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Ontology alignment : Two sub research fields have emerged in ontology mapping, namely monolingual ontology mapping and cross-lingual ontology mapping. The former refers to the mapping of ontologies in the same natural language, whereas the latter refers to "the process of establishing relationships among ontological re... |
Ontology alignment : Data conversion Graph isomorphism Minimal mappings Ontology (information science) Rule Interchange Format Semantic heterogeneity Semantic integration Semantic interoperability Semantic matching Semantic unification |
Ontology alignment : Collection of surveys and research papers related to ontology mapping, matching, and alignment The Ontology Alignment Source ABSURDIST Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Ontologymatching.org Ontology alignment for linked open data Instance-based ontology matching Noy, N. F. (2004). "Semanti... |
Ontology alignment : ITM Align: semi-automated ontology alignment Optima: Visual ontology alignment tool CogZ: Cognitive support and visualization for human-guided mapping systems Archived 2010-11-03 at the Wayback Machine AgreementMaker: Matching for large real-world schemas and ontologies Biomixer: A web-based collab... |
Ontology components : Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the ontology language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations. |
Ontology components : Common components of ontologies include: Individuals instances or objects (the basic or "ground level" objects; the tokens). Classes sets, collections, concepts, types of objects, or kinds of things. Attributes aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that individuals (and cla... |
Ontology components : Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differenc... |
Ontology components : Objects in an ontology can be described by relating them to other things, typically aspects or parts. These related things are often called attributes, although they may be independent things. Each attribute can be a class or an individual. The kind of object and the kind of attribute determine th... |
Ontology components : Relations (also known as relationships) between objects in an ontology specify how objects are related to other objects. Typically a relation is of a particular type (or class) that specifies in what sense the object is related to the other object in the ontology. For example, in the ontology that... |
OntoUML : OntoUML is an ontologically a language for Ontology-driven Conceptual Modeling. OntoUML is built as a UML extension based on the Unified Foundational Ontology. The foundations of UFO and OntoUML can be traced back to Giancarlo Guizzardi's Ph.D. thesis "Ontological foundations for structural conceptual models"... |
OntoUML : In 2006, Guizzardi co-founded the Ontology & Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) located at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES) in Vitória city, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Since then, NEMO has been responsible for most of the developments in OntoUML. Several papers about ontologies and... |
OntoUML : Domain model |
OntoWiki : OntoWiki was a free and open-source semantic wiki application, meant to serve as an ontology editor and a knowledge acquisition system. It is a web-based application written in PHP and using either a MySQL database or a Virtuoso triple store. OntoWiki is form-based rather than syntax-based, and thus tries to... |
OntoWiki : Semantic MediaWiki DBpedia |
OntoWiki : Official website About page on GitHub AKSW blog == References == |
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity : Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems such as ontology repositories and object–relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Interchange Format that serves as a general represe... |
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity : Open Knowledge Base Connectivity Home Page |
Ordinal tree : An ordinal tree, by analogy with an ordinal number, is a rooted tree of arbitrary degree in which the children of each node are ordered, so that one refers to the ith child in the sequence of children of a node. |
Ordinal tree : Cardinal tree == References == |
Paradigm classification : Paradigm classification in ontology is a two-dimensional classification scheme, such as a spreadsheet. It is a subset of faceted classification. |
Paradigm classification : Paradigm classification deals with the large subset of faceted classification where an item may be classified within two dimensions. Examples might include genealogy, where individuals are classified by their gender and relations with other individuals. |
Paradigm classification : How to Make a Faceted Classification and Put It On the Web Ontology |
Pattern language : A pattern language is an organized and coherent set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. The term was coined by architect Christopher Alexander and popularized by his 1977 book A Pattern Language.... |
