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Spark NLP : Thomas, Alex (21 July 2020). Natural Language Processing with Spark NLP: Learning to Understand Text at Scale. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1492047766. Quinto, Butch (2020). Next-Generation Machine Learning with Spark. Berkeley, California: Apress. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-5669-5. ISBN 978-1-4842-5668-8. S2CID 21... |
TensorFlow : TensorFlow is a software library for machine learning and artificial intelligence. It can be used across a range of tasks, but is used mainly for training and inference of neural networks. It is one of the most popular deep learning frameworks, alongside others such as PyTorch. It is free and open-source s... |
TensorFlow : Comparison of deep learning software Differentiable programming Keras |
TensorFlow : Official website Learning TensorFlow.js Book (ENG) |
Neuromorphic computing : Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, dig... |
Neuromorphic computing : Neuromorphic engineering is for now set apart by the inspiration it takes from what we know about the structure and operations of the brain. Neuromorphic engineering translates what we know about the brain's function into computer systems. Work has mostly focused on replicating the analog natur... |
Neuromorphic computing : The implementation of neuromorphic computing on the hardware level can be realized by oxide-based memristors, spintronic memories, threshold switches, transistors, among others. The implementation details overlap with the concepts of Artificial Immune Systems. Training software-based neuromorph... |
Neuromorphic computing : As early as 2006, researchers at Georgia Tech published a field programmable neural array. This chip was the first in a line of increasingly complex arrays of floating gate transistors that allowed programmability of charge on the gates of MOSFETs to model the channel-ion characteristics of neu... |
Neuromorphic computing : While the interdisciplinary concept of neuromorphic engineering is relatively new, many of the same ethical considerations apply to neuromorphic systems as apply to human-like machines and artificial intelligence in general. However, the fact that neuromorphic systems are designed to mimic a hu... |
Neuromorphic computing : Telluride Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop CapoCaccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop Institute of Neuromorphic Engineering INE news site. Frontiers in Neuromorphic Engineering Journal Computation and Neural Systems department at the California Institute of Technology. Building a S... |
Movidius : Movidius Ltd. was a company based in San Mateo, California, that designed low-power processor chips for computer vision. The company was acquired by Intel in September 2016, who continues to sell the company's products under the Movidius line. |
Movidius : Movidius was co-founded in 2005 by Sean Mitchell and David Moloney in Dublin, Ireland. Between 2006 and 2016, it raised nearly $90 million in capital funding. In May 2013, the company appointed Remi El-Ouazzane as CEO. In January 2016, the company announced a partnership with Google. Movidius has been active... |
Movidius : The Intel Movidius Neural Compute Stick (NCS) is a compact device designed to facilitate the development of deep learning applications at the network edge. It utilizes the Intel Movidius Myriad 2 Vision Processing Unit (VPU), which is also found in various smart devices like security cameras, gesture-control... |
Movidius : Google Clips camera uses Myriad 2 VPU. The Intel RealSense Tracking Camera T265 uses the Myriad 2. In 2016, Mavic incorporated the Myriad 2 VPU in all its consumer drones. The Ryze Tello affordable programmable drone, licensing Mavic Software, uses the Myriad 2 VPU. ComBox Technology uses Myriad X in ComBox ... |
Movidius : MPSoC Coprocessor Convolutional neural network == References == |
Neural Engine : Neural Engine is a series of AI accelerators designed for machine learning by Apple. The first SoC including Neural Engine is Apple A11 Bionic for iPhone 8, 8 Plus and iPhone X introduced in 2017. Since then, all Apple A series SoCs have Neural Engine. In 2020, Apple introduced the Apple M1 for Mac and ... |
Neural Engine : The Neural Engine is used for real-time AI-driven applications such as Face ID, Siri, and augmented reality (AR). It also handles computational photography features, including Smart HDR and Night Mode, by processing vast amounts of sensor data for real-time image enhancements. |
Neural Engine : The Neural Engine also provides high energy efficiency, allowing real-time AI tasks to be performed with minimal battery consumption. Its on-device processing ensures that sensitive tasks such as facial recognition and voice commands are handled locally, enhancing privacy by keeping user data secure. |
Neural Engine : The Neural Engine is fully integrated with Apple's Core ML framework, which allows developers to run machine learning models on-device. This integration supports applications like object recognition, natural language processing, and gesture detection. == References == |
Nvidia DGX : The Nvidia DGX (Deep GPU Xceleration) represents a series of servers and workstations designed by Nvidia, primarily geared towards enhancing deep learning applications through the use of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU). These systems typically come in a rackmount format featu... |
Nvidia DGX : Comparison of accelerators used in DGX: |
