Split (1)

train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What are examples of channels on continental platforms that can be considered areas of environmental conservation?	Canals known as fishing grounds and spawning aggregation areas are examples of priority areas for management and conservation efforts.	[ "Continental shelves are areas of extreme environmental and economic importance and priority areas for management and planning efforts. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding many tropical shelves, mainly due to high costs associated with surveying large marine areas with traditional techniques. Carbonatic, se...	pira	en	true	[ "A1467" ]	false	[ "Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se...
How far is the uncovered reservoir located?	About 80 km from the coast.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A963" ]	false	[ "Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons...
What is a good tool to asses detailed transient pressure distributions for optimized structural design?	CFD	[ "Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A358" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
Why is the electrical technology yet to be widely applied around the world?	It is difficult to understand, differently from what has already happened in several other industries, like automotive and aviation. The article proposes to do a brief comparison among hydraulic, electric-hydraulic and all-electric systems, focusing on the advantages of each system. An explanation is offered for the ap...	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A1017" ]	false	[ "This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, o...
What data are collected when doing Drill-Stem tests in a potential new oil field?	The data collected when doing the Drill-Stem Test are pressure and temperature under specific flow conditions and periods of accumulation.	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A687" ]	false	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...
what are the reasons why dielectric tools was rarely used by Petrobras' oil fields?	high specificity, limitations of the technique, and/or high cost.	[ "This work aims to present a review of dielectric logging, including physical principles, petrophysical evaluation, and applications. In addition, we will present a history of its use in Petrobras oilfields. The dielectric properties are generated by the charge alignment created by an excitation provided by an elec...	pira	en	true	[ "A240" ]	false	[ "As a solution for sand production problems associated with the production of hydrocarbons from sandstone reservoirs, the gravel packing technique (GPT) has been used by Petrobras since the early seventies when some small offshore fields in northeast Brazil were completed with this technique. More recently Petrobra...
How do anoxic and hypoxic zones affect the maritime wildlife?	They drive fish away and kill benthic organisms.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...	pira	en	true	[ "B2416" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry As the oxygen content of water declines, an increasing fraction of production is diverted to microbes (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Wright and others, 2012). Food webs change because of altered encounter rates and the species-specific effects of low oxygen on the feeding effi...
What are the pre-salt generating rocks in the Santos basin in Brazil?	The pre-salt generating rocks are the Itapema and Piçarras formations.	[ "Source rocks from the Santos basin pre-salt in Brazil, namely the Itapema and Piçarras formations, are characterized based on their total organic carbon content (TOC) with the aid of an acoustic inversion and TOC data from wells. The inverted P-impedance volume is converted into a %TOC volume by applying a formula...	pira	en	true	[ "A1430" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
Why is mercury considered one of the ten most toxic substances to human health?	Because in humans, exposure can be harmful to fetal brain development. Research has demonstrated a link between exposure to this neurotoxin and developmental deficits the fine motor skills, language and memory of the fetus.	[ "Human health can be affected by many aspects of food from the sea. Some problems are the result of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption (Takahashi and others, 2008)...	pira	en	true	[ "B2252" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct...
What was the response regarding cetaceans after the spill of 1300l of fuel in Guanabara Bay?	The adoption of an incident control mechanism, the study of any deleterious short or long term effects and rescue / rehabilitation strategies for cetaceans affected by oil	[ "On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included - avion fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean respons...	pira	en	true	[ "A1575" ]	false	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...
What realistic aspects could be modeled using the finite element method?	The finite element method solution developed allowed realistic modelling of the several aspects involved, such as the geometric characteristics of the pile, the surrounding soil including stratification, the pile soil interface as well as the hammer blow	[ "The finite element method was applied for the driving simulation of special offshore piles with a conic shape toe. The FEM solution developed allowed realistic modelling of the several aspects involved, such as the geometric characteristics of the pile, the surrounding soil including stratification, the pile soil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1185" ]	false	[ "The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of ar...
How many people in the world have more than 15% of total animal protein intake coming from fish consumption?	More than 4.5 billion	[ "The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th...	pira	en	true	[ "B2029" ]	false	[ "The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t...
Since 1975, how can foreign oil companies explore Brazilian oil?	Petrobras has to seek contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under exploration.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A433" ]	false	[ "Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create part...
According to the available evidence, in which regions do microplastics already pose a widespread ecological risk?	In some coastal waters and sediments.	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...	pira	en	true	[ "B2020" ]	false	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Primary microplastics, such as microbeads or industrial granulated pellets, enter the marine environment directly, while secondary microplastics result from the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics (e.g., cutlery, trays, straws, ci...
