texts stringlengths 40 104k | questions stringlengths 3 63 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|
Grant Lingard (1961–1995) was a New Zealand born artist who, although a painting graduate, focused on minimalist sculptural installations. During his life he "was considered by many to be New Zealand's leading gay visual artist"Lingard achieved note with the 1994 ARTNOW exhibition at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. He was also involved in the Tales Untold project. Lingard focused on creating a visual language over the course of his ten-year career. Lingard used everyday materials recontextualised into a gallery context, hoping make the viewer see the links he was drawing. His work is conceptually similar to Félix González-Torres.
Lingard died in 1995 of AIDS-related complications. A scholarship in his name is offered at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Works
Flags and Boots(1994)
Works by Grant Lingard in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
References
The Grant Lingard Scholarship
Grant Lingard profile at the Christchurch Art Gallery Website | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"artist"
]
} |
Grant Lingard (1961–1995) was a New Zealand born artist who, although a painting graduate, focused on minimalist sculptural installations. During his life he "was considered by many to be New Zealand's leading gay visual artist"Lingard achieved note with the 1994 ARTNOW exhibition at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. He was also involved in the Tales Untold project. Lingard focused on creating a visual language over the course of his ten-year career. Lingard used everyday materials recontextualised into a gallery context, hoping make the viewer see the links he was drawing. His work is conceptually similar to Félix González-Torres.
Lingard died in 1995 of AIDS-related complications. A scholarship in his name is offered at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Works
Flags and Boots(1994)
Works by Grant Lingard in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
References
The Grant Lingard Scholarship
Grant Lingard profile at the Christchurch Art Gallery Website | family name | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Lingard"
]
} |
Grant Lingard (1961–1995) was a New Zealand born artist who, although a painting graduate, focused on minimalist sculptural installations. During his life he "was considered by many to be New Zealand's leading gay visual artist"Lingard achieved note with the 1994 ARTNOW exhibition at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. He was also involved in the Tales Untold project. Lingard focused on creating a visual language over the course of his ten-year career. Lingard used everyday materials recontextualised into a gallery context, hoping make the viewer see the links he was drawing. His work is conceptually similar to Félix González-Torres.
Lingard died in 1995 of AIDS-related complications. A scholarship in his name is offered at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Works
Flags and Boots(1994)
Works by Grant Lingard in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
References
The Grant Lingard Scholarship
Grant Lingard profile at the Christchurch Art Gallery Website | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Grant"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Belz"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
5855
],
"text": [
"Tel Aviv"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
3898
],
"text": [
"rabbi"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aharon Rokeach"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | family name | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Rokeach"
]
} |
Aharon Rokeach (19 December 1880 – 18 August 1957) was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957.
Rokeach inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Yissachar Dov Rokeach, upon the latter's death in 1926. Known for his piety and mysticism, Rokeach was called the "Wonder Rabbi" by Jews and gentiles alike for the miracles he purportedly performed.
His reign as Rebbe saw the devastation of the Belz community, along with that of many other Hasidic sects in Galicia and elsewhere in Poland during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Rebbe Aharon was high on the list of Gestapo targets as a high-profile Rebbe. With the support and financial assistance of Belzer Hasidim in Mandatory Palestine, England and the United States, he and his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, managed to escape from Poland into Hungary, then into Turkey, Lebanon, and finally into Mandatory Palestine in February 1944. After Rabbi Mordechai's sudden death in November 1949, Rokeach raised his half-brother's year-old son, Yissachar Dov, and groomed him to succeed him as Belzer Rebbe.
Early life
Rokeach was the first child born to his parents, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach and Basha Ruchama Twersky, after 12 years of marriage. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Rebbe Aharon of Chernobyl, although his father later revealed that he intended to name the boy after Rabbi Aharon of Karlin. Aharon had a younger sister, Chana Rachel, who later married Rabbi Pinchas Twersky of Ostilla.Rokeach's mother died on 18 March 1884 when he was 4 years old. His grandfather, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach, the second Belzer Rebbe, took the boy under his wing and oversaw his spiritual development. As he grew, he spent much of his day ensconced in Torah learning and ate and slept little. He also concealed his accomplishments with a modesty that would last throughout his lifetime.
When his grandfather died on 30 January 1894, Rokeach's father became the third Belzer Rebbe. Rebbe Yissachar Dov remarried to Chaya Devora Pecsenik and had another seven children. Rokeach was 22 years old when his half-brother Mordechai was born.When he came of age, Rokeach married his cousin, Malka, the daughter of his father's elder brother Shmuel, the Rav of Sokal. After his marriage, he lived with his father-in-law for several years. His strict regime of seclusion, deprivation and asceticism caused him to become seriously weakened, whereupon his doctors recommended a complete change of locale and sent him to a spa. Though he recuperated at the health resort of Kreniec, he still ate little, and his chronic sleep deprivation made it difficult for him to stand or walk quickly. On Shabbat, however, he would stand upright, walk quickly, and partake in the Shabbat meals with obvious pleasure.He and his wife had five sons and four daughters. Several apparently healthy children died at birth, while those that survived were sickly and weak. Two daughters were both hearing- and speech-impaired. One daughter, Mirel, died in 1938; the rest were killed by the Nazis with their families.When Rokeach's father, Rebbe Yissachar Dov, died in Belz on Friday night, 30 October 1926, his 46-year-old son accepted the mantle of leadership at the funeral held after Shabbat.
Becoming the Rebbe
While he continued to live a Spartan and reclusive existence, Rokeach revealed himself to be a warm and caring leader. He read each kvitel with great interest and prayed for the petitioner's salvation and success. At first he tried to limit the number of petitioners who sought his counsel and blessing to five per night, saying, "I simply can't take these tzoros (tribulations) of Klal Yisrael!" as he felt each problem as deeply as if it were his own. But eventually he allowed many petitioners to see him nightly.Although the position of Belzer rav included being rabbi of the local township, Rokeach said he could not spare any more time. Two dayanim were appointed for this task, and they consulted with Rokeach only on difficult halakhic questions.
Escape from Europe
During World War II, Belzer Hasidim both inside and outside Nazi-occupied Europe saw saving the Rebbe as their primary goal. They spirited Rokeach — who insisted on being accompanied by his half-brother, Rabbi Mordechai — out of Belz into Wiśnicz, then into the Bochnia Ghetto, then into the Kraków Ghetto, and then back into the Bochnia Ghetto, narrowly avoiding Gestapo roundups and deportations.In their most hair-raising escape attempt, the brothers were driven out of occupied Poland and into Hungary by a Hungarian counter-intelligence agent who was friendly to Jews. Rokeach, his attendant, and Rabbi Mordechai, shorn of their distinctive beards and sidelocks, were disguised as Russian generals who had been captured at the front and were being taken to Budapest for questioning. After spending eight months in Hungary, the brothers boarded the Orient Express to Istanbul, and finally arrived in Palestine in February 1944.Both men lost their entire families to the Nazis. Rokeach's eldest son, Moshe, was burned alive in the Przemyslany shul at the same time as Rokeach was in hiding in that town. Later, Rabbi Moshe's wife and five children were murdered. Rokeach's eldest daughter, Rivka Miriam, and her husband, Rabbi Shmiel Frankel, both perished along with their seven children. Rokeach's other daughters, Adel Twersky and Sara Bracha Rosenfeld with their children, and two other sons, Rabbi Yisrael and Rabbi Yehudah Zundel with their children, were also slain. When he heard of these tragedies, Rokeach displayed no emotion. Stoically, he continued to lead his Hasidim and perform his devotions.
Activities in Israel
Rokeach devoted the rest of his life to rebuilding Belzer Hasidut in Israel. He initially established his court in Tel Aviv, where he opened the first Belzer Talmud Torah. Later he moved to Jerusalem, where he founded the first Belzer yeshiva.
In 1949, he married Chana Labin-Pollack, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Labin, the Makova Rebbe, and widow of Rabbi Yosef Meir Pollack, the Bergsass Rebbe. Her first husband had been murdered by the Nazis in Bergsass, leaving her with a young son and daughter. Rokeach did not have any children by his second wife, but helped to raise her children and later arranged marriages for them. Meanwhile, Rabbi Mordechai also remarried and had a son, Yissachar Dov, on January 19, 1948. When Rabbi Mordechai suddenly died on November 17, 1949, Rokeach groomed his year-old nephew to inherit the dynasty. After Rokeach's own death in 1957, the boy was educated by a small circle of trusted advisors and became the fifth Belzer Rebbe in 1966.Rokeach was clearly touched by the Holocaust. He developed a very inclusive attitude to modern and even non-Orthodox Jews, a substantive change from his pre-war practice of associating almost exclusively with other Haredim. Rokeach's second marriage also indicated a shift in the Belz leader's thinking: the ceremony was conducted by Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman, a member of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement, a group Belz had previously held at arm's length. Unlike some of his other Hasidic rebbe peers, who had survived the Holocaust and made a practice of acknowledging and honoring their deceased followers and recounting their own experiences, it was Rokeach's personal custom to never speak of the Belz Hasidim who had died during the war, particularly members of his own family. On one occasion, rabbi and author Arthur Hertzberg, a descendant of Belz Hasidim, visited the rebbe and attempted to talk to him about Belz before the war:
He talked willingly of [my] grandfather, remembering that ... [he] had been his teacher when he was young, but he was totally silent when I mentioned my mother's father and her brothers, who had been his disciples until they were murdered during the war. I was upset. This strange behavior was later explained to me by his principal assistant: the rebbe had not once said any of the prescribed prayers (Yizkor, Kaddish) for his wife and children because those who had been killed by the Nazis for being Jews were of transcendent holiness; they were beyond our comprehension. Any words about them that we might utter were irrelevant and perhaps even a desecration of their memory.
Legacy
For Rokeach, the only proper way to respond to the near-destruction of Belz and Hasidus, and honor the memory of the dead, was to build new institutions and slowly nurture a new generation of Hasidim. This task has been continued and largely accomplished by his nephew, the present Rebbe of Belz.
Rebbes of Belz
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1779–1855)
Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach (1825–1896)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (1854–1926)
Rabbi Aharon Rokeach (1877–1957)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (b. 1948)
Notes
See also
Agudat Israel
Belz (town in Poland/Ukraine)
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (the largest synagogue in Jerusalem)
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aharon"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | original language of film or TV show | {
"answer_start": [
702
],
"text": [
"German"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | title | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Silentium"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | different from | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Silentium"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | genre | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"gothic metal"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | country of origin | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Finland"
]
} |
Silentium is a Finnish gothic metal band. The band was formed in 1995 and it originates from Jämsänkoski, Finland. Keyboardist Sami Boman and original vocalist Matti Aikio created Silentium by adding violin player Jani Laaksonen, guitar players Toni Lahtinen and Juha Lehtioksa and drummer Jari Ojala into the line-up of their previous band Funeral.
Silentium's first demos and EPs were released in tape format, and their albums have only been released in Europe and some Asian countries, although Silentium's last single "Dead Silent" has been uploaded to some legal Finnish music websites for worldwide download.
The addition of singer Riina Rinkinen to the band in 2006 was welcomed by Canadian and German reviewers.
Members
Current members
Juha Lehtioksa - guitars (1995–present)
Sami Boman - keyboards, add. brass samples, backing vocals (1995–present)
Riina Rinkinen - female vocals (2004–present)
Janne Ojala - drums (1999–2004, 2014–present)
Aapeli Kivimäki - guitars (2014–present)
Ville Koskinen - bass (2019–present)
Former Members
Matti Aikio - bass, male vocals (1995–2018; died 2022)
Jari Ojala - drums (1995–1999, 2004–2014)
Toni Lahtinen - guitars (1995–2014)
Jani Laaksonen - violin (1995–2004)
Tiina Lehvonen - female vocals (1998–2004)
Elias Kahila - cello (2005-2007)Timeline
Discography
Albums and EPs
Illacrimó (EP, 1996)
Caméne Misera (EP, 1998)
Infinita Plango Vulnera (1999)
SI.VM E.T A.V.VM (2001)
Altum (2001)
Sufferion - Hamartia of Prudence (2003)
Seducia (2006)
Amortean (2008)
Motiva (2020)
Singles
"Frostnight" (2005)
"Dead Silent" (2007)
See also
Related genres:
Gothic metal
Doom metal
Heavy metal
Death metal
== References == | has part(s) | {
"answer_start": [
905
],
"text": [
"Janne Ojala"
]
} |
Kentucky State Reformatory (KSR) is a medium-security prison for adult males. The prison is located in unincorporated Oldham County, Kentucky, near La Grange, and about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Louisville. It opened in 1940 to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort (later known as Kentucky State Reformatory) after a flood damaged the original property. The current (2020) capacity of KSR is 1053 inmates.
History
The Kentucky Legislature of 1936 appropriated funds for erection of a new State "Medium Security" Institution to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort /Reformatory. The cost had not yet been determined but was to be met from a Public Works Administration (P.W.A.) grant.
End of Kentucky State Penitentiary/Reformatory in Frankfort in 1937 – Beginning of the new Reformatory, LaGrange: Funds for the first prison in Kentucky were allocated in 1798 and the small prison, to house 30 convicts, opened 1800. The site chosen was Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital city. Through its 137 years of history, the population grew and more buildings added. By the time of the 1937 flood, that made this facility totally uninhabitable, there was 2,900 inmates, both male and female. Funds for a second prison had been allocated in 1879 to be called the "Branch Penitentiary" and to be located in Eddyville, Kentucky. The names of these two prisons were referred to in this way until the Prison Reform Bill of 1910, passed by the General Assembly, changed the mode of management of the two prisons; making one "reform" and the other "penal." This reform bill included the changing of capital punishment from the gallows to the electric chair. Frankfort did not want the chair because of lack of room and curiosity seekers. Therefore, the Frankfort Penitentiary became known as Kentucky State Reformatory and the "Branch" was deleted from the name in Eddyville's prison and officially named Kentucky State Penitentiary. Governor A. B. Chandler ordered the Frankfort Reformatory abandoned because the flood had hastened its end. However, the pending program for building and rehabilitating State institutions included a new prison to replace it.' The prisons was under the Welfare Department, with Commissioner of Welfare being Frederick A. Wallis.
Site and Construction
March 1937: 2,884 acres in Oldham County was purchased by the State of Kentucky at a price of $141,033, or $48.53 per acre, for use as prison farm; construction of buildings, etc., and will cost approximately $1,500,000. Advertisement for Bids was advertised in local papers with a list of specifications. That same month, 200 prisoners arrived in Oldham County to work at the site of the new state prison.
A. L. Coupe Construction Company, Louisville, Kentucky, was awarded the contract by the State to construct six dormitory buildings at the new State prison farm near LaGrange.
Construction began in 1937 of the Kentucky State Reformatory in La Grange, as designed by William Strudwick Arrasmith. Other architects associated in the construction were Herman Wischmeyer, Oscar Joseph, Fred Elswick, Alfred Joseph, J. J. Curtis, Hugh Meriwether, J. T. Gillig, L. K. Frankel, H. A. Churchill, John Wilson of Lexington and McDermott, who directed the program. The State Reformatory was a model of social reform. The new prison has open-winged dormitories instead of the traditional individual cells. It was surrounded by 900 acres (3.6 km2) [6] of the new state-owned farmland that the inmates manage. In addition to running the farm, the inmates also worked in the rock quarry nearby. The spacious new dormitories and farmland were designed to encourage prisoners to reform.
The Krause-Weilage Company of Louisville had the contract for air-conditioning the operating rooms in the hospital, in the Administration Building, and refrigeration equipment in the mess hall.
From Temporary Barracks 1937 to Move in Day 1940
When 200 of the prisoners from the Frankfort Reformatory arrived at the new site they were housed in tents much like they had lived after the flood in Frankfort. By June, they were building temporary barracks; i.e., mess hall, housing, administration, etc. Moving day from the temporary barracks, located about 800 yards away from the newly constructed structure occurred in March 1940. The buildings were on a 2,900-acre tract of land. At a cost of $2,500,000, sixteen buildings were reported to be of the best in modern prisons.
Wardens Kentucky State Reformatory
James W. Hammond —1936-1944--
A. S. Nunn —1944 – 1945--
Francis S. Kiernen —Jun 1945 – Dec 1948--
Renald L. Whaley —Dec. 1948- Nov 1951--
Porter B. Lady —Mar 1952 -Mach 1956—He had been deputy warden one year prior.
Dan Gray —Mar 1956 Jan 1960—KSR was first prison to have a nine-hole golf course. Golf course built 1957.
David S. Davis —Jan 1960 – July 1965--
Harold E. Black —July 1965 – Jan 1966—Acting Warden after Davis resigned.
Martin J. Wiman —Jan 1966 June 1967--
James E. Howard —Mar 1967 Nov 1970—1967: No longer called wardens – now known as superintendents
Harold E. Black —Nov 1970 – Aug 1977--
Dewey Sowders —Aug 1977- Jan 1979 --
Stephen T. Smith —Jan 1979-1980 --
John D. Rees —1980 – 1986 -- -Later John Rees became Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Corrections 2004–2008.
