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AI effect : When IBM's chess-playing computer Deep Blue succeeded in defeating Garry Kasparov in 1997, public perception of chess playing shifted from a difficult mental task to a routine operation. The public complained that Deep Blue had only used "brute force methods" and it wasn't real intelligence. Notably, John M... |
AI effect : No true Scotsman Chinese room Computational intelligence ELIZA effect Functionalism (philosophy of mind) God of the gaps Hallucination (artificial intelligence) History of artificial intelligence Moravec's paradox Moving the goalposts |
AI effect : McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Hofstadter, Douglas (1980), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid |
AI effect : Gleick, James, "The Fate of Free Will" (review of Kevin J. Mitchell, Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will, Princeton University Press, 2023, 333 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 27–28, 30. "Agency is what distinguishes us from machines. For biological creat... |
AI effect : Phillips, Everard M. (1999). If It Works, It's Not AI: A Commercial Look at Artificial Intelligence startups (PDF) (Thesis). MIT. S2CID 112415591. Retrieved 2023-05-16. A bachelor's thesis but cited by A. Poggi; G. Rimassa; P. Turci (October 2002). "What Agent Middleware Can (And Should) Do For You". Applie... |
AI trust paradox : The AI trust paradox (also known as the verisimilitude paradox) is the phenomenon where advanced artificial intelligence models become so proficient at mimicking human-like language and behavior that users increasingly struggle to determine if the information generated is accurate or simply plausible... |
AI trust paradox : In the paper The AI Trust Paradox: Navigating Verisimilitude in Advanced Language Models by Christopher Foster-McBride, published by Digital Human Assistants, the evolution of large language models (LLMs) was explored through a comparative analysis of early models and their more advanced successors. ... |
AI trust paradox : The AI trust paradox can be understood alongside other well-known paradoxes, such as the automation paradox, which addresses the complexity of balancing automation with human oversight. Similar concerns arise in Goodhart’s law, where an AI's optimization of specified objectives can lead to unintended... |
AI trust paradox : Addressing the AI trust paradox requires methods such as reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), which trains AI models to better align their responses with expected norms and user intentions. Efforts in trustworthy AI focus on making AI systems transparent, robust, and accountable to miti... |
AI trust paradox : AI effect AI alignment Polanyi's paradox == References == |
Algorithmic culture : In the digital humanities, "algorithmic culture" is part of an emerging synthesis of rigorous software algorithm driven design that couples software, highly structured data driven design with human oriented sociocultural attributes. An early occurrence of the term is found in Alexander R. Galloway... |
Algorithmic culture : With the flourishing of LLMs, and particularly ChatGPT, algorithmic culture is increasingly visible within the academic mainstream. Jill Walker Rettberg at the University of Bergenis exploration applications of in her works. Some of the examples she uses are: How to use ChatGPT to get past writer'... |
Algorithmic culture : Jonathan Cohn, The burden of choice: Recommendations, subversion, and algorithmic culture, Rutgers University Press, 2019 Fernández Rovira Cristina and Santiago Giraldo Luque. Predictive Technology in Social Media. First edition First ed. CRC Press Eran Fisher, Algorithms and Subjectivity: The Sub... |
Android epistemology : Android epistemology is an approach to epistemology considering the space of possible machines and their capacities for knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, desires and for action in accord with their mental states. Thus, android epistemology incorporates artificial intelligence, computational cognitiv... |
Android epistemology : Craig, Ian D. 1996. A Review of Android Epistemology Robotika Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 1995. Android Epistemology, Cambridge: AAAI Press / MIT Press. Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 2006. Thinking about Android Epistemology, Cambridge: AAAI Press / MIT Press. Glymour,... |
Android epistemology : Computational epistemology Formal epistemology Machine learning Philosophy of mind |
Anticipation (artificial intelligence) : In artificial intelligence (AI), anticipation occurs when an agent makes decisions based on its explicit beliefs about the future. More broadly, "anticipation" can also refer to the ability to act in appropriate ways that take future events into account, without necessarily expl... |
Anticipation (artificial intelligence) : An agent employing anticipation would try to predict the future state of the environment (weather in this case) and make use of the predictions in the decision making. For example, If the sky is cloudy and the air pressure is low, it will probably rain soon so take the umbrella ... |
Anticipation (artificial intelligence) : Humans can make decisions based on explicit beliefs about the future. More broadly, animals can act in appropriate ways that take future events into account, although they may not necessarily have an explicit cognitive model of the future; evolution may have shaped simpler syste... |
Anticipation (artificial intelligence) : Action selection Cognition Dynamic planning The History of artificial intelligence MindRACES Nature and nurture The Physical symbol system hypothesis Strong AI Robert Rosen Teleonomy |
