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Which gas pipeline is the delay of the Peroa-Cangoa project concentrated on? | In the 128 km Vitória-Cacimbas gas pipeline that Petrobras started to build, but stopped construction in the fourth quarter of 2005 because the contractors abandoned the project, alleging an adverse financial situation. | [
"Petrobras has postponed until the end of the first half of 2006 the start of production at the offshore Peroa-Cangoa gasfields in the Espirito Santo basin because of lack of transport capacity for the fuel. The development project includes a fixed unmanned platform on Peroa and a 50-km subsea pipeline from the pla... | pira | en | true | [
"A1191"
] | false | [
"The current global financial crisis and other issues have split Brazilian officials regarding the impact of the crisis on exploration and production. However, there have been impacts, as Petroleo Brasilerio SA (Petrobras) now is postponing to 2009 its construction tenders for 28 deep-sea drilling rigs. However, ac... |
What actions are included in the green corridor? | Logistical applications with optimized use of all modes of transport, the so-called integrated co-modality, concentration of domestic and international freight traffic on long transport routes, efficient and strategic transfer points, supporting infrastructure and a platform for development and demonstration innovative... | [
"The green corridor is an initiative of the European Commission in order to strengthen competitiveness of the logistics industry and create sustainable solutions. An essential pillar in a green corridor is the concept of co-modality, defined as the efficient use of different modes in combination, which will result ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1688"
] | false | [
"Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario... |
What are brGDGTs? | Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits. | [
"Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits. The presence of brGDGTs in marine sediments can thus be used to track terrigenous organic matter inputs to the continental margin and to infer the local continental mean ann... | pira | en | true | [
"A1498"
] | false | [
"In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields... |
What causes the social-enviroment vulnerability in the brazilian coastal zone? | Biological invasions, pollution, overfishing and other stressors. | [
"The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar... | pira | en | true | [
"A822"
] | false | [
"Nowadays no other region on earth is more threatened by natural hazards than coastal areas. However the increasing risk in this area is not just a climate extreme events’ result. Coasts are the places with highest concentration of people and values, thus impacts continue to increase as the values of coastal infras... |
What two locations are critical in the metallic layer for the machine learning model, and what is the amount of wave class reduction at its minimum and maximum? | Bend stiffener and touch down zone, 50% at its mininum and 75% at its maximum. | [
"The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of ar... | pira | en | true | [
"A1807"
] | false | [
"Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify... |
For what types of challenges does the underwater separator appear to be a good alternative? | In the search for solutions that aim to maintain economic viability by recovering oil in mature reservoirs | [
"Currently, low oil prices pose a challenge to the financial state of the industry. Therefore, it is very important that companies optimize costs while maintaining or even increasing oil production. At the same time, with oil production declining due high water cuts and facility volume limitations in an offshore pr... | pira | en | true | [
"A1573"
] | false | [
"The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions... |
Which estuary in southern Brazil act as a nursery ground for the giant manta ray Manta birostris? | The Paranaguá estuarine complex. | [
"Based on the knowledge of local artisanal fishermen and on direct observations, this study presents evidence that the giant manta ray Manta birostris uses the Paranaguá estuarine complex in south Brazil, south-western Atlantic Ocean, in a predictable seasonal pattern. Behavioural observations suggest that the estu... | pira | en | true | [
"A212"
] | false | [
"In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit... |
What kind of formations are sensitive and challenging for research? | Heavy oil reservoirs, salt zones and fractured carbonates. | [
"This article reports the main R&D efforts on wellbore construction hydraulics which facilitated the technological development of major Brazilian offshore fields in challenging scenarios. These include: deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, ex... | pira | en | true | [
"A700"
] | false | [
"In carbonate rock reservoirs, spatial distribution models and elastic properties are complex because of diagenetic processes and mineralogical composition, which together directly interfere with variations in pore shape and interconnectivity. The main objective of this paper is to propose a workflow to aid in thre... |
What can harm marine biodiversity in a region? | Overexploitation and habitat loss and degradation. | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2170"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... |
What are the effects of increasing seawater temperature? | Increased energy for storms that develop at sea which will lead to fewer but more intense tropical cyclones worldwide | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2377"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th... |
During and after the exposure of bottom currents, the diapir is tightly detour at the bottom of the sea. What can this interaction cause? | This interaction forms a drift and moat contourite depositional pattern. | [
"Diapir piercement through the ocean floor marks the final stages of a dynamic migration path. Once exhumed, a diapir extrudes from the seafloor, placing an obstacle for the flow of ocean bottom currents. While the hydrodynamic response of the flow has been previously studied, the detailed depositional and weatheri... | pira | en | true | [
"A1487"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Submarine cables Submarine cables have always been at risk of breaks from submarine landslides, mainly at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons changes, submarine areas that have so far been stable may ... |
