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Reification (computer science) : In computer science, reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language. A computable/addressable object—a resource—is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressabl... |
Reification (computer science) : In the context of programming languages, reification is the process by which a user program or any aspect of a programming language that was implicit in the translated program and the run-time system, are expressed in the language itself. This process makes it available to the program, ... |
Reification (computer science) : Data reification (stepwise refinement) involves finding a more concrete representation of the abstract data types used in a formal specification. Data reification is the terminology of the Vienna Development Method (VDM) that most other people would call data refinement. An example is t... |
Reification (computer science) : Reification is widely used in conceptual modeling. Reifying a relationship means viewing it as an entity. The purpose of reifying a relationship is to make it explicit, when additional information needs to be added to it. Consider the relationship type IsMemberOf(member:Person, Committe... |
Reification (computer science) : UML provides an association class construct for defining reified relationship types. The association class is a single model element that is both a kind of association and a kind of class. The association and the entity type that reifies are both the same model element. Note that attrib... |
Reification (computer science) : Denotational semantics Formal semantics of programming languages Meta-circular evaluator Metamodeling Metaobject Metaprogramming Normalization by evaluation Operational semantics Reflection (computer science) Resource Description Framework Self-interpreter Topic Maps == References == |
Reification (knowledge representation) : Reification in knowledge representation is the process of turning a predicate or statement into an addressable object. Reification allows the representation of assertions so that they can be referred to or qualified by other assertions, i.e., meta-knowledge. The message "John is... |
Reification (knowledge representation) : Reification (computer science) Reification (fallacy) Reification (linguistics) RDF Statement reification and context == References == |
Repertory grid : The repertory grid is an interviewing technique which uses nonparametric factor analysis to determine an idiographic measure of personality. It was devised by George Kelly in around 1955 and is based on his personal construct theory of personality. |
Repertory grid : The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person construes (interprets or gives meaning to) his or her experience. It provides information from which inferences about personality can be made, but it is not a personality test in the conventional sense. It is underpinned by the pe... |
Repertory grid : Careful interviewing to identify what the individual means by the words initially proposed, using a 5-point rating system could be used to characterize the way in which a group of fellow-employees are viewed on the construct "keen and committed versus energies elsewhere", a 1 indicating that the left p... |
Repertory grid : A single grid can be analysed for both content (eyeball inspection) and structure (cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and a variety of structural indices relating to the complexity and range of the ratings being the chief techniques used). Sets of grids are dealt with using one or other of... |
Repertory grid : In the book Personal Construct Methodology, researchers Brian R. Gaines and Mildred L.G. Shaw noted that they "have also found concept mapping and semantic network tools to be complementary to repertory grid tools and generally use both in most studies" but that they "see less use of network representa... |
Repertory grid : Graph (abstract data type) Idea networking Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure Knowledge representation and reasoning Q methodology Tree (data structure) |
Repertory grid : Caputi, Peter; Bell, Richard C.; Hennessy, Desley (2011). "Analyzing grids: new and traditional approaches". In Caputi, Peter; Viney, Linda L.; Walker, Beverly; et al. (eds.). Personal construct methodology. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 159–181. doi:10.1002/9781119953616.ch8. ISBN 9780470770870. ... |
Research data archiving : Research data archiving is the long-term storage of scholarly research data, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and life sciences. The various academic journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods researchers are required to store in a public arch... |
Research data archiving : In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has tightened requirements on data archiving. Researchers seeking funding from NSF are now required to file a data management plan as a two-page supplement to the grant application. The NSF Datanet initiative has resulted in funding o... |
Research data archiving : Research data is archived in data libraries or data archives. A data library, data archive, or data repository is a collection of numeric and/or geospatial data sets for secondary use in research. A data library is normally part of a larger institution (academic, corporate, scientific, medical... |
Research data archiving : Data bank Data center Data curation Digital curation Digital preservation Open Data |
