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Jackie Amanda McWilliams (born 18 February 1964), also known as Jackie Burns, is a former women's field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Domestic teams
McWilliams played club level field hockey for Randalstown and Ballymena. She was still playing for Ballymena in 2011 when in her late forties. McWilliams also represented Ulster at interprovincial level.
International
Ireland
McWilliams made 64 senior appearances for Ireland.
Great Britain
McWilliams made 34 senior appearances Great Britain. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Later years
McWilliams worked as a schoolteacher at Ballymena Primary School. She also helped coach both the Ulster women's field hockey team and Ballymena Academy. Two of McWilliams' nephews are senior men's field hockey internationals. Her sister, Anne, is the mother of Paul and Mark Gleghorne. Paul has played for Ireland while his brother, Mark has played for Ireland, England and Great Britain.
References
External links
Jackie McWilliams at Olympics.com
Jackie McWilliams at Olympedia | sport | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"field hockey"
]
} |
Jackie Amanda McWilliams (born 18 February 1964), also known as Jackie Burns, is a former women's field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Domestic teams
McWilliams played club level field hockey for Randalstown and Ballymena. She was still playing for Ballymena in 2011 when in her late forties. McWilliams also represented Ulster at interprovincial level.
International
Ireland
McWilliams made 64 senior appearances for Ireland.
Great Britain
McWilliams made 34 senior appearances Great Britain. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Later years
McWilliams worked as a schoolteacher at Ballymena Primary School. She also helped coach both the Ulster women's field hockey team and Ballymena Academy. Two of McWilliams' nephews are senior men's field hockey internationals. Her sister, Anne, is the mother of Paul and Mark Gleghorne. Paul has played for Ireland while his brother, Mark has played for Ireland, England and Great Britain.
References
External links
Jackie McWilliams at Olympics.com
Jackie McWilliams at Olympedia | family name | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"McWilliams"
]
} |
Jackie Amanda McWilliams (born 18 February 1964), also known as Jackie Burns, is a former women's field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Domestic teams
McWilliams played club level field hockey for Randalstown and Ballymena. She was still playing for Ballymena in 2011 when in her late forties. McWilliams also represented Ulster at interprovincial level.
International
Ireland
McWilliams made 64 senior appearances for Ireland.
Great Britain
McWilliams made 34 senior appearances Great Britain. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Later years
McWilliams worked as a schoolteacher at Ballymena Primary School. She also helped coach both the Ulster women's field hockey team and Ballymena Academy. Two of McWilliams' nephews are senior men's field hockey internationals. Her sister, Anne, is the mother of Paul and Mark Gleghorne. Paul has played for Ireland while his brother, Mark has played for Ireland, England and Great Britain.
References
External links
Jackie McWilliams at Olympics.com
Jackie McWilliams at Olympedia | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jackie"
]
} |
Jackie Amanda McWilliams (born 18 February 1964), also known as Jackie Burns, is a former women's field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Domestic teams
McWilliams played club level field hockey for Randalstown and Ballymena. She was still playing for Ballymena in 2011 when in her late forties. McWilliams also represented Ulster at interprovincial level.
International
Ireland
McWilliams made 64 senior appearances for Ireland.
Great Britain
McWilliams made 34 senior appearances Great Britain. She represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal.
Later years
McWilliams worked as a schoolteacher at Ballymena Primary School. She also helped coach both the Ulster women's field hockey team and Ballymena Academy. Two of McWilliams' nephews are senior men's field hockey internationals. Her sister, Anne, is the mother of Paul and Mark Gleghorne. Paul has played for Ireland while his brother, Mark has played for Ireland, England and Great Britain.
References
External links
Jackie McWilliams at Olympics.com
Jackie McWilliams at Olympedia | participant in | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"1992 Summer Olympics"
]
} |
Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | country | {
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103
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"text": [
"Romania"
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Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | instance of | {
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Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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"Cetatea de Baltă"
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Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | capital of | {
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Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | native label | {
"answer_start": [
29
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"text": [
"Küküllővár"
]
} |
Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | capital | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cetatea de Baltă"
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Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
Geography
The commune is located in the northeastern corner of the county, on the border with Sibiu and Mureș counties. It is traversed by county road DJ 117, which connects it to Târnăveni, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northeast, and to Blaj, 21 km (13 mi) to the southeast; the county seat, Alba Iulia, is some 35 km (22 mi) past Blaj.
To the east it borders with Adămuș commune from Mureș County and with Bazna commune from Sibiu County, to the south and west with Valea Lungă commune, and to the west and north with Jidvei commune.
Cetatea de Baltă lies on the left bank of the river Târnava Mică. The river
Balta which discharges into the Târnava Mică in the village of Sântămărie. The river Tătârlaua is a left tributary of the river Balta; it discharges into the Balta in the village of Tătârlaua.
Population
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians, and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
Touristic sights
The Bethlen Castle, built in the 16th century in the French Renaissance style and restored in the 17th-18th centuries in the Baroque style.
A fortress (1st century BC-1st century AD), today only ruins.
The Reformed Church, a 13th-century building.
Economy
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
== References == | contains settlement | {
"answer_start": [
172
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"text": [
"Crăciunelu de Sus"
]
} |
Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
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"University of California, Berkeley"
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} |
Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"physicist"
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} |
Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | employer | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"New Jersey Institute of Technology"
]
} |
Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philip R. Goode"
]
} |
Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | family name | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Goode"
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Philip R. Goode is an American theoretical physicist also working in observational astronomy and its instrumentation. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) with an H-index > 60. His career divides into five overlapping periods as follows:
His earliest work in theoretical nuclear physics, 1967-1982
Pioneering research in theoretical helioseismology (1981-2005)
He created, developed and directed (1995-2014) NJIT’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR), which made NJIT one of the most important universities in the U.S. for observational solar physics, heliophysics, and solar-terrestrial physics
The construction of, and scientific results from, the world’s most powerful solar telescope (2009–2019) in Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). In 2017, this ground-based telescope was renamed the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). Goode was director of BBSO from 1997, when the observatory was transferred from Caltech to NJIT, until 2013
Sustained earthshine studies of Earth’s reflectance (1998–present)
Education
Goode's A.B. in physics is from University of California, Berkeley. His Ph. D. and postdoctoral training were in theoretical nuclear physics from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester, respectively.
Notable accomplishments
GST/BBSO
Goode conceived, designed, raised the funds for, assembled the team, and led the construction of the first facility-class, ground-based optical solar telescope built in the U.S. in a generation.
The telescope enjoyed first light in January 2009 and was the world’s largest aperture solar telescope until DKIST enjoys first light in December 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in July 2017. More than 200 publications have used GST data since its first light until 2022. The off-axis GST is outfitted with three state-of-the-art spectro-polarimeters covering visible up to mid-infrared wavelengths. Since 2010, the GST has been in regular operation with high order adaptive optics (AO) corrected light feeding state-of-the-art Fabry-Perot, visible and near-IR light, spectro-polarimeters in which the GST was used in a series of high resolution observations elucidating unforeseen, significant solar dynamics. In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) project succeeded in making the first-ever MCAO-corrected observations of the Sun that showed a clearly/visibly widened (roughly trebled) corrected field of view compared to quasi-simultaneous observations with classical adaptive optics. The BBSO MCAO system, called Clear, is characterized by three deformable mirrors (DMs) conjugated to different altitudes above the GST. Clear is now a facility instrument in BBSO holding lock as well as its single DM antecedent (classical AO). By 2021, Clear had been extended successfully into the near-infrared. Clear is the only MCAO system operating on a solar telescope. Further, as of 2023, Clear is the only MCAO system, day or night, that employs three DMs enabling full, wide field coverage from the ground to 10 km above the telescope. Goode was the principal investigator (PI) on all the aforementioned projects in BBSO [2] and his current efforts are concentrated on off-limb single DM AO using prominence light. This system is undergoing is undergoing final testing and is funded by NSF-AST.
Helioseismology
Active in helioseismology for over twenty years beginning in the early 1980s. The efforts in which he was involved include the first determinations of the Sun’s internal rotation, its internal differential rotation and determining limits on buried magnetic field and demonstrating that the Sun rotates on a single axis, determining the Sun’s seismic radius. Observationally, Goode led the effort that ultimately showed solar oscillations are driven, in part, by the noise made in the ubiquitous, continuous collapses of the dark inter-granular lanes. Also in the 1990s, he teamed to develop a seismic model of the Sun's interior, which was used to place strong limits on solar opacities and nuclear-reaction cross sections in the p-p chain, as well as demonstrating that there is no astrophysical solution to the sun’s neutrino deficit but rather the deficit is in the province of particle physics, which was subsequently shown experimentally. Further, the seismic age of the Sun (4.6 GY) was determined and is the first confirmation of the age of the solar system from meteorite data. In his last work in helioseismology, it was determined, self-consistently, that the Sun's surface shrinks and cools by insignificant amounts as the activity cycle rises from minimum to maximum activity/irradiance after a complex competition between thermal and magnetic effects in the Sun’s outermost layers. This last work overlapped in time with the beginning of the construction of the GST.
Climate Science
The Earth’s climate depends critically on its reflectance. Project Earthshine (PE) led by Goode in Big Bear for nearly twenty years reported in 2001 the first modern measurement of Earth’s albedo (~0.30) and later the PE team reported sixteen years of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were precisely consistent with overlapping (2000-2013) CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data with the same inter-annual variations. The Earth’s reflectance shows no climatologically significant trend over the period of 1998-2014. In 2021, the earthshine team reported twenty years (1998-2017) of terrestrial albedo variations in which the variations were consistent with overlapping (2000-2017) CERES satellite data with nearly the same inter-annual variations. Unlike the period 1998-2014, the last three years of data, 2015-2017 showed a sharp drop in albedo (~0.5 W/m2) that alone could cause climatologically significant changes. This effect is also seen in the CERES data, and is primarily attributed to a reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation yielding a precipitous warming of the Pacific coast seas off the Americas, somehow reducing the overhead cloud cover thereby sharply decreasing the albedo for the first time since the warming hiatus of this century began. Climate models do not replicate this surprise decrease and it is, thus, unclear how the climate system disposes of this extra energy.
Theoretical Nuclear Physics
His earliest work was in theoretical nuclear physics (1967-1982) in which he concentrated on the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction inside a nucleus. He also explained a number of experimentally measured dynamical phenomena of nuclei, like why 56Ni decays so slowly. It is the energy from this unexpected anomaly of a doubly magic nucleus decaying that cause Type I supernovae to shine.
Mentoring
Among 32 students and postdocs Goode supervised, nearly all have careers in various technological fields utilizing their education/training. Of these, 16 have faculty/national center tenure track/tenured positions. Senior among the latter group are Thomas Rimmele (DKIST Director, U.S. National Solar Observatory) and Prof. Enric Pallé (former Director of Research at Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain), as well as leaders of solar groups around the world including Prof. Peter Gallagher (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland), Prof. Jongchul Chae (Seoul National University, South Korea), Prof. Haisheng Ji (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China), Prof. Carsten Denker (Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany), & Prof. Wenda Cao (Director, BBSO). Aside: First NJIT undergrad senior thesis (hydrodynamic limits on the sun's buried magnetic field) Goode supervised was by Glenn Gaffney who became Director of Science and Technology at the CIA.
Leadership
In the mid-1990s, Goode founded the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR) at NJIT (originally called the Center for Solar Research until the addition of the terrestrial component in 2002). Goode grew the NJIT solar-terrestrial program from a single faculty member to seven tenured solar-terrestrial faculty with facilities in California (Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope array in Owens Valley), South America (Fabry-Perot interferometers to probe the terrestrial atmosphere under the equatorial electrojet), geospace instrumentation across Antarctica (i.e., at the South Pole and McMurdo Stations, and at the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) deployed across the continental ice-shelf, the Jeffer Observatory at Jenny Jump State Forrest in NJ (which includes a molecular/aerosol lidar system and 48” optical telescope), and automated earthshine telescopes in Big Bear and Tenerife. Most recently, CSTR was the PI institution for medium energy ring current particle instruments that flew (2012-2019) on the twin NASA Van Allen Belt Probe spacecraft.
Goode was the founding director and led CSTR from 1995-2014 and BBSO from its transfer from Caltech to NJIT in 1997 to 2013. He chaired the NJIT physics department from 1984-1990 building the applied physics degree programs.
Athletics
Goode won three varsity letters in swimming at Cal-Berkeley and held multiple school records in the butterfly and medley relay in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, he competed in master’s swimming and won multiple U.S. national championships in the butterfly, individual medley, and distance freestyle.
Fellowships
Goode is a Fellow of:
The American Physical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The American Geophysical Union (AGU)
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Honors and Awards
Primary BBSO telescope named Goode Solar Telescope (GST, 2017)
Tau Beta Pi
Minor Planet: 11790 Goode (1999)
First NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Prize and Medal in 2008
New Jersey High-Tech Hall of Fame (2008)
Charles Palmer Davis Award: History/Current Events Expertise (1956)
References
External links
Philip R. Goode: Resume & References
New Jersey Institute of Technology: Experts Database - Philip R Goode | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philip"
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Jim Olsen is an American politician who serves in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to the state house in the 2018 election to succeed John R. Bennett. During his tenure he has been criticized by other members of the state house for his positions and statements on abortion, slavery, and education.
Early life
Jim Olsen graduated from Nassau Community College with an associate of arts degree, the University at Albany, SUNY with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Free Gospel Bible Institute. He married Becky, with whom he had seven children with. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at Watts Holiness Church.
Oklahoma House of Representatives
Olsen ran for the Republican nomination in the 2018 election to succeed retiring Representative John R. Bennett for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district. During the campaign he was endorsed by U.S. Representative Markwayne Mullin, Senator Mark Allen, and Representative Bennett. He defeated Democratic nominee Tom Stites in the general election. He was reelected without opposition in the 2020 election.During his tenure he has served on the Administrative Rules, A&B Public Safety, Judiciary, and State and Federal Redistricting committees. He has served as chair of the Elections and Ethics committee. He is an assistant majority whip.
Political positions
During the 2018 election Olsen was endorsed by the National Rifle Association and the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, with the association giving him an A rating. He was one of four members of the Oklahoma legislature to receive a 100% rating from the Oklahoma Constitution's Conservative Index. He has received a lifetime score of 75% from the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs.He opposed Governor Kevin Stitt's commutation of Julius Jones's death sentence to life without parole stating that "It is with great sadness and grief that I reflect on the events of yesterday. Justice was not carried out." and that "The death penalty serves the interests of justice, order and peace in our society".Olsen is against abortion and has compared abortion to the Holocaust. In 2021, Olsen introduced legislation to prohibit abortion by making it a felony to perform abortions. During the bill's committee hearing he compared the movement to prohibit abortion to the slavery abolitionist movement and stated "the context that I was addressing that, none of us would like to be killed. None of us would like to be a slave. If I had my choice, I guess I’d be a slave. At least the slave has his life. Once your life is gone, it’s gone," in response to Representative Ajay Pittman. The legislation was approved by the public health committee by a vote of eight to one.He was among twenty-four members of the state house and fifteen members of the state senate who sent a letter to Oklahoma's delegation to the United States Congress asking from them to not certify the electoral college results of the 2020 presidential election. After the 2021 United States Capitol attack he stated that he did not regret supporting challenges to the election and falsely claimed that Antifa was responsible for the attack.Olsen proposed legislation to limit the teaching of slavery by state agencies and public school districts and prohibit the usage of The 1619 Project. Representative Forrest Bennett stated that the legislation was "embarrassing" and Representative Monroe Nichols criticized Olsen "for his denial & romanticizing of American slavery".
Electoral history
== References == | member of political party | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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Jim Olsen is an American politician who serves in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to the state house in the 2018 election to succeed John R. Bennett. During his tenure he has been criticized by other members of the state house for his positions and statements on abortion, slavery, and education.
Early life
Jim Olsen graduated from Nassau Community College with an associate of arts degree, the University at Albany, SUNY with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Free Gospel Bible Institute. He married Becky, with whom he had seven children with. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at Watts Holiness Church.
Oklahoma House of Representatives
Olsen ran for the Republican nomination in the 2018 election to succeed retiring Representative John R. Bennett for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district. During the campaign he was endorsed by U.S. Representative Markwayne Mullin, Senator Mark Allen, and Representative Bennett. He defeated Democratic nominee Tom Stites in the general election. He was reelected without opposition in the 2020 election.During his tenure he has served on the Administrative Rules, A&B Public Safety, Judiciary, and State and Federal Redistricting committees. He has served as chair of the Elections and Ethics committee. He is an assistant majority whip.
Political positions
During the 2018 election Olsen was endorsed by the National Rifle Association and the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, with the association giving him an A rating. He was one of four members of the Oklahoma legislature to receive a 100% rating from the Oklahoma Constitution's Conservative Index. He has received a lifetime score of 75% from the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs.He opposed Governor Kevin Stitt's commutation of Julius Jones's death sentence to life without parole stating that "It is with great sadness and grief that I reflect on the events of yesterday. Justice was not carried out." and that "The death penalty serves the interests of justice, order and peace in our society".Olsen is against abortion and has compared abortion to the Holocaust. In 2021, Olsen introduced legislation to prohibit abortion by making it a felony to perform abortions. During the bill's committee hearing he compared the movement to prohibit abortion to the slavery abolitionist movement and stated "the context that I was addressing that, none of us would like to be killed. None of us would like to be a slave. If I had my choice, I guess I’d be a slave. At least the slave has his life. Once your life is gone, it’s gone," in response to Representative Ajay Pittman. The legislation was approved by the public health committee by a vote of eight to one.He was among twenty-four members of the state house and fifteen members of the state senate who sent a letter to Oklahoma's delegation to the United States Congress asking from them to not certify the electoral college results of the 2020 presidential election. After the 2021 United States Capitol attack he stated that he did not regret supporting challenges to the election and falsely claimed that Antifa was responsible for the attack.Olsen proposed legislation to limit the teaching of slavery by state agencies and public school districts and prohibit the usage of The 1619 Project. Representative Forrest Bennett stated that the legislation was "embarrassing" and Representative Monroe Nichols criticized Olsen "for his denial & romanticizing of American slavery".
Electoral history
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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} |
Jim Olsen is an American politician who serves in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to the state house in the 2018 election to succeed John R. Bennett. During his tenure he has been criticized by other members of the state house for his positions and statements on abortion, slavery, and education.
Early life
Jim Olsen graduated from Nassau Community College with an associate of arts degree, the University at Albany, SUNY with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Free Gospel Bible Institute. He married Becky, with whom he had seven children with. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at Watts Holiness Church.
Oklahoma House of Representatives
Olsen ran for the Republican nomination in the 2018 election to succeed retiring Representative John R. Bennett for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district. During the campaign he was endorsed by U.S. Representative Markwayne Mullin, Senator Mark Allen, and Representative Bennett. He defeated Democratic nominee Tom Stites in the general election. He was reelected without opposition in the 2020 election.During his tenure he has served on the Administrative Rules, A&B Public Safety, Judiciary, and State and Federal Redistricting committees. He has served as chair of the Elections and Ethics committee. He is an assistant majority whip.
