Split (1)

train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
Why retrieving the reference association is difficult?	Is difficult due to the problem combinatorics, even when using restrictive interpretation rules.	[ "The characterization of geological faults from geological and geophysical data is often subject to uncertainties, owing to data ambiguity and incomplete spatial coverage. We propose a stochastic sampling algorithm which generates fault network scenarios compatible with sparse fault evidence while honoring some geo...	pira	en	true	[ "A1731" ]	false	[ "The \"pseudo-sticking and pull\", also nicknamed \"blocky effect\" (because of its general aspect), is a common acquisition artifact that reduces considerably the quality of wireline acoustic and microresistive image logs, even though it is not well known among image log interpreters, well-site geologists and engi...
where did Petrobras and the CompactGTL made a test, with a bpd pilot plant, in Brazil?	In the Petrobras Aracaju site.	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A977" ]	false	[ "The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre...
In the last 5 yr heavy lacustrian petroleum and gas accumulations have been found in the reservoirs of Tertiary and Cretaceous Superior in the Campos basin. What does this end up with?	Giant deposits of petroleum/gas are expected under the Tertiary Superior and the Cretaceous of Marlim, Albacora, Roncador, Barracuda, Jubarte, Cachalote, Golfinho, and the petroleum accumulation BSS-69 and elsewhere.	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1166" ]	false	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...
How this study was able to create a digital model of the reservoir?	They used bathymetry, high resolution photos and 3-D scanning	[ "There have been an increasing number of government policies and research activities aimed at the exploitation of renewable energy resources to diversify power supply and meet the growing demand for electricity. In the context of Brazil, an example of this is tidal energy, which has a significant potential and is m...	pira	en	true	[ "A1654" ]	false	[ "The hydropower production, water supply and aquaculture services of the Itaparica Reservoir are of immense importance for the Brazilian Northeast. Uncontrolled water resources consumption (e.g. irrigation, water supply), climate and land use change effects deteriorated the water quantity and quality in the reservo...
At which seasons is there the greatest change in the distribution of water properties within the Baía de Todos os Santos?	In wet (winter) and dry (summer) seasons.	[ "Based on a vast set of in situ data, a first comprehensive overview of the oceanographic characteristics of Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS) is provided. BTS is the second largest coastal bay in Brazil (maximum area of 1223 km2 and average depth of 9,8 m), and is located in the northeast Brazil, In the vicinity of Sa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1356" ]	false	[ "This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and...
Where were the 16 century steel risers (SCRs) of the p55 deepwater project implemented and what are their characteristics?	In the P55 field, the one that is located on the Brazilian coast, in the northern region of the Campos Basin, in water depths ranging from 1500m to 1900m.	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...	pira	en	true	[ "A1777" ]	false	[ "Steel catenary risers (SCRs) have been successfully deployed on the Shell Auger TLP in the Gulf of Mexico and will also be deployed on the Shell Mars TLP. There is considerable interest in using SCRs for other applications, in particular for semi-sub based FPS systems. Petrobras is developing an SCR for installati...
What is the factor associated with the presence of adaptive morphological alteration in sea turtles found in the Microregion of Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil? And what generates the presence of this factor?	Chronic gastrointestinal injuries or inflammations that are caused by ingested pollution, garbage or parasites.	[ "Free-living marine turtles are constantly exposed to aggression factors and the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main gateways of entry. The objective of this study was to identify, and describe the anatomopathological alterations in the stomach of free-living marine turtles found dead on the beaches of the Mi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1791" ]	false	[ "Aim: To investigate how reef fish trophic structure responds to latitudinal changes, using a simple model: the extensive Brazilian coast. Location: Six Brazilian tropical and subtropical coral and rocky coastal reefs, and the oceanic island of Atol das Rocas, between latitudes 0° and 27° S. Methods: Underwater vis...
Which side of Serra do Mar is more prone to erosion?	The ocean-facing side	[ "The Atlantic Ocean coast region of southeast Brazil contains two coast-parallel mountain ranges (the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira) generated by tectonic activity pulses tens of millions years after the main continental rift event occurred around 120 Ma. Although the short-term erosion rates for the region...	pira	en	true	[ "A1645" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac...
What features are relevante to the facies analysis of rocks?	Sedimentological, taphonomic, and stratigraphic features.	[ "Coquinas constitute widespread deposits in lacustrine, estuarine, and shallow marine settings, where they are a valuable source of information on environmental conditions. Thick coquina successions were deposited in a series of lacustrine rift basins that formed along the Brazilian Continental Margin during the ea...	pira	en	true	[ "A1790" ]	false	[ "Volcanic rock facies characterization in subsurface log data have always being challenging. Even though considerable types of well logs are acquired, the results achieved on facies characterization with the conventional log suits are very limited. Conversely, high-resolution borehole image logs calibrated with sid...
