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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
How much of the world's population lives 400 kilometers away from the shores of the oceans?	67% of the world's population	[ "Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe...	pira	en	true	[ "B2456" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop...
Where you can find the Laryngosigma lactea and the Pyrgo oblonga in the Almada River Estuary?	In deep areas with sandy sediment that are under marine influence.	[ "Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1553" ]	false	[ "Here palynological assemblages are presented from channel surface sediment samples from the Caceribu, Guaraí and Guapimirim-Macacú rivers located in an important area of the Brazilian coast (Guanabara Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro), in order to provide information relevant for the interpretation of palaeoecological...
What is the last consequence of overfishing presented on the text?	undermining the biodiversity that sustains the marine ecosystem.	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Captures of fish stocks at levels above maximum sustainable yield Globally, the levels of capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million tons. Exploitation inevitably reduces total population bio...	pira	en	true	[ "B2573" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...
Which companies worked together with Petrobras in first-in-the-world ESP installation in a subsea well?	Tronic, Reda, Pirelli, Lasalle, Sade-Vigesa and Cooper	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A923" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
Why the seaward dipping reflectors basalt fraction and bulk density decrease oceanwards?	Possibly due a change in the type of volcanic deposits from predominantly subaerial to volcaniclastics, possibly deposited subaqueously.	[ "The mechanism by which seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) are formed is a topic of debate. Two contrasting models exist for their formation, the volcanic-faulting model and the volcanic-loading model. Each of these models has important implications for the processes which control the structure and formation of magm...	pira	en	true	[ "A1375" ]	false	[ "Passive margins underlain by a salt detachment are typically interpreted as kinematically linked zones of updip extension and downdip contraction separated by a zone of translation above a smoothly dipping base of salt. However, salt flow is affected by the base-of-salt geometry across which it flows, and early-st...
The successful model employed by the rubber tappers' social movement in the 1980s would have been achieved based on the following principles:	Co-management instruments are divided into territorial recognition and beneficiary instruments, spatial planning instruments, arenas for discussion and deliberation, as well as public policies for Resex	[ "Several authors have made elucidative contributions on the evolution of extractive reserves (Resex), from their original conception to their institutionalization as an environmental policy. Part of this literature points out transformations on the institutional arrangements, when they are formalized and recognized...	pira	en	true	[ "A1909" ]	false	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...
What unique method of subsea separation and boosting has been deployed on BC-10 since first oil in 2009?	A method utilizing vertical caisson separators with Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP's) to pump well fluids from up to 2000m water depth to the FPSO facility.	[ "The Parque das Conchas (BC10) field offshore Brazil, operated by Shell and owned together with ONGC and QPI, has challenging reservoir conditions. Several subsea fields with viscosities ranging from 1 to 900 cP and gas volume fractions between 5% and 70% require subsea boosting to lift production fluids to the FPS...	pira	en	true	[ "A1591" ]	false	[ "The Shell operated BC-10 field located in deepwater, 1650-1920m (5500 -6400 ), offshore Brazil produces heavy oil in the range of API 16-24. Due to the low reservoir energy and deep water environment, 100% of BC-10 production has artificial lift. Mudline caisson separators with ESPs (Electrical Submersible Pumps) ...
What have caused a full shift in species composition in the Noroeste do Atlântico?	the combination of changes in feeding patterns triggered by overfishing and changes in climate	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...	pira	en	true	[ "B2358" ]	false	[ "The Neotropics host the highest number of species of the biological realms, but the roles of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and longstanding geographic barriers on the origins of this remarkable biodiversity remains debated. Here, we test the relative contribution of these evolutionary mechanisms on the genetic...
Why is Brazil entering the era of decommissioning in the field of oil exploration?	Because it has many offshore fields that have been operating for over 25 years, many operators have become aware, seeking to comply with Brazilian and international regulations.	[ "Brazil is entering the age of decommissioning, with aging offshore fields that have been in operation for more than 25 years. Brazil has migrated from an operator's monopolistic environment (with the state owned oil company, Petrobras) to a new reality in which many companies, national and international operate in...	pira	en	true	[ "A581" ]	false	[ "Decommissioning and abandonment of Brazilian offshore oil & gas fields has become more important in the last few years due to the maturing hydrocarbon producing basin in the region. However, a complete abandonment of a Brazilian offshore field has not been completed to date and the consequent lack of a reference c...
