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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What kind of maintenance is frequently necessary to sustain harbor functions?	Coastal sediment management	[ "Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div...	pira	en	true	[ "B2148" ]	false	[ "Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se...
When the Atlanta Field oil extraction project started?	In 2013, the first non-pilot well was successfully drilled.	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f...	pira	en	true	[ "A1358" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...
What were the results from the stability analysis used for?	To generate a simplified set of rules to classify the environmental conditions into four classes of operational risk	[ "With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect...	pira	en	true	[ "A1398" ]	false	[ "These last years the conversion of VLCC (Very Large crude Carrier) in FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) unit has been used by Petrobras in Brazil offshore to work in the exploitation of oil in deep, what is a consequence of the necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the o...
Which Brazilian zone plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change?	The coastal zone	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A1105" ]	false	[ "Nowadays no other region on earth is more threatened by natural hazards than coastal areas. However the increasing risk in this area is not just a climate extreme events’ result. Coasts are the places with highest concentration of people and values, thus impacts continue to increase as the values of coastal infras...
What is included in the Petrobras program in 2008?	The program included the construction of 146 offshore support vessels in Brazilian shipyards.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1208" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...
The age estimation difficulty of the basal sedimentary units in the northeastern continental margin basins, especially those of the pre-rift sequence has attracted the attention of several researchers, a fact that directly impacts this estimation?	The basal sedimentary units of the northeastern continental margin basins, especially those of the pre-rift sequence, have been the object of interest in studies based on chemical and isotopic data, as they lack fossil content to establish their age and, therefore, stratigraphic correlations are difficult.	[ "Whole-rock geochemistry, combined with Sr-Nd isotopic composition of pelitic sedimentary rocks, have been considered to be useful parameters to estimate not only their provenance but also to make inferences about their depositional environment as well as the weathering processes they have been through. The basal s...	pira	en	true	[ "A1912" ]	false	[ "One late Quaternary sediment core from the continental slope of the northern sector of Pelotas Basin (southern Brazilian continental margin, 2091 m water depth) was analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of the organic matter influx in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition on a regional scale. This...
How was it possible to identify the impact of these changes on the Brazilian coast?	Through the analysis of the skeleton of large coral species that live in shallow waters off Brazil are very sensitive to air-sea interactions.	[ "Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem...	pira	en	true	[ "A1187" ]	false	[ "Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup...
What is the purpose of the Brazilian national program named Fleet Modernization and Expansion Program?	To stimulate the maritime industry in Brazil	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...	pira	en	true	[ "A739" ]	false	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...
What have the changes in species distribution and the loss of kelp forest and seagrass beds resulted in?	Changes in the ways that those two ecosystems provide food, habitats and nursery areas for fish and shellfish, with repercussions on fishing yields and livelihoods	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...	pira	en	true	[ "B2122" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...
Why are there studies on the salt zones in brazilian coast?	Due to discobery in oil and gas in the pre-salt areas	[ "Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1720" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
In which kind of ecosystem was the muzzled blenny found?	In a sand-bottom tide pool of a tidal flat ecosystem, adjacent to the port of São Sebastião.	[ "Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015.We report, for the first time, the occurrence of the muzzled blenny, Omobranchus punctatus, on the coast of São Paulo, South-Eastern Brazil, partially filling a record gap within the species' expected distribution in Brazil. One individual was found on 16 Ju...	pira	en	true	[ "A1178" ]	false	[ "Based on the palynological record of core REG 972, this work aimed to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental history from 66.5 to 47 kyr BP at the south Brazilian continental margin, as well as to identify the influence of continental discharge in the southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone. Nineteen...
What is the potential sources of pollution in the Itajaí Harbor?	Industries as well as urban and tourism activities are potential sources of pollution in this area.	[ "The Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil, due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing. In addition, industries as well as urban and tourism activities are...	pira	en	true	[ "A1369" ]	false	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....
What are the differences in circulation in the Baía de Todos os Santos region between summer and winter?	During summer, the upwelling favorable easterlies drive a southwestward flow, while during winter the more frequent occurrence of cold fronts tend to reverse the circulation.	[ "Based on a vast set of in situ data, a first comprehensive overview of the oceanographic characteristics of Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS) is provided. BTS is the second largest coastal bay in Brazil (maximum area of 1223 km2 and average depth of 9,8 m), and is located in the northeast Brazil, In the vicinity of Sa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1359" ]	false	[ "The Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is one of the more productive areas for fisheries in Brazilian waters. The water masses and the dynamical processes of the region present a very seasonal behavior that imprint strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity. This paper ma...