What is the productive capacity of the FPSO in the Tupi field?	10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate.	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...	pira	en	true	[ "A558" ]	false	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...
Some regions are more predominant among the crews, which are the top three regions?	The top regions are Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia and Southern Asia	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...	pira	en	true	[ "B2000" ]	false	[ "Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup...
What justified the need of the use of DST operations in the brazilian pre-salt layer, according to Petrobras?	A research showing results of the hydrocarbon production for the Brazilian pre-salt being estimated to be from 120 to 200 billion barrels.	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A1071" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What geomorphic features are sensitive to changing patterns of erosion and sedimentation?	Geomorphic features sensitive to changing erosion and sedimentation patterns include mangrove coasts, barrier coasts, and small islands.	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...	pira	en	true	[ "B2054" ]	false	[ "Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem...
How do titanium dioxide nanoparticles impact marine environments?	By reacting with the ultraviolet component of sunlight these nanoparticles kill phytoplankton.	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th...	pira	en	true	[ "B2215" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ...
Which was the total output of oil and NGL in the Campos basin during the first 4 months of 2004?	The output averaged 1.2 million bpd of oil and NGL	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A1156" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
How does biodegradation contribute to oil exploration?	Over the past 5 years, heavy lake and oil accumulations have been found in the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in the Campos basin. Based on this, giant oil / gas deposits are expected in the Upper and Cretaceous Tertiary of Marlim, Yellowfin, Roncador, Barracuda, Humpback, Sperm Whale, Dolphin, the accumulati...	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1127" ]	false	[ "This chapter presents advances in studies related to the monitoring and development of biotechnologies for the restoration of mangrove areas in Todos os Santos Bay that have been impacted by petroleum. The results of surface sediment monitoring show that the estuary of the São Paulo River has the most pollution fr...
What are the trends in metal concentrations?	Trends in metal concentrations vary regionally, although most show levelling of dissolved metals and a slight increase in higher trophic organisms.	[ "Persistent organic pollutants Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continue to be a global issue, persisting at concentrations likely to cause biological effects. POPs are detected in remote locations far from their source of production, which includes the deepest parts of the ocean and the polar regions. The numb...	pira	en	true	[ "B2237" ]	false	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...
What can affect a wide range of species in the waters?	Reduced sea ice, especially a shift towards less multi-year sea ice	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Loss of sea ice in high latitudes and associated ecosystems The high-latitude ice-covered ecosystems host globally significant arrays of biodiversity, and the size and nature of those ecosystems make them critically important to the biological, chemic...	pira	en	true	[ "B2504" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
What is the main product of photosynthesis?	Oxygen	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj...	pira	en	true	[ "B2570" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Plankton Phytoplankton and marine bacteria carry out most of the primary production on which food webs depend. The climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean that had been predicted are now causing shifts in phytoplankton communiti...
The Nitrogen Generator System (NGS) received a technical adaptation to clean submarine flow lines in the Albacora Field. What were the benefits observed after the dewaxing operations?	32% increase in production and preservation of the environment since there is no discharge of by-products to land or sea	[ "The production of several wells from the Albacora ield (Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is being togressively lowered due to a paraffin deposition roc ess in the subsea production flowlines. The subsea low temperature is considered to be the leading factor in the paraffin deposition or waxing process of deep...	pira	en	true	[ "A1169" ]	false	[ "New equipment developed for employing underbalanced drilling techniques on a floating drilling rig were presented. Field trials of the equipment are being conducted on a semi-submersible vessel in the Albacora Field of the Campos Basin in offshore Brazil. The test is being conducted in a partially depleted formati...
Which countries were the largest Aquaculture producers in 2016?	China, India, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Bangladesh, Egypt and Norway	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2174" ]	false	[ "The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen...
What are the effects of ocean warming?	Ocean warming is causing significant damage to marine ecosystems, and species are losing their habitats, forcing them to adapt or relocate to new temperatures or look for new feeding, spawning or nursery areas.	[ "Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2439" ]	false	[ "Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T...
Why did BG Group' estimate of the amount of Tupi oil in the Santos basin differ from that of Petrobras?	Because BG Group's estimate was released ahead of the presentation of Petrobras' fourth-quarter results	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A958" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
Where is located the estuary of the Pacoti River?	In the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil.	[ "The estuary of the Pacoti River (3°49'27\" S, 38°24'18\" W) is located in the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil. The estuary is also part of the Rio Pacoti Environmental Protection Area (Rio Pacoti EPA), which is important for the stability of the local ecosystems and the exchange of material and energy. Desp...	pira	en	true	[ "A1544" ]	false	[ "Length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for nine fish species of Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Island. Samples were conducted in 2014 (Rocas) and 2015 (Noronha and Trindade) in tidepools using anaesthetic clove oil and hand nets to collect fish fauna. Four species (Stegastes r...