When drilling wells, what are considered sensitive formations?	Heavy oil reservoirs, salt zones and fractured carbonates.	[ "This article reports the main R&D efforts on wellbore construction hydraulics which facilitated the technological development of major Brazilian offshore fields in challenging scenarios. These include: deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A1022" ]	false	[ "In the current scenario, the drilling of oil and gas wells in Brazilian offshore basins faces the barrier of crossing salt sequences to 2000 meters thick. In addition to the thickness, these sequences present in their composition different saline lithotypes with different physical and mechanical behavior. The char...
What influences the mooring lines and risers will evaluate after when they've been calculated?	trim, heel and displacement of FPUs.	[ "By monitoring the variation of weights of floating production units (FPUs), the sum of total weight computed by load calculators on board very often does not match the actual displacement based on the current drafts. Differences can also be observed in the trim and heel of FPUs, which present values different from...	pira	en	true	[ "A1824" ]	false	[ "This paper presents a procedure for reliability analysis of mooring lines of floating units for oil and gas production considering corrosion and material degradation over time. The proposed procedure is limited to the ultimate limit state (ULS) and considers mooring lines made up of chain and polyester rope segmen...
Petrobras proposed an innovative and promising alternative to avoid large volumes of CO2 from being sent to the topside. What was this propose based on?	It was based on employing subsea gravity separators, lowering gas processing plant complexity.	[ "The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions...	pira	en	true	[ "A1481" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
What places where the data extracted from?	Brazil offshores and the north sea	[ "Creating an accurate subsurface model is paramount to many geophysical and geological workflows. Examples are background models for seismic inversion, rock property models for reservoir characterization, and geological models of depositional elements for seismic morphological interpretation. The standard workflow ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1718" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...
Where is Campos basin located?	Brazilian passive margin.	[ "The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor, formed by topographic highs and lows on the margin along the depositional profile. This paper focuses on the methodology and the main results of a study on the palaeotopographic controls in a turbidite succes...	pira	en	true	[ "A1376" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What may contribute to reducing symptoms of eutrophication by decreasing phytoplankton biomass?	Abundant natural banks of filter feeders	[ "Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuaries induces high phytoplankton production, contributing to coastal eutrophication. Abundant natural banks of filter feeders, such as bivalves, in downstream areas may contribute to reducing symptoms of eutrophication by decreasing phytoplankton biomass and amount of mater...	pira	en	true	[ "A1230" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...
What is the cause of the difficulty in extracting pre-salt oil off Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Bacia de Campos?	The depth of the pre-salt reservoirs	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A733" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
What has put many small-scale fisheries under threat?	Overexploitation, conflict with larger fishing operations and a loss productivity in costal ecosystems caused by a variety of other impacts.	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...	pira	en	true	[ "B2131" ]	false	[ "The fragmented and sectoral character of conservation as well as development policies has exacerbated the problems faced by small-scale fishers in developing countries. In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), traditional small-scale fishers (“Caiçaras”) has struggled to respond to the contemporary challenges ...
What can be responsible for the creation of shadow coastal zones and how do we know that?	The upwelling regime, through the development of simulations.	[ "This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This...	pira	en	true	[ "A1875" ]	false	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...
What is the most important oil and gas basins of the country?	The Campos and Santos Basins	[ "The acoustic patterns variation can be used to understand the sediment distribution extrapolating the information to places where is not possible to take any sample. Many authors already use this integrated method to investigate interest areas in, both, commercial and scientific aspect. In this direction the curre...	pira	en	true	[ "A1126" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
Which countries had a 119 percent increase in the number of international tourists between 2011 and 2017?	Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar and Pakistan.	[ "Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita...	pira	en	true	[ "B2184" ]	false	[ "Passenger traffic Passenger traffic is almost entirely carried on local ferries or on cruise ships. The pattern of ferry traffic remains as described in the first Assessment, but the level of traffic has grown steadily (International Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2017). The activities of cruise ships hav...
In which kind of sector do women have the best proportion of seafarers?	Cruise ships	[ "Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup...	pira	en	true	[ "B2254" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...
Why is the regulation of oil and gas exploration not working?	With the growth of the exploration and production, the concentration of harmful inputs is increasing over time	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2523" ]	false	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...
What is the advantage of performing water on deck simulations?	It leads to 20% loading reduction when compared to flat planes.	[ "Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A507" ]	false	[ "The P50 system is a Floating Production Storage and Offloading System under construction for future operation at Brazil's Campos Basin, in a water depth of approximately 1200 m. The system is based on a VLCC vessel, moored in DICAS (Differential Compliance Anchoring) system and presents a reasonably large riser po...
