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How are regional fisheries management organizations contributing to the preservation of marine environments? | By coordinating efforts aiming at the management of shared fishery resources, and in some regions, implementing effective stock rebuilding frameworks following overfishing. | [
"Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov... | pira | en | true | [
"B2208"
] | false | [
"Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se... |
Where has the total sea ice extent been declining rapidly? | It has been declining rapidly in the Arctic, but not in the Antarctic. | [
"Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be... | pira | en | true | [
"B1997"
] | false | [
"The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss... |
What indicates the polygenetic nature of FNI soils? | The coexistence of high-activity and low-activity clay minerals, combined with gibbsite and unstable primary minerals | [
"Volcanic oceanic islands host soils that may hold important paleo-environmental proxies, based on vegetation and faunal evidences coupled with pedological and geomorphological indicators. In this regard, the main Brazilian oceanic island of Fernando de Noronha (FNI) still lacks a deeper and more complete analysis ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1540"
] | false | [
"This study aimed to assess spatial and temporal ecosystem health variability of coral reefs in the Tamandaré open embayment, located in Northeast Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean, using water and sediment parameters and benthic foraminifera as bioindicators. Sediment samples were collected during the summer and wi... |
What are the advantages of rock salt that allow to open caverns by dissolution in salt domes used for storage of hydrocarbons and other products? | The fact that rock salt has negligible porosity when compared to other geomaterials and the process of self-healing. | [
"With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a... | pira | en | true | [
"A410"
] | false | [
"Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ... |
Why does the South-East channel of the CESM requires protection? | Beucase it is a nursery area for many species | [
"The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplank... | pira | en | true | [
"A1956"
] | false | [
"The Santa Marta Grande Cape (CSM) area, a relatively steep and narrow continental shelf off southeast Brazil, is under the influence of the Brazil Current and intense seasonal variations of the wind field that affect the composition of water masses and their circulation. Hydrographic data, satellite-derived wind s... |
What are two important factors contributing to changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change? | spatial variations in the distribution of evaporation and precipitation and changes in ocean surface currents | [
"Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2147"
] | false | [
"In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe... |
what is the variation of thicknesses of the salt layers? | 2000m to 5000 m | [
"With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a... | pira | en | true | [
"A378"
] | false | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... |
Where is the Piranema oilfield located? | In the brazilian north coast. | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... | pira | en | true | [
"A864"
] | false | [
"Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o... |
What is the importance of seafood products to humankind? | They are a major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... | pira | en | true | [
"B2132"
] | false | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... |
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the fishing industries? | Affected especially the international trade of products and the supply chains. | [
"Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm... | pira | en | true | [
"B2329"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
The Exclusive Economic Zone of Brazil has an oceanic area of what size? | 4.5 million square kilometers | [
"Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of... | pira | en | true | [
"A329"
] | false | [
"This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine... |
What have regulators done to prevent accidents that are caused by the use of hazardous materials and operations in hostile environments? | They have been trying to catch up on the design of regulatory frameworks that prevent these types of events. | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... | pira | en | true | [
"A671"
] | false | [
"The offshore O&G production has been increasing considerably in the last five years. Therefore, to guarantee the safety of their operations, the O&G companies are being pushed by regulators agencies to establish a robust and efficient safety management system, particularly in Brazil, where the Petroleum National A... |
Why some of the wells had been drilled in large wellbore configurations at the pre-salt area at Santos? | Due to deeper pre-salt layers and geological uncertainties. | [
"Following the major pre-salt reservoirs discovery in Santos Basin by Petrobras in 2006, a large number of exploratory and development wells have been drilled in the area. More recently, some of those wells have been drilled in large wellbore configurations, mostly due to deeper pre-salt layers and geological uncer... | pira | en | true | [
"A1150"
] | false | [
"Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c... |
In the study, where Crassostrea rhizophorae's grazing ability on suspended particles was observed? | In it's natural habitat | [
"Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuaries induces high phytoplankton production, contributing to coastal eutrophication. Abundant natural banks of filter feeders, such as bivalves, in downstream areas may contribute to reducing symptoms of eutrophication by decreasing phytoplankton biomass and amount of mater... | pira | en | true | [
"A1245"
] | false | [
"Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t... |
What area, excluding northeast Brazil, has been given as owning discoveries that Petrobras has made? | Campos Basin area in Rio de Janeiro | [
"As a solution for sand production problems associated with the production of hydrocarbons from sandstone reservoirs, the gravel packing technique (GPT) has been used by Petrobras since the early seventies when some small offshore fields in northeast Brazil were completed with this technique. More recently Petrobra... | pira | en | true | [