How many species of macrofauna and macroflora were rafted to North America over the course of six years following the tsunami in Japan in 2011?	289	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...	pira	en	true	[ "B2049" ]	false	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...
Why is the prudent use of antimicrobials important?	To reduce the use of antimicrobials and the resulting welfare implications in aquaculture production.	[ "Biosecurity Diseases continue to challenge global aquaculture and are one of the primary deterrents to the aquaculture development of many species. Thus, investment, along with a focus on biosecurity and health, have been on the increase worldwide (Subasinghe and others, 2019). Biosecurity in aquaculture consists ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2476" ]	false	[ "human health risk (Chang and others, 2020; Galloway and others, 2017; Mossman and others, 2007; Numan and others, 2015; Sforzini and others, 2020; Smith and others, 2018; Stapleton, 2019; Stern and others, 2012; Vethaak and Leslie, 2016; Von Moos and others, 2012). Combustion nanoparticles are taken up into cells ...
How did Petrobras solve the problem of widening cutter blocks in the construction of the Pre-salt Well?	A process was developed that increased the resistance of the cutter blocks, increasing the hardness of the surface material before brazing the cutters.	[ "This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field we...	pira	en	true	[ "A1827" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What does the hybrid VNS metaheuistic is propose to be and how better is it compared to the pervisously developed method?	A linear mathematical model is embedded in the local search procedure to minimize inventory costs. The approach, validated within realistic data, provides low and not regular inventory violations. When compared with a previously developed method, it presents an improved performance, with reduced costs and computational...	[ "In a growth scenario of the world economy, it is essential to increase the integration between the different actors in the companies’ supply chain, reducing operational costs, and improving efficiency. Ship routing is a crucial part of this integration regarding global maritime commerce. In this work, we present a...	pira	en	true	[ "A1526" ]	false	[ "Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ...
What units has Petrobras used in the Marlim Field?	A range of units has been used, from Semi-Submersibles to turret-equipped FPSOs.	[ "Petrobras has utilized different types of units in Marlim Field development. From converted Semi-Submersibles to turret-equipped FPSOs, many different options were made. This paper describes the main reasons for choosing the different types of production units, the conversion approach, and the process plant automa...	pira	en	true	[ "A326" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
What could the unwanted gas produced during oil drilling be used for?	It could be used as an energy source	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...	pira	en	true	[ "A842" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
What action can reduce the sediment supply to the coast by different degrees?	The construction of dams and reservoirs.	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2452" ]	false	[ "Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem...
What is the goal of most food safety systems?	Avoid risk and prevent problems at the source	[ "Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing...	pira	en	true	[ "B2172" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...
How will installing the InForce Intelligent Well System in the Snorre field help Hydro?	It will reduce the cost of the rig, as well as facilitate the production of the P-30 well.	[ "Norsk Hydro has congratulated Baker Oil Tools for its installation of the InForce Intelligent Well System in the Snorre field in the North Sea, which is the first ever installation of the system in the area. The installation will help Hydro reduce rig cost, as well as facilitate production from the P-30 well. The ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1013" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
What units did Petrobras utilize in Marlim Field's development?	From converted semi-submersibles to turret-equipped FPSOs.	[ "Petrobras has utilized different types of units in Marlim Field development. From converted Semi-Submersibles to turret-equipped FPSOs, many different options were made. This paper describes the main reasons for choosing the different types of production units, the conversion approach, and the process plant automa...	pira	en	true	[ "A620" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
What is the name of the basin affected by the collapse of the Fundão dam in 2015?	Doce river basin	[ "The present study deals with bioavailability of trace metals in the Doce river continental shelf, southeast of Brazil. The bottom sediments of the study area were firstly sampled a few weeks before the biggest environmental disaster of Brazil, the collapse of the Fundão dam in November of 2015. The disaster releas...	pira	en	true	[ "A1407" ]	false	[ "This paper summarizes the geologic knowledge of the Foz do Amazonas basin in Northern Brazil, which has been investigated by Petrobras through geophysics and exploratory drilling. The basin covers an area of about 200,000 km 2 , including the present coastal zone, continental shelf, and Amazon submarine fan. This ...
What was the main process that conditioned the evolution of a carbonate platform on the south bank of Tethyan to pelagic plateau depositional systems?	Rifting paleotectonics.	[ "Several Mesozoic successions of the Southern Tethyan margin were accumulated on a carbonate platform evolving to pelagic plateau depositional systems. Rifting paleotectonics was the main process conditioning their tectono-sedimentary evolution. The well-exposed outcrops in NW Sicilian fold and thrust belt of the s...	pira	en	true	[ "A1545" ]	false	[ "This work intends to understand how the Ponta do Mel carbonate platform was implanted, to characterize its depositional model and its evolution in the light of modern stratigraphy, as well as to understand the stratigraphic relations with beneath, overlapping and contemporary units, from wells and seismic data. Th...