Betty Kassulke —Jul 1986 – Oct 1986—Interim warden 1986
Al Parke —1986 – 1992--
Walter Chapleau —1992 – 1995--
William "Bill" Seabold —1996 – 2003--
Larry Chandler —2003-2008 —Had previously been warden of Luther Luckett Correctional Complex. July 2020 Larry Chandler Named Warden of the new prison Southern State Correctional Complex (SSCC), Wheelwright, Kentucky
J. David Donahue —2008 – 2009--
Cookie Crews —2009 – 2012–2012 Cookie Crew was promoted to health services administrator. 2020 Cookie Crews named Kentucky Department of Corrections Commissioner.
Clark J. Taylor —2012 – 2014—Retires as warden at KSR in 2014
Aaron B. Smith —2014 – 2018--
Anna L. Valentine —2018 – current
Forensic Psychiatric Unit
October 1, 1975 an announcement was made that a forensic psychiatric care unit would be built and operated at LaGrange State Reformatory by Gov. Julian Carroll. The unit was authorized by the 1972 General Assembly. It had been planned for Central State Hospital but that facility was later leased to a private organization. The new facility to be jointly operated by Departments of Justice and Human Resources to provide psychiatric examination for persons needing that service prior to a court appearance.
Consent decree
Consent decree
On August 25, 1976 Jerald L. Kendrick, serving time at the Kentucky State Penitentiary, prepared a 40-page lawsuit and filed it in U.S. District Court at Paducah. Kendrick et al. vs. David H. Bland, et al. and James M. Thompson, et al. vs. David H. Bland, became a precedent for the handling of state prisoners. A settlement was reached on April 4, 1980 by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone of Princeton. Three prisons would have to come into compliance; Reformatory, Penitentiary and Kentucky Correctional Institution for Women.
The decree set out in the agreement that the state spend nearly $50 million over a four or five year time to satisfy just some of the complaints that Kendrick raised in his suit. That figure did not include $22 million that had already been spent on a new medium-security prison scheduled to open Fall of 1980 near the Reformatory.
John D. Rees, was hired as warden by Department of Corrections Commissioner, George Wilson, to bring Kentucky State Reformatory into compliance under the Federal Consent Decree issued by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone.
Among other changes at the Kentucky State Reformatory, the consent decree:
Capped the population at 1,200, thus requiring a reduction in the number of inmates by 600.
Banned double bunks in the dormitories.
Called for a three-step living skills program that educated inmates on how to make healthy decisions in prison and how to transition from confinement into life outside prison.
Called for additional educational and vocational programs.
Required the Reformatory to open a law library containing public federal documents including current Supreme Court rulings and federal statutes as well as current Kentucky State legal documents.
Ordered the improvement of medical and mental health services and implemented more staff training.
Called for a new visitation building.
Mandated specialized training programs for staff as well as a 20% pay raise for corrections officers.In March 1992, Judge Edward Johnstone ruled that the Kentucky State Reformatory had complied with the requirements of the consent decree.
Accreditation
Warden John Rees led the Kentucky State Reformatory to its initial ACA accreditation in 1982, the first facility to be accredited in Kentucky and its successful reaccreditation in 1985.
KSR programs
The Kentucky State Reformatory uses a unit management system. Inmates and staff are separated into smaller groups or units. The staff members of each unit include a unit manager, an assistant unit manager, correctional officers, engineering staff, and classification and treatment officers. According to the Kentucky Department of Corrections, the purpose of the unit team is to help inmates with issues such as institutional programming, parole board preparation, classification reviews, and developing release plans. The Kentucky State Reformatory also offers academic programs. The academic courses include adult basic education, GED preparation and college courses.
Chicken Hill - Prison Cemetery
The prison grounds contain a paupers' cemetery for unclaimed or indigent inmate remains.
Notable inmates
Michael Carneal – Heath High School shooter.
Harry Edward Greenwell – posthumously identified as the "I-65 Killer." Released in 1983 after serving time for burglary and escape.
Steve Nunn – former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives and son of former Kentucky governor Louie B. Nunn. Serving life sentence for murdering his former fiancée. Currently incarcerated at the Little Sandy Correctional Complex in Sandy Hook.
Gary Scott Pennington – East Carter High School shooter
Dustin McPhetridge - appeared on To Catch a Predator. Served from 2007 to 2009
References
Sources
Colvin, Mark. Penitentiaries, Reformatories and Chain Gangs, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Hayes, Fred E. American Prison System, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1939.
Garett, Paul and Austin MacCormick The Handbook of American Prisons, NY: National Society of Penal information, Inc., 1928
McKelvey, Blake. American Prisons, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1936.
1981 Supreme Court Case Consent Decree of Kentucky State Penitentiary
2008 Overview of Kentucky State Reformatory, Kentucky Department of Corrections
"Assessing Correctional Education Programs: The Student's Perspective", The Journal of Correctional Education
External links
Kentucky State Reformatory official website
"Serving Life: The Kentucky State Reformatory", an exhibit at the Oldham County Historical Center | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"prison"
]
} |
Kentucky State Reformatory (KSR) is a medium-security prison for adult males. The prison is located in unincorporated Oldham County, Kentucky, near La Grange, and about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Louisville. It opened in 1940 to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort (later known as Kentucky State Reformatory) after a flood damaged the original property. The current (2020) capacity of KSR is 1053 inmates.
History
The Kentucky Legislature of 1936 appropriated funds for erection of a new State "Medium Security" Institution to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort /Reformatory. The cost had not yet been determined but was to be met from a Public Works Administration (P.W.A.) grant.
End of Kentucky State Penitentiary/Reformatory in Frankfort in 1937 – Beginning of the new Reformatory, LaGrange: Funds for the first prison in Kentucky were allocated in 1798 and the small prison, to house 30 convicts, opened 1800. The site chosen was Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital city. Through its 137 years of history, the population grew and more buildings added. By the time of the 1937 flood, that made this facility totally uninhabitable, there was 2,900 inmates, both male and female. Funds for a second prison had been allocated in 1879 to be called the "Branch Penitentiary" and to be located in Eddyville, Kentucky. The names of these two prisons were referred to in this way until the Prison Reform Bill of 1910, passed by the General Assembly, changed the mode of management of the two prisons; making one "reform" and the other "penal." This reform bill included the changing of capital punishment from the gallows to the electric chair. Frankfort did not want the chair because of lack of room and curiosity seekers. Therefore, the Frankfort Penitentiary became known as Kentucky State Reformatory and the "Branch" was deleted from the name in Eddyville's prison and officially named Kentucky State Penitentiary. Governor A. B. Chandler ordered the Frankfort Reformatory abandoned because the flood had hastened its end. However, the pending program for building and rehabilitating State institutions included a new prison to replace it.' The prisons was under the Welfare Department, with Commissioner of Welfare being Frederick A. Wallis.
Site and Construction
March 1937: 2,884 acres in Oldham County was purchased by the State of Kentucky at a price of $141,033, or $48.53 per acre, for use as prison farm; construction of buildings, etc., and will cost approximately $1,500,000. Advertisement for Bids was advertised in local papers with a list of specifications. That same month, 200 prisoners arrived in Oldham County to work at the site of the new state prison.
A. L. Coupe Construction Company, Louisville, Kentucky, was awarded the contract by the State to construct six dormitory buildings at the new State prison farm near LaGrange.
Construction began in 1937 of the Kentucky State Reformatory in La Grange, as designed by William Strudwick Arrasmith. Other architects associated in the construction were Herman Wischmeyer, Oscar Joseph, Fred Elswick, Alfred Joseph, J. J. Curtis, Hugh Meriwether, J. T. Gillig, L. K. Frankel, H. A. Churchill, John Wilson of Lexington and McDermott, who directed the program. The State Reformatory was a model of social reform. The new prison has open-winged dormitories instead of the traditional individual cells. It was surrounded by 900 acres (3.6 km2) [6] of the new state-owned farmland that the inmates manage. In addition to running the farm, the inmates also worked in the rock quarry nearby. The spacious new dormitories and farmland were designed to encourage prisoners to reform.
The Krause-Weilage Company of Louisville had the contract for air-conditioning the operating rooms in the hospital, in the Administration Building, and refrigeration equipment in the mess hall.
From Temporary Barracks 1937 to Move in Day 1940
When 200 of the prisoners from the Frankfort Reformatory arrived at the new site they were housed in tents much like they had lived after the flood in Frankfort. By June, they were building temporary barracks; i.e., mess hall, housing, administration, etc. Moving day from the temporary barracks, located about 800 yards away from the newly constructed structure occurred in March 1940. The buildings were on a 2,900-acre tract of land. At a cost of $2,500,000, sixteen buildings were reported to be of the best in modern prisons.
Wardens Kentucky State Reformatory
James W. Hammond —1936-1944--
A. S. Nunn —1944 – 1945--
Francis S. Kiernen —Jun 1945 – Dec 1948--
Renald L. Whaley —Dec. 1948- Nov 1951--
Porter B. Lady —Mar 1952 -Mach 1956—He had been deputy warden one year prior.
Dan Gray —Mar 1956 Jan 1960—KSR was first prison to have a nine-hole golf course. Golf course built 1957.
David S. Davis —Jan 1960 – July 1965--
Harold E. Black —July 1965 – Jan 1966—Acting Warden after Davis resigned.
Martin J. Wiman —Jan 1966 June 1967--
James E. Howard —Mar 1967 Nov 1970—1967: No longer called wardens – now known as superintendents
Harold E. Black —Nov 1970 – Aug 1977--
Dewey Sowders —Aug 1977- Jan 1979 --
Stephen T. Smith —Jan 1979-1980 --
John D. Rees —1980 – 1986 -- -Later John Rees became Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Corrections 2004–2008.
Betty Kassulke —Jul 1986 – Oct 1986—Interim warden 1986
Al Parke —1986 – 1992--
Walter Chapleau —1992 – 1995--
William "Bill" Seabold —1996 – 2003--
Larry Chandler —2003-2008 —Had previously been warden of Luther Luckett Correctional Complex. July 2020 Larry Chandler Named Warden of the new prison Southern State Correctional Complex (SSCC), Wheelwright, Kentucky
J. David Donahue —2008 – 2009--
Cookie Crews —2009 – 2012–2012 Cookie Crew was promoted to health services administrator. 2020 Cookie Crews named Kentucky Department of Corrections Commissioner.
Clark J. Taylor —2012 – 2014—Retires as warden at KSR in 2014
Aaron B. Smith —2014 – 2018--
Anna L. Valentine —2018 – current
Forensic Psychiatric Unit
October 1, 1975 an announcement was made that a forensic psychiatric care unit would be built and operated at LaGrange State Reformatory by Gov. Julian Carroll. The unit was authorized by the 1972 General Assembly. It had been planned for Central State Hospital but that facility was later leased to a private organization. The new facility to be jointly operated by Departments of Justice and Human Resources to provide psychiatric examination for persons needing that service prior to a court appearance.
Consent decree
Consent decree
On August 25, 1976 Jerald L. Kendrick, serving time at the Kentucky State Penitentiary, prepared a 40-page lawsuit and filed it in U.S. District Court at Paducah. Kendrick et al. vs. David H. Bland, et al. and James M. Thompson, et al. vs. David H. Bland, became a precedent for the handling of state prisoners. A settlement was reached on April 4, 1980 by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone of Princeton. Three prisons would have to come into compliance; Reformatory, Penitentiary and Kentucky Correctional Institution for Women.
The decree set out in the agreement that the state spend nearly $50 million over a four or five year time to satisfy just some of the complaints that Kendrick raised in his suit. That figure did not include $22 million that had already been spent on a new medium-security prison scheduled to open Fall of 1980 near the Reformatory.
John D. Rees, was hired as warden by Department of Corrections Commissioner, George Wilson, to bring Kentucky State Reformatory into compliance under the Federal Consent Decree issued by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone.
Among other changes at the Kentucky State Reformatory, the consent decree:
Capped the population at 1,200, thus requiring a reduction in the number of inmates by 600.
Banned double bunks in the dormitories.
Called for a three-step living skills program that educated inmates on how to make healthy decisions in prison and how to transition from confinement into life outside prison.
Called for additional educational and vocational programs.
Required the Reformatory to open a law library containing public federal documents including current Supreme Court rulings and federal statutes as well as current Kentucky State legal documents.
Ordered the improvement of medical and mental health services and implemented more staff training.
Called for a new visitation building.
Mandated specialized training programs for staff as well as a 20% pay raise for corrections officers.In March 1992, Judge Edward Johnstone ruled that the Kentucky State Reformatory had complied with the requirements of the consent decree.
Accreditation
Warden John Rees led the Kentucky State Reformatory to its initial ACA accreditation in 1982, the first facility to be accredited in Kentucky and its successful reaccreditation in 1985.
KSR programs
The Kentucky State Reformatory uses a unit management system. Inmates and staff are separated into smaller groups or units. The staff members of each unit include a unit manager, an assistant unit manager, correctional officers, engineering staff, and classification and treatment officers. According to the Kentucky Department of Corrections, the purpose of the unit team is to help inmates with issues such as institutional programming, parole board preparation, classification reviews, and developing release plans. The Kentucky State Reformatory also offers academic programs. The academic courses include adult basic education, GED preparation and college courses.
Chicken Hill - Prison Cemetery
The prison grounds contain a paupers' cemetery for unclaimed or indigent inmate remains.
Notable inmates
Michael Carneal – Heath High School shooter.
Harry Edward Greenwell – posthumously identified as the "I-65 Killer." Released in 1983 after serving time for burglary and escape.
Steve Nunn – former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives and son of former Kentucky governor Louie B. Nunn. Serving life sentence for murdering his former fiancée. Currently incarcerated at the Little Sandy Correctional Complex in Sandy Hook.
Gary Scott Pennington – East Carter High School shooter
Dustin McPhetridge - appeared on To Catch a Predator. Served from 2007 to 2009
References
Sources
Colvin, Mark. Penitentiaries, Reformatories and Chain Gangs, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Hayes, Fred E. American Prison System, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1939.
Garett, Paul and Austin MacCormick The Handbook of American Prisons, NY: National Society of Penal information, Inc., 1928
McKelvey, Blake. American Prisons, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1936.
1981 Supreme Court Case Consent Decree of Kentucky State Penitentiary
2008 Overview of Kentucky State Reformatory, Kentucky Department of Corrections
"Assessing Correctional Education Programs: The Student's Perspective", The Journal of Correctional Education
External links
Kentucky State Reformatory official website
"Serving Life: The Kentucky State Reformatory", an exhibit at the Oldham County Historical Center | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kentucky"
]
} |
Kentucky State Reformatory (KSR) is a medium-security prison for adult males. The prison is located in unincorporated Oldham County, Kentucky, near La Grange, and about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Louisville. It opened in 1940 to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort (later known as Kentucky State Reformatory) after a flood damaged the original property. The current (2020) capacity of KSR is 1053 inmates.
History
The Kentucky Legislature of 1936 appropriated funds for erection of a new State "Medium Security" Institution to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort /Reformatory. The cost had not yet been determined but was to be met from a Public Works Administration (P.W.A.) grant.
End of Kentucky State Penitentiary/Reformatory in Frankfort in 1937 – Beginning of the new Reformatory, LaGrange: Funds for the first prison in Kentucky were allocated in 1798 and the small prison, to house 30 convicts, opened 1800. The site chosen was Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital city. Through its 137 years of history, the population grew and more buildings added. By the time of the 1937 flood, that made this facility totally uninhabitable, there was 2,900 inmates, both male and female. Funds for a second prison had been allocated in 1879 to be called the "Branch Penitentiary" and to be located in Eddyville, Kentucky. The names of these two prisons were referred to in this way until the Prison Reform Bill of 1910, passed by the General Assembly, changed the mode of management of the two prisons; making one "reform" and the other "penal." This reform bill included the changing of capital punishment from the gallows to the electric chair. Frankfort did not want the chair because of lack of room and curiosity seekers. Therefore, the Frankfort Penitentiary became known as Kentucky State Reformatory and the "Branch" was deleted from the name in Eddyville's prison and officially named Kentucky State Penitentiary. Governor A. B. Chandler ordered the Frankfort Reformatory abandoned because the flood had hastened its end. However, the pending program for building and rehabilitating State institutions included a new prison to replace it.' The prisons was under the Welfare Department, with Commissioner of Welfare being Frederick A. Wallis.
Site and Construction
March 1937: 2,884 acres in Oldham County was purchased by the State of Kentucky at a price of $141,033, or $48.53 per acre, for use as prison farm; construction of buildings, etc., and will cost approximately $1,500,000. Advertisement for Bids was advertised in local papers with a list of specifications. That same month, 200 prisoners arrived in Oldham County to work at the site of the new state prison.
A. L. Coupe Construction Company, Louisville, Kentucky, was awarded the contract by the State to construct six dormitory buildings at the new State prison farm near LaGrange.
Construction began in 1937 of the Kentucky State Reformatory in La Grange, as designed by William Strudwick Arrasmith. Other architects associated in the construction were Herman Wischmeyer, Oscar Joseph, Fred Elswick, Alfred Joseph, J. J. Curtis, Hugh Meriwether, J. T. Gillig, L. K. Frankel, H. A. Churchill, John Wilson of Lexington and McDermott, who directed the program. The State Reformatory was a model of social reform. The new prison has open-winged dormitories instead of the traditional individual cells. It was surrounded by 900 acres (3.6 km2) [6] of the new state-owned farmland that the inmates manage. In addition to running the farm, the inmates also worked in the rock quarry nearby. The spacious new dormitories and farmland were designed to encourage prisoners to reform.
The Krause-Weilage Company of Louisville had the contract for air-conditioning the operating rooms in the hospital, in the Administration Building, and refrigeration equipment in the mess hall.
From Temporary Barracks 1937 to Move in Day 1940
When 200 of the prisoners from the Frankfort Reformatory arrived at the new site they were housed in tents much like they had lived after the flood in Frankfort. By June, they were building temporary barracks; i.e., mess hall, housing, administration, etc. Moving day from the temporary barracks, located about 800 yards away from the newly constructed structure occurred in March 1940. The buildings were on a 2,900-acre tract of land. At a cost of $2,500,000, sixteen buildings were reported to be of the best in modern prisons.
Wardens Kentucky State Reformatory
James W. Hammond —1936-1944--
A. S. Nunn —1944 – 1945--
Francis S. Kiernen —Jun 1945 – Dec 1948--
Renald L. Whaley —Dec. 1948- Nov 1951--
Porter B. Lady —Mar 1952 -Mach 1956—He had been deputy warden one year prior.
Dan Gray —Mar 1956 Jan 1960—KSR was first prison to have a nine-hole golf course. Golf course built 1957.
David S. Davis —Jan 1960 – July 1965--
Harold E. Black —July 1965 – Jan 1966—Acting Warden after Davis resigned.
Martin J. Wiman —Jan 1966 June 1967--
James E. Howard —Mar 1967 Nov 1970—1967: No longer called wardens – now known as superintendents
Harold E. Black —Nov 1970 – Aug 1977--
Dewey Sowders —Aug 1977- Jan 1979 --
Stephen T. Smith —Jan 1979-1980 --
John D. Rees —1980 – 1986 -- -Later John Rees became Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Corrections 2004–2008.
Betty Kassulke —Jul 1986 – Oct 1986—Interim warden 1986
Al Parke —1986 – 1992--
Walter Chapleau —1992 – 1995--
William "Bill" Seabold —1996 – 2003--
Larry Chandler —2003-2008 —Had previously been warden of Luther Luckett Correctional Complex. July 2020 Larry Chandler Named Warden of the new prison Southern State Correctional Complex (SSCC), Wheelwright, Kentucky
J. David Donahue —2008 – 2009--
Cookie Crews —2009 – 2012–2012 Cookie Crew was promoted to health services administrator. 2020 Cookie Crews named Kentucky Department of Corrections Commissioner.
Clark J. Taylor —2012 – 2014—Retires as warden at KSR in 2014
Aaron B. Smith —2014 – 2018--
Anna L. Valentine —2018 – current
Forensic Psychiatric Unit
October 1, 1975 an announcement was made that a forensic psychiatric care unit would be built and operated at LaGrange State Reformatory by Gov. Julian Carroll. The unit was authorized by the 1972 General Assembly. It had been planned for Central State Hospital but that facility was later leased to a private organization. The new facility to be jointly operated by Departments of Justice and Human Resources to provide psychiatric examination for persons needing that service prior to a court appearance.
Consent decree
Consent decree
On August 25, 1976 Jerald L. Kendrick, serving time at the Kentucky State Penitentiary, prepared a 40-page lawsuit and filed it in U.S. District Court at Paducah. Kendrick et al. vs. David H. Bland, et al. and James M. Thompson, et al. vs. David H. Bland, became a precedent for the handling of state prisoners. A settlement was reached on April 4, 1980 by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone of Princeton. Three prisons would have to come into compliance; Reformatory, Penitentiary and Kentucky Correctional Institution for Women.
The decree set out in the agreement that the state spend nearly $50 million over a four or five year time to satisfy just some of the complaints that Kendrick raised in his suit. That figure did not include $22 million that had already been spent on a new medium-security prison scheduled to open Fall of 1980 near the Reformatory.
John D. Rees, was hired as warden by Department of Corrections Commissioner, George Wilson, to bring Kentucky State Reformatory into compliance under the Federal Consent Decree issued by U.S. District Judge Edward Johnstone.
Among other changes at the Kentucky State Reformatory, the consent decree:
Capped the population at 1,200, thus requiring a reduction in the number of inmates by 600.
Banned double bunks in the dormitories.
Called for a three-step living skills program that educated inmates on how to make healthy decisions in prison and how to transition from confinement into life outside prison.
Called for additional educational and vocational programs.
Required the Reformatory to open a law library containing public federal documents including current Supreme Court rulings and federal statutes as well as current Kentucky State legal documents.
Ordered the improvement of medical and mental health services and implemented more staff training.
Called for a new visitation building.
Mandated specialized training programs for staff as well as a 20% pay raise for corrections officers.In March 1992, Judge Edward Johnstone ruled that the Kentucky State Reformatory had complied with the requirements of the consent decree.
Accreditation
Warden John Rees led the Kentucky State Reformatory to its initial ACA accreditation in 1982, the first facility to be accredited in Kentucky and its successful reaccreditation in 1985.
KSR programs
The Kentucky State Reformatory uses a unit management system. Inmates and staff are separated into smaller groups or units. The staff members of each unit include a unit manager, an assistant unit manager, correctional officers, engineering staff, and classification and treatment officers. According to the Kentucky Department of Corrections, the purpose of the unit team is to help inmates with issues such as institutional programming, parole board preparation, classification reviews, and developing release plans. The Kentucky State Reformatory also offers academic programs. The academic courses include adult basic education, GED preparation and college courses.
Chicken Hill - Prison Cemetery
The prison grounds contain a paupers' cemetery for unclaimed or indigent inmate remains.
Notable inmates
Michael Carneal – Heath High School shooter.
Harry Edward Greenwell – posthumously identified as the "I-65 Killer." Released in 1983 after serving time for burglary and escape.
Steve Nunn – former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives and son of former Kentucky governor Louie B. Nunn. Serving life sentence for murdering his former fiancée. Currently incarcerated at the Little Sandy Correctional Complex in Sandy Hook.
Gary Scott Pennington – East Carter High School shooter
Dustin McPhetridge - appeared on To Catch a Predator. Served from 2007 to 2009
References
Sources
Colvin, Mark. Penitentiaries, Reformatories and Chain Gangs, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Hayes, Fred E. American Prison System, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1939.
Garett, Paul and Austin MacCormick The Handbook of American Prisons, NY: National Society of Penal information, Inc., 1928
McKelvey, Blake. American Prisons, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1936.
1981 Supreme Court Case Consent Decree of Kentucky State Penitentiary
2008 Overview of Kentucky State Reformatory, Kentucky Department of Corrections
"Assessing Correctional Education Programs: The Student's Perspective", The Journal of Correctional Education
External links
Kentucky State Reformatory official website
"Serving Life: The Kentucky State Reformatory", an exhibit at the Oldham County Historical Center | operator | {
"answer_start": [
5282
],
"text": [
"Kentucky Department of Corrections"
]
} |
The Nesttun–Os Line (Norwegian: Nesttun–Osbanen) was a narrow gauge railway between Nesttun, now part of Bergen, and the community of Osøyro in Os municipality, Norway. As the first private railway in Norway, it opened 1 June 1894, designed to connect Os to the Voss Line, allowing for passenger and freight transport to Bergen and Voss. Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway was eventually driven out of business by competition from road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the railway was dismantled the following year.
Today, only short stretches of the railway and a few stations survive. Much of the former railway line is used as a bicycle path (rail trail), which makes revival of the Nesttun–Os Railway as a heritage railway very difficult. However, a 40 metre long railway stretch remains at Stend Station, the only unaltered remaining station, upon which a diesel locomotive and a passenger car are placed. The station building itself has been restored and is used as a museum.
History
Proposals to build a railway from Nesttun to Os were first made during the planning of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss. Initial plans called for slightly longer route via Os, Samnanger, Norheimsund and Granvin. At the time it was required that local municipalities finance 20% of railways, and in 1874, Os Municipality was encouraged to purchase shares for NOK 8,000. This was rejected by the municipal council, and eventually the Voss Line was instead built via Dale. In 1884, a committee was established in Fana to consider the possibility of building a branch line from Nesttun to Fana. But neither the municipality nor the county were willing to give grants to the line, and, the plans were shelved in 1885. At the same time, the physician Daniel Schumann Krüger started to popularize the possibility of building a connection from Nesttun to Osøren (now Osøyro). At the time it was popular to build tracks along existing roads and use slow locomotives, and Krüger at first proposed such a solution, but later determined to support a conventional railway.In 1884, a line from Os to Nesttun was estimated to cost NOK 885,000 plus land acquisition costs. Public meetings were held and in 1885 a committee was established. The following year, an application was sent to the state for NOK 3,000 in grants for preliminary work. It was presumed that the railway would be private, but the committee wanted to receive partial state funding. While the government favored the railway, the grant was a lower priority among the many proposed railway lines at the time. In 1888, an engineer from the state investigated the route, and recommended that the line be built via Rådal to increase the population which it would serve. In addition, Fanahammeren and Stend were regarded as transport hubs at the time. Following this, shares were issued for NOK 50,000 in the company, but this was not sufficient to finance the railway.Instead of raising more capital, Krüger tried to reduce the cost. He proposed reducing the minimum curve radius from 100 to 50 metres (330 to 160 ft) and reduce the gauge from the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge used on the Voss Line to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). This would allow the railway to have sharper curves and allow it to pass around any obstacles and hills, removing the need for cuttings and tunnels. Engineer Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum started planning the cheaper railway in 1889, and he estimated the cost to NOK 500,000. After the project was marketed in the Bergen press, shipowners Fredrik Georg Gade and Johan A. Mowinckel supported it, as did major Wollert Konow (SB). An application for a concession was sent on 15 March 1890, in which Gade and Mowinckel guaranteed the necessary capital. This made Nesttun-Os the first railway in Norway to be built without state grants. The construction contract was signed with Sontum on 29 March.The concession was granted on 2 February 1891 and had a duration of 40 years from the date the line started operation. The delay was in part because there was a debate about the gauge in the Parliament of Norway. The company opened for sales of shares on 3 March 1891. The largest owners were Gade (20%), Mowinckel (10%), Os Municipality (5%) and Krüger (2%). The municipality used a whole year's budget on the share purchases, and borrowed money to be repaid in 40 years. In addition to the share sales, the railway received free real estate from many farmers.The railway was constructed in 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge, the smallest gauge ever built in Norway. The smallest curve radius was 50 metres. This combination made it possible to avoid any tunnels whatsoever and the longest bridge was 8 metres. But it also meant that all goods had to be off-loaded at Nesttun and that the railway had a maximum speed of 25 km/h. The railway was of vast importance for the Os community, as it allowed for day trips to Bergen. The rail trip took only two hours, and was considerably faster and cheaper than travel by steam ship.Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway lost business to road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the track was demolished the following year.
Heritage
Most of the right-of-way still exists, although all the tracks were removed in 1936. In 1980, most of the right-of-way within Bergen was converted to a hiking and bicycle trail, and later asphalted. The right-of-way can therefore be walked 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from Nesttun to Kismul. Along 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) there is a combined path and road, although the latter has little traffic. The section from Selsvik to Ytre Sandvika was converted to a bicycle path in 2002, and in 2008, the path was extended another kilometer (half a mile) past Kismul. The remaining section past Kalandseid has been regulated, but lack of funding has delayed the process. While hiking is possible, the path is overgrown and some places become a swamp.From Kalandseid to Søfteland, the route runs next to European Route E39. South from Kalandseid, the route goes through private agricultural land towards Røykenes. In Os there is a section from Tømmernes to Søfteland that has been asphalted as a path. From Storestraumen south of Søfteland, about one kilometer (half a mile) has been converted to a gravel path. On this section is Bergstø Bridge, where 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of track has been laid.Stend Station has been converted to a railway museum and is the only station building to remain in its original design. In the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair, but from 1987, Friends of the Os Line started renovating it. It has a small display of artifacts from the railway, including old pictures, a film and items, including tools from the workshop. Outside there is a 70-metre (230 ft) long railway line. On it is a draisine from 1925, a combined third-class and post wagon from 1894. It consists of two half frames that were welded together, with bogies bought from Poland. It is the smallest bogies wagon in Norway. The station also features a water station. The museum also has a diesel locomotive which dates from 1967. It was used by Fana and later Bergen Municipality in the sewer tunnels, and was given to the museum in 1995. It features 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge, but otherwise has no resemblance with the material used on the Nesttun–Os Line.Os Station has been preserved and is owned by Os Municipality. Plans exist to renovate and revert it to its look from 1894, but lack of money has only resulted in the station being painted in the original colors. Plans call for a short section of track to be laid on the station area. The workshop has become the location of a sewer pumping station, although the exterior has been renovated to the original. The depot was built with decorative pillars, but there were built over in the 1930s. In the 1990s, these were removed again. Os Cultural Development has the rights to use the municipally owned building, and they have stated that they plan to convert it to a center for art. The building is planned expanded with a glass facade towards the fjord is planned, which would feature art workshops and ateliers.Ulven Station also remains, has been modernized and serves as a private residence. All the buildings at Kalandseid Station have been demolished, except a private residence. The station area of Hamre Station has been converted to a turning spot for buses. Fana Station still stands, but has been renovated and modernized to the unrecognizable, and serves as a private residence. Rådal Station is in use as a private residence.Two passenger cars are displayed at the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar, after they had served on the Urskog–Høland Line from 1935 to 1960. They are used on the museums Tertitt train that runs on the museum area. They were renovated in 1994–95. Os Municipality has a dismounted half wagon frame from an Oldbury wagon dating from 1894. A wagon frame built by Skabo in 1907 is in use in a garden at Kismul. It includes some original benches.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Tautra, Per Ivar (1996). Nesttun–Osbanen (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-16-3.
Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994). Banedate '94 (in Norwegian).
External links
Stend Station Museum | country | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
} |
The Nesttun–Os Line (Norwegian: Nesttun–Osbanen) was a narrow gauge railway between Nesttun, now part of Bergen, and the community of Osøyro in Os municipality, Norway. As the first private railway in Norway, it opened 1 June 1894, designed to connect Os to the Voss Line, allowing for passenger and freight transport to Bergen and Voss. Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway was eventually driven out of business by competition from road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the railway was dismantled the following year.
Today, only short stretches of the railway and a few stations survive. Much of the former railway line is used as a bicycle path (rail trail), which makes revival of the Nesttun–Os Railway as a heritage railway very difficult. However, a 40 metre long railway stretch remains at Stend Station, the only unaltered remaining station, upon which a diesel locomotive and a passenger car are placed. The station building itself has been restored and is used as a museum.
History
Proposals to build a railway from Nesttun to Os were first made during the planning of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss. Initial plans called for slightly longer route via Os, Samnanger, Norheimsund and Granvin. At the time it was required that local municipalities finance 20% of railways, and in 1874, Os Municipality was encouraged to purchase shares for NOK 8,000. This was rejected by the municipal council, and eventually the Voss Line was instead built via Dale. In 1884, a committee was established in Fana to consider the possibility of building a branch line from Nesttun to Fana. But neither the municipality nor the county were willing to give grants to the line, and, the plans were shelved in 1885. At the same time, the physician Daniel Schumann Krüger started to popularize the possibility of building a connection from Nesttun to Osøren (now Osøyro). At the time it was popular to build tracks along existing roads and use slow locomotives, and Krüger at first proposed such a solution, but later determined to support a conventional railway.In 1884, a line from Os to Nesttun was estimated to cost NOK 885,000 plus land acquisition costs. Public meetings were held and in 1885 a committee was established. The following year, an application was sent to the state for NOK 3,000 in grants for preliminary work. It was presumed that the railway would be private, but the committee wanted to receive partial state funding. While the government favored the railway, the grant was a lower priority among the many proposed railway lines at the time. In 1888, an engineer from the state investigated the route, and recommended that the line be built via Rådal to increase the population which it would serve. In addition, Fanahammeren and Stend were regarded as transport hubs at the time. Following this, shares were issued for NOK 50,000 in the company, but this was not sufficient to finance the railway.Instead of raising more capital, Krüger tried to reduce the cost. He proposed reducing the minimum curve radius from 100 to 50 metres (330 to 160 ft) and reduce the gauge from the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge used on the Voss Line to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). This would allow the railway to have sharper curves and allow it to pass around any obstacles and hills, removing the need for cuttings and tunnels. Engineer Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum started planning the cheaper railway in 1889, and he estimated the cost to NOK 500,000. After the project was marketed in the Bergen press, shipowners Fredrik Georg Gade and Johan A. Mowinckel supported it, as did major Wollert Konow (SB). An application for a concession was sent on 15 March 1890, in which Gade and Mowinckel guaranteed the necessary capital. This made Nesttun-Os the first railway in Norway to be built without state grants. The construction contract was signed with Sontum on 29 March.The concession was granted on 2 February 1891 and had a duration of 40 years from the date the line started operation. The delay was in part because there was a debate about the gauge in the Parliament of Norway. The company opened for sales of shares on 3 March 1891. The largest owners were Gade (20%), Mowinckel (10%), Os Municipality (5%) and Krüger (2%). The municipality used a whole year's budget on the share purchases, and borrowed money to be repaid in 40 years. In addition to the share sales, the railway received free real estate from many farmers.The railway was constructed in 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge, the smallest gauge ever built in Norway. The smallest curve radius was 50 metres. This combination made it possible to avoid any tunnels whatsoever and the longest bridge was 8 metres. But it also meant that all goods had to be off-loaded at Nesttun and that the railway had a maximum speed of 25 km/h. The railway was of vast importance for the Os community, as it allowed for day trips to Bergen. The rail trip took only two hours, and was considerably faster and cheaper than travel by steam ship.Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway lost business to road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the track was demolished the following year.
Heritage
Most of the right-of-way still exists, although all the tracks were removed in 1936. In 1980, most of the right-of-way within Bergen was converted to a hiking and bicycle trail, and later asphalted. The right-of-way can therefore be walked 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from Nesttun to Kismul. Along 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) there is a combined path and road, although the latter has little traffic. The section from Selsvik to Ytre Sandvika was converted to a bicycle path in 2002, and in 2008, the path was extended another kilometer (half a mile) past Kismul. The remaining section past Kalandseid has been regulated, but lack of funding has delayed the process. While hiking is possible, the path is overgrown and some places become a swamp.From Kalandseid to Søfteland, the route runs next to European Route E39. South from Kalandseid, the route goes through private agricultural land towards Røykenes. In Os there is a section from Tømmernes to Søfteland that has been asphalted as a path. From Storestraumen south of Søfteland, about one kilometer (half a mile) has been converted to a gravel path. On this section is Bergstø Bridge, where 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of track has been laid.Stend Station has been converted to a railway museum and is the only station building to remain in its original design. In the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair, but from 1987, Friends of the Os Line started renovating it. It has a small display of artifacts from the railway, including old pictures, a film and items, including tools from the workshop. Outside there is a 70-metre (230 ft) long railway line. On it is a draisine from 1925, a combined third-class and post wagon from 1894. It consists of two half frames that were welded together, with bogies bought from Poland. It is the smallest bogies wagon in Norway. The station also features a water station. The museum also has a diesel locomotive which dates from 1967. It was used by Fana and later Bergen Municipality in the sewer tunnels, and was given to the museum in 1995. It features 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge, but otherwise has no resemblance with the material used on the Nesttun–Os Line.Os Station has been preserved and is owned by Os Municipality. Plans exist to renovate and revert it to its look from 1894, but lack of money has only resulted in the station being painted in the original colors. Plans call for a short section of track to be laid on the station area. The workshop has become the location of a sewer pumping station, although the exterior has been renovated to the original. The depot was built with decorative pillars, but there were built over in the 1930s. In the 1990s, these were removed again. Os Cultural Development has the rights to use the municipally owned building, and they have stated that they plan to convert it to a center for art. The building is planned expanded with a glass facade towards the fjord is planned, which would feature art workshops and ateliers.Ulven Station also remains, has been modernized and serves as a private residence. All the buildings at Kalandseid Station have been demolished, except a private residence. The station area of Hamre Station has been converted to a turning spot for buses. Fana Station still stands, but has been renovated and modernized to the unrecognizable, and serves as a private residence. Rådal Station is in use as a private residence.Two passenger cars are displayed at the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar, after they had served on the Urskog–Høland Line from 1935 to 1960. They are used on the museums Tertitt train that runs on the museum area. They were renovated in 1994–95. Os Municipality has a dismounted half wagon frame from an Oldbury wagon dating from 1894. A wagon frame built by Skabo in 1907 is in use in a garden at Kismul. It includes some original benches.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Tautra, Per Ivar (1996). Nesttun–Osbanen (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-16-3.
Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994). Banedate '94 (in Norwegian).
External links
Stend Station Museum | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
711
],
"text": [
"railway line"
]
} |
The Nesttun–Os Line (Norwegian: Nesttun–Osbanen) was a narrow gauge railway between Nesttun, now part of Bergen, and the community of Osøyro in Os municipality, Norway. As the first private railway in Norway, it opened 1 June 1894, designed to connect Os to the Voss Line, allowing for passenger and freight transport to Bergen and Voss. Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway was eventually driven out of business by competition from road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the railway was dismantled the following year.
Today, only short stretches of the railway and a few stations survive. Much of the former railway line is used as a bicycle path (rail trail), which makes revival of the Nesttun–Os Railway as a heritage railway very difficult. However, a 40 metre long railway stretch remains at Stend Station, the only unaltered remaining station, upon which a diesel locomotive and a passenger car are placed. The station building itself has been restored and is used as a museum.
History
Proposals to build a railway from Nesttun to Os were first made during the planning of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss. Initial plans called for slightly longer route via Os, Samnanger, Norheimsund and Granvin. At the time it was required that local municipalities finance 20% of railways, and in 1874, Os Municipality was encouraged to purchase shares for NOK 8,000. This was rejected by the municipal council, and eventually the Voss Line was instead built via Dale. In 1884, a committee was established in Fana to consider the possibility of building a branch line from Nesttun to Fana. But neither the municipality nor the county were willing to give grants to the line, and, the plans were shelved in 1885. At the same time, the physician Daniel Schumann Krüger started to popularize the possibility of building a connection from Nesttun to Osøren (now Osøyro). At the time it was popular to build tracks along existing roads and use slow locomotives, and Krüger at first proposed such a solution, but later determined to support a conventional railway.In 1884, a line from Os to Nesttun was estimated to cost NOK 885,000 plus land acquisition costs. Public meetings were held and in 1885 a committee was established. The following year, an application was sent to the state for NOK 3,000 in grants for preliminary work. It was presumed that the railway would be private, but the committee wanted to receive partial state funding. While the government favored the railway, the grant was a lower priority among the many proposed railway lines at the time. In 1888, an engineer from the state investigated the route, and recommended that the line be built via Rådal to increase the population which it would serve. In addition, Fanahammeren and Stend were regarded as transport hubs at the time. Following this, shares were issued for NOK 50,000 in the company, but this was not sufficient to finance the railway.Instead of raising more capital, Krüger tried to reduce the cost. He proposed reducing the minimum curve radius from 100 to 50 metres (330 to 160 ft) and reduce the gauge from the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge used on the Voss Line to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). This would allow the railway to have sharper curves and allow it to pass around any obstacles and hills, removing the need for cuttings and tunnels. Engineer Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum started planning the cheaper railway in 1889, and he estimated the cost to NOK 500,000. After the project was marketed in the Bergen press, shipowners Fredrik Georg Gade and Johan A. Mowinckel supported it, as did major Wollert Konow (SB). An application for a concession was sent on 15 March 1890, in which Gade and Mowinckel guaranteed the necessary capital. This made Nesttun-Os the first railway in Norway to be built without state grants. The construction contract was signed with Sontum on 29 March.The concession was granted on 2 February 1891 and had a duration of 40 years from the date the line started operation. The delay was in part because there was a debate about the gauge in the Parliament of Norway. The company opened for sales of shares on 3 March 1891. The largest owners were Gade (20%), Mowinckel (10%), Os Municipality (5%) and Krüger (2%). The municipality used a whole year's budget on the share purchases, and borrowed money to be repaid in 40 years. In addition to the share sales, the railway received free real estate from many farmers.The railway was constructed in 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge, the smallest gauge ever built in Norway. The smallest curve radius was 50 metres. This combination made it possible to avoid any tunnels whatsoever and the longest bridge was 8 metres. But it also meant that all goods had to be off-loaded at Nesttun and that the railway had a maximum speed of 25 km/h. The railway was of vast importance for the Os community, as it allowed for day trips to Bergen. The rail trip took only two hours, and was considerably faster and cheaper than travel by steam ship.Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway lost business to road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the track was demolished the following year.
Heritage
Most of the right-of-way still exists, although all the tracks were removed in 1936. In 1980, most of the right-of-way within Bergen was converted to a hiking and bicycle trail, and later asphalted. The right-of-way can therefore be walked 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from Nesttun to Kismul. Along 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) there is a combined path and road, although the latter has little traffic. The section from Selsvik to Ytre Sandvika was converted to a bicycle path in 2002, and in 2008, the path was extended another kilometer (half a mile) past Kismul. The remaining section past Kalandseid has been regulated, but lack of funding has delayed the process. While hiking is possible, the path is overgrown and some places become a swamp.From Kalandseid to Søfteland, the route runs next to European Route E39. South from Kalandseid, the route goes through private agricultural land towards Røykenes. In Os there is a section from Tømmernes to Søfteland that has been asphalted as a path. From Storestraumen south of Søfteland, about one kilometer (half a mile) has been converted to a gravel path. On this section is Bergstø Bridge, where 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of track has been laid.Stend Station has been converted to a railway museum and is the only station building to remain in its original design. In the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair, but from 1987, Friends of the Os Line started renovating it. It has a small display of artifacts from the railway, including old pictures, a film and items, including tools from the workshop. Outside there is a 70-metre (230 ft) long railway line. On it is a draisine from 1925, a combined third-class and post wagon from 1894. It consists of two half frames that were welded together, with bogies bought from Poland. It is the smallest bogies wagon in Norway. The station also features a water station. The museum also has a diesel locomotive which dates from 1967. It was used by Fana and later Bergen Municipality in the sewer tunnels, and was given to the museum in 1995. It features 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge, but otherwise has no resemblance with the material used on the Nesttun–Os Line.Os Station has been preserved and is owned by Os Municipality. Plans exist to renovate and revert it to its look from 1894, but lack of money has only resulted in the station being painted in the original colors. Plans call for a short section of track to be laid on the station area. The workshop has become the location of a sewer pumping station, although the exterior has been renovated to the original. The depot was built with decorative pillars, but there were built over in the 1930s. In the 1990s, these were removed again. Os Cultural Development has the rights to use the municipally owned building, and they have stated that they plan to convert it to a center for art. The building is planned expanded with a glass facade towards the fjord is planned, which would feature art workshops and ateliers.Ulven Station also remains, has been modernized and serves as a private residence. All the buildings at Kalandseid Station have been demolished, except a private residence. The station area of Hamre Station has been converted to a turning spot for buses. Fana Station still stands, but has been renovated and modernized to the unrecognizable, and serves as a private residence. Rådal Station is in use as a private residence.Two passenger cars are displayed at the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar, after they had served on the Urskog–Høland Line from 1935 to 1960. They are used on the museums Tertitt train that runs on the museum area. They were renovated in 1994–95. Os Municipality has a dismounted half wagon frame from an Oldbury wagon dating from 1894. A wagon frame built by Skabo in 1907 is in use in a garden at Kismul. It includes some original benches.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Tautra, Per Ivar (1996). Nesttun–Osbanen (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-16-3.
Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994). Banedate '94 (in Norwegian).
External links
Stend Station Museum | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Nesttun–Osbanen"
]
} |
The Nesttun–Os Line (Norwegian: Nesttun–Osbanen) was a narrow gauge railway between Nesttun, now part of Bergen, and the community of Osøyro in Os municipality, Norway. As the first private railway in Norway, it opened 1 June 1894, designed to connect Os to the Voss Line, allowing for passenger and freight transport to Bergen and Voss. Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway was eventually driven out of business by competition from road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the railway was dismantled the following year.
Today, only short stretches of the railway and a few stations survive. Much of the former railway line is used as a bicycle path (rail trail), which makes revival of the Nesttun–Os Railway as a heritage railway very difficult. However, a 40 metre long railway stretch remains at Stend Station, the only unaltered remaining station, upon which a diesel locomotive and a passenger car are placed. The station building itself has been restored and is used as a museum.
History
Proposals to build a railway from Nesttun to Os were first made during the planning of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss. Initial plans called for slightly longer route via Os, Samnanger, Norheimsund and Granvin. At the time it was required that local municipalities finance 20% of railways, and in 1874, Os Municipality was encouraged to purchase shares for NOK 8,000. This was rejected by the municipal council, and eventually the Voss Line was instead built via Dale. In 1884, a committee was established in Fana to consider the possibility of building a branch line from Nesttun to Fana. But neither the municipality nor the county were willing to give grants to the line, and, the plans were shelved in 1885. At the same time, the physician Daniel Schumann Krüger started to popularize the possibility of building a connection from Nesttun to Osøren (now Osøyro). At the time it was popular to build tracks along existing roads and use slow locomotives, and Krüger at first proposed such a solution, but later determined to support a conventional railway.In 1884, a line from Os to Nesttun was estimated to cost NOK 885,000 plus land acquisition costs. Public meetings were held and in 1885 a committee was established. The following year, an application was sent to the state for NOK 3,000 in grants for preliminary work. It was presumed that the railway would be private, but the committee wanted to receive partial state funding. While the government favored the railway, the grant was a lower priority among the many proposed railway lines at the time. In 1888, an engineer from the state investigated the route, and recommended that the line be built via Rådal to increase the population which it would serve. In addition, Fanahammeren and Stend were regarded as transport hubs at the time. Following this, shares were issued for NOK 50,000 in the company, but this was not sufficient to finance the railway.Instead of raising more capital, Krüger tried to reduce the cost. He proposed reducing the minimum curve radius from 100 to 50 metres (330 to 160 ft) and reduce the gauge from the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge used on the Voss Line to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). This would allow the railway to have sharper curves and allow it to pass around any obstacles and hills, removing the need for cuttings and tunnels. Engineer Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum started planning the cheaper railway in 1889, and he estimated the cost to NOK 500,000. After the project was marketed in the Bergen press, shipowners Fredrik Georg Gade and Johan A. Mowinckel supported it, as did major Wollert Konow (SB). An application for a concession was sent on 15 March 1890, in which Gade and Mowinckel guaranteed the necessary capital. This made Nesttun-Os the first railway in Norway to be built without state grants. The construction contract was signed with Sontum on 29 March.The concession was granted on 2 February 1891 and had a duration of 40 years from the date the line started operation. The delay was in part because there was a debate about the gauge in the Parliament of Norway. The company opened for sales of shares on 3 March 1891. The largest owners were Gade (20%), Mowinckel (10%), Os Municipality (5%) and Krüger (2%). The municipality used a whole year's budget on the share purchases, and borrowed money to be repaid in 40 years. In addition to the share sales, the railway received free real estate from many farmers.The railway was constructed in 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge, the smallest gauge ever built in Norway. The smallest curve radius was 50 metres. This combination made it possible to avoid any tunnels whatsoever and the longest bridge was 8 metres. But it also meant that all goods had to be off-loaded at Nesttun and that the railway had a maximum speed of 25 km/h. The railway was of vast importance for the Os community, as it allowed for day trips to Bergen. The rail trip took only two hours, and was considerably faster and cheaper than travel by steam ship.Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway lost business to road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the track was demolished the following year.
Heritage
Most of the right-of-way still exists, although all the tracks were removed in 1936. In 1980, most of the right-of-way within Bergen was converted to a hiking and bicycle trail, and later asphalted. The right-of-way can therefore be walked 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from Nesttun to Kismul. Along 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) there is a combined path and road, although the latter has little traffic. The section from Selsvik to Ytre Sandvika was converted to a bicycle path in 2002, and in 2008, the path was extended another kilometer (half a mile) past Kismul. The remaining section past Kalandseid has been regulated, but lack of funding has delayed the process. While hiking is possible, the path is overgrown and some places become a swamp.From Kalandseid to Søfteland, the route runs next to European Route E39. South from Kalandseid, the route goes through private agricultural land towards Røykenes. In Os there is a section from Tømmernes to Søfteland that has been asphalted as a path. From Storestraumen south of Søfteland, about one kilometer (half a mile) has been converted to a gravel path. On this section is Bergstø Bridge, where 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of track has been laid.Stend Station has been converted to a railway museum and is the only station building to remain in its original design. In the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair, but from 1987, Friends of the Os Line started renovating it. It has a small display of artifacts from the railway, including old pictures, a film and items, including tools from the workshop. Outside there is a 70-metre (230 ft) long railway line. On it is a draisine from 1925, a combined third-class and post wagon from 1894. It consists of two half frames that were welded together, with bogies bought from Poland. It is the smallest bogies wagon in Norway. The station also features a water station. The museum also has a diesel locomotive which dates from 1967. It was used by Fana and later Bergen Municipality in the sewer tunnels, and was given to the museum in 1995. It features 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge, but otherwise has no resemblance with the material used on the Nesttun–Os Line.Os Station has been preserved and is owned by Os Municipality. Plans exist to renovate and revert it to its look from 1894, but lack of money has only resulted in the station being painted in the original colors. Plans call for a short section of track to be laid on the station area. The workshop has become the location of a sewer pumping station, although the exterior has been renovated to the original. The depot was built with decorative pillars, but there were built over in the 1930s. In the 1990s, these were removed again. Os Cultural Development has the rights to use the municipally owned building, and they have stated that they plan to convert it to a center for art. The building is planned expanded with a glass facade towards the fjord is planned, which would feature art workshops and ateliers.Ulven Station also remains, has been modernized and serves as a private residence. All the buildings at Kalandseid Station have been demolished, except a private residence. The station area of Hamre Station has been converted to a turning spot for buses. Fana Station still stands, but has been renovated and modernized to the unrecognizable, and serves as a private residence. Rådal Station is in use as a private residence.Two passenger cars are displayed at the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar, after they had served on the Urskog–Høland Line from 1935 to 1960. They are used on the museums Tertitt train that runs on the museum area. They were renovated in 1994–95. Os Municipality has a dismounted half wagon frame from an Oldbury wagon dating from 1894. A wagon frame built by Skabo in 1907 is in use in a garden at Kismul. It includes some original benches.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Tautra, Per Ivar (1996). Nesttun–Osbanen (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-16-3.
Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994). Banedate '94 (in Norwegian).
External links
Stend Station Museum | speed limit | {
"answer_start": [
4883
],
"text": [
"25"
]
} |
The Nesttun–Os Line (Norwegian: Nesttun–Osbanen) was a narrow gauge railway between Nesttun, now part of Bergen, and the community of Osøyro in Os municipality, Norway. As the first private railway in Norway, it opened 1 June 1894, designed to connect Os to the Voss Line, allowing for passenger and freight transport to Bergen and Voss. Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway was eventually driven out of business by competition from road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the railway was dismantled the following year.
Today, only short stretches of the railway and a few stations survive. Much of the former railway line is used as a bicycle path (rail trail), which makes revival of the Nesttun–Os Railway as a heritage railway very difficult. However, a 40 metre long railway stretch remains at Stend Station, the only unaltered remaining station, upon which a diesel locomotive and a passenger car are placed. The station building itself has been restored and is used as a museum.
History
Proposals to build a railway from Nesttun to Os were first made during the planning of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss. Initial plans called for slightly longer route via Os, Samnanger, Norheimsund and Granvin. At the time it was required that local municipalities finance 20% of railways, and in 1874, Os Municipality was encouraged to purchase shares for NOK 8,000. This was rejected by the municipal council, and eventually the Voss Line was instead built via Dale. In 1884, a committee was established in Fana to consider the possibility of building a branch line from Nesttun to Fana. But neither the municipality nor the county were willing to give grants to the line, and, the plans were shelved in 1885. At the same time, the physician Daniel Schumann Krüger started to popularize the possibility of building a connection from Nesttun to Osøren (now Osøyro). At the time it was popular to build tracks along existing roads and use slow locomotives, and Krüger at first proposed such a solution, but later determined to support a conventional railway.In 1884, a line from Os to Nesttun was estimated to cost NOK 885,000 plus land acquisition costs. Public meetings were held and in 1885 a committee was established. The following year, an application was sent to the state for NOK 3,000 in grants for preliminary work. It was presumed that the railway would be private, but the committee wanted to receive partial state funding. While the government favored the railway, the grant was a lower priority among the many proposed railway lines at the time. In 1888, an engineer from the state investigated the route, and recommended that the line be built via Rådal to increase the population which it would serve. In addition, Fanahammeren and Stend were regarded as transport hubs at the time. Following this, shares were issued for NOK 50,000 in the company, but this was not sufficient to finance the railway.Instead of raising more capital, Krüger tried to reduce the cost. He proposed reducing the minimum curve radius from 100 to 50 metres (330 to 160 ft) and reduce the gauge from the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge used on the Voss Line to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). This would allow the railway to have sharper curves and allow it to pass around any obstacles and hills, removing the need for cuttings and tunnels. Engineer Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum started planning the cheaper railway in 1889, and he estimated the cost to NOK 500,000. After the project was marketed in the Bergen press, shipowners Fredrik Georg Gade and Johan A. Mowinckel supported it, as did major Wollert Konow (SB). An application for a concession was sent on 15 March 1890, in which Gade and Mowinckel guaranteed the necessary capital. This made Nesttun-Os the first railway in Norway to be built without state grants. The construction contract was signed with Sontum on 29 March.The concession was granted on 2 February 1891 and had a duration of 40 years from the date the line started operation. The delay was in part because there was a debate about the gauge in the Parliament of Norway. The company opened for sales of shares on 3 March 1891. The largest owners were Gade (20%), Mowinckel (10%), Os Municipality (5%) and Krüger (2%). The municipality used a whole year's budget on the share purchases, and borrowed money to be repaid in 40 years. In addition to the share sales, the railway received free real estate from many farmers.The railway was constructed in 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge, the smallest gauge ever built in Norway. The smallest curve radius was 50 metres. This combination made it possible to avoid any tunnels whatsoever and the longest bridge was 8 metres. But it also meant that all goods had to be off-loaded at Nesttun and that the railway had a maximum speed of 25 km/h. The railway was of vast importance for the Os community, as it allowed for day trips to Bergen. The rail trip took only two hours, and was considerably faster and cheaper than travel by steam ship.Despite a boom caused by World War I, the railway lost business to road transport, which provided faster service. On 2 September 1935, it became the first Norwegian railway to close, and most of the track was demolished the following year.
Heritage
Most of the right-of-way still exists, although all the tracks were removed in 1936. In 1980, most of the right-of-way within Bergen was converted to a hiking and bicycle trail, and later asphalted. The right-of-way can therefore be walked 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from Nesttun to Kismul. Along 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) there is a combined path and road, although the latter has little traffic. The section from Selsvik to Ytre Sandvika was converted to a bicycle path in 2002, and in 2008, the path was extended another kilometer (half a mile) past Kismul. The remaining section past Kalandseid has been regulated, but lack of funding has delayed the process. While hiking is possible, the path is overgrown and some places become a swamp.From Kalandseid to Søfteland, the route runs next to European Route E39. South from Kalandseid, the route goes through private agricultural land towards Røykenes. In Os there is a section from Tømmernes to Søfteland that has been asphalted as a path. From Storestraumen south of Søfteland, about one kilometer (half a mile) has been converted to a gravel path. On this section is Bergstø Bridge, where 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of track has been laid.Stend Station has been converted to a railway museum and is the only station building to remain in its original design. In the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair, but from 1987, Friends of the Os Line started renovating it. It has a small display of artifacts from the railway, including old pictures, a film and items, including tools from the workshop. Outside there is a 70-metre (230 ft) long railway line. On it is a draisine from 1925, a combined third-class and post wagon from 1894. It consists of two half frames that were welded together, with bogies bought from Poland. It is the smallest bogies wagon in Norway. The station also features a water station. The museum also has a diesel locomotive which dates from 1967. It was used by Fana and later Bergen Municipality in the sewer tunnels, and was given to the museum in 1995. It features 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge, but otherwise has no resemblance with the material used on the Nesttun–Os Line.Os Station has been preserved and is owned by Os Municipality. Plans exist to renovate and revert it to its look from 1894, but lack of money has only resulted in the station being painted in the original colors. Plans call for a short section of track to be laid on the station area. The workshop has become the location of a sewer pumping station, although the exterior has been renovated to the original. The depot was built with decorative pillars, but there were built over in the 1930s. In the 1990s, these were removed again. Os Cultural Development has the rights to use the municipally owned building, and they have stated that they plan to convert it to a center for art. The building is planned expanded with a glass facade towards the fjord is planned, which would feature art workshops and ateliers.Ulven Station also remains, has been modernized and serves as a private residence. All the buildings at Kalandseid Station have been demolished, except a private residence. The station area of Hamre Station has been converted to a turning spot for buses. Fana Station still stands, but has been renovated and modernized to the unrecognizable, and serves as a private residence. Rådal Station is in use as a private residence.Two passenger cars are displayed at the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar, after they had served on the Urskog–Høland Line from 1935 to 1960. They are used on the museums Tertitt train that runs on the museum area. They were renovated in 1994–95. Os Municipality has a dismounted half wagon frame from an Oldbury wagon dating from 1894. A wagon frame built by Skabo in 1907 is in use in a garden at Kismul. It includes some original benches.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Tautra, Per Ivar (1996). Nesttun–Osbanen (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-16-3.
Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994). Banedate '94 (in Norwegian).
External links
Stend Station Museum | Store norske leksikon ID | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Nesttun–Osbanen"
]
} |
The following are the baseball events of the year 1889 throughout the world.
Champions
Major League Baseball
National League: New York Giants
American Association: Brooklyn BridegroomsWorld Series
New York defeated Brooklyn, six games to three.
Ohio ChampionshipFirst place: Columbus Solons
Second place: Cincinnati Red Stockings
Third place: Cleveland SpidersPhiladelphia ChampionshipDraw between the Philadelphia Quakers and the Philadelphia Athletics, who both won and lost five games apiece.
Minor League Baseball
Atlantic League: Worcester
California League: Oakland
Central Interstate League: Davenport
Michigan State League: Jackson
Middle States League: Harrisburg
New York State League: Auburn
Southern League: New Orleans
Tri-State League: Canton
Western Association: Omaha
College baseball
Tri-Collegiate League: Yale University
Major league baseball final standings
National League final standings
American Association final standings
Statistical leaders
National League statistical leaders
American Association statistical leaders
Notable seasons
Boston Beaneaters first baseman Dan Brouthers led the NL in batting average (.373). He was second in the NL in on-base percentage (.462), adjusted OPS+ (165), and runs batted in (118). He was third in the NL in slugging percentage (.507).
Boston Beaneaters pitcher John Clarkson had a win–loss record of 49–19 and led the NL in innings pitched (620), wins (49), shutouts (8), earned run average (2.73), adjusted ERA+ (150), and strikeouts (284).
Events
January–February
January 22 – The Indianapolis Hoosiers, with $30,000 in debt, surrender control of the franchise to the National League in the hopes of finding new ownership.
February 2 – John T. Brush heads up a group that assumes ownership of the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
February 8 – Demolition crews begin the dismantling of the Polo Grounds in order to run new streets through the property. The New York Giants will be forced to play their home games at the St. George Cricket Grounds until a new Polo Grounds is finished in early July.
February 19 – A tour of baseball players led by John Ward stages its first game in Europe, playing in Naples, Italy.
March–April
March 7 – Pittsburgh Allegheny players, Bill Kuehne and Ed Morris, are arrested and charged with operating a gambling house out of their billiard parlor. The charges against both are dropped when the prosecution's star witness fails to appear in court to testify against them.
March 20 – A New York City sporting goods house receives an order from Japan for baseball equipment. The corresponding letter states that a league will soon be formed as the game has been played there for several months already.
April 17 – The American Association season begins.
April 23 – New York Governor David Hill vetoes a bill from the state legislature that would block the street construction at the Polo Grounds.
April 29 – The New York Giants play their first home game at the St. George Cricket Grounds on Staten Island. The right fielder plays on a stage used for theatre productions in the multi-purpose complex.
May–June
May 1 – George Keefe of the Washington Nationals sets a record by walking seven batters in one inning in a game against the New York Giants.
May 2 – Yank Robinson of the St. Louis Browns is fined and suspended after getting into a shouting match with Browns owner Chris von der Ahe. His teammates nearly refuse to make a trip to Kansas City and do lose three straight games to the Cowboys amid suspicion they are throwing the games because of Robinson's suspension.
May 6 – Chris von der Ahe, owner of the Browns, rescinds Yank Robinson's suspension. The Browns respond by beating the Kansas City Cowboys, their first victory since the suspension.
May 7 – Yank Robinson returns to the Browns lineup and goes 4–6 at the plate, leading St. Louis to a 21–0 win over the Columbus Solons.
May 9 – Amos Rusie makes his major league debut with the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
May 14 – The Pittsburgh Alleghenys suspend pitchers Ed Morris and Pete Conway, so they will not have to pay the salaries for the two sore-armed pitchers. Morris will return in three weeks although he will never again be an effective pitcher while Conway, a 30-game winner in 1888, will never pitch again.
May 19 – Most of the seating is destroyed by fire at Brooklyn's Washington Park. The stands will be rebuilt within a month.
May 24 – Bill Kuehne of the Pittsburgh Alleghenys sets a record by handling 13 chances at third base in one game.
May 25 – When Dave Orr of the Columbus Solons refuses to leave the field after being ejected, umpire Fred Goldsmith declares the game forfeited to the visiting Brooklyn Bridegrooms. Both teams refuse to abide by the forfeit and complete the game after Orr is replaced by a substitute.
May 30 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms defeat the St. Louis Browns 9–7 in front of the largest crowd in American Association history. 22,122 fans fill Washington Park, which has only 3,000 seats available after the fire 11 days earlier that destroyed the stands.
June 7 – Pete Browning hits for the cycle in a losing cause, as the Louisville Colonels fall to the Philadelphia Athletics, 9–7. It is Louisville's 14th consecutive loss and the second time Browning has hit for the cycle in his career.
June 11 – Dan Brouthers strikes out in a game for the first time this season. Brouthers will end the year with only six strikeouts in over 550 plate appearances.
June 13 – After the Louisville Colonels lose their 19th straight game, owner-manager Mordecai Davidson threatens to fine each player $25 if they lose their next game, even though the players are already owed back pay by Davidson.
June 15 – Protesting Mordecai Davidson's threat of fines, only six Louisville Colonels players show up for their game against the Baltimore Orioles. Davidson is forced to pick up three Baltimore amateurs to play the outfield. Charles Fisher, John Traffley and Mike Gaule each make the only appearance of their careers as Louisville loses their 20th in a row.
June 17 – After consulting Baltimore manager, Billy Barnie, the striking players of the Louisville Colonels return to the field for a doubleheader. The Colonels blow a ninth inning 6–3 lead in Game 1 to lose and manage only one hit while committing seven errors to drop the second game.
June 19 – Center fielder Dummy Hoy sets a major league record by throwing three runners out at the plate in one game.
June 22 – The Sporting News reports that major league players are unhappy with the classification system for pay and no say or share in their sale to other clubs, and that a strike is imminent beginning in early July.
June 22 – The Louisville Colonels drop a pair of games to the St. Louis Browns to extend their losing streak to 26 games, which still stands as the major league record.
June 23 – Louisville finally gets a win in defeating the Browns 7–3.
June 24 – Louisville owner-manager Mordecai Davidson resigns as manager and hires an Eclipse Park employee as the new manager, although right fielder Jimmy Wolf will actually run the team.
June 28 – Billy Hamilton hits three triples in the first game of a doubleheader and then adds another one in the nightcap to set a record for most triples in a doubleheader.
July–August
Early July – John Montgomery Ward convinces representatives for The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players to hold off on their planned strike for a couple of weeks until he can present them with a better long-term solution.
July 2 – Louisville Colonels owner Mordecai Davidson, unable to pay the players salaries, turns the team over to the American Association. The AA will announce new ownership for the team within 3 days.
July 6 – Player-manager John Morrill, with his team in last place in the National League at 13–40 and a personal batting average of .185, is let go by the Washington Nationals after leaving the team to go see ailing relatives in Worcester.
July 8 – The New York Giants play their first game at the newly relocated Polo Grounds. The stadium will remain a fixture in major league baseball until its demolition in 1964.
July 12 – John Clarkson of the Boston Beaneaters is taken out after pitching five innings of no-hit ball in order to rest him for his next start. His teammate, reliever Bill Sowders, allows one hit over the last four innings for the combined one-hitter.
July 14 – Albert Spalding publishes his ideas for the classification and structure of the minor leagues. His ideas will be the foundation of minor league baseball that last to the present day.
July 14 – At a secret meeting of the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players held at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City, John Montgomery Ward instructs Brotherhood representatives that "each player look up the feasibility of securing capital in his own city" for the purpose of starting a competing league that would give the players an equal say in all baseball matters.
July 24 – Joe Dowie will collect only 17 hits in his one season of major league baseball, but five of them come on this day in as he helps the Baltimore Orioles to an easy 17–3 win over the Louisville Colonels.
July 26 – Jay Faatz hits possibly the shortest grand slam ever when he hits a ball that ricochets off of the third baseman's foot and rolls under some temporary bleachers placed close to third base. Faatz circles the bases as the ball is still in play according to the park's ground rules.
July 29 – Mike "King" Kelly of the Boston Beaneaters robs the Philadelphia Quakers of a victory when, after Sam Thompson had apparently hit a long drive over the right field fence for a home run, he manages to throw a ball back into the infield that holds Thompson on the bases. While the Quakers argue that Kelly used a different ball, the umpire rules it is the game ball and allows the play to stand. Thompson is stranded on base as the Beaneaters go on to win 7–6 in extra innings.
August 7 – The Cleveland Spiders score 14 runs in the third inning, still a record for that inning, during a 20–6 win over the Washington Nationals.
August 8 – Shortstop Jack Glasscock of the Indianapolis Hoosiers hits for the cycle against the New York Giants. Indianapolis wins, 14–4.
August 12 – The first-place St. Louis Browns complete a three-game sweep in St. Louis over the second place Brooklyn Bridegrooms, with an 11–0 win in front of 32,911 fans.
August 15 – Cleveland Spiders outfielder Larry Twitchell hits for the cycle in a 19–8 victory over the Boston Beaneaters. In addition, the Spiders become the first Major League team to score a run in every inning of a game.
August 18 – The Cincinnati police stop a scheduled Cincinnati Red Stockings Sunday game after a court ruling prohibits Sunday baseball. The ban will be a factor in the Red Stockings' decision to jump to the National League in 1890.
August 25 – The Red Stockings are again stopped by police from playing a Sunday game.
September–October
September 1 – After having led the American Association all but three days of the season, the St. Louis Browns fall out of first place by losing in extra innings to the Columbus Solons.
September 3 – Con Daily of the Indianapolis Hoosiers makes the final out in a 7–6 loss to the Boston Beaneaters just after the umpire had apparently called time. Given a second chance, Daily hits a two-run single to give the Hoosiers an 8–7 win.
September 7 – In a critical two-game series, the St. Louis Browns leave the field in Brooklyn in the ninth inning leading 4–2 claiming it is too dark to continue play. Umpire Fred Goldsmith disagrees and forfeits the game to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. Several Browns players are hit by thrown bottles as they leave the park.
September 8 – Citing safety concerns, the Browns fail to show for their game against Brooklyn and forfeit for the second day in a row, giving the Bridegrooms a 4½ game lead over the Browns.
September 11 – In a season that will have 135 rainouts between the two leagues, every scheduled game in both leagues is postponed due to rain on this day.
September 23 – The American Association, in an emergency meeting, overturns the forfeit by the St. Louis Browns on September 7 and awards them a 4–2 victory. The ruling draws the Browns back to within 4½ games of the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
September 25 – The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players' organizational plan for a new Players' League is leaked to the press in New York City. It calls for clubs to be owned jointly by players and capitalists.
September 27 – Out of the pennant race, the Philadelphia Quakers make a largely symbolic move by releasing Brotherhood activists outfielder George Wood, who is batting .251, and pitcher Dan Casey, who has a 6–10 record.
October 5 – The New York Giants clinch the National League pennant on the last day of the season with a 5–3 win coupled with the Boston Beaneaters 6–1 loss. It was the first time in major league history that the pennant was determined on the last day of the season.
October 6 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms complete their home schedule with a 9–0 victory. Brooklyn sets a new National League season attendance record by drawing 353,690 fans in a season.
October 15 – Having to win their final five games to win the American Association pennant, the St. Louis Browns lose in their first try, giving the flag to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms who have already completed their season.
October 18 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms take Game 1 of the best-of-11 World Series with a 12–10 victory over the New York Giants.
October 19 – The Giants even the series by taking Game 2 by a score of 6–2.
October 22 – The Bridegrooms take Game 3 by a score of 8–7 in a game called because of darkness that ends with the Giants having the bases loaded and one out in the top of the ninth inning.
October 23 – In another game called early by darkness, New York scores five runs in the top of the sixth inning to tie the game at seven, only to see the Bridegrooms win it on a three-run homer by Oyster Burns in the bottom of the sixth.
October 24 – The Giants win Game 5 by a score of 11–3.
October 25 – New York evens the series at three games apiece by tying the game at 1 with a run in the ninth inning. The Giants then win it in the 11th inning as Hank O'Day outlasts Adonis Terry in the 2–1 extra inning thriller.
October 26 – New York wins again, taking an 11–7 triumph over the Bridegrooms.
October 28 – The Giants win their fourth straight game by defeating Brooklyn 16–7.
October 29 – The New York Giants win their second consecutive World Series title by beating the Brooklyn Bridegrooms, 3–2, for their fifth straight win in taking the series 6 games to 3.
November–December
November 4 – The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players issues its Manifesto stating that "players have been bought‚ sold and exchanged as though they were sheep instead of American citizens."
November 7 – The Brotherhood meets to begin formal preparation for their new Players' League to begin in the 1890 season.
November 13 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms and the Cincinnati Red Stockings jump from the American Association to the National League in the middle of an AA league meeting.
November 14 – The Kansas City Cowboys drop out of the American Association in order to join the Western League.
November 21 – The National League issues its reply to the Players' League manifesto. Claiming that the League saved baseball in 1876 and that under the reserve rules players' salaries had "more than trebled", the NL denounces the Brotherhood movement as "the efforts of certain overpaid players to again control [baseball] for their own aggrandizement. . . to its ultimate dishonor and disintegration."
November 25 – Former Indianapolis Hoosiers shortstop Jack Glasscock, claiming that his pledge to the Players' League does not constitute a binding contract, becomes the first defection from the Brotherhood when he signs with the New York Giants of the National League, thus becoming the first "double jumper" in major league history.
November 30 – The Baltimore Orioles drop out of the American Association, leaving the AA with only four teams.
December 16 – The Players' League is formally organized, selecting Colonel Edwin A. McAlpin as president.
December 17 – The Players' League votes to utilize a two-man umpiring crew for their 1890 season and also set their pitching distance at 57 feet, a 1½ foot increase over the NL and AA.
December 18 – The Players' League votes to expel any Brotherhood member who has signed an 1890 contract with either the National League or American Association. Some of these players will be later reinstated after they jump back to the PL.
December 20 – The Toledo Maumees are admitted to the American Association, bringing the AA to five teams.
December 20 – In the first of many court battles, Charlie Buffinton and Bill Hallman are served with papers for allegedly breaking their contracts with the National League Philadelphia Quakers.
December 23 – The New York Giants go to court seeking an injunction to prevent John Montgomery Ward from playing baseball for another team in 1890.
Births
January–April
January 7 – Leo Murphy
January 16 – Erskine Mayer^
January 22 – Amos Strunk
January 25 – Les Nunamaker
February 12 – George Cochran
February 18 – George Mogridge
March 5 – Jeff Tesreau
March 12 – Reb Russell
April 4 – Dutch Lerchen
April 13 – Claude Hendrix
April 27 – Hy Myers^Some sources show 1890
May–August
May 7 – Wilson Collins
May 19 – Wally Snell
June 1 – Otto Miller
June 4 – Lee Magee
July 8 – Pearl Webster
July 13 – Stan Coveleski
June 14 – Ray Morgan
July 16 – Joe Jackson
June 24 – Paul Musser
July 28 – Bullet Rogan
July 31 – Dan Marion
August 22 – Wally Schang
August 24 – Hank Gowdy
September–December
September 5 – Bingo DeMoss
September 18 – Heinie Groh
September 22 – Hooks Dauss
September 25 – Dave Robertson
September 28 – Jack Fournier
October 5 – Jim Bagby
October 23 – Hugh Bedient
October 25 – Smoky Joe Wood
October 26 – Tommy Griffith
November 24 – George J. Burns
December 1 – Willie Mitchell
December 10 – Jimmy Johnston
December 13 – Fritz Coumbe
December 14 – Lefty Tyler
December 19 – Sam Dodge
December 23 – Cozy Dolan
December 26 – John Henry
Deaths
January 15 – Lew Brown, 30, catcher for 1877 NL champion Boston Red Caps and who batted .305 for the 1878 Providence Grays.
January 26 – Tom Gillen, 26, catcher for the 1884 Philadelphia Keystones of the Union Association.
February 24 – Jim McElroy, 26, pitched for 2 teams in 1884.
March 28 – Tom Smith, 37?, played in 3 games for the 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics.
April 12 – Frank Ringo, 28, journeyman utility player from 1883 to 1886.
May 20 – Oscar Walker, 35, center fielder and first baseman who led the American Association in home runs with the 1882 St. Louis Browns.
June 9 – Mike Burke, 35?, reserve for the 1879 Cincinnati Reds.
June 20 – Pat McGee, age unknown, utility player from 1874 to 1875.
July 22 – John Greason, 37, back-up pitcher for the 1873 Washington Blue Legs.
August 8 – Harry McCormick, 33, pitcher who won 41 games from 1879 to 1883.
September 9 – Jack Gorman, 30?, journeyman utility player in 1883–1884.
References
Spalding's Official 1890 Base Ball Guide. New York: A. G. Spalding & Bros. 1890. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
Nemec, David (1994). The Beer and Whiskey League: The Illustrated History of the American Association-Baseball's Renegade Major League. New York: Lyons & Burford, Publishers ISBN 1-55821-285-X
External links
1889 National League season at Baseball-Reference.com
1889 American Association season at Baseball-Reference.com
Charlton's Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary.com
Year by Year History at Baseball-Almanac.com
Retrosheet.org
Business of Baseball.com article on the formation and history of the Players' League Archived 2007-02-02 at the Wayback Machine | sport | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"baseball"
]
} |
The following are the baseball events of the year 1889 throughout the world.
Champions
Major League Baseball
National League: New York Giants
American Association: Brooklyn BridegroomsWorld Series
New York defeated Brooklyn, six games to three.
Ohio ChampionshipFirst place: Columbus Solons
Second place: Cincinnati Red Stockings
Third place: Cleveland SpidersPhiladelphia ChampionshipDraw between the Philadelphia Quakers and the Philadelphia Athletics, who both won and lost five games apiece.
Minor League Baseball
Atlantic League: Worcester
California League: Oakland
Central Interstate League: Davenport
Michigan State League: Jackson
Middle States League: Harrisburg
New York State League: Auburn
Southern League: New Orleans
Tri-State League: Canton
Western Association: Omaha
College baseball
Tri-Collegiate League: Yale University
Major league baseball final standings
National League final standings
American Association final standings
Statistical leaders
National League statistical leaders
American Association statistical leaders
Notable seasons
Boston Beaneaters first baseman Dan Brouthers led the NL in batting average (.373). He was second in the NL in on-base percentage (.462), adjusted OPS+ (165), and runs batted in (118). He was third in the NL in slugging percentage (.507).
Boston Beaneaters pitcher John Clarkson had a win–loss record of 49–19 and led the NL in innings pitched (620), wins (49), shutouts (8), earned run average (2.73), adjusted ERA+ (150), and strikeouts (284).
Events
January–February
January 22 – The Indianapolis Hoosiers, with $30,000 in debt, surrender control of the franchise to the National League in the hopes of finding new ownership.
February 2 – John T. Brush heads up a group that assumes ownership of the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
February 8 – Demolition crews begin the dismantling of the Polo Grounds in order to run new streets through the property. The New York Giants will be forced to play their home games at the St. George Cricket Grounds until a new Polo Grounds is finished in early July.
February 19 – A tour of baseball players led by John Ward stages its first game in Europe, playing in Naples, Italy.
March–April
March 7 – Pittsburgh Allegheny players, Bill Kuehne and Ed Morris, are arrested and charged with operating a gambling house out of their billiard parlor. The charges against both are dropped when the prosecution's star witness fails to appear in court to testify against them.
March 20 – A New York City sporting goods house receives an order from Japan for baseball equipment. The corresponding letter states that a league will soon be formed as the game has been played there for several months already.
April 17 – The American Association season begins.
April 23 – New York Governor David Hill vetoes a bill from the state legislature that would block the street construction at the Polo Grounds.
April 29 – The New York Giants play their first home game at the St. George Cricket Grounds on Staten Island. The right fielder plays on a stage used for theatre productions in the multi-purpose complex.
May–June
May 1 – George Keefe of the Washington Nationals sets a record by walking seven batters in one inning in a game against the New York Giants.
May 2 – Yank Robinson of the St. Louis Browns is fined and suspended after getting into a shouting match with Browns owner Chris von der Ahe. His teammates nearly refuse to make a trip to Kansas City and do lose three straight games to the Cowboys amid suspicion they are throwing the games because of Robinson's suspension.
May 6 – Chris von der Ahe, owner of the Browns, rescinds Yank Robinson's suspension. The Browns respond by beating the Kansas City Cowboys, their first victory since the suspension.
May 7 – Yank Robinson returns to the Browns lineup and goes 4–6 at the plate, leading St. Louis to a 21–0 win over the Columbus Solons.
May 9 – Amos Rusie makes his major league debut with the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
May 14 – The Pittsburgh Alleghenys suspend pitchers Ed Morris and Pete Conway, so they will not have to pay the salaries for the two sore-armed pitchers. Morris will return in three weeks although he will never again be an effective pitcher while Conway, a 30-game winner in 1888, will never pitch again.
May 19 – Most of the seating is destroyed by fire at Brooklyn's Washington Park. The stands will be rebuilt within a month.
May 24 – Bill Kuehne of the Pittsburgh Alleghenys sets a record by handling 13 chances at third base in one game.
May 25 – When Dave Orr of the Columbus Solons refuses to leave the field after being ejected, umpire Fred Goldsmith declares the game forfeited to the visiting Brooklyn Bridegrooms. Both teams refuse to abide by the forfeit and complete the game after Orr is replaced by a substitute.
May 30 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms defeat the St. Louis Browns 9–7 in front of the largest crowd in American Association history. 22,122 fans fill Washington Park, which has only 3,000 seats available after the fire 11 days earlier that destroyed the stands.
June 7 – Pete Browning hits for the cycle in a losing cause, as the Louisville Colonels fall to the Philadelphia Athletics, 9–7. It is Louisville's 14th consecutive loss and the second time Browning has hit for the cycle in his career.
June 11 – Dan Brouthers strikes out in a game for the first time this season. Brouthers will end the year with only six strikeouts in over 550 plate appearances.
June 13 – After the Louisville Colonels lose their 19th straight game, owner-manager Mordecai Davidson threatens to fine each player $25 if they lose their next game, even though the players are already owed back pay by Davidson.
June 15 – Protesting Mordecai Davidson's threat of fines, only six Louisville Colonels players show up for their game against the Baltimore Orioles. Davidson is forced to pick up three Baltimore amateurs to play the outfield. Charles Fisher, John Traffley and Mike Gaule each make the only appearance of their careers as Louisville loses their 20th in a row.
June 17 – After consulting Baltimore manager, Billy Barnie, the striking players of the Louisville Colonels return to the field for a doubleheader. The Colonels blow a ninth inning 6–3 lead in Game 1 to lose and manage only one hit while committing seven errors to drop the second game.
June 19 – Center fielder Dummy Hoy sets a major league record by throwing three runners out at the plate in one game.
June 22 – The Sporting News reports that major league players are unhappy with the classification system for pay and no say or share in their sale to other clubs, and that a strike is imminent beginning in early July.
June 22 – The Louisville Colonels drop a pair of games to the St. Louis Browns to extend their losing streak to 26 games, which still stands as the major league record.
June 23 – Louisville finally gets a win in defeating the Browns 7–3.
June 24 – Louisville owner-manager Mordecai Davidson resigns as manager and hires an Eclipse Park employee as the new manager, although right fielder Jimmy Wolf will actually run the team.
June 28 – Billy Hamilton hits three triples in the first game of a doubleheader and then adds another one in the nightcap to set a record for most triples in a doubleheader.
July–August
Early July – John Montgomery Ward convinces representatives for The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players to hold off on their planned strike for a couple of weeks until he can present them with a better long-term solution.
July 2 – Louisville Colonels owner Mordecai Davidson, unable to pay the players salaries, turns the team over to the American Association. The AA will announce new ownership for the team within 3 days.
July 6 – Player-manager John Morrill, with his team in last place in the National League at 13–40 and a personal batting average of .185, is let go by the Washington Nationals after leaving the team to go see ailing relatives in Worcester.
July 8 – The New York Giants play their first game at the newly relocated Polo Grounds. The stadium will remain a fixture in major league baseball until its demolition in 1964.
July 12 – John Clarkson of the Boston Beaneaters is taken out after pitching five innings of no-hit ball in order to rest him for his next start. His teammate, reliever Bill Sowders, allows one hit over the last four innings for the combined one-hitter.
July 14 – Albert Spalding publishes his ideas for the classification and structure of the minor leagues. His ideas will be the foundation of minor league baseball that last to the present day.
July 14 – At a secret meeting of the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players held at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City, John Montgomery Ward instructs Brotherhood representatives that "each player look up the feasibility of securing capital in his own city" for the purpose of starting a competing league that would give the players an equal say in all baseball matters.
July 24 – Joe Dowie will collect only 17 hits in his one season of major league baseball, but five of them come on this day in as he helps the Baltimore Orioles to an easy 17–3 win over the Louisville Colonels.
July 26 – Jay Faatz hits possibly the shortest grand slam ever when he hits a ball that ricochets off of the third baseman's foot and rolls under some temporary bleachers placed close to third base. Faatz circles the bases as the ball is still in play according to the park's ground rules.
July 29 – Mike "King" Kelly of the Boston Beaneaters robs the Philadelphia Quakers of a victory when, after Sam Thompson had apparently hit a long drive over the right field fence for a home run, he manages to throw a ball back into the infield that holds Thompson on the bases. While the Quakers argue that Kelly used a different ball, the umpire rules it is the game ball and allows the play to stand. Thompson is stranded on base as the Beaneaters go on to win 7–6 in extra innings.
August 7 – The Cleveland Spiders score 14 runs in the third inning, still a record for that inning, during a 20–6 win over the Washington Nationals.
August 8 – Shortstop Jack Glasscock of the Indianapolis Hoosiers hits for the cycle against the New York Giants. Indianapolis wins, 14–4.
August 12 – The first-place St. Louis Browns complete a three-game sweep in St. Louis over the second place Brooklyn Bridegrooms, with an 11–0 win in front of 32,911 fans.
August 15 – Cleveland Spiders outfielder Larry Twitchell hits for the cycle in a 19–8 victory over the Boston Beaneaters. In addition, the Spiders become the first Major League team to score a run in every inning of a game.
August 18 – The Cincinnati police stop a scheduled Cincinnati Red Stockings Sunday game after a court ruling prohibits Sunday baseball. The ban will be a factor in the Red Stockings' decision to jump to the National League in 1890.
August 25 – The Red Stockings are again stopped by police from playing a Sunday game.
September–October
September 1 – After having led the American Association all but three days of the season, the St. Louis Browns fall out of first place by losing in extra innings to the Columbus Solons.
September 3 – Con Daily of the Indianapolis Hoosiers makes the final out in a 7–6 loss to the Boston Beaneaters just after the umpire had apparently called time. Given a second chance, Daily hits a two-run single to give the Hoosiers an 8–7 win.
September 7 – In a critical two-game series, the St. Louis Browns leave the field in Brooklyn in the ninth inning leading 4–2 claiming it is too dark to continue play. Umpire Fred Goldsmith disagrees and forfeits the game to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. Several Browns players are hit by thrown bottles as they leave the park.
September 8 – Citing safety concerns, the Browns fail to show for their game against Brooklyn and forfeit for the second day in a row, giving the Bridegrooms a 4½ game lead over the Browns.
September 11 – In a season that will have 135 rainouts between the two leagues, every scheduled game in both leagues is postponed due to rain on this day.
September 23 – The American Association, in an emergency meeting, overturns the forfeit by the St. Louis Browns on September 7 and awards them a 4–2 victory. The ruling draws the Browns back to within 4½ games of the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
September 25 – The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players' organizational plan for a new Players' League is leaked to the press in New York City. It calls for clubs to be owned jointly by players and capitalists.
September 27 – Out of the pennant race, the Philadelphia Quakers make a largely symbolic move by releasing Brotherhood activists outfielder George Wood, who is batting .251, and pitcher Dan Casey, who has a 6–10 record.
October 5 – The New York Giants clinch the National League pennant on the last day of the season with a 5–3 win coupled with the Boston Beaneaters 6–1 loss. It was the first time in major league history that the pennant was determined on the last day of the season.
October 6 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms complete their home schedule with a 9–0 victory. Brooklyn sets a new National League season attendance record by drawing 353,690 fans in a season.
October 15 – Having to win their final five games to win the American Association pennant, the St. Louis Browns lose in their first try, giving the flag to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms who have already completed their season.
October 18 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms take Game 1 of the best-of-11 World Series with a 12–10 victory over the New York Giants.
October 19 – The Giants even the series by taking Game 2 by a score of 6–2.
October 22 – The Bridegrooms take Game 3 by a score of 8–7 in a game called because of darkness that ends with the Giants having the bases loaded and one out in the top of the ninth inning.
October 23 – In another game called early by darkness, New York scores five runs in the top of the sixth inning to tie the game at seven, only to see the Bridegrooms win it on a three-run homer by Oyster Burns in the bottom of the sixth.
October 24 – The Giants win Game 5 by a score of 11–3.
October 25 – New York evens the series at three games apiece by tying the game at 1 with a run in the ninth inning. The Giants then win it in the 11th inning as Hank O'Day outlasts Adonis Terry in the 2–1 extra inning thriller.
October 26 – New York wins again, taking an 11–7 triumph over the Bridegrooms.
October 28 – The Giants win their fourth straight game by defeating Brooklyn 16–7.
October 29 – The New York Giants win their second consecutive World Series title by beating the Brooklyn Bridegrooms, 3–2, for their fifth straight win in taking the series 6 games to 3.
November–December
November 4 – The Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players issues its Manifesto stating that "players have been bought‚ sold and exchanged as though they were sheep instead of American citizens."
November 7 – The Brotherhood meets to begin formal preparation for their new Players' League to begin in the 1890 season.
November 13 – The Brooklyn Bridegrooms and the Cincinnati Red Stockings jump from the American Association to the National League in the middle of an AA league meeting.
November 14 – The Kansas City Cowboys drop out of the American Association in order to join the Western League.
November 21 – The National League issues its reply to the Players' League manifesto. Claiming that the League saved baseball in 1876 and that under the reserve rules players' salaries had "more than trebled", the NL denounces the Brotherhood movement as "the efforts of certain overpaid players to again control [baseball] for their own aggrandizement. . . to its ultimate dishonor and disintegration."
November 25 – Former Indianapolis Hoosiers shortstop Jack Glasscock, claiming that his pledge to the Players' League does not constitute a binding contract, becomes the first defection from the Brotherhood when he signs with the New York Giants of the National League, thus becoming the first "double jumper" in major league history.
November 30 – The Baltimore Orioles drop out of the American Association, leaving the AA with only four teams.
December 16 – The Players' League is formally organized, selecting Colonel Edwin A. McAlpin as president.
December 17 – The Players' League votes to utilize a two-man umpiring crew for their 1890 season and also set their pitching distance at 57 feet, a 1½ foot increase over the NL and AA.
December 18 – The Players' League votes to expel any Brotherhood member who has signed an 1890 contract with either the National League or American Association. Some of these players will be later reinstated after they jump back to the PL.
December 20 – The Toledo Maumees are admitted to the American Association, bringing the AA to five teams.
December 20 – In the first of many court battles, Charlie Buffinton and Bill Hallman are served with papers for allegedly breaking their contracts with the National League Philadelphia Quakers.
December 23 – The New York Giants go to court seeking an injunction to prevent John Montgomery Ward from playing baseball for another team in 1890.
Births
January–April
January 7 – Leo Murphy
January 16 – Erskine Mayer^
January 22 – Amos Strunk
January 25 – Les Nunamaker
February 12 – George Cochran
February 18 – George Mogridge
March 5 – Jeff Tesreau
March 12 – Reb Russell
April 4 – Dutch Lerchen
April 13 – Claude Hendrix
April 27 – Hy Myers^Some sources show 1890
May–August
May 7 – Wilson Collins
May 19 – Wally Snell
June 1 – Otto Miller
June 4 – Lee Magee
July 8 – Pearl Webster
July 13 – Stan Coveleski
June 14 – Ray Morgan
July 16 – Joe Jackson
June 24 – Paul Musser
July 28 – Bullet Rogan
July 31 – Dan Marion
August 22 – Wally Schang
August 24 – Hank Gowdy
September–December
September 5 – Bingo DeMoss
September 18 – Heinie Groh
September 22 – Hooks Dauss
September 25 – Dave Robertson
September 28 – Jack Fournier
October 5 – Jim Bagby
October 23 – Hugh Bedient
October 25 – Smoky Joe Wood
October 26 – Tommy Griffith
November 24 – George J. Burns
December 1 – Willie Mitchell
December 10 – Jimmy Johnston
December 13 – Fritz Coumbe
December 14 – Lefty Tyler
December 19 – Sam Dodge
December 23 – Cozy Dolan
December 26 – John Henry
Deaths
January 15 – Lew Brown, 30, catcher for 1877 NL champion Boston Red Caps and who batted .305 for the 1878 Providence Grays.
January 26 – Tom Gillen, 26, catcher for the 1884 Philadelphia Keystones of the Union Association.
February 24 – Jim McElroy, 26, pitched for 2 teams in 1884.
March 28 – Tom Smith, 37?, played in 3 games for the 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics.
April 12 – Frank Ringo, 28, journeyman utility player from 1883 to 1886.
May 20 – Oscar Walker, 35, center fielder and first baseman who led the American Association in home runs with the 1882 St. Louis Browns.
June 9 – Mike Burke, 35?, reserve for the 1879 Cincinnati Reds.
June 20 – Pat McGee, age unknown, utility player from 1874 to 1875.
July 22 – John Greason, 37, back-up pitcher for the 1873 Washington Blue Legs.
August 8 – Harry McCormick, 33, pitcher who won 41 games from 1879 to 1883.
September 9 – Jack Gorman, 30?, journeyman utility player in 1883–1884.
References
Spalding's Official 1890 Base Ball Guide. New York: A. G. Spalding & Bros. 1890. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
Nemec, David (1994). The Beer and Whiskey League: The Illustrated History of the American Association-Baseball's Renegade Major League. New York: Lyons & Burford, Publishers ISBN 1-55821-285-X
External links
1889 National League season at Baseball-Reference.com
1889 American Association season at Baseball-Reference.com
Charlton's Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary.com
Year by Year History at Baseball-Almanac.com
Retrosheet.org
Business of Baseball.com article on the formation and history of the Players' League Archived 2007-02-02 at the Wayback Machine | facet of | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"baseball"
]
} |
Wandzin [ˈvand͡ʑin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. Moreover Wandzin produce Easter palms.
The village has an approximate population of 220.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} |
Wandzin [ˈvand͡ʑin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. Moreover Wandzin produce Easter palms.
The village has an approximate population of 220.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"Gmina Lubartów"
]
} |
Falseuncaria lechriotoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Hebei) and Mongolia.
== References == | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"species"
]
} |
Falseuncaria lechriotoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Hebei) and Mongolia.
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Falseuncaria"
]
} |
Falseuncaria lechriotoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Hebei) and Mongolia.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Falseuncaria lechriotoma"
]
} |
Aaron Eichhorn (born 22 September 1998) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Köln.
References
External links
Aaron Eichhorn at WorldFootball.net
Aaron Eichhorn on FuPa.net | position played on team / speciality | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"midfielder"
]
} |
Aaron Eichhorn (born 22 September 1998) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Köln.
References
External links
Aaron Eichhorn at WorldFootball.net
Aaron Eichhorn on FuPa.net | family name | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Eichhorn"
]
} |
Aaron Eichhorn (born 22 September 1998) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Köln.
References
External links
Aaron Eichhorn at WorldFootball.net
Aaron Eichhorn on FuPa.net | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aaron"
]
} |
Aaron Eichhorn (born 22 September 1998) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Köln.
References
External links
Aaron Eichhorn at WorldFootball.net
Aaron Eichhorn on FuPa.net | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"German"
]
} |
The Marquam Building was an eight-story, Romanesque Revival office building in Portland, Oregon, United States. Named for Philip Augustus Marquam, the building has been called Portland's first skyscraper and first modern office building. The building resembled a structure designed by Seattle architect John Parkinson and Pennsylvania architect John B. Hamme as an entry in the Portland Chamber of Commerce design competition of 1890.The demolished Marquam Building, formerly at the corner of SW 6th Avenue and Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon, is not to be confused with the Marquam Building at 2501 SW 1st Avenue. The demolished building was replaced by the American Bank Building.
History
Philip Augustus Marquam acquired the lot at the corner of SW Sixth and Morrison from William W. Chapman in 1854 as payment of $500 in legal fees. Marquam resided on the property and constructed other dwellings, but in the late 1880s he began planning the Marquam Grand Opera House and the Marquam Building, adjoining structures that would cost him $600,000.
Marquam Grand Opera House
The Marquam Grand Opera House, a five-story structure adjoining the Marquam Building, opened in 1890 and was demolished in 1976. An early manager was future Portland mayor George Luis Baker. The opera house, later known under a series of names including Loews Theater, the Hippodrome, the Pantages, and the Orpheum, opened to highly complementary reviews. A Portland newspaper, The Oregonian, called it "one of the neatest theaters of the west." Another review offered higher praise: "The Marquam...will eclipse all other such buildings in the northwest. It yields the palm to only one on the Pacific coast, the grand opera house in San Francisco, and that only to a small degree as regards size." But critics were not as complementary when describing the Marquam Building.
Marquam Building
Opening in 1892, the Marquam Building was Portland's first modern office building. The Oregonian described the architecture as "very imposing." Another critic described it as "rather gloomy and cheerless, like so many of the office structures designed under the spell of the Richardsonian Romanesque...It has no doubt all sorts of faults."Rather than pay high prices to local brick suppliers, Marquam started his own brickyard, and he shipped cheaper bricks to Portland from San Francisco.Marquam's ownership of the building ended in foreclosure in 1908.
Renovation and collapse
The Marquam Building was sold in 1912 to real estate speculator Henry Pittock, founder and publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock and his son-in-law, Frederick Leadbetter, intended to remodel the building to serve as headquarters for the newly organized Northwestern National Bank Company. Pittock hired general contractor Ernest Boyd MacNaughton to supervise the work.
Part of the building collapsed during renovation, possibly because of substandard masonry used in the original construction. After the collapse, discussion increasingly focused upon the need for a newer, modern building. In a letter to the editor of The Architect and Engineer, one writer stated that "...as Portland advanced from a sleepy overgrown village to a half-grown city, the building became a home for quack doctors and patent medicine fakers..." and that the bricks used in construction were soft and of poor material. He implied that the collapse was not a disaster but a blessing. Pittock fired MacNaughton and hired architect A. E. Doyle to demolish the Marquam Building and erect what would become the American Bank Building.
See also
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
References
Further reading
Architectural drawings of the Marquam Grand Opera House | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"building"
]
} |
The Marquam Building was an eight-story, Romanesque Revival office building in Portland, Oregon, United States. Named for Philip Augustus Marquam, the building has been called Portland's first skyscraper and first modern office building. The building resembled a structure designed by Seattle architect John Parkinson and Pennsylvania architect John B. Hamme as an entry in the Portland Chamber of Commerce design competition of 1890.The demolished Marquam Building, formerly at the corner of SW 6th Avenue and Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon, is not to be confused with the Marquam Building at 2501 SW 1st Avenue. The demolished building was replaced by the American Bank Building.
History
Philip Augustus Marquam acquired the lot at the corner of SW Sixth and Morrison from William W. Chapman in 1854 as payment of $500 in legal fees. Marquam resided on the property and constructed other dwellings, but in the late 1880s he began planning the Marquam Grand Opera House and the Marquam Building, adjoining structures that would cost him $600,000.
Marquam Grand Opera House
The Marquam Grand Opera House, a five-story structure adjoining the Marquam Building, opened in 1890 and was demolished in 1976. An early manager was future Portland mayor George Luis Baker. The opera house, later known under a series of names including Loews Theater, the Hippodrome, the Pantages, and the Orpheum, opened to highly complementary reviews. A Portland newspaper, The Oregonian, called it "one of the neatest theaters of the west." Another review offered higher praise: "The Marquam...will eclipse all other such buildings in the northwest. It yields the palm to only one on the Pacific coast, the grand opera house in San Francisco, and that only to a small degree as regards size." But critics were not as complementary when describing the Marquam Building.
Marquam Building
Opening in 1892, the Marquam Building was Portland's first modern office building. The Oregonian described the architecture as "very imposing." Another critic described it as "rather gloomy and cheerless, like so many of the office structures designed under the spell of the Richardsonian Romanesque...It has no doubt all sorts of faults."Rather than pay high prices to local brick suppliers, Marquam started his own brickyard, and he shipped cheaper bricks to Portland from San Francisco.Marquam's ownership of the building ended in foreclosure in 1908.
Renovation and collapse
The Marquam Building was sold in 1912 to real estate speculator Henry Pittock, founder and publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock and his son-in-law, Frederick Leadbetter, intended to remodel the building to serve as headquarters for the newly organized Northwestern National Bank Company. Pittock hired general contractor Ernest Boyd MacNaughton to supervise the work.
Part of the building collapsed during renovation, possibly because of substandard masonry used in the original construction. After the collapse, discussion increasingly focused upon the need for a newer, modern building. In a letter to the editor of The Architect and Engineer, one writer stated that "...as Portland advanced from a sleepy overgrown village to a half-grown city, the building became a home for quack doctors and patent medicine fakers..." and that the bricks used in construction were soft and of poor material. He implied that the collapse was not a disaster but a blessing. Pittock fired MacNaughton and hired architect A. E. Doyle to demolish the Marquam Building and erect what would become the American Bank Building.
See also
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
References
Further reading
Architectural drawings of the Marquam Grand Opera House | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Marquam Building"
]
} |
The Marquam Building was an eight-story, Romanesque Revival office building in Portland, Oregon, United States. Named for Philip Augustus Marquam, the building has been called Portland's first skyscraper and first modern office building. The building resembled a structure designed by Seattle architect John Parkinson and Pennsylvania architect John B. Hamme as an entry in the Portland Chamber of Commerce design competition of 1890.The demolished Marquam Building, formerly at the corner of SW 6th Avenue and Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon, is not to be confused with the Marquam Building at 2501 SW 1st Avenue. The demolished building was replaced by the American Bank Building.
History
Philip Augustus Marquam acquired the lot at the corner of SW Sixth and Morrison from William W. Chapman in 1854 as payment of $500 in legal fees. Marquam resided on the property and constructed other dwellings, but in the late 1880s he began planning the Marquam Grand Opera House and the Marquam Building, adjoining structures that would cost him $600,000.
Marquam Grand Opera House
The Marquam Grand Opera House, a five-story structure adjoining the Marquam Building, opened in 1890 and was demolished in 1976. An early manager was future Portland mayor George Luis Baker. The opera house, later known under a series of names including Loews Theater, the Hippodrome, the Pantages, and the Orpheum, opened to highly complementary reviews. A Portland newspaper, The Oregonian, called it "one of the neatest theaters of the west." Another review offered higher praise: "The Marquam...will eclipse all other such buildings in the northwest. It yields the palm to only one on the Pacific coast, the grand opera house in San Francisco, and that only to a small degree as regards size." But critics were not as complementary when describing the Marquam Building.
Marquam Building
Opening in 1892, the Marquam Building was Portland's first modern office building. The Oregonian described the architecture as "very imposing." Another critic described it as "rather gloomy and cheerless, like so many of the office structures designed under the spell of the Richardsonian Romanesque...It has no doubt all sorts of faults."Rather than pay high prices to local brick suppliers, Marquam started his own brickyard, and he shipped cheaper bricks to Portland from San Francisco.Marquam's ownership of the building ended in foreclosure in 1908.
Renovation and collapse
The Marquam Building was sold in 1912 to real estate speculator Henry Pittock, founder and publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock and his son-in-law, Frederick Leadbetter, intended to remodel the building to serve as headquarters for the newly organized Northwestern National Bank Company. Pittock hired general contractor Ernest Boyd MacNaughton to supervise the work.
Part of the building collapsed during renovation, possibly because of substandard masonry used in the original construction. After the collapse, discussion increasingly focused upon the need for a newer, modern building. In a letter to the editor of The Architect and Engineer, one writer stated that "...as Portland advanced from a sleepy overgrown village to a half-grown city, the building became a home for quack doctors and patent medicine fakers..." and that the bricks used in construction were soft and of poor material. He implied that the collapse was not a disaster but a blessing. Pittock fired MacNaughton and hired architect A. E. Doyle to demolish the Marquam Building and erect what would become the American Bank Building.
See also
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
References
Further reading
Architectural drawings of the Marquam Grand Opera House | floors above ground | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"8"
]
} |
The Marquam Building was an eight-story, Romanesque Revival office building in Portland, Oregon, United States. Named for Philip Augustus Marquam, the building has been called Portland's first skyscraper and first modern office building. The building resembled a structure designed by Seattle architect John Parkinson and Pennsylvania architect John B. Hamme as an entry in the Portland Chamber of Commerce design competition of 1890.The demolished Marquam Building, formerly at the corner of SW 6th Avenue and Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon, is not to be confused with the Marquam Building at 2501 SW 1st Avenue. The demolished building was replaced by the American Bank Building.
History
Philip Augustus Marquam acquired the lot at the corner of SW Sixth and Morrison from William W. Chapman in 1854 as payment of $500 in legal fees. Marquam resided on the property and constructed other dwellings, but in the late 1880s he began planning the Marquam Grand Opera House and the Marquam Building, adjoining structures that would cost him $600,000.
Marquam Grand Opera House
The Marquam Grand Opera House, a five-story structure adjoining the Marquam Building, opened in 1890 and was demolished in 1976. An early manager was future Portland mayor George Luis Baker. The opera house, later known under a series of names including Loews Theater, the Hippodrome, the Pantages, and the Orpheum, opened to highly complementary reviews. A Portland newspaper, The Oregonian, called it "one of the neatest theaters of the west." Another review offered higher praise: "The Marquam...will eclipse all other such buildings in the northwest. It yields the palm to only one on the Pacific coast, the grand opera house in San Francisco, and that only to a small degree as regards size." But critics were not as complementary when describing the Marquam Building.
Marquam Building
Opening in 1892, the Marquam Building was Portland's first modern office building. The Oregonian described the architecture as "very imposing." Another critic described it as "rather gloomy and cheerless, like so many of the office structures designed under the spell of the Richardsonian Romanesque...It has no doubt all sorts of faults."Rather than pay high prices to local brick suppliers, Marquam started his own brickyard, and he shipped cheaper bricks to Portland from San Francisco.Marquam's ownership of the building ended in foreclosure in 1908.
Renovation and collapse
The Marquam Building was sold in 1912 to real estate speculator Henry Pittock, founder and publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock and his son-in-law, Frederick Leadbetter, intended to remodel the building to serve as headquarters for the newly organized Northwestern National Bank Company. Pittock hired general contractor Ernest Boyd MacNaughton to supervise the work.
Part of the building collapsed during renovation, possibly because of substandard masonry used in the original construction. After the collapse, discussion increasingly focused upon the need for a newer, modern building. In a letter to the editor of The Architect and Engineer, one writer stated that "...as Portland advanced from a sleepy overgrown village to a half-grown city, the building became a home for quack doctors and patent medicine fakers..." and that the bricks used in construction were soft and of poor material. He implied that the collapse was not a disaster but a blessing. Pittock fired MacNaughton and hired architect A. E. Doyle to demolish the Marquam Building and erect what would become the American Bank Building.
See also
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
References
Further reading
Architectural drawings of the Marquam Grand Opera House | number of elevators | {
"answer_start": [
599
],
"text": [
"2"
]
} |
Biemann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christoph Biemann (born 1952), German television writer, director, and producer
Klaus Biemann (1926–2016), Austrian-American biochemist
Ursula Biemann (born 1955), Swiss video artist, curator and art theorist | different from | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Biemann"
]
} |
Biemann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christoph Biemann (born 1952), German television writer, director, and producer
Klaus Biemann (1926–2016), Austrian-American biochemist
Ursula Biemann (born 1955), Swiss video artist, curator and art theorist | language of work or name | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"German"
]
} |
Biemann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christoph Biemann (born 1952), German television writer, director, and producer
Klaus Biemann (1926–2016), Austrian-American biochemist
Ursula Biemann (born 1955), Swiss video artist, curator and art theorist | native label | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Biemann"
]
} |
Biemann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christoph Biemann (born 1952), German television writer, director, and producer
Klaus Biemann (1926–2016), Austrian-American biochemist
Ursula Biemann (born 1955), Swiss video artist, curator and art theorist | MyHeritage Surname ID | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Biemann"
]
} |
Captain Amsale Gualu (born November 30, 1977) is an Ethiopian pilot. In 2010 she became the first female captain in the history of Ethiopia. She is also the first female captain on the Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 in Ethiopia. Additionally Captain Amsale Gualu became the second African female pilot to command a Boeing 787.
Biography
Amsale was born in 1977 in Bahir Dar, capital city of the Amhara Region. After moving to the capital city Addis Ababa she attended her primary school at Assai School and secondary school at Bole Highschool. She earned a BA from Addis Ababa University in Architecture.
On 2010 Amsale become the first Ethiopian female captain by flying an Ethiopian Airlines BombardierDHC-8-402Q400 from Addis Ababa to Gondar. Amsale graduated in 2002 from Ethiopian Airlines as the number six female pilot and worked for eight years before earning her captain title in 2010. In December 2017, Amsale captained the first Ethiopian Airlines international flight crewed entirely by women.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"Bahir Dar"
]
} |
Captain Amsale Gualu (born November 30, 1977) is an Ethiopian pilot. In 2010 she became the first female captain in the history of Ethiopia. She is also the first female captain on the Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 in Ethiopia. Additionally Captain Amsale Gualu became the second African female pilot to command a Boeing 787.
Biography
Amsale was born in 1977 in Bahir Dar, capital city of the Amhara Region. After moving to the capital city Addis Ababa she attended her primary school at Assai School and secondary school at Bole Highschool. She earned a BA from Addis Ababa University in Architecture.
On 2010 Amsale become the first Ethiopian female captain by flying an Ethiopian Airlines BombardierDHC-8-402Q400 from Addis Ababa to Gondar. Amsale graduated in 2002 from Ethiopian Airlines as the number six female pilot and worked for eight years before earning her captain title in 2010. In December 2017, Amsale captained the first Ethiopian Airlines international flight crewed entirely by women.
== References == | sex or gender | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"female"
]
} |
Captain Amsale Gualu (born November 30, 1977) is an Ethiopian pilot. In 2010 she became the first female captain in the history of Ethiopia. She is also the first female captain on the Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 in Ethiopia. Additionally Captain Amsale Gualu became the second African female pilot to command a Boeing 787.
Biography
Amsale was born in 1977 in Bahir Dar, capital city of the Amhara Region. After moving to the capital city Addis Ababa she attended her primary school at Assai School and secondary school at Bole Highschool. She earned a BA from Addis Ababa University in Architecture.
On 2010 Amsale become the first Ethiopian female captain by flying an Ethiopian Airlines BombardierDHC-8-402Q400 from Addis Ababa to Gondar. Amsale graduated in 2002 from Ethiopian Airlines as the number six female pilot and worked for eight years before earning her captain title in 2010. In December 2017, Amsale captained the first Ethiopian Airlines international flight crewed entirely by women.
== References == | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"Addis Ababa University"
]
} |
The Middle Stone Age (or MSA) was a period of African prehistory between the Early Stone Age and the Late Stone Age. It is generally considered to have begun around 280,000 years ago and ended around 50–25,000 years ago. The beginnings of particular MSA stone tools have their origins as far back as 550–500,000 years ago and as such some researchers consider this to be the beginnings of the MSA. The MSA is often mistakenly understood to be synonymous with the Middle Paleolithic of Europe, especially due to their roughly contemporaneous time span; however, the Middle Paleolithic of Europe represents an entirely different hominin population, Homo neanderthalensis, than the MSA of Africa, which did not have Neanderthal populations. Additionally, current archaeological research in Africa has yielded much evidence to suggest that modern human behavior and cognition was beginning to develop much earlier in Africa during the MSA than it was in Europe during the Middle Paleolithic. The MSA is associated with both anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) as well as archaic Homo sapiens, sometimes referred to as Homo helmei. Early physical evidence comes from the Gademotta Formation in Ethiopia, the Kapthurin Formation in Kenya and Kathu Pan in South Africa.
Regional development
There are MSA archaeological sites from across the African continent, conventionally divided into five regions: northern Africa, comprising parts of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya;
eastern Africa, stretching roughly from the highlands of Ethiopia to the southern part of Kenya;
central Africa, stretching from the borders of Tanzania and Kenya to include Angola; southern Africa, which includes the numerous cave sites of South Africa; and western Africa.In northern and western Africa, the wet-dry cycles of the modern Sahara desert has led to fruitful archaeological sites followed by completely barren soil and vice versa. Preservation in these two regions can vary, yet the sites that have been uncovered document the adaptive nature of early humans to climatically unstable environments.Eastern Africa represents some of the most reliable dates, due to the use of radiocarbon dating on volcanic ash deposits, as well as some of the earliest MSA sites. Faunal preservation, however, is not spectacular, and standardization in site excavation and lithic classification was, until recently, lacking. Unlike northern Africa, shifts between lithic technologies were not nearly as pronounced, likely due to more favorable climatic conditions that would have allowed for more continuous occupation of sites. Central Africa reflects similar patterning to eastern Africa, yet more archaeological research of the region is certainly required.
Southern Africa consists of many cave sites, most of which show very punctuated starts and stops in stone tool technology. Research in southern Africa has been continuous and quite standardized, allowing for reliable comparisons between sites in the region. Much of the archaeological evidence for the origins of modern human behavior is traced back to sites in this region, including Blombos Cave, Howiesons Poort, Still Bay, and Pinnacle Point.
Transition from Acheulean
The term "Middle Stone Age" (MSA) was proposed to the African Archaeological Congress by Goodwin and Van Riet Lowe in 1929. The
use of these terms was officially abandoned in 1965, although the term remains in use in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, beginning with a transitional late Acheulean period known as the Fauresmith industry. The Fauresmith industry is poorly dated, according to Herries (2011) beginning around 511–435 kya. This time, rather than the actual end of the Achaeulean around 130 kya is taken as the beginning of the MSA.
The MSA so defined is associated with the gradual replacement of archaic humans by anatomically modern humans.In a different convention, MSA refers to sites characterized by the use of Levallois methods for flake production, to the exclusion of Acheulean sites with large cleavers or handaxes.
Following McBrearty and Tryon (2006), the term "early MSA" (EMSA) refers to sites predating the 126 kya interglacial, and
"later MSA" (LMSA) refers to site younger than 126 kya.
In this convention, Fauresmith sites of 500 to 300 kya are within the ESA, and the MSA begins after about 280 kya and is largely associated with H. sapiens, the earliest reliably dated MSA site in East Africa being Gademotta in Ethiopia,
at 276 kya.
The Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia and the Central Rift Valley of Kenya constituted a major center for behavioural innovation. It is likely that the large terrestrial mammal biomass of these regions supported substantial human populations with subsistence and manufacturing patterns similar to those of ethnographically known foragers.
Archaeological evidence from eastern Africa extending from the Rift Valley from Ethiopia to northern Tanzania represents the largest archaeological evidence of the shift from the Late Acheulian to the Middle Stone Age tool technologies. This transition is characterized by stratigraphic layering of Acheulian stone tools, a bifacial handaxe technology, underneath and even contemporaneous with MSA technologies, such as Levallois tools, flakes, flaked tools, pointed flakes, smaller bifaces that are projectile in form, and, on rare occasions, hafted tools. Evidence of the gradual displacement of Acheulian by MSA technologies is further supported by this layering and contemporaneous placement, as well as by the earliest appearance of MSA technologies at Gademotta and the latest Acheulian technologies at the Bouri Formation of Ethiopia, dated to 154 to 160 kya. This suggests a possible overlap of 100–150 thousand years.Late Acheulean artefacts associated with Homo sapiens have been found in South African cave sites. The Cave of Hearths and Montague Cave in South Africa contain evidence of Acheulian technologies, as well as later MSA technologies, however there is no evidence of crossover in this region.ESA Acheulean sites are well documented across West Africa (except from the most tropical regions) but mostly remain undated.
A few late Acheulean sites ("MSA" in the sense of late Acheulean, not Levallois) have been dated. Middle Pleistocene (pre 126 kya) sites are known form the northern Sahelian zones, while Late Pleistocene (post 126 kya) sites are known both from northern and southern West Africa. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, MSA sites appear to persist until very late, down to the Holocene boundary (12 kya), pointing to the possibility of late survival of archaic humans, and late hybridization with H. sapiens in West Africa. Furthermore, such results highlight significant spatiotemporal cultural variability and suggest that long inter-group cultural differences played a major role in later stages of human evolution in Africa.
Lithic technology
Early blades have been documented as far back as 550–500,000 years in the Kapthurin Formation in Kenya and Kathu Pan in South Africa. Backed pieces from the Twin Rivers and Kalambo Falls sites in Zambia, dated at sometime between 300 and 140,000 years, likewise indicate a suite of new behaviors. A high level of technical competence is also indicated for the c. 280 ka blades recovered from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.The stone tool technology in use during the Middle Stone Age shows a mosaic of techniques. Beginning approximately 300 kya, the large cutting tools of the Achuelian are gradually displaced by Levallois prepared core technologies, also widely used by Neanderthals during the European Middle Palaeolithic. As the MSA progresses, highly varied technocomplexes become common throughout Africa and include pointed artifacts, blades, retouched flakes, end and side scrapers, grinding stones, and even bone tools. However, the use of blades (associated mainly with the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe) is seen at many sites as well. In Africa, blades may have been used during the transition from the Early Stone Age to the Middle Stone Age