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Logico-linguistic modeling : Gregory, Frank Hutson (1993) "A logical analysis of soft systems modelling: implications for information system design and knowledge based system design. PhD thesis, University of Warwick. |
Lumpers and splitters : Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any academic discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper–splitter problem occurs when there is the desire to create classifications and assign examples to them, for example, schools of literature, ... |
Lumpers and splitters : The earliest known use of these terms was thought to be Charles Darwin, in a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1857: It is good to have hair-splitters & lumpers. But according to research done by the deputy director at NCSE, Glenn Branch, the credit is due to naturalist Edward Newman who wrote i... |
Lumpers and splitters : Evolutionary biology Heterarchy No true Scotsman Prototype theory Sorites paradox |
Lumpers and splitters : Abstraction: Lumpers and Splitters |
Match report : In metadata, a match report is a report that compares two distinct data dictionaries and creates a list of the data elements that have been identified as semantically equivalent. |
Match report : Match reports are critical for systems that wish to automatically exchange data, such as intelligent software agents. If one computer system is requesting a report from a remote system that uses a distinct data dictionary and all of the data elements on the report manifest are included in the match repor... |
Match report : Data dictionary Data warehouse Metadata Semantic equivalence Universal Data Element Framework |
Mathematical model : A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, e... |
Mathematical model : Mathematical models can take many forms, including dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. In general, mathematical models may include logical... |
Mathematical model : Mathematical models are of different types: Linear vs. nonlinear. If all the operators in a mathematical model exhibit linearity, the resulting mathematical model is defined as linear. A model is considered to be nonlinear otherwise. The definition of linearity and nonlinearity is dependent on cont... |
Mathematical model : In business and engineering, mathematical models may be used to maximize a certain output. The system under consideration will require certain inputs. The system relating inputs to outputs depends on other variables too: decision variables, state variables, exogenous variables, and random variables... |
Mathematical model : Mathematical models are of great importance in the natural sciences, particularly in physics. Physical theories are almost invariably expressed using mathematical models. Throughout history, more and more accurate mathematical models have been developed. Newton's laws accurately describe many every... |
Mathematical model : Often when engineers analyze a system to be controlled or optimized, they use a mathematical model. In analysis, engineers can build a descriptive model of the system as a hypothesis of how the system could work, or try to estimate how an unforeseeable event could affect the system. Similarly, in c... |
Mathematical model : One of the popular examples in computer science is the mathematical models of various machines, an example is the deterministic finite automaton (DFA) which is defined as an abstract mathematical concept, but due to the deterministic nature of a DFA, it is implementable in hardware and software for... |
Mathematical model : General reference Patrone, F. Introduction to modeling via differential equations, with critical remarks. Plus teacher and student package: Mathematical Modelling. Brings together all articles on mathematical modeling from Plus Magazine, the online mathematics magazine produced by the Millennium Ma... |
Medical algorithm : A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, nomogram, or look-up table, useful in healthcare. Medical algorithms include decision tree approaches to healthcare treatment (e.g., if symptoms A, B, and C are evident, then use treatment X) and also less clear-cut tools aimed at ... |
Medical algorithm : Medical algorithms are part of a broader field which is usually fit under the aims of medical informatics and medical decision-making. Medical decisions occur in several areas of medical activity including medical test selection, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, and automatic control of medical equ... |
Medical algorithm : A wealth of medical information exists in the form of published medical algorithms. These algorithms range from simple calculations to complex outcome predictions. Most clinicians use only a small subset routinely. Examples of medical algorithms are: Calculators, e.g. an on-line or stand-alone calcu... |
Medical algorithm : The intended purpose of medical algorithms is to improve and standardize decisions made in the delivery of medical care. Medical algorithms assist in standardizing selection and application of treatment regimens, with algorithm automation intended to reduce potential introduction of errors. Some att... |
