document_id int32 185 2.68k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | is_impossible bool 1
class | id int32 225 5.32k | answers dict |
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2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | As of 5 March 2020, what are the cases in the WHO European region? | false | 3,834 | {
"text": [
"there are 4,250 cases including 113 deaths reported among 38 countries"
],
"answer_start": [
9465
]
} |
1,604 | Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243941/
SHA: f5b706d0529bfcf7e2d1dfc037df5b6f95fc5ec0
Authors: Sun, Bing; He, Hangyong; Wang, Zheng; Qu, Jiuxin; Li, Xuya... | What are the clinical symptoms of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | false | 3,244 | {
"text": [
"Flulike symptoms, such as fever, cough and little sputum, were commonly observed at the onset of illness"
],
"answer_start": [
8509
]
} |
2,620 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What is likely increase of the reporting rate after the 17th January 2020? | false | 1,879 | {
"text": [
"reased 21-fold (95% CI: 18"
],
"answer_start": [
1649
]
} |
2,459 | No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054935/
SHA: 5a9154aee79901dd8fecd58b7bcd9b7351102d24
Authors: Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda J.; Weiss, Susan R.; Su, Lishan
Date: 2020-02-26
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1733440
License: cc-by
... | Why is it likely that MA15 is highly attenuated to replicate in human cells? | false | 3,602 | {
"text": [
"due to the mouse adaptation."
],
"answer_start": [
3383
]
} |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What is SCA? | false | 4,423 | {
"text": [
"sine-cosine algorithm"
],
"answer_start": [
4747
]
} |
1,633 | The vacuolar-type ATPase inhibitor archazolid increases tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells by accumulating extracellular collagen
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133348/
SHA: f1b81916fac1ca3d50dde774df2e1bb26bf0fb39
Authors: Luong, Betty; Schwenk, Rebecca; Bräutigam, Jacqueline; Müller, Rolf; Men... | What is vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (v-ATPase)? | false | 5,301 | {
"text": [
"the major proton pump that acidifies intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
1,601 | Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus: Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183080/
SHA: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay; Rollot, Olivier; Temmam, Sarah; Salez, Nico... | When did WHO declare a pandemic of pH1N1/2009v influenza? | false | 5,256 | {
"text": [
"11 June 2009"
],
"answer_start": [
2887
]
} |
1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are the advantages of phage as a vaccine carrier? | false | 1,723 | {
"text": [
"high immunogenicity, relative antigenic simplicity and ability to activate a range of immune responses"
],
"answer_start": [
998
]
} |
2,675 | Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) related to the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Chinese General Population: a Telephone Survey
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3112099/
SHA: fe954b75ed45c02d47090ee70d25c726b24b081c
Authors: Lin, Yilan; Huang, Lijuan; Nie, Shaofa; Liu, Zengyan; Yu, Hongjie; Yan, Weiron... | In 2009 what was the reported H1N1 vaccination rate in China? | false | 523 | {
"text": [
"10.8%"
],
"answer_start": [
1433
]
} |
1,686 | Nucleolar Protein Trafficking in Response to HIV-1 Tat: Rewiring the Nucleolus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499507/
SHA: efa871aeaf22cbd0ce30e8bd1cb3d1afff2a98f9
Authors: Jarboui, Mohamed Ali; Bidoia, Carlo; Woods, Elena; Roe, Barbara; Wynne, Kieran; Elia, Giuliano; Hall, William W.; Gautier, Virgin... | Which isotope labeled lysine? | false | 5,139 | {
"text": [
"heavy (R6K6)"
],
"answer_start": [
9674
]
} |
1,667 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... | What is the key regulator to sporulation? | false | 915 | {
"text": [
"Spo0A"
],
"answer_start": [
2243
]
} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | What do the bats do instead? | false | 2,726 | {
"text": [
"bats support unique adaptations to combat inflammation"
],
"answer_start": [
3558
]
} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What was the duration from illness onset to first medical visit ? | false | 2,767 | {
"text": [
"a mean of 5.8 days (95% CI: 4.3-7.5)"
],
"answer_start": [
10518
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is the advantage of virus vectored vaccine? | false | 1,244 | {
"text": [
"a vectored vaccine often enables delivery of the vaccine to sites of inductive immunity such as the respiratory tract"
],
"answer_start": [
1082
]
} |
1,569 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | false | 476 | {
"text": [
"somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification"
],
"answer_start": [
2372
]
} |
1,606 | Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497043/
SHA: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu; Tani, Hideki; Yoshikawa, Tomoki; Saijo, Masayuki; Morikawa, Shigeru
Date: 2012-10-12... | What is the incubation period for arenavirus? | false | 5,273 | {
"text": [
"1-3 weeks"
],
"answer_start": [
4195
]
} |
1,571 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? | false | 507 | {
"text": [
"approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
1438
]
} |
1,557 | Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/
SHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505
Authors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Guanyang; Zha... | What was the average age of a study participant? | false | 3,027 | {
"text": [
"46 years"
],
"answer_start": [
9776
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What is the effect of these factors? | false | 3,944 | {
"text": [
"These factors heighten local inflammation and the infiltration of granulocytes, T-cells and B-cells (Wark and Gibson, 2006; Braciale et al., 2012) . The increased inflammation, in turn, worsens the symptoms of airway diseases."