Political positions
During the 2018 election Olsen was endorsed by the National Rifle Association and the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, with the association giving him an A rating. He was one of four members of the Oklahoma legislature to receive a 100% rating from the Oklahoma Constitution's Conservative Index. He has received a lifetime score of 75% from the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs.He opposed Governor Kevin Stitt's commutation of Julius Jones's death sentence to life without parole stating that "It is with great sadness and grief that I reflect on the events of yesterday. Justice was not carried out." and that "The death penalty serves the interests of justice, order and peace in our society".Olsen is against abortion and has compared abortion to the Holocaust. In 2021, Olsen introduced legislation to prohibit abortion by making it a felony to perform abortions. During the bill's committee hearing he compared the movement to prohibit abortion to the slavery abolitionist movement and stated "the context that I was addressing that, none of us would like to be killed. None of us would like to be a slave. If I had my choice, I guess I’d be a slave. At least the slave has his life. Once your life is gone, it’s gone," in response to Representative Ajay Pittman. The legislation was approved by the public health committee by a vote of eight to one.He was among twenty-four members of the state house and fifteen members of the state senate who sent a letter to Oklahoma's delegation to the United States Congress asking from them to not certify the electoral college results of the 2020 presidential election. After the 2021 United States Capitol attack he stated that he did not regret supporting challenges to the election and falsely claimed that Antifa was responsible for the attack.Olsen proposed legislation to limit the teaching of slavery by state agencies and public school districts and prohibit the usage of The 1619 Project. Representative Forrest Bennett stated that the legislation was "embarrassing" and Representative Monroe Nichols criticized Olsen "for his denial & romanticizing of American slavery".
Electoral history
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Jim Olsen"
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} |
Jim Olsen is an American politician who serves in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to the state house in the 2018 election to succeed John R. Bennett. During his tenure he has been criticized by other members of the state house for his positions and statements on abortion, slavery, and education.
Early life
Jim Olsen graduated from Nassau Community College with an associate of arts degree, the University at Albany, SUNY with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Free Gospel Bible Institute. He married Becky, with whom he had seven children with. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at Watts Holiness Church.
Oklahoma House of Representatives
Olsen ran for the Republican nomination in the 2018 election to succeed retiring Representative John R. Bennett for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district. During the campaign he was endorsed by U.S. Representative Markwayne Mullin, Senator Mark Allen, and Representative Bennett. He defeated Democratic nominee Tom Stites in the general election. He was reelected without opposition in the 2020 election.During his tenure he has served on the Administrative Rules, A&B Public Safety, Judiciary, and State and Federal Redistricting committees. He has served as chair of the Elections and Ethics committee. He is an assistant majority whip.
Political positions
During the 2018 election Olsen was endorsed by the National Rifle Association and the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, with the association giving him an A rating. He was one of four members of the Oklahoma legislature to receive a 100% rating from the Oklahoma Constitution's Conservative Index. He has received a lifetime score of 75% from the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs.He opposed Governor Kevin Stitt's commutation of Julius Jones's death sentence to life without parole stating that "It is with great sadness and grief that I reflect on the events of yesterday. Justice was not carried out." and that "The death penalty serves the interests of justice, order and peace in our society".Olsen is against abortion and has compared abortion to the Holocaust. In 2021, Olsen introduced legislation to prohibit abortion by making it a felony to perform abortions. During the bill's committee hearing he compared the movement to prohibit abortion to the slavery abolitionist movement and stated "the context that I was addressing that, none of us would like to be killed. None of us would like to be a slave. If I had my choice, I guess I’d be a slave. At least the slave has his life. Once your life is gone, it’s gone," in response to Representative Ajay Pittman. The legislation was approved by the public health committee by a vote of eight to one.He was among twenty-four members of the state house and fifteen members of the state senate who sent a letter to Oklahoma's delegation to the United States Congress asking from them to not certify the electoral college results of the 2020 presidential election. After the 2021 United States Capitol attack he stated that he did not regret supporting challenges to the election and falsely claimed that Antifa was responsible for the attack.Olsen proposed legislation to limit the teaching of slavery by state agencies and public school districts and prohibit the usage of The 1619 Project. Representative Forrest Bennett stated that the legislation was "embarrassing" and Representative Monroe Nichols criticized Olsen "for his denial & romanticizing of American slavery".
Electoral history
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"Olsen"
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} |
Jim Olsen is an American politician who serves in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to the state house in the 2018 election to succeed John R. Bennett. During his tenure he has been criticized by other members of the state house for his positions and statements on abortion, slavery, and education.
Early life
Jim Olsen graduated from Nassau Community College with an associate of arts degree, the University at Albany, SUNY with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Free Gospel Bible Institute. He married Becky, with whom he had seven children with. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at Watts Holiness Church.
Oklahoma House of Representatives
Olsen ran for the Republican nomination in the 2018 election to succeed retiring Representative John R. Bennett for a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 2nd district. During the campaign he was endorsed by U.S. Representative Markwayne Mullin, Senator Mark Allen, and Representative Bennett. He defeated Democratic nominee Tom Stites in the general election. He was reelected without opposition in the 2020 election.During his tenure he has served on the Administrative Rules, A&B Public Safety, Judiciary, and State and Federal Redistricting committees. He has served as chair of the Elections and Ethics committee. He is an assistant majority whip.
Political positions
During the 2018 election Olsen was endorsed by the National Rifle Association and the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, with the association giving him an A rating. He was one of four members of the Oklahoma legislature to receive a 100% rating from the Oklahoma Constitution's Conservative Index. He has received a lifetime score of 75% from the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs.He opposed Governor Kevin Stitt's commutation of Julius Jones's death sentence to life without parole stating that "It is with great sadness and grief that I reflect on the events of yesterday. Justice was not carried out." and that "The death penalty serves the interests of justice, order and peace in our society".Olsen is against abortion and has compared abortion to the Holocaust. In 2021, Olsen introduced legislation to prohibit abortion by making it a felony to perform abortions. During the bill's committee hearing he compared the movement to prohibit abortion to the slavery abolitionist movement and stated "the context that I was addressing that, none of us would like to be killed. None of us would like to be a slave. If I had my choice, I guess I’d be a slave. At least the slave has his life. Once your life is gone, it’s gone," in response to Representative Ajay Pittman. The legislation was approved by the public health committee by a vote of eight to one.He was among twenty-four members of the state house and fifteen members of the state senate who sent a letter to Oklahoma's delegation to the United States Congress asking from them to not certify the electoral college results of the 2020 presidential election. After the 2021 United States Capitol attack he stated that he did not regret supporting challenges to the election and falsely claimed that Antifa was responsible for the attack.Olsen proposed legislation to limit the teaching of slavery by state agencies and public school districts and prohibit the usage of The 1619 Project. Representative Forrest Bennett stated that the legislation was "embarrassing" and Representative Monroe Nichols criticized Olsen "for his denial & romanticizing of American slavery".
Electoral history
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Jim"
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The University of Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks (commonly UMES and also known as the Eastern Shore Hawks) are the fifteen sports teams representing the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in Princess Anne, Maryland in intercollegiate athletics. These include men and women's basketball, cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, and tennis; women's sports include bowling, softball, and volleyball; men's sports include baseball and golf. The Hawks are members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) in most sports, with other memberships in the Eastern College Athletic Conference and Northeast Conference.The Hawks compete in the MEAC for all sports except baseball, men's golf, and women's golf, in which they compete as Northeast Conference members, and additionally in the ECAC for cross country, track and field and bowling.
Teams
NCAA national championships
Team
References
External links
Official website | sport | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
} |
The University of Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks (commonly UMES and also known as the Eastern Shore Hawks) are the fifteen sports teams representing the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in Princess Anne, Maryland in intercollegiate athletics. These include men and women's basketball, cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, and tennis; women's sports include bowling, softball, and volleyball; men's sports include baseball and golf. The Hawks are members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) in most sports, with other memberships in the Eastern College Athletic Conference and Northeast Conference.The Hawks compete in the MEAC for all sports except baseball, men's golf, and women's golf, in which they compete as Northeast Conference members, and additionally in the ECAC for cross country, track and field and bowling.
Teams
NCAA national championships
Team
References
External links
Official website | represents | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"University of Maryland Eastern Shore"
]
} |
The Historical Museum of Bamberg (German: Historisches Museum Bamberg) is a museum in Bamberg, Germany, located in the Alte Hofhaltung next to the city's cathedral.
Together with the Villa Dessauer and the Collection Ludwig, a collection of porcelain and faience, it belongs to the museums of the city.
History
In 1838 Vicar Joseph Hemmerlein passed his large art collection on to the City of Bamberg. This is regarded as the birth of the museum. In the following century the museum continuously added new objects to the collection.
The museum was located in the Michaelsberg Abbey until 1935. In 1938 it was moved in the Alte Hofhaltung, near the cathedral of Bamberg.
Collection
The Historical Museum Bamberg owns a fund of historical objects, which range from the prehistory to the current century. Beside a large art collection and stone sculptures, there are several handicraft objects, clocks from the 16th–19th centuries and a wide range of coins from numerous different ages.
Furthermore, the Historical Museum Bamberg has a collection of astronomical and mathematical tools, as well as a compilation of nativity scenes exhibited during the Christmas season.
External links
Bamberg City Museum website | country | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Germany"
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} |
The Historical Museum of Bamberg (German: Historisches Museum Bamberg) is a museum in Bamberg, Germany, located in the Alte Hofhaltung next to the city's cathedral.
Together with the Villa Dessauer and the Collection Ludwig, a collection of porcelain and faience, it belongs to the museums of the city.
History
In 1838 Vicar Joseph Hemmerlein passed his large art collection on to the City of Bamberg. This is regarded as the birth of the museum. In the following century the museum continuously added new objects to the collection.
The museum was located in the Michaelsberg Abbey until 1935. In 1938 it was moved in the Alte Hofhaltung, near the cathedral of Bamberg.
Collection
The Historical Museum Bamberg owns a fund of historical objects, which range from the prehistory to the current century. Beside a large art collection and stone sculptures, there are several handicraft objects, clocks from the 16th–19th centuries and a wide range of coins from numerous different ages.
Furthermore, the Historical Museum Bamberg has a collection of astronomical and mathematical tools, as well as a compilation of nativity scenes exhibited during the Christmas season.
External links
Bamberg City Museum website | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"museum"
]
} |
The Historical Museum of Bamberg (German: Historisches Museum Bamberg) is a museum in Bamberg, Germany, located in the Alte Hofhaltung next to the city's cathedral.
Together with the Villa Dessauer and the Collection Ludwig, a collection of porcelain and faience, it belongs to the museums of the city.
History
In 1838 Vicar Joseph Hemmerlein passed his large art collection on to the City of Bamberg. This is regarded as the birth of the museum. In the following century the museum continuously added new objects to the collection.
The museum was located in the Michaelsberg Abbey until 1935. In 1938 it was moved in the Alte Hofhaltung, near the cathedral of Bamberg.
Collection
The Historical Museum Bamberg owns a fund of historical objects, which range from the prehistory to the current century. Beside a large art collection and stone sculptures, there are several handicraft objects, clocks from the 16th–19th centuries and a wide range of coins from numerous different ages.
Furthermore, the Historical Museum Bamberg has a collection of astronomical and mathematical tools, as well as a compilation of nativity scenes exhibited during the Christmas season.
External links
Bamberg City Museum website | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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The Historical Museum of Bamberg (German: Historisches Museum Bamberg) is a museum in Bamberg, Germany, located in the Alte Hofhaltung next to the city's cathedral.
Together with the Villa Dessauer and the Collection Ludwig, a collection of porcelain and faience, it belongs to the museums of the city.
History
In 1838 Vicar Joseph Hemmerlein passed his large art collection on to the City of Bamberg. This is regarded as the birth of the museum. In the following century the museum continuously added new objects to the collection.
The museum was located in the Michaelsberg Abbey until 1935. In 1938 it was moved in the Alte Hofhaltung, near the cathedral of Bamberg.
Collection
The Historical Museum Bamberg owns a fund of historical objects, which range from the prehistory to the current century. Beside a large art collection and stone sculptures, there are several handicraft objects, clocks from the 16th–19th centuries and a wide range of coins from numerous different ages.
Furthermore, the Historical Museum Bamberg has a collection of astronomical and mathematical tools, as well as a compilation of nativity scenes exhibited during the Christmas season.
External links
Bamberg City Museum website | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Historisches Museum Bamberg"
]
} |
The Historical Museum of Bamberg (German: Historisches Museum Bamberg) is a museum in Bamberg, Germany, located in the Alte Hofhaltung next to the city's cathedral.
Together with the Villa Dessauer and the Collection Ludwig, a collection of porcelain and faience, it belongs to the museums of the city.
History
In 1838 Vicar Joseph Hemmerlein passed his large art collection on to the City of Bamberg. This is regarded as the birth of the museum. In the following century the museum continuously added new objects to the collection.
The museum was located in the Michaelsberg Abbey until 1935. In 1938 it was moved in the Alte Hofhaltung, near the cathedral of Bamberg.
Collection
The Historical Museum Bamberg owns a fund of historical objects, which range from the prehistory to the current century. Beside a large art collection and stone sculptures, there are several handicraft objects, clocks from the 16th–19th centuries and a wide range of coins from numerous different ages.
Furthermore, the Historical Museum Bamberg has a collection of astronomical and mathematical tools, as well as a compilation of nativity scenes exhibited during the Christmas season.
External links
Bamberg City Museum website | Commons Institution page | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Historisches Museum Bamberg"
]
} |
"Have You Ever Been Mellow" is the first single of the Party Animals and was released on their debut album Good Vibrations. The track was released in 1996 and became their first number one hit in The Netherlands. The song contains a sample of "Have You Never Been Mellow" by Olivia Newton-John. The chorus was also reused except that "never" was replaced by "ever". Musically the song is totally different with a fast gabber beat. The song made the 1996 yearlist at a #21 position. The single was certified Gold. The song remains an often requested song in the Netherlands and reached the 35 position at 3FM's 90s Request Top 100 of 2006. It was a minor hit in the United Kingdom but, like other songs in its genre, sold better in Scotland.
Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated the song three out of five, adding, "The happy hardcore track with helium hooks was a minor hit in May but, after gaining considerable support on The Box, should be big this time."
Track listing
Chart
References
External links
Official site | instance of | {
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"Have You Ever Been Mellow" is the first single of the Party Animals and was released on their debut album Good Vibrations. The track was released in 1996 and became their first number one hit in The Netherlands. The song contains a sample of "Have You Never Been Mellow" by Olivia Newton-John. The chorus was also reused except that "never" was replaced by "ever". Musically the song is totally different with a fast gabber beat. The song made the 1996 yearlist at a #21 position. The single was certified Gold. The song remains an often requested song in the Netherlands and reached the 35 position at 3FM's 90s Request Top 100 of 2006. It was a minor hit in the United Kingdom but, like other songs in its genre, sold better in Scotland.
Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated the song three out of five, adding, "The happy hardcore track with helium hooks was a minor hit in May but, after gaining considerable support on The Box, should be big this time."
Track listing
Chart
References
External links
Official site | genre | {
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"Have You Ever Been Mellow" is the first single of the Party Animals and was released on their debut album Good Vibrations. The track was released in 1996 and became their first number one hit in The Netherlands. The song contains a sample of "Have You Never Been Mellow" by Olivia Newton-John. The chorus was also reused except that "never" was replaced by "ever". Musically the song is totally different with a fast gabber beat. The song made the 1996 yearlist at a #21 position. The single was certified Gold. The song remains an often requested song in the Netherlands and reached the 35 position at 3FM's 90s Request Top 100 of 2006. It was a minor hit in the United Kingdom but, like other songs in its genre, sold better in Scotland.
Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated the song three out of five, adding, "The happy hardcore track with helium hooks was a minor hit in May but, after gaining considerable support on The Box, should be big this time."
Track listing
Chart
References
External links
Official site | performer | {
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"Party Animals"
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"Have You Ever Been Mellow" is the first single of the Party Animals and was released on their debut album Good Vibrations. The track was released in 1996 and became their first number one hit in The Netherlands. The song contains a sample of "Have You Never Been Mellow" by Olivia Newton-John. The chorus was also reused except that "never" was replaced by "ever". Musically the song is totally different with a fast gabber beat. The song made the 1996 yearlist at a #21 position. The single was certified Gold. The song remains an often requested song in the Netherlands and reached the 35 position at 3FM's 90s Request Top 100 of 2006. It was a minor hit in the United Kingdom but, like other songs in its genre, sold better in Scotland.
Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated the song three out of five, adding, "The happy hardcore track with helium hooks was a minor hit in May but, after gaining considerable support on The Box, should be big this time."
Track listing
Chart
References
External links
Official site | part of | {
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Cratocerus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about eight described species in Cratocerus, found in Central and South America.
Cratocerus culpepperi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus indupalmensis Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus kavanaughi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus monilicornis Dejean, 1829
Cratocerus multisetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sinesetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sulcatus Chaudoir, 1852
Cratocerus tanyae Grzymala & Will, 2014
== References == | taxon rank | {
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Cratocerus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about eight described species in Cratocerus, found in Central and South America.
Cratocerus culpepperi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus indupalmensis Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus kavanaughi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus monilicornis Dejean, 1829
Cratocerus multisetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sinesetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sulcatus Chaudoir, 1852
Cratocerus tanyae Grzymala & Will, 2014
== References == | parent taxon | {
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"Carabidae"
]
} |
Cratocerus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about eight described species in Cratocerus, found in Central and South America.
Cratocerus culpepperi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus indupalmensis Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus kavanaughi Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus monilicornis Dejean, 1829
Cratocerus multisetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sinesetosus Grzymala & Will, 2014
Cratocerus sulcatus Chaudoir, 1852
Cratocerus tanyae Grzymala & Will, 2014
== References == | taxon name | {
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WYPX-TV (channel 55) is a television station licensed to Amsterdam, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of Ion Television. Owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings, the station has offices on Charles Boulevard in Guilderland, and its transmitter is located in the Helderberg Escarpment in New Scotland.
History
The station signed on the air in 1987 as an independent station under the call letters WOCD. It was owned by Amsterdam Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Coit Services of San Francisco, and was leased to Christian Community Television (CCT) of Schenectady, New York. CCT faced financial troubles from the outset and they soon fell behind on their payments, so Amsterdam Broadcasting reassumed control of the station. The station went dormant in 1989, but in 1991, Coit struck a deal to sell the station to Tennessee TV executive Wade Griffith for $1.8 million. Griffith would have relaunched the station as WNSI, but the deal fell through, and WOCD was sold to Cornerstone Television, a religious broadcaster, for $375,000 in 1992. The second incarnation of WOCD had problems getting cable carriage in much of the market which combined with the looming conversion to digital television led the station to be sold again.