Thematic maps were developed about three Brazilian rivers, what is maps indicate?	These maps indicate the degree of ecodynamic stability, and the evolutionary trends of the propositional scenarios and zoning.	[ "Estuaries provide an appropriate unit for spatial analyses that permit the establishment of environmental management strategies, based on the existing knowledge of their hydrographic basins. The present study developed a diagnostic approach to landscape and environmental management, based on the theoretical concep...	pira	en	true	[ "A1727" ]	false	[ "Here palynological assemblages are presented from channel surface sediment samples from the Caceribu, Guaraí and Guapimirim-Macacú rivers located in an important area of the Brazilian coast (Guanabara Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro), in order to provide information relevant for the interpretation of palaeoecological...
Which type of terrain is the one present in the northeastern Guanabara bay?	Porous.	[ "Study Region: Porous aquifer system of Northeastern Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Study Focus: The present work aimed to comprehend the geochemical processes responsible for the considerable range of salinity (48 to 5651 ?S. cm?1) through chemical composition of groundwater (hydrogeochemical modeling thro...	pira	en	true	[ "A1604" ]	false	[ "A deposit dated from 40 cal ka bp is interpreted as a remnant of a spodic B horizon exposed on the seabed adjacent to Guanabara Bay at an average depth of 22 m. Bathymetric data, side scan sonar imagery, and underwater images were used to map the expressive feature, never informed before. It is a semi-consolidated...
What are the advantages of the ecosystem services approach?	It has proven to be very useful in managing multisectoral processes	[ "Humanity has always drawn sustenance from the ocean through fishing, harvesting and trade. Today 44 per cent of the world's population lives on or within 150 kilometres from the coast (United Nations Atlas of Oceans). However this fundamental connection between nature and people has only very recently been incorpo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2385" ]	false	[ "Ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, provide services to people, which are lifesustaining and contribute to human health and well-being (Millennium Ecosyste Assessment, 2005; de Groot, 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defines an ecosystem as “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism comm...
What are the advantages of the use of smaller and fastest vessels and simpler equipment?	It allows the fleet's rationalization and a quicker and more effective response to more frequent situations. It also fosters economic profits and environmental benefits.	[ "In Brazil, environmental laws define oil containment and collection as a primary strategy to oil spills originated by exploitation and production enterprises that reaches water bodies. Thus, it is foreseen a continuous equipment increase over the time, in a scaled response, always in accordance to accidental scena...	pira	en	true	[ "A1402" ]	false	[ "Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna...
What is the only statistically significant difference observed in the hemogram of Antillean manatees of different sexes and from different environments in northeast Brazil?	The only difference was a higher number of heterophiles in manatees that were screened during the dry season of the year.	[ "The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populati...	pira	en	true	[ "A166" ]	false	[ "Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most exploited shrimps of SE-S Brazilian coast. Our aim was to verify if adjacent nursery areas with different environmental condition (Sepetiba and Guanabara bays, SE Brazil) influence on shrimp populations (eg, CPUE) and body shapes. Samplings were carried ou...
Which are the major gyres of rotating currents?	There are five major gyres of rotating currents: two in the Atlantic and two in the Pacific (in each case one north and one south of the equator) and one in the Indian Ocean.	[ "The Earth's ocean and atmosphere are parts of a single, interactive system that controls the global climate. The ocean plays a major role in this control, particularly in the dispersal of heat from the equator towards the poles through ocean currents. The heat transfer through the ocean is possible because of the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2401" ]	false	[ "The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the entire planet. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects the three major southern ocean basins (South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian) and is the largest curre...
What are some examples of legal status of MSP?	It varies between jurisdictions: in some, it is guidance to be taken into account; in others, it has legal force constraining specific management decisions	[ "The growing scale of human activities and the associated impacts on the marine environment mean that conflicts are increasingly occurring between different uses of the ocean. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an effective way of resolving such conflicts. Over the past two decades, MSP has been instituted to a growi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2112" ]	false	[ "The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions...
What are the main challenges to deal with changes on precipitation, winds and sea level?	Performing investment in disaster risk reduction, flood management and early disaster warning systems which are acceptable by the affected populations and adapted to the socioeconomic characteristics and restrictions of the affected areas	[ "Extreme climate events A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. Based on one-minute maximum sustained wind speed, the cyclonic disturbances are categorized into tropical depressions (? 17 m/s), tropical storms (18–32 m/s) and tropical ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2103" ]	false	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...