Why can't the GTL overall process be considered a CO2 sequestration process yet?	Because the net CO2 process balance is positive	[ "During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A912" ]	false	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...
How can be formulated the problem of optimal location and sizing of offshore platforms for oil exploration?	By determining the location and capacity of the platforms to be built as well as the assignment of wells to platforms.	[ "The problem of optimal location and sizing of offshore platforms for oil exploration can be formulated as follows: given a set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes, determine the location and capacity of the platforms to be built as well as the assignment of we...	pira	en	true	[ "A1122" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...
What has Petrobras been looking for to enable the implementation of ultra deep water projects?	Technological development programs to allow the use of flexible tubes resistant to contaminants such as CO2 and H2S, new CRA materials for application in rigid flowlines and low-cost riser configurations.	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...	pira	en	true	[ "A1631" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...
How is the depuration capacity of Camamu Bay controlled?	Seasonally, bay water renewal in 90 days for dry seasons and 30 days for rainy seasons.	[ "The Camamu bay (BCM), located at central coast of Bahia, is a pristine region which has been the target of oil and gas activities that could put in jeopardy the whole ecosystem in the case of an oil spill. The present study provides a first overview of its oceanographic characteristics based on a comprehensive set...	pira	en	true	[ "A1319" ]	false	[ "There have been an increasing number of government policies and research activities aimed at the exploitation of renewable energy resources to diversify power supply and meet the growing demand for electricity. In the context of Brazil, an example of this is tidal energy, which has a significant potential and is m...
Why was the SAASS acoustic recorder developed?	It was developed in order to meet the needs of a Petrobras acoustic monitoring program	[ "Acoustic monitoring in oceans has grown greatly for several purposes. To meet the needs of an acoustic monitoring program of Petrobras, a Brazilian oil exploration company, an acoustic recorder was developed, called SAASS, an autonomous system for the acquisition of submarine signals. This development had as main ...	pira	en	true	[ "A751" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
How much was the damage caused by the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease that affected shrimp aquaculture in Southeast Asia?	Over $4 billion	[ "Biosecurity Diseases continue to challenge global aquaculture and are one of the primary deterrents to the aquaculture development of many species. Thus, investment, along with a focus on biosecurity and health, have been on the increase worldwide (Subasinghe and others, 2019). Biosecurity in aquaculture consists ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2309" ]	false	[ "The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio...
How many wells is the Libra project drilling?	The Libra project is drilling nearly a hundred deepwater wells.	[ "The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing...	pira	en	true	[ "A1740" ]	false	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...
What is the function of the Piezocone Penetration Test?	Also known as CPTu, this test is most used in offshore projects to obtain soil parameters such as the undrained shear strength.	[ "Piezocone Penetration Test (CPTu) is widely used in offshore projects to obtain soil parameters, suchas the undrained shear strength. Due to depth limitations to perform this test, it is common to obtaindata until around 40m when the conductor installation process would require at least double the depth.The presen...	pira	en	true	[ "A1859" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes...
what is the standard strategy for finding siliciclastic rocks in unswept areas?	to use time-lapse (4D) seismic	[ "Brazilian carbonate reservoirs contain huge oil-in-place volumes and are likely to have an important economic impact in global oil industry. Such carbonate reservoirs, both Albian and Aptian, are located offshore in deep water, which has an important role in development costs. In siliciclastic plays it is standard...	pira	en	true	[ "A894" ]	false	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...
How many people were estimated in 2017 as involved in capture fisheries and marine aquaculture?	135 million	[ "Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm...	pira	en	true	[ "B2167" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
How can we produce immediate benefit to a threatened habitat or ecosystem ?	Protection from direct human uses of areas where habitats occur can often produce immediate benefits. Otherwise, pressures such as land-based runoff, diseases and invasive species require coordinated efforts far beyond the specific habitats for which the protection is intended.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2332" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...
What do the results show about the rainy season?	Temperature increases and salinity decreases in the surface layer	[ "Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo...	pira	en	true	[ "A1510" ]	false	[ "This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source (Q1) and apparent moisture sink (Q2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to...
What is the Gas Elevation Optimization workflow?	Define the optimal elevation rates to increase the recovery of the reservoir and improve the usability of the gas due to the restrictions of the platform of a Brazilian deep-water field. This workflow comprises a reservoir and flow assurance simulators, obtaining more accurate responses compared to regular workflows.	[ "Nowadays gas-lift is still a very expressive artificial lift method, for instance considering the whole Brazilian oil production profiles, gas lifted wells are responsible for 30% of monthly production. Due this huge importance, the injection efficiency should be ensured to avoid lid gas losses and maximize the pr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1454" ]	false	[ "During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr...