"A1101"
] | false | [
"An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ... |
Does Brazil use renewable energy resources from the ocean? | In Brazil, despite the extensive coastline and the fact that almost 82% of the Brazilian electricity matrix is renewable, the ocean's renewable energy resources are still practically untapped. | [
"This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, o... | pira | en | true | [
"A1469"
] | false | [
"Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ... |
What can generate a higher hydrocarbon potential in a deposit like the Pirabas Formation? | The presence of Thalassinoides, which results in better porosity and permeability, increasing the flow and storage of fluids | [
"The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P... | pira | en | true | [
"A1671"
] | false | [
"The current research was performed in the eastern portion of the Marlim oilfield to identify the hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Albian-Oligocene sequences (Macaé Group, Ubatuba and Carapebus formations) in the Campos Basin, Brazil. On the basis of petroleum geochemical proxies, an integrated approach was ... |
Where is Mithraculis forceps' natural habitat? | The species resides close to the Anchieta island. | [
"The population structure of Mithraculus forceps sampled monthly on Anchieta Island from January 1999 to December 2000 was studied. A total of 68 individuals were collected by SCUBA diving. The population presented normal and unimodal distribution, and the total sex ratio was 1.4:1.0 in favour of males. Ovigerous f... | pira | en | true | [
"A328"
] | false | [
"Mangroves are productive ecosystems of tropical coastal landscapes, constituting habitat for many commercial fisheries, as the crab Ucides cordatus. In Brazil this crab holds a major socio-economic importance for artisanal fishery, but with obvious decline on their productivity. In this study we determined and map... |
What is the cause of predicted disruptions in various existing ecosystems? | climate change scenarios | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis... | pira | en | true | [
"B2359"
] | false | [
"Theme G Adverse impacts on marine ecosystems come from the cumulative impacts of a number of human activities. Ecosystems, and their biodiversity, that might be resilient to one form or intensity of impact can be much more severely affected by a combination of impacts: the total impact of several pressures on the ... |
What are the topographic data, 2D seismic reflection lines, vertical electrical soundings, and geochronological and sounding data used for? | They are used to restrict the evolution of tension in the Potiguar Basin of the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary | [
"Rifting and related normal stress regime in the equatorial continental margin of Brazil ceased during the Late Cretaceous, when the stress regimes in eastern South America and West Africa changed to induce strike-slip or reverse motion. In this study, we explore the postrift tectonic, geomorphic, magmatic, and sed... | pira | en | true | [
"A1634"
] | false | [
"Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari... |
Why did Petrobras postpone the construction of the gas pipelines in the Espírito Santo basin, in Peroa-Cangoa? | Due to the lack of fuel transportation capacity, the construction of these gas pipelines was postponed until the end of the first half of 2006. | [
"Petrobras has postponed until the end of the first half of 2006 the start of production at the offshore Peroa-Cangoa gasfields in the Espirito Santo basin because of lack of transport capacity for the fuel. The development project includes a fixed unmanned platform on Peroa and a 50-km subsea pipeline from the pla... | pira | en | true | [
"A1170"
] | false | [
"Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ... |
In which areas do Petrobras and the UK's BG Group study installing floating gas liquefaction plants? | In the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. | [
"Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the... | pira | en | true | [
"A286"
] | false | [
"This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t... |
What is the aim of the study? | To evaluate the occurrence of COC and BE in seawater, sediment and mussels from a subtropical coastal zone (Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil) | [
"Data on the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) in marine environmental compartments are still limited, with few studies reporting superficial water contamination, mainly in tropical zones. In this sense, environmental data of these substances are essential to identify potential polluting sources,... | pira | en | true | [
"A1445"
] | false | [
"The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which... |
Why use separators with reduced wall thicknesses? | Because they are especially well suited to deep water and /or high pressure applications. | [
"The Oil and Gas industry is currently investigating innovative solutions in order to develop new fields in deep-water, remote areas and to increase the recovery of mature fields. Subsea separation solutions enhance production while better managing hydrates (gas/liquid separation) or allow the debottlenecking of to... | pira | en | true | [
"A483"
] | false | [
"This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field we... |
How does improper plastic disposal financially affect the coastal areas? | With cleaning expenses due to the litter accumulated on the beaches. | [
"Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2255"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
how much oil is the Espadarte South fpso able to process? | 100,000 bpd of oil | [
"Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S... | pira | en | true | [
"A298"
] | false | [
"Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S... |
What are some examples of small-scale fisheries contributions? | Food security (through affordable fish) and employment for populations in developing countries. | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in fish and seafood consumption The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that total fish consumption, including all aquaculture and inland and marine capture fisheries, has been rising from 9.9 kg per capita in the 1960s... | pira | en | true | [
"B2261"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