Which animals are threatened by entanglement in plastic marine litter?	Mainly larger marine animals, such as top predators.	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Primary microplastics, such as microbeads or industrial granulated pellets, enter the marine environment directly, while secondary microplastics result from the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics (e.g., cutlery, trays, straws, ci...	pira	en	true	[ "B2204" ]	false	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...
what is the target LNG supply by 2012?	the target is to be able to supply up to 2012 LNG of up to 31 million cubic meters per day	[ "This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t...	pira	en	true	[ "A486" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
What should be considered in fishing management?	To consider how a fishery can directly kill other species, alter habitats and change relationships in the food web	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The assessment of what is happening to aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual values is also very difficult. In essentially every coastal or island culture, the indigenous peoples have spiritual links to the sea. They often also have links with sp...	pira	en	true	[ "B2549" ]	false	[ "Inputs and resources Land and water are the most important resources for aquaculture development. Gentry and others (2017) estimated that 11,400,000 km2 of coastline are suitable for fishes, and more than 1,500,000 km2 could be developed for bivalves. The challenge is to secure suitable land and water resources fo...
Petrobras created a program called Procap-2000, what is the purpose of this program?	Procap-2000 is aimed at technological innovation of deepwater recovery systems.	[ "The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2...	pira	en	true	[ "A596" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi...
What was the division of the 23 exploration blocks?	the division was 13 offshore blocks and 10 onshore blocks	[ "Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto...	pira	en	true	[ "A510" ]	false	[ "Exploration in the Cear basin, on the south-western part of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, commenced in the early 1970s. Several moderate size fields such as Xar u, Curim , Atum, and Espada fields, with URR volume of around 200 MM BOE, were discovered on the shelf and are producing to this day. Exploration in th...
Where did the installation of the first Electrical Submersible Pump that works in subsea wells occur?	In the RJS-221 well, at Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, Brazil.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A883" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
How many extractable oil barrels are estimated to exist on the Jubilee?	About six hundred million barrels.	[ "Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil...	pira	en	true	[ "A631" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...
What was the expected variance, in cubic meters, of the extraction of gas done by Petrobras in the Manati field, located in the Camamu-Almada basin, in 2006?	The expected variance was of 6.5 million cubic meters per day (cu m/day).	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A301" ]	false	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...
Which regions will be most affected by the acidification of the oceans?	Regions that are especially dependent on seafood protein	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th...	pira	en	true	[ "B2214" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ...
Why are deep water pipelines, subjected to high pressures and temperatures (HP / HT), like those of Petrobras, susceptible to global buckling?	Due to the axial compression load.	[ "This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul...	pira	en	true	[ "A882" ]	false	[ "Shallow and insufficient soil support may lead to upheavel buckling of heated pipelines in shores approach areas. This article presents a nume rical model to simulate the thermomechanical buckling of buried heated pipelines in shore approach areas. An analysis adopting geometrical, physical, and operational data i...
What will happen to the oceans if ice production in the polar seas decreases?	Reduced sea ice production in the polar seas will mean less bottom water is produced and hence less oxygen delivered to the deep ocean.	[ "Wind-driven mixing affects only the surface of the ocean, mainly the upper 200 metres or so, and rarely deeper than about 1,000 metres. Without the ocean’s thermohaline circulation system, the bottom waters of the ocean would soon be depleted of oxygen, and aerobic life there would cease to exist. Superimposed on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2431" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Loss of sea ice in high latitudes and associated ecosystems The high-latitude ice-covered ecosystems host globally significant arrays of biodiversity, and the size and nature of those ecosystems make them critically important to the biological, chemic...
How does the technology of the water alternating gas (WAG) injection method made in offshore oil fields work?	In this technology, the gas plays a role in reducing the saturation of residual oil while the water controls, through multiphase effects of flow in a porous medium, the adverse mobility of the gas.	[ "Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection is an enhanced recovery method that is being applied in some brazilian offshore oilfields as an alternative to combine effective pressure maintenance policies, flexible produced gas management strategies and increased recoveries. In this technology, gas plays the role of reduc...	pira	en	true	[ "A1447" ]	false	[ "Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t...
What is the bottleneck for the sustainability challenges of pursuing national industrial policy?	The sustainability challenges of pursuing an industrial policy dependent on a single leading company (Petrobras).	[ "The conditions under which lead firms will invest in upgrading suppliers occupy center stage in the debates about how global value chains (GVCs) affect development and what room is left for governments to adopt industrial policies. In a key industry for developing economies, oil and gas (O&G), the maps of oil prod...	pira	en	true	[ "A1908" ]	false	[ "The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provokin...