What is the consequence of mixing and seasonal oscillation of the Subtropical Shelf Front (STSF) position?	The stability of the water column inside the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) also changes seasonally.	[ "The Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is one of the more productive areas for fisheries in Brazilian waters. The water masses and the dynamical processes of the region present a very seasonal behavior that imprint strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity. This paper ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A1277" ]	false	[ "Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon...
What do regional fisheries management organizations provide?	The coordination of efforts aimed at managing shared fishery resources and, in some regions, the implementation of effective stock rebuilding frameworks following overfishing.	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...	pira	en	true	[ "B2157" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource...
How far is the reservoir from the Brazilian coast?	It is approximately 80km from the coast.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A463" ]	false	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...
When was the Paris Agreement adopted?	December 2015.	[ "Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented...	pira	en	true	[ "B2328" ]	false	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...
Where have adverse effect on coastal life due to use of fishing gear been reported?	Everywhere the fishing gear was used.	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Species structure of highly productive sea areas Many human activities have been documented to have impacts on marine life living on the seabed (benthic communities). The adverse effects of mobile bottom-contacting fishing gear on coastal and shelf...	pira	en	true	[ "B2036" ]	false	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...
What are the diagnoses that appeared in the test results of more than 70% of the sea turtles found in the Microregion of Lagos, Rio de Janeiro?	Gastritis and parasitism.	[ "Free-living marine turtles are constantly exposed to aggression factors and the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main gateways of entry. The objective of this study was to identify, and describe the anatomopathological alterations in the stomach of free-living marine turtles found dead on the beaches of the Mi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1675" ]	false	[ "Hybridization between sea turtle species occurs with particularly high frequency at two adjacent nesting areas in northeastern Brazil. To understand the outcomes of hybridization and their consequences for sea turtle conservation, we need to evaluate the extent of hybridization occurrence and possible deleterious ...
When was the most recent major offshore oil and gas industry disaster?	It was in 2010.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2365" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...
Why does performing Drill-Stem Tests (DSTs) offshore require safety equipment placed inside the blowout preventer (BOP)?	To keep the well under control, prevent undesired flow, and protect the environment and personnel.	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A281" ]	false	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...
Why deepwater pipelines subjected to high pressures and temperatures are susceptible to global buckling?	Due to axial compressive load	[ "This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul...	pira	en	true	[ "A711" ]	false	[ "Shallow and insufficient soil support may lead to upheavel buckling of heated pipelines in shores approach areas. This article presents a nume rical model to simulate the thermomechanical buckling of buried heated pipelines in shore approach areas. An analysis adopting geometrical, physical, and operational data i...
Why are waste products removed when commissioning an atmospheric distillation unit (ADU)?	To assure efficient flow though refinery systems and to protect operating equipment.	[ "In what is being called the first oil and gas sustainable commissioning project, composite abrasives are being used to help conserve precious resources. The core of this sustainable solution includes composite abrasives and an innovative Pipeline Inspection Gauge/Gadget (or pig) system, which were first field test...	pira	en	true	[ "A913" ]	false	[ "This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of s...
How much was the increase in the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technology in the period from 2011 to 2018?	More than 400%	[ "The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs for petrophysical interpretation and evaluation in the oil and gas industry has increased in recent decades, especially in Brazil, where the use of this technology was increased by more than 400% from 2011 to 2018 (from 49 to 208 runs). This increased usaged occurre...	pira	en	true	[ "A1713" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
What's required for an effective implementation of ecosystem-based management?	The appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect different ecosystem components and their functioning.	[ "Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff...	pira	en	true	[ "B2196" ]	false	[ "The ecosystem approach is one of the most significant approaches to ocean management, consisting of the environmental, social and economic management of human interactions with oceans and coasts at multiple levels (transboundary, regional, national and local). While there is general agreement that the ecosystem ap...
What are the extracting capabilities of the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform?	it operates under 1,000-1,600 m of water, it can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude oil and it can store 300,000 bbl	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...	pira	en	true	[ "A891" ]	false	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...
Why do Foraminifera is a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic?	Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes.	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...	pira	en	true	[ "A186" ]	false	[ "Studies on mixed carbonatic and siliciclastic sedimentation on the Brazilian continental shelf have been used Foraminifera as bioindicators of carbonate productivity, marine currents, nutrient intakes, and environmental health. This work aim to investigate the recent sedimentary coverage and the Foraminifera assem...