How identify the age of high pressure conditions in oceanic crust areas? | The Neoproterozoic zircon grains found in symplectite texture as inclusions in the garnet grains represent the age of the area | [
"We present the first evidence of Archean oceanic crust submitted to Proterozoic high-pressure (HP) metamorphism in the South American Platform. Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotopic data combined with U–Pb geochronological data from the Campo Grande area, Rio Grande do Norte domain, in the Northern Borborema Province, reflect ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1421"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-surface temperature The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has reaffirmed in its fifth report its conclusion that global sea-surface temperatures have increased since the late nineteenth century. Upper-ocean temperature (and hence its heat ... |
What are the impacts related to coastal zone occupation? | The increase of coastal management costs and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services | [
"Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div... | pira | en | true | [
"B2524"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
What was the goal of the Inter-Ministerial Commission of Sea Resources? | Articulate issues leading to a national policy for the coastal region of Brazil. | [
"The establishment of policies relevant to the oceanic area in Brazil aims to guide the rational planning of resources of marine space (Blue Amazon), ensuring the quality of coastal population life and the effective protection of ecosystems and resources within it. Therefore, it appears as a major factor in the for... | pira | en | true | [
"A1125"
] | false | [
"Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov... |
How will the helicopter routing problem in the Campos basin be solved? | It will be solved by means of an algorithm that finds the ideal allocation of passengers for fixed helicopter routes. | [
"This work presents a column generation baaed heuristic algorithm for the problem of planning the flights of helicopters to attend transport requests among airports in the continent and offshore platforms on the Campos basin for the Brazilian State Oil Company (Petrobras). We start from a previous MIP based heurist... | pira | en | true | [
"A259"
] | false | [
"PETROBRÁS’s exploration and production operations in Campos Basin, is the biggest offshore activity supported by helicopter in the Brazilizan coast. With the increment of the activities, the number of platform, rigs and drilling ships are increasing and it is necessary a great number of helicopters to accomodate a... |
What are the estimated paleo sea level at the time of the pedogenesis? | Was estimated to be above the maximum height of the global eustatic curves related to Marine Isotopic Stage 3. | [
"A deposit dated from 40 cal ka bp is interpreted as a remnant of a spodic B horizon exposed on the seabed adjacent to Guanabara Bay at an average depth of 22 m. Bathymetric data, side scan sonar imagery, and underwater images were used to map the expressive feature, never informed before. It is a semi-consolidated... | pira | en | true | [
"A1735"
] | false | [
"Southeastern Brazilian marine coastal deposits provide an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental changes such as sea level and trophic variability during the Holocene period. In this study, we present a sediment record from Arraial do Cabo Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. In order to improve the understandin... |
Where can podocopid ostracod species be found in Brazil? | In the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque and Cabo Frio | [
"This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w... | pira | en | true | [
"A1374"
] | false | [
"Seventeen species of podocopid and platycopid Ostracoda were recorded in the 26 samples studied from the DSDP (= Deep Sea Drilling Project) Site 515B, Brazil Basin. The Trachyleberididae (eight spp.) and Krithidae (four spp.) are the most-represented families. Most species were left in open nomenclature because of... |
Where is the Paranaguá estuarine complex located? | In south Brazil, south-western Atlantic Ocean. | [
"Based on the knowledge of local artisanal fishermen and on direct observations, this study presents evidence that the giant manta ray Manta birostris uses the Paranaguá estuarine complex in south Brazil, south-western Atlantic Ocean, in a predictable seasonal pattern. Behavioural observations suggest that the estu... | pira | en | true | [
"A214"
] | false | [
"The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T... |
Why do the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean have the highest levels of anthropogenic noise? | Because these areas are characterized by heavy industrial activities. | [
"The main anthropogenic noise sources in the ocean include vessels, industrial activity, including seismic exploration and renewable energy development, and sonar. Anthropogenic noise levels vary across space and time, the primary drivers being levels of human activity and propagation characteristics in the region.... | pira | en | true | [
"B2222"
] | false | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co... |
What is the biggest reason for the variations in erosion rates in Serra do mar? | The climatic condition of the region | [
"The Atlantic Ocean coast region of southeast Brazil contains two coast-parallel mountain ranges (the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira) generated by tectonic activity pulses tens of millions years after the main continental rift event occurred around 120 Ma. Although the short-term erosion rates for the region... | pira | en | true | [
"A1644"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac... |
In which aspect the Santos Basin Pre-salt oil reservoir differs from the others found in Brazil? | The concentration of CO2 is higher. | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ... | pira | en | true | [
"A430"
] | false | [
"Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ... |
What advantages does the use of electric submersible pumps (ESP) bring to oil production? | Highest oil production and greater distances from the well to the platform would be made practical. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A289"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
What is unusual about the microbial carbonete in Santos Basin Pre-salt Cluster? | Its origin and petrophisical properties. | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no... | pira | en | true | [
"A935"
] | false | [
"Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ... |
What could be a possible drawback of the Bayesian inference for estimating directional wave spectra? | Inversion of the mean direction (180° shift) | [
"The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa... | pira | en | true | [
"A778"
] | false | [
"Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) success depends on producing seamless short- and long-wavelength model updates while avoiding cycle skipping. In its traditional implementation, FWI risks converging to an inaccurate result if the data lacks sufficient low frequencies or the starting model is far from the true one. Ad... |
How is the addition of column generation procedures that improve the solution of a previous MIP for a helicopter routing problem done? | This is done by extending the earlier formulation and providing an algorithm to find optimal passenger allocation to fixed helicopter routes. | [
"This work presents a column generation baaed heuristic algorithm for the problem of planning the flights of helicopters to attend transport requests among airports in the continent and offshore platforms on the Campos basin for the Brazilian State Oil Company (Petrobras). We start from a previous MIP based heurist... | pira | en | true | [
"A357"
] | false | [
"In a growth scenario of the world economy, it is essential to increase the integration between the different actors in the companies’ supply chain, reducing operational costs, and improving efficiency. Ship routing is a crucial part of this integration regarding global maritime commerce. In this work, we present a... |
What is the aim of the design of moonpools? | Its design aim the minimun motion of the water inside the moonpool. | [
"The use of moonpools in offshore technology are normally related to the hull opening in drilling units with the objective to protect drilling equipment from environmental forces, and its design aims the minimum motion of the water inside the moonpool, avoiding water impacts when lowering an equipment. Several stud... | pira | en | true | [
"A1756"
] | false | [
"After the boom of converted floating, production, storage and offloading systems, based on the old VLCC design, many engineering institutes started thinking about optimum dimension for new units. However, these new FPSOs designs carried out worldwide concerns about good seakeeping behavior when considering general... |
What was observed after using the Gas Elevation Optimization workflow? | Due to a gas lift optimization, a 0.5% increase in cumulative production was observed with a huge reduction in lift gas of around 40%, resulting in a better financial balance of the project, saving a considerable amount of lifting gas. | [
"Nowadays gas-lift is still a very expressive artificial lift method, for instance considering the whole Brazilian oil production profiles, gas lifted wells are responsible for 30% of monthly production. Due this huge importance, the injection efficiency should be ensured to avoid lid gas losses and maximize the pr... | pira | en | true | [
"A1455"
] | false | [
"The paper presents an overview of the evolution of Petrobras open hole gravel packing operational practices after the 200th well has been successfully completed with this technique in Campos Basin (CB): a milestone in the history of Petrobras completion practices in deep and ultra-deepwaters. The paper also presen... |
The enforcement strategy cost vary due to what? | Due to the incorporate climate variability | [
"Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre-existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variab... | pira | en | true | [
"A1611"
] | false | [
"In Brazil, environmental laws define oil containment and collection as a primary strategy to oil spills originated by exploitation and production enterprises that reaches water bodies. Thus, it is foreseen a continuous equipment increase over the time, in a scaled response, always in accordance to accidental scena... |
What is HPHT? | High pressure and high temperature. | [
"In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin... | pira | en | true | [
"A451"
] | false | [
"This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul... |
What are some examples of maritime economic activities? | Ocean energy, aquaculture, marine biotechnology, coastal tourism, and seabed mining. | [
"Economic activity Economic growth, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, has steadily increased globally, although it has slowed as a result of declining trade volume. Growth in the first half of 2019 stood at 1 per cent, the weakest level since 2012 (IMF, 2019). Economic growth, when averaged acros... | pira | en | true | [
"B2340"
] | false | [
"About 40 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal zone, that is, within 100 km of the coast. The proportion is increasing. Coastal communities play a key role in supporting all components of the ocean economy, as well as a range of social and cultural values, and all forms of coastal and marine mana... |
What factor affect the composition of water masses and their circulation in Cabo de Santa Marta Grande (CSM)? | The Brazil Current and intense seasonal variations of the wind field. | [
"The Santa Marta Grande Cape (CSM) area, a relatively steep and narrow continental shelf off southeast Brazil, is under the influence of the Brazil Current and intense seasonal variations of the wind field that affect the composition of water masses and their circulation. Hydrographic data, satellite-derived wind s... | pira | en | true | [
"A1892"
] | false | [
"The Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is one of the more productive areas for fisheries in Brazilian waters. The water masses and the dynamical processes of the region present a very seasonal behavior that imprint strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity. This paper ma... |
What has great relevance in the formation of the Brazilian southeastern continental margin ? | The direction in which NNE was active in this region throughout the Phanerozoic period. | [
"The effect of previous structures inheritance is known to be important in the development of tectonic rifts. A series of overlapping structures generally can be represented by lineaments marking the successive tectonic events. We studied the NNE structural lineaments corridor in the central region of the Ribeira B... | pira | en | true | [
"A1914"
] | false | [
"The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na... |
Where can we find coquina successions in Brazil? | On the coast, along the Brazilian Continental Margin. | [