Where was realized the first subsea Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) installation in the world? | Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, in Brazil. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A964"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
What are the main factors that lead to biodiversity? | The complexity of the environment and its physical structures | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj... | pira | en | true | [
"B2278"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Biodiversity and economic activity Sometimes, because of the special physical features that contribute to high biodiversity, and sometimes because of the concentration of biodiversity itself, many societies and industries are most active in areas that are also biodiversity hotspots. As on ... |
what made PETROBRAS achieve great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt? | application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data | [
"With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a... | pira | en | true | [
"A937"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t... |
What characterizes the lower portion of the Upper Aptian? | a fluvio-alluvial sedimentation with a widespread occurrence throughout the proximal areas of all marginal basins | [
"The main tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the Aptian Stage along the Brazilian Eastern Basins were analyzed based on data from 28 wells drilled by Petrobras, including the description of 750 meters of cores. The Aptian along the Eastern Margin (from Santos to Camamu-Almada basins) can be sub... | pira | en | true | [
"A748"
] | false | [
"Several Mesozoic successions of the Southern Tethyan margin were accumulated on a carbonate platform evolving to pelagic plateau depositional systems. Rifting paleotectonics was the main process conditioning their tectono-sedimentary evolution. The well-exposed outcrops in NW Sicilian fold and thrust belt of the s... |
What are the key factors that drive human occupation of the coastal zone? | Economics and population growth | [
"Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div... | pira | en | true | [
"B2521"
] | false | [
"Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop... |
The increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. Which activities are contributing to these demands? | The increase of long-standing activities (fishing and shipping) and the expansion of newly developing uses (hydrocarbon extraction, mining, and the generation of renewable energy conducted offshore). | [
"Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o... | pira | en | true | [
"B2442"
] | false | [
"Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop... |
What are the main primary porosity modifiers? | Dolomite cementation, dolomitization, pervasive silicification, and dissolution processes. | [
"Lacustrine carbonate deposits mark the rift-sag sedimentation stage of the so-called pre-salt section of the Campos and Santos Basins, in the Southeast Brazilian continental shelf. These salt-sealed carbonate reservoirs form deep-water, giant and prolific oil fields that are currently responsible for approximately... | pira | en | true | [
"A1483"
] | false | [
"Study Region: Porous aquifer system of Northeastern Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Study Focus: The present work aimed to comprehend the geochemical processes responsible for the considerable range of salinity (48 to 5651 ?S. cm?1) through chemical composition of groundwater (hydrogeochemical modeling thro... |
How do you define a tropical cyclone? | A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. | [
"Extreme climate events A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. Based on one-minute maximum sustained wind speed, the cyclonic disturbances are categorized into tropical depressions (? 17 m/s), tropical storms (18–32 m/s) and tropical ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2578"
] | false | [
"According to the literature, the tropical/subtropical oceans adjacent to South America are not climatologically conducive to tropical cyclones forming according to the literature. However, since 2004, two tropical cyclones have been recorded in the southwest Atlantic Ocean and one subtropical that had the potentia... |
Why did the development of the SAASS acoustic recorder become so promising? | SAASS enabled research in the area of hydrophone development and acoustic signal analysis methodology | [
"Acoustic monitoring in oceans has grown greatly for several purposes. To meet the needs of an acoustic monitoring program of Petrobras, a Brazilian oil exploration company, an acoustic recorder was developed, called SAASS, an autonomous system for the acquisition of submarine signals. This development had as main ... | pira | en | true | [
"A750"
] | false | [
"This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This... |
The study presents a reinvestigation of the Deep Sea Drilling Project in 4 oil wells drilled by Petróbras Brasil SA. What is the name of the basin where the studies were carried out? | The Campos Basin | [
"After the formalization of the base of the Miocene in the Lemme-Carrosio section (Italy) at the base of Subchron C6Cn.2n, the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy was refined in several open ocean Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program sites. However, high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphic studies,... | pira | en | true | [
"A1124"
] | false | [
"Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim... |
What observation evidenced the presence of the Central Water of the South Atlantic (SACW) in the marine park during the spring and summer? | Low temperatures (< 17ºC) associated with salinity around 35 at the bottom of the water column | [
"Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant... | pira | en | true | [
"A1913"
] | false | [
"Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin... |
When was Cherne II jacket launched? | The Cherne II jacket was launched on November 25, 1982 | [
"On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor... | pira | en | true | [
"A418"
] | false | [
"The world's largest semi-submersible crane vessel, the Micoperi 7000, was completed in September 1987. After sea trials, it was delivered to owner/operator Micoperi S. p. A. of Milan in December, and immediately left for its first construction job in Petrobras' Campos basin, offshore Brazil. In its first six month... |
When will Brazil reach oil self-sufficiency? | By mid-2006. | [
"The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped... | pira | en | true | [
"A531"
] | false | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... |