Research data archiving : Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org [4] Statistical checklist required by Nature [5] Policies of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) [6] The US National Committee for CODATA [7] The Role of Data and Program Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research [8] ... |
Research data archiving : Clubb, J., Austin, E., and Geda, C. "'Sharing research data in the social sciences.'" In Sharing Research Data, S. Fienberg, M. Martin, and M. Straf, Eds. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1985, 39-88. Geraci, D., Humphrey, C., and Jacobs, J. Data Basics. Canadian Library Association, ... |
Research data archiving : University of California Irvine Machine Learnimg Repository |
Resilience (mathematics) : In mathematical modeling, resilience refers to the ability of a dynamical system to recover from perturbations and return to its original stable steady state. It is a measure of the stability and robustness of a system in the face of changes or disturbances. If a system is not resilient enoug... |
Resilience (mathematics) : In 1973, Canadian ecologist C. S. Holling proposed a definition of resilience in the context of ecological systems. According to Holling, resilience is "a measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships betw... |
Resilience (mathematics) : Mathematically, resilience can be approximated by the inverse of the return time to an equilibrium given by resilience ≡ − Re ( λ 1 ( A ) ) ) \equiv -(\lambda _())) where λ 1 is the maximum eigenvalue of matrix A . The largest this value is, the faster a system returns to the original stabl... |
Resilience (mathematics) : In ecology, resilience might refer to the ability of the ecosystem to recover from disturbances such as fires, droughts, or the introduction of invasive species. A resilient ecosystem would be one that is able to adapt to these changes and continue functioning, while a less resilient ecosyste... |
Resilience (mathematics) : Engineering resilience Ecological resilience Critical transition Bifurcation theory == References == |
Resource Description Framework : The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a method to describe and exchange graph data. It was originally designed as a data model for metadata by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It provides a variety of syntax notations and formats, of which the most widely used is Turtle (Terse... |
Resource Description Framework : The RDF data model is similar to classical conceptual modeling approaches (such as entity–relationship or class diagrams). It is based on the idea of making statements about resources (in particular web resources) in expressions of the form subject–predicate–object, known as triples. Th... |
Resource Description Framework : The initial RDF design, intended to "build a vendor-neutral and operating system- independent system of metadata", derived from the W3C's Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), an early web content labelling system, but the project was also shaped by ideas from Dublin Core, and... |
Resource Description Framework : DBpedia – Extracts facts from Wikipedia articles and publishes them as RDF data. YAGO – Similar to DBpedia extracts facts from Wikipedia articles and publishes them as RDF data. Wikidata – Collaboratively edited knowledge base hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Creative Commons – Uses ... |
Resource Description Framework : Notations for RDF TRiG TRiX RDF/XML RDFa JSON-LD Notation3 Similar concepts Entity–attribute–value model Graph theory – an RDF model is a labeled, directed multi-graph. Tag (metadata) SciCrunch Semantic network Other (unsorted) Semantic technology Business Intelligence 2.0 (BI 2.0) Data... |
Resource Description Framework : W3C's RDF at W3C: specifications, guides, and resources RDF Semantics: specification of semantics, and complete systems of inference rules for both RDF and RDFS == External links == |
Retrievability : Retrievability is a term associated with the ease with which information can be found or retrieved using an information system, specifically a search engine or information retrieval system. A document (or information object) has high retrievability if there are many queries which retrieve the document ... |
Retrievability : Information retrieval Knowledge mining Search engine optimization Findability |
Retrievability : Azzopardi, L. & Vinay, V. (2008). "Retrievability: an evaluation measure for higher order information access tasks". Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management. CIKM '08. Napa Valley, California, USA: ACM. pp. 561–570. doi:10.1145/1458082.1458157. ISBN 9781595939913.... |
Schema crosswalk : A schema crosswalk is a table that shows equivalent elements (or "fields") in more than one database schema. It maps the elements in one schema to the equivalent elements in another. Crosswalk tables are often employed within or in parallel to enterprise systems, especially when multiple systems are ... |
Schema crosswalk : One of the biggest challenges for crosswalks is that no two metadata schemes are 100% equivalent. One scheme may have a field that doesn't exist in another scheme or a field that is split into two different fields in another scheme; this is why data is often lost when mapping from a complex scheme to... |
Schema crosswalk : Meta element Metadata Database |
Schema crosswalk : "Metadata Crosswalk Depository" (SchemaTrans)(OCLC) "Mapping Between Metadata Formats" (UKOLN) "Crosswalks the Path to Universal Access?" (Getty) "Metadata Interoperability and Standardization - A Study of Methodology Part I" (D-Lib) |