Medical algorithm : In common with most science and medicine, algorithms whose contents are not wholly available for scrutiny and open to improvement should be regarded with suspicion. Computations obtained from medical algorithms should be compared with, and tempered by, clinical knowledge and physician judgment. |
Medical algorithm : Artificial intelligence in healthcare Medical guideline Odds algorithm |
Medical algorithm : Johnson, Kathy A.; Svirbely, John R.; Sriram, M.G.; Smith, Jack W.; Kantor, Gareth; Rodriguez, Jorge Raul (November 2002). "Automated Medical Algorithms: Issues for Medical Errors". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 9 (6 Suppl 1): s56 – s57. doi:10.1197/jamia.M1228. PMC 419420... |
Mental mapping : In behavioral geography, a mental map is a person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction. Although this kind of subject matter would seem most likely to be studied by fields in the social sciences, this particular subject is most often studied by modern-day geographers. They study it t... |
Mental mapping : Mental maps are an outcome of the field of behavioral geography. The imagined maps are considered one of the first studies that intersected geographical settings with human action. The most prominent contribution and study of mental maps was in the writings of Kevin Lynch. In The Image of the City, Lyn... |
Mental mapping : Mental maps have been used in a collection of spatial research. Many studies have been performed that focus on the quality of an environment in terms of feelings such as fear, desire and stress. A study by Matei et al. in 2001 used mental maps to reveal the role of media in shaping urban space in Los A... |
Mental mapping : Spatial cognition == References == |
Metaclass (knowledge representation) : In knowledge representation, particularly in the Semantic Web, a metaclass is a class whose instances can themselves be classes. Similar to their role in programming languages, metaclasses in ontology languages can have properties otherwise applicable only to individuals, while re... |
Metaclass (knowledge representation) : Following the type-token distinction, real world objects such as Abraham Lincoln or the planet Mars are regrouped into classes of similar objects. Abraham Lincoln is said to be an instance of human, and Mars is an instance of planet. This is a kind of is-a relationship. Metaclasse... |
Metaclass (knowledge representation) : Some ontologies like the Cyc AI project's classifies classes and metaclasses. Classes are divided into fixed-order classes and variable-order classes. In the case of fixed-order classes, an order is attributed for metaclasses by measuring the distance to individuals with respect t... |
Metaclass (knowledge representation) : Metaclass Class (knowledge representation) == References == |
Metadata : Metadata (or metainformation) is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: Descriptive metadata – the descriptive information about a resource. It is used ... |
Metadata : Metadata has various purposes. It can help users find relevant information and discover resources. It can also help organize electronic resources, provide digital identification, and archive and preserve resources. Metadata allows users to access resources by "allowing resources to be found by relevant crite... |
Metadata : Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier. Some examples include: Means of creation of the data Purpose of the... |
Metadata : While the metadata application is manifold, covering a large variety of fields, there are specialized and well-accepted models to specify types of metadata. Bretherton & Singley (1994) distinguish between two distinct classes: structural/control metadata and guide metadata. Structural metadata describes the ... |
Metadata : Metadata (metacontent) or, more correctly, the vocabularies used to assemble metadata (metacontent) statements, is typically structured according to a standardized concept using a well-defined metadata scheme, including metadata standards and metadata models. Tools such as controlled vocabularies, taxonomies... |
Metadata : International standards apply to metadata. Much work is being accomplished in the national and international standards communities, especially ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to reach a consensus on standardizing metadata and registries. T... |
Metadata : Metadata can be created either by automated information processing or by manual work. Elementary metadata captured by computers can include information about when an object was created, who created it, when it was last updated, file size, and file extension. In this context an object refers to any of the fol... |
Metadata : One of the first satirical examinations of the concept of Metadata as we understand it today is American science fiction author Hal Draper's short story, "MS Fnd in a Lbry" (1961). Here, the knowledge of all Mankind is condensed into an object the size of a desk drawer, however, the magnitude of the metadata... |
Metadata : Baca, Murtha. 2016. Introduction to Metadata: Third Edition. Getty Publications. ISBN 9781606064795. Gartner, Richard. 2016. Metadata: Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web. Springer. ISBN 9783319408910. Pomerantz, Jeffrey. 2015. Metadata. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262528511. Zeng, Marcia & Qin, Jia... |