What is the extension of hydrocarbons discovered in the pre-salt area in Brazil?	That area extends in a track that includes 800 kilometers from the northeast to the southern regions, is 200 kilometers wide away from the coast, and has reservoirs that are 3,000 meters deep.	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A1130" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
Why is it important to understand the distribuition of organic matter in shelf sediments of areas under distinct natural and anthropogenic forces?	To obtain a global view of the carbon cycle.	[ "A better understanding of the sources – continental or marine – and distribution of organic matter (OM) in shelf sediments of areas under distinct natural and anthropogenic forces is essential to obtain a global view of the carbon cycle. In this study, we evaluated the influence of river discharge on the OM accumu...	pira	en	true	[ "A1348" ]	false	[ "Shelf morphology and sedimentary regimes are influenced by processes operating at different temporal and spatial scales and are important records of sea level changes and sediment supply and/or carbonate production. The northern continental shelf of Espírito Santo (Brazil) contains evidence of different sedimentar...
What company transports oil from the Bay of Campos?	one formed by the Mitsubishi Corp and Marubeni Corp.	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...	pira	en	true	[ "A901" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What regulations and laws is Petrobras subject to that a cooperation with a national company could help with?	Petrobras is also subject to laws and regulations for contracting contractors, there are regulations for local content requirements, tax, fiscal and customs regimes specific to the sector.	[ "Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create part...	pira	en	true	[ "A693" ]	false	[ "This paper provides an overview of the main efforts that are being endeavored by Petrobras in order to contribute for developing a Brazilian regulation for use and discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas operation, based on operational safety, well integrity and environmental aspects. I...
How was the Libra pre-salt basin discovered?	The discovery of Libra resulted from the drilling of well 2-ANP-2A by Petrobras in partnership with the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP).	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...	pira	en	true	[ "A694" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...
What does the retrofitting of vessels studied by the subsidiary of Petrobras responsible for the Ducts, Terminals, Maritime Transport and Natural Gas segments impose to the layout and positioning of thrusters?	Tight constraints.	[ "Brazilian offshore scenario requires innovative solutions in order to increase the efficiency of operations, while still keeping the safety and the economical constraints. The global market and naval industry cannot meet the demand of the growing exploration activities, related to the recent discovery of new oil f...	pira	en	true	[ "A317" ]	false	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...
What are the risks to human health from microplastics ingestion?	It's currently unknown, although studies show little correlation to health risks	[ "Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2225" ]	false	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...
How has the agricultural revolution affected the ocean?	It has brought along some problems in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients and pesticides, as well as the airborne and waterborne inputs of nutrients from waste from agricultural stock.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Agricultural inputs The agricultural revolution of the last part of the twentieth century, which has largely enabled the world to feed its rapidly growing population, has also brought with it problems for the ocean in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients...	pira	en	true	[ "B2579" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
Why does the consortium aim to declare commerciality on the Tupi field in December 2010?	In addition to the high production of natural gas and condensed oil, and the high oil storage in the FPSO, the field development plan includes four horizontal oil wells and five gas-producing wells, which will be directly connected to the FPSO.	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...	pira	en	true	[ "A729" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
How many divers take part in "muck diving" every year?	More than 100,000 divers.	[ "Enjoyment of marine wildlife Diving Snorkelling and scuba diving continue to be a significant element in marine tourism, focused on enabling tourists to enjoy underwater wildlife. The substantial growth (about 25 per cent) in the levels of the activity recorded in the period from 2000 to 2013 and reported in the f...	pira	en	true	[ "B2125" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
What is the success rate of the tests from 2014 to 2018?	100% success without contamination	[ "The paper discusses how a new burner can solve environmental challenges in well test applications by reducing the quantity of fallout, providing better control of the burning operation, and allowing operators to adjust to changes in the well/weather conditions. In order to conduct successful well tests, substantia...	pira	en	true	[ "A1833" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes...
Which country is the second top producer of seaweeds?	Indonesia	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2361" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What did Tullow Oil announce?	The Zaedyus discovery offshore French Guinea.	[ "Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil...	pira	en	true	[ "A634" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
What challenges are faced with farmers relating to the input of harmful materials into the ocean?	There are challenges in educating farmers, promoting good husbandry practices that cause less nutrient run-off and monitoring what is happening to agricultural run-off alongside sewage discharges.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Agricultural inputs The agricultural revolution of the last part of the twentieth century, which has largely enabled the world to feed its rapidly growing population, has also brought with it problems for the ocean in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients...	pira	en	true	[ "B2580" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct...