Pattern language : When a designer designs something – whether a house, computer program, or lamp – they must make many decisions about how to solve problems. A single problem is documented with its typical place (the syntax), and use (the grammar) with the most common and recognized good solution seen in the wild, lik... |
Pattern language : Just as words must have grammatical and semantic relationships to each other in order to make a spoken language useful, design patterns must be related to each other in position and utility order to form a pattern language. Christopher Alexander's work describes a process of decomposition, in which t... |
Pattern language : An important aspect of design patterns is to identify and document the key ideas that make a good system different from a poor system (that may be a house, a computer program or an object of daily use), and to assist in the design of future systems. The idea expressed in a pattern should be general e... |
Pattern language : Usually the author of a pattern language or collection chooses a generic structure for all the patterns it contains, breaking each into generic sections like context, problem statement, solution etc. Christopher Alexander's patterns, for instance, each consist of a short name, a rating (up to two '*'... |
Pattern language : A pattern language, as conceived by Alexander, contains links from one pattern to another, so when trying to apply one pattern in a project, a designer is pushed to other patterns that are considered helpful in its context. In Alexander's book, such links are collected in the "references" part, and e... |
Pattern language : Christopher Alexander, an architect and author, coined the term pattern language. He used it to refer to common problems of the design and construction of buildings and towns and how they should be solved. The solutions proposed in the book include suggestions ranging from how cities and towns should... |
Pattern language : Christopher Alexander's idea has been adopted in other disciplines, often much more heavily than the original application of patterns to architecture as depicted in the book A Pattern Language. Examples since the 1990s include software design patterns in software engineering and, more generally, arch... |
Pattern language : Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa & Murray Silverstein (1974). 'A Collection of Patterns which Generate Multi-Service Centres' in Declan and Margrit Kennedy (eds.): The Inner City. Architects Year Book 14, Elek, London. ISBN 0 236 15431 1. Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M.... |
Personal knowledge base : A personal knowledge base (PKB) is an electronic tool used by an individual to express, capture, and later retrieve personal knowledge. It differs from a traditional database in that it contains subjective material particular to the owner, that others may not agree with nor care about. Importa... |
Personal knowledge base : Davies and colleagues examined three aspects of the data models of PKBs:: 19–36 their structural framework, which prescribes rules about how knowledge elements can be structured and interrelated (as a tree, graph, tree plus graph, spatially, categorically, as n-ary links, chronologically, or Z... |
Personal knowledge base : Davies and colleagues also differentiated PKBs according to their software architecture: file-based, database-based, or client–server systems (including Internet-based systems accessed through desktop computers and/or handheld mobile devices).: 37–41 |
Personal knowledge base : Non-electronic personal knowledge bases have probably existed in some form for centuries: Leonardo da Vinci's journals and notes are a famous example of the use of notebooks. Commonplace books, florilegia, annotated private libraries, and card files (in German, Zettelkästen) of index cards and... |
Personal knowledge base : In their 2005 paper, Davies and colleagues mentioned the following, among others, as examples of software applications that had been used to build PKBs using various data models and architectures: Open source Compendium (software) Haystack (MIT project) NoteCards Closed source MyLifeBits Perso... |
Pinakes : The Pinakes (Ancient Greek: Πίνακες 'tables', plural of πίναξ pinax) is a lost bibliographic work composed by Callimachus (310/305–240 BCE) that is popularly considered to be the first library catalog in the West; its contents were based upon the holdings of the Library of Alexandria during Callimachus's tenu... |
Pinakes : The Library of Alexandria had been founded by Ptolemy I Soter about 306 BCE. The first recorded librarian was Zenodotus of Ephesus. During Zenodotus' tenure, Callimachus, who was never the head librarian, compiled many catalogues/lists, each called Pinakes. His most famous one listed authors and their works; ... |
Pinakes : The collection at the Library of Alexandria contained nearly 500,000 papyrus scrolls, which were grouped together by subject matter and stored in bins. Each bin carried a label with painted tablets hung above the stored papyri. Pinakes was named after these tablets and are a set of index lists. The bins gave ... |
Pinakes : The term pinax was used for bibliographic catalogs beyond Callimachus. For example, Ptolemy-el-Garib's catalog of Aristotle's writings comes to us with the title Pinax (catalog) of Aristotle's writings. |