Metadata : Media related to Metadata at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of metadata at Wiktionary Understanding Metadata: What is metadata, and what is it for? – NISO, 2017 "A Guardian guide to your metadata" – The Guardian, Wednesday 12 June 2013. Metacrap: Putting the torch to 7 straw-men of the meta-utop... |
Microformat : Microformats (μF) are predefined HTML markup (like HTML classes) created to serve as descriptive and consistent metadata about elements, designating them as representing a certain type of data (such as contact information, geographic coordinates, events, products, recipes, etc.). They allow software to pr... |
Microformat : Microformats emerged around 2005 as part of a grassroots movement to make recognizable data items (such as events, contact details or geographical locations) capable of automated processing by software, as well as directly readable by end-users. Link-based microformats emerged first. These include vote li... |
Microformat : XHTML and HTML standards allow for the embedding and encoding of semantics within the attributes of markup elements. Microformats take advantage of these standards by indicating the presence of metadata using the following attributes: class Classname rel relationship, description of the target address in ... |
Microformat : Several microformats have been developed to enable semantic markup of particular types of information. However, only hCard and hCalendar have been ratified, the others remaining as drafts: hAtom (superseded by h-entry and h-feed) – for marking up Atom feeds from within standard HTML hCalendar – for events... |
Microformat : Using microformats within HTML code provides additional formatting and semantic data that applications can use. For example, applications such as web crawlers can collect data about online resources, or desktop applications such as e-mail clients or scheduling software can compile details. The use of micr... |
Microformat : Various commentators have offered review and discussion on the design principles and practical aspects of microformats. Microformats have been compared to other approaches that seek to serve the same or similar purpose. As of 2007, there had been some criticism of one, or all, microformats. The spread and... |
Microformat : Microformats2 was proposed and discussed during FOOEast, 2010-05-02. Microformats2 was intended to make it easier for authors to publish microformats and for developers to consume them, while remaining backwards compatible Using microformats2, the example above would be marked up as: and: |
Microformat : COinS Microdata (HTML) Intelligent agents JSON-LD RDFa Lite S5 (file format) Schema.org Simple HTML Ontology Extensions XMDP |
Microformat : Suda, Brian (September 2006). Using Microformats. O'Reilly Media. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-596-52821-8. Ahmet Soylu, Patrick De Causmaecker, Fridolin Wild Ubiquitous Web for Ubiquitous Environments: The Role of Embedded Semantics, article in Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 6, No.1, pp. 26–48, (2010). PDF |
Microformat : microformats.org Microformats Primer Optimus microformats parser and validator A four-part discussion of Microformats, UI issues, and possible presentation in Firefox 3 by Alex Faaborg of Mozilla |
Mind map : A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are ad... |
Mind map : Although the term "mind map" was first popularized by British popular psychology author and television personality Tony Buzan, the use of diagrams that visually "map" information using branching and radial maps traces back centuries. These pictorial methods record knowledge and model systems, and have a long... |
Mind map : Concept maps: Mind maps differ from concept maps in that mind maps are based on a radial hierarchy (tree structure) denoting relationships with a central concept, whereas concept maps can be more free-form, based on connections between concepts in more diverse patterns. Also, concept maps typically have text... |
Mind map : Mind-mapping software can be used to organize large amounts of information, combining spatial organization, dynamic hierarchical structuring and node folding. Software packages can extend the concept of mind-mapping by allowing individuals to map more than thoughts and ideas with information on their compute... |
Mind map : The following dozen examples of mind maps show the range of styles that a mind map may take, from hand-drawn to computer-generated and from mostly text to highly illustrated. Despite their stylistic differences, all of the examples share a tree structure that hierarchically connects sub-topics to a main topi... |
Mind map : Media related to Mind maps at Wikimedia Commons |
Minimum information standard : Minimum information standards are sets of guidelines and formats for reporting data derived by specific high-throughput methods. Their purpose is to ensure the data generated by these methods can be easily verified, analysed and interpreted by the wider scientific community. Ultimately, t... |
Minimum information standard : The individual minimum information standards are brought by the communities of cross-disciplinary specialists focused on the problematic of the specific method used in experimental biology. The standards then provide specifications what information about the experiments (metadata) is cruc... |