Which consortium was one of the top bidders in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000?	The consortium between Santa Fe Snyder and Construtora Norberto Odebrecht	[ "Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto...	pira	en	true	[ "A865" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
What was the main goal when developing SAASS?	The development period and its cost, besides technical requirements for that application.	[ "Acoustic monitoring in oceans has grown greatly for several purposes. To meet the needs of an acoustic monitoring program of Petrobras, a Brazilian oil exploration company, an acoustic recorder was developed, called SAASS, an autonomous system for the acquisition of submarine signals. This development had as main ...	pira	en	true	[ "A541" ]	false	[ "National sovereignty and protection require a diversity of interdependent systems that jointly provide a large infrastructure for the national security, making possible a continuous monitoring and control. These systems assure the confidential information exchange while providing more complex functionalities when ...
The new LulaMexilhao pipeline will integrate with wich other fields?	Santos, Tupi and Guara	[ "The consortium operating Block BMS11 offshore Brazil has opened the 10 million cu m/day LulaMexilhao natural gas pipeline. The consortium is comprised of operator Petroleo Brasileiro SA 65%, BG Group 25%, and Petrogal Brasil SAGalp Energia 10%. The system connects the presalt Lula field to the Mexilhao platform in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1250" ]	false	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...
What prevents the adoption of side-by-side offloading operations on the Brazilian coast?	Environmental conditions in Brazilian waters would demand very large operational availability.	[ "The lastest discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the Brazilian offshore area present new challenges on gas transportation due to their location, far away from the coast. For these new scenarios, Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units may be a good solution for a natural gas volume production around 2.5 MTPA...	pira	en	true	[ "A1235" ]	false	[ "Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t...
Where are located most regions without access to technologies that can assist with the sustainable use of marine resources?	Most of these regions are located on the least developed countries.	[ "Technological advancesAreas beyond national jurisdiction have become increasingly accessible owing to technological advancements that facilitate the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea resources, including biodiversity, minerals, oil and gas. Ensuring the sustainable development of those regions will require ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2451" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...
What is Cherne II's maximum penetration range?	110 m	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...	pira	en	true	[ "A961" ]	false	[ "The project and the construction of the secondary Mooring Berth intended for petroleum by-products which forms part of the system of the Petrobras Almirante Tamandate Maritime Terminal (Tegua) in Guanabara Bay, and permits 18 simultaneous operations of two 35,000 dwt tankers. The total length of the mooring berth ...
What are the plastic pollution estimates for 2050?	It is estimated that, if current consumption patterns and waste management practices do not improve, there will be about 12 billion tons of plastic litter in landfills and the natural environment by 2050.	[ "Outlook The management of marine litter pollution is exceptionally complex and requires an integrated approach, encompassing science, legislation, economics, ocean literacy, education, social participation and international cooperation on capacity-building, and technology transfer, as well as technical and financi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2423" ]	false	[ "Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t...
What is one indicator that economic growth has increased globally?	The average annual income of an individual increased from $3,300 in 1950 to $14,574 in 2016.	[ "Economic activity Economic growth, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, has steadily increased globally, although it has slowed as a result of declining trade volume. Growth in the first half of 2019 stood at 1 per cent, the weakest level since 2012 (IMF, 2019). Economic growth, when averaged acros...	pira	en	true	[ "B2532" ]	false	[ "Population growth and demographic changes Although the global human population increased from 7 billion in 2011 to 7.7 billion in 2019, the growth rate has been steadily decreasing, from 2.1 per cent in 1968 to 1.08 per cent in 2019. Projections of global population growth suggest an uneven but continuing increase...
What may change the stream of material dumped in the ocean?	The change in the production and consumption patterns of these materials.	[ "Outlook Drivers of change in reference to dumping are associated with modifications to the production and consumption patterns of materials that are currently dumped in the ocean. Whereas different and distinct waste streams are covered under the London Convention and the London Protocol, each stream is associated...	pira	en	true	[ "B2040" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
What are the uncertainty of the brazilian pre-salt?	Some of the most relevant are the quality and the heterogeneity degree of each reservoir zone; the compositional grading of the fluids; the performance of different EOR methods; and the presence of fractures affecting the flow	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A1157" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
The results on the species L. pertusa confirmed its periodic / seasonal reproduction. What months of the year do you focus your possible spawning season in the Northeast Atlantic region?	May and July	[ "The logistics of research on deep-sea organisms imposes restrictions on studies that require repetitive long-term collections. Studies on the reproduction of deep-water corals have commonly been made without appropriate temporal series. This study included Madrepora oculata, Solenosmilia variabilis, Lophelia pertu...	pira	en	true	[ "A1095" ]	false	[ "Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin...
Why has Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks at high differential stress and high temperature in the Santos Basin?	To predict the evolution of the well closure over time for various drilling fluids	[ "In the Santos basin off Brazil, Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks (halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite) at high differential stress and high temperature, using finite-element codes developed in-house. The results were used to predict the evolution of the well closure...	pira	en	true	[ "A1155" ]	false	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...