What are intended improvements of Petrobras' investment in Bahia state? | It's intended to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output and improve refinig capabilities. | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A833"
] | false | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... |
How will the supply of natural gas to Minas Gerais be expanded? | When the 267km Gasbel II pipeline begins operating. | [
"Petrobras has launched the 38-in., 179-km Cabiunas-Reduc III (Gasduc III) gas pipeline, which is capable of carrying 40 million cu m/day. Gasduc III enhances regional transportation capacity to 40 million from 16 million cu m/day. The line can transport gas produced in the Campos and Espirito Santo basins, as well... | pira | en | true | [
"A448"
] | false | [
"This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t... |
Where is oil exploration concentrated under the salt layer? | In the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espírito Santo. | [
"Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra... | pira | en | true | [
"A503"
] | false | [
"With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a... |
Why will Petrobras invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010? | Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A835"
] | false | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... |
Why have flexible risers attracted attention in recent years? | It attracted a lot of attention because it is a material that has been used for a long time and has a successful history | [
"Unbonded flexible risers are widely used in offshore oil and gas production due to excellent mechanical performance, Research achievement and advance in recent ten years are reviewed, the existing problems and trend are proposed. Unbonded flexible risers are slender multilayered marine structures, which was firstl... | pira | en | true | [
"A1653"
] | false | [
"In order to develop new deep water fields using FPSO's, Petrobras has introduced several innovations to install 34 flexible risers individually connected to the Barracuda FPSO project. This paper provides an overview of design of the pull in and pull out operations. It also deals with I tube dimensions considering... |
Which "Non-Indigenous Species - NIS" accidentally escaped to the wild? | The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), the Red Sea prawn (Penaeus pulchricaudatus), the Asian tiger shrimp (P. monodon), the blue swimming crab (Portunus segnis) and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum)) | [
"Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma... | pira | en | true | [
"B2246"
] | false | [
"Globally, about 2,000 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been introduced to new locations through human-mediated movements. A few of those have economic value, but most have had negative ecological, socioeconomic or human health impacts. With increased trade and climate change, biological invasions are likel... |
How many people work in fisheries and aquaculture? | It is estimated that 58.3 million people are employed in fisheries and aquaculture. | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... | pira | en | true | [
"B2583"
] | false | [
"Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm... |
How does this work support your diagnosis of the potential for the use and improvement of short sea shipping in Brazil? | To support this effect, a new concept of "fast cabotage terminals", its conceptual model and the potential gains in an intermodal transport network are presented. | [
"Brazil has a transport system with little presence of intermodality and use of Short-Sea Shipping. Nevertheless, these are goals for Brazilian waterborne transportation matrix, which is expected to exceed 13% going to 25% in 2025. Currently, Brazilian transportation matrix isn't balanced surpassing that of other c... | pira | en | true | [
"A1334"
] | false | [
"Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna... |
What can human disturbance do to species? | To raise the level of species mortality | [
"Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2539"
] | false | [
"Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma... |
What has been done to eliminate the need for pile guides? | A new steel jacket with vertical external skirt piles was designed by Interconsult (Micoperi), bringing a concept never seen before. | [
"On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor... | pira | en | true | [
"A723"
] | false | [
"The paper presents an overview of the evolution of Petrobras open hole gravel packing operational practices after the 200th well has been successfully completed with this technique in Campos Basin (CB): a milestone in the history of Petrobras completion practices in deep and ultra-deepwaters. The paper also presen... |
What is the alternating water gas (WAG) injection method that is being applied in some Brazilian offshore oil fields? | Alternating water gas (WAG) injection is an improved recovery method that serves as an alternative to combining effective pressure maintenance policies, flexible gas management strategies, and greater recoveries. | [
"Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection is an enhanced recovery method that is being applied in some brazilian offshore oilfields as an alternative to combine effective pressure maintenance policies, flexible produced gas management strategies and increased recoveries. In this technology, gas plays the role of reduc... | pira | en | true | [
"A1446"
] | false | [
"Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t... |
In addition to the Camamu-Almada basin, what region does Petrobras plan to extract gas from? | the offshore Manati field | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A743"
] | false | [
"An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ... |
What is the preferable recovery method for the deep-water reservoirs in Brazil? | Water injection | [
"Petrobras has been developing its 4D seismic technological programme since 1998, focused on the Brazilian deep-water fields in the Campos Basin, and considering the technical, operational and economic challenges involved in the development plan and reservoir management in this environment. The first step was to al... | pira | en | true | [
"A1053"
] | false | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... |
What is essential to extract oil and gas in deep waters? | Tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... | pira | en | true | [
"B2297"
] | false | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... |