Pinakes : The Pinakes proved indispensable to librarians for centuries, and they became a model for organizing knowledge throughout the Mediterranean. Their later influence can be traced to medieval times, even to the Arabic counterpart of the tenth century: Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist ("Index"). Local variations for cat... |
Plinian Core : Plinian Core is a set of vocabulary terms that can be used to describe different aspects of biological species information. Under "biological species Information" all kinds of properties or traits related to taxa—biological and non-biological—are included. Thus, for instance, terms pertaining description... |
Plinian Core : The Plinian Core is aimed to facilitate the exchange of information about the species and upper taxa. What is in scope? Species level catalogs of any kind of biological objects or data. Terminology associated with biological collection data. Striving for compatibility with other biodiversity-related stan... |
Plinian Core : Plinian Core started as a collaborative project between Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad and GBIF Spain in 2005. A series of iterations in which elements were defined and implanted in different projects resulted in a "Plinian Core Flat" [deprecated]. As a result, a new development was impulse to overc... |
Plinian Core : Plinian Core is presented in to levels: the abstract model and the application profiles. The abstract model (AM), comprising the abstract model schema(xsd) and the terms' URIs, is the normative part. It is all comprehensive, and allows for different levels of granularity in describing species properties.... |
Plinian Core : Plinian incorporates a number of elements already defined by other standards. The following table summarizes these standards and the elements used in Plinian Core: |
Plinian Core : Main page An Implementation of Plinian Core as GBIF's IPT Extensions Plinian Core Terms Quick Reference Guide Plinian Core Abstract Model (xsd). Current version Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) Sistema de información de la naturaleza de euskadi. Aplicación del estandar Plinian Core Estándar Plin... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System (abbreviated as PSH from the Czech Polytematický Strukturovaný Heslář) is a bilingual Czech–English controlled vocabulary of subject headings developed and maintained by the National Technical Library (the former State Techn... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : The PSH preparation project started in 1993, supported by several grants from the Czech Ministry of Culture and Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Since 1995, PSH has been used for indexing the State Technical Library's documents. Starting 1997, PSH has been d... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : PSH Browser was released in June 2009. It serves for browsing the PSH system and its distribution in SKOS format. This tool navigates users through PSH from general to specific terms. Users can also use the Search field. PSH manager tool was released in 2012. It serves a... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : In 2012 was released beta version of autoindexing application. It is accessible on Autoindexing. Users enter chosen text into indexing field and activate indexing. In few seconds the terms describing content are displayed. |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : PSH is a tree structure with 44 thematic sections. Subject headings are included in a hierarchy of six (or seven) levels according to their semantic content and specificity. There are hierarchical, associative ("see also") and equivalence ("see") relations in PSH. Hierar... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : The main format for storage, maintenance and sharing PSH is the MARC 21 Format for Authority Data, which is implemented in library automated systems. PSH is also available in SKOS, using RDF/XML syntax, which is a version suitable for web distribution. Single headings ca... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : New subject headings are primarily obtained through the log analysis in the National Technical Library's on-line catalogue of documents, which are the terms used by end-users when searching various documents. Google Analytics service is now used for gaining search querie... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : PSH/SKOS has been available under the Creative Commons License CC BY 3.0 CZ (Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Czech Republic)since 2011. Users are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works, but they must give the original author credit an... |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : Thesaurus Library of Congress Subject Headings Information retrieval Semantic Web |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System : PSH official web page Linking Open Data community project PSH browser zip file web form Autoindexing Archived 30 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine |
POSC Caesar : POSC Caesar Association (PCA) is an international, open and not-for-profit, member organization that promotes the development of open specifications to be used as standards for enabling the interoperability of data, software and related matters. PCA is the initiator of ISO 15926 "Integration of life-cycle... |
POSC Caesar : POSC Caesar Association has with its current 36 members from around the world and has established an international footprint (with a strong membership in Norway) that includes a variety of backgrounds, from academia and solution providers to engineering contractors and owners/operators. The members are (s... |
POSC Caesar : There are a number of projects (co-)organized by POSC Caesar Association working on the extension of the ISO 15926 standard in different application areas. |
POSC Caesar : POSC Caesar is collaborating with a number of standardization bodies, including: Mimosa: collaboration on open information standards for Operations and Maintenance mainly for the downstream oil and gas industry; FIATECH: collaboration on open information standards for life cycle data of capital projects; ... |
POSC Caesar : POSC Caesar Association website |
Preferential entailment : Preferential entailment is a non-monotonic logic based on selecting only models that are considered the most plausible. The plausibility of models is expressed by an ordering among models called a preference relation, hence the name preference entailment. Formally, given a propositional formul... |
Preferential entailment : Rational consequence relation – type of consequence relation in mathematical logicPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback == References == |
Pretext : A pretext (adj.: pretextual) is an excuse to do something or say something that is not accurate. Pretexts may be based on a half-truth or developed in the context of a misleading fabrication. Pretexts have been used to conceal the true purpose or rationale behind actions and words. They are often heard in pol... |
Pretext : The early years of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate were unsettled, with warring factions battling for power. The causes for the fighting were in part pretextual, but the outcome brought diminished armed conflicts after the Siege of Osaka in 1614–1615. 1614 (Keichō 19): The Shogun vanquished Hideyori and set fire t... |
Pretext : A type of social engineering called pretexting uses a pretext to elicit information fraudulently from a target. The pretext in this case includes research into the identity of a certain authorized person or personality type in order to establish legitimacy in the mind of the target. |
Pretext : Genocide justification Plausible deniability Proximate cause Causes of the Franco-Prussian War |
Pretext : Bamford, James. (2004). Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies. New York: Doubleday Books. ISBN 978-0-385-50672-4; OCLC 55068034 Cato, Marcus Porcius. On Agriculture (De agricultura) trans, William Davis Hooper and Harrison Boyd Ash. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ... |
Procedural reasoning system : In artificial intelligence, a procedural reasoning system (PRS) is a framework for constructing real-time reasoning systems that can perform complex tasks in dynamic environments. It is based on the notion of a rational agent or intelligent agent using the belief–desire–intention software ... |
Procedural reasoning system : The PRS concept was developed by the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International during the 1980s, by many workers including Michael Georgeff, Amy L. Lansky, and François Félix Ingrand. Their framework was responsible for exploiting and popularizing the BDI model in software for co... |
Procedural reasoning system : The system architecture of SRI's PRS includes the following components: Database for beliefs about the world, represented using first order predicate calculus. Goals to be realized by the system as conditions over an interval of time on internal and external state descriptions (desires). K... |
Procedural reasoning system : SRI's PRS was developed for embedded application in dynamic and real-time environments. As such it specifically addressed the limitations of other contemporary control and reasoning architectures like expert systems and the blackboard system. The following define the general requirements f... |
Procedural reasoning system : The seminal application of SRI's PRS was a monitoring and fault detection system for the reaction control system (RCS) on the NASA space shuttle. The RCS provides propulsive forces from a collection of jet thrusters and controls altitude of the space shuttle. A PRS-based fault diagnostic s... |
Procedural reasoning system : The following list the major implementations and extensions of the PRS architecture. UM-PRS OpenPRS (formerly C-PRS and Propice) AgentSpeak Distributed multi-agent reasoning system (dMARS) GORITE JAM JACK Intelligent Agents SRI Procedural Agent Realization Kit (SPARK) PRS-CL |
Procedural reasoning system : Distributed multi-agent reasoning system JACK Intelligent Agents Belief–desire–intention software model Intelligent agent |