],
"answer_start": [
10603
]
} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | What is an example of the effect of immunity to the delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination? | false | 870 | {
"text": [
"mice that had been primed with Salmonella alone, and then boosted with Salmonella expressing tetC, induced much lower anti-tetC responses than mice that had not been primed. This argues strongly that prior immunological immunity to the vector can seriously dampen subsequent antigen-specific humoral r... |
1,595 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361828/
SHA: f02d0c1e8b0109648e578662dc250abe349a033c
Authors: Chen, I-Yin; Moriyama, Miyu; Chang, Ming-Fu; Ichinohe, Takeshi
Date: 2019-01-29
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00050
Licens... | What does the SARS-CoV protein activate? | false | 296 | {
"text": [
"NLRP3 inflammasome"
],
"answer_start": [
5742
]
} |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What is proposed in the current study? | false | 4,428 | {
"text": [
"an improved ANFIS model based on a modified flower pollination algorithm (FPA) using the salp swarm algorithm (SSA)."
],
"answer_start": [
6145
]
} |
2,432 | Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090843/
SHA: 0a08fddd9dcee1b1254a05b49113521bbc423ccd
Authors: Lai, Jianbo; Ma, Simeng; Wang, Ying; Cai, Zhongxiang; Hu, Jianbo; Wei, Ning; Wu, Jiang; Du, Hui; Ch... | What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of anxiety? | false | 3,460 | {
"text": [
"[44.6%"
],
"answer_start": [
2080
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | When does influenza activity increase? | false | 4,092 | {
"text": [
"during austral winter, corresponding to summer in Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
2836
]
} |
1,605 | Livestock Drugs and Disease: The Fatal Combination behind Breeding Failure in Endangered Bearded Vultures
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994777/
SHA: f4f804bac7b32c84ad6572776df684df2a2e5fda
Authors: Blanco, Guillermo; Lemus, Jesús A.
Date: 2010-11-30
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014163
License: cc-by
... | Where is the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) commonly found? | false | 5,270 | {
"text": [
"the Pyrenees"
],
"answer_start": [
3127
]
} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | What do the findings indicate? | false | 2,751 | {
"text": [
"enhanced IFN-mediated immune pathways in bat reservoirs may promote elevated within-host virus replication rates prior to cross-species emergence."
],
"answer_start": [
35958
]
} |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What is SI? | false | 4,421 | {
"text": [
"swarm intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
4452
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | How do the alphavirus vectors work? | false | 1,567 | {
"text": [
"The structural proteins are provided in cell culture production systems."
],
"answer_start": [
16796
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What hypotheses can explain this result? | false | 4,114 | {
"text": [
"a poor quality of swabs, preventing from identifying a pathogen, noninfectious causes or other pathogens not included in the multiplex PCR."
],
"answer_start": [
11842
]
} |
1,571 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? | false | 4,573 | {
"text": [
"as a dense or fluffy opacity that occupies a portion or whole of a lobe, or the entire lung."