In 1997, Paxson Communications bought WOCD from Cornerstone, moved the station's offices from Scotia, New York to Guilderland, and made the station an outlet for the Infomall Television Network (inTV). The call sign was changed to WYPX on January 13, 1998; however, the new calls confused some people as there was a radio station with a similar call sign in the Albany market. WYPX became a charter station for the Pax TV network when it launched on August 31, 1998. WYPX also added a secondary affiliation with UPN on October 5, 1998, airing the network's programming in late night hours following Pax's primetime programming. WVBG-LP (channel 25), a low-power station in Albany, also joined UPN as a primary affiliate the same day; the affiliation deal with WYPX was made before the network agreed to affiliate with WVBG (as Albany had no UPN affiliate at the time, though area cable systems imported WSBK-TV from Boston). WYPX retained its secondary UPN affiliation despite WVBG's affiliation; however, UPN programming disappeared from channel 55 in 1999.In 2001, WYPX entered into a joint sales agreement with Hubbard Broadcasting, owner of NBC affiliate WNYT (channel 13); under this arrangement, WNYT sold advertising time on WYPX, while WYPX aired replays of WNYT's news and public affairs programming. Paxson terminated all joint sales agreements involving its stations in June 2005 as part of its relaunch of Pax TV as i: Independent Television.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WYPX-DT signed on the air on UHF channel 50 and broadcasts at 450 kW from the same transmitter site in early 2005. WYPX-TV requested permission from the FCC to shut down their analog signal on channel 55 so that the bandwidth could be used for Qualcomm's MediaFLO service. Qualcomm had made deals with other stations on channel 55, including WLNY-TV in Riverhead, New York, to shut down analog so that they could launch their new multimedia offering on April 12, 2007. It was granted permission by the FCC to shut down its analog broadcast, surrender its analog license, and operate as a digital-only station on channel 50 on September 6, 2007. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 55, on September 28, 2007. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 50. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.
References
External links
Official website | instance of | {
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Calopogon barbatus, the bearded grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to North Carolina.
References
External links
Florida Native Orchids, Bearded Grass Pink, Early Grass Pink (Calopogon barbatus)
Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Calopogon barbatus - bearded grass - pink
North Carolina Native Plant Society, native plant gallery, Calopogon barbatus | taxon rank | {
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Calopogon barbatus, the bearded grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to North Carolina.
References
External links
Florida Native Orchids, Bearded Grass Pink, Early Grass Pink (Calopogon barbatus)
Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Calopogon barbatus - bearded grass - pink
North Carolina Native Plant Society, native plant gallery, Calopogon barbatus | parent taxon | {
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0
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Calopogon barbatus, the bearded grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to North Carolina.
References
External links
Florida Native Orchids, Bearded Grass Pink, Early Grass Pink (Calopogon barbatus)
Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Calopogon barbatus - bearded grass - pink
North Carolina Native Plant Society, native plant gallery, Calopogon barbatus | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calopogon barbatus"
]
} |
Calopogon barbatus, the bearded grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to North Carolina.
References
External links
Florida Native Orchids, Bearded Grass Pink, Early Grass Pink (Calopogon barbatus)
Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Calopogon barbatus - bearded grass - pink
North Carolina Native Plant Society, native plant gallery, Calopogon barbatus | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calopogon barbatus"
]
} |
Calopogon barbatus, the bearded grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to North Carolina.
References
External links
Florida Native Orchids, Bearded Grass Pink, Early Grass Pink (Calopogon barbatus)
Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Calopogon barbatus - bearded grass - pink
North Carolina Native Plant Society, native plant gallery, Calopogon barbatus | Commons gallery | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calopogon barbatus"
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, Fáry's theorem states that any simple, planar graph can be drawn without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments. That is, the ability to draw graph edges as curves instead of as straight line segments does not allow a larger class of graphs to be drawn. The theorem is named after István Fáry, although it was proved independently by Klaus Wagner (1936), Fáry (1948), and Sherman K. Stein (1951).
Proof
One way of proving Fáry's theorem is to use mathematical induction. Let G be a simple plane graph with n vertices; we may add edges if necessary so that G is a maximally plane graph. If n < 3, the result is trivial. If n ≥ 3, then all faces of G must be triangles, as we could add an edge into any face with more sides while preserving planarity, contradicting the assumption of maximal planarity. Choose some three vertices a, b, c forming a triangular face of G. We prove by induction on n that there exists a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of G in which triangle abc is the outer face of the embedding. (Combinatorially isomorphic means that the vertices, edges, and faces in the new drawing can be made to correspond to those in the old drawing, such that all incidences between edges, vertices, and faces—not just between vertices and edges—are preserved.) As a base case, the result is trivial when n = 3 and a, b and c are the only vertices in G. Thus, we may assume that n ≥ 4.
By Euler's formula for planar graphs, G has 3n − 6 edges; equivalently, if one defines the deficiency of a vertex v in G to be 6 − deg(v), the sum of the deficiencies is 12. Since G has at least four vertices and all faces of G are triangles, it follows that every vertex in G has degree at least three. Therefore each vertex in G has deficiency at most three, so there are at least four vertices with positive deficiency. In particular we can choose a vertex v with at most five neighbors that is different from a, b and c. Let G' be formed by removing v from G and retriangulating the face f formed by removing v. By induction, G' has a combinatorially isomorphic straight line re-embedding in which abc is the outer face. Because the re-embedding of G' was combinatorially isomorphic to G', removing from it the edges which were added to create G' leaves the face f, which is now a polygon P with at most five sides. To complete the drawing to a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of G, v should be placed in the polygon and joined by straight lines to the vertices of the polygon. By the art gallery theorem, there exists a point interior to P at which v can be placed so that the edges from v to the vertices of P do not cross any other edges, completing the proof.
The induction step of this proof is illustrated at right.
Related results
De Fraysseix, Pach and Pollack showed how to find in linear time a straight-line drawing in a grid with dimensions linear in the size of the graph, giving a universal point set with quadratic size. A similar method has been followed by Schnyder to prove enhanced bounds and a characterization of planarity based on the incidence partial order. His work stressed the existence of a particular partition of the edges of a maximal planar graph into three trees known as a Schnyder wood.
Tutte's spring theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph can be drawn on a plane without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments and an outside face is a convex polygon (Tutte 1963). It is so called because such an embedding can be found as the equilibrium position for a system of springs representing the edges of the graph.
Steinitz's theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph can be represented as the edges of a convex polyhedron in three-dimensional space. A straight-line embedding of
G
,
{\displaystyle G,}
of the type described by Tutte's theorem, may be formed by projecting such a polyhedral representation onto the plane.
The Circle packing theorem states that every planar graph may be represented as the intersection graph of a collection of non-crossing circles in the plane. Placing each vertex of the graph at the center of the corresponding circle leads to a straight line representation.
Heiko Harborth raised the question of whether every planar graph has a straight line representation in which all edge lengths are integers. The truth of Harborth's conjecture remains unknown as of 2014. However, integer-distance straight line embeddings are known to exist for cubic graphs.Sachs (1983) raised the question of whether every graph with a linkless embedding in three-dimensional Euclidean space has a linkless embedding in which all edges are represented by straight line segments, analogously to Fáry's theorem for two-dimensional embeddings.
See also
Bend minimization
Notes
References
Fáry, István (1948), "On straight-line representation of planar graphs", Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 11: 229–233, MR 0026311.
de Fraysseix, Hubert; Pach, János; Pollack, Richard (1988), "Small sets supporting Fary embeddings of planar graphs", Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 426–433, doi:10.1145/62212.62254, ISBN 0-89791-264-0, S2CID 15230919.
de Fraysseix, Hubert; Pach, János; Pollack, Richard (1990), "How to draw a planar graph on a grid", Combinatorica, 10: 41–51, doi:10.1007/BF02122694, MR 1075065, S2CID 6861762.
Geelen, Jim; Guo, Anjie; McKinnon, David (2008), "Straight line embeddings of cubic planar graphs with integer edge lengths" (PDF), Journal of Graph Theory, 58 (3): 270–274, doi:10.1002/jgt.20304.
Harborth, H.; Kemnitz, A.; Moller, M.; Sussenbach, A. (1987), "Ganzzahlige planare Darstellungen der platonischen Korper", Elem. Math., 42: 118–122.
Kemnitz, A.; Harborth, H. (2001), "Plane integral drawings of planar graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 236 (1–3): 191–195, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(00)00442-8.
Mohar, Bojan (2003), Problems from the book Graphs on Surfaces.
Mohar, Bojan; Thomassen, Carsten (2001), Graphs on Surfaces, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. roblem 2.8.15, ISBN 0-8018-6689-8.
Sachs, Horst (1983), "On a spatial analogue of Kuratowski's theorem on planar graphs — An open problem", in Horowiecki, M.; Kennedy, J. W.; Sysło, M. M. (eds.), Graph Theory: Proceedings of a Conference held in Łagów, Poland, February 10–13, 1981, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1018, Springer-Verlag, pp. 230–241, doi:10.1007/BFb0071633, ISBN 978-3-540-12687-4.
Schnyder, Walter (1990), "Embedding planar graphs on the grid", Proc. 1st ACM/SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 138–148, ISBN 9780898712513.
Stein, S. K. (1951), "Convex maps", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 2 (3): 464–466, doi:10.2307/2031777, JSTOR 2031777, MR 0041425.
Tutte, W. T. (1963), "How to draw a graph", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 13: 743–767, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-13.1.743, MR 0158387.
Wagner, Klaus (1936), "Bemerkungen zum Vierfarbenproblem", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 46: 26–32. | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"theorem"
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, Fáry's theorem states that any simple, planar graph can be drawn without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments. That is, the ability to draw graph edges as curves instead of as straight line segments does not allow a larger class of graphs to be drawn. The theorem is named after István Fáry, although it was proved independently by Klaus Wagner (1936), Fáry (1948), and Sherman K. Stein (1951).
Proof
One way of proving Fáry's theorem is to use mathematical induction. Let G be a simple plane graph with n vertices; we may add edges if necessary so that G is a maximally plane graph. If n < 3, the result is trivial. If n ≥ 3, then all faces of G must be triangles, as we could add an edge into any face with more sides while preserving planarity, contradicting the assumption of maximal planarity. Choose some three vertices a, b, c forming a triangular face of G. We prove by induction on n that there exists a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of G in which triangle abc is the outer face of the embedding. (Combinatorially isomorphic means that the vertices, edges, and faces in the new drawing can be made to correspond to those in the old drawing, such that all incidences between edges, vertices, and faces—not just between vertices and edges—are preserved.) As a base case, the result is trivial when n = 3 and a, b and c are the only vertices in G. Thus, we may assume that n ≥ 4.
By Euler's formula for planar graphs, G has 3n − 6 edges; equivalently, if one defines the deficiency of a vertex v in G to be 6 − deg(v), the sum of the deficiencies is 12. Since G has at least four vertices and all faces of G are triangles, it follows that every vertex in G has degree at least three. Therefore each vertex in G has deficiency at most three, so there are at least four vertices with positive deficiency. In particular we can choose a vertex v with at most five neighbors that is different from a, b and c. Let G' be formed by removing v from G and retriangulating the face f formed by removing v. By induction, G' has a combinatorially isomorphic straight line re-embedding in which abc is the outer face. Because the re-embedding of G' was combinatorially isomorphic to G', removing from it the edges which were added to create G' leaves the face f, which is now a polygon P with at most five sides. To complete the drawing to a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of G, v should be placed in the polygon and joined by straight lines to the vertices of the polygon. By the art gallery theorem, there exists a point interior to P at which v can be placed so that the edges from v to the vertices of P do not cross any other edges, completing the proof.
The induction step of this proof is illustrated at right.
Related results
De Fraysseix, Pach and Pollack showed how to find in linear time a straight-line drawing in a grid with dimensions linear in the size of the graph, giving a universal point set with quadratic size. A similar method has been followed by Schnyder to prove enhanced bounds and a characterization of planarity based on the incidence partial order. His work stressed the existence of a particular partition of the edges of a maximal planar graph into three trees known as a Schnyder wood.
Tutte's spring theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph can be drawn on a plane without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments and an outside face is a convex polygon (Tutte 1963). It is so called because such an embedding can be found as the equilibrium position for a system of springs representing the edges of the graph.
Steinitz's theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph can be represented as the edges of a convex polyhedron in three-dimensional space. A straight-line embedding of
G
,
{\displaystyle G,}
of the type described by Tutte's theorem, may be formed by projecting such a polyhedral representation onto the plane.
The Circle packing theorem states that every planar graph may be represented as the intersection graph of a collection of non-crossing circles in the plane. Placing each vertex of the graph at the center of the corresponding circle leads to a straight line representation.
Heiko Harborth raised the question of whether every planar graph has a straight line representation in which all edge lengths are integers. The truth of Harborth's conjecture remains unknown as of 2014. However, integer-distance straight line embeddings are known to exist for cubic graphs.Sachs (1983) raised the question of whether every graph with a linkless embedding in three-dimensional Euclidean space has a linkless embedding in which all edges are represented by straight line segments, analogously to Fáry's theorem for two-dimensional embeddings.
See also
Bend minimization
Notes
References
Fáry, István (1948), "On straight-line representation of planar graphs", Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 11: 229–233, MR 0026311.
de Fraysseix, Hubert; Pach, János; Pollack, Richard (1988), "Small sets supporting Fary embeddings of planar graphs", Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 426–433, doi:10.1145/62212.62254, ISBN 0-89791-264-0, S2CID 15230919.
de Fraysseix, Hubert; Pach, János; Pollack, Richard (1990), "How to draw a planar graph on a grid", Combinatorica, 10: 41–51, doi:10.1007/BF02122694, MR 1075065, S2CID 6861762.
Geelen, Jim; Guo, Anjie; McKinnon, David (2008), "Straight line embeddings of cubic planar graphs with integer edge lengths" (PDF), Journal of Graph Theory, 58 (3): 270–274, doi:10.1002/jgt.20304.
Harborth, H.; Kemnitz, A.; Moller, M.; Sussenbach, A. (1987), "Ganzzahlige planare Darstellungen der platonischen Korper", Elem. Math., 42: 118–122.
Kemnitz, A.; Harborth, H. (2001), "Plane integral drawings of planar graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 236 (1–3): 191–195, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(00)00442-8.
Mohar, Bojan (2003), Problems from the book Graphs on Surfaces.
Mohar, Bojan; Thomassen, Carsten (2001), Graphs on Surfaces, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. roblem 2.8.15, ISBN 0-8018-6689-8.
Sachs, Horst (1983), "On a spatial analogue of Kuratowski's theorem on planar graphs — An open problem", in Horowiecki, M.; Kennedy, J. W.; Sysło, M. M. (eds.), Graph Theory: Proceedings of a Conference held in Łagów, Poland, February 10–13, 1981, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1018, Springer-Verlag, pp. 230–241, doi:10.1007/BFb0071633, ISBN 978-3-540-12687-4.
Schnyder, Walter (1990), "Embedding planar graphs on the grid", Proc. 1st ACM/SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 138–148, ISBN 9780898712513.
Stein, S. K. (1951), "Convex maps", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 2 (3): 464–466, doi:10.2307/2031777, JSTOR 2031777, MR 0041425.
Tutte, W. T. (1963), "How to draw a graph", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 13: 743–767, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-13.1.743, MR 0158387.
Wagner, Klaus (1936), "Bemerkungen zum Vierfarbenproblem", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 46: 26–32. | named after | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"Klaus Wagner"
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The Filipino Struggles Through History is an artwork by Filipino artist Botong Francisco. The artwork is a declared National Cultural Treasure.
History
Filipino Struggles Through History was a commissioned for the Manila City Government in 1964 during the mayoral tenure of Antonio Villegas. and was installed at the Bulwagang Katipunan (later renamed Bulwagang Gat Antonio Villegas) of the Manila City Hall in 1968. On April 8, 1996, the artwork was declared a National Cultural Treasure by then National Museum director Gabriel S. Casal.The artwork sustained damages caused by plumbing issues at the Manila City Hall. Then-Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim requested for the artwork to be restored with assistance from the National Museum and funding from the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority. The artwork was removed in 2013 for restoration work which was finished in 2015 and was transferred inside the National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila for public exhibition in February 2018. In 2017, then-Mayor Joseph Estrada decided to allow the National Museum to keep custody of the artwork in return of the museum organization providing a replica of the artwork.In 2019, following the inauguration of Isko Moreno as Mayor of Manila, former mayor Lito Atienza urged for the return of the artwork to the Manila City Hall. In its original place, the artwork was replaced by a tarpaulin replica.
Artwork
Filipino Struggles Through History, alternatively known as the History of Manila is a series paintings which depicts select events from Philippine history. It composes of 10 canvas panels collectively measuring 2.7 meters (8.9 ft) high and 79.4 meters (260 ft) wide.Seven of the panels exhibited at the Old Senate Session Hall at the National Museum of Fine Arts portrays the history of Manila: From the historical Tondo period to the end of the American colonial era in 1946. The last three panels, exhibited at the within the same museum's Vicente and Carmen Fabella Hall, depicts then-Mayor Antonio Villegas' vision for the city of Manila.
== References == | instance of | {
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"text": [
"painting"
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} |
The Filipino Struggles Through History is an artwork by Filipino artist Botong Francisco. The artwork is a declared National Cultural Treasure.
History
Filipino Struggles Through History was a commissioned for the Manila City Government in 1964 during the mayoral tenure of Antonio Villegas. and was installed at the Bulwagang Katipunan (later renamed Bulwagang Gat Antonio Villegas) of the Manila City Hall in 1968. On April 8, 1996, the artwork was declared a National Cultural Treasure by then National Museum director Gabriel S. Casal.The artwork sustained damages caused by plumbing issues at the Manila City Hall. Then-Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim requested for the artwork to be restored with assistance from the National Museum and funding from the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority. The artwork was removed in 2013 for restoration work which was finished in 2015 and was transferred inside the National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila for public exhibition in February 2018. In 2017, then-Mayor Joseph Estrada decided to allow the National Museum to keep custody of the artwork in return of the museum organization providing a replica of the artwork.In 2019, following the inauguration of Isko Moreno as Mayor of Manila, former mayor Lito Atienza urged for the return of the artwork to the Manila City Hall. In its original place, the artwork was replaced by a tarpaulin replica.
Artwork
Filipino Struggles Through History, alternatively known as the History of Manila is a series paintings which depicts select events from Philippine history. It composes of 10 canvas panels collectively measuring 2.7 meters (8.9 ft) high and 79.4 meters (260 ft) wide.Seven of the panels exhibited at the Old Senate Session Hall at the National Museum of Fine Arts portrays the history of Manila: From the historical Tondo period to the end of the American colonial era in 1946. The last three panels, exhibited at the within the same museum's Vicente and Carmen Fabella Hall, depicts then-Mayor Antonio Villegas' vision for the city of Manila.
== References == | creator | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Botong Francisco"
]
} |
The Filipino Struggles Through History is an artwork by Filipino artist Botong Francisco. The artwork is a declared National Cultural Treasure.
History
Filipino Struggles Through History was a commissioned for the Manila City Government in 1964 during the mayoral tenure of Antonio Villegas. and was installed at the Bulwagang Katipunan (later renamed Bulwagang Gat Antonio Villegas) of the Manila City Hall in 1968. On April 8, 1996, the artwork was declared a National Cultural Treasure by then National Museum director Gabriel S. Casal.The artwork sustained damages caused by plumbing issues at the Manila City Hall. Then-Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim requested for the artwork to be restored with assistance from the National Museum and funding from the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority. The artwork was removed in 2013 for restoration work which was finished in 2015 and was transferred inside the National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila for public exhibition in February 2018. In 2017, then-Mayor Joseph Estrada decided to allow the National Museum to keep custody of the artwork in return of the museum organization providing a replica of the artwork.In 2019, following the inauguration of Isko Moreno as Mayor of Manila, former mayor Lito Atienza urged for the return of the artwork to the Manila City Hall. In its original place, the artwork was replaced by a tarpaulin replica.