Anticipation (artificial intelligence) : MindRACES: From Reactive to Anticipatory Cognitive Embodied Systems, 2004 |
Artificial imagination : Artificial imagination is a narrow subcomponent of artificial general intelligence which generates, simulates, and facilitates real or possible fiction models to create predictions, inventions, or conscious experiences. The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of mach... |
Artificial imagination : The typical application of artificial imagination is for an interactive search. Interactive searching has been developed since the mid-1990s, accompanied by the World Wide Web's development and the optimization of search engines. Based on the first query and feedback from a user, the databases ... |
Artificial imagination : Artificial imagination has a more general definition and wide applications. The traditional fields of artificial imagination include visual imagination and aural imagination. More generally, all the actions to form ideas, images and concepts can be linked to imagination. Thus, artificial imagin... |
Artificial imagination : affective computing artificial intelligence cognitive science computer science creative arts creative writing linguistics logic neuroscience operations research philosophy probability psychology rhetoric |
Artificial imagination : How to Build a Mind: Toward Machines with Imagination by Igor Aleksander == References == |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : Artificial intelligence rhetoric (or AI rhetoric) is a term primarily applied to persuasive text and speech generated by chatbots using generative artificial intelligence, although the term can also apply to the language that humans type or speak when communicating with a chatbot. Thi... |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : Persuasive text and persuasive digital speech can be examined as AI rhetoric when the text or speech is a product or output of advanced machines that mimic human communication in some way. Historical examples of fictional artificial intelligence capable of speech are portrayed in myth... |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : While much of the research related to artificial intelligence was historically conducted by computer scientists, experts across a wide range of subjects (such as cognitive science, philosophy, languages, and cultural studies) have contributed to a more robust understanding of AI for d... |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : Since ChatGPT's release in 2022, many prominent publications have focused on the uncanny persuasive capabilities of language-based generative AI models like chatbots. New York Times technology columnist Kevin Roose wrote a viral piece in 2023 about how a Microsoft AI named Sydney atte... |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : In addition to AI's rhetorical capabilities gaining attention in the media in the early 2020s, many colleges and universities began offering undergraduate, graduate, and certificate courses in AI prompting and AI rhetoric, with titles like Stanford's "Rhetoric of artificial intelligen... |
Artificial intelligence rhetoric : Artificial intelligence and elections Digital rhetoric == References == |
Artificial stupidity : Artificial stupidity is a term used within the field of computer science to refer to a technique of "dumbing down" computer programs in order to deliberately introduce errors in their responses. |
Artificial stupidity : Alan Turing, in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, proposed a test for intelligence which has since become known as the Turing test. While there are a number of different versions, the original test, described by Turing as being based on the "imitation game", involved a "machine... |
Artificial stupidity : Within computer science, there are at least two major applications for artificial stupidity: the generation of deliberate errors in chatbots attempting to pass the Turing test or to otherwise fool a participant into believing that they are human; and the deliberate limitation of computer AIs in v... |
Artificial stupidity : TEDx: "The Turing Test, Artificial Intelligence and the Human Stupidity" [1] |
Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI : The Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI was a conference organized by the Future of Life Institute, held January 5–8, 2017, at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in California. More than 100 thought leaders and researchers in economics, law, ethics, and philosophy met at the confere... |
Blockhead (thought experiment) : Blockhead is a theoretical computer system invented as part of a thought experiment by philosopher Ned Block, which appeared in a paper titled "Psychologism and Behaviorism". Block did not personally name the computer in the paper. |
Blockhead (thought experiment) : In "Psychologism and Behaviorism," Block argues that the internal mechanism of a system is important in determining whether that system is intelligent and claims to show that a non-intelligent system could pass the Turing test. Block asks the reader to imagine a conversation lasting any... |
Blockhead (thought experiment) : Dissociated press Philosophical zombie |
Blockhead (thought experiment) : Block, Ned (1981), "Psychologism and Behaviorism", The Philosophical Review, 90 (1): 5–43, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.4.5828, doi:10.2307/2184371, JSTOR 2184371. Ben-Yami, Hanoch (2005), "Behaviorism and Psychologism: Why Block's Argument Against Behaviorism is Unsound", Philosophical Psychology,... |
Buddhism and artificial intelligence : Buddhism and artificial intelligence is the relationship between Buddhist philosophy and artificial intelligence (AI), including how principles such as the reduction of suffering and ethical responsibility may influence AI development. Buddhist scholars and philosophers have explo... |