Nvidia DGX : Deep Learning Super Sampling == References == |
Nvidia Drive : NVIDIA DRIVE is a computer platform by Nvidia, aimed at providing autonomous car and driver assistance functionality powered by deep learning. The platform was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 2015. An enhanced version, the Drive PX 2 was introduced at CES a year ... |
Nvidia Drive : With the label Hyperion added to their reference platform series Nvidia promotes their mass products so that others can easily test drive and then create their own automotive grade products on top. Especially the feature rich software part of the base system is meant to be a big help for these others to ... |
Nvidia Drive : Note: dGPU and memory are stand-alone semiconductors; all other components, especially ARM CPU cores, iGPU, DLA and PVA are integrated components of the listed main computing device(s). Tesla 2.0 and 2.5 are products, not developer kits. == References == |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Hexagon is the brand name for a family of digital signal processor (DSP) and later neural processing unit (NPU) products by Qualcomm. Hexagon is also known as QDSP6, standing for “sixth generation digital signal processor.” According to Qualcomm, the Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver perfor... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Computing devices have instruction sets, which are their lowest, most primitive languages. Common instructions are those which cause two numbers to be added, multiplied or combined in other ways, as well as instructions that direct the processor where to look in memory for its next instruction. There... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Micro-architecture is the physical structure of a chip or chip component that makes it possible for a device to carry out the instructions. A given instruction set can be implemented by a variety of micro-architectures. The buses – data transfer channels – for Hexagon devices are 32 bits wide. That i... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs have been available in Qualcomm Snapdragon SoC since 2006. In Snapdragon S4 (MSM8960 and newer) there are three QDSP cores, two in the Modem subsystem and one Hexagon core in the Multimedia subsystem. Modem cores are programmed by Qualcomm only, and only Multimedia core is allow... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : In March 2016, it was announced that semiconductor company Conexant's AudioSmart audio processing software was being integrated into Qualcomm's Hexagon. In May 2018 wolfSSL added support for using Qualcomm Hexagon. This is support for running wolfSSL crypto operations on the DSP. In addition to use o... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : There are six versions of QDSP6 architecture released: V1 (2006), V2 (2007–2008), V3 (2009), V4 (2010–2011), QDSP6 V5 (2013, in Snapdragon 800), and QDSP6 V6 (2016, in Snapdragon 820) V4 has 20 DMIPS per milliwatt, operating at 500 MHz. Clock speed of Hexagon varies in 400–2000 MHz for QDSP6 and in 2... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Both Hexagon (QDSP6) and pre-Hexagon (QDSP5) cores are used in modern Qualcomm SoCs, QDSP5 mostly in low-end products. Modem QDSPs (often pre-Hexagon) are not shown in the table. QDSP5 usage: QDSP6 (Hexagon) usage: |
Qualcomm Hexagon : The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon SoCs. D - decode; E - encode FHD = FullHD = 1080p = 1920x1080px HD = 720p which can be 1366x768px or 1280x720px |
Qualcomm Hexagon : This is a single instruction packet from the inner loop of a FFT: :endloop0 This packet is claimed by Qualcomm to be equal to 29 classic RISC operations; it includes vector add (4x 16-bit), complex multiply operation and hardware loop support. All instructions of the packet are done in the same cycle... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Qualcomm Snapdragon List of Qualcomm Snapdragon processors Nvidia NVDEC Nvidia NVENC Texas Instruments TMS320 CEVA, Inc. Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer Digital signal processing Cryptography Instruction set architecture Microarchitecture Very long instruction word SIMD Multi-threadin... |
Qualcomm Hexagon : Qualcomm's Hexagon home page Upcoming DSP architectures, Arnd Bergmann // LWN Introduction to Qualcomm’s QDSP Access Program // Qualcomm, 2011 Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications // Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm), Hot Chips 25, Palo Alto, CA, August 20... |
Sherpa.ai : Sherpa (also known as Sherpa.ai) is a Spanish artificial intelligence company specializing in predictive conversational digital assistants. It was founded by Xabi Uribe-Etxebarria in 2012 and is based in Erandio and Silicon Valley. In 2018, Fortune magazine included Sherpa in its ranking of the 100 best art... |
Sherpa.ai : The company was created in 2012 with the conviction to develop a predictive conversational digital assistant based on artificial intelligence algorithms for different companies and to provide consultancy in artificial intelligence. They are based in Erandio (Vizcaya, Spain) and Silicon Valley (California, U... |
Sherpa.ai : Sherpa's first product was a mobile phone application of the same name. Their products are predictive conversational digital assistants that learn from the user's context to anticipate their needs. Sherpa uses 100,000 parameters from each user to answer requests. Additionally, they have developed a multi-pu... |