Which information were unavailable prior to the Dolphin Monitoring Program regarding dolphins?	Intense short-term time-series information on their location.	[ "The Environmental Protected Area of Anhatomirim (EPAA) located in the Southern coast of Brazil, at Santa Catarina State, is a multiple-use Marine Protected Area (MPA), established to protect the southernmost population of the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) and its habitats. Boat tourism is an important marine...	pira	en	true	[ "A1904" ]	false	[ "Blubber samples from three delphinid species (false killer whale, Guiana and rough-toothed dolphin), as well as liver samples from franciscana dolphins were analyzed for dioxins and related compounds (DRCs). Samples were collected from 35 cetaceans stranded or incidentally captured in a highly industrialized and u...
What damages climate changes have been causing in kelps all over the world?	Changing in kelp species, where the warm-water-resistants are replacing the other ones. Besides, the changes in kelp species are causing decreasing in harvest, reducing what is available for human food and for supply in pharmaceutical industry and food preparation.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...	pira	en	true	[ "B2119" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Coral reefs Corals are subject to “bleaching” when the seawater temperature is too high: they lose the symbiotic algae that give coral its colour and part of its nutrients. Coral bleaching was a relatively unknown phenomenon until the early 1980s, whe...
What differentiates the erosion process on cliffs?	They experience progressive erosion caused by a combination of geotechnical instability, weathering and wave action.	[ "Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem...	pira	en	true	[ "B2078" ]	false	[ "Several Mesozoic successions of the Southern Tethyan margin were accumulated on a carbonate platform evolving to pelagic plateau depositional systems. Rifting paleotectonics was the main process conditioning their tectono-sedimentary evolution. The well-exposed outcrops in NW Sicilian fold and thrust belt of the s...
Which area was affected by the oil spill in the ocean near Brazil in 2019? And what are its effects?	Coastal areas of northeastern Brazil. And its effects involve the delight of the health of small mammals.	[ "A mysterious oil spill occurred in the ocean near Brazil in 2019, which affected coastal areas in northeastern Brazil. When oil pollution occurs in coastal zones, organisms such as small mammals can suffer deleterious effects to their health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to contaminated san...	pira	en	true	[ "A1760" ]	false	[ "In August 2019, an oil spill incident washed the coast in Brazil affecting some of the country's most visited and preserved beaches in Northeast and Southeast. This paper argues that the influence of power disconnects delayed the proper actions. Power disconnects occur when the victims of environmental harm (resid...
Why is the offshore oil and gas industry a concern for marine life?	For the historical recurrence of disasters and the use of harmful chemical inputs and products	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2517" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...
Where is the gas pipeline that Petrobras wants to create?	Santos Basin pre-salt area	[ "On November, 2010 Petrobras defined the necessity of one additional gas export pipeline in Santos Basin Pre-Salt area to improve the capacity of the export gas network and assure the objectives defined in the Strategic Plan. Nowadays there are two gas export pipelines in operation to export the gas from pre-salt a...	pira	en	true	[ "A247" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has postponed until the end of the first half of 2006 the start of production at the offshore Peroa-Cangoa gasfields in the Espirito Santo basin because of lack of transport capacity for the fuel. The development project includes a fixed unmanned platform on Peroa and a 50-km subsea pipeline from the pla...
In general, what are the environmental regulations on the Island of Fernando de Noronha?	Environmental regulations preclude regular visitors to the Sueste Bay beach, and the bay is a pristine area without any possible or potential sources of petroleum in the coastal zone.	[ "This work reports on the widespread occurrence of tar balls on a pebble beach of Sueste Bay on Fernando de Noronha Island, a Brazilian national marine park and a preserve in the South Equatorial Atlantic. Environmental regulations preclude regular visitors to the Sueste Bay beach, and the bay is a pristine area wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1450" ]	false	[ "Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo...
Why the optimization of EOR processes done through standalone reservoir simulation may be unreliable?	Because the facility constraints and its effects are neglected.	[ "Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1340" ]	false	[ "Current oil prices have made the offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. Standardization and extensive use of chattered units has allowed Petrobras to effectively promote competitiveness, cost reduction and reduced schedules in its projects. As a step forward in its pursue for cos...
How much has Petrobras increased its oil production capacity following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production,	By 100,000 bpd	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A1141" ]	false	[ "In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of...
What is the oil storage capacity of the Espadarte Sul FPSO?	1.6 million bbl of oil	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...	pira	en	true	[ "A308" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
Where in the Earth there is evidence that antropogenic climate change may have affected precipitation, winds and sea level?	At least in the following Earth areas: Western North Pacific, East and Southeast Asia, USA, Australia, Southern Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean.	[ "Extreme climate events A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. Based on one-minute maximum sustained wind speed, the cyclonic disturbances are categorized into tropical depressions (? 17 m/s), tropical storms (18–32 m/s) and tropical ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2102" ]	false	[ "Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ...