Where is the Campos basin located?	Between the north coast of Rio de Janeiro and the south coast of Espírito Santo.	[ "The Campos basin is a sedimentary basin located in offshore Brazil, between the north coast of Rio de Janeiro State and the south coast of Espírito Santo State, encompassing many oilfields. Most of the reservoirs in the basin are high-permeability sandstones containing low API gravity oil but are without strong wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1315" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
Who has developed a procedure to study FPSO's stability?	Sphaier, Fernandes and Correa.	[ "These last years the conversion of VLCC (Very Large crude Carrier) in FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) unit has been used by Petrobras in Brazil offshore to work in the exploitation of oil in deep, what is a consequence of the necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the o...	pira	en	true	[ "A557" ]	false	[ "With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect...
How deep are the pre-salt reservoirs?	up to 7000 m (22966 ft)	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...	pira	en	true	[ "A1618" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What are the three prototype phases that the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced?	The Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, the Aptian intercontinental rift basin, and the drift phase.	[ "Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta...	pira	en	true	[ "A1542" ]	false	[ "The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na...
When did the share of species of aquatic animals cultivated by global fishery production exceed that of wild species?	2020	[ "The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen...	pira	en	true	[ "B1985" ]	false	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...
What are the typical economic activities in rural coastal communities?	Fishing, aquaculture, shipping and tourism.	[ "Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot...	pira	en	true	[ "B2221" ]	false	[ "About 40 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal zone, that is, within 100 km of the coast. The proportion is increasing. Coastal communities play a key role in supporting all components of the ocean economy, as well as a range of social and cultural values, and all forms of coastal and marine mana...
What is the ideal number of RRTs that define the building blocks for building 3D models?	Five in total, is determined by the use of an unsupervised neural network with capillary pressure parameters such as inputs, permeability, effective porosity and water saturation.	[ "The definition of Reservoir Rock Types (RRT) is a key challenge in the evaluation and characterization of carbonate reservoirs, and this step is critical as the RRT's define the building blocks for constructing 3D models, as RRT definition links to static and dynamic reservoir properties. This paper describes an i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1855" ]	false	[ "The mechanism by which seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) are formed is a topic of debate. Two contrasting models exist for their formation, the volcanic-faulting model and the volcanic-loading model. Each of these models has important implications for the processes which control the structure and formation of magm...
The Campos basin corresponds to what percentage of oil production, currently, in Brazil?	62%.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A925" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What action was considered as an aid so that it was possible to meet the power requirements and emission targets, in addition to the CAPEX and OPEX objectives?	Operators perform equipment configurations.	[ "This paper focuses on solutions and strategies for conserving weight and space, reducing emissions, and leveraging data to optimize the performance of rotating equipment on floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessels. It discusses design considerations for gas turbines in offshore applications (i....	pira	en	true	[ "A1788" ]	false	[ "Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ...
What are the examples of industries in which the digital transformation has been collaborating quite recently?	In the oil and gas industry, this phenomenon is more recent and increasingly accentuated.	[ "Digital transformation has revolutionized the way companies operate in the market, changing their work processes with the inclusion of new technologies and thus influencing their culture. In the oil and gas industry, this phenomenon is more recent and is increasingly accentuating. Its importance is such that compa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1624" ]	false	[ "Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario...
What data provides clear evidence of intense hydrothermal alteration of northern Campos Basin Pre-Salt reservoirs at deep-burial conditions?	Hydrothermal phases show ?18O values more negative than syngenetic and diagenetic carbonates and the ?13C values are interpreted as result of interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and the host rocks.	[ "Petrographic, mineralogical, elemental, isotopic and fluid inclusion analyses were integrated to unravel the diagenetic evolution of Brazilian Pre-Salt lacustrine carbonate reservoirs of northern Campos Basin, southeast Brazilian margin. Detailed thin section and cathodoluminescence petrography, scanning electron ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1882" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
What is included in the Petrobras fleet renewal program?	construction of 146 offshore support vessels in Brazilian shipyards.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1560" ]	false	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...
how much gas is the Espadarte Sul FPSO able to compress?	87 million cu ft/day of gas	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...	pira	en	true	[ "A304" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
What are the challenges related to the revitalization of Campos Basin's mature fields?	Life extension methodologies, heavy oil processing, oil and gas contaminants treatment, subsea boosting and separation systems and power distribution and transmission are part of Petrobras's "gold list"	[ "Campos Basin, during the last 40 years, has been the stage where the technology development has played its main game in terms of pushing the offshore oil and gas production to overcome its challenges to go deeper and deeper in WDs never experienced before. Incremental, innovative, enabler or even disruptive techno...	pira	en	true	[ "A567" ]	false	[ "The Campos basin is a sedimentary basin located in offshore Brazil, between the north coast of Rio de Janeiro State and the south coast of Espírito Santo State, encompassing many oilfields. Most of the reservoirs in the basin are high-permeability sandstones containing low API gravity oil but are without strong wa...