Sherpa.ai : By 2018, Sherpa had 35 employees, most of whom were experts in artificial intelligence and many with PhDs in mathematics and other disciplines. According to the publication Innova Spain, Sherpa works with researchers and research centers at the University of Granada, Deusto, the University of the Basque Cou... |
Sherpa.ai : Artificial intelligence |
Sherpa.ai : Official website |
SpiNNaker : SpiNNaker (spiking neural network architecture) is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group (APT) at the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester. It is composed of 57,600 processing nodes, each with 18 ARM9 proc... |
Tensor Processing Unit : Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) is an AI accelerator application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by Google for neural network machine learning, using Google's own TensorFlow software. Google began using TPUs internally in 2015, and in 2018 made them available for third-party use, both... |
Tensor Processing Unit : Compared to a graphics processing unit, TPUs are designed for a high volume of low precision computation (e.g. as little as 8-bit precision) with more input/output operations per joule, without hardware for rasterisation/texture mapping. The TPU ASICs are mounted in a heatsink assembly, which c... |
Tensor Processing Unit : According to Jonathan Ross, one of the original TPU engineers, and later the founder of Groq, three separate groups at Google were developing AI accelerators, with the TPU being the design that was ultimately selected. He was not aware of systolic arrays at the time and upon learning the term t... |
Tensor Processing Unit : In 2019, Singular Computing, founded in 2009 by Joseph Bates, a visiting professor at MIT, filed suit against Google alleging patent infringement in TPU chips. By 2020, Google had successfully lowered the number of claims the court would consider to just two: claim 53 of US 8407273 filed in 201... |
Tensor Processing Unit : Cognitive computer AI accelerator Structure tensor, a mathematical foundation for TPU's Tensor Core, a similar architecture by Nvidia TrueNorth, a similar device simulating spiking neurons instead of low-precision tensors Vision processing unit, a similar device specialised for vision processin... |
Tensor Processing Unit : Cloud Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) (Documentation from Google Cloud) Photo of Google's TPU chip and board Photo of Google's TPU v2 board Photo of Google's TPU v3 board Photo of Google's TPU v2 pod |
Vision processing unit : A vision processing unit (VPU) is (as of 2023) an emerging class of microprocessor; it is a specific type of AI accelerator, designed to accelerate machine vision tasks. |
Vision processing unit : Vision processing units are distinct from graphics processing units (which are specialised for video encoding and decoding) in their suitability for running machine vision algorithms such as CNN (convolutional neural networks), SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) and similar. They may incl... |
Vision processing unit : They are distinct from GPUs, which contain specialised hardware for rasterization and texture mapping (for 3D graphics), and whose memory architecture is optimised for manipulating bitmap images in off-chip memory (reading textures, and modifying frame buffers, with random access patterns). VPU... |
Vision processing unit : Movidius Myriad X, which is the third-generation vision processing unit in the Myriad VPU line from Intel Corporation. Movidius Myriad 2, which finds use in Google Project Tango, Google Clips and DJI drones Pixel Visual Core (PVC), which is a fully programmable Image, Vision and AI processor fo... |
Vision processing unit : Some processors are not described as VPUs, but are equally applicable to machine vision tasks. These may form a broader category of AI accelerators (to which VPUs may also belong), however as of 2016 there is no consensus on the name: IBM TrueNorth, a neuromorphic processor aimed at similar sen... |
Vision processing unit : Adapteva Epiphany, a manycore processor with similar emphasis on on-chip dataflow, focussed on 32-bit floating point performance CELL, a multicore processor with features fairly consistent with vision processing units (SIMD instructions & datatypes suitable for video, and on-chip DMA between sc... |
Vision processing unit : Eyeriss architecture Holographic processing unit NeuFlow: A Runtime Reconfigurable Dataflow Processor for Vision Archived 2017-05-05 at the Wayback Machine |
Zeroth (software) : Zeroth is a platform for brain-inspired computing from Qualcomm. It is based around a neural processing unit (NPU) AI accelerator chip and a software API to interact with the platform. It makes a form of machine learning known as deep learning available to mobile devices. It is used for image and so... |
Zeroth (software) : Qualcomm demonstrated that the system could recognize human faces and gestures that it had seen before and detect and then search for different types of photo scenes. Another potential application is to extend battery life by analyzing phone usage and powering down all or part of its capabilities wi... |
Zeroth (software) : Neuromorphic computing SpiNNaker TrueNorth Vision processing unit, a class of processors aimed at machine vision (including convolutional neural networks, hence overlapping with 'neural processing units') == References == |