What equipment can be used to reduce the number of anchor lines on a floating oil production unit? | Driven piles, mooring chains, polyester ropes and conventional anchoring deck equipment. | [
"Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1750"
] | false | [
"Anchoring systems in deep-water Oil & Gas operations can be very challenging, considering the high loads usually applied and the soft soil to hold the anchor. The development of offshore anchoring systems with Torpedo Pile is a technological application that can save time and cost during the mooring installation. ... |
Which ocean basins compose the most of the Southern Ocean? | South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian | [
"The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the entire planet. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects the three major southern ocean basins (South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian) and is the largest curre... | pira | en | true | [
"B2005"
] | false | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... |
In the Santos Basin, what are the predominant igneous rocks? | The igneous rocks in this basin are dominated by basic rocks, some intrusive alkaline rocks develop good microspaces, mainly crystal morphic pores, inter and intracrystalline dissolving pores and fractures. | [
"Igneous rocks are widely developed in many hydrocarbon-bearing sedimentary basins in Brazil, and some igneous rocks play positive roles in the oil and gas accumulation process. But so far, no industrial oil or gas flow is discovered in igneous rocks in Brazilian onshore basins. At present, in some literatures publ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1799"
] | false | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... |
What is the objective of the PROPES - Petrobras' Heavy Oil Technological Program? | Developing, together with universities, service companies and the industry, new technologies for the offshore heavy oil fields. | [
"Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu... | pira | en | true | [
"A534"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi... |
What were the years of research data collection? | 2015 and 2017 | [
"Manganese (Mn) is an abundant element in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems and an essential micronutrient in the metabolic processes of plants and animals. Mn is generally not considered a potentially toxic element due to its low content in both soil and water. However, in coastal ecosystems, the Mn dynamic (comm... | pira | en | true | [
"A1301"
] | false | [
"Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup... |
What is the goal of most food safety systems? | Avoiding risk and preventing problems at the source of production. | [
"Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing... | pira | en | true | [
"B2115"
] | false | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... |
How many species of marine fish are there today? | There are 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment. | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... | pira | en | true | [
"B2433"
] | false | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... |
What kind of data is relevant to study the delimitation of favorable areas for fishing of tuna species in southern and southeastern Brazil? | Oceanographic surface temperature data and fish catch data (CPUE). | [
"The delimitation of favourable zones for the fishing of three tuna species in the waters southeast and south of Brazil with oceanographic and satellite data was studied. Oceanographic data of surface temperature and fish catch (CPUE) data were correlated. Surface temperature intervals corresponding to larger fish ... | pira | en | true | [
"A316"
] | false | [
"The present study evaluated the different morphodynamic scenarios that arise under varying tidal and wave conditions on a sandy beach (Ajuruteua) and an exposed tidal flat (Vila dos Pescadores) on the Amazon coast of northern Brazil. For this, four field campaigns were conducted, covering a full annual cycle, for ... |
For when was phase 2 of Parque das Conchas development planned to start? | 2013 | [
"Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f... | pira | en | true | [
"A870"
] | false | [
"Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c... |
What is the importance of ocean regions with high biodiversity? | They support fishing in adjacent areas, oxygen production, coastal protection and regeneration, tourism and recreation, and spiritual and cultural services. | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj... | pira | en | true | [
"B2335"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Biodiversity and economic activity Sometimes, because of the special physical features that contribute to high biodiversity, and sometimes because of the concentration of biodiversity itself, many societies and industries are most active in areas that are also biodiversity hotspots. As on ... |
What are the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields? | The need to develop robust and effective instrumentation, reliable connections, reduce subsea intervention costs, and operate around existing infrastructure. | [
"Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall... | pira | en | true | [
"A781"
] | false | [
"In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin... |
What motivated Brazil to pursue new technologies to extract oil? | The high oil consumption as well as the depth of the oil reservoirs | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A776"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t... |
Considering the Piranema project, what are the capacity of the oil processing plant, the compression capacity of the gas injection plant per day and the oil storage capacity, respectively? | The Piranema project has 30,000 bpd of oil processing plant capacity, 3.6 million cubic meters / day of compression and 300,000bbl of oil storage capacity. | [
"Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ... | pira | en | true | [
"A686"
] | false | [
"Considering demands for internal Brazilian market and international crude oil trade, PETROBRAS has taken the decision to concentrate a significantly part of the future of crude oil production from three deep-water fields; Roncador, Marlim Sul and Marlim Leste, all of which are in Campos Basin, with one off-shore t... |
In 2014, Petrobras planned to spend e $224 billion with what? | The effort aimed to develop Brazil's oil services sector. | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... | pira | en | true | [
"A253"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho... |