At which levels is the ecosystem approach managed?	At the transboundary, regional, national and local levels	[ "The ecosystem approach is one of the most significant approaches to ocean management, consisting of the environmental, social and economic management of human interactions with oceans and coasts at multiple levels (transboundary, regional, national and local). While there is general agreement that the ecosystem ap...	pira	en	true	[ "B1990" ]	false	[ "Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff...
What economic activities are supported by the ocean?	Food harvesting, maritime transport, seabed mining, offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, tourism and recreation, use of marine genetic resources, freshwater production by desalination and salt production.	[ "About 40 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal zone, that is, within 100 km of the coast. The proportion is increasing. Coastal communities play a key role in supporting all components of the ocean economy, as well as a range of social and cultural values, and all forms of coastal and marine mana...	pira	en	true	[ "B2535" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource...
What negative effects do the increase in plastic usage cause on the oceans?	The occurrence of marine debris in great quantities, that negatively impact marine life, and the aesthetic degradation, that difficults the socioeconomic exploration of the affected areas.	[ "Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o...	pira	en	true	[ "B2096" ]	false	[ "Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t...
What happens to an FPSO once the reservoirs are depleted?	It can be redeployed.	[ "Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op...	pira	en	true	[ "B2159" ]	false	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...
How much oil was spilled in Guanabara Bay on January 18, 2000?	1300 m³ of oil was spilled.	[ "The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement...	pira	en	true	[ "A343" ]	false	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...
what is the problem environmental regulators face to prevent disasters in the offshore oil and gás industry?	lack of uniformity and inefficient enforcement	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...	pira	en	true	[ "A274" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
How is it possible to build a lean representation of the regular wave scatter, where some wave scatters are simulated and others predicted?	Having a robust design of simulation experiment (DoSE) and machine learning regressors.	[ "The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A1801" ]	false	[ "There are several oil fields offshore Brazil with horizontal oil density variations. API tracking, that is available in some commercial finite difference simulators, can deal with such cases by allowing definition of an initial oil gravity distribution and tracking variations of oil density, due to the movement of...
Is it possible to predict the effects of hydrological cycle changes in ocean surface currents?	No, ocean surface currents are forced by winds and the overall effect of climate change on winds is difficult to differentiate.	[ "Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2149" ]	false	[ "The global ocean covers 71 per cent of the Earth’s surface, and contains 97 per cent of all the surface water on Earth (Costello et al., 2010). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean include: direct runoff from continental rivers and lakes; seepage from groundwater; runoff, submarine melting and iceberg calving from the...
Technological competition in the field of oil exploration can assist a country in what way?	Having a better control of maritime resources, and in this way, contributing to the process of productive internalization.	[ "The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provokin...	pira	en	true	[ "A393" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
What low-cost technological procedures have been tried to unblock the well?	First, the controlled pressurization of the flowline, second, the application of associated vibration and pressurization	[ "Cottonwood is the first field development in deepwater Gulf of Mexico operated by Petrobras. It consists of three subsea wells in water depths of 670m (2,200 ft). Two wells presently produce gas-condensate, with high wax deposition potential. The wells are connected to a fixed platform in East Cameron 373 Block, 2...	pira	en	true	[ "A648" ]	false	[ "The application of the recent technique of creating lateral tunnels by acid jetting into the formation has been a topic of discussion in Petrobras because it is a reliable, fast an economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs. In order to evaluate this technology, a ...
For what purpose does Transocean Ltd. have an agreement with the P&M Drilling International BV joint venture of Petrobras and Mitsui?	To buy the rig under a 20-year capital lease contract.	[ "Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. P...	pira	en	true	[ "A717" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...
What the model results showed?	Seawater intrusion moves significantly upstream the river in all cases, while the maximum seawater intrusion length may reach 10 km, in the worst scenario, 70% higher than the current sea level and the mean discharge.	[ "Estuarine systems are very sensitive environments to sea level rise as a consequence of climate changes, which can enhance seawater intrusion and affect multiple water uses. The seawater intrusion under sea level scenarios in an estuarine river by applying the one-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model H...	pira	en	true	[ "A1885" ]	false	[ "Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode...
Which technologies for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) reached the trial stage?	CompactGTL and Velocys	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A727" ]	false	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...
what does some of the deepwater Offshore reservoir contain?	fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content	[ "Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and ...	pira	en	true	[ "A382" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...