Minimum information standard : MIBBI (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations) A ‘one-stop shop’ for exploring the range of extant projects, foster collaborative development and ultimately promote gradual integration. BioSharing catalogue |
Model : A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, 'a measure'. Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a ship model or a fashion mo... |
Model : According to Bruce Edmonds, there are at least 5 general uses for models: Prediction: The ability to reliably anticipate unknown data. This includes data within the domain of the training data (interpolation), and outside the domain (extrapolation). Explanation: The ability to establish plausible chains of caus... |
Model : According to Herbert Stachowiak, a model is characterized by at least three properties: 1. Mapping A model always is a model of something—it is an image or representation of some natural or artificial, existing or imagined original, where this original itself could be a model. 2. Reduction In general, a model w... |
Model : Media related to Physical models at Wikimedia Commons |
MultiNet : Multilayered extended semantic networks (MultiNets) are both a knowledge representation paradigm and a language for meaning representation of natural language expressions that has been developed by Prof. Dr. Hermann Helbig on the basis of earlier Semantic Networks. It is used in a question-answering applicat... |
MultiNet : Hermann Helbig, Die semantische Struktur natürlicher Sprache - Wissensrepräsentation mit MultiNet. Springer, Heidelberg, 2001. Hermann Helbig. Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language, (2006) Springer, Berlin Sven Hartrumpf, Hermann Helbig, Johannes Leveling, Rainer Osswald. An Architec... |
MultiNet : MultiNet and its software environment == Footnotes == |
National Library of Medicine classification : The National Library of Medicine (NLM) classification system is a library indexing system covering the fields of medicine and preclinical basic sciences. The NLM classification is patterned after the Library of Congress (LC) Classification system: alphabetical letters denot... |
National Library of Medicine classification : Preclinical Sciences QS Human Anatomy QT Physiology QU Biochemistry QV Pharmacology QW Microbiology & Immunology QX Parasitology QY Clinical Pathology QZ Pathology Medicine and Related Subjects W Health Professions WA Public Health WB Practice of Medicine WC Communicable Di... |
National Library of Medicine classification : Dewey Decimal Classification Colon classification Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification |
NeOn Toolkit : The NeOn Toolkit is an open source, multi-platform ontology editor, which supports the development of ontologies in F-Logic and OWL/RDF. The editor is based on the Eclipse platform and provides a set of plug-ins (currently 20 plug-ins are available for the latest version, v2.4) covering a number of ontol... |
NeOn Toolkit : NeOn Technologies Foundation NeOn Toolkit Website NeOn Project Website |
New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries : The New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries is a system of library classification developed by Lai Yung-hsiang since 1956. It is modified from "A System of Book Classification for Chinese Libraries" of Liu Guojun, which is based on the Dewey Decimal System. The ... |
New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries : 000 Generalities 100 Philosophy 200 Religion 300 Sciences 400 Applied sciences 500 Social sciences 600 History of China and Geography of China 700 World history and Geography 800 Linguistics and Literature 900 Arts |
New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries : 000 Generalities 000 Special collections 010 Bibliography; Literacy (Documentation) 020 Library and information science; Archive management 030 Sinology 040 General encyclopedia 050 Serial publications; Periodicals 060 General organization; Museology 070 General collect... |
NGSI-LD : NGSI-LD is an information model and API for publishing, querying and subscribing to context information. It is meant to facilitate the open exchange and sharing of structured information between different stakeholders. It is used across application domains such as smart cities, smart industry, smart agricultu... |
NGSI-LD : NGSI-LD was initiated by partners of the FIWARE programme, and is primarily used by the FIWARE open source community, supported by the FIWARE Foundation as well as a diverse range of other projects and users such as below: The Connecting Europe Facility recommends the use of the FIWARE context broker with NGS... |
NGSI-LD : NGSI-LD is the result of an evolution of Context Interfaces that started as part of the "Next Generation Service Interfaces" (NGSI) suite published by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) in 2012, which is also the source of the acronym NGSI. The NGSI suite included NGSI-9 as the Context Entity Discovery Interface ... |
NGSI-LD : Context awareness Graph Query Language |
NGSI-LD : ETSI CIM group home page Implementations in open-source software projects Orion-LD from the FIWARE Foundation Scorpio from NEC Stellio from EGM Cassiopeia from Geonet City Data Hub Data Core Module from KETI |