Artwork
Filipino Struggles Through History, alternatively known as the History of Manila is a series paintings which depicts select events from Philippine history. It composes of 10 canvas panels collectively measuring 2.7 meters (8.9 ft) high and 79.4 meters (260 ft) wide.Seven of the panels exhibited at the Old Senate Session Hall at the National Museum of Fine Arts portrays the history of Manila: From the historical Tondo period to the end of the American colonial era in 1946. The last three panels, exhibited at the within the same museum's Vicente and Carmen Fabella Hall, depicts then-Mayor Antonio Villegas' vision for the city of Manila.
== References == | location | {
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919
],
"text": [
"National Museum of Fine Arts"
]
} |
The Montreal Snow Shoe Club (MSSC) was a sports club in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1840 by twelve well-known young men, it was the first club of its sort in North America (and probably the world) and led the way for hundreds of other clubs like it to be established across Canada and the United States. Though as a club the MSSC was significantly pre-dated by others such as the Royal Montreal Curling Club and the Montreal Hunt, it was snowshoeing that pioneered the organization of sport in Montreal. In the 19th century, only lacrosse (and much later, ice hockey) exceeded the total number of urban snowshoe clubs in Canada. In the period before 1867, Lindsay remarks, "a history of snowshoeing in Canada is virtually a history of snowshoeing in Montreal, and, in particular, the Montreal Snow Shoe Club". The MSSC laid the foundations for many other winter and sporting clubs to be established in Montreal, and notably the world's first Winter Carnival.
The MSSC organized an array of races, but they are best remembered for their night-time torchlit processions from McGill's Gatehouse up through Mount Royal Park, wearing their traditional take on the outfits of the old Québécois trappeurs and the infamous tasselled 'tuque bleu'. At the top a hearty dinner was served in their clubhouse, the club's songs were further sung and before the descent new members were "bounced". The MSSC significantly added to Quebec's reputation throughout the British Empire as the most sociable, colourful and cheerful place to spend winter.
Early years
In 1840, the first twelve members of the as yet unnamed Montreal Snow Shoe Club (though mainly Anglo, there were several French names too) started by meeting up every Saturday to 'tramp' out into the surrounding countryside. After a walk of between ten and twelve miles, they repaired to a well-known café on Saint Jacques Street, where the proprietor, one Monsieur Tetu, "afforded every luxury relished by the jolly crew".Tetu's was well-known not just for his choice viand and Henry Hogan's bowl of punch that "served to magnetize those from whom old age had eradicated their tender passion;" but in the continuing melodic synonyms of the club's first historian, Hugh Becket: "Dame Rumour has accused more than one of the handsome fellows who stretched their pedal extremities under mine host Tetu's mahogany, of being attracted thither through the mesmeric influence of the fair dame presiding over the establishment in conjunction with her lord".In 1843, when membership had significantly increased, the club was informally organized with Colonel Charles Ermatinger of the Royal Montreal Cavalry being elected president. Its 'rules' were drawn from the unwritten traditions of this "Band of Brothers", when memory stood in the place of Minutes and loyalty to the common law of Snow Shoers made any formal code unnecessary. In addition to the weekly 'tramps', the club introduced annual races at the old horse racing field along the St. Pierre River, in what is now Verdun. In good spirit, the club relished all challengers, no matter of their station in life: The MSSC, made up of British officers and Canadians who would become associated with Montreal's Golden Square Mile, competed alongside non-commissioned officers, former voyageurs and native Indians (notably Narcisse and 'the wonder' Keroniare). In those days, ingenuity was welcomed, and Ermatinger heartily congratulated an Indian named Deroche, who on a particularly icey day had beaten him in a steeplechase, having cleverly attached spikes to his snowshoes beforehand.These tournaments soon became an array of popular individual events cheered on by throngs of spectators. The races were concluded with a large dinner given for all the competitors; involving toasts, prize-giving, speeches, snowshoeing songs, jokes, dancing and "bouncing," the name given to an unusual but favourite custom of the Montreal snowshoers. It was started by the MSSC and afterwards popularly adopted by all the other snowshoe clubs set up after them. Guests of honour, new members or winners of snowshoe races were "bounced", by being thrown into the air repeatedly and caught either by hands or a blanket, as depicted in the picture.
Clothing
It is not known when the MSSC members first adopted the outfits they became known for, or when the first moonlight processions were led up Mount Royal, but in 1859 a reporter from the Montreal Transcript joined the club for one such tramp and recounted his experience,
Half past seven o'clock! and here we are at the 'rendezvous' in Sherbrooke Street... all the members are in appropriate costume, namely, a blanket coat (white and hooded), with capote attached, firmly bound round the waist with a sash or belt; blanket continuations and moccasins of moose-skin; together with the indispensable snow-shoe... adorned round the sides with tufts of crimson wool... The route is across the mountain; for your snowshoer looks with contempt upon the beaten road. The more of impediments in the shape of hedges, ditches, and fences, the better for his purpose. Off they go at a rattling pace, for the President steps out, like him of cork-leg notoriety (Milton Sublette - known as 'the Thunderbolt of the Rockies'), and each member has to keep up with him...
In the 1860s, with the rise in the popularity of the Club's races, interest in the MSSC's weekly tramps began to wane. In an effort to revive popularity, club colours were adopted in 1869 to increase the visibility of its members. The colour blue was chosen for the club's tasselled tuques, and soon the term tuque bleue became synonymous with the MSSC and its members. Tuques had been popular in New France since the 18th century. From the 1870s, club membership badges were sewn on to members' blanket coats - red and white in the early 1870s, and red, white and blue from 1875.
Spirit and expansion
The club's popularity continued to grow year on year and from 1850 they extended their weekly 'tramps' to Tuesday afternoons as well as Saturdays. The annual races were held at the end of February and the stewards who oversaw the events were usually commanding officers stationed in Montreal, such as Generals Eyre, Williams, Paulet, Lindsay and Michel. In January, 1859, Nicholas 'Evergreen' Hughes presided over the first Presidents Dinner and, "the echo of the shouts and laughter that rang thro' the tree tops of old Mount Royal must have astonished 'McTavish's ghost'."In 1860, the first two official photographs of the MSSC were to be taken. After the first of all the members (which did not come out well), a second was to be taken of just the officers: "This was a signal failure, the presence of an animated background proving too much for the dignity of the officers, who after several attempts at a suitable state of solemnity, gave up all idea of a picture, much to the delight of background brilliants". The old military camaraderie that had surrounded the MSSC since its origins remained, and prior to the Confederation of Canada in 1867, 'Evergreen' Hughes gave a speech linking the snowshoers' "bodily superiority" to the success of the "future Kingdom of Canada".From this institution other clubs quickly sprang up, notably the two most famous French Canadian clubs in Montreal: The Canadien de Montréal (founded in 1878) and the Trappeur de Montréal. By 1885, there were twenty five snowshoe clubs in Montreal alone, which led to the creation of the Union Canadienne des Raquetteurs (the Canadian Snowshoers' Union), who held their first convention at Quebec City in 1907.Since 1997, the Tuques Bleues Celebration has been organized by Les Amis de la Montagne (a charity that works to protect and preserve Mount Royal Park), re-introducing snowshoe tramps by traditional torchlight up the mountain.
Early members
In 1882, Hugh Becket, the MSSC's historian, recalled twelve of the earliest names associated with the club from 1840: The Hon. Edward Ermatinger (the club's first president in all but name in 1843); Colonel Édouard Juchereau du Chesnay; Nicholas Hughes Burroughs; The Hon. Charles-Joseph Coursol; Frederick Matthews; Romeo Harrison Stephens (brother of the elder George Washington Stephens); Sir George Conway Colthurst 5th Bt.; and, The Hon. Edward Goff Penny. He mentions also Mr Lamontagne, Mr Lamothe, Mr Harris and one Frank Brown.
See also
McGill Outdoors Club
References
External links
Media related to Montreal Snow Shoe Club at Wikimedia Commons | country | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
} |
The Montreal Snow Shoe Club (MSSC) was a sports club in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1840 by twelve well-known young men, it was the first club of its sort in North America (and probably the world) and led the way for hundreds of other clubs like it to be established across Canada and the United States. Though as a club the MSSC was significantly pre-dated by others such as the Royal Montreal Curling Club and the Montreal Hunt, it was snowshoeing that pioneered the organization of sport in Montreal. In the 19th century, only lacrosse (and much later, ice hockey) exceeded the total number of urban snowshoe clubs in Canada. In the period before 1867, Lindsay remarks, "a history of snowshoeing in Canada is virtually a history of snowshoeing in Montreal, and, in particular, the Montreal Snow Shoe Club". The MSSC laid the foundations for many other winter and sporting clubs to be established in Montreal, and notably the world's first Winter Carnival.
The MSSC organized an array of races, but they are best remembered for their night-time torchlit processions from McGill's Gatehouse up through Mount Royal Park, wearing their traditional take on the outfits of the old Québécois trappeurs and the infamous tasselled 'tuque bleu'. At the top a hearty dinner was served in their clubhouse, the club's songs were further sung and before the descent new members were "bounced". The MSSC significantly added to Quebec's reputation throughout the British Empire as the most sociable, colourful and cheerful place to spend winter.
Early years
In 1840, the first twelve members of the as yet unnamed Montreal Snow Shoe Club (though mainly Anglo, there were several French names too) started by meeting up every Saturday to 'tramp' out into the surrounding countryside. After a walk of between ten and twelve miles, they repaired to a well-known café on Saint Jacques Street, where the proprietor, one Monsieur Tetu, "afforded every luxury relished by the jolly crew".Tetu's was well-known not just for his choice viand and Henry Hogan's bowl of punch that "served to magnetize those from whom old age had eradicated their tender passion;" but in the continuing melodic synonyms of the club's first historian, Hugh Becket: "Dame Rumour has accused more than one of the handsome fellows who stretched their pedal extremities under mine host Tetu's mahogany, of being attracted thither through the mesmeric influence of the fair dame presiding over the establishment in conjunction with her lord".In 1843, when membership had significantly increased, the club was informally organized with Colonel Charles Ermatinger of the Royal Montreal Cavalry being elected president. Its 'rules' were drawn from the unwritten traditions of this "Band of Brothers", when memory stood in the place of Minutes and loyalty to the common law of Snow Shoers made any formal code unnecessary. In addition to the weekly 'tramps', the club introduced annual races at the old horse racing field along the St. Pierre River, in what is now Verdun. In good spirit, the club relished all challengers, no matter of their station in life: The MSSC, made up of British officers and Canadians who would become associated with Montreal's Golden Square Mile, competed alongside non-commissioned officers, former voyageurs and native Indians (notably Narcisse and 'the wonder' Keroniare). In those days, ingenuity was welcomed, and Ermatinger heartily congratulated an Indian named Deroche, who on a particularly icey day had beaten him in a steeplechase, having cleverly attached spikes to his snowshoes beforehand.These tournaments soon became an array of popular individual events cheered on by throngs of spectators. The races were concluded with a large dinner given for all the competitors; involving toasts, prize-giving, speeches, snowshoeing songs, jokes, dancing and "bouncing," the name given to an unusual but favourite custom of the Montreal snowshoers. It was started by the MSSC and afterwards popularly adopted by all the other snowshoe clubs set up after them. Guests of honour, new members or winners of snowshoe races were "bounced", by being thrown into the air repeatedly and caught either by hands or a blanket, as depicted in the picture.
Clothing
It is not known when the MSSC members first adopted the outfits they became known for, or when the first moonlight processions were led up Mount Royal, but in 1859 a reporter from the Montreal Transcript joined the club for one such tramp and recounted his experience,
Half past seven o'clock! and here we are at the 'rendezvous' in Sherbrooke Street... all the members are in appropriate costume, namely, a blanket coat (white and hooded), with capote attached, firmly bound round the waist with a sash or belt; blanket continuations and moccasins of moose-skin; together with the indispensable snow-shoe... adorned round the sides with tufts of crimson wool... The route is across the mountain; for your snowshoer looks with contempt upon the beaten road. The more of impediments in the shape of hedges, ditches, and fences, the better for his purpose. Off they go at a rattling pace, for the President steps out, like him of cork-leg notoriety (Milton Sublette - known as 'the Thunderbolt of the Rockies'), and each member has to keep up with him...
In the 1860s, with the rise in the popularity of the Club's races, interest in the MSSC's weekly tramps began to wane. In an effort to revive popularity, club colours were adopted in 1869 to increase the visibility of its members. The colour blue was chosen for the club's tasselled tuques, and soon the term tuque bleue became synonymous with the MSSC and its members. Tuques had been popular in New France since the 18th century. From the 1870s, club membership badges were sewn on to members' blanket coats - red and white in the early 1870s, and red, white and blue from 1875.
Spirit and expansion
The club's popularity continued to grow year on year and from 1850 they extended their weekly 'tramps' to Tuesday afternoons as well as Saturdays. The annual races were held at the end of February and the stewards who oversaw the events were usually commanding officers stationed in Montreal, such as Generals Eyre, Williams, Paulet, Lindsay and Michel. In January, 1859, Nicholas 'Evergreen' Hughes presided over the first Presidents Dinner and, "the echo of the shouts and laughter that rang thro' the tree tops of old Mount Royal must have astonished 'McTavish's ghost'."In 1860, the first two official photographs of the MSSC were to be taken. After the first of all the members (which did not come out well), a second was to be taken of just the officers: "This was a signal failure, the presence of an animated background proving too much for the dignity of the officers, who after several attempts at a suitable state of solemnity, gave up all idea of a picture, much to the delight of background brilliants". The old military camaraderie that had surrounded the MSSC since its origins remained, and prior to the Confederation of Canada in 1867, 'Evergreen' Hughes gave a speech linking the snowshoers' "bodily superiority" to the success of the "future Kingdom of Canada".From this institution other clubs quickly sprang up, notably the two most famous French Canadian clubs in Montreal: The Canadien de Montréal (founded in 1878) and the Trappeur de Montréal. By 1885, there were twenty five snowshoe clubs in Montreal alone, which led to the creation of the Union Canadienne des Raquetteurs (the Canadian Snowshoers' Union), who held their first convention at Quebec City in 1907.Since 1997, the Tuques Bleues Celebration has been organized by Les Amis de la Montagne (a charity that works to protect and preserve Mount Royal Park), re-introducing snowshoe tramps by traditional torchlight up the mountain.
Early members
In 1882, Hugh Becket, the MSSC's historian, recalled twelve of the earliest names associated with the club from 1840: The Hon. Edward Ermatinger (the club's first president in all but name in 1843); Colonel Édouard Juchereau du Chesnay; Nicholas Hughes Burroughs; The Hon. Charles-Joseph Coursol; Frederick Matthews; Romeo Harrison Stephens (brother of the elder George Washington Stephens); Sir George Conway Colthurst 5th Bt.; and, The Hon. Edward Goff Penny. He mentions also Mr Lamontagne, Mr Lamothe, Mr Harris and one Frank Brown.
See also
McGill Outdoors Club
References
External links
Media related to Montreal Snow Shoe Club at Wikimedia Commons | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Montreal Snow Shoe Club"
]
} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"Oslo"
]
} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | father | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"Vidar Benjaminsen"
]
} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | mother | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"Anne Benjaminsen"
]
} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | occupation | {
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Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | Commons category | {
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Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | family name | {
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Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | given name | {
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Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | country for sport | {
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352
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} |
Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 21 March 1999) is a Norwegian former competitive figure skater. In 2015, she became the first Norwegian ladies' skater in 16 years to advance to the free skate at the World Junior Championships. She has competed in the final segment at two editions.
Personal life
Juni Marie Benjaminsen was born on 21 March 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Her parents are Finnish orienteer Anne Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen is her sister.
Career
Early career
Benjaminsen started skating in 2004 at Oslo Skøiteklub. Benjaminsen won the Norwegian novice ladies' title during the 2012–13 season. The following season, she competed on the junior level, placing 10th at the 2014 Nordic Championships.
2014–2015 season
Benjaminsen made her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in the 2014–15 season, placing 19th in Courchevel and 23rd in Tallinn. She placed 5th in junior ladies at the Tallinn Trophy, took the junior bronze medal at the 2015 Nordic Championships, and finished 13th at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she scored her personal best in the short program and advanced to the final, finishing 22nd overall. She was the first Norwegian in 16 years to qualify for the ladies' free skate at a World Junior Championships.
2015–2016 season
During summer 2015 she trained in Oberstdorf, Germany and Richmond, Virginia, United States. Benjaminsen began her season on the JGP series, placing 16th in Latvia and 14th in Spain. In Riga, Latvia, she became the first Norwegian woman to have successfully landed a triple-triple combination in competition. Making her senior international debut, she finished 12th at an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event in November, the 2015 Tallinn Trophy. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Norwegian Junior Championships, and placed 6th at the 2016 Nordics after winning the short program. At the 2016 Junior Worlds she advanced to the final placing 20th in the short program, and finished 22nd overall.
2016–2017 season
Benjaminsen competed in Slovenia and Germany in the JGP season. She competed in the senior category for the first time at the 2017 Norwegian Championships, taking silver behind Jemima Rasmuss. She also competed at the 2017 Junior Worlds, but did not advance to the free skate. She announced her retirement from competitive skating on 10 May 2017.
Programs
Competitive highlights
CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Official website
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at the International Skating Union
Juni Marie Benjaminsen at Olympedia | sibling | {
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464
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"Andrine Benjaminsen"
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Agripa Mwausegha (born 30 June 1956) is a Malawian former sprinter.
Agripa competed in the 400 metres at the 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics on 7 August 1983 in Helsinki with a time of 49:02. His personal best in the 400 metres was achieved on 12 May 1984 at Zomba, with a time of 48 seconds. That summer, Mwausegha ran in the 400 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He finished sixth in heat eight of the first round and did not progress to the semi-finals.
References
External links
Agripa Mwausegha at World Athletics
Agripa Mwausegha at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived)
Agripa Mwausegha at Olympedia | country of citizenship | {
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42
],
"text": [
"Malawi"
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Agripa Mwausegha (born 30 June 1956) is a Malawian former sprinter.
Agripa competed in the 400 metres at the 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics on 7 August 1983 in Helsinki with a time of 49:02. His personal best in the 400 metres was achieved on 12 May 1984 at Zomba, with a time of 48 seconds. That summer, Mwausegha ran in the 400 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He finished sixth in heat eight of the first round and did not progress to the semi-finals.
References
External links
Agripa Mwausegha at World Athletics
Agripa Mwausegha at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived)
Agripa Mwausegha at Olympedia | participant in | {
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355
],
"text": [
"1984 Summer Olympics"
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} |
Kristine Khachatryan (born November 18, 1989) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2007. She finished 76th in the 10 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Khachatryan finished 94th in the individual sprint event.
She has two career victories in lesser events both in individual sprints in Armenia in January 2010.
References
Kristine Khachatryan at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Armenia"
]
} |
Kristine Khachatryan (born November 18, 1989) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2007. She finished 76th in the 10 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Khachatryan finished 94th in the individual sprint event.
She has two career victories in lesser events both in individual sprints in Armenia in January 2010.