What methods of recover were used on the first peaks days of the operation of Iguassu river?	Helicopters, trucks, oil recovering boats, light boats, mechanical excavators, dredgers and 3,200 meters of retention booms	[ "On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras. A total of4,000 m3 of a light crude oil (41° API) ran down along a small two kilometers creek referred to as Arroio Saldanha, crossing and contaminating a series of four wetlands. The oil discharged into the Barigüi Riv...	pira	en	true	[ "A769" ]	false	[ "On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the banks of a small stream (Arroio Sa...
How much of the ocean biomass is predicted to be affected by climate change?	Up to 60 percent in some scenarios	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...	pira	en	true	[ "B2216" ]	false	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...
What were the metals found in the sediment profile in Coroa de Boi Bay?	Hg, Cu, Pb and U.	[ "This study presents results of a sediment core located in Coroa de Boi Bay, a not dredged cove within Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil. The distribution of metals (Hg, Cu, Pb) and U in the sediment profile records several contamination events since pre-colonial times to present days. A joint assessment of the distri...	pira	en	true	[ "A1656" ]	false	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...
How can the morphologies of these depositional pattern contribute to the research?	It is possible to relate these morphologies to the processes of the ocean floor, and in this way, to distinguish other reflective geometry caused by deformations of the diapir flank.	[ "Diapir piercement through the ocean floor marks the final stages of a dynamic migration path. Once exhumed, a diapir extrudes from the seafloor, placing an obstacle for the flow of ocean bottom currents. While the hydrodynamic response of the flow has been previously studied, the detailed depositional and weatheri...	pira	en	true	[ "A1489" ]	false	[ "Coquinas constitute widespread deposits in lacustrine, estuarine, and shallow marine settings, where they are a valuable source of information on environmental conditions. Thick coquina successions were deposited in a series of lacustrine rift basins that formed along the Brazilian Continental Margin during the ea...
Where they find low levels of pollutants?	They found low levels of pollutants close to the harbor.	[ "The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T...	pira	en	true	[ "A1782" ]	false	[ "This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and...
What Petrobras did after the collapse of the Garoupa Field production tower?	It implemented a provisional system with some of the remains combined with new components.	[ "When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro...	pira	en	true	[ "A653" ]	false	[ "By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ...
Why is the coastal zone important to discuss vulnerability and strategies to climate changes?	Because this region holds an important part of the ocean biodiversity that also procuces O2 and absorbs of part of the CO2 from the atmosphere.	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A619" ]	false	[ "Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot...
Where is Mithraculis forceps' natural habitat?	Its especies resides close to the Anchieta island.	[ "The population structure of Mithraculus forceps sampled monthly on Anchieta Island from January 1999 to December 2000 was studied. A total of 68 individuals were collected by SCUBA diving. The population presented normal and unimodal distribution, and the total sex ratio was 1.4:1.0 in favour of males. Ovigerous f...	pira	en	true	[ "A327" ]	false	[ "Mangroves are productive ecosystems of tropical coastal landscapes, constituting habitat for many commercial fisheries, as the crab Ucides cordatus. In Brazil this crab holds a major socio-economic importance for artisanal fishery, but with obvious decline on their productivity. In this study we determined and map...
What is the total volume of oil discovered in deep waters by the global oil industry?	The global oil industry has discovered about 60,000 million bbl of petroleum in deep waters, half of which since 1995 has occurred in Brazil	[ "The 3 million bpd of crude oil produced globally in deep waters represent only 4% of the total explored volume by the petroleum industry. However, the expectation of a large increase in demand for energy in the coming decades is attracting new investments by oil companies. Although a matter that dominates the scen...	pira	en	true	[ "A625" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
How many species of marine fish have been assessed by the IUCN?	More than half	[ "The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m...	pira	en	true	[ "B2497" ]	false	[ "As of 2019, 153,434 marine benthic invertebrate species had been described globally. Since 2012, researchers have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species; at the same time, biodiversity is changing globally at rates unprecedented in human history, creating the potential for species extinction befo...
Where will the new subsea safety-tree equipment developed by a major engineering/service company be placed?	Inside the blowout preventer stack	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A280" ]	false	[ "The paper will present different versions of barge concepts with surface trees from the smallest unit \"The Wellhead Barge - WHB®\" supporting only surface trees and completion rig, to the largest unit \"The Multifunction Barge - MFB®\", an FPSO with surface trees and drilling facilities. A spread moored barge is ...
What are the main cruising destinies around the world?	Caribbean and Mediterranean	[ "Passenger traffic Passenger traffic is almost entirely carried on local ferries or on cruise ships. The pattern of ferry traffic remains as described in the first Assessment, but the level of traffic has grown steadily (International Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2017). The activities of cruise ships hav...	pira	en	true	[ "B2543" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...