What would be the advantage of reducing the number of anchor lines for a floating unit of oil production?	The reduction of the space occupied by the anchoring lines in the seabed by reducing the subsea layout of risers, flow lines and well head.	[ "Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1751" ]	false	[ "Anchoring systems in deep-water Oil & Gas operations can be very challenging, considering the high loads usually applied and the soft soil to hold the anchor. The development of offshore anchoring systems with Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the mooring installation. ...
What type of plankton can benefit from the climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper oceans?	nitrogen-fixing plankton called diazotrophs	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Plankton Phytoplankton and marine bacteria carry out most of the primary production on which food webs depend. The climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean that had been predicted are now causing shifts in phytoplankton communiti...	pira	en	true	[ "B2140" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...
What is the size of the Petrobras fleet?	The Petrobras fleet relies on 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazillian territorial waters	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...	pira	en	true	[ "A421" ]	false	[ "Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ...
What is the main objective of the digital technologies used in this study?	The main objective of these technologies is to support the constructibility analysis in offshore oil and gas production facilities - surface installations - Petrobras projects.	[ "During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1530" ]	false	[ "Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario...
why is the lack of maturity of the field that evaluate global costal changes a problem?	Because it is dificult to separate human-induced changes from secular trends.	[ "Human activities affecting the incidence of coastal erosion and sedimentation include the substantial growth in the number and scale of dams on major waterways, land-use changes leading to catchment deforestation and increased human occupation of the coastal zone, coincident with a proliferation of coastal structu...	pira	en	true	[ "B2380" ]	false	[ "Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot...
What was the "giant" discovery announced by Petrobras?	At least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil in the northern part of Campos Basin.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A959" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
In the analysis, how many and what types of distinct levels of physical support and behavior of the coastal processes are considered?	Three types are considered. The first-order attributes are structural, and their characteristics are broad; the second-order ones are transitional between structural and dynamic and, the third-order attributes are dynamic, with specific characteristics.	[ "This study aims to characterize the physical vulnerability of the western coast of Santa Catarina Island by applying the Smartline methodology. Erosion and flooding processes can endanger the installed human infrastructure in the coastal zone, with the degree of vulnerability of a given site being dependent on its...	pira	en	true	[ "A1424" ]	false	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...
What's the global mean size of the steric signal?	4 milimeters	[ "Imbalances in the freshwater cycle manifest themselves as changes in global sea level. Changes in global mean sea level are largely caused by a combination of changes in ocean heat content and exchanges of freshwater between the ocean and continents. When water is added to the ocean, global sea level adjusts, rapi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2487" ]	false	[ "SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co...
Why is it necessary to remove hydrogen sulfate?	Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas and very harmful to life.	[ "The \"Pre-salt application\" offers some unique and challenging difficulties for producers and the service companies who support their operations. The carbonate reservoirs which occur in Brazilian deepwater fields provide unique challenges that relate to high temperatures, the high H2S content, as well as severe s...	pira	en	true	[ "A1225" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
how thick do the layers of rock salts vary?	2000m to 5000m	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A932" ]	false	[ "The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary...
What happened to the riverine sediment loads between 1970 and 2014?	There was significant reduction.	[ "Human activities affecting the incidence of coastal erosion and sedimentation include the substantial growth in the number and scale of dams on major waterways, land-use changes leading to catchment deforestation and increased human occupation of the coastal zone, coincident with a proliferation of coastal structu...	pira	en	true	[ "B2383" ]	false	[ "The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r...
What is polymer flooding?	A chemical enhanced oil recovery that aims to improve mobility control, by increasing the viscosity of injection brine and thus reducing the mobility ratio.	[ "Polymer flooding is a chemical enhanced oil recovery that aims to improve mobility control, by increasing the viscosity of injection brine and thus reducing the mobility ratio. Starting the polymer injection as early as possible brings the best economic results because it prevents the formation of viscous fingerin...	pira	en	true	[ "A1550" ]	false	[ "The present chapter provides an update to chapter 23 of the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a) in terms of shallow-water aggregate, placer deposits, ironsand deposits and phosphorite deposits. It focuses on exploration licences for deepwater seabed mineral resources, the number of which has incre...
What's the depth of the Mega oil and gas reservoirs discovered in deep and ultra-deep offshore Brazil?	The Mega oil and gas reservoirs discovered are remotely located at water ranging from 2200m (~7,200 ft) to 2600 m (~8,500 ft).	[ "Mega oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in deep and ultra-deep offshore Brazil. These Pre-Salt discoveries are remotely located at water depths ranging from 2200m (~7,200 ft) to 2600 m (~8,500 ft). Offshore Brazil has unique metocean conditions with long swell periods which present challenges on floating ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1831" ]	false	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...