],
"answer_start": [
5539
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} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | What is a conclusion of this study? | false | 2,753 | {
"text": [
"Viruses which evolve rapid replication rates under these robust antiviral defenses may pose the greatest hazard for cross-species pathogen emergence into spillover hosts with immune systems that differ from those unique to bats."
],
"answer_start": [
37910
]
} |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What are exhibited in the two phases? | false | 2,497 | {
"text": [
"The first stage is acute, while the second stage, experienced by most but not all, is persistent, causing disabling polyarthritis. Characteristics of the acute phase include an abrupt onset of fever, arthralgia, and in some cases, maculopapular rash [6, 23] . The acute phase causes such intense joint... |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector? | false | 858 | {
"text": [
"considering a vector such as Salmonella, if a host has previously been infected there will exist robust B and T memory responses, and as such, when a vaccination is delivered, an anamnestic response to the Salmonella antigens will be induced (while the response to the vectored antigen will be a prima... |
1,690 | Viruses and Evolution – Viruses First? A Personal Perspective
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6433886/
SHA: f3b9fc0f8e0a431366196d3e835e1ec368b379d1
Authors: Moelling, Karin; Broecker, Felix
Date: 2019-03-19
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00523
License: cc-by
Abstract: The discovery of exoplanets within putat... | What do ribozymes exhibit? | false | 1,186 | {
"text": [
"structural information by hairpin-loops that form hydrogen bonds between incomplete double strands, and loops free to interact with other molecules."
],
"answer_start": [
4077
]
} |
1,661 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | What changes do viruses make to be unrecognizable to previously neutralizing antibodies? | false | 5,163 | {
"text": [
"point mutations on immunodominant regions of surface proteins"
],
"answer_start": [
1323
]
} |
1,572 | iNR-Drug: Predicting the Interaction of Drugs with Nuclear Receptors in Cellular Networking
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975431/
SHA: ee55aea26f816403476a7cb71816b8ecb1110329
Authors: Fan, Yue-Nong; Xiao, Xuan; Min, Jian-Liang; Chou, Kuo-Chen
Date: 2014-03-19
DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034915
License: cc-by... | What types of proteins are difficult to crystallize? | false | 3,265 | {
"text": [
"membrane proteins"
],
"answer_start": [
3401
]
} |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What is the main idea behind the proposed model? | false | 4,398 | {
"text": [
"to improve the performance of ANFIS by determining the parameters of ANFIS using FPASSA."
],
"answer_start": [
1112
]
} |
2,459 | No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054935/
SHA: 5a9154aee79901dd8fecd58b7bcd9b7351102d24
Authors: Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda J.; Weiss, Susan R.; Su, Lishan
Date: 2020-02-26
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1733440
License: cc-by
... | How was the mouse-adapted SARS virus (MA15) generated? | false | 3,600 | {
"text": [
"by serial passage of an infectious wildtype SARS CoV clone in the respiratory tract of BALB/c mice."
],
"answer_start": [
3013
]
} |
1,598 | Which Kind of Provider’s Operation Volumes Matters? Associations between CABG Surgical Site Infection Risk and Hospital and Surgeon Operation Volumes among Medical Centers in Taiwan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459823/
SHA: f3cbc0503581249a834895fc94cd3bae24714a0d
Authors: Yu, Tsung-Hsien; Tung, Yu-... | Which patients were excluded from the study? | false | 5,251 | {
"text": [
"CABG patients under the age of 18 years or over 85 years"
],
"answer_start": [
9250
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} |
1,573 | Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/
SHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b
Authors: Liu, Wen-Kuan; Liu, Qi... | What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1? | false | 3,269 | {
"text": [
"2.2%"
],
"answer_start": [
1275
]
} |
1,551 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What age group had the most MERS-COV infections? | false | 565 | {
"text": [
"majority of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV were reported among people aged 40 and above"
],
"answer_start": [
11825
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1,590 | In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3950953/
SHA: f5ad2323eb387f6e271e2842bb2cc4a33504fde3
Authors: Choong, Oi Kuan; Mehrbod, Parvaneh; Tejo, Bimo Ario; Omar, Abdul Rahman... | How was the binding strength measured? | false | 4,058 | {
"text": [
"nano Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (ITC)"
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1,584 | Viral and bacterial co-infection in severe pneumonia triggers innate immune responses and specifically enhances IP-10: a translational study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138590/
SHA: ef3d6cabc804e5eb587b34249b539c1b5efa4cc4
Authors: Hoffmann, Jonathan; Machado, Daniela; Terrier, Olivier; Pouzol, Ste... | What followup is needed to confirm the results of the current study? | false | 5,213 | {
"text": [
"a larger, longitudinal study on the etiology and severity of pneumonia"
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2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What are the predominant viruses linked to airway inflammatory diseases? | false | 3,882 | {
"text": [
"Rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)"
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2,466 | Critical care response to a hospital outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection in Shenzhen, China
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2786-x
SHA: 6a93283b499ae5bc6aaf29f14e701dc8f25138ea
Authors: Liu, Yong; Li, Jinxiu; Feng, Yongwen
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2786-x
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: The main cha... | What can be the main challenges in managing a hospital outbreak of COVID-19? | false | 634 | {
"text": [
"(1) early identification of outbreak, (2) rapid expansion of patients, (3) high risk of nosocomial transmission, (4) unpredictability of size impacted, and (5) lack of backup resource."