"Coquinas constitute widespread deposits in lacustrine, estuarine, and shallow marine settings, where they are a valuable source of information on environmental conditions. Thick coquina successions were deposited in a series of lacustrine rift basins that formed along the Brazilian Continental Margin during the ea... | pira | en | true | [
"A1783"
] | false | [
"There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th... |
What impact the current global financial crisis had on Petrobras? | Petrobras is postponing to 2009 its construction tenders for 28 deep-sea drilling rigs | [
"The current global financial crisis and other issues have split Brazilian officials regarding the impact of the crisis on exploration and production. However, there have been impacts, as Petroleo Brasilerio SA (Petrobras) now is postponing to 2009 its construction tenders for 28 deep-sea drilling rigs. However, ac... | pira | en | true | [
"A1110"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
How far away are the two pilot fields used in the pre-salt exploration development strategy? | 300 km from the coast of Rio de Janeiro. | [
"The Sapinhoá and Lula North-East fields, 300km offshore Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the two pilot fields of the Pre-salt development strategy. Field architecture consists of satellite wells connected to a spread moored FPSO in each of the fields. Through a design competition Petrobras and Partners selected the de-c... | pira | en | true | [
"A231"
] | false | [
"This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and... |
How the study contribute to the climatological knowledge of regions favorable to the genesis of tropical cyclones in the oceans adjacent to south america? | Using the genesis potential index and analyzing some oceanic and atmospheric variables important to cyclogenesis. | [
"According to the literature, the tropical/subtropical oceans adjacent to South America are not climatologically conducive to tropical cyclones forming according to the literature. However, since 2004, two tropical cyclones have been recorded in the southwest Atlantic Ocean and one subtropical that had the potentia... | pira | en | true | [
"A1587"
] | false | [
"Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem... |
How is it possible to obtain more accurate analyzes of the quality of the Pirabas Formation reservoir? | Taking into account the study of the impact of biogenic structures together with icnological data sets | [
"The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P... | pira | en | true | [
"A1672"
] | false | [
"PRAVAP 2 (Petrobras' strategic project for reservoir characterization) aims mainly technology acquisition and development in reservoir characterization. The project is based on a multidisciplinary approach, and the synergism between operational and research teams. New technologies are put together with others alre... |
In which sectors of the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean, respectively, the ice extent is trending down? | Pacific sector and West Antarctic sector | [
"Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T... | pira | en | true | [
"B2139"
] | false | [
"Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be... |
What the results of the study indicates about the structure of the macrobenthic communities in the Guajará Bay and what does it affect? | Indicates that the communities are structured primarily by salinity, and secondarily by seasonal changes in rainfall rates, which affect the characteristics of both the water and sediments. | [
"This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and... | pira | en | true | [
"A1804"
] | false | [
"While environmental drivers regulate the structure of mangrove microbial communities, their exact nature and the extent of their influence require further elucidation. By means of 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing, we determined the microbial taxonomic profiles of mangroves in the subtropical Paranaguá Bay, Brazil, c... |
Which components are present at all measuring points? | Each point is instrumented with air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, precipitation wind probes sensors. | [
"The meteorological monitoring program for the coastal zone of Brazil was established in cooperation with public and private institutions: Navy Hydrographic Center, Brazilian Institute of Natural Resources, National Space Agency, South Santa Catarina University, Paraná Federal State University, Rio Grande do Sul Fe... | pira | en | true | [
"A1142"
] | false | [
"The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth... |
In what well was the system installed? | In well 8MLS-67HA-RJS. | [
"The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj... | pira | en | true | [
"A369"
] | false | [
"Norsk Hydro has congratulated Baker Oil Tools for its installation of the InForce Intelligent Well System in the Snorre field in the North Sea, which is the first ever installation of the system in the area. The installation will help Hydro reduce rig cost, as well as facilitate production from the P-30 well. The ... |
Which challenges the Brazilian engineering and industy has to overcome? | The challenge of producing oil and gas from the sea | [
"A panoramic view of Petrobras activity offshore Brazil focusing on the Campos Basin's early and permanent production systems, the capability of Brazilian engineering and industry to overcome the challenge of producing oil and gas from the sea, as well as forecasting the performance of the Brazilian state oil compa... | pira | en | true | [
"A243"
] | false | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... |
What was the conclusion over analyzed data from the summer period? | January 2014 to be drier than January 2015, which influenced the availability of some nutrients and the standard distribution of hydrochemical parameters in Laje de Santo's region. | [
"Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant... | pira | en | true | [
"A1874"
] | false | [
"Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin... |
Which versions of the thermal compound differs and outperforms the liquid version currently existing in the Brazilian market? | The foam and solid versions. | [
"ULTRA™ is a novel and advanced flow assurance coating technology recently introduced in the Brazilian market for upcoming, and challenging, offshore projects expected in the next years. This coating technology has been used for over 9 years, and has been designed, applied and installed in offshore projects worldwi... | pira | en | true | [