Procedural reasoning system : M.P. Georgeff and A.L. Lansky. "A system for reasoning in dynamic domains: Fault diagnosis on the space shuttle" Technical Note 375, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, 1986. Michael P. Georgeff, Amy L. Lansky, Marcel J. Schoppers. "Reasoning and Planning in Dynamic Domains:... |
Procedural reasoning system : PRS-CL: A Procedural Reasoning System An extension to PRS maintained by SRI International |
Protégé (software) : Protégé is a free, open source ontology editor and a knowledge management system. The Protégé meta-tool was first built by Mark Musen in 1987 and has since been developed by a team at Stanford University. The software is the most popular and widely used ontology editor in the world. |
Protégé (software) : Protégé provides a graphical user interface to define ontologies. It also includes deductive classifiers to validate that models are consistent and to infer new information based on the analysis of an ontology. Like Eclipse, Protégé is a framework for which various other projects suggest plugins. T... |
Protégé (software) : OWL and RDF Semantic technology |
Protégé (software) : Official website Protégé wiki |
Qualification problem : In philosophy and AI (especially, knowledge-based systems), the qualification problem is concerned with the impossibility of listing all the preconditions required for a real-world action to have its intended effect. It might be posed as how to deal with the things that prevent me from achieving... |
Qualification problem : Non-monotonic logic Circumscription |
Qualification problem : John McCarthy "Introduction: The Qualification Problem" |
Ramification problem : In philosophy and artificial intelligence (especially, knowledge based systems), the ramification problem is concerned with the indirect consequences of an action. It might also be posed as how to represent what happens implicitly due to an action or how to control the secondary and tertiary effe... |
Ramification problem : Non-monotonic logic Ramification (mathematics) |
Ramification problem : Nikos Papadakis "Actions with Duration and Constraints: the Ramification Problem in Temporal Databases" IEEE ICTAI'02 Deepak Kumar "Planning" Bryn Mawr College |
Reason maintenance : Reason maintenance is a knowledge representation approach to efficient handling of inferred information that is explicitly stored. Reason maintenance distinguishes between base facts, which can be defeated, and derived facts. As such it differs from belief revision which, in its basic form, assumes... |
Reason maintenance : Artificial intelligence Belief revision Knowledge acquisition Knowledge representation Neurath's boat |
Reason maintenance : Bridgeland, D. M. & Huhns, M. N., Distributed Truth Maintenance. Proceedings of. AAAI–90: Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1990. J. de Kleer (1986). An assumption-based TMS. Artificial Intelligence, 28:127–162. J. Doyle. A Truth Maintenance System. AI. Vol. 12. No 3, pp. 251–2... |
Reason maintenance : Google Scholar on TMSs Belief Revision and TMSs at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |
Region connection calculus : The region connection calculus (RCC) is intended to serve for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning. RCC abstractly describes regions (in Euclidean space, or in a topological space) by their possible relations to each other. RCC8 consists of 8 basic relations that are possible be... |
Region connection calculus : RCC is governed by two axioms. for any region x, x connects with itself for any region x, y, if x connects with y, y connects with x |
Region connection calculus : The two axioms describe two features of the connection relation, but not the characteristic feature of the connect relation. For example, we can say that an object is less than 10 meters away from itself and that if object A is less than 10 meters away from object B, object B will be less t... |
Region connection calculus : The composition table of RCC8 are as follows: "*" denotes the universal relation, no relation can be discarded. Usage example: if a TPP b and b EC c, (row 4, column 2) of the table says that a DC c or a EC c. |
Region connection calculus : The RCC8 calculus is intended for reasoning about spatial configurations. Consider the following example: two houses are connected via a road. Each house is located on an own property. The first house possibly touches the boundary of the property; the second one surely does not. What can we... |
Region connection calculus : RCC8 has been partially implemented in GeoSPARQL as described below: |
Region connection calculus : GQR is a reasoner for RCC-5, RCC-8, and RCC-23 (as well as other calculi for spatial and temporal reasoning) qualreas is a Python framework for qualitative reasoning over networks of relation algebras, such as RCC-8, Allen's interval algebra and more. |
Region connection calculus : Randell, D.A.; Cui, Z; Cohn, A.G. (1992). "A spatial logic based on regions and connection". 3rd Int. Conf. on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 165–176. Anthony G. Cohn; Brandon Bennett; John Gooday; Micholas Mark Gotts (1997). "Qualitative Spatial Representation... |
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