References
Kristine Khachatryan at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"cross-country skier"
]
} |
Kristine Khachatryan (born November 18, 1989) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2007. She finished 76th in the 10 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Khachatryan finished 94th in the individual sprint event.
She has two career victories in lesser events both in individual sprints in Armenia in January 2010.
References
Kristine Khachatryan at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kristine"
]
} |
Kristine Khachatryan (born November 18, 1989) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2007. She finished 76th in the 10 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Khachatryan finished 94th in the individual sprint event.
She has two career victories in lesser events both in individual sprints in Armenia in January 2010.
References
Kristine Khachatryan at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation | participant in | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"2010 Winter Olympics"
]
} |
Kristine Khachatryan (born November 18, 1989) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2007. She finished 76th in the 10 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Khachatryan finished 94th in the individual sprint event.
She has two career victories in lesser events both in individual sprints in Armenia in January 2010.
References
Kristine Khachatryan at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation | country for sport | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Armenia"
]
} |
Ingram de Balliol (died 1244), Lord of Redcastle and Urr in Scotland, Dalton in England and Tours-en-Vimeu in France was an Anglo Scoto-French noble.
He was a younger son of Eustace de Balliol and Petronilla FitzPiers. Ingram was a follower of King Alexander II of Scotland, which brought him against his brothers Hugh and Bernard, who supported Kings John and Henry III of England. He died in 1244.
Marriage and issue
Ingram married Agnes, daughter and heiress of Walter de Berkeley of Redcastle. They are known to have had the following known issue.
Eustace de Balliol of Tours.
Ellen de Balliol (died 1281), married William de Percy of Topcliffe. Dalton passed into the Percy family.
Henry de Balliol of Redcastle and Urr.
Eva de Balliol, married Robert de Umfraville of Collerton, had issue.
Citations
References
Beam, Amanda (2008). The Balliol Dynasty, 1210–1364. Edinburgh: John Donald.
Findlater, AM (2011). "Sir Enguerrand de Umfraville: His Life, Descent and Issue" (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 85. ISSN 0141-1292. Retrieved 11 May 2020 – via Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832614. | father | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Eustace de Balliol"
]
} |
Ingram de Balliol (died 1244), Lord of Redcastle and Urr in Scotland, Dalton in England and Tours-en-Vimeu in France was an Anglo Scoto-French noble.
He was a younger son of Eustace de Balliol and Petronilla FitzPiers. Ingram was a follower of King Alexander II of Scotland, which brought him against his brothers Hugh and Bernard, who supported Kings John and Henry III of England. He died in 1244.
Marriage and issue
Ingram married Agnes, daughter and heiress of Walter de Berkeley of Redcastle. They are known to have had the following known issue.
Eustace de Balliol of Tours.
Ellen de Balliol (died 1281), married William de Percy of Topcliffe. Dalton passed into the Percy family.
Henry de Balliol of Redcastle and Urr.
Eva de Balliol, married Robert de Umfraville of Collerton, had issue.
Citations
References
Beam, Amanda (2008). The Balliol Dynasty, 1210–1364. Edinburgh: John Donald.
Findlater, AM (2011). "Sir Enguerrand de Umfraville: His Life, Descent and Issue" (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 85. ISSN 0141-1292. Retrieved 11 May 2020 – via Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832614. | child | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"Ellen de Balliol"
]
} |
Ingram de Balliol (died 1244), Lord of Redcastle and Urr in Scotland, Dalton in England and Tours-en-Vimeu in France was an Anglo Scoto-French noble.
He was a younger son of Eustace de Balliol and Petronilla FitzPiers. Ingram was a follower of King Alexander II of Scotland, which brought him against his brothers Hugh and Bernard, who supported Kings John and Henry III of England. He died in 1244.
Marriage and issue
Ingram married Agnes, daughter and heiress of Walter de Berkeley of Redcastle. They are known to have had the following known issue.
Eustace de Balliol of Tours.
Ellen de Balliol (died 1281), married William de Percy of Topcliffe. Dalton passed into the Percy family.
Henry de Balliol of Redcastle and Urr.
Eva de Balliol, married Robert de Umfraville of Collerton, had issue.
Citations
References
Beam, Amanda (2008). The Balliol Dynasty, 1210–1364. Edinburgh: John Donald.
Findlater, AM (2011). "Sir Enguerrand de Umfraville: His Life, Descent and Issue" (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 85. ISSN 0141-1292. Retrieved 11 May 2020 – via Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832614. | name in native language | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ingram de Balliol"
]
} |
The Macquarie Island Station is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, commonly called Macca, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.
The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmanian Government Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997 the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.
Purpose
The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring location for scientific research, including monitoring southern hemisphere climatic data by Geoscience Australia.
Facilities
Various buildings exist, some dating back to the early 1950s: Sleeping quarters are in Southern Aurora Dongas (SAD), Garden Cove (Dorm), Hasselborough House and Cumpston's Cottage. A combined mess and kitchen adjoin the doctor's surgery. Storage exists in the main store shed and a large field store shed. The various trades there have their own workshops. A main and standby powerhouse provides electricity and reticulated heating water via a heat exchanger on the diesel generators. Water is sourced from a dam at the top of Gadget's Gully and piped to storage tanks at the station. Sewage is treated before discharge and garbage is sorted for recycling (back in Hobart) or incineration on site. Scientific facilities exist in the Biology Building, Physics Building and Bureau of Meteorology buildings. Various outbuildings support instrumentation such as ionosondes, seismometers and upper atmospheric experiments. A tide gauge is installed in Garden Cove.
Communications
The radiocommunications station has callsign "VJM" and conducts a nightly HF radio schedule with the field huts on 3023 kHz (time varies depending on season and staff preferences). Communications with Australia are conducted using the ANARESAT Earth station facility which utilises the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC portable units are used as a backup. A network of VHF radio repeaters is utilised with handheld transceivers by bushwalkers on the island. The base has an Internet Protocol network for local PC and VoIP equipment.
History
The station was opened in 1911 by Douglas Mawson as his party established a base to relay radio messages from Antarctica to Hobart, Tasmania. From 1948 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions used the base for scientific purposes.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of Antarctica
List of Antarctic research stations
List of Antarctic field camps
References
External links
Macquarie Island on AAD | country | {
"answer_start": [
44
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"text": [
"Australia"
]
} |
The Macquarie Island Station is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, commonly called Macca, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.
The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmanian Government Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997 the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.
Purpose
The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring location for scientific research, including monitoring southern hemisphere climatic data by Geoscience Australia.
Facilities
Various buildings exist, some dating back to the early 1950s: Sleeping quarters are in Southern Aurora Dongas (SAD), Garden Cove (Dorm), Hasselborough House and Cumpston's Cottage. A combined mess and kitchen adjoin the doctor's surgery. Storage exists in the main store shed and a large field store shed. The various trades there have their own workshops. A main and standby powerhouse provides electricity and reticulated heating water via a heat exchanger on the diesel generators. Water is sourced from a dam at the top of Gadget's Gully and piped to storage tanks at the station. Sewage is treated before discharge and garbage is sorted for recycling (back in Hobart) or incineration on site. Scientific facilities exist in the Biology Building, Physics Building and Bureau of Meteorology buildings. Various outbuildings support instrumentation such as ionosondes, seismometers and upper atmospheric experiments. A tide gauge is installed in Garden Cove.
Communications
The radiocommunications station has callsign "VJM" and conducts a nightly HF radio schedule with the field huts on 3023 kHz (time varies depending on season and staff preferences). Communications with Australia are conducted using the ANARESAT Earth station facility which utilises the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC portable units are used as a backup. A network of VHF radio repeaters is utilised with handheld transceivers by bushwalkers on the island. The base has an Internet Protocol network for local PC and VoIP equipment.
History
The station was opened in 1911 by Douglas Mawson as his party established a base to relay radio messages from Antarctica to Hobart, Tasmania. From 1948 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions used the base for scientific purposes.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of Antarctica
List of Antarctic research stations
List of Antarctic field camps
References
External links
Macquarie Island on AAD | instance of | {
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The Macquarie Island Station is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, commonly called Macca, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.
The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmanian Government Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997 the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.
Purpose
The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring location for scientific research, including monitoring southern hemisphere climatic data by Geoscience Australia.
Facilities
Various buildings exist, some dating back to the early 1950s: Sleeping quarters are in Southern Aurora Dongas (SAD), Garden Cove (Dorm), Hasselborough House and Cumpston's Cottage. A combined mess and kitchen adjoin the doctor's surgery. Storage exists in the main store shed and a large field store shed. The various trades there have their own workshops. A main and standby powerhouse provides electricity and reticulated heating water via a heat exchanger on the diesel generators. Water is sourced from a dam at the top of Gadget's Gully and piped to storage tanks at the station. Sewage is treated before discharge and garbage is sorted for recycling (back in Hobart) or incineration on site. Scientific facilities exist in the Biology Building, Physics Building and Bureau of Meteorology buildings. Various outbuildings support instrumentation such as ionosondes, seismometers and upper atmospheric experiments. A tide gauge is installed in Garden Cove.
Communications
The radiocommunications station has callsign "VJM" and conducts a nightly HF radio schedule with the field huts on 3023 kHz (time varies depending on season and staff preferences). Communications with Australia are conducted using the ANARESAT Earth station facility which utilises the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC portable units are used as a backup. A network of VHF radio repeaters is utilised with handheld transceivers by bushwalkers on the island. The base has an Internet Protocol network for local PC and VoIP equipment.
History
The station was opened in 1911 by Douglas Mawson as his party established a base to relay radio messages from Antarctica to Hobart, Tasmania. From 1948 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions used the base for scientific purposes.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of Antarctica
List of Antarctic research stations
List of Antarctic field camps
References
External links
Macquarie Island on AAD | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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The Macquarie Island Station is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, commonly called Macca, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.
The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmanian Government Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997 the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.
Purpose
The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring location for scientific research, including monitoring southern hemisphere climatic data by Geoscience Australia.
Facilities
Various buildings exist, some dating back to the early 1950s: Sleeping quarters are in Southern Aurora Dongas (SAD), Garden Cove (Dorm), Hasselborough House and Cumpston's Cottage. A combined mess and kitchen adjoin the doctor's surgery. Storage exists in the main store shed and a large field store shed. The various trades there have their own workshops. A main and standby powerhouse provides electricity and reticulated heating water via a heat exchanger on the diesel generators. Water is sourced from a dam at the top of Gadget's Gully and piped to storage tanks at the station. Sewage is treated before discharge and garbage is sorted for recycling (back in Hobart) or incineration on site. Scientific facilities exist in the Biology Building, Physics Building and Bureau of Meteorology buildings. Various outbuildings support instrumentation such as ionosondes, seismometers and upper atmospheric experiments. A tide gauge is installed in Garden Cove.
Communications
The radiocommunications station has callsign "VJM" and conducts a nightly HF radio schedule with the field huts on 3023 kHz (time varies depending on season and staff preferences). Communications with Australia are conducted using the ANARESAT Earth station facility which utilises the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC portable units are used as a backup. A network of VHF radio repeaters is utilised with handheld transceivers by bushwalkers on the island. The base has an Internet Protocol network for local PC and VoIP equipment.
History
The station was opened in 1911 by Douglas Mawson as his party established a base to relay radio messages from Antarctica to Hobart, Tasmania. From 1948 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions used the base for scientific purposes.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of Antarctica
List of Antarctic research stations
List of Antarctic field camps
References
External links
Macquarie Island on AAD | operator | {
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The Macquarie Island Station is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, commonly called Macca, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.
The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmanian Government Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997 the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.
Purpose
The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring location for scientific research, including monitoring southern hemisphere climatic data by Geoscience Australia.
Facilities
Various buildings exist, some dating back to the early 1950s: Sleeping quarters are in Southern Aurora Dongas (SAD), Garden Cove (Dorm), Hasselborough House and Cumpston's Cottage. A combined mess and kitchen adjoin the doctor's surgery. Storage exists in the main store shed and a large field store shed. The various trades there have their own workshops. A main and standby powerhouse provides electricity and reticulated heating water via a heat exchanger on the diesel generators. Water is sourced from a dam at the top of Gadget's Gully and piped to storage tanks at the station. Sewage is treated before discharge and garbage is sorted for recycling (back in Hobart) or incineration on site. Scientific facilities exist in the Biology Building, Physics Building and Bureau of Meteorology buildings. Various outbuildings support instrumentation such as ionosondes, seismometers and upper atmospheric experiments. A tide gauge is installed in Garden Cove.
Communications
The radiocommunications station has callsign "VJM" and conducts a nightly HF radio schedule with the field huts on 3023 kHz (time varies depending on season and staff preferences). Communications with Australia are conducted using the ANARESAT Earth station facility which utilises the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC portable units are used as a backup. A network of VHF radio repeaters is utilised with handheld transceivers by bushwalkers on the island. The base has an Internet Protocol network for local PC and VoIP equipment.
History
The station was opened in 1911 by Douglas Mawson as his party established a base to relay radio messages from Antarctica to Hobart, Tasmania. From 1948 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions used the base for scientific purposes.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of Antarctica
List of Antarctic research stations
List of Antarctic field camps
References
External links
Macquarie Island on AAD | has use | {
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The Vossische Zeitung (Voss's Newspaper) was a nationally known Berlin newspaper that represented the interests of the liberal middle class. It was also generally regarded as Germany's national newspaper of record. In the Berlin press it held a special role due to the fact that by way of its direct predecessors it was the oldest newspaper in the city. The name went back to Christian Friedrich Voss, who was its owner from 1751 to 1795, but Vossische Zeitung became its official name only after 1911. It ceased publication in 1934 under pressure from the Nazi state.
Beginnings in Berlin
In the early 17th century Christoff Frischmann collected and passed on to interested parties the news he received as postmaster of the Electorate of Brandenburg. Over time he systematized his news gathering, and he was ultimately given a mandate to maintain contacts throughout the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" and to collect news from all important locations. His first printed newspapers came out in 1617 and appeared weekly, although not always regularly.
Frischmann and his brother Veit first called their newspaper editions 'Avisen' and then the Berliner Botenmeister Zeitung (Newspaper of the Berlin Chief Messenger). As early as 1618 copies regularly included correspondence from major cities in Western Europe. Censors often interfered with the reporting, especially because the paper's pro-Protestant stance during the Thirty Years' War prompted the Catholic Imperial Court in Vienna to demand that the Elector of Brandenburg take action against it. As a result, the paper could not appear for a time. Worn down by the constant worry about the continued existence of his newspaper, Veit Frischmann in 1655 left the concession to his printer Christoph Runge, who gave the paper a new title in 1658: Berliner einkommende Ordinar- und Postzeitungen (Berlin Incoming General and Postal Newspapers). In 1704 the book printer Johann Lorentz acquired the newspaper from Runge's widow, and his privilege was promptly confirmed by King Frederick I of Prussia. Lorentz called what was still Berlin's only newspaper the Berlinische Ordinaire Zeitung.
The various changes in ownership have led to ambiguities regarding the founding date of the Vossische Zeitung. The paper itself celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1904 and cited the corresponding year on its front page. The newspaper's age is most often based on its (almost) uninterrupted existence since 1617.
Contested monopoly
Between 1704 and 1721, Lorentz had to battle Johann Michael Rüdiger, a competitor who had been granted a concession for a new paper in Berlin. In the end King Frederick William I revoked Lorentz's concession and transferred it to Rüdiger, who published the newspaper, now as the Berlinische Privilegirte Zeitung, without interruption and without significant changes, so that continuity was maintained for its readers.
Crown Prince Frederick, later King Frederick II (Frederick the Great), found the newspaper uninteresting. Because his father, King Frederick William I, had decreed that no expressions of opinion, and certainly no critical ones, could be printed, the paper contained only trivial news items, mainly about festivities at court, receptions, criminal cases and executions. Nor did the lack of competition provide any inducement to improve the journalistic quality of the paper. But on the second day after his accession to the throne in 1740, Frederick II commissioned his bookseller Ambrosius Haude to publish two new newspapers in Berlin, one in German, the second, which lasted only a year, in French. Thus, in June 1740, the Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Berlin News of State and Learned Matters), the later Spenersche Zeitung (Spener's Newspaper, named after Johann Karl Spener) appeared. During the reign of Frederick II, two more newspapers were licensed, in 1750 and 1783, including the Gazette littéraire de Berlin.
On the question of press censorship, the king had expressed the opinion early on that "gazettes, if they are to be interesting, must not be censored". In 1742 censorship was abolished but used again during the first Silesian Wars and formally reintroduced in 1749, although with a royal mandate to keep interference in press freedom as low as possible under wartime conditions. Berlin's papers enjoyed greater freedom at that time than newspapers of other German states and were able to spread almost unhindered the ideas of the Enlightenment, to which Frederick II was committed.
From Voss to Ullstein
After Johann Rüdiger died in 1751 without a male heir, his son-in-law, the bookseller Christian Friedrich Voss, took over the newspaper. It was published three times a week and contained four pages. Just 150–200 copies per issue were printed, and it was sold only in bookstores. Soon the paper was known to Berliners as the Vossische and popularly as Tante Voss (Aunt Voss). Its real title as of 1785 was Königlich Privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters), and in 1806 the header note 'Im Verlage Vossischer Erben' (In the Publishing House of Voss's Heirs) was added. This originally referred to Voss's daughter Marie Friederike, who was married to Karl Gotthelf Lessing, a brother of the poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. She had taken over the newspaper after a lengthy legal dispute in 1801 and thus brought it into the possession of the Lessing family (Carl Robert Lessing), who continued the business.
By about 1800 the newspaper had expanded to 16 pages, and in 1802 added business and advertising sections which were positively received. Even though it had become more comprehensive and varied, it remained journalistically quite superficial due to the again strict censorship which did not allow criticism of the principles of religion, the state, or public order. During the Napoleonic Wars, the editors of the newspaper – as well as King Frederick William III – fled to Breslau in Silesia. There, the paper appeared temporarily as the Schlesische privilegirte Zeitung (Silesian Privileged Newspaper). After returning to Berlin, it went on to be published daily between 1824 and 1875, and after that twice a day.
The paper represented the interests of the liberal middle classes. Beginning in 1843 it campaigned for the abolition of press censorship and was unambiguously on the side of the liberal forces in the 1848 revolution. The entire editorial staff attended the funeral of the 'March Fallen', the 183 civilian victims who died in Berlin on 18 March 1848, while fighting at the barricades against the Prussian troops of King Frederick William IV. When press censorship was abolished the same month, an 'Extra Edition of Joy' was published in Berlin: "Of all the rights the fulfillment of which has become ours and for which we hoped, liberated thought is the noblest, for it is the prerequisite of all that is to come." In the course of the conservative counter-revolution, however, after democratic newspapers were banned and printers closed in November 1848, the Vossische Zeitung qualified its progressive stance and had to deal with criticism and ridicule because of it.
In the mid-nineteenth century the newspaper was still the market and opinion leader in Berlin, but over the next decades it lost this position. Frequent differences among the shareholders blocked its technical and journalistic development. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Vossische maintained a solid position in the Berlin newspaper market but fell far short of the circulation of the new mass-circulation papers from the Ullstein, Scherl and Mosse publishing houses.