Why does this study suggest a reinvestigation of the Deep Sea Drilling Project if previous studies have already been carried out? | Because high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphic results are still lacking for the time span that measures the Oligocene-Miocene transition. | [
"After the formalization of the base of the Miocene in the Lemme-Carrosio section (Italy) at the base of Subchron C6Cn.2n, the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy was refined in several open ocean Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program sites. However, high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphic studies,... | pira | en | true | [
"A1118"
] | false | [
"The present chapter provides an update to chapter 23 of the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a) in terms of shallow-water aggregate, placer deposits, ironsand deposits and phosphorite deposits. It focuses on exploration licences for deepwater seabed mineral resources, the number of which has incre... |
What benefits are achieved by using a remote terminal also called HUB on offshore platforms like pre-salt? | It reduces shipment costs and increases the speed of commuting. | [
"Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1845"
] | false | [
"Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna... |
A new type of study method is becoming more popular amidst reservoir researchers. What is this method? | The analysis of uncertaintys | [
"The use of uncertainty analysis as a tool in reservoir studies is becoming more and more common inside Petrobras and all around the world. However, in fields with production history, traditional uncertainty analysis, combining possible values of uncertainty variables, can lead to models that poorly represent the r... | pira | en | true | [
"A943"
] | false | [
"This work explains the process of how a bit was designed specifically to address drilling challenges of the reservoir section of the Mero Field offshore Brazil. The performance of this new bit is compared to previous bits used in the field. A systematic process to design and evaluate the performance of a new bit i... |
Where's the coastal western boundary upwelling system located? | It is located at the north coast of the Rio de Janeiro State | [
"The acoustic patterns variation can be used to understand the sediment distribution extrapolating the information to places where is not possible to take any sample. Many authors already use this integrated method to investigate interest areas in, both, commercial and scientific aspect. In this direction the curre... | pira | en | true | [
"A1221"
] | false | [
"This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This... |
What was Brazil's first institution for oceanographic research? | Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia | [
"Historians of science have yet to study the process by which the oceanographic sciences emerged and became firmly established in Brazil. The main goal of this article is to offer a preliminary analysis of this process by focusing on the contribution of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (Paulista Institute of ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1506"
] | false | [
"The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I... |
What is the name of the program responsible for the development of new technologies for offshore heavy oil fields? | Petrobras Heavy Oil Technological Program - PROPES | [
"Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu... | pira | en | true | [
"A1030"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, during the last 40 years, has been the stage where the technology development has played its main game in terms of pushing the offshore oil and gas production to overcome its challenges to go deeper and deeper in WDs never experienced before. Incremental, innovative, enabler or even disruptive techno... |
What basins were not explored under the salt layer? | Basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo | [
"Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra... | pira | en | true | [
"A1002"
] | false | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... |
How can you control the quality of fish and food available for human consumption? | Through linkages between adequate systems that control the emissions of hazardous substances | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... | pira | en | true | [
"B2042"
] | false | [
"The rapid growth of intensive aquaculture, in some cases not well planned, has caused concern about environmental impact, human health and social issues. Although the lion’s share of production originates in Asia, opposition to aquaculture development is strongest in some developed countries (Froehlich and others,... |
How is the comparison between taut-leg and conventional mooring systems for the floating oil extraction units in ocean area done? | The comparison is made in terms of total unit offset and horizontal span. | [
"The increase of oil exploration and production in a given ocean area may put new requirements on the design of mooring systems for the floating units. It is necessary to simplify the underwater layout through the reduction of the lines horizontal span and to allow smaller distance between the production units. In ... | pira | en | true | [
"A939"
] | false | [
"Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the... |
What will Petrobras and its partners do with the CO2 produced in Pre-salt oil extraction? | They will inject again on Pre-salt to improve the oil recovery. | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ... | pira | en | true | [
"A591"
] | false | [
"Brazilian company Petrobras has discovered various new deepwater pre-salt reservoirs and plans to devote 17% of its E&P capital during the 2009-2013 plan for the development of these resources. According to Petrobras' 2009-2013 Strategic Plan, pre-salt output could be the biggest source of domestic production grow... |
What is the use of the TELEMAC-MASCARET system? | to assess the impacts of the newly built water diversion channel, as well as the effects of a flood and tracer transport from an intermittent tributary, | [
"The hydropower production, water supply and aquaculture services of the Itaparica Reservoir are of immense importance for the Brazilian Northeast. Uncontrolled water resources consumption (e.g. irrigation, water supply), climate and land use change effects deteriorated the water quantity and quality in the reservo... | pira | en | true | [
"A1512"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... |