What is the difficult to democratize technologies that are available today to help countries manage how they use and explore marine resources?	The least developed countries still lack access to technologies that can assist with the sustainable use of marine resources.	[ "Technological advancesAreas beyond national jurisdiction have become increasingly accessible owing to technological advancements that facilitate the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea resources, including biodiversity, minerals, oil and gas. Ensuring the sustainable development of those regions will require ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2404" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...
Why did the sea level increase globally last years?	Due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and of the polar continental ice sheets.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th...	pira	en	true	[ "B2121" ]	false	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...
Where does the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform operates?	It operates in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil.	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...	pira	en	true	[ "A877" ]	false	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...
What helped improve health ecosystem coral on Tamandaré open embayment?	Local scientific- and community-based coral conservation initiatives	[ "This study aimed to assess spatial and temporal ecosystem health variability of coral reefs in the Tamandaré open embayment, located in Northeast Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean, using water and sediment parameters and benthic foraminifera as bioindicators. Sediment samples were collected during the summer and wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1274" ]	false	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...
What kind of event could be responsible for cycles of lake variation levels?	It could be attributed to climatic oscillations.	[ "This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and...	pira	en	true	[ "A155" ]	false	[ "Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ...
What is the hydrogen index of the diagnostic well PEC-41-DE-9?	It showed good potential for oil and gas generation.	[ "Data presented in this investigation refer to studies integrating palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses that were performed on 51 samples of PEC-41-SE-9 well, located in the Sergipe Basin, Eastern Brazilian continental margin. It was evaluated the potential for oil generation, identifying the type and deg...	pira	en	true	[ "A1916" ]	false	[ "In 1998, Petrobras installed the first steel catenary riser on a P-18 semi-submersible platform, in Marlim Field, at 910 m water depth. It was decided to install a monitoring system to check the riser design methodology, including Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) Analysis. For VIV monitoring, the riser was instrume...
How does secondary microplastics enter the marine environment?	From the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics.	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Primary microplastics, such as microbeads or industrial granulated pellets, enter the marine environment directly, while secondary microplastics result from the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics (e.g., cutlery, trays, straws, ci...	pira	en	true	[ "B2205" ]	false	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...
What are the structures described in this study?	Vesicles, amygdales, vesicle cylinders, sub-horizontal vesicle sheets, autobreccias and entablature.	[ "Volcanic rock facies characterization in subsurface log data have always being challenging. Even though considerable types of well logs are acquired, the results achieved on facies characterization with the conventional log suits are very limited. Conversely, high-resolution borehole image logs calibrated with sid...	pira	en	true	[ "A1336" ]	false	[ "This study refers to the palynological analysis of wells samples (cores) awarded by Petrobras and Eletronorte and has almost all stratigraphically positioned within the Trombetas Group, composed, from base to top by Autás-Mirim (Upper Ordovician neritic sandstones and shales); and Nhamundá (neritic sandstones of t...
Which upgrades did the Seillean need to start the production at Jubarte Field safely?	the crude oil heaters from the Seillean needed augmentation, and its cargo tanks needed some heating coils.	[ "In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo...	pira	en	true	[ "A654" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f...
What discovery was made by Petrobras in early 2001?	They found at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A621" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What are the difficulties in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields?	the need to develop robust and effective instrumentation, reliable connections, reduce subsea intervention costs, and operate around existing infrastructure	[ "Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall...	pira	en	true	[ "A569" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
Where is an increase in human activities expected?	In areas beyond national jurisdiction	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...	pira	en	true	[ "B2562" ]	false	[ "Within coastal regions, projections under shared socioeconomic pathways estimate a 71 per cent increase in the global human population across the period 2000–2050 to over 1 billion, as a result of overall global population growth as well as migration into those areas (Merkens and others, 2016). Under the same scen...
How are visual feeding species affected by low-oxygen water areas?	They're forced into shallower waters with higher light levels, above low oxygen zones.	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry As the oxygen content of water declines, an increasing fraction of production is diverted to microbes (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Wright and others, 2012). Food webs change because of altered encounter rates and the species-specific effects of low oxygen on the feeding effi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2202" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...
What industry has been positively influenced by the technological innovation and sophisticated industrial capability built over decades by the offshore oil and gas sector?	The marine renewable energy industry.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2267" ]	false	[ "The views of engineering executives of six major international oil companies on the role of new technology in helping offshore operating companies meet demanding technical and economic challenges are presented. The companies are BP, Chevron, Elf Aquitaine, Mobil, Petrobras and Shell. The top ten technical advances...