OntoCAPE : OntoCAPE is a large-scale ontology for the domain of Computer-Aided Process Engineering (CAPE). It can be downloaded free of charge via the OntoCAPE Homepage. OntoCAPE is partitioned into 62 sub-ontologies, which can be used individually or as an integrated suite. The sub-ontologies are organized across diff... |
OntoCAPE : Marquardt et al. (2010). OntoCAPE: A Re-Usable Ontology for Chemical Process Engineering. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. |
OntoCAPE : OntoCAPE Homepage |
Ontology (information science) : In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the ... |
Ontology (information science) : Ontology is a branch of philosophy and intersects areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language, as it considers how knowledge, language, and perception relate to the nature of reality. Metaphysics deals with questions like "what exists?" and "what is the nature of... |
Ontology (information science) : The compound word ontology combines onto-, from the Greek ὄν, on (gen. ὄντος, ontos), i.e. "being; that which is", which is the present participle of the verb εἰμί, eimí, i.e. "to be, I am", and -λογία, -logia, i.e. "logical discourse", see classical compounds for this type of word form... |
Ontology (information science) : Since the mid-1970s, researchers in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) have recognized that knowledge engineering is the key to building large and powerful AI systems. AI researchers argued that they could create new ontologies as computational models that enable certain kinds of... |
Ontology (information science) : Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes and relations. |
Ontology (information science) : A survey of ontology visualization methods is presented by Katifori et al. An updated survey of ontology visualization methods and tools was published by Dudás et al. The most established ontology visualization methods, namely indented tree and graph visualization are evaluated by Fu et... |
Ontology (information science) : Ontology engineering (also called ontology building) is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain. It is a subfield of knowledge engineering that studies the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for bu... |
Ontology (information science) : An ontology language is a formal language used to encode an ontology. There are a number of such languages for ontologies, both proprietary and standards-based: Common Algebraic Specification Language is a general logic-based specification language developed within the IFIP working grou... |
Ontology (information science) : Arabic Ontology, a linguistic ontology for Arabic, which can be used as an Arabic Wordnet but with ontologically-clean content. AURUM – Information Security Ontology, An ontology for information security knowledge sharing, enabling users to collaboratively understand and extend the doma... |
Ontology (information science) : The development of ontologies has led to the emergence of services providing lists or directories of ontologies called ontology libraries. The following are libraries of human-selected ontologies. COLORE is an open repository of first-order ontologies in Common Logic with formal links b... |
Ontology (information science) : In general, ontologies can be used beneficially in several fields. Enterprise applications. A more concrete example is SAPPHIRE (Health care) or Situational Awareness and Preparedness for Public Health Incidences and Reasoning Engines which is a semantics-based health information system... |
Ontology (information science) : Related philosophical concepts Alphabet of human thought Characteristica universalis Interoperability Level of measurement Metalanguage Natural semantic metalanguage |
Ontology (information science) : Oberle, D.; Guarino, N.; Staab, S. (2009). "What is an Ontology?" (PDF). Handbook on Ontologies. pp. 1–17. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0. ISBN 978-3-540-70999-2. S2CID 8522608. Fensel, D.; van Harmelen, F.; Horrocks, I.; McGuinness, D.L.; Patel-Schneider, P.F. (2001). "OIL: an ontolog... |
Ontology (information science) : Knowledge Representation at Open Directory Project Library of ontologies (Archive, Unmaintained) GoPubMed using Ontologies for searching ONTOLOG (a.k.a. "Ontolog Forum") - an Open, International, Virtual Community of Practice on Ontology, Ontological Engineering and Semantic Technology ... |
Ontology alignment : Ontology alignment, or ontology matching, is the process of determining correspondences between concepts in ontologies. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science, cognitive science or philosophy. |
Ontology alignment : For computer scientists, concepts are expressed as labels for data. Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to integrate heterogeneous databases, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary. In the Semantic Web context involving many actor... |
Ontology alignment : For cognitive scientists interested in ontology alignment, the "concepts" are nodes in a semantic network that reside in brains as "conceptual systems." The focal question is: if everyone has unique experiences and thus different semantic networks, then how can we ever understand each other? This q... |
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