Active Intelligence Pte Ltd : Active Intelligence Pte Ltd (Active.Ai) is a private fintech company focusing on artificial intelligence. Its headquarters are in Singapore while its research and development base in Bengaluru. It claims to use natural language processing and machine intelligence as a platform that allows ... |
AI Foundation : AI Foundation is an American artificial intelligence company. It is based in San Francisco and Las Vegas. |
AI Foundation : Lars Buttler and Rob Meadows founded the AI Foundation, which creates intelligent agents that can be trained. The company was created in 2017 and had been operating in stealth mode until September 2018, when it was unveiled to the public for the first time. AI Foundation is funded by Founders Fund, You ... |
AI Foundation : Mind uploading Digital twin Chatbot Digital immortality Distributed cognition Transhumanism == References == |
Allen Institute for AI : The Allen Institute for AI (abbreviated AI2) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research institute founded by late Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist Paul Allen in 2014. The institute seeks to conduct high-impact AI research and engineering in service of the common good. AI2 is based in Seattle, an... |
Allen Institute for AI : Oren Etzioni was appointed by Paul Allen in September 2013 to direct the research at the institute. After leading the organization for nine years, Oren Etzioni stepped down from his role as CEO on September 30, 2022. He was replaced in an interim capacity by the leading researcher of the compan... |
Allen Institute for AI : Aristo: Aristo is a flagship project of AI2. Its original project goal was to design an artificially intelligent system that could successfully read, learn, and reason from texts and ultimately demonstrate its knowledge by successfully passing an 8th-grade science exam – the team achieved this ... |
Allen Institute for AI : On May 11, 2023, AI2 announced they were developing OLMo, an open language model aiming to match the performance of other state-of-the-art language models. In February 2024, it was open-sourced, including code, model weights with intermediate snapshots and logs, and contents of their Dolma trai... |
Allen Institute for AI : Allen Institute for Brain Science Allen Institute for Cell Science Artificial intelligence Glossary of artificial intelligence |
Allen Institute for AI : Official website "Allen Institute for AI". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. |
Amii (research institute) : Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii) is a machine learning institute in Edmonton, Alberta. Amii was established in 2002 to drive innovation in the artificial intelligence space and partner with companies to adopt and grow the technology. Since their inception, Amii have worked with ... |
Amii (research institute) : Amii began in 2002 as the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning (AICML), a joint effort between the Government of Alberta and the University of Alberta. In 2017, they rebranded under their current Amii name and moved into a large open-concept collaborative office in downtown Edmonton... |
Anthropic : Anthropic PBC is an American artificial intelligence (AI) startup company founded in 2021. Anthropic has developed a family of large language models (LLMs) named Claude as a competitor to OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Gemini. According to the company, it researches and develops AI to "study their safety pro... |
Anthropic : Anthropic was founded in 2021 by seven former employees of OpenAI, including siblings Daniela Amodei and Dario Amodei, the latter of whom served as OpenAI's Vice President of Research. In April 2022, Anthropic announced it had received $580 million in funding, including a $500 million investment from FTX un... |
Anthropic : According to Anthropic, the company's goal is to research the safety and reliability of artificial intelligence systems. The Amodei siblings were among those who left OpenAI due to directional differences. Anthropic incorporated itself as a Delaware public-benefit corporation (PBC). Anthropic has a corporat... |
Anthropic : On October 18, 2023, Anthropic was sued by Concord, Universal, ABKCO, and other music publishers for, per the complaint, "systematic and widespread infringement of their copyrighted song lyrics." They alleged that the company used copyrighted material without permission in the form of song lyrics. The plain... |
Anthropic : Apprenticeship learning AI alignment Friendly AI OpenAI |
Anthropic : Official website |
Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence : Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence (BAAI) (Chinese: 北京智源人工智能研究院; pinyin: Běijīng Zhìyuán réngōng zhìnéng yánjiùyuàn), also known as Zhiyuan Institute, is a Chinese non-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory. BAAI conducts AI research and is dedicated... |
Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence : As of 2023, BAAI's research focuses on large pre-trained models (LLMs) and open-source AI infrastructure. |
Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence : In March 2025, the U.S. Commerce Department added BAAI to the Entity List for allegedly developing technology for military purposes. |
Carnegie Building (Troy, New York) : The Carnegie Building is the current home of the Cognitive Science Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. It is one of the westernmost buildings on the campus and as such provides scenic views overlooking the city of Troy and the Hudson River. The four-sto... |