What does the acronym PRAVAP mean?	Means Petrobras Strategic Project for Reservoir Characterization	[ "PRAVAP 2 (Petrobras' strategic project for reservoir characterization) aims mainly technology acquisition and development in reservoir characterization. The project is based on a multidisciplinary approach, and the synergism between operational and research teams. New technologies are put together with others alre...	pira	en	true	[ "A291" ]	false	[ "Thermoplastic composite pipes (TCP) is a fully bonded pipe structure with a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material reinforced with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. DNV GL published in December 2015, the new Recommended Practice DNVGL-RP-F119, intended for the design and quali...
What are the uncertainties that will be faced in the initial phase of the development of the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster?	The quality and the heterogeneity degree of each reservoir zone; the compositional grading of the fluids; the performance of different EOR methods; and the presence of fractures affecting the flow.	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A412" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What is the crude oil capacity of the terminal that will be built by PDET Offshore SA?	Up to 630,000 bpd	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...	pira	en	true	[ "A836" ]	false	[ "Considering demands for internal Brazilian market and international crude oil trade, PETROBRAS has taken the decision to concentrate a significantly part of the future of crude oil production from three deep-water fields; Roncador, Marlim Sul and Marlim Leste, all of which are in Campos Basin, with one off-shore t...
What was the region chosen to be studied with this metodology?	Sepetiba Bay	[ "Ports link world commerce via maritime routes, and dredging services are essential to establish and maintain these connections. However, one question is critical when dredging is being considered: where are the best places to do it? To try to answer this question, a Dredging Sensitivity Index (DSI) was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A1443" ]	false	[ "This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This...
What can lead to point and diffuse contamination of amazonian aquatic systems?	Irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies.	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...	pira	en	true	[ "A1494" ]	false	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....
How can the marine ecosystem negatively affect human health?	Marine pollutants, pathogens and microparticles could be linked to cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer.	[ "The marine environment brings both benefits and risks to human health, especially for people who live near it(see figure below; Depledge and others, 2013; Moore and others, 2013, 2014). Health has been defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or in...	pira	en	true	[ "B2151" ]	false	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th...
What are some characteristics that define the Campos Basin?	An Atlantic-type basin, typical of a passive continental margin.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A983" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What is the role of the Agulhas, Brazil, Eastern Australia, Gulf and Kuroshio currents in the hydrological cycle?	Their warm surface temperatures provide significant amounts of heat and moisture to the atmosphere.	[ "Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2315" ]	false	[ "The Earth's ocean and atmosphere are parts of a single, interactive system that controls the global climate. The ocean plays a major role in this control, particularly in the dispersal of heat from the equator towards the poles through ocean currents. The heat transfer through the ocean is possible because of the ...
What design this project is based on?	Storage tanks	[ "The feasibility of the construction of concrete platforms for deep water locations (130 m) offshore Brazil, was investigated. A large depth of water is not available near the coast in Brazil, and a construction method was devised to overcome this difficulty. The design incorporates storage tanks and is less costly...	pira	en	true	[ "A1840" ]	false	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...
How much did Petrobras invest in the Manati field to develop gas production?	Petrobras invested US $ 1.2 billion in the Manati field to develop gas production.	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A848" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
In addition to conserving water, what are the other positive aspects of RNEST?	the RNEST significantly reduced the time and monetary impact of the commissioning process	[ "In what is being called the first oil and gas sustainable commissioning project, composite abrasives are being used to help conserve precious resources. The core of this sustainable solution includes composite abrasives and an innovative Pipeline Inspection Gauge/Gadget (or pig) system, which were first field test...	pira	en	true	[ "A527" ]	false	[ "Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuaries induces high phytoplankton production, contributing to coastal eutrophication. Abundant natural banks of filter feeders, such as bivalves, in downstream areas may contribute to reducing symptoms of eutrophication by decreasing phytoplankton biomass and amount of mater...
What is a potential alternative to improve oil recovery in the Santos Basin?	CO2 injection.	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...	pira	en	true	[ "A916" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What is the origin of the isolated islands in the Trindade-Martin Vaz Archipelago?	The abrasion of much higher volcanic edifices	[ "This work discusses the regional geological and geophysical datasets (potential field data coupled with seismic lines) available across the Eastern Brazilian Continental Margin and addresses tectonic models that have been applied to the geological interpretation of the Vitória-Trindade Chain (VTC). New magnetic da...	pira	en	true	[ "A1632" ]	false	[ "Martin Vaz Archipelago is located at the parallel 20°S, 1200 km away from the Brazilian coastline and is composed of Plio-Pleistocenic alkaline rocks that represent the last volcanic event of the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The Archipelago is divided into three main units: Pico das Gaivotas Unit (i) is made up of nose...