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2,463 | SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026896/
SHA: 5d254ed178c092d3639ce70ae9653593acc471f9
Authors: McCloskey, Brian; Heymann, David L.
Date: 2020-02-05
DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000254
License: cc-by
Abstract: The response to the novel coronavirus outb... | In what year did the first SARS epidemic occur? | false | 1,201 | {
"text": [
"rapid and transparent sharing of information between countries and agencies"
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"answer_start": [
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1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | Why was the field of virus dynamics developed? | false | 2,728 | {
"text": [
"to describe the mechanistic underpinnings of long-term patterns of steady-state viral load exhibited by patients in chronic phase infections with HIV, who appeared to produce and clear virus at equivalent rates"
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"answer_start": [
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1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What has enabled the development of one size fits all vaccine? | false | 1,649 | {
"text": [
"recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus replication, immunity, and disease."
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1,671 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What family of virus does SARS reside in? | false | 1,250 | {
"text": [
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2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What is the proposed model called? | false | 4,399 | {
"text": [
"FPASSA-ANFIS"
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2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is essential for these priority outcomes? | false | 4,171 | {
"text": [
"Establishing durable international relationships that integrate diverse expertise"
],
"answer_start": [
9414
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} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Why is additional research needed? | false | 3,846 | {
"text": [
"to complement surveillance data to build knowledge on the infectious period, modes of transmission, basic and effective reproduction numbers, and effectiveness of prevention and case management options also in settings outside of China."
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"answer_start": [
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2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What is the summary of this report? | false | 3,738 | {
"text": [
"2019-nCoV is a novel lineage B Betacoronavirus closely related to bat SARS-related coronaviruses. It also has unique genomic features which deserves further investigation to ascertain their roles in viral replication cycle and pathogenesis. More animal sampling to determine its natural animal reservo... |
2,526 | Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7029449/
SHA: 90de2d957e1960b948b8c38c9877f9eca983f9eb
Authors: Cowling, Benjamin J; Leung, Gabriel M
Date: 2020-02-13
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020... | How can the 2019-nCov spread? | false | 2,967 | {
"text": [
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1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV? | false | 4,203 | {
"text": [
"eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV"
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1,607 | A Schiff Base-Derived Copper (II) Complex Is a Potent Inducer of Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells by Activating the Intrinsic Pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967396/
SHA: f1f24521928f5d8565a15a17bd7f79239a3d4116
Authors: Hajrezaie, Maryam; Paydar, Mohammadjavad; Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Soheil;... | What is the 1-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? | false | 5,279 | {
"text": [
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2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | What is the estimated number of people in Italy infected with coronavirus by March 28th? | false | 839 | {
"text": [
"cumulatively, 5.9 [1.9-15.2] million people have been\ninfected as of March 28th"
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1,586 | In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of 4- and 5-Chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[1-oxo-1-(phenylamino)alkan-2-yl]benzamides against MRSA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321674/
SHA: f0e6cef57dbae030aea2f324e21e00945ac659cf
Authors: Zadrazilova, Iveta; Pospisilova, Sarka; Pauk, Karel; Imramovsky, Ales; Vinsova, Jarmila; ... | What enzyme is essential for the metabolism of fatty acids? | false | 5,228 | {
"text": [
"isocitrate lyase"
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"answer_start": [
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1,564 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? | false | 1,626 | {
"text": [
"170 million people worldwide"
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1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What characteristic of filamentous phage has been demonstrated? | false | 1,738 | {
"text": [
"is highly immunogenic in the absence of adjuvants (Meynell and Lawn, 1968 ) and that only the major coat protein, pVIII, and the minor coat protein, pIII, are targeted by antibodies"
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"answer_start": [