What is used to permanently moor the FPSO in the location while allowing the vessel to freely weathervane?	An internal bow mounted Turret system, anchored to the seafloor by 8 chain-wire rope-chain combined mooring legs.	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...	pira	en	true	[ "A887" ]	false	[ "Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S...
What is the condition known as SCC?	Is a condition that induces cracks in the pipes metallic layers.	[ "The development of Brazil Offshore fields using flexible pipes took the advantage of the possibility to move around lines, anticipate the production and postpone the decision of where exactly the development phase wells should be placed, making the drilling campaign easier, cheaper and faster. For the Pre-Salt fie...	pira	en	true	[ "A1311" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
What is the Thermoplastic composite pipes ?	Is a fully bonded pipe structure with a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material reinforced with embedded fibre reinforcements.	[ "Thermoplastic composite pipes (TCP) is a fully bonded pipe structure with a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material reinforced with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. DNV GL published in December 2015, the new Recommended Practice DNVGL-RP-F119, intended for the design and quali...	pira	en	true	[ "A1314" ]	false	[ "Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) has a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. It is a disruptive technology where all the advantages for ultra-deep water developments come together: high strength, light weight, corrosion free, low CAPEX...
Where were the highest concentrations of Coprostanol observed in Itajaí Harbor?	The higher values were observed in the area next to the Itajaí Harbor and under influence of Itajaí-Mirim River flow, which receives wastewater from several cities.	[ "The Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil, due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing. In addition, industries as well as urban and tourism activities are...	pira	en	true	[ "A1370" ]	false	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...
How were carbon and nutrient flows calculated?	Using the contents of SAR and TOC, TN and TP.	[ "Purpose: In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on carbon and nutrient accumulation, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) accumulation rates were examined in a 210Pb-dated mangrove sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by multiple environmen...	pira	en	true	[ "A1502" ]	false	[ "The complex system of the atmosphere and ocean currents is also crucial to the distribution of life in the ocean, since it regulates, among other factors, (as said above) temperature, salinity, oxygen content, absorption of carbon dioxide and the penetration of light and (in addition to these) the distribution of ...
How can we measure the influence of salt rocks on the evolution of the closure of the well closure over time?	One way is to do simulations with salt rocks at high differential stress and high temperature.	[ "In the Santos basin off Brazil, Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks (halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite) at high differential stress and high temperature, using finite-element codes developed in-house. The results were used to predict the evolution of the well closure...	pira	en	true	[ "A1190" ]	false	[ "Most subsurface rock models consider salt bodies as homogenous masses and set to evaporite minerals constant values of elastic properties such as density, compressional and shear velocities, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Lithological analyzes of outcrops and wells indicate that evaporites present large vert...
how deep is an exploration well?	the record for an ultradeep water exploration well was in depths of 3,400 m	[ "Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op...	pira	en	true	[ "B2486" ]	false	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...
What are the impacts of shipyards on estuarine environments?	Due to the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, shipyards may release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form.	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...	pira	en	true	[ "A173" ]	false	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...
What's causing biodiversity loss and habitat damage on marine environments?	Increasing pressures from multiple sources.	[ "Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff...	pira	en	true	[ "B2193" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...
What was Miliolinella subrotunda, D. nitida, and all agglutinated species associated with?	In mangrove areas, they were associated with organic matter and high levels of chlorophyll.	[ "Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1583" ]	false	[ "Studies on mixed carbonatic and siliciclastic sedimentation on the Brazilian continental shelf have been used Foraminifera as bioindicators of carbonate productivity, marine currents, nutrient intakes, and environmental health. This work aim to investigate the recent sedimentary coverage and the Foraminifera assem...
What is SSS technology about?	SSS is an acronym for Subsea Separation Systems, a technology for deep and ultra deep waters	[ "This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM...	pira	en	true	[ "A944" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
Which is the richest Brazilian Late Cretaceous palynological continental record?	The uppermost part of the Adamantina and Uberaba formations of the Bauru Group.	[ "The Cretaceous Bauru Group of the Paraná Basin in Brazil is a widespread continental unit well known for its vertebrate and invertebrate fossiliferous content. The São Carlos Formation is an exception among its distinct and dominantly reddish siliciclastic units, which are otherwise devoid of palynomorphs. It incl...	pira	en	true	[ "A210" ]	false	[ "Based on the palynological record of core REG 972, this work aimed to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental history from 66.5 to 47 kyr BP at the south Brazilian continental margin, as well as to identify the influence of continental discharge in the southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone. Nineteen...