"A1900"
] | false | [
"Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient... |
What was the number of coastal cities with more than 100000 inhabitants in 2012? | 2129 | [
"Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div... | pira | en | true | [
"B2379"
] | false | [
"Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot... |
Where does the number of whale species peak? | At mid-latitudes between the poles and the equator. | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu... | pira | en | true | [
"B2120"
] | false | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... |
What is TUBFLEX? | TUBEFLEX is a software to predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications. | [
"The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so... | pira | en | true | [
"A595"
] | false | [
"Thermoplastic composite pipes (TCP) is a fully bonded pipe structure with a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material reinforced with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. DNV GL published in December 2015, the new Recommended Practice DNVGL-RP-F119, intended for the design and quali... |
What are the biggest causes of decline in the number of birds? | Invasion of foreign species and climate change. | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af... | pira | en | true | [
"B2347"
] | false | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity... |
How many marine non-indigenous species have been introduced to new locations through human-mediated movements? | 2000 | [
"Globally, about 2,000 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been introduced to new locations through human-mediated movements. A few of those have economic value, but most have had negative ecological, socioeconomic or human health impacts. With increased trade and climate change, biological invasions are likel... | pira | en | true | [
"B2082"
] | false | [
"Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma... |
Oil Production Wells in the Albacora Field in the Campos Basin suffer from decreased productivity. What motivated this reduction? | The paraffin deposition process in the subsea production flow lines. | [
"The production of several wells from the Albacora ield (Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is being togressively lowered due to a paraffin deposition roc ess in the subsea production flowlines. The subsea low temperature is considered to be the leading factor in the paraffin deposition or waxing process of deep... | pira | en | true | [
"A1161"
] | false | [
"Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c... |
In which state of Brazil is the Barracuda field located? | Rio de Janeiro | [
"In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of... | pira | en | true | [
"A942"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What is needed for aquaculture to achieve sustainable intensification? | To advance socioeconomic development, provide safe, affordable and nutritious food, increase production of fish relative to the amount of land, water, feed and energy used and minimize environmental impacts, fish diseases and escapes. | [
"Many countries emphasize environmental sustainability and social responsibility. In addition to laws, regulations and voluntary codes aimed at ensuring environmental integrity, some of the means of achieving this goal include innovative, less polluting techniques proposed by the ecosystem approach to aquaculture, ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2342"
] | false | [
"Inputs and resources Land and water are the most important resources for aquaculture development. Gentry and others (2017) estimated that 11,400,000 km2 of coastline are suitable for fishes, and more than 1,500,000 km2 could be developed for bivalves. The challenge is to secure suitable land and water resources fo... |
When have the strongest El Niño and La Niña events occurred? | During the past 50 years | [
"Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns.... | pira | en | true | [
"B2425"
] | false | [
"Near-inertial oscillations (NIO) are intermittent motions with a frequency close to the inertial frequency and represent an important fraction of the energy to the currents in the upper ocean. Based on hourly velocity records at the shelf break covering the top 50 m of the water column in 5 locations and one addit... |
Where in Brazil can we find one of the highest amplitudes of tides? | in São Marcos Bay | [
"The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplank... | pira | en | true | [
"A1954"
] | false | [
"The present study evaluated the different morphodynamic scenarios that arise under varying tidal and wave conditions on a sandy beach (Ajuruteua) and an exposed tidal flat (Vila dos Pescadores) on the Amazon coast of northern Brazil. For this, four field campaigns were conducted, covering a full annual cycle, for ... |
How does the article develop the performance of the ESP system? | Using field data and software simulations. | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... | pira | en | true | [
"A1724"
] | false | [
"This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM... |
What is one of the consequences of climate change? | Rising sea level. | [
"Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify... | pira | en | true | [
"A1708"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
What are the general conclusions of the study? | Overall, the results indicate that in a system with no gas recharge from the bottom, seasonal temperature oscillations alone cannot account for long-term gas release into the ocean. | [
"The stability of methane hydrates on continental margins worldwide is sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. It has been shown how gradual increases in bottom water temperatures due to ocean warming over post-glacial timescales can destabilize shallow oceanic hydrate deposits, causing their d... | pira | en | true | [
"A1537"
] | false | [
"This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring... |
What can affect the salt flow? | The base-of-salt geometry. | [
"Passive margins underlain by a salt detachment are typically interpreted as kinematically linked zones of updip extension and downdip contraction separated by a zone of translation above a smoothly dipping base of salt. However, salt flow is affected by the base-of-salt geometry across which it flows, and early-st... | pira | en | true | [