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2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What domembers of the Roquin and Regnase families do? | false | 4,144 | {
"text": [
"promote or effect degradation of mRNAs harbouring stem-loop structures"
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"answer_start": [
4339
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} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | What is Listeria? | false | 812 | {
"text": [
"Listeria species are Gram-positive intracellular food-borne pathogens"
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} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | How long does the process of giving rise to primary viremia for hantavirus infections? | false | 4,548 | {
"text": [
"appears to take a long time"
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"answer_start": [
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1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why is the phage displaying an scFv against β-amyloid fibrils is a good diagnostic for Alzheimers and Parkinson's disease? | false | 1,760 | {
"text": [
"ability of the phage to penetrate into brain tissue (Ksendzovsky et al., 2012)"
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"answer_start": [
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} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | What can be a factor in using common vectors for the delivery of vaccines? | false | 798 | {
"text": [
"commonly employed vectors, for example Salmonella and adenovirus, often have pre-existing immune responses in the host and this has the potential to modify the subsequent immune response to a vectored antigen."
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"answer_start": [
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2,555 | Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030657
SHA: 0938d2fb07611897abf38cea727ddbeea77b73d9
Authors: Nishiura, Hiroshi
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030657
License: cc-by
Abstract: To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship... | How many COVID-19 cases were confirmed on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | false | 1,193 | {
"text": [
"Out of a total of 3711 persons (consisting of 2666 passengers and 1045 crew members), 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported"
],
"answer_start": [
2039
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... |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | When does the vaccine strain selection occur in the northern hemisphere? | false | 1,486 | {
"text": [
"in February"
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"answer_start": [
5646
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What do the DCs suffer with MERS-CoV infection? | false | 4,208 | {
"text": [
"the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection,"
],
"answer_start": [
5781
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} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What does this study highlight? | false | 4,116 | {
"text": [
"circulation of multiple pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year."
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"answer_start": [
13427
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} |
1,596 | Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096629/
SHA: f3b7f4469ac01f1ce916d24172570c43c537627e
Authors: Michaelis, Martin; Geiler, Janina; Naczk, Patrizia; Sithi... | What has been correlated with the pathogenicity of the H5N1 infection? | false | 5,240 | {
"text": [
"caspase-dependent apoptosis in airway cells"
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"answer_start": [
15524
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} |
1,684 | A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804704/
SHA: f6ed1f1e9999e57793addb1c9c54f61c7861a995
Authors: Cheung, Benny KW; Yim, Howard CH; Lee, Norris CM; Lau, Allan SY
Date: 2009-12-17
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-64
License: cc-... | How many new tuberculosis cases are there each year worldwide? | false | 892 | {
"text": [
"9.2 million"
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"answer_start": [
2089
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} |
1,588 | Prediction of lncRNA-protein interactions using HeteSim scores based on heterogeneous networks
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5473862/
SHA: f4f9ea9e0aeb74d3601ee316b84292638c59cc53
Authors: Xiao, Yun; Zhang, Jingpu; Deng, Lei
Date: 2017-06-16
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03986-1
License: cc-by
Abstract: Ma... | What is the function of MALAT1? | false | 3,690 | {
"text": [
"regulates cell cycle and survival"
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"answer_start": [
11065
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} |
1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What was the effect of phage displaying peptides on tumor? | false | 1,759 | {
"text": [
"Using the B16-OVA tumor model, Eriksson et al. (2007) showed that phage displaying peptides and/or Fabs specific for tumor antigens delayed tumor growth and improved survival, owing in large part to activation of tumor-associated macrophages and recruitment of neutrophils to the tumor site (Eriksson ... |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What did the ECDC and WHO regional office ask the countries? | false | 3,803 | {
"text": [
"to complete a WHO standard COVID-19 case report form for all confirmed and probable cases according to WHO criteria"
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"answer_start": [