How is the new gas pipeline at the Caspian basin called?	The new gas pipeline is called Nabucco.	[ "Various companies have adopted new production practices in drilling industry. Cengroup Petroleum has signed a contract with the Azeri government to begin the oil-gathering process. A new gas pipeline, called Nabucco pipeline, is being planned to access the reserves at the Caspian basin that produces plenty of oil....	pira	en	true	[ "A886" ]	false	[ "US subsea engineer Global Industries has received a letter of intent from Petrobras to install the 24-in. Camarupim gas pipeline in the Espirito Santo Basin offshore Brazil. The project, valued at ? $165 million, includes project planning, detailed engineering, and installation of 52 km of pipeline, and fabricatio...
What are the estimated economic costs of marine plastic in relation to marine natural capital?	The costs are between $3,300 and $33,000 per ton per year,	[ "Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2547" ]	false	[ "Outlook The management of marine litter pollution is exceptionally complex and requires an integrated approach, encompassing science, legislation, economics, ocean literacy, education, social participation and international cooperation on capacity-building, and technology transfer, as well as technical and financi...
Which subsidiary of the Oxford Catalysts Group was involved in the development of a technology that uses unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling?	The Velocys	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...	pira	en	true	[ "A885" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
How has ultrasonic pulse-echo technology been used to solve oil well drilling problems?	The ultrasonic pulse-echo technology has been successfully used for many years for cement evaluation behind casing up to 0.75-in. thick.	[ "With the global onset of more complex and extreme drilling conditions, specialized well designs and equipment are no longer the exception, but the norm. Increased government oversight has also impacted asset development, emphasizing well integrity assurance and operational safety. In turn, intervention tools are b...	pira	en	true	[ "A1893" ]	false	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...
How are the pre-salt ultra-deep water reservoirs exploited?	Large drilling equipment and variable drilling payloads are required, resulting in very large topsides in size and weight.	[ "Mega oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in deep and ultra-deep offshore Brazil. These Pre-Salt discoveries are remotely located at water depths ranging from 2200m (~7,200 ft) to 2600 m (~8,500 ft). Offshore Brazil has unique metocean conditions with long swell periods which present challenges on floating ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1832" ]	false	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...
How important is Asia in fisheries and aquaculture?	In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture. More than 19 million people (32 per cent of all people employed in the sector) were engaged in fish farming, and 95.9 per cent of all aquaculture activities were being conducted in Asia.	[ "The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2387" ]	false	[ "The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th...
How the physiological responses of Halimeda cuneata and Halodule wrightii were tested in this study?	Manipulating CO2 and temperature.	[ "The ultimate effect that ocean acidification (OA) and warming will have on the physiology of calcifying algae is still largely uncertain. Responses depend on the complex interactions between seawater chemistry, global/local stressors and species-specific physiologies. There is a significant gap regarding the effec...	pira	en	true	[ "A1349" ]	false	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...
Which is the consequence of the characteristic of the high permeability of the pre-salt reservoirs?	The consequence is an onerous task on injection wells to maintain pressure and reservoir mass balance	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...	pira	en	true	[ "A1623" ]	false	[ "Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ...
What is the deciding factor on microbial structure in mangroves of the Paranaguá Bay?	Salinity levels within the estuary had the strongest influence on microbial structure.	[ "While environmental drivers regulate the structure of mangrove microbial communities, their exact nature and the extent of their influence require further elucidation. By means of 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing, we determined the microbial taxonomic profiles of mangroves in the subtropical Paranaguá Bay, Brazil, c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1364" ]	false	[ "The composition of estuarine fish fauna is dynamic and complex. Despite the variation in fish fauna in estuaries, it is possible to observe some species associated with microhabitats. The assemblage composition of these communities is apparently derived from habitat selection. The aim of this study was to assess t...
What international recommendation was made to use the Datum reference for reductions in surveys in the coastal zone?	The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recommends that the Datum reference surface for survey reductions in the coastal zone be defined by the LAT (Smallest Astronomical Tide)	[ "The Reduction Levels (RLs) of Tide Gauge (TG) are used, in Brazil, as Ocean Vertical Data or Chart Datum (CD) which are references to nautical charts made by the Hydrography and Navigation Board of the Brazilian Navy (DHN- Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação in Portuguese). In contrast to that was adopted in Braz...	pira	en	true	[ "A1737" ]	false	[ "Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot...
Which region of the American continent is considered one of the three greatest potentials in hydroelectric energy in the world?	South	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2537" ]	false	[ "Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ...
Since what year has the world production of seaweeds started to steadily rouse?	2012	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2375" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What factor has led to an increase in the global drilling market?	The improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world.	[ "Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. P...	pira	en	true	[ "A1182" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
What is the oceanic area of Brazilian EEZ?	4.5 million square kilometers	[ "Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of...	pira	en	true	[ "A757" ]	false	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...