What is the duality regarding the benefits of Steel Lazy Wave Risers (SLWR)? | This is effective in improving fatigue and adopting a slow wave configuration, instead of a simple catenary. SLWRs have been used successfully in Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea and Australia. However, it is probably the most computationally intensive aspect of it. Fatigue analysis requires a large number of ... | [
"Fatigue is one of the key governing conditions in the design of rigid risers, in particular those in ultra-deep water. One effective way of improving fatigue is to adopt a lazy wave configuration, rather than a simple catenary. Steel Lazy Wave Risers (SLWR) have been successfully used offshore Brazil (Hoffman et a... | pira | en | true | [
"A1871"
] | false | [
"One of the main challenges in rigid riser design for Brazilian Pre-salt is the fatigue limit state. At this new production frontier, some key points are imposed as a challenge for riser designers, mainly due to the high level of motions imposed by the FPSO at the riser top in a coupled system with water depth arou... |
Where did Petrobras discover light oil? | Bacia de Campos | [
"Brazilian company Petrobras has discovered various new deepwater pre-salt reservoirs and plans to devote 17% of its E&P capital during the 2009-2013 plan for the development of these resources. According to Petrobras' 2009-2013 Strategic Plan, pre-salt output could be the biggest source of domestic production grow... | pira | en | true | [
"A955"
] | false | [
"Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma... |
What species of seaweed are cultivated? | The main cultivated species are carrageenans, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp. (responsible for 85 percent of world carrageenan production). | [
"As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012... | pira | en | true | [
"B2465"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr... |
what are the advantages or health benefits of living near the ocean? | enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea | [
"There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf... | pira | en | true | [
"B2176"
] | false | [
"Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe... |
Why are the docks impacting the estuarine environment? | Because they use anti-fouling paints and petroleum products. | [
"Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t... | pira | en | true | [
"A834"
] | false | [
"The dynamics of estuarine systems is sensitive to changes in its forcing conditions, including the morphology of its inlets. Coastline retraction, which may be induced by climate change, can result in modifications of estuarine inlet morphology. Through the use of a validated numerical model, we evaluate the effec... |
What are the factors that increase the risk of serious accidents in the oil and gas industry? | The use of potentially hazardous materials and operation in progressively hostile environments | [
"Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1403"
] | false | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... |
What is the main feature of the coral triangle in the Indo Pacific? | It is a sub-regional area | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj... | pira | en | true | [
"B2561"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu... |
What was the growth rate of aquaculture in the pre-2000s? | The growth rate was over 10% | [
"Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue... | pira | en | true | [
"B2467"
] | false | [
"Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi... |
Why are natural and social scientists, governments and companies interested in the concept of "ecosystem services"? | Because there is a growing recognition that the collective impact of humans on The Earth is pushing the biophysical limits of many ecosystems to sustain the well-being of humanity. | [
"Ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, provide services to people, which are lifesustaining and contribute to human health and well-being (Millennium Ecosyste Assessment, 2005; de Groot, 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defines an ecosystem as “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism comm... | pira | en | true | [
"B1978"
] | false | [
"Humanity has always drawn sustenance from the ocean through fishing, harvesting and trade. Today 44 per cent of the world's population lives on or within 150 kilometres from the coast (United Nations Atlas of Oceans). However this fundamental connection between nature and people has only very recently been incorpo... |
when was the relationship between nature and people established? | very recently | [
"Humanity has always drawn sustenance from the ocean through fishing, harvesting and trade. Today 44 per cent of the world's population lives on or within 150 kilometres from the coast (United Nations Atlas of Oceans). However this fundamental connection between nature and people has only very recently been incorpo... | pira | en | true | [
"B2495"
] | false | [
"Ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, provide services to people, which are lifesustaining and contribute to human health and well-being (Millennium Ecosyste Assessment, 2005; de Groot, 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defines an ecosystem as “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism comm... |
Considering that the offshore oil producing wells, on average, are new wells, what is the estimated world average for the production of water from these wells? | The global average is estimated at less than three barrels of produced water for each barrel of oil for new wells | [
"Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2400"
] | false | [
"Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant... |
Where was the article researched? | In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) | [
"The fragmented and sectoral character of conservation as well as development policies has exacerbated the problems faced by small-scale fishers in developing countries. In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), traditional small-scale fishers (“Caiçaras”) has struggled to respond to the contemporary challenges ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1387"
] | false | [
"The following paper had its development on the continental shelf of Sergipe and southern Alagoas aiming the regional mapping of geomorphological features and sedimentary cover through the study of high-resolution shallow seismic imaging, combined with bathymetry and sedimentology data on the platform. This mapping... |
What configurates as a large wellbore configuration in the case of the exploration of the pre-salt area at Santos mentioned at the article? | Drilling a deep 16 1/2" vertical section. | [