Why are Hubbert's models and its variants still widely used, despite their weaknesses?	Because their simplicity and relatively low data requirement	[ "This study estimates oil production curves applying single and multi-cycle Hubbert models and Hubbert variants for the case of Brazil. The application of a top-down modeling approach is necessary, as the size of oil fields discoveries is usually confidential data and therefore not disclosed in Brazil. Despite frag...	pira	en	true	[ "A1789" ]	false	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...
What types of bacteria were used to study the toxicity of water columns?	Vibrio fischeri, Artemia sp. and Mysidium gracile	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...	pira	en	true	[ "A699" ]	false	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...
What has been causing changes in kelp community structures and distribution over time?	Overfishing of dominant predators and climate change.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2133" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...
How large was the growth in snorkelling and scuba diving experience between 2000 and 2013?	About 25 per cent.	[ "Enjoyment of marine wildlife Diving Snorkelling and scuba diving continue to be a significant element in marine tourism, focused on enabling tourists to enjoy underwater wildlife. The substantial growth (about 25 per cent) in the levels of the activity recorded in the period from 2000 to 2013 and reported in the f...	pira	en	true	[ "B2124" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...
What does the DSI contributes with?	It contributes with zonation and it provides alternatives to decision-makers who manage these areas.	[ "Ports link world commerce via maritime routes, and dredging services are essential to establish and maintain these connections. However, one question is critical when dredging is being considered: where are the best places to do it? To try to answer this question, a Dredging Sensitivity Index (DSI) was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A1442" ]	false	[ "SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co...
The North and East outer shelves found in Rio Grande do Norte, display steep gradients, with which inclination?	approximately 0.5°	[ "Morphological features on low-latitude continental shelves have recorded past sea level fluctuations. This study aims to recognize and interrogate, on the Rio Grande do Norte (RN, NE Brazil) outer shelves, specific seabed morphologies that could have been produced by the punctuated relative sea level rise of the l...	pira	en	true	[ "A323" ]	false	[ "The northeastern Brazilian continental shelf has a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation system. This study applied statistical analysis on superficial sediments to access the conditions and controls of sedimentary distribution and processes along the outer shelf depositional environment. The total of 123 gr...
How has the drilling and completion in Campos Basin evolved?	It went from subsea wells and fixed platforms until the last horizontal wells in deep waters.	[ "Drilling and completion in Campos Basin have been in constant evolution, from the first subsea wells and fixed platforms to latest horizontal wells in deepwater. This paper will first present the lessons learned with drilling and completion in shallow water to latest wells drilled and completed in Roncador in the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A710" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
How could the search results be used?	As a result, these elements could be used as geochemical markers for Fundão tailings and considering other key parameters to define a baseline for monitoring the impacts of this environmental disaster.	[ "In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1668" ]	false	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...
What causes the pollution of the seas?	The main pollutants come from human sewage and animal waste from farms that contaminate rivers and end up contaminating the oceans.	[ "The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio...	pira	en	true	[ "B2291" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Shipping Pollution from ships takes the form of both catastrophic events (shipwrecks, collisions and groundings) and chronic pollution from regular operational discharges. Good progress has been made over the past 40 years in reducing both. There have been large increases in t...
What is the main reason for the increased use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technology?	Because the porosity estimation provided by this technology is independent of lithology.	[ "The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs for petrophysical interpretation and evaluation in the oil and gas industry has increased in recent decades, especially in Brazil, where the use of this technology was increased by more than 400% from 2011 to 2018 (from 49 to 208 runs). This increased usaged occurre...	pira	en	true	[ "A1715" ]	false	[ "The production of several wells from the Albacora ield (Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is being togressively lowered due to a paraffin deposition roc ess in the subsea production flowlines. The subsea low temperature is considered to be the leading factor in the paraffin deposition or waxing process of deep...
What are the improvements when using flexible pipes?	This pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of where exactly to drill development wells can be delayed, thus making the drilling campaigns easi...	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...	pira	en	true	[ "A1551" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil Offshore fields using flexible pipes took the advantage of the possibility to move around lines, anticipate the production and postpone the decision of where exactly the development phase wells should be placed, making the drilling campaign easier, cheaper and faster. For the Pre-Salt fie...
Which methods are a valuable tool for oceanic research and makes use of physico-acoustic attributes of the crusts?	The acoustic geophysical methods	[ "Marine mining is the ocean’s new exploration frontier, and polymetallic crusts (PMCs) and ferromanganese nodules are considered a strategic resource for the future. Acoustic geophysical methods are a valuable tool for oceanic research and have been employed for several decades in the exploration of marine resource...	pira	en	true	[ "A1415" ]	false	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...
