to the optimization of EOR processes by the integration of subsurface modelling with surface facility models?	Risk minimization and uncertainty reduction	[ "Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1341" ]	false	[ "In the early years of the offshore industry, Early Production Systems or EPSs were extensively utilized to develop marginal and/or complex reservoirs in progressively deeper and more remote waters. Their signature attributes were low capital and operating costs, simple designs and accelerated schedules to first oi...
What are the results obtained from the manufacture of SCR tubes (from hot rolling to final machining)?	It resulted in a concentric and reproducible geometry of the end of the tube, ideal for limiting the stress concentration factors.	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...	pira	en	true	[ "A1774" ]	false	[ "Steel catenary risers (SCRs) have been successfully deployed on the Shell Auger TLP in the Gulf of Mexico and will also be deployed on the Shell Mars TLP. There is considerable interest in using SCRs for other applications, in particular for semi-sub based FPS systems. Petrobras is developing an SCR for installati...

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