The paper's ownership structure had become more complicated; the company shares now belonged to various members of the Lessing and Müller families and were later partly taken over by the newspaper entrepreneurs Rudolf Mosse and August Huck. Through 1910 the paper retained the name Vossische Zeitung; the previous main title (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters) remained only as a subhead. Shortly before his death in 1911, August Huck participated in a consortium that secured the shares of Lessing's heirs in the Vossische Zeitung. On 24 November 1913, the Berlin publishing house Ullstein & Co. took over the previously family-owned company for five and a half million marks, and as of 1 January 1914, the Vossische Zeitung was published by Ullstein.
With the collapse of the German Empire on 9 November, 1918, two days before the official end of World War I, the reference to royal privilege in the newspaper's title became irrelevant. It was dropped and the newspaper took on its final title: Vossische Zeitung: Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Voss's Newspaper: Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters). The papers of the Ullstein publishing house spoke out in favor of the republic; in mid-November an editorial in the Vossische Zeitung called for the rapid convening of a representative national assembly.
During the Weimar Republic, the newspaper was considered a voice for democratic and liberal forces. It also provided a platform for liberally oriented Russian emigrants. The newspaper published a long obituary on its front page for Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, an opponent of the tsar who was murdered by tsarists in Berlin in 1922. It also published the German translation of the novel 'King, Queen, Knave' by Nabokov's son Vladimir Nabokov.Although the Vossische Zeitung had an extensive news section and a qualified staff, its circulation never exceeded 75,000 copies. Between 1914 and 1933, it is said to have incurred a loss of around 30 million gold marks.
Forced end
Not long after Adolf Hitler came to power at the end of January 1933, censorship authorities of the Nazi state began to significantly impede the work of the Vossische Zeitung. Numerous unpopular journalists, among them many Jews, were expelled from their positions. A few weeks later, the Ullstein publishing house, including the newspapers it still published at the time, was Aryanized and taken over by the Franz Eher Verlag, the publishing house of the Nazi Party. When the National Socialist Schriftleitergesetz (editor law) came into force on 1 January 1934, Nazification of the German press was enforced, and publishers lost their influence on reporting and on the composition of editorial offices. On 24 March 1934, in a short note on the front page of the Vossische Zeitung – "To the Readers of the Vossische Zeitung" – the publisher stated:"In our opinion, the task of publishing a paper of the style of the Vossische Zeitung has come to an end. Thus, of our own free will, we have taken the painful but logical decision to shut down the Vossische Zeitung and no longer publish it after the end of the month."On 31 March 1934 the last edition appeared. No effort was made to revive the paper after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.
Prominent contributors
Many well-known figures wrote for the Vossische Zeitung. From 1751 to 1755, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing served as critic. Voss entrusted him with the editorship of the ‘Scholarly Article' and for nine months in 1751 Lessing also provided the monthly supplement 'Latest from the World of Wit'. The writer and novelist Willibald Alexis was an occasional contributor to the paper and supported it in its fight for freedom of the press in the run-up to the German revolutions of 1848–1849. Beginning in 1826, music critic and poet Ludwig Rellstab wrote for the Vossische Zeitung, as had his father, Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab, who worked there between 1806 and 1813. The historian Johann David Erdmann Preuß, who was a friend of novelist Theodor Fontane, made several contributions between 1860 and 1865 to the history of Frederick the Great and his court. Between 1870 and 1890, Fontane himself wrote theater reviews of performances at the Berlin Playhouse for the Vossische. His sometime colleague and successor was the writer Paul Schlenther.
Hermann Bachmann, who joined the editorial staff in 1892, was deputy to editor-in-chief Friedrich Stephany from 1895 and became editor-in-chief in 1900. From 1914 he shared the editorship with Ullstein Publishing director Georg Bernhard, who had a strong influence on the newspaper but did not succeed Bachmann until 1920. He was editor-in-chief until 1930.
From 1911 to 1914, Doris Wittner was responsible for the newspaper's women's supplement. The most important columnist between 1887 and 1918 was Isidor Levy. In the 1920s, Richard Lewinsohn, also a contributor to the weekly Weltbühne under the pseudonym Morus, headed the business editorial department, and Monty (Montague) Jacobs became known as a feature writer and theater critic. In the spring of 1924 Kurt Tucholsky went to Paris as a correspondent of the Vossische Zeitung and the Weltbühne. Paul Schlesinger wrote his exemplary court reports under the nickname 'Sling' between 1921 and 1928, founding a new journalistic genre. Starting in November 1928, Erich Maria Remarque's novel 'All Quiet on the Western Front' was published in advance in the Vossische Zeitung.
References
External links
Media related to Vossische Zeitung at Wikimedia Commons | Commons category | {
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The Vossische Zeitung (Voss's Newspaper) was a nationally known Berlin newspaper that represented the interests of the liberal middle class. It was also generally regarded as Germany's national newspaper of record. In the Berlin press it held a special role due to the fact that by way of its direct predecessors it was the oldest newspaper in the city. The name went back to Christian Friedrich Voss, who was its owner from 1751 to 1795, but Vossische Zeitung became its official name only after 1911. It ceased publication in 1934 under pressure from the Nazi state.
Beginnings in Berlin
In the early 17th century Christoff Frischmann collected and passed on to interested parties the news he received as postmaster of the Electorate of Brandenburg. Over time he systematized his news gathering, and he was ultimately given a mandate to maintain contacts throughout the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" and to collect news from all important locations. His first printed newspapers came out in 1617 and appeared weekly, although not always regularly.
Frischmann and his brother Veit first called their newspaper editions 'Avisen' and then the Berliner Botenmeister Zeitung (Newspaper of the Berlin Chief Messenger). As early as 1618 copies regularly included correspondence from major cities in Western Europe. Censors often interfered with the reporting, especially because the paper's pro-Protestant stance during the Thirty Years' War prompted the Catholic Imperial Court in Vienna to demand that the Elector of Brandenburg take action against it. As a result, the paper could not appear for a time. Worn down by the constant worry about the continued existence of his newspaper, Veit Frischmann in 1655 left the concession to his printer Christoph Runge, who gave the paper a new title in 1658: Berliner einkommende Ordinar- und Postzeitungen (Berlin Incoming General and Postal Newspapers). In 1704 the book printer Johann Lorentz acquired the newspaper from Runge's widow, and his privilege was promptly confirmed by King Frederick I of Prussia. Lorentz called what was still Berlin's only newspaper the Berlinische Ordinaire Zeitung.
The various changes in ownership have led to ambiguities regarding the founding date of the Vossische Zeitung. The paper itself celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1904 and cited the corresponding year on its front page. The newspaper's age is most often based on its (almost) uninterrupted existence since 1617.
Contested monopoly
Between 1704 and 1721, Lorentz had to battle Johann Michael Rüdiger, a competitor who had been granted a concession for a new paper in Berlin. In the end King Frederick William I revoked Lorentz's concession and transferred it to Rüdiger, who published the newspaper, now as the Berlinische Privilegirte Zeitung, without interruption and without significant changes, so that continuity was maintained for its readers.
Crown Prince Frederick, later King Frederick II (Frederick the Great), found the newspaper uninteresting. Because his father, King Frederick William I, had decreed that no expressions of opinion, and certainly no critical ones, could be printed, the paper contained only trivial news items, mainly about festivities at court, receptions, criminal cases and executions. Nor did the lack of competition provide any inducement to improve the journalistic quality of the paper. But on the second day after his accession to the throne in 1740, Frederick II commissioned his bookseller Ambrosius Haude to publish two new newspapers in Berlin, one in German, the second, which lasted only a year, in French. Thus, in June 1740, the Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Berlin News of State and Learned Matters), the later Spenersche Zeitung (Spener's Newspaper, named after Johann Karl Spener) appeared. During the reign of Frederick II, two more newspapers were licensed, in 1750 and 1783, including the Gazette littéraire de Berlin.
On the question of press censorship, the king had expressed the opinion early on that "gazettes, if they are to be interesting, must not be censored". In 1742 censorship was abolished but used again during the first Silesian Wars and formally reintroduced in 1749, although with a royal mandate to keep interference in press freedom as low as possible under wartime conditions. Berlin's papers enjoyed greater freedom at that time than newspapers of other German states and were able to spread almost unhindered the ideas of the Enlightenment, to which Frederick II was committed.
From Voss to Ullstein
After Johann Rüdiger died in 1751 without a male heir, his son-in-law, the bookseller Christian Friedrich Voss, took over the newspaper. It was published three times a week and contained four pages. Just 150–200 copies per issue were printed, and it was sold only in bookstores. Soon the paper was known to Berliners as the Vossische and popularly as Tante Voss (Aunt Voss). Its real title as of 1785 was Königlich Privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters), and in 1806 the header note 'Im Verlage Vossischer Erben' (In the Publishing House of Voss's Heirs) was added. This originally referred to Voss's daughter Marie Friederike, who was married to Karl Gotthelf Lessing, a brother of the poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. She had taken over the newspaper after a lengthy legal dispute in 1801 and thus brought it into the possession of the Lessing family (Carl Robert Lessing), who continued the business.
By about 1800 the newspaper had expanded to 16 pages, and in 1802 added business and advertising sections which were positively received. Even though it had become more comprehensive and varied, it remained journalistically quite superficial due to the again strict censorship which did not allow criticism of the principles of religion, the state, or public order. During the Napoleonic Wars, the editors of the newspaper – as well as King Frederick William III – fled to Breslau in Silesia. There, the paper appeared temporarily as the Schlesische privilegirte Zeitung (Silesian Privileged Newspaper). After returning to Berlin, it went on to be published daily between 1824 and 1875, and after that twice a day.
The paper represented the interests of the liberal middle classes. Beginning in 1843 it campaigned for the abolition of press censorship and was unambiguously on the side of the liberal forces in the 1848 revolution. The entire editorial staff attended the funeral of the 'March Fallen', the 183 civilian victims who died in Berlin on 18 March 1848, while fighting at the barricades against the Prussian troops of King Frederick William IV. When press censorship was abolished the same month, an 'Extra Edition of Joy' was published in Berlin: "Of all the rights the fulfillment of which has become ours and for which we hoped, liberated thought is the noblest, for it is the prerequisite of all that is to come." In the course of the conservative counter-revolution, however, after democratic newspapers were banned and printers closed in November 1848, the Vossische Zeitung qualified its progressive stance and had to deal with criticism and ridicule because of it.
In the mid-nineteenth century the newspaper was still the market and opinion leader in Berlin, but over the next decades it lost this position. Frequent differences among the shareholders blocked its technical and journalistic development. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Vossische maintained a solid position in the Berlin newspaper market but fell far short of the circulation of the new mass-circulation papers from the Ullstein, Scherl and Mosse publishing houses.
The paper's ownership structure had become more complicated; the company shares now belonged to various members of the Lessing and Müller families and were later partly taken over by the newspaper entrepreneurs Rudolf Mosse and August Huck. Through 1910 the paper retained the name Vossische Zeitung; the previous main title (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters) remained only as a subhead. Shortly before his death in 1911, August Huck participated in a consortium that secured the shares of Lessing's heirs in the Vossische Zeitung. On 24 November 1913, the Berlin publishing house Ullstein & Co. took over the previously family-owned company for five and a half million marks, and as of 1 January 1914, the Vossische Zeitung was published by Ullstein.
With the collapse of the German Empire on 9 November, 1918, two days before the official end of World War I, the reference to royal privilege in the newspaper's title became irrelevant. It was dropped and the newspaper took on its final title: Vossische Zeitung: Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Voss's Newspaper: Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters). The papers of the Ullstein publishing house spoke out in favor of the republic; in mid-November an editorial in the Vossische Zeitung called for the rapid convening of a representative national assembly.
During the Weimar Republic, the newspaper was considered a voice for democratic and liberal forces. It also provided a platform for liberally oriented Russian emigrants. The newspaper published a long obituary on its front page for Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, an opponent of the tsar who was murdered by tsarists in Berlin in 1922. It also published the German translation of the novel 'King, Queen, Knave' by Nabokov's son Vladimir Nabokov.Although the Vossische Zeitung had an extensive news section and a qualified staff, its circulation never exceeded 75,000 copies. Between 1914 and 1933, it is said to have incurred a loss of around 30 million gold marks.
Forced end
Not long after Adolf Hitler came to power at the end of January 1933, censorship authorities of the Nazi state began to significantly impede the work of the Vossische Zeitung. Numerous unpopular journalists, among them many Jews, were expelled from their positions. A few weeks later, the Ullstein publishing house, including the newspapers it still published at the time, was Aryanized and taken over by the Franz Eher Verlag, the publishing house of the Nazi Party. When the National Socialist Schriftleitergesetz (editor law) came into force on 1 January 1934, Nazification of the German press was enforced, and publishers lost their influence on reporting and on the composition of editorial offices. On 24 March 1934, in a short note on the front page of the Vossische Zeitung – "To the Readers of the Vossische Zeitung" – the publisher stated:"In our opinion, the task of publishing a paper of the style of the Vossische Zeitung has come to an end. Thus, of our own free will, we have taken the painful but logical decision to shut down the Vossische Zeitung and no longer publish it after the end of the month."On 31 March 1934 the last edition appeared. No effort was made to revive the paper after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.
Prominent contributors
Many well-known figures wrote for the Vossische Zeitung. From 1751 to 1755, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing served as critic. Voss entrusted him with the editorship of the ‘Scholarly Article' and for nine months in 1751 Lessing also provided the monthly supplement 'Latest from the World of Wit'. The writer and novelist Willibald Alexis was an occasional contributor to the paper and supported it in its fight for freedom of the press in the run-up to the German revolutions of 1848–1849. Beginning in 1826, music critic and poet Ludwig Rellstab wrote for the Vossische Zeitung, as had his father, Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab, who worked there between 1806 and 1813. The historian Johann David Erdmann Preuß, who was a friend of novelist Theodor Fontane, made several contributions between 1860 and 1865 to the history of Frederick the Great and his court. Between 1870 and 1890, Fontane himself wrote theater reviews of performances at the Berlin Playhouse for the Vossische. His sometime colleague and successor was the writer Paul Schlenther.
Hermann Bachmann, who joined the editorial staff in 1892, was deputy to editor-in-chief Friedrich Stephany from 1895 and became editor-in-chief in 1900. From 1914 he shared the editorship with Ullstein Publishing director Georg Bernhard, who had a strong influence on the newspaper but did not succeed Bachmann until 1920. He was editor-in-chief until 1930.
From 1911 to 1914, Doris Wittner was responsible for the newspaper's women's supplement. The most important columnist between 1887 and 1918 was Isidor Levy. In the 1920s, Richard Lewinsohn, also a contributor to the weekly Weltbühne under the pseudonym Morus, headed the business editorial department, and Monty (Montague) Jacobs became known as a feature writer and theater critic. In the spring of 1924 Kurt Tucholsky went to Paris as a correspondent of the Vossische Zeitung and the Weltbühne. Paul Schlesinger wrote his exemplary court reports under the nickname 'Sling' between 1921 and 1928, founding a new journalistic genre. Starting in November 1928, Erich Maria Remarque's novel 'All Quiet on the Western Front' was published in advance in the Vossische Zeitung.
References
External links
Media related to Vossische Zeitung at Wikimedia Commons | language of work or name | {
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The Vossische Zeitung (Voss's Newspaper) was a nationally known Berlin newspaper that represented the interests of the liberal middle class. It was also generally regarded as Germany's national newspaper of record. In the Berlin press it held a special role due to the fact that by way of its direct predecessors it was the oldest newspaper in the city. The name went back to Christian Friedrich Voss, who was its owner from 1751 to 1795, but Vossische Zeitung became its official name only after 1911. It ceased publication in 1934 under pressure from the Nazi state.
Beginnings in Berlin
In the early 17th century Christoff Frischmann collected and passed on to interested parties the news he received as postmaster of the Electorate of Brandenburg. Over time he systematized his news gathering, and he was ultimately given a mandate to maintain contacts throughout the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" and to collect news from all important locations. His first printed newspapers came out in 1617 and appeared weekly, although not always regularly.
Frischmann and his brother Veit first called their newspaper editions 'Avisen' and then the Berliner Botenmeister Zeitung (Newspaper of the Berlin Chief Messenger). As early as 1618 copies regularly included correspondence from major cities in Western Europe. Censors often interfered with the reporting, especially because the paper's pro-Protestant stance during the Thirty Years' War prompted the Catholic Imperial Court in Vienna to demand that the Elector of Brandenburg take action against it. As a result, the paper could not appear for a time. Worn down by the constant worry about the continued existence of his newspaper, Veit Frischmann in 1655 left the concession to his printer Christoph Runge, who gave the paper a new title in 1658: Berliner einkommende Ordinar- und Postzeitungen (Berlin Incoming General and Postal Newspapers). In 1704 the book printer Johann Lorentz acquired the newspaper from Runge's widow, and his privilege was promptly confirmed by King Frederick I of Prussia. Lorentz called what was still Berlin's only newspaper the Berlinische Ordinaire Zeitung.
The various changes in ownership have led to ambiguities regarding the founding date of the Vossische Zeitung. The paper itself celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1904 and cited the corresponding year on its front page. The newspaper's age is most often based on its (almost) uninterrupted existence since 1617.
Contested monopoly
Between 1704 and 1721, Lorentz had to battle Johann Michael Rüdiger, a competitor who had been granted a concession for a new paper in Berlin. In the end King Frederick William I revoked Lorentz's concession and transferred it to Rüdiger, who published the newspaper, now as the Berlinische Privilegirte Zeitung, without interruption and without significant changes, so that continuity was maintained for its readers.
Crown Prince Frederick, later King Frederick II (Frederick the Great), found the newspaper uninteresting. Because his father, King Frederick William I, had decreed that no expressions of opinion, and certainly no critical ones, could be printed, the paper contained only trivial news items, mainly about festivities at court, receptions, criminal cases and executions. Nor did the lack of competition provide any inducement to improve the journalistic quality of the paper. But on the second day after his accession to the throne in 1740, Frederick II commissioned his bookseller Ambrosius Haude to publish two new newspapers in Berlin, one in German, the second, which lasted only a year, in French. Thus, in June 1740, the Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Berlin News of State and Learned Matters), the later Spenersche Zeitung (Spener's Newspaper, named after Johann Karl Spener) appeared. During the reign of Frederick II, two more newspapers were licensed, in 1750 and 1783, including the Gazette littéraire de Berlin.
On the question of press censorship, the king had expressed the opinion early on that "gazettes, if they are to be interesting, must not be censored". In 1742 censorship was abolished but used again during the first Silesian Wars and formally reintroduced in 1749, although with a royal mandate to keep interference in press freedom as low as possible under wartime conditions. Berlin's papers enjoyed greater freedom at that time than newspapers of other German states and were able to spread almost unhindered the ideas of the Enlightenment, to which Frederick II was committed.
From Voss to Ullstein
After Johann Rüdiger died in 1751 without a male heir, his son-in-law, the bookseller Christian Friedrich Voss, took over the newspaper. It was published three times a week and contained four pages. Just 150–200 copies per issue were printed, and it was sold only in bookstores. Soon the paper was known to Berliners as the Vossische and popularly as Tante Voss (Aunt Voss). Its real title as of 1785 was Königlich Privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters), and in 1806 the header note 'Im Verlage Vossischer Erben' (In the Publishing House of Voss's Heirs) was added. This originally referred to Voss's daughter Marie Friederike, who was married to Karl Gotthelf Lessing, a brother of the poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. She had taken over the newspaper after a lengthy legal dispute in 1801 and thus brought it into the possession of the Lessing family (Carl Robert Lessing), who continued the business.