"Following the major pre-salt reservoirs discovery in Santos Basin by Petrobras in 2006, a large number of exploratory and development wells have been drilled in the area. More recently, some of those wells have been drilled in large wellbore configurations, mostly due to deeper pre-salt layers and geological uncer... | pira | en | true | [
"A1147"
] | false | [
"This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and... |
Why should oil companies be more careful when dealing with HPHT areas than common areas? | Because, if the extraction approach is the same as in common areas, the oil industries can generate a big impact on nature. | [
"In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin... | pira | en | true | [
"A452"
] | false | [
"Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall... |
What is related to the presence of Globigerina rubra, Quinqueloculina patagonica, and Peneroplis pertussus? | The intrusion of ocean currents over the shelf break. | [
"Studies on mixed carbonatic and siliciclastic sedimentation on the Brazilian continental shelf have been used Foraminifera as bioindicators of carbonate productivity, marine currents, nutrient intakes, and environmental health. This work aim to investigate the recent sedimentary coverage and the Foraminifera assem... | pira | en | true | [
"A1472"
] | false | [
"One late Quaternary sediment core from the continental slope of the northern sector of Pelotas Basin (southern Brazilian continental margin, 2091 m water depth) was analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of the organic matter influx in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition on a regional scale. This... |
How did the Petrobras Operations Center come about? | Through the development of strategies and ways of preventing oil spillage. | [
"Brazil has suffered water contamination caused by oil spills, which has caused both short-and long-Term environmental damages. Human error and mechanical problems in offshore equipment during the production, transportation and storage of petroleum constitute the main causes of oil spill. Due to this fact and to em... | pira | en | true | [
"A683"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What were the results of the four wells that were completed with electronic gauges in the San Antonio and San Alberto fields? | The results differed. One did not work, one failed at the beginning, one failed months later, and one worked intermittently. | [
"In the 90's, after success in drilling wells deeper than 5,000 meters with high production rates between 80 to 120 MMSCFD of production, Petrobras decided to continuously measure pressure on their high productivity wells (7\" production tubing) because of the difficulty they experienced when running gauges in the ... | pira | en | true | [
"A265"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f... |
Why has the search for alternative energy sources led the scientific community to the oceans? | Because renewable energies have become vital in modern societies. | [
"Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ... | pira | en | true | [
"A532"
] | false | [
"This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, o... |
By what means can ecosystem-based management aid marine environment preservation? | By supporting the identification of solutions which prevent and mitigate ecosystem pressures caused by cumulative effects resulting from the interaction among human activities and natural events. | [
"The marine environment is currently subject to a number of pressures, many of which are derived from human activities. They include climate change, the extraction of resources, pollution (from land and marine sources) and invasive species, resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and diseas... | pira | en | true | [
"B2091"
] | false | [
"The ecosystem approach is one of the most significant approaches to ocean management, consisting of the environmental, social and economic management of human interactions with oceans and coasts at multiple levels (transboundary, regional, national and local). While there is general agreement that the ecosystem ap... |
Which were the methods used to identify the potencial impacted with cytotoxic compounds areas in the Paranaguá Complex? | They've used bioassays and chemistry data to do this. | [
"The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T... | pira | en | true | [
"A1781"
] | false | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... |
How many species of fish are there? | Currently, 17,246 species of fish are cataloged. | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2293"
] | false | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... |
What caused the formation of a new inlet that became the main estuarine channel at the Caravelas estuary? | Shoreline retraction and the breach of an internal drainage. | [
"The dynamics of estuarine systems is sensitive to changes in its forcing conditions, including the morphology of its inlets. Coastline retraction, which may be induced by climate change, can result in modifications of estuarine inlet morphology. Through the use of a validated numerical model, we evaluate the effec... | pira | en | true | [
"A191"
] | false | [
"Many estuaries present natural harbor conditions with relatively calm and shallow waters that provide a connection between the ocean and continental waterways. The increase in the demand for goods by the constant growing of the world population has forced estuaries to be altered by human activities, such as dredgi... |
What was the result of the simulation? | A good agreement was observed between the numerical simulations and the experimental results | [
"The P50 system is a Floating Production Storage and Offloading System under construction for future operation at Brazil's Campos Basin, in a water depth of approximately 1200 m. The system is based on a VLCC vessel, moored in DICAS (Differential Compliance Anchoring) system and presents a reasonably large riser po... | pira | en | true | [
"A1200"
] | false | [
"This paper presents the experimental results obtained from the model tests performed at the IPT (State of São Paulo Technological Research Institute) towing tank, located in São Paulo, Brazil. The model used was the semi-submersible ITTCSR192, at a scale 1:105. The main focus of this study is the analysis of the r... |
How does the lack of proper sewage management directly affect human health? | Through contact with water containing pathogens or consumption of food contaminated with bacteria | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... | pira | en | true | [
"B2023"
] | false | [