China brain : In the philosophy of mind, the China brain thought experiment (also known as the Chinese Nation or Chinese Gym) considers what would happen if the entire population of China were asked to simulate the action of one neuron in the brain, using telephones or walkie-talkies to simulate the axons and dendrites... |
China brain : Many theories of mental states are materialist, that is, they describe the mind as the behavior of a physical object like the brain. One formerly prominent example is the identity theory, which says that mental states are brain states. One criticism is the problem of multiple realizability. The physicalis... |
China brain : Suppose that the whole nation of China were reordered to simulate the workings of a single brain (that is, to act as a mind according to functionalism). Each Chinese person acts as (say) a neuron, and communicates by special two-way radio in corresponding way to the other people. The current mental state ... |
China brain : The China brain argues that consciousness is a problem for functionalism. Block's Chinese nation presents a version of what is known as the absent qualia objection to functionalism because it purports to show that it is possible for something to be functionally equivalent to a human being and yet have no ... |
China brain : Some philosophers, like Daniel Dennett, have concluded that the China brain does create a mental state. Functionalist philosophers of mind endorse the idea that something like the China brain can realise a mind, and that neurons are, in principle, not the only material that can create a mental state. |
China brain : Alan Turing Behaviorism Blockhead argument David Chalmers Dualism Egregore Eliminative materialism Emergent phenomena Functionalism (philosophy of mind) Hilary Putnam Neutral monism Property dualism Systems theory == References == |
Chinese room : The Chinese room argument holds that a computer executing a program cannot have a mind, understanding, or consciousness, regardless of how intelligently or human-like the program may make the computer behave. The argument was presented in a 1980 paper by the philosopher John Searle entitled "Minds, Brain... |
Chinese room : Suppose that artificial intelligence research has succeeded in programming a computer to behave as if it understands Chinese. The machine accepts Chinese characters as input, carries out each instruction of the program step by step, and then produces Chinese characters as output. The machine does this so... |
Chinese room : Gottfried Leibniz made a similar argument in 1714 against mechanism (the idea that everything that makes up a human being could, in principle, be explained in mechanical terms. In other words, that a person, including their mind, is merely a very complex machine). Leibniz used the thought experiment of e... |
Chinese room : Although the Chinese Room argument was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, philosophers have come to consider it as an important part of the philosophy of mind. It is a challenge to functionalism and the computational theory of mind, and is related t... |
Chinese room : The Chinese room argument is primarily an argument in the philosophy of mind, and both major computer scientists and artificial intelligence researchers consider it irrelevant to their fields. However, several concepts developed by computer scientists are essential to understanding the argument, includin... |
Chinese room : Searle has produced a more formal version of the argument of which the Chinese Room forms a part. He presented the first version in 1984. The version given below is from 1990. The Chinese room thought experiment is intended to prove point A3. He begins with three axioms: (A1) "Programs are formal (syntac... |
Chinese room : Replies to Searle's argument may be classified according to what they claim to show: Those which identify who speaks Chinese Those which demonstrate how meaningless symbols can become meaningful Those which suggest that the Chinese room should be redesigned in some way Those which contend that Searle's a... |
Chinese room : Computational models of language acquisition Emergence I Am a Strange Loop Synthetic intelligence Leibniz's gap |
Chinese room : Hauser, Larry, "Chinese Room Argument", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ISSN 2161-0002, retrieved 2024-08-17 Cole, David (2004), "The Chinese Room Argument", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford Universit... |
Computational creativity : Computational creativity (also known as artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing or creative computation) is a multidisciplinary endeavour that is located at the intersection of the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts (e.g.... |
Computational creativity : Theoretical approaches concern the essence of creativity. Especially, under what circumstances it is possible to call the model a "creative" if eminent creativity is about rule-breaking or the disavowal of convention. This is a variant of Ada Lovelace's objection to machine intelligence, as r... |
Computational creativity : Because no single perspective or definition seems to offer a complete picture of creativity, the AI researchers Newell, Shaw and Simon developed the combination of novelty and usefulness into the cornerstone of a multi-pronged view of creativity, one that uses the following four criteria to c... |
Computational creativity : While traditional computational approaches to creativity rely on the explicit formulation of prescriptions by developers and a certain degree of randomness in computer programs, machine learning methods allow computer programs to learn on heuristics from input data enabling creative capacitie... |