By about 1800 the newspaper had expanded to 16 pages, and in 1802 added business and advertising sections which were positively received. Even though it had become more comprehensive and varied, it remained journalistically quite superficial due to the again strict censorship which did not allow criticism of the principles of religion, the state, or public order. During the Napoleonic Wars, the editors of the newspaper – as well as King Frederick William III – fled to Breslau in Silesia. There, the paper appeared temporarily as the Schlesische privilegirte Zeitung (Silesian Privileged Newspaper). After returning to Berlin, it went on to be published daily between 1824 and 1875, and after that twice a day.
The paper represented the interests of the liberal middle classes. Beginning in 1843 it campaigned for the abolition of press censorship and was unambiguously on the side of the liberal forces in the 1848 revolution. The entire editorial staff attended the funeral of the 'March Fallen', the 183 civilian victims who died in Berlin on 18 March 1848, while fighting at the barricades against the Prussian troops of King Frederick William IV. When press censorship was abolished the same month, an 'Extra Edition of Joy' was published in Berlin: "Of all the rights the fulfillment of which has become ours and for which we hoped, liberated thought is the noblest, for it is the prerequisite of all that is to come." In the course of the conservative counter-revolution, however, after democratic newspapers were banned and printers closed in November 1848, the Vossische Zeitung qualified its progressive stance and had to deal with criticism and ridicule because of it.
In the mid-nineteenth century the newspaper was still the market and opinion leader in Berlin, but over the next decades it lost this position. Frequent differences among the shareholders blocked its technical and journalistic development. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Vossische maintained a solid position in the Berlin newspaper market but fell far short of the circulation of the new mass-circulation papers from the Ullstein, Scherl and Mosse publishing houses.
The paper's ownership structure had become more complicated; the company shares now belonged to various members of the Lessing and Müller families and were later partly taken over by the newspaper entrepreneurs Rudolf Mosse and August Huck. Through 1910 the paper retained the name Vossische Zeitung; the previous main title (Royal Privileged Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters) remained only as a subhead. Shortly before his death in 1911, August Huck participated in a consortium that secured the shares of Lessing's heirs in the Vossische Zeitung. On 24 November 1913, the Berlin publishing house Ullstein & Co. took over the previously family-owned company for five and a half million marks, and as of 1 January 1914, the Vossische Zeitung was published by Ullstein.
With the collapse of the German Empire on 9 November, 1918, two days before the official end of World War I, the reference to royal privilege in the newspaper's title became irrelevant. It was dropped and the newspaper took on its final title: Vossische Zeitung: Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Voss's Newspaper: Berlin Newspaper of State and Learned Matters). The papers of the Ullstein publishing house spoke out in favor of the republic; in mid-November an editorial in the Vossische Zeitung called for the rapid convening of a representative national assembly.
During the Weimar Republic, the newspaper was considered a voice for democratic and liberal forces. It also provided a platform for liberally oriented Russian emigrants. The newspaper published a long obituary on its front page for Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, an opponent of the tsar who was murdered by tsarists in Berlin in 1922. It also published the German translation of the novel 'King, Queen, Knave' by Nabokov's son Vladimir Nabokov.Although the Vossische Zeitung had an extensive news section and a qualified staff, its circulation never exceeded 75,000 copies. Between 1914 and 1933, it is said to have incurred a loss of around 30 million gold marks.
Forced end
Not long after Adolf Hitler came to power at the end of January 1933, censorship authorities of the Nazi state began to significantly impede the work of the Vossische Zeitung. Numerous unpopular journalists, among them many Jews, were expelled from their positions. A few weeks later, the Ullstein publishing house, including the newspapers it still published at the time, was Aryanized and taken over by the Franz Eher Verlag, the publishing house of the Nazi Party. When the National Socialist Schriftleitergesetz (editor law) came into force on 1 January 1934, Nazification of the German press was enforced, and publishers lost their influence on reporting and on the composition of editorial offices. On 24 March 1934, in a short note on the front page of the Vossische Zeitung – "To the Readers of the Vossische Zeitung" – the publisher stated:"In our opinion, the task of publishing a paper of the style of the Vossische Zeitung has come to an end. Thus, of our own free will, we have taken the painful but logical decision to shut down the Vossische Zeitung and no longer publish it after the end of the month."On 31 March 1934 the last edition appeared. No effort was made to revive the paper after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.
Prominent contributors
Many well-known figures wrote for the Vossische Zeitung. From 1751 to 1755, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing served as critic. Voss entrusted him with the editorship of the ‘Scholarly Article' and for nine months in 1751 Lessing also provided the monthly supplement 'Latest from the World of Wit'. The writer and novelist Willibald Alexis was an occasional contributor to the paper and supported it in its fight for freedom of the press in the run-up to the German revolutions of 1848–1849. Beginning in 1826, music critic and poet Ludwig Rellstab wrote for the Vossische Zeitung, as had his father, Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab, who worked there between 1806 and 1813. The historian Johann David Erdmann Preuß, who was a friend of novelist Theodor Fontane, made several contributions between 1860 and 1865 to the history of Frederick the Great and his court. Between 1870 and 1890, Fontane himself wrote theater reviews of performances at the Berlin Playhouse for the Vossische. His sometime colleague and successor was the writer Paul Schlenther.
Hermann Bachmann, who joined the editorial staff in 1892, was deputy to editor-in-chief Friedrich Stephany from 1895 and became editor-in-chief in 1900. From 1914 he shared the editorship with Ullstein Publishing director Georg Bernhard, who had a strong influence on the newspaper but did not succeed Bachmann until 1920. He was editor-in-chief until 1930.
From 1911 to 1914, Doris Wittner was responsible for the newspaper's women's supplement. The most important columnist between 1887 and 1918 was Isidor Levy. In the 1920s, Richard Lewinsohn, also a contributor to the weekly Weltbühne under the pseudonym Morus, headed the business editorial department, and Monty (Montague) Jacobs became known as a feature writer and theater critic. In the spring of 1924 Kurt Tucholsky went to Paris as a correspondent of the Vossische Zeitung and the Weltbühne. Paul Schlesinger wrote his exemplary court reports under the nickname 'Sling' between 1921 and 1928, founding a new journalistic genre. Starting in November 1928, Erich Maria Remarque's novel 'All Quiet on the Western Front' was published in advance in the Vossische Zeitung.
References
External links
Media related to Vossische Zeitung at Wikimedia Commons | title | {
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All That for This is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Crystal Bowersox. It was released on March 19, 2013 by Shanachie Records. The album features a duet with Jakob Dylan.
Background
Bowersox describes the album as, "There are definitely more happier light-hearted moments on this record." "There are also touches of some of the darkest places and emotional states that I've been in my past. This album reveals a much more grateful and gracious side of me. It's the next chapter of my life."
Singles
The first single from the album is "Dead Weight". It debuted on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on February 5, 2013.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Bowersox - vocals, acoustic guitar, background vocals, songwriting
Paul Rigby - guitar, mandolin
Dave Depper - bass
Scott McPherson - drums
Asher Fulero - keyboards
Jesse Brooke - percussion
Jakob Dylan - vocals
Mark 'Speedy' Gonzales - trombone
Gilbert Elorreaga - trumpet
Josh Levy - baritone sax
Joel Guzman - accordion
Jans Ingber - congas, background vocals
Steve Berlin - midisax
Release history
References
External links
Official website | instance of | {
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All That for This is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Crystal Bowersox. It was released on March 19, 2013 by Shanachie Records. The album features a duet with Jakob Dylan.
Background
Bowersox describes the album as, "There are definitely more happier light-hearted moments on this record." "There are also touches of some of the darkest places and emotional states that I've been in my past. This album reveals a much more grateful and gracious side of me. It's the next chapter of my life."
Singles
The first single from the album is "Dead Weight". It debuted on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on February 5, 2013.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Bowersox - vocals, acoustic guitar, background vocals, songwriting
Paul Rigby - guitar, mandolin
Dave Depper - bass
Scott McPherson - drums
Asher Fulero - keyboards
Jesse Brooke - percussion
Jakob Dylan - vocals
Mark 'Speedy' Gonzales - trombone
Gilbert Elorreaga - trumpet
Josh Levy - baritone sax
Joel Guzman - accordion
Jans Ingber - congas, background vocals
Steve Berlin - midisax
Release history
References
External links
Official website | performer | {
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77
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} |
All That for This is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Crystal Bowersox. It was released on March 19, 2013 by Shanachie Records. The album features a duet with Jakob Dylan.
Background
Bowersox describes the album as, "There are definitely more happier light-hearted moments on this record." "There are also touches of some of the darkest places and emotional states that I've been in my past. This album reveals a much more grateful and gracious side of me. It's the next chapter of my life."
Singles
The first single from the album is "Dead Weight". It debuted on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on February 5, 2013.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Bowersox - vocals, acoustic guitar, background vocals, songwriting
Paul Rigby - guitar, mandolin
Dave Depper - bass
Scott McPherson - drums
Asher Fulero - keyboards
Jesse Brooke - percussion
Jakob Dylan - vocals
Mark 'Speedy' Gonzales - trombone
Gilbert Elorreaga - trumpet
Josh Levy - baritone sax
Joel Guzman - accordion
Jans Ingber - congas, background vocals
Steve Berlin - midisax
Release history
References
External links
Official website | record label | {
"answer_start": [
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"Shanachie Records"
]
} |
Velardemyia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.
Species
Velardemyia ica Valencia, 1972
Distribution
Chile, Peru
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Velardemyia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.
Species
Velardemyia ica Valencia, 1972
Distribution
Chile, Peru
== References == | parent taxon | {
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Velardemyia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.
Species
Velardemyia ica Valencia, 1972
Distribution
Chile, Peru
== References == | taxon name | {
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Hector Joseph Pothier (September 26, 1891 – January 7, 1977) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Clare in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1963 to 1967 as a Progressive Conservative member.
Early life and education
Born in Eel Brook, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, he was the son of Sylvain Pothier and Françoise Bourque. Pothier was educated at Saint Anne's College and Dalhousie Medical School, graduating in 1919. A fourth year medical student at the time of the Halifax Explosion, Pothier was called into service to help treat the survivors. Pothier continued his medical studies at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York City.
Medical career
He returned to Nova Scotia after graduation, setting up practice in Weymouth. After retiring from politics, he returned to practice in Beaver River.
Death
Pothier died in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia on January 7, 1977.
Posthumous recognition
A bursary is offered in his name by the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine to assist a student in need who is interested in practising in a rural community.
References
A Guide to the Dr. Hector Pothier Collection, Dalhousie University Archives | country of citizenship | {
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Hector Joseph Pothier (September 26, 1891 – January 7, 1977) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Clare in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1963 to 1967 as a Progressive Conservative member.
Early life and education
Born in Eel Brook, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, he was the son of Sylvain Pothier and Françoise Bourque. Pothier was educated at Saint Anne's College and Dalhousie Medical School, graduating in 1919. A fourth year medical student at the time of the Halifax Explosion, Pothier was called into service to help treat the survivors. Pothier continued his medical studies at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York City.
Medical career
He returned to Nova Scotia after graduation, setting up practice in Weymouth. After retiring from politics, he returned to practice in Beaver River.
Death
Pothier died in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia on January 7, 1977.
Posthumous recognition
A bursary is offered in his name by the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine to assist a student in need who is interested in practising in a rural community.
References
A Guide to the Dr. Hector Pothier Collection, Dalhousie University Archives | educated at | {
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Hector Joseph Pothier (September 26, 1891 – January 7, 1977) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Clare in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1963 to 1967 as a Progressive Conservative member.
Early life and education
Born in Eel Brook, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, he was the son of Sylvain Pothier and Françoise Bourque. Pothier was educated at Saint Anne's College and Dalhousie Medical School, graduating in 1919. A fourth year medical student at the time of the Halifax Explosion, Pothier was called into service to help treat the survivors. Pothier continued his medical studies at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York City.
Medical career
He returned to Nova Scotia after graduation, setting up practice in Weymouth. After retiring from politics, he returned to practice in Beaver River.
Death
Pothier died in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia on January 7, 1977.
Posthumous recognition
A bursary is offered in his name by the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine to assist a student in need who is interested in practising in a rural community.
References
A Guide to the Dr. Hector Pothier Collection, Dalhousie University Archives | given name | {
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A Suecophile is someone with a great interest in the Swedish culture and the Swedish language. The term is most often used when this interest is held by a non-Swede.
In the language debate in Finland in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Svecoman movement was the name for those who preferred the Swedish language to the Finnish language. The word Suecophile is however more used in non-political circumstances.A well-known American Suecophile of the 19th century was William Widgery Thomas, Jr., who was US minister to Sweden and wrote the book Sweden and the Swedes in 1892, de facto promoting a better understanding and acting towards Swedish immigrants to the US around the end of the 19th century.
Sweden Hills, located in the Hokkaido prefecture of Japan, is a village inspired by idyllic Swedish towns. It is home to around 400 permanent residents as well as several hundreds who vacation in the village, where the population have also embraced the Swedish language and traditions.
See also
References
== External links == | instance of | {
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Virginia's 43rd House of Delegates district elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 43 represents part of Fairfax County. The seat is currently held by Democrat Mark Sickles.
Geography
District 43, representing part of Fairfax County, is located in Virginia's 8th Congressional District.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Virginia's 43rd House of Delegates district elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 43 represents part of Fairfax County. The seat is currently held by Democrat Mark Sickles.
Geography
District 43, representing part of Fairfax County, is located in Virginia's 8th Congressional District.
== References == | electoral district number | {
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Panahkuh (Persian: پناه كوه, also Romanized as Panāhkūh and Penāhkūh) is a village in Kezab Rural District, Khezrabad District, Saduq County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 10 families.
== References == | country | {
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Panahkuh (Persian: پناه كوه, also Romanized as Panāhkūh and Penāhkūh) is a village in Kezab Rural District, Khezrabad District, Saduq County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 10 families.
== References == | instance of | {
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Panahkuh (Persian: پناه كوه, also Romanized as Panāhkūh and Penāhkūh) is a village in Kezab Rural District, Khezrabad District, Saduq County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 10 families.
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The Israel national under-19 football team (Hebrew: נבחרת (הנוער של) ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 19) and the Israel national under-20 football team (נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 20); or simply Israel Under-19s, Israel U19s; Israel Under-20s, Israel U20s - both squads are also regarded as the feeders for the Israel national under-21 team.
This team is for Israeli players aged 19 (or under at the start of a two-year UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign) so players may be up to 20 years old, such as in the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition to the Israel's senior squad, there are also the Israeli squads for U-21 players, and other youth teams such as, the U-18, the U-17, and the U-16. Players are not level or nation static so can compete at any level as long as they are eligible; U19s do not relinquish level or nation association while competing and can compete on senior side, then back to U19s, and "youth level' or senior level with another nation.As of 2021, the Israel U19 home ground is the Netanya Stadium in the city of Netanya, Israel.
History
The idea to form a youth team first came about in 1957, as the IFA (Israel Football Association) considered entering a team to the 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship tournament. The youth team played its debut match against its England equivalent on 20 May 1962, losing 1–3. Two days later, the Israeli squad recorded its first victory, winning 2–1 in a rematch in England.In 1964, the youth team participated for its debut time in the AFC Youth Championship tournament, sharing the cup with Burma in its first tournament in 1964. The team continued to win the title five more times in the next 8 years, before Israel was boycotted by Muslim and Arab countries along with North Korea, that voted against its participation in AFC tournaments during the 1970s.Until 1992, the youth team's only official tournaments were FIFA Youth Championship qualification tournaments, twice participating in the process in the OFC U-20 Championship and once in the South American Youth Football Championship. At the same period of time, to give the youth squad its share of international matches, the IFA established an annual tournament for under-18 teams, which was held in December and January between 1974 and 1989 (after which the tournament became a tournament for under-17 teams).In 1992, as Israel was admitted to UEFA, the squad began participating in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship (an under-18 tournament until 2002), appearing in the final tournament in 1997 and 2014 and in 2022.Israel qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup by virtue of its performance at the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, finishing 2nd place after a loss to England in the final, 1–3 after extra time (1–1 at full time).
Results and fixtures – Israel U-20
Win
Draw
Loss
2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Group stage
The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
All times are in Israel Summer Time (Israel Daylight Time, IDT), although the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup is entirely held at Argentina.
Group C
The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16 (Eight-finals)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
International records
FIFA U-20 World Cup
AFC U-19 Championship
Champions* : Title shared
DNP : Did Not Participate
DNQ : Did not qualify
FIFA World Youth Championship Intercontinental play-off
* Despite both matches of Israel against Australia being hosted in the same city of Sydney, Australia – Australia still won on away goals.
OFC U-20 Championship
South American Youth Championship
UEFA European Under-18 Championship
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Results and fixtures – Israel U-19
Win
Draw
Loss
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Qualifiers
Qualifying Round – Group 4
Elite Round – Group 1
Qualified teams for the final tournament
The following teams qualified for the final tournament of the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
Note: All appearance statistics include only U-19 era (since 2002).
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship - Final tournament
Group stage
The final tournament schedule was announced on 28 April 2022.The group winners and runners-up advanced to the semi-finals and qualify for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
FIFA U-20 World Cup play-off
Winners qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Semi-finals
Final
Coaching staff – U-19 with U-20
As of May 2023
Players
Bold indicates players who have already capped with the senior squad.Italics indicate players who have already capped with the Under-21 squad.
Current Under-20 squad
The Israeli U-20 squad announced their final squad on 7 May 2023, two weeks ahead of the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Goalkeeper Nitai Greis replaced goalkeeper Lior Gliklich, who had withdrawn due to an injury.
Current Under-19 squad
The following Israeli U-19 players were called-up ahead of the friendly matches in March 2023.
Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against Latvia
Recent Under-19 call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last twelve months and are still available for selection.
Honours
AFC U-19 Championship (Asia):
Winners (6): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972
Third Place (1): 1968
Fourth Place (1): 1969
OFC Championship (Oceania):
Runners-up (2): 1985, 1986
UEFA European Under-19 Championship (Europe):
Runners-up (1): 2022
See also
FIFA U-20 World Cup
UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
Israel national football team
Israel national under-21 football team
Israel national under-18 football team
Israel national under-17 football team
Israel national under-16 football team
== References == | country | {
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The Israel national under-19 football team (Hebrew: נבחרת (הנוער של) ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 19) and the Israel national under-20 football team (נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 20); or simply Israel Under-19s, Israel U19s; Israel Under-20s, Israel U20s - both squads are also regarded as the feeders for the Israel national under-21 team.
This team is for Israeli players aged 19 (or under at the start of a two-year UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign) so players may be up to 20 years old, such as in the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition to the Israel's senior squad, there are also the Israeli squads for U-21 players, and other youth teams such as, the U-18, the U-17, and the U-16. Players are not level or nation static so can compete at any level as long as they are eligible; U19s do not relinquish level or nation association while competing and can compete on senior side, then back to U19s, and "youth level' or senior level with another nation.As of 2021, the Israel U19 home ground is the Netanya Stadium in the city of Netanya, Israel.