What is one of the most common compounds founded in depths beneath 2000 meters in brazilian offshore?	Several different saline lithotypes with different physical and mechanical behavior.	[ "In the current scenario, the drilling of oil and gas wells in Brazilian offshore basins faces the barrier of crossing salt sequences to 2000 meters thick. In addition to the thickness, these sequences present in their composition different saline lithotypes with different physical and mechanical behavior. The char...	pira	en	true	[ "A1877" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
Why is Petrobras the target partner for international oil companies on joint ventures in Brazilian soil?	Technical reputation and its successful implementation of ultra-deep operations	[ "Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create part...	pira	en	true	[ "A914" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
How do tourism revenue reports differentiate tourism revenues directly related to the sea and the coast from other types of tourism?	Most tourism receipts reports do not differentiate tourism receipts directly, therefore, the value of tourism related to the ocean is a matter of inference.	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...	pira	en	true	[ "B2516" ]	false	[ "Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita...
What is special about Mexilhao plataform?	Mexilhao is the largest fixed production unit in Brazil	[ "The consortium operating Block BMS11 offshore Brazil has opened the 10 million cu m/day LulaMexilhao natural gas pipeline. The consortium is comprised of operator Petroleo Brasileiro SA 65%, BG Group 25%, and Petrogal Brasil SAGalp Energia 10%. The system connects the presalt Lula field to the Mexilhao platform in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1246" ]	false	[ "Marginal Oilfields are refered to as those oilfields that are hardly developed efficiently with current technical and ecomonical conditions, characterized as high costs of development and low profit margins. However, under certain economical and technical circumstances, marginal oilfields may be transferred to be ...
What is the name of the Brazilian state-owned company in charge of oil prospecting?	PETROBRAS	[ "The problem of optimal location and sizing of offshore platforms for oil exploration can be formulated as follows: given a set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes, determine the location and capacity of the platforms to be built as well as the assignment of we...	pira	en	true	[ "A814" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
What is being developed in phase 0 of LIBRA?	The phase 0 is focused on information gathering, including appraisal wells, extended well tests (EWT), early production systems (EPS), and a pilot project	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1100" ]	false	[ "The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing...
What harmful activity can we repair and what value does it bring?	Ending overfishing and rebuilding depleted resources may result in an increase of as much as 20 per cent in potential yield.	[ "Food security and food safety Capture fisheries Globally, capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Only a few means to increase yield are available. Addressing sustainability concerns more effectively (including ending overfishing, eliminating...	pira	en	true	[ "B2038" ]	false	[ "Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe...
In the Southwestern Atlantic, when C. limbatus was born?	Between late spring and early summer.	[ "The determination of the period of parturition and identification of nursery areas are fundamental for the management and conservation of a fishing resource. Through combination of monthly abundance, length measurements, and development time of embryos we inferred about parturition time of the Blacktip sharks, Car...	pira	en	true	[ "A1215" ]	false	[ "Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early-life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical pla...
What is the el nino phenomenon?	El Niño is an atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon characterized by an abnormal heating of surface waters in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. It alters the regional and global climate, changing wind patterns worldwide, thus affecting rainfall patterns in tropical and mid-latitude regions.	[ "Central Brazil hydroclimate is in the core region of the South American monsoon system. Thus, understanding precipitation variability in this area is crucial not only for the prediction of extreme events such as droughts and floods, but also for water resources management. Ocean teleconnections influence central B...	pira	en	true	[ "A1805" ]	false	[ "Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns....
Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most explored prawns on the southeastern coast of Brazil. Regarding its morphology in the regions of Sepetiba Bay and Guanabara Bay, what is the difference in size between the shrimp populations?	The prawns of Sepetiba Bay have a higher TL / CL presenting a more “elongated” shape (larger abdomen) when compared to those of Guanabara Bay.	[ "Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most exploited shrimps of SE-S Brazilian coast. Our aim was to verify if adjacent nursery areas with different environmental condition (Sepetiba and Guanabara bays, SE Brazil) influence on shrimp populations (eg, CPUE) and body shapes. Samplings were carried ou...	pira	en	true	[ "A1780" ]	false	[ "Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early-life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical pla...
Where in Brazil does huge oil fields lie in?	In high water depths.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A676" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
For decreasing the flaring of the gas produced at oil drilling offshore, what process is proposed?	The reuse of the gas as an energy source	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...	pira	en	true	[ "A494" ]	false	[ "The production of several wells from the Albacora ield (Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is being togressively lowered due to a paraffin deposition roc ess in the subsea production flowlines. The subsea low temperature is considered to be the leading factor in the paraffin deposition or waxing process of deep...

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