Computational creativity : Some high-level and philosophical themes recur throughout the field of computational creativity, for example as follows. |
Computational creativity : Language provides continuous opportunity for creativity, evident in the generation of novel sentences, phrasings, puns, neologisms, rhymes, allusions, sarcasm, irony, similes, metaphors, analogies, witticisms, and jokes. Native speakers of morphologically rich languages frequently create new ... |
Computational creativity : Computational creativity in the music domain has focused both on the generation of musical scores for use by human musicians, and on the generation of music for performance by computers. The domain of generation has included classical music (with software that generates music in the style of ... |
Computational creativity : Computational creativity in the generation of visual art has had some notable successes in the creation of both abstract art and representational art. A well-known program in this domain is Harold Cohen's AARON, which has been continuously developed and augmented since 1973. Though formulaic,... |
Computational creativity : Creativity is also useful in allowing for unusual solutions in problem solving. In psychology and cognitive science, this research area is called creative problem solving. The Explicit-Implicit Interaction (EII) theory of creativity has been implemented using a CLARION-based computational mod... |
Computational creativity : Some researchers feel that creativity is a complex phenomenon whose study is further complicated by the plasticity of the language we use to describe it. We can describe not just the agent of creativity as "creative" but also the product and the method. Consequently, it could be claimed that ... |
Computational creativity : Traditional computers, as mainly used in the computational creativity application, do not support creativity, as they fundamentally transform a set of discrete, limited domain of input parameters into a set of discrete, limited domain of output parameters using a limited set of computational ... |
Computational creativity : The International Conference on Computational Creativity (ICCC) occurs annually, organized by The Association for Computational Creativity. Events in the series include: ICCC 2023: University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada ICCC 2022: Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy ICCC 2021:... |
Computational creativity : 1 the Road (1st novel) Artificial imagination Algorithmic art Algorithmic composition Applications of artificial intelligence Computer art Creative computing Digital morphogenesis Digital poetry Generative art Generative systems Intrinsic motivation (artificial intelligence) Musikalisches Wür... |
Computational creativity : An Overview of Artificial Creativity Archived 2008-03-25 at the Wayback Machine on Think Artificial Cohen, H., "the further exploits of AARON, Painter" Archived 2008-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind, 1995 |
Computational creativity : Documentaries Noorderlicht: Margaret Boden and Stephen Thaler on Creative Computers on Archive.org In Its Image on Archive.org |
Computational theory of mind : In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation. It is closely related to functiona... |
Computational theory of mind : Computational theory of mind is not the same as the computer metaphor, comparing the mind to a modern-day digital computer. Computational theory just uses some of the same principles as those found in digital computing. While the computer metaphor draws an analogy between the mind as soft... |
Computational theory of mind : A range of arguments have been proposed against physicalist conceptions used in computational theories of mind. An early, though indirect, criticism of the computational theory of mind comes from philosopher John Searle. In his thought experiment known as the Chinese room, Searle attempts... |
Computational theory of mind : Daniel Dennett proposed the multiple drafts model, in which consciousness seems linear but is actually blurry and gappy, distributed over space and time in the brain. Consciousness is the computation, there is no extra step in which you become conscious of the computation. Jerry Fodor arg... |
Computational theory of mind : Block, Ned, ed. (1983). Readings in Philosophy of Psychology. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 067474876X. OCLC 810753995. Chalmers, David (2011). "A Computational Foundation for the Study of Cognition". Journal of Cognitive Science. 12 (4): 323–357. Crane,... |
Computational theory of mind : Computational theory of mind at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Computational theory of mind at PhilPapers Online papers on consciousness, part 2: Other Philosophy of Mind, compiled by David Chalmers |
Computer Power and Human Reason : Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation is a 1976 nonfiction book by German-American computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum in which he contends that while artificial intelligence may be possible, we should never allow computers to make important decisions, as they ... |
Computer Power and Human Reason : Before writing Computer Power and Human Reason, Weizenbaum had garnered significant attention for creating the ELIZA program, an early milestone in conversational computing. His firsthand observation of people attributing human-like qualities to a simple program prompted him to reflect... |
Computer Power and Human Reason : Computer Power and Human Reason sparked scholarly debate on the acceptable scope of AI applications, particularly in fields where human welfare and ethical considerations are paramount. Early academic reviews highlighted that Weizenbaum's stance pushed readers to recognize that even as... |