"A1588"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Salinity Alongside broad-scale ocean warming, shifts in ocean salinity (salt content) have also occurred. The variations in the salinity of the ocean around the world result from differences in the balance between freshwater inflows (from rivers and g... |
What are some of the physical and geoacoustic properties of polymetallic crusts? | VP, density and acoustic impedance. | [
"Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of... | pira | en | true | [
"A297"
] | false | [
"Marine mining is the ocean’s new exploration frontier, and polymetallic crusts (PMCs) and ferromanganese nodules are considered a strategic resource for the future. Acoustic geophysical methods are a valuable tool for oceanic research and have been employed for several decades in the exploration of marine resource... |
Where is the Paraná Basin located? | In Brazil. | [
"The Cretaceous Bauru Group of the Paraná Basin in Brazil is a widespread continental unit well known for its vertebrate and invertebrate fossiliferous content. The São Carlos Formation is an exception among its distinct and dominantly reddish siliciclastic units, which are otherwise devoid of palynomorphs. It incl... | pira | en | true | [
"A206"
] | false | [
"We investigate the role of reactivation of Precambrian basement fabric in the tectono-sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of the Paraíba Basin, continental margin of northeastern Brazil, during the Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary. This basin represents part of the last bridge between South America and A... |
What are the safety measures needed when testing data on offshore using the Drill-Stem Tests? | It requires a safety equipment placed inside the blowout preventer stack. | [
"Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso... | pira | en | true | [
"A999"
] | false | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... |
What has increased with the increment of PETROBRÁS’s activities of exploration and production in Campos Basin? | The number of platforms, rigs and drilling ships. | [
"PETROBRÁS’s exploration and production operations in Campos Basin, is the biggest offshore activity supported by helicopter in the Brazilizan coast. With the increment of the activities, the number of platform, rigs and drilling ships are increasing and it is necessary a great number of helicopters to accomodate a... | pira | en | true | [
"A863"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil. Most important is the company's success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin. These technological challenges and developments are described together with specific development program... |
How many b/d of processed oil the FPSO P-50 will output by august of 2006? | 180,000 b/d | [
"The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped... | pira | en | true | [
"A1086"
] | false | [
"Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new... |
what does some of the deepwater Offshore reservoir present? | a high productivity index | [
"Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and ... | pira | en | true | [
"A381"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... |
Why is Greece favored in tourism activity? | Because Greece's geography contains a large coastal area, it ends receiving a high influx of tourists. | [
"Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita... | pira | en | true | [
"B2507"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp... |
How can the coastal ecosystems provide benefits to society? | The ecosystems can provide goods, services and cultural benefits | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... | pira | en | true | [
"B1999"
] | false | [
"Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se... |
What is the objective of the Petrobra's Procap-2000 program? | The program is aimed at technological innovation for deepwater exploitation systems. | [
"The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2... | pira | en | true | [
"A492"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi... |
From where are the lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered? | From a well drilled in the Santos Basin. | [
"This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and... | pira | en | true | [
"A153"
] | false | [
"The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the... |
When and where did the first-in-the-world ESP installation occur? | On October of 1994 in RJS-221 at Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, Brazil | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1038"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
In which oil field was the first-in-the-world installation of Electrical Submersible Pumps in a subsea? | At Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, Brazil. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1060"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
When extracting gas and oil, when is the high productivity of the well essential? | When the reserves are located in offshore deep waters. | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... | pira | en | true | [
"A1037"
] | false | [
"Nowadays gas-lift is still a very expressive artificial lift method, for instance considering the whole Brazilian oil production profiles, gas lifted wells are responsible for 30% of monthly production. Due this huge importance, the injection efficiency should be ensured to avoid lid gas losses and maximize the pr... |
Why is the The Red Sea's mean surface salinity higher than the global average? | The Red Sea has low riverine input and high insolation, and therefore high evaporation, therefore, has a mean surface salinity as high as 42.5 parts per thousand | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... | pira | en | true | [
"B2407"
] | false | [
"Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T... |
How can trawling fishing cause damage to marine environment? | The fishing gear used on trawling fishing can cause damages to coastal and shelf benthic communities, such as the destruction of coral and sponge communities. | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Species structure of highly productive sea areas Many human activities have been documented to have impacts on marine life living on the seabed (benthic communities). The adverse effects of mobile bottom-contacting fishing gear on coastal and shelf... | pira | en | true | [
"B2586"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones... |
Although the four species of corals studied are considered reproductive gonochoric, two of them showed different patterns of hermaphroditism. What species are these? | M. oculata e L. pertusa | [