What is the utility of the moonpools?	Moonpools are used as a device to reduce motions of ships or oils platforms.	[ "The use of moonpools in offshore technology are normally related to the hull opening in drilling units with the objective to protect drilling equipment from environmental forces, and its design aims the minimum motion of the water inside the moonpool, avoiding water impacts when lowering an equipment. Several stud...	pira	en	true	[ "A1752" ]	false	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...
What was the application of the developed FEM solution?	Was applied for the driving simulation of special offshore piles with a conic shape toe.	[ "The finite element method was applied for the driving simulation of special offshore piles with a conic shape toe. The FEM solution developed allowed realistic modelling of the several aspects involved, such as the geometric characteristics of the pile, the surrounding soil including stratification, the pile soil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1195" ]	false	[ "Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the...
What is the name of the Brazilian government initiative whose objective is to build new offshore drilling rigs?	Build in Brazil Initiative	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...	pira	en	true	[ "A252" ]	false	[ "This paper provides an overview of the main efforts that are being endeavored by Petrobras in order to contribute for developing a Brazilian regulation for use and discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas operation, based on operational safety, well integrity and environmental aspects. I...
When did the share of species of aquatic animals cultivated by global fishery production exceed that of wild species?	2020.	[ "The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen...	pira	en	true	[ "B1984" ]	false	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...
What aspects of marine processes will be most affected by global warming?	Global warming is likely to affect many aspects of ocean processes. Changes in seasurface temperature, sea level and other primary impacts will lead, among other things, to increases in the frequency of major tropical storms (cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons), bigger ocean swell waves and reduced polar ice formation.	[ "Wind-driven mixing affects only the surface of the ocean, mainly the upper 200 metres or so, and rarely deeper than about 1,000 metres. Without the ocean’s thermohaline circulation system, the bottom waters of the ocean would soon be depleted of oxygen, and aerobic life there would cease to exist. Superimposed on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2428" ]	false	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...
Route 3 will interconnect with which other existing route?	Route 2	[ "On November, 2010 Petrobras defined the necessity of one additional gas export pipeline in Santos Basin Pre-Salt area to improve the capacity of the export gas network and assure the objectives defined in the Strategic Plan. Nowadays there are two gas export pipelines in operation to export the gas from pre-salt a...	pira	en	true	[ "A261" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has launched the 38-in., 179-km Cabiunas-Reduc III (Gasduc III) gas pipeline, which is capable of carrying 40 million cu m/day. Gasduc III enhances regional transportation capacity to 40 million from 16 million cu m/day. The line can transport gas produced in the Campos and Espirito Santo basins, as well...
What is the type of Campos basin?	An Atlantic-type basin.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A934" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
Why it is important to protect the Maracaipe River estuary?	The predominance of juvenile fish underscores the importance of the Maracaípe River estuary for the maintenance of population stocks of coastal species, demonstrating the urgent demand of management of this environment.	[ "The assemblage and functional structure of the fish fauna of the Maracaípe River, municipality of Ipojuca - PE, was characterized by monthly beach trawls carried out from March of 2012 to February of 2013. A beach trawl net (picaré) was used at three different points of the estuary (EST 1, EST 2 and EST 3) during ...	pira	en	true	[ "A143" ]	false	[ "The Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, located in the Marajó Archipelago, was created to protect its biodiversity and guarantee the sustainability of its ecosystems. Despite of it, local environmental problems have increased. In this sense, this study aimed to quantify the level of environmental perception, in four ...
What proved to be essential for a better assessment of the sources of brGDGTs in the study environment?	The separation of the 5- and 6-methyl brGDGTs.	[ "Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits. The presence of brGDGTs in marine sediments can thus be used to track terrigenous organic matter inputs to the continental margin and to infer the local continental mean ann...	pira	en	true	[ "A1497" ]	false	[ "This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of s...
What did the interpretation of the two-dimensional multichannel seismic reflection profiles that cut the surveyed area on the continental slope of the Santos Basin show?	Shows various salt dialogues at various stages of development (for example, salt domes, walls and anticlines). Some diapirs were exposed at the bottom of the sea, while the tops of others (heads of diapirs) were located several hundred meters below the surface. Extensive faults usually cover these dialogues and reach s...	[ "We present new evidence for the existence of a large pockmark field on the continental slope of the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. A recent high-resolution multibeam bathymetric survey revealed 984 pockmarks across a smooth seabed at water depths of 300–700 m. Four patterns of pockmark arrays were identi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1476" ]	false	[ "All published chronostratigraphic charts of the Espírito Santo basin, Brazil, show stratigraphic frameworks based on second-order depositional sequences. The absence of published high-resolution biostratigraphic analyses precludes the proposition of a higher order stratigraphic framework. This work breaks down the...