Computer Power and Human Reason : Ethics of artificial intelligence Criticism of technology |
Computer Power and Human Reason : Plug & Pray, Documentary Film on Joseph Weizenbaum and the ethics of technology |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. The paper, published in 1950 in Mind, was the first to introduce his concept of what is now known as the Turing test to the general public. Turing's paper cons... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : Rather than trying to determine if a machine is thinking, Turing suggests we should ask if the machine can win a game, called the "Imitation Game". The original Imitation game, that Turing described, is a simple party game involving three players. Player A is a man, player B is a ... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : Turing also notes that we need to determine which "machines" we wish to consider. He points out that a human clone, while man-made, would not provide a very interesting example. Turing suggested that we should focus on the capabilities of digital machinery—machines which manipulat... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : Having clarified the question, Turing turned to answering it: he considered the following nine common objections, which include all the major arguments against artificial intelligence raised in the years since his paper was first published. Religious Objection: This states that th... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : In the final section of the paper Turing details his thoughts about the Learning Machine that could play the imitation game successfully. Here Turing first returns to Lady Lovelace's objection that the machine can only do what we tell it to do and he likens it to a situation where... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : Brooks, Rodney (1990), "Elephants Don't Play Chess" (PDF), Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 6 (1–2): 3–15, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.7539, doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9, retrieved 30 August 2007 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York... |
Computing Machinery and Intelligence : PDF with the full text of the paper Saygin, Ayse Pinar; Cicekli, Ilyas; Akman, Varol (1999). "An analysis and review of the next 50 years". Minds and Machines: 2000. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.157.1592. |
Connectionism : Connectionism is an approach to the study of human mental processes and cognition that utilizes mathematical models known as connectionist networks or artificial neural networks. Connectionism has had many "waves" since its beginnings. The first wave appeared 1943 with Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walte... |
Connectionism : The central connectionist principle is that mental phenomena can be described by interconnected networks of simple and often uniform units. The form of the connections and the units can vary from model to model. For example, units in the network could represent neurons and the connections could represen... |
Connectionism : Precursors of the connectionist principles can be traced to early work in psychology, such as that of William James. Psychological theories based on knowledge about the human brain were fashionable in the late 19th century. As early as 1869, the neurologist John Hughlings Jackson argued for multi-level,... |
Connectionism : The first wave begun in 1943 with Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts both focusing on comprehending neural circuitry through a formal and mathematical approach. McCulloch and Pitts showed how neural systems could implement first-order logic: Their classic paper "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immane... |
Connectionism : There was some conflict among artificial intelligence researchers as to what neural networks are useful for. Around late 1960s, there was a widespread lull in research and publications on neural networks, "the neural network winter", which lasted through the 1970s, during which the field of artificial i... |
Connectionism : The second wave begun in the early 1980s. Some key publications included (John Hopfield, 1982) which popularized Hopfield networks, the 1986 paper that popularized backpropagation, and the 1987 two-volume book about the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) by James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart et ... |
Connectionism : As connectionism became increasingly popular in the late 1980s, some researchers (including Jerry Fodor, Steven Pinker and others) reacted against it. They argued that connectionism, as then developing, threatened to obliterate what they saw as the progress being made in the fields of cognitive science ... |
Connectionism : Smolensky's Subsymbolic Paradigm has to meet the Fodor-Pylyshyn challenge formulated by classical symbol theory for a convincing theory of cognition in modern connectionism. In order to be an adequate alternative theory of cognition, Smolensky's Subsymbolic Paradigm would have to explain the existence o... |
Connectionism : Feldman, Jerome and Ballard, Dana. Connectionist models and their properties(1982). Cognitive Science. V6, Iissue 3 , pp205-254. Rumelhart, D.E., J.L. McClelland and the PDP Research Group (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 1: Foundations, Ca... |
Connectionism : Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind entry on connectionism Garson, James. "Connectionism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. A demonstration of Interactive Activation and Competition Networks Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine "Connectionism". Internet Encyclopedia of ... |
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