In the 26 samples studied from the DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) how many and what species were recorded?	Seventeen species, they are podocopid and platycopid ostracoda.	[ "Seventeen species of podocopid and platycopid Ostracoda were recorded in the 26 samples studied from the DSDP (= Deep Sea Drilling Project) Site 515B, Brazil Basin. The Trachyleberididae (eight spp.) and Krithidae (four spp.) are the most-represented families. Most species were left in open nomenclature because of...	pira	en	true	[ "A1568" ]	false	[ "This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of s...
What is the proportion of women among the seafarers?	Worldwide aproximatly two per cent of the seafarers are women	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...	pira	en	true	[ "B1995" ]	false	[ "Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup...
Why do less developed countries find it difficult to take advantage of the benefits that the ocean can offer them?	Because less developed countries face gaps in capacity-building and resource and financial constraints.	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...	pira	en	true	[ "B1973" ]	false	[ "While some benefits from the ocean are very central and ensure the existence of life on earth, including the production of oxygen and the uptake of carbon dioxide and heat, most services are related to specific ecosystems or elements therein and are thus not evenly distributed. Moreover, not all States have the ca...
What assets from the Brazilian field are studied by GeDIg?	heavy oil, offshore, onshore, brown and green fields	[ "Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario...	pira	en	true	[ "A313" ]	false	[ "In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields...
What caused so many of the major cargo-carrying operators to have losses in 2012?	The overcapacity resulting from the general economic recession.	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...	pira	en	true	[ "B2529" ]	false	[ "Cargo traffic Until 2020, recovery of the world’s economy after 2011 has been reflected in the growth of world trade and, consequently, in the tonnage of cargo carried by international shipping (figure II). When the distances over which the cargoes were carried are taken into account, the growth in ton-miles is ev...
What needed to be analised simultaneously with the collection of biological and sediment samples on Guajará Bay?	The pH of the surface water, salinity, electrical conductivity and temperature were measured.	[ "This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and...	pira	en	true	[ "A1745" ]	false	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...
what property of rock salt guarantees excellent impermeability to most fluids and gases, even under high pressures?	negligible porosity	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A922" ]	false	[ "Most subsurface rock models consider salt bodies as homogenous masses and set to evaporite minerals constant values of elastic properties such as density, compressional and shear velocities, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Lithological analyzes of outcrops and wells indicate that evaporites present large vert...
How deep can the Seillean from the Jubarte Field reach?	It's prepared to work at 2000-m water depth.	[ "In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo...	pira	en	true	[ "A656" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
Which countries are the biggest suppliers of maritime officers?	China, followed by the Philippines, India, Indonesia and the Russian Federation.	[ "Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup...	pira	en	true	[ "B2253" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...
What caused the development of offshore clusters to build platforms, drilling ships and supply vessels in Brazil since 2010?	The increasing annual investments from Petrobras	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...	pira	en	true	[ "A735" ]	false	[ "Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t...
Why do ocean species populations fluctuate from year to year due to ocean currents?	Because the supply of food, such as plankton, varies with changing patterns of circulation and resurgence, leading to higher or lower nutrient concentrations.	[ "The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm...	pira	en	true	[ "B2412" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
Where can intelligent completion be found?	In most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater wells like those in the Pre-Salt region, offshore Brazil.	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A966" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
Geochemical data has helped to show the similarity between exposed rock outcrops studied. Was the analysis of which characteristics essential to evaluate the deposition environment and the weathering processes of the northeastern continental margin basins?	The contents of main elements and trace, as well as the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of shale samples of whole rock from five outcrops attributed to the pre-rift surface of the Camamu Basin were analyzed in order to characterize and obtain more information than would allow a better correlation between the studied places...	[ "Whole-rock geochemistry, combined with Sr-Nd isotopic composition of pelitic sedimentary rocks, have been considered to be useful parameters to estimate not only their provenance but also to make inferences about their depositional environment as well as the weathering processes they have been through. The basal s...	pira	en	true	[ "A1918" ]	false	[ "This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and...
How was performed the cleaning operation inside flowline loop in the East segment?	The operation consisted of injecting sea water mixed with a dispersant. The formulations used were thoroughly laboratory tested. The operation demanded noticeable logistics planning and execution, due to the flowline volume (4000 bbl) and the number of volumes circulated (circa of 10).	[ "Cottonwood is the first field development in deepwater Gulf of Mexico operated by Petrobras. It consists of three subsea wells in water depths of 670m (2,200 ft). Two wells presently produce gas-condensate, with high wax deposition potential. The wells are connected to a fixed platform in East Cameron 373 Block, 2...	pira	en	true	[ "A649" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...