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2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | How was the Phylogenetic construction done? | false | 3,709 | {
"text": [
"by the neighbour joining method was performed using MEGA X software, with bootstrap values being calculated from 1000 trees"
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} |
2,437 | Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5640845/
SHA: 1bd2f6497996fc0fccd8dffd7f84846d3d36f964
Authors: Wang, Shaobo; Liu, Yang; Guo, Jiao; Wang, Peilin; Zhang, Leike; Xiao, Gengfu; Wang, Wei
Date: 2017-10-13
DOI: 10.1128/jv... | What are RVPs? | false | 1,230 | {
"text": [
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4380
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} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What were detected only in summer? | false | 4,108 | {
"text": [
"Human Metapneumovirus, RSV A and B, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09"
],
"answer_start": [
8504
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} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | How many reported viral pneumonia? | false | 3,826 | {
"text": [
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} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Where were the cases that were studied? | false | 3,795 | {
"text": [
"21 were linked to two clusters in Germany and France, 14 were infected in China"
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} |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | Where are the amino acid differences? | false | 3,721 | {
"text": [
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"answer_start": [
8820
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} |
1,582 | Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/
SHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc
Authors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive; Sisk, Maur... | What was the last step in the analysis? | false | 5,198 | {
"text": [
"amplification step"
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} |
1,604 | Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243941/
SHA: f5b706d0529bfcf7e2d1dfc037df5b6f95fc5ec0
Authors: Sun, Bing; He, Hangyong; Wang, Zheng; Qu, Jiuxin; Li, Xuya... | What is the mean duration of time from first positive chest x-ray to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | false | 3,241 | {
"text": [
"4.8 days"
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What did the later WHO definition of MERS clearly state? | false | 4,216 | {
"text": [
"a confirmed case included any person whose sample was RT-PCR positive for MERS-CoV, or who produced a seroconversion, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms."
],
"answer_start": [
7331
]
} |
2,459 | No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054935/
SHA: 5a9154aee79901dd8fecd58b7bcd9b7351102d24
Authors: Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda J.; Weiss, Susan R.; Su, Lishan
Date: 2020-02-26
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1733440
License: cc-by
... | What is it most similar to? | false | 3,593 | {
"text": [
"bat beta-coronaviruses, with the highest being >96% identity"
],
"answer_start": [
1035
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What have these studies also shown? | false | 4,020 | {
"text": [
"viral infections such as RV and RSV alters DNA methylation and histone modifications in the airway epithelium which may alter inflammatory responses, driving chronic airway inflammatory diseases and exacerbations"
],
"answer_start": [
31344
]
} |
2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What dis their recent work reveal? | false | 4,156 | {
"text": [
"how two IFN-cinducible factors exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of IAV, measles (MV), zika (ZikV) and HIV by suppressing furin activity."
],
"answer_start": [
5671
]
} |
2,439 | Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7078228/
SHA: 1cf54d1c77b7f0494ab971429d26e0e199952d09
Authors: Liu, Jia; Cao, Ruiyuan; Xu, Mingyue; Wang, Xi; Zhang, Huanyu; Hu, Hengrui; Li, Yufeng; Hu, ... | What is the effect of Chloroquine(CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) on endosomal maturation and endocytosis in COVID-19 treatment? | false | 661 | {
"text": [
"Since acidification is crucial for endosome maturation and function, we surmise that endosome maturation might be blocked at intermediate stages of endocytosis,"
],
"answer_start": [
8734
]
} |
1,740 | The human viral challenge model: accelerating the evaluation of respiratory antivirals, vaccines and novel diagnostics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013893/
SHA: f13c88733ea45be9e923a282dfd42f8c277c187c
Authors: Lambkin-Williams, Rob; Noulin, Nicolas; Mann, Alex; Catchpole, Andrew; Gilbert, Anthony S... | What pharmaceutical targets the NA glycoprotein of the H1N1 influenza virus? | false | 322 | {
"text": [
"oseltamivir"
],
"answer_start": [
14280
]
} |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What orf8 length do Human SARS-CoVs isolated from early-phase patients, all civet SARS-CoVs, and other bat SARS-related CoVs contain? | false | 3,732 | {
"text": [
"fulllength orf8"
],
"answer_start": [
11480
]
} |
1,569 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? | false | 497 | {
"text": [
"The study of autoantigen-specific B cells and a detailed analysis of B cell subsets with pathogenic potential in humans could lead to a better understanding of how to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases."