What is the major component of food security around the world?	Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweed, are the major component of food security around the world.	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...	pira	en	true	[ "B2448" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing...
What is the percentage wise coverage of sea ice relative to the total oceanic area?	15%	[ "Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be...	pira	en	true	[ "B2089" ]	false	[ "The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss...
How does the Earth’s ocean play a mojor role in the controls of the global climate?	The ocean plays a major role in this control, particularly in the dispersal of heat from the equator towards the poles through ocean currents.	[ "The Earth's ocean and atmosphere are parts of a single, interactive system that controls the global climate. The ocean plays a major role in this control, particularly in the dispersal of heat from the equator towards the poles through ocean currents. The heat transfer through the ocean is possible because of the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2402" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
BrasilSPAN contains data from an area of which extension?	42.000 km	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1007" ]	false	[ "We present new evidence for the existence of a large pockmark field on the continental slope of the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. A recent high-resolution multibeam bathymetric survey revealed 984 pockmarks across a smooth seabed at water depths of 300–700 m. Four patterns of pockmark arrays were identi...
How can fishing yields be ensured and even increased?	By ceasing overfishing, eliminating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, effectively managing current yields, rebuilding depleted resources and, finally, ensuring that socioeconomic costs to rebuild such depleted stocks can be addressed in the meantime.	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Captures of fish stocks at levels above maximum sustainable yield Globally, the levels of capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million tons. Exploitation inevitably reduces total population bio...	pira	en	true	[ "B2031" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Capture fisheries Globally, capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Only a few means to increase yield are available. Addressing sustainability concerns more effectively (including ending overfishing, eliminating...
How was the Peroa-Canoa gas pipeline designed?	The development project includes an unmanned fixed platform in Peroa and an underwater pipeline 50 km from the platform to the onshore gas processing plant in the city of Cacimbas, in the state of Espírito Santo.	[ "Petrobras has postponed until the end of the first half of 2006 the start of production at the offshore Peroa-Cangoa gasfields in the Espirito Santo basin because of lack of transport capacity for the fuel. The development project includes a fixed unmanned platform on Peroa and a 50-km subsea pipeline from the pla...	pira	en	true	[ "A1176" ]	false	[ "On November, 2010 Petrobras defined the necessity of one additional gas export pipeline in Santos Basin Pre-Salt area to improve the capacity of the export gas network and assure the objectives defined in the Strategic Plan. Nowadays there are two gas export pipelines in operation to export the gas from pre-salt a...
Which fish species is still not very understood?	mesopelagic fish	[ "The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m...	pira	en	true	[ "B2496" ]	false	[ "Positive outlooks for fish biodiversity come from the evidence that individual fish populations respond positively to effective fisheries management (Hilborn and others, 2020) and that fish diversity and biomass increase within effective marine protected areas (Sala and Giakoumi, 2017). However, the global extinct...
How was the model built?	A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochthonous salt bodies, post-salt anticlinal generated fractures, volcanic intrusions, and shallow meandering channels	[ "The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth...	pira	en	true	[ "A1404" ]	false	[ "The finite element method was applied for the driving simulation of special offshore piles with a conic shape toe. The FEM solution developed allowed realistic modelling of the several aspects involved, such as the geometric characteristics of the pile, the surrounding soil including stratification, the pile soil ...
Is there a way of managing tourism in a way that sustains the condition and health of coral reefs?	Different studies have been made, some suggest that is possibly to manage coral reef tourism in some areas with plenty of limitations like limiting the number of divers, specifying divers’ behavior and increasing divers’ awareness of the problems related to diving. However, other studies suggest that in other areas, di...	[ "Enjoyment of marine wildlife Diving Snorkelling and scuba diving continue to be a significant element in marine tourism, focused on enabling tourists to enjoy underwater wildlife. The substantial growth (about 25 per cent) in the levels of the activity recorded in the period from 2000 to 2013 and reported in the f...	pira	en	true	[ "B2286" ]	false	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...
Which of the concentrations of labile fractions (Cr, Ni and V) represents less damage to biodiversity due to the desorption of surface sediments in resuspension events?	Although Cr is influenced by salinity, it does not represent any ecological risk in the study areas.	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...	pira	en	true	[ "A386" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the carbonate–siliciclastic system of the equatorial continental shelf of NE Brazil (East Ceará) based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF), grain size, CaCO3, shallow seismic and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) analyses. Data were obtained for two sectors: 1) Halimeda Bank (HB), inner shelf (?12 m), a...