What software was used as an additional tool to analyze the results obtained from the model tests carried out on the trailer tank of the IPT (Institute of Technological Research of the State of São Paulo)?	Numerical Offshore Tank.	[ "This paper presents the experimental results obtained from the model tests performed at the IPT (State of São Paulo Technological Research Institute) towing tank, located in São Paulo, Brazil. The model used was the semi-submersible ITTCSR192, at a scale 1:105. The main focus of this study is the analysis of the r...	pira	en	true	[ "A1026" ]	false	[ "During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and ...
How was the contamination of sewage in sediments on the intertidal surface of the Guajará Estuary evaluated?	Using a set of steroids as biomarkers.	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...	pira	en	true	[ "A1495" ]	false	[ "The Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil, due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing. In addition, industries as well as urban and tourism activities are...
What does the growth rate of corals on the Brazilian coast show us?	shows us a trend that adjusts to the evolution of ozone depletion, confirming that ozone impacts are far reaching and impacts the ecosystem	[ "Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem...	pira	en	true	[ "A1192" ]	false	[ "In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit...
What is Piranema's oil storage capacity?	300000 barrels	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1074" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
The article discusses, mainly, what kind of lesion in the sea turtles found?	Gastrointestinal injuries.	[ "Free-living marine turtles are constantly exposed to aggression factors and the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main gateways of entry. The objective of this study was to identify, and describe the anatomopathological alterations in the stomach of free-living marine turtles found dead on the beaches of the Mi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1676" ]	false	[ "Background: Owing to the abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels, seabirds are considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems. Gout is a common disease affecting birds, but also occurs in other taxa, including mammals and re...
What are the results of the toxicity study of the water columns in Guanabara Bay?	No acute levels of toxicity or significant impacts due to oil spills in the area.	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...	pira	en	true	[ "A703" ]	false	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...
How many separate source rock systems were identified?	Four.	[ "Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil...	pira	en	true	[ "A633" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
What are Petrobras' two pilot fields for the pre-salt development strategy in Brazil?	The two pilot fields are the Sapinhoá and Lula fields.	[ "Large volume semi-submersible units may present significant wave induced resonant motions in heave, roll and pitch. Evaluating the slow motions of such systems is important from the initial stages of their designs and therefore requires a model that is both accurate and expedite enough. In the present article, dif...	pira	en	true	[ "A1000" ]	false	[ "This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and...
Where can the Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus be found?	It can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil.	[ "The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populati...	pira	en	true	[ "A165" ]	false	[ "Aim: The disjunct distributions of freshwater organisms along coastal drainages are usually explained by palaeodrainages formed during sea-level retreats that connected currently isolated basins, or by river capture from tectonic adjustments between adjoining watersheds. We evaluate the relative importance of thes...
What has formed hydrates in the choke and kill lines in the low-temperature environment close to the seafloor?	Water-based mid (WBM) mixed with the gas influx.	[ "Several gas-influx events occurred while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil. The 9 5/8-in. casting was set at 12,480 ft before drilling the final 8 1/2-in. phase of the program. A sequence of gas-influx events adversely affected drilling operations. Water-based...	pira	en	true	[ "A276" ]	false	[ "Marine hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) exist primarily on continental slopes where there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough. Concern has been expressed about the climatic risks resulting from the sudden release of large amounts of meth...
Through what information was it possible to prove that the height of waves around the world is increasing?	Long-term satellite data.	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...	pira	en	true	[ "B2165" ]	false	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...
What did the BG Group do with the estimates of Reserva Tupis and how did Petrobras react?	The BG Group lift tupi reserves estimate and Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate.	[ "BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco...	pira	en	true	[ "A726" ]	false	[ "Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the...
What was collected in a mangrove in Sepetiba Bay?	A 50-cm length sediment core.	[ "Purpose: In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on carbon and nutrient accumulation, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) accumulation rates were examined in a 210Pb-dated mangrove sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by multiple environmen...	pira	en	true	[ "A1501" ]	false	[ "Rare-earth elements have gained significant attention as they are currently widely used in high tech, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Here we used the fiddler crabs Leptuca leptodactyla as bioindicators to verify the presence of rare-earth elements in two mangrove areas of the Ubatuba, northern littoral o...