Script theory : Script theory is a psychological theory which posits that human behaviour largely falls into patterns called "scripts" because they function the way a written script does, by providing a program for action. Silvan Tomkins created script theory as a further development of his affect theory, which regards... |
Script theory : Roger Schank, Robert P. Abelson and their research group, extended Tomkins' scripts and used them in early artificial intelligence work as a method of representing procedural knowledge. In their work, scripts are very much like frames, except the values that fill the slots must be ordered. A script is a... |
Script theory : Nathanson, Donald L. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. London: W.W. Norton, 1992 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky and Adam Frank, eds. 1995. Shame and Its Sisters: A Silvan Tomkins Reader. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Tomkins, Silvan. "Script Theory". The Emergence of Personali... |
Minnie Earl Sears : Minnie Earl Sears (November 17, 1873 – November 28, 1933) formulated the Sears List of Subject Headings, a simplification of the Library of Congress Subject Headings. In 1999, American Libraries named her one of the "100 Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century." |
Minnie Earl Sears : Sears was a native of Lafayette, Indiana, and was awarded a B.Sc. from Purdue University at age 18, the youngest graduate in her class. She received an M.Sc in 1893. In 1900 the University of Illinois awarded to her a Bachelor of Library Science degree. Sears had a long career as a cataloguer and bi... |
Minnie Earl Sears : "Sears List of Subject Headings front matter" (PDF). Retrieved August 2, 2021. "Minnie Earl Sears: The Woman behind Sears List". Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2008. |
Semantic analysis (knowledge representation) : Semantic analysis is a method for eliciting and representing knowledge about organisations. Initially the problem must be defined by domain experts and passed to the project analyst(s). The next step is the generation of candidate affordances. This step will generate a lis... |
Semantic analysis (knowledge representation) : Semantic analysis (machine learning) Ontology chart == References == |
Semantic data model : A semantic data model (SDM) is a high-level semantics-based database description and structuring formalism (database model) for databases. This database model is designed to capture more of the meaning of an application environment than is possible with contemporary database models. An SDM specifi... |
Semantic data model : A semantic data model in software engineering has various meanings: It is a conceptual data model in which semantic information is included. This means that the model describes the meaning of its instances. Such a semantic data model is an abstraction that defines how the stored symbols (the insta... |
Semantic data model : The logical data structure of a database management system (DBMS), whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data, because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS. Therefore... |
Semantic data model : The need for semantic data models was first recognized by the U.S. Air Force in the mid-1970s as a result of the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Program. The objective of this program was to increase manufacturing productivity through the systematic application of computer technolog... |
Semantic data model : A semantic data model can be used to serve many purposes. Some key objectives include: Planning of data resources: A preliminary data model can be used to provide an overall view of the data required to run an enterprise. The model can then be analyzed to identify and scope projects to build share... |
Semantic data model : Computational mathematics Conceptual schema Entity-relationship model Information model Object-role modeling Ontology (information science) Relational Model/Tasmania Semantic technology Three-schema approach |
Semantic data model : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology |
Semantic data model : Naphtali D. Rishe (1992). Database Design: The Semantic Modeling Approach. McGraw-Hill. Johan ter Bekke (1992). Semantic Data Modeling. Prentice Hall. Alfonso F. Cardenas and Dennis McLeod (1990). Research Foundations in Object-Oriented and Semantic Database Systems. Prentice Hall. Peter Gray, Kri... |
Semantic data model : Data related to Semantic data model at Wikidata Semantic Data Modeling Johan ter Bekke tribute site. Technical analysis of semantic data modeling layer in BI tools |
Semantic interoperability : Semantic interoperability is the ability of computer systems to exchange data with unambiguous, shared meaning. Semantic interoperability is a requirement to enable machine computable logic, inferencing, knowledge discovery, and data federation between information systems. Semantic interoper... |
Semantic interoperability : Syntactic interoperability, provided by for instance XML or the SQL standards, is a pre-requisite to semantic. It involves a common data format and common protocol to structure any data so that the manner of processing the information will be interpretable from the structure. It also allows ... |
Semantic interoperability : One persistent misunderstanding recurs in discussion of semantics is "the confusion of words and meanings". The meanings of words change, sometimes rapidly. But a formal language such as used in an ontology can encode the meanings (semantics) of concepts in a form that does not change. In or... |