When was the commercial catching of fin whales suspended?	2019 and 2020	[ "Consumption and competition The recovery of several marine mammal populations is generating the potential for conflicts in some regions and opportunities in others. Marine mammals can learn to associate fishing activities with food availability, leading to the development of behaviours to depredate catches from fi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2338" ]	false	[ "Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm...
Where can we find a Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan?	In Ubatuba, São Paulo, on the southeast coast of Brazil.	[ "The carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii was introduced in 1995 and vegetatively propagated in Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, for the purpose of commercial cultivation. This species produces tetraspores mainly in the austral summer and fall. Tetraspore germination and survival were studied under different cond...	pira	en	true	[ "A1229" ]	false	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...
What was analyzed in order to calculate the FPSO probabilities during an offloading operation in Campos Basin?	The equilibrium positions of the system, the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic static forces and Dynamic effects and oscillations.	[ "With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect...	pira	en	true	[ "A1397" ]	false	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...
In what year did Petrobas start the development of its 4D seismic technological programme?	In 1998	[ "Petrobras has been developing its 4D seismic technological programme since 1998, focused on the Brazilian deep-water fields in the Campos Basin, and considering the technical, operational and economic challenges involved in the development plan and reservoir management in this environment. The first step was to al...	pira	en	true	[ "A1059" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
How three wind turbines, each one with 3 MW of power, could help the Itamaracá Island?	It could generate around 30,000 MWh/year, ensuring the energy throughout the year for the Itamaracá Island	[ "This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine...	pira	en	true	[ "A1744" ]	false	[ "This study measured the wake effect in a Brazilian onshore windfarm with 38 turbines located in complex terrain. The proposed methodology calculated the wind deficit in 3 different metmasts, by comparing the measurement periods in free-of-wake condition to measurement periods under wake effect. Uncertainties due t...
What can cause the diversity of fish in a region?	The ecosystem stability and age, niche partitioning and predator-mediated dampening of dominance	[ "The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2169" ]	false	[ "The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm...
What causes the deep water flow to be complex?	The rich structure of water masses of the region.	[ "As new oil fields are discovered downslope on the largest Brazilian oil region, Campos Basin, situated on the shelf break and continental slope of eastern South America, new oceanographic challenges are continuously encountered by oceanographers and engineers involved in the design, installation and production of ...	pira	en	true	[ "A417" ]	false	[ "Drilling salt zones, especially in deep and ultra-deep waters, presents several challenges to be overcome. One of the main problems faced by drilling engineers while designing and executing a section in salt zones, is the formation flow to the wellbore. Temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above the salt ...
what did Petrobras use as provisional system to substitute the Garoupa field production tower that collapsed?	It used some of the remains from the original system (seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and processing ship), combined with a new monobuoy, eletronics control ship and a specially designed pipe line and manifold.	[ "When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro...	pira	en	true	[ "A651" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...
What would be an alternative used by PETROBRAS and its partners for not venting CO2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to the atmosphere?	Injecting CO2 in order to ensure the Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCGS).	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1115" ]	false	[ "The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions...
Into how many units is the Martim Vaz Archipelago divided?	The Archipelago is divided into three main units	[ "Martin Vaz Archipelago is located at the parallel 20°S, 1200 km away from the Brazilian coastline and is composed of Plio-Pleistocenic alkaline rocks that represent the last volcanic event of the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The Archipelago is divided into three main units: Pico das Gaivotas Unit (i) is made up of nose...	pira	en	true	[ "A152" ]	false	[ "In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields...
What are the main points to be presented in drilling and completion in the Campos Basin?	well design, horizontal and multilateral wells, wellhead design, well control, operations with dynamic positioning vessels, sand completion and control techniques and their evolution.	[ "Drilling and completion in Campos Basin have been in constant evolution, from the first subsea wells and fixed platforms to latest horizontal wells in deepwater. This paper will first present the lessons learned with drilling and completion in shallow water to latest wells drilled and completed in Roncador in the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A708" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What is the reservoir section made of?	It is mainly composed of limestone rocks and silica intercalations.	[ "This work explains the process of how a bit was designed specifically to address drilling challenges of the reservoir section of the Mero Field offshore Brazil. The performance of this new bit is compared to previous bits used in the field. A systematic process to design and evaluate the performance of a new bit i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1532" ]	false	[ "Martin Vaz Archipelago is located at the parallel 20°S, 1200 km away from the Brazilian coastline and is composed of Plio-Pleistocenic alkaline rocks that represent the last volcanic event of the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The Archipelago is divided into three main units: Pico das Gaivotas Unit (i) is made up of nose...

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