Is there any other technique or solution to control sand production?	No, the text afirms that GPT is the only technique	[ "As a solution for sand production problems associated with the production of hydrocarbons from sandstone reservoirs, the gravel packing technique (GPT) has been used by Petrobras since the early seventies when some small offshore fields in northeast Brazil were completed with this technique. More recently Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1111" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
Which mangrove river in Ubatuba has higher levels of concentration of rare-earth elements?	Tavares River mangrove.	[ "Rare-earth elements have gained significant attention as they are currently widely used in high tech, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Here we used the fiddler crabs Leptuca leptodactyla as bioindicators to verify the presence of rare-earth elements in two mangrove areas of the Ubatuba, northern littoral o...	pira	en	true	[ "A156" ]	false	[ "Mangroves are productive ecosystems of tropical coastal landscapes, constituting habitat for many commercial fisheries, as the crab Ucides cordatus. In Brazil this crab holds a major socio-economic importance for artisanal fishery, but with obvious decline on their productivity. In this study we determined and map...
Why the sediments grain size presents variation?	Mainly due to the breakdown of Halimeda nodules and the presence of gravel with iron coating.	[ "This paper describes the carbonate–siliciclastic system of the equatorial continental shelf of NE Brazil (East Ceará) based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF), grain size, CaCO3, shallow seismic and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) analyses. Data were obtained for two sectors: 1) Halimeda Bank (HB), inner shelf (?12 m), a...	pira	en	true	[ "A1931" ]	false	[ "The northeastern Brazilian continental shelf has a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation system. This study applied statistical analysis on superficial sediments to access the conditions and controls of sedimentary distribution and processes along the outer shelf depositional environment. The total of 123 gr...
Which part of Brazil's south continental margin was analyzed and had it's indicators leading to conclude the prevalence of marine conditions in it's sedimentary formation?	The southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone	[ "Based on the palynological record of core REG 972, this work aimed to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental history from 66.5 to 47 kyr BP at the south Brazilian continental margin, as well as to identify the influence of continental discharge in the southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone. Nineteen...	pira	en	true	[ "A1406" ]	false	[ "The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na...
Where will Petrobras invest $1.2 billion to develop gas production in 2010?	Petrobras plans to invest this money at the offshore Manati field in the Camamu-Almada basin, to develop gas production	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A858" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
What is the purpose of this article?	Report the production management of national shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1152" ]	false	[ "This paper shows work performed through a Joint Industry Project (JIP), aimed to enable repairs made from composite materials to be applied to metallic structural components of offshore platforms in general and FPSOs in particular. The basic motivation was to provide a repair methodology that would cause a reduced...
What is the name of the agreement that authorized the Brazilian Government to assign 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent to Petrobras in 2010?	Transfer of Rights Agreement.	[ "In general, Oil Companies need a contract with the government to have legal rights to carry out Exploration and Production (E&P) projects. In this work, we discuss contractual and economic issues in (E&P) sector in Brazil and the dynamics of uncertainties throughout the stages of an E&P project. This study uses Pe...	pira	en	true	[ "A826" ]	false	[ "Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ...
How are the parts of the Cear basin sedimentary fills called?	They are called megassequences	[ "Exploration in the Cear basin, on the south-western part of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, commenced in the early 1970s. Several moderate size fields such as Xar u, Curim , Atum, and Espada fields, with URR volume of around 200 MM BOE, were discovered on the shelf and are producing to this day. Exploration in th...	pira	en	true	[ "A1411" ]	false	[ "Circular to elliptical topographic depressions, isolated or organized in trails, have been observed on the modern seabed in different contexts and water depths. Such features have been alternatively interpreted as pockmarks generated by fluid flow, as sediment waves generated by turbidity currents, or as a combina...
What is the size of the Blue Amazon?	Almost half of Brazil.	[ "Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of...	pira	en	true	[ "A332" ]	false	[ "This paper summarizes the geologic knowledge of the Foz do Amazonas basin in Northern Brazil, which has been investigated by Petrobras through geophysics and exploratory drilling. The basin covers an area of about 200,000 km 2 , including the present coastal zone, continental shelf, and Amazon submarine fan. This ...
What factors harm the structure and functioning of the Brazilian coastal zone?	Ocean warming and acidification, sea level rise, biological invasions and their interactions with pollution, overfishing, and other stressors.	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A511" ]	false	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....
What factors were considered in the study done at São Marcos Bay?	Occurrence, environmental fate, seasonal variations and ecological risk assessment of irgarol and diuron in water and sediment from the bay.	[ "Antifouling biocides, such as irgarol and diuron, are commonly used in antifouling paints. Recently, studies carried out in a Brazilian region of ecological concern have warned for extremely high levels of these biocides. So, this work focused on a 4-year (2015–2018) evaluation considering the occurrence, environm...	pira	en	true	[ "A1342" ]	false	[ "The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplank...
What does the most recent survey on death and injuries in the fishing industry say?	That there are higher levels of injuries and deaths compared to other industries, reaching 18 to 40 times higher.	[ "Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm...	pira	en	true	[ "B2330" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...