Semantic interoperability : A knowledge representation language may be sufficiently expressive to describe nuances of meaning in well understood fields. There are at least five levels of complexity of these. For general semi-structured data one may use a general purpose language such as XML. Languages with the full pow... |
Semantic interoperability : Semantic interoperability may be distinguished from other forms of interoperability by considering whether the information transferred has, in its communicated form, all of the meaning required for the receiving system to interpret it correctly, even when the algorithms used by the receiving... |
Semantic interoperability : How to achieve semantic interoperability for more than a few restricted scenarios is currently a matter of research and discussion. For the problem of General Semantic Interoperability, some form of foundation ontology ('upper ontology') is required that is sufficiently comprehensive to prov... |
Semantic interoperability : The practical significance of semantic interoperability has been measured by several studies that estimate the cost (in lost efficiency) due to lack of semantic interoperability. One study, focusing on the lost efficiency in the communication of healthcare information, estimated that US$77.8... |
Semantic interoperability : Digital transformation holds huge benefits for enabling organizations to be more efficient, more flexible, and more nimble in responding to changes in business and operating conditions. This involves the need to integrate heterogeneous data and services throughout organizations. Semantic int... |
Semantic interoperability : Data integration Business semantics management Interoperability, a more general concept Ontology alignment Semantic computing UDEF, Universal Data Element Framework |
Semantic interoperability : the ONTACWG Glossary Other definitions of Semantic Interoperability MMI Guide: Achieving Semantic Interoperability |
Semantic knowledge management : In computer science, semantic knowledge management is a set of practices that seeks to classify content so that the knowledge it contains may be immediately accessed and transformed for delivery to the desired audience, in the required format. This classification of content is semantic i... |
Semantic knowledge management : Learn eXact Thinking Cap LCMS Thinking Cap LMS Xyleme LCMS iMapping |
Semantic knowledge management : John Davies; Marko Grobelnik; Dunja Mladenic (2008). Semantic Knowledge Management: Integrating Ontology Management, Knowledge Discovery, and Human Language Technologies. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-89164-2. |
Semantic network : A semantic network, or frame network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semant... |
Semantic network : Examples of the use of semantic networks in logic, directed acyclic graphs as a mnemonic tool, dates back centuries, the earliest documented use being the Greek philosopher Porphyry's commentary on Aristotle's categories in the third century AD. In computing history, "Semantic Nets" for the propositi... |
Semantic network : A semantic network is used when one has knowledge that is best understood as a set of concepts that are related to one another. Most semantic networks are cognitively based. They consist of arcs (spokes) and nodes (hubs) which can be organized into a taxonomic hierarchy. Different semantic networks c... |
Semantic network : In the field of linguistics, semantic networks represent how the human mind handles associated concepts. Typically, concepts in a semantic network can have one of two different relationships: either semantic or associative. If semantic in relation, the two concepts are linked by any of the following ... |
Semantic network : There are also elaborate types of semantic networks connected with corresponding sets of software tools used for lexical knowledge engineering, like the Semantic Network Processing System (SNePS) of Stuart C. Shapiro or the MultiNet paradigm of Hermann Helbig, especially suited for the semantic repre... |
Semantic network : Allen, J. and A. Frisch (1982). "What's in a Semantic Network". In: Proceedings of the 20th. annual meeting of ACL, Toronto, pp. 19–27. John F. Sowa, Alexander Borgida (1991). Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge. Segev, E. (Ed.) (2022). Semantic Network An... |
Semantic network : "Semantic Networks" by John F. Sowa "Semantic Link Network" by Hai Zhuge |
Semantic parameterization : Semantic parameterization is a conceptual modeling process for expressing natural language descriptions of a domain in first-order predicate logic. The process yields a formalization of natural language sentences in Description Logic to answer the who, what and where questions in the Inquiry... |
Semantic parameterization : Semantic Parameterization defines a meta-model consisting of eight roles that are domain-independent and reusable. Seven of these roles correspond to Jeffrey Gruber's thematic relations and case roles in Charles Fillmore's case grammar: The Inquiry-Cycle Model (ICM) was introduced to drive e... |
Semantic parameterization : The semantic parameterization process is based on Description Logic, wherein the TBox is composed of words in a dictionary, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and the ABox is partitioned into two sets of assertions: 1) those assertions that come from words in the natural language statem... |