],
"answer_start": [
6415
]
} |
2,519 | Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054964/
SHA: 77b0c98d1a2ca46b219ad090074814c387c80d8f
Authors: Chen, Weilie; Lan, Yun; Yuan, Xiaozhen; Deng, Xilong; Li, Yueping; Cai, Xiaoli; Li, Liya; He, Ruiying; Tan, Yizh... | What could account for the dissemination of the 2019-nCOV virus across the whole body? | false | 1,174 | {
"text": [
"We propose that rampant coronavirus replication in pulmonary alveolus results in the breakdown of the alveolar vessel and the subsequent virus leakage into the blood flow, through which the virus is disseminated across the whole body. Then the virus succeeds in establishing reinfection in the digesti... |
1,545 | Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/
SHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Authors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, Patrick J.;... | Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? | false | 1,660 | {
"text": [
"HCoV‐HKU1"
],
"answer_start": [
956
]
} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | What was additionally demonstrated? | false | 2,744 | {
"text": [
"the antiviral state induced by the interferon pathway protects live cells from mortality in tissue culture, resulting in in vitro epidemics of extended duration that enhance the probability of establishing a long-term persistent infection."
],
"answer_start": [
32277
]
} |
1,549 | A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/
SHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3
Authors: nan
Date: 2016-06-28
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059
License: cc-by
Abstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qualities for the W... | Why might an organization like the WHO be necessary? | false | 1,593 | {
"text": [
"to promote, set standards in, and evaluate progress toward better health for people in all countries"
],
"answer_start": [
2033
]
} |
1,676 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What are the most common DNA-based techniques for detecting viruses? | false | 905 | {
"text": [
"1. Universal primer-PCR [41] ; 2. Random priming-based PCR [42] ; 3. Virus Discovery cDNA, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (VIDISCA) [43] ; and 4. Sequence-Independent Single Primer Amplification (SISPA)"
],
"answer_start": [
7664
]
} |
1,629 | The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459876/
SHA: f0b1fa4036434b57c8307d43c39a4193f7e8053a
Authors: Morokutti-Kurz, Martina; König-Schuster, Marielle; Koller, Christiane; Graf, Chr... | What is the hypothetical mechanical benefit for carageenan in preventing and treating upper respiratory infections? | false | 2,156 | {
"text": [
"a protective physical barrier in the nasal cavity"
],
"answer_start": [
4871
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is the advantage of recombinant DNA system? | false | 1,493 | {
"text": [
"enables modification of the vectors to attenuate the virus or enhance immunogenicity"
],
"answer_start": [
7085
]
} |
1,584 | Viral and bacterial co-infection in severe pneumonia triggers innate immune responses and specifically enhances IP-10: a translational study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138590/
SHA: ef3d6cabc804e5eb587b34249b539c1b5efa4cc4
Authors: Hoffmann, Jonathan; Machado, Daniela; Terrier, Olivier; Pouzol, Ste... | What suggests that IP-10 plays a significant role on the pathogenesis of pneumonia? | false | 5,215 | {
"text": [
"highest serum IP-10 levels"
],
"answer_start": [
22018
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | How long can pathogenic bacteria remain viable and airborne in a coughed aerosol? | false | 4,286 | {
"text": [
"for 45 min"
],
"answer_start": [
44465
]
} |
1,571 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? | false | 535 | {
"text": [
"Because pertussis immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination is less long-lasting than immunity after wild-type infection or whole-cell vaccination, many women of child-bearing age have waning pertussis antibody levels."
],
"answer_start": [
13760
]
} |
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