History
The idea to form a youth team first came about in 1957, as the IFA (Israel Football Association) considered entering a team to the 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship tournament. The youth team played its debut match against its England equivalent on 20 May 1962, losing 1–3. Two days later, the Israeli squad recorded its first victory, winning 2–1 in a rematch in England.In 1964, the youth team participated for its debut time in the AFC Youth Championship tournament, sharing the cup with Burma in its first tournament in 1964. The team continued to win the title five more times in the next 8 years, before Israel was boycotted by Muslim and Arab countries along with North Korea, that voted against its participation in AFC tournaments during the 1970s.Until 1992, the youth team's only official tournaments were FIFA Youth Championship qualification tournaments, twice participating in the process in the OFC U-20 Championship and once in the South American Youth Football Championship. At the same period of time, to give the youth squad its share of international matches, the IFA established an annual tournament for under-18 teams, which was held in December and January between 1974 and 1989 (after which the tournament became a tournament for under-17 teams).In 1992, as Israel was admitted to UEFA, the squad began participating in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship (an under-18 tournament until 2002), appearing in the final tournament in 1997 and 2014 and in 2022.Israel qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup by virtue of its performance at the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, finishing 2nd place after a loss to England in the final, 1–3 after extra time (1–1 at full time).
Results and fixtures – Israel U-20
Win
Draw
Loss
2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Group stage
The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
All times are in Israel Summer Time (Israel Daylight Time, IDT), although the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup is entirely held at Argentina.
Group C
The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16 (Eight-finals)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
International records
FIFA U-20 World Cup
AFC U-19 Championship
Champions* : Title shared
DNP : Did Not Participate
DNQ : Did not qualify
FIFA World Youth Championship Intercontinental play-off
* Despite both matches of Israel against Australia being hosted in the same city of Sydney, Australia – Australia still won on away goals.
OFC U-20 Championship
South American Youth Championship
UEFA European Under-18 Championship
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Results and fixtures – Israel U-19
Win
Draw
Loss
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Qualifiers
Qualifying Round – Group 4
Elite Round – Group 1
Qualified teams for the final tournament
The following teams qualified for the final tournament of the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
Note: All appearance statistics include only U-19 era (since 2002).
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship - Final tournament
Group stage
The final tournament schedule was announced on 28 April 2022.The group winners and runners-up advanced to the semi-finals and qualify for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
FIFA U-20 World Cup play-off
Winners qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Semi-finals
Final
Coaching staff – U-19 with U-20
As of May 2023
Players
Bold indicates players who have already capped with the senior squad.Italics indicate players who have already capped with the Under-21 squad.
Current Under-20 squad
The Israeli U-20 squad announced their final squad on 7 May 2023, two weeks ahead of the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Goalkeeper Nitai Greis replaced goalkeeper Lior Gliklich, who had withdrawn due to an injury.
Current Under-19 squad
The following Israeli U-19 players were called-up ahead of the friendly matches in March 2023.
Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against Latvia
Recent Under-19 call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last twelve months and are still available for selection.
Honours
AFC U-19 Championship (Asia):
Winners (6): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972
Third Place (1): 1968
Fourth Place (1): 1969
OFC Championship (Oceania):
Runners-up (2): 1985, 1986
UEFA European Under-19 Championship (Europe):
Runners-up (1): 2022
See also
FIFA U-20 World Cup
UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
Israel national football team
Israel national under-21 football team
Israel national under-18 football team
Israel national under-17 football team
Israel national under-16 football team
== References == | home venue | {
"answer_start": [
1005
],
"text": [
"Netanya Stadium"
]
} |
The Israel national under-19 football team (Hebrew: נבחרת (הנוער של) ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 19) and the Israel national under-20 football team (נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 20); or simply Israel Under-19s, Israel U19s; Israel Under-20s, Israel U20s - both squads are also regarded as the feeders for the Israel national under-21 team.
This team is for Israeli players aged 19 (or under at the start of a two-year UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign) so players may be up to 20 years old, such as in the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition to the Israel's senior squad, there are also the Israeli squads for U-21 players, and other youth teams such as, the U-18, the U-17, and the U-16. Players are not level or nation static so can compete at any level as long as they are eligible; U19s do not relinquish level or nation association while competing and can compete on senior side, then back to U19s, and "youth level' or senior level with another nation.As of 2021, the Israel U19 home ground is the Netanya Stadium in the city of Netanya, Israel.
History
The idea to form a youth team first came about in 1957, as the IFA (Israel Football Association) considered entering a team to the 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship tournament. The youth team played its debut match against its England equivalent on 20 May 1962, losing 1–3. Two days later, the Israeli squad recorded its first victory, winning 2–1 in a rematch in England.In 1964, the youth team participated for its debut time in the AFC Youth Championship tournament, sharing the cup with Burma in its first tournament in 1964. The team continued to win the title five more times in the next 8 years, before Israel was boycotted by Muslim and Arab countries along with North Korea, that voted against its participation in AFC tournaments during the 1970s.Until 1992, the youth team's only official tournaments were FIFA Youth Championship qualification tournaments, twice participating in the process in the OFC U-20 Championship and once in the South American Youth Football Championship. At the same period of time, to give the youth squad its share of international matches, the IFA established an annual tournament for under-18 teams, which was held in December and January between 1974 and 1989 (after which the tournament became a tournament for under-17 teams).In 1992, as Israel was admitted to UEFA, the squad began participating in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship (an under-18 tournament until 2002), appearing in the final tournament in 1997 and 2014 and in 2022.Israel qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup by virtue of its performance at the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, finishing 2nd place after a loss to England in the final, 1–3 after extra time (1–1 at full time).
Results and fixtures – Israel U-20
Win
Draw
Loss
2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Group stage
The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
All times are in Israel Summer Time (Israel Daylight Time, IDT), although the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup is entirely held at Argentina.
Group C
The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16 (Eight-finals)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
International records
FIFA U-20 World Cup
AFC U-19 Championship
Champions* : Title shared
DNP : Did Not Participate
DNQ : Did not qualify
FIFA World Youth Championship Intercontinental play-off
* Despite both matches of Israel against Australia being hosted in the same city of Sydney, Australia – Australia still won on away goals.
OFC U-20 Championship
South American Youth Championship
UEFA European Under-18 Championship
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Results and fixtures – Israel U-19
Win
Draw
Loss
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Qualifiers
Qualifying Round – Group 4
Elite Round – Group 1
Qualified teams for the final tournament
The following teams qualified for the final tournament of the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
Note: All appearance statistics include only U-19 era (since 2002).
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship - Final tournament
Group stage
The final tournament schedule was announced on 28 April 2022.The group winners and runners-up advanced to the semi-finals and qualify for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
FIFA U-20 World Cup play-off
Winners qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Semi-finals
Final
Coaching staff – U-19 with U-20
As of May 2023
Players
Bold indicates players who have already capped with the senior squad.Italics indicate players who have already capped with the Under-21 squad.
Current Under-20 squad
The Israeli U-20 squad announced their final squad on 7 May 2023, two weeks ahead of the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Goalkeeper Nitai Greis replaced goalkeeper Lior Gliklich, who had withdrawn due to an injury.
Current Under-19 squad
The following Israeli U-19 players were called-up ahead of the friendly matches in March 2023.
Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against Latvia
Recent Under-19 call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last twelve months and are still available for selection.
Honours
AFC U-19 Championship (Asia):
Winners (6): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972
Third Place (1): 1968
Fourth Place (1): 1969
OFC Championship (Oceania):
Runners-up (2): 1985, 1986
UEFA European Under-19 Championship (Europe):
Runners-up (1): 2022
See also
FIFA U-20 World Cup
UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
Israel national football team
Israel national under-21 football team
Israel national under-18 football team
Israel national under-17 football team
Israel national under-16 football team
== References == | owned by | {
"answer_start": [
1130
],
"text": [
"Israel Football Association"
]
} |
The Israel national under-19 football team (Hebrew: נבחרת (הנוער של) ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 19) and the Israel national under-20 football team (נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 20); or simply Israel Under-19s, Israel U19s; Israel Under-20s, Israel U20s - both squads are also regarded as the feeders for the Israel national under-21 team.
This team is for Israeli players aged 19 (or under at the start of a two-year UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign) so players may be up to 20 years old, such as in the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition to the Israel's senior squad, there are also the Israeli squads for U-21 players, and other youth teams such as, the U-18, the U-17, and the U-16. Players are not level or nation static so can compete at any level as long as they are eligible; U19s do not relinquish level or nation association while competing and can compete on senior side, then back to U19s, and "youth level' or senior level with another nation.As of 2021, the Israel U19 home ground is the Netanya Stadium in the city of Netanya, Israel.
History
The idea to form a youth team first came about in 1957, as the IFA (Israel Football Association) considered entering a team to the 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship tournament. The youth team played its debut match against its England equivalent on 20 May 1962, losing 1–3. Two days later, the Israeli squad recorded its first victory, winning 2–1 in a rematch in England.In 1964, the youth team participated for its debut time in the AFC Youth Championship tournament, sharing the cup with Burma in its first tournament in 1964. The team continued to win the title five more times in the next 8 years, before Israel was boycotted by Muslim and Arab countries along with North Korea, that voted against its participation in AFC tournaments during the 1970s.Until 1992, the youth team's only official tournaments were FIFA Youth Championship qualification tournaments, twice participating in the process in the OFC U-20 Championship and once in the South American Youth Football Championship. At the same period of time, to give the youth squad its share of international matches, the IFA established an annual tournament for under-18 teams, which was held in December and January between 1974 and 1989 (after which the tournament became a tournament for under-17 teams).In 1992, as Israel was admitted to UEFA, the squad began participating in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship (an under-18 tournament until 2002), appearing in the final tournament in 1997 and 2014 and in 2022.Israel qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup by virtue of its performance at the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, finishing 2nd place after a loss to England in the final, 1–3 after extra time (1–1 at full time).
Results and fixtures – Israel U-20
Win
Draw
Loss
2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Group stage
The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
All times are in Israel Summer Time (Israel Daylight Time, IDT), although the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup is entirely held at Argentina.
Group C
The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16 (Eight-finals)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
International records
FIFA U-20 World Cup
AFC U-19 Championship
Champions* : Title shared
DNP : Did Not Participate
DNQ : Did not qualify
FIFA World Youth Championship Intercontinental play-off
* Despite both matches of Israel against Australia being hosted in the same city of Sydney, Australia – Australia still won on away goals.
OFC U-20 Championship
South American Youth Championship
UEFA European Under-18 Championship
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Results and fixtures – Israel U-19
Win
Draw
Loss
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Qualifiers
Qualifying Round – Group 4
Elite Round – Group 1
Qualified teams for the final tournament
The following teams qualified for the final tournament of the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
Note: All appearance statistics include only U-19 era (since 2002).
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship - Final tournament
Group stage
The final tournament schedule was announced on 28 April 2022.The group winners and runners-up advanced to the semi-finals and qualify for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
FIFA U-20 World Cup play-off
Winners qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Semi-finals
Final
Coaching staff – U-19 with U-20
As of May 2023
Players
Bold indicates players who have already capped with the senior squad.Italics indicate players who have already capped with the Under-21 squad.
Current Under-20 squad
The Israeli U-20 squad announced their final squad on 7 May 2023, two weeks ahead of the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Goalkeeper Nitai Greis replaced goalkeeper Lior Gliklich, who had withdrawn due to an injury.
Current Under-19 squad
The following Israeli U-19 players were called-up ahead of the friendly matches in March 2023.
Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against Latvia
Recent Under-19 call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last twelve months and are still available for selection.
Honours
AFC U-19 Championship (Asia):
Winners (6): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972
Third Place (1): 1968
Fourth Place (1): 1969
OFC Championship (Oceania):
Runners-up (2): 1985, 1986
UEFA European Under-19 Championship (Europe):
Runners-up (1): 2022
See also
FIFA U-20 World Cup
UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
Israel national football team
Israel national under-21 football team
Israel national under-18 football team
Israel national under-17 football team
Israel national under-16 football team
== References == | country for sport | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Israel"
]
} |
The Israel national under-19 football team (Hebrew: נבחרת (הנוער של) ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 19) and the Israel national under-20 football team (נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל עד גיל 20); or simply Israel Under-19s, Israel U19s; Israel Under-20s, Israel U20s - both squads are also regarded as the feeders for the Israel national under-21 team.
This team is for Israeli players aged 19 (or under at the start of a two-year UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign) so players may be up to 20 years old, such as in the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition to the Israel's senior squad, there are also the Israeli squads for U-21 players, and other youth teams such as, the U-18, the U-17, and the U-16. Players are not level or nation static so can compete at any level as long as they are eligible; U19s do not relinquish level or nation association while competing and can compete on senior side, then back to U19s, and "youth level' or senior level with another nation.As of 2021, the Israel U19 home ground is the Netanya Stadium in the city of Netanya, Israel.
History
The idea to form a youth team first came about in 1957, as the IFA (Israel Football Association) considered entering a team to the 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship tournament. The youth team played its debut match against its England equivalent on 20 May 1962, losing 1–3. Two days later, the Israeli squad recorded its first victory, winning 2–1 in a rematch in England.In 1964, the youth team participated for its debut time in the AFC Youth Championship tournament, sharing the cup with Burma in its first tournament in 1964. The team continued to win the title five more times in the next 8 years, before Israel was boycotted by Muslim and Arab countries along with North Korea, that voted against its participation in AFC tournaments during the 1970s.Until 1992, the youth team's only official tournaments were FIFA Youth Championship qualification tournaments, twice participating in the process in the OFC U-20 Championship and once in the South American Youth Football Championship. At the same period of time, to give the youth squad its share of international matches, the IFA established an annual tournament for under-18 teams, which was held in December and January between 1974 and 1989 (after which the tournament became a tournament for under-17 teams).In 1992, as Israel was admitted to UEFA, the squad began participating in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship (an under-18 tournament until 2002), appearing in the final tournament in 1997 and 2014 and in 2022.Israel qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup by virtue of its performance at the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, finishing 2nd place after a loss to England in the final, 1–3 after extra time (1–1 at full time).
Results and fixtures – Israel U-20
Win
Draw
Loss
2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Group stage
The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
All times are in Israel Summer Time (Israel Daylight Time, IDT), although the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup is entirely held at Argentina.
Group C
The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16 (Eight-finals)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
International records
FIFA U-20 World Cup
AFC U-19 Championship
Champions* : Title shared
DNP : Did Not Participate
DNQ : Did not qualify
FIFA World Youth Championship Intercontinental play-off
* Despite both matches of Israel against Australia being hosted in the same city of Sydney, Australia – Australia still won on away goals.
OFC U-20 Championship
South American Youth Championship
UEFA European Under-18 Championship
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Results and fixtures – Israel U-19
Win
Draw
Loss
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Qualifiers
Qualifying Round – Group 4
Elite Round – Group 1
Qualified teams for the final tournament
The following teams qualified for the final tournament of the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
Note: All appearance statistics include only U-19 era (since 2002).
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship - Final tournament
Group stage
The final tournament schedule was announced on 28 April 2022.The group winners and runners-up advanced to the semi-finals and qualify for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
FIFA U-20 World Cup play-off
Winners qualified for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Semi-finals
Final
Coaching staff – U-19 with U-20
As of May 2023
Players
Bold indicates players who have already capped with the senior squad.Italics indicate players who have already capped with the Under-21 squad.
Current Under-20 squad
The Israeli U-20 squad announced their final squad on 7 May 2023, two weeks ahead of the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Goalkeeper Nitai Greis replaced goalkeeper Lior Gliklich, who had withdrawn due to an injury.
Current Under-19 squad
The following Israeli U-19 players were called-up ahead of the friendly matches in March 2023.
Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against Latvia
Recent Under-19 call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last twelve months and are still available for selection.
Honours
AFC U-19 Championship (Asia):
Winners (6): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972
Third Place (1): 1968
Fourth Place (1): 1969
OFC Championship (Oceania):
Runners-up (2): 1985, 1986
UEFA European Under-19 Championship (Europe):
Runners-up (1): 2022
See also
FIFA U-20 World Cup
UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
Israel national football team
Israel national under-21 football team
Israel national under-18 football team
Israel national under-17 football team
Israel national under-16 football team
== References == | different from | {
"answer_start": [
5683
],
"text": [
"Israel national under-21 football team"
]
} |
Gundam Rock is a cover album by Andrew W.K., released on September 9, 2009 exclusively in Japan. The album consists of covered music from the Gundam series to celebrate its 30th Anniversary.The front cover artwork features an original illustration by respected Gundam and Capcom artist, Akira Yasuda (also known as "Akiman"). The image depicts Andrew W.K. floating in space next to the RX-78-2 Gundam in similar fashion to Amuro Ray in the poster of the Char's Counterattack movie.
Track listing
References
External links
Gundam Rock at the Official Andrew W.K. Website
JapanProbe.Com Album Release News Report Video on YouTube | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
Gundam Rock is a cover album by Andrew W.K., released on September 9, 2009 exclusively in Japan. The album consists of covered music from the Gundam series to celebrate its 30th Anniversary.The front cover artwork features an original illustration by respected Gundam and Capcom artist, Akira Yasuda (also known as "Akiman"). The image depicts Andrew W.K. floating in space next to the RX-78-2 Gundam in similar fashion to Amuro Ray in the poster of the Char's Counterattack movie.
Track listing
References
External links
Gundam Rock at the Official Andrew W.K. Website
JapanProbe.Com Album Release News Report Video on YouTube | performer | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Andrew W.K."
]
} |
Kalu Idika Kalu (born October 14, 1939) is a Nigerian politician. He served as Finance Minister of Nigeria, Minister of National planning and Transportation Minister and also twice served as the minister of finance. He was a presidential aspirant in the 2003 Nigeria general elections under the platform of The New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP).
Early life
Kalu Idika Kalu was born in Ebem Ohafia, Abia state, southeastern Nigeria. He is of the Ibo people which is one of the largest tribes in Nigeria.
He studied at Kings College Lagos from 1954 to 1960 where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in Economics in 1964. Kalu also obtained a Masters of Arts in Economics in 1965, as well as a Doctorate Degree in Economic Development and Public Finance in 1972 from the University of Wisconsin. He was a Stimson Fellow while attending Yale University.
Career
He was a founding member of the Justice party, but ran for President on the platform of New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) during the 2003 general elections.
He participated in research work on developing countries and lectured at the university level. While at the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Programs Department, Kalu contributed significantly to micro- and macro- economic work on the economies of Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong.He served in various official positions in Nigeria and outside of Nigeria including;
Commissioner for Finance & Planning in Imo State
Minister of Finance
Minister for National Planning
Minister of Transport
Chairman, ECOWAS Council of Ministers
Chairman, development committee of the World BankHe is a member of the All Progressives Congress (APC), joining after leaving the People Democratic Party (PDP), as he believes in the emergency of a strong two party system in Nigeria.
Personal life
He married Imo Kalu, with whom he had five children.
== References == | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Nigeria"
]
} |
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