Which parameters are used for calibration in the numerical model called Dynamism, applied in vessels operated by Petrobras under several environmental conditions?	The parameters are distance time-series, heading variation and trajectory during drift of the vessel	[ "In drilling vessels, the dynamic positioning (DP) system has great importance for the operation, since it ensures the station keeping ability for carrying out the drilling operation. However, an emergency situation involves ungoverned drift due to problems associated with the DP system failures, such as thrusters,...	pira	en	true	[ "A1841" ]	false	[ "After the boom of converted floating, production, storage and offloading systems, based on the old VLCC design, many engineering institutes started thinking about optimum dimension for new units. However, these new FPSOs designs carried out worldwide concerns about good seakeeping behavior when considering general...
How were ambiguities in oil detection by remote sensing handled?	With the help of auxiliary information in a GIS environment (Geographic Information System).	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...	pira	en	true	[ "A664" ]	false	[ "The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement...
Which natural factors influence the sea-level changes?	Winds and ocean currents, vertical movements of the land, isostatic adjustment of the levels of land in response to changes in physical pressures and coastal erosion.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th...	pira	en	true	[ "B2123" ]	false	[ "In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe...
How much of the current oil production in Brazil comes from Campos basin?	Campos basin is responsible for about 62% of the current oil production in Brazil.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A432" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
Which human activities in the oceans are examples of non-consumptive activities?	Swimming, diving, kayaking, surfing, sailing and wildlife viewing.	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services from the ocean (cultural services) cover a wide range of practices. The services are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2033" ]	false	[ "Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe...
What has enhanced offshore exploration and production over the last decades and is benefiting marine renewable energy industry?	Technological advancement and innovation in exploration and production.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2138" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
How did the reseachers use the elements present in the water that were present in the original sediment from the river to assess the impact of the Dam disaster?	They used these elements as geochemical markers of the Fundão tailings.	[ "In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1785" ]	false	[ "The present study deals with bioavailability of trace metals in the Doce river continental shelf, southeast of Brazil. The bottom sediments of the study area were firstly sampled a few weeks before the biggest environmental disaster of Brazil, the collapse of the Fundão dam in November of 2015. The disaster releas...
Does the ocean provides only social and economical heritage?	No, the ocean also provides historical and cultural heritage.	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems Heritage is also part of the cultural services provided by the ocean, with significant, though often unquantified, social and economic benefits (Firth, 2015). The iconic nature of underwater cultural heritage, such as historic shipwrecks,...	pira	en	true	[ "B2013" ]	false	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services from the ocean (cultural services) cover a wide range of practices. The services are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and t...
What has the increase inflow of seawater from the Central Atlantic Ocean along the Equatorial pull-apart rift basins caused?	The enlargement and deepening of the existent brine lake while its salinity dropped.	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1081" ]	false	[ "Rifting and related normal stress regime in the equatorial continental margin of Brazil ceased during the Late Cretaceous, when the stress regimes in eastern South America and West Africa changed to induce strike-slip or reverse motion. In this study, we explore the postrift tectonic, geomorphic, magmatic, and sed...
Of the 23 blocks offered in the second bid of oil exploration offered by Brazil's government in June 2000, how many were not licensed?	2	[ "Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto...	pira	en	true	[ "A2001" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
In which five different areas was The GeDIg-BRC pilot project divided?	Real time production operations monitoring, integrated planning, process design, change management, and collaborative environment design and construction.	[ "In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields...	pira	en	true	[ "A1239" ]	false	[ "Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario...
What type of information can be acquired from the detailed analysis of facies and stacking patterns?	Information about depositional processes, paleoenvironmental conditions, and the evolution of the studied system through time.	[ "Coquinas constitute widespread deposits in lacustrine, estuarine, and shallow marine settings, where they are a valuable source of information on environmental conditions. Thick coquina successions were deposited in a series of lacustrine rift basins that formed along the Brazilian Continental Margin during the ea...	pira	en	true	[ "A1812" ]	false	[ "Volcanic rock facies characterization in subsurface log data have always being challenging. Even though considerable types of well logs are acquired, the results achieved on facies characterization with the conventional log suits are very limited. Conversely, high-resolution borehole image logs calibrated with sid...
What was the total amout of heavy oil available at the Roncador field?	3 billion bbl.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A665" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...
What is the estimated number of seabirds killed accidentally by fishing annually?	Approximately 160,000 albatrosses and petrels, mainly in the southern hemisphere.	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...	pira	en	true	[ "B2376" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af...
What was the variation in the growth of aquaculture between the 1990s and 2016?	-42%	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2509" ]	false	[ "Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.