Semantic similarity network : A semantic similarity network (SSN) is a special form of semantic network. designed to represent concepts and their semantic similarity. Its main contribution is reducing the complexity of calculating semantic distances. Bendeck (2004, 2008) introduced the concept of semantic similarity ne... |
Semantic triple : A semantic triple, or RDF triple or simply triple, is the atomic data entity in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. As its name indicates, a triple is a sequence of three entities that codifies a statement about semantic data in the form of subject–predicate–object expressions (e.g., ... |
Semantic triple : This format enables knowledge to be represented in a machine-readable way. Particularly, every part of an RDF triple is individually addressable via unique URIs—for example, the statement "Bob knows John" might be represented in RDF as: http://example.name#BobSmith12 http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#term_k... |
Semantic triple : A relational database is the classical form for information storage, working with different tables, which consist of rows. The query language SQL is able to retrieve information from such a database. In contrast, RDF triple storage works with logical predicates. No tables nor rows are needed, but the ... |
Semantic triple : One concern about triple storage is its lack of database scalability. This problem is especially pertinent if millions of triples are stored and retrieved in a database. The seek time is larger than for classical SQL-based databases. A more complex issue is a knowledge model's inability to predict fut... |
Semantic triple : Named graphs and quads, an extension to semantic triples to also include a context node as a fourth element. Graph database Link relation |
Semantic triple : "RDF 1.1 Primer § Triples". W3C. "Il ruolo delle triple semantiche nella SEO". |
SERVQUAL : SERVQUAL is a multi-dimensional research instrument designed to capture consumer expectations and perceptions of a service along five dimensions (originally ten), which are said to represent service quality. SERVQUAL is built on the expectancy–disconfirmation paradigm, which, in simple terms, means that serv... |
SERVQUAL : SERVQUAL is a multidimensional research instrument designed to measure service quality by capturing respondents' expectations and perceptions along five dimensions of service quality. The questionnaire consists of matched pairs of items - 22 expectation items and 22 perceptions items - organised into five di... |
SERVQUAL : The model of service quality, popularly known as the gaps model, was developed by a group of American authors, A. Parasuraman, Valarie A. Zeithaml and Len Berry, in a systematic research program carried out between 1983 and 1988. The model identifies the principal dimensions (or components) of service qualit... |
SERVQUAL : The development of the model of service quality involved a systematic research undertaking which began in 1983, and after various refinements, resulted in the publication of the SERVQUAL instrument in 1988. The model's developers began with an exhaustive literature search in order to identify items that were... |
SERVQUAL : Although the SERVQUAL instrument has been widely applied in a variety of industry and cross-cultural contexts, there are many criticisms of the approach. Francis Buttle published one of the most comprehensive criticisms of the model of service quality and the associated SERVQUAL instrument in 1996 in which b... |
SERVQUAL : Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction research Disconfirmed expectancy Quality management Service quality Services marketing |
SERVQUAL : SERVQUAL Instructions - Detailed instructions for administering the SERVQUAL questionnaire |
SERVQUAL : Luis Filipe Lages & Joana Cosme Fernandes, 2005, "The SERPVAL scale: A multi-item instrument for measuring service personal values", Journal of Business Research, Vol.58, Issue 11, pp 1562–1572. Deborah McCabe, Mark S. Rosenbaum, and Jennifer Yurchisin (2007), "Perceived Service Quality and Shopping Motivati... |
Simple Knowledge Organization System : Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards bui... |
Simple Knowledge Organization System : In addition to the reference itself, the SKOS Primer (a W3C Working Group Note) summarizes the Simple Knowledge Organization System. The SKOS defines the classes and properties sufficient to represent the common features found in a standard thesaurus. It is based on a concept-cent... |
Simple Knowledge Organization System : All development work is carried out via the mailing list which is a completely open and publicly archived mailing list devoted to discussion of issues relating to knowledge organisation systems, information retrieval and the Semantic Web. Anyone may participate informally in the d... |
Simple Knowledge Organization System : Some important vocabularies have been migrated into SKOS format and are available in the public domain, including EuroVoc, AGROVOC and GEMET. Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) also support the SKOS format. SKOS has been used as the language for the thesauri used in the S... |
Simple Knowledge Organization System : Unilexicon is a web based visual editor and taxonomy manager for authoring controlled vocabularies with tagging integration and JSON API. Its primary visualisation uses hyperbolic tree. ThesauRex is an open-source, web-based SKOS editor. It is limited to broader/narrower relations... |
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