Where the wind turbines study were conducted?	It was conducted in Itamaracá Island in the state of Pernambuco	[ "This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine...	pira	en	true	[ "A1758" ]	false	[ "This study measured the wake effect in a Brazilian onshore windfarm with 38 turbines located in complex terrain. The proposed methodology calculated the wind deficit in 3 different metmasts, by comparing the measurement periods in free-of-wake condition to measurement periods under wake effect. Uncertainties due t...
Where is the Barracuda and Caratinga project located?	In Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.	[ "Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ...	pira	en	true	[ "A340" ]	false	[ "In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields...
For what Foraminifera has been used in studies on mixed carbonatic and siliciclastic sedimentation on the Brazilian continental shelf?	Bioindicators of carbonate productivity, marine currents, nutrient intakes, and environmental health.	[ "Studies on mixed carbonatic and siliciclastic sedimentation on the Brazilian continental shelf have been used Foraminifera as bioindicators of carbonate productivity, marine currents, nutrient intakes, and environmental health. This work aim to investigate the recent sedimentary coverage and the Foraminifera assem...	pira	en	true	[ "A1471" ]	false	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...
What is the difference between systems in the automotive and aviation sectors and those in oil and gas production?	Both can use all-electric systems, but in the oil and gas production sector this technology has not yet been widely applied worldwide.	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A716" ]	false	[ "The Statoil-operated Peregrino field, one of Brazil's most significant offshore producers, is a wealth of resources, including Norwegian-developed technology. Statoil places a heavy emphasis on increased oil recovery (OIL), mostly developed in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and deployed elsewhere, to boost ...
Which technology can be used to curb capital expenditures from oil production?	The use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) can help oil production become earlier and higher.	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A587" ]	false	[ "Currently, low oil prices pose a challenge to the financial state of the industry. Therefore, it is very important that companies optimize costs while maintaining or even increasing oil production. At the same time, with oil production declining due high water cuts and facility volume limitations in an offshore pr...
When was the first offshore deep reservoir in Brazil developed?	2006	[ "Marginal Oilfields are refered to as those oilfields that are hardly developed efficiently with current technical and ecomonical conditions, characterized as high costs of development and low profit margins. However, under certain economical and technical circumstances, marginal oilfields may be transferred to be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A442" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and...
What represents risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems?	Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation.	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...	pira	en	true	[ "B2393" ]	false	[ "Coastal and marine infrastructures are necessary for the use, exploitation and protection of the coastal and marine natural resources and environment for socioeconomic development. In general, if well-designed and well-built, coastal infrastructure development can be ecologically as well as economically and social...
Where is the amount of litter increasing?	In remote and unpopulated areas.	[ "Plastics now represent the major share of marine litter or marine debris. Most marine litter is from land-based sources, resulting from poor waste management practices, especially in some rural and developing regions. Marine litter is present in all marine habitats, affecting the environment and marine organisms t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2519" ]	false	[ "IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of...
Where are functional estuaries most common?	In Australia, on the southeastern coasts of Brazil and Uruguay, the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka.	[ "Apart from representing the vast majority (71%) of South Africa's 258 functional estuaries, temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) are common in Australia, on the southeastern coasts of Brazil and Uruguay, the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka, but are poorly represented in North America, Europe and mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A181" ]	false	[ "Many estuaries present natural harbor conditions with relatively calm and shallow waters that provide a connection between the ocean and continental waterways. The increase in the demand for goods by the constant growing of the world population has forced estuaries to be altered by human activities, such as dredgi...
When does the shoreline retraction and the breach of an internal drainage channel in the Caravelas estuary, Brazil, led to the formation of a new inlet that became the main estuarine channel?	During the last decades.	[ "The dynamics of estuarine systems is sensitive to changes in its forcing conditions, including the morphology of its inlets. Coastline retraction, which may be induced by climate change, can result in modifications of estuarine inlet morphology. Through the use of a validated numerical model, we evaluate the effec...	pira	en	true	[ "A190" ]	false	[ "Many estuaries present natural harbor conditions with relatively calm and shallow waters that provide a connection between the ocean and continental waterways. The increase in the demand for goods by the constant growing of the world population has forced estuaries to be altered by human activities, such as dredgi...
In what did the S3 site show the highest concentrations?	Ag, Fe, Ni, Zn, and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs)	[ "Estuarine systems are very sensitive environments to sea level rise as a consequence of climate changes, which can enhance seawater intrusion and affect multiple water uses. The seawater intrusion under sea level scenarios in an estuarine river by applying the one-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model H...	pira	en	true	[ "A1529" ]	false	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...
Where is Brazilian oil exploration concentrated?	Mainly in the reserves of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Superior of the Campos basin	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1173" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
What are the existing oil fields in the Parque das Conchas project in phases 1 and 2?	Abalone, Ostra, Argonauta B and Argonauta O north.	[ "Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f...	pira	en	true	[ "A1045" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...

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