"The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio... |
What happened with population growth in South America, Brazil? | There was an expansion of cities towards the coast and with them the development of agriculture and aquaculture. | [
"In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit... | pira | en | true | [
"A1910"
] | false | [
"Population growth and demographic changes Although the global human population increased from 7 billion in 2011 to 7.7 billion in 2019, the growth rate has been steadily decreasing, from 2.1 per cent in 1968 to 1.08 per cent in 2019. Projections of global population growth suggest an uneven but continuing increase... |
Where was the first floating unit of production set on stream in Brazil? | Campos Basin | [
"This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and... | pira | en | true | [
"A471"
] | false | [
"In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo... |
How is the methodology applied in the study on physical vulnerability to erosion and flooding on the western coast of Santa Catarina Island? | The methodology applied adopts a multiscale approach and considers, using coastline segmentation, the specificities of the analyzed coastal sectors. | [
"This study aims to characterize the physical vulnerability of the western coast of Santa Catarina Island by applying the Smartline methodology. Erosion and flooding processes can endanger the installed human infrastructure in the coastal zone, with the degree of vulnerability of a given site being dependent on its... | pira | en | true | [
"A1423"
] | false | [
"Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify... |
What geomorphic phenomena are associated with nearshore erosion and fluvial incision of deposits? | Descending trajectories within forced regressions and transgressive trends. | [
"Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode... | pira | en | true | [
"A1691"
] | false | [
"Human activities affecting the incidence of coastal erosion and sedimentation include the substantial growth in the number and scale of dams on major waterways, land-use changes leading to catchment deforestation and increased human occupation of the coastal zone, coincident with a proliferation of coastal structu... |
Which events increases a region's social-environmental vulnerability? | Ocean warming, acidification, sea level rise, biological invasions and their interactions with pollution and overfishing | [
"The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar... | pira | en | true | [
"A1042"
] | false | [
"Nowadays no other region on earth is more threatened by natural hazards than coastal areas. However the increasing risk in this area is not just a climate extreme events’ result. Coasts are the places with highest concentration of people and values, thus impacts continue to increase as the values of coastal infras... |
The algorithm is illustrated on several incomplete data sets, how this data sets were develop? | This data sets were made of three to six two-dimensional seismic lines extracted from a three-dimensional seismic image extracted from a Brazil basin. | [
"The characterization of geological faults from geological and geophysical data is often subject to uncertainties, owing to data ambiguity and incomplete spatial coverage. We propose a stochastic sampling algorithm which generates fault network scenarios compatible with sparse fault evidence while honoring some geo... | pira | en | true | [
"A1730"
] | false | [
"There are several oil fields offshore Brazil with horizontal oil density variations. API tracking, that is available in some commercial finite difference simulators, can deal with such cases by allowing definition of an initial oil gravity distribution and tracking variations of oil density, due to the movement of... |
What is the main impact of global warming on society? | The sea-level rise. | [
"Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2199"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
Why has Earth's stratospheric ozone depletion since the 1970s been a concern to the ocean ecosystems? | Because it blocks most UV-B from reaching the ocean's surface. This type of radiation causes a series of harmful effects to organisms like phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2128"
] | false | [
"Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem... |
What does typically determine rural sensitivity to erosion? | Impacts to drainage and flood reduction structures | [
"Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div... | pira | en | true | [
"B2175"
] | false | [
"Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem... |
Which challenges will the world population growth bring to the aquaculture sector? | Due to the world population growth, the aquaculture sector must surpass the supply from capture fisheries, which will present challenges to the sector, the policymakers, and to the aquaculture community at large. | [
"The rapid growth of intensive aquaculture, in some cases not well planned, has caused concern about environmental impact, human health and social issues. Although the lion’s share of production originates in Asia, opposition to aquaculture development is strongest in some developed countries (Froehlich and others,... | pira | en | true | [
"B2441"
] | false | [
"Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue... |
What initiatives are helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? | Improvements in vehicle engines to burn fossil fuels more efficiently, innovations in wind and solar energy to produce clean energy. | [
"Technological advances As maritime activities have expanded and demands on resources have increased, technological advances have been key to increasing efficiencies, expanding markets and enhancing economic growth associated with activities. Such innovations have led to both positive and negative outcomes for the ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2192"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
Where was successfully achieved the first-in-the-world electrical submersible pumps (ESP) installation in a subsea well? | At Carapeba Field, located in Campos Basin, Brazil. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A585"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
Why do fishes play a central role in the marine food chain? | Because they are both predators and prey, often moving through food chains over the course of their lifetimes, such as from planktonic larvae into predatory adults. | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2240"
] | false | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... |
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