"The logistics of research on deep-sea organisms imposes restrictions on studies that require repetitive long-term collections. Studies on the reproduction of deep-water corals have commonly been made without appropriate temporal series. This study included Madrepora oculata, Solenosmilia variabilis, Lophelia pertu... | pira | en | true | [
"A1087"
] | false | [
"Aim: To investigate how reef fish trophic structure responds to latitudinal changes, using a simple model: the extensive Brazilian coast. Location: Six Brazilian tropical and subtropical coral and rocky coastal reefs, and the oceanic island of Atol das Rocas, between latitudes 0° and 27° S. Methods: Underwater vis... |
which is the aim of the study ? | The aim is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprise operating in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas. | [
"The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which... | pira | en | true | [
"A1813"
] | false | [
"Study Region: Porous aquifer system of Northeastern Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Study Focus: The present work aimed to comprehend the geochemical processes responsible for the considerable range of salinity (48 to 5651 ?S. cm?1) through chemical composition of groundwater (hydrogeochemical modeling thro... |
Which countries in South America have a high chance of becoming major offshore oil and gas producers? | Brazil and Guyana | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... | pira | en | true | [
"B2320"
] | false | [
"An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ... |
What is an alternative to the physical oceanographic models to provide faster results on flushing times? | Tidal prism calculation. | [
"Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) is the 2nd largest bay in Brazil and an important resource for the people of the State of Bahia. We made measurements of radon and radium in selected areas of the bay to evaluate if these tracers could provide estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and flushing times of the Pa... | pira | en | true | [
"A1755"
] | false | [
"The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of... |
How the importance of NIO as a source of kinetic energy to the ocean interior was demonstrated? | Due to the magnitude of the vertical propagation of energy and duration of the events. | [
"Near-inertial oscillations (NIO) are intermittent motions with a frequency close to the inertial frequency and represent an important fraction of the energy to the currents in the upper ocean. Based on hourly velocity records at the shelf break covering the top 50 m of the water column in 5 locations and one addit... | pira | en | true | [
"A1942"
] | false | [
"Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma... |
How did the COVID-19 pandemic disrupt global trade in 2020? | The cargo shipping activity has dropped significantly: for example, trade from the European Union to China and the United States dropped in the first 31 weeks of 2020 by 47 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively, compared with 2019; trade in the reverse directions has dropped by 26 per cent and 38 per cent, respectivel... | [
"Cargo traffic Until 2020, recovery of the world’s economy after 2011 has been reflected in the growth of world trade and, consequently, in the tonnage of cargo carried by international shipping (figure II). When the distances over which the cargoes were carried are taken into account, the growth in ton-miles is ev... | pira | en | true | [
"B2245"
] | false | [
"Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo... |
What is the importance of the cultural practices related to the ocean? | They are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and traditions. | [
"Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services from the ocean (cultural services) cover a wide range of practices. The services are essential to the maintenance and creation of social capital, education, cultural identity and t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2045"
] | false | [
"Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems Heritage is also part of the cultural services provided by the ocean, with significant, though often unquantified, social and economic benefits (Firth, 2015). The iconic nature of underwater cultural heritage, such as historic shipwrecks,... |
Why is there a high demand for deepwater floaters for both drilling and production? | Because Pre-salt area is being a massive new offshore oil frontier. | [
"With Pre-salt area being a massive new offshore oil frontier, there is a high demand for deepwater floaters for both drilling and production. There are some unique challenges related to the ultra-deepwater (water depth beyond 1500m) and the Brazilian environment for the pre-salt area. Various floater concepts have... | pira | en | true | [
"A1899"
] | false | [
"In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo... |
Why the temporal instability occurred at the end of the summer on March 15, 2016, in the city of Rio de Janeiro was unexpected? | Because passing cold front, which is the main climate modifier agent in the state of Rio de Janeiro and can occur throughout the year, occurs more often during the winter | [
"A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transit... | pira | en | true | [
"A1615"
] | false | [
"Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre... |
What is the leading oil company in deep and ultra-deep water technology? | Petrobras. | [
"The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provokin... | pira | en | true | [
"A392"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... |
Which property may have facilitated the migration of pore saline water upwards? | The fluid buoyancy. | [
"Circular to elliptical topographic depressions, isolated or organized in trails, have been observed on the modern seabed in different contexts and water depths. Such features have been alternatively interpreted as pockmarks generated by fluid flow, as sediment waves generated by turbidity currents, or as a combina... | pira | en | true | [
"A1606"
] | false | [
"Study Region: Porous aquifer system of Northeastern Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Study Focus: The present work aimed to comprehend the geochemical processes responsible for the considerable range of salinity (48 to 5651 ?S. cm?1) through chemical composition of groundwater (hydrogeochemical modeling thro... |
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