Carnegie Building (Troy, New York) : Fires in 1862 and 1904 damaged buildings of downtown Troy and the RPI campus. The destruction in 1862 prompted the construction of the Main Building (literally the main building of Rensselaer at the time). The destruction of the Main Building in 1904 prompted the institute to consid... |
Carnegie Building (Troy, New York) : The building was designed by architects Whitfield & King. Henry D. Whitfield was Andrew Carnegie's brother-in-law. In addition to being built with Harvard brick and Indiana limestone - concrete was used, steel floors, and partitions were used to split rooms. This fireproof building ... |
Carnegie Building (Troy, New York) : The building is home to the Cogworks laboratory, which directs research in cognitive science. The research and doctoral program taking place in the Cognitive Science Department is currently having its current goals set on integrating an interdisciplinary department where the researc... |
Carnegie Building (Troy, New York) : Cogworks Laboratory Cognitive Science Department at RPI |
Center for Computational Brain Research : The Center for Computational Brain Research (CCBR) is an Interdisciplinarity research centre located at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. CCBR was set up in 2015 with funding from the co-founder of Infosys, Kris Gopalakrishnan. The stated objective of t... |
Center for Computational Brain Research : The two broad areas of research at the center are: to exploit engineering tools for analysing the structure and activity of neural circuits advancing machine intelligence with brain-inspired hardware and software architecture. The center has three chairs with an endowment of ₹1... |
Center for Computational Brain Research : Some of the teaching modules at CCBR are neuroscience, machine learning, vision, audition, natural language processing and reinforcement learning. The center has also organized an annual winter course/workshop on "Machine Intelligence and Brain Research" during the first week o... |
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics : The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Bangalore, Karnataka, involved in the research & development (R&D) of high quality secure communication, command and control,... |
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics : CAIR was established in October 1986. Its research focus was initially in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and control systems. In November 2000, R&D groups working in the areas of command, control, communications & intelligence (C3I) systems, Commun... |
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics : DRDO NETRA, software to intercept online communications. SecOS, Secure Operating System Muntra - unmanned ground vehicle manufactured at the Ordnance Factory Medak. |
Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics : The Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics (Czech: Český institut informatiky, robotiky a kybernetiky, CIIRC) was established as a part of the Czech Technical University in Prague on July 1, 2013. In the premises of the CTU in Dejvice there ha... |
Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research : The Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Italian: Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, IDSIA) is a research institution based in Lugano, in Canton Ticino in southern Switzerland. It was founded in 1988 by Angelo Dalle Mol... |
Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research : In a Swissinfo article from October 2024, researchers at IDSIA began developing an AI-guided, drone-assisted wheelchair aimed at enhancing mobility for individuals with disabilities. The EU- and Swiss-funded project investigates technical and ethical challeng... |
DeepSeek : Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence Basic Technology Research Co., Ltd., doing business as DeepSeek, is a Chinese artificial intelligence company that develops large language models (LLMs). Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, it is owned and funded by the Chinese hedge fund High-Flyer. DeepSeek was founded in... |
DeepSeek : DeepSeek is headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and is owned and funded by High-Flyer. Its co-founder, Liang Wenfeng, serves as CEO. As of May 2024, Liang personally held an 84% stake in DeepSeek through two shell corporations. |
DeepSeek : High-Flyer/DeepSeek operates at least two primary computing clusters: Fire-Flyer (萤火一号) and Fire-Flyer 2 (萤火二号). Fire-Flyer 2 consists of co-designed software and hardware architecture. On the hardware side, Nvidia GPUs use 200 Gbps interconnects. The cluster is divided into two "zones", and the platform sup... |
DeepSeek : The first DeepSeek models were essentially the same as Llama, which were dense decoder-only transformers. Later models incorporated the multi-head latent attention (MLA), Mixture of Experts (MoE), and KV caching. A decoder-only transformer consists of multiple identical decoder layers. Each of these layers f... |
DeepSeek : DeepSeek's models are "open weight", which provides less freedom for modification than true open source software. |
DeepSeek : DeepSeek's success against larger and more established rivals has been described as "upending AI". The DeepSeek-R1 model provides responses comparable to other contemporary large language models, such as OpenAI's GPT-4o and o1. Its training cost is reported to be significantly lower than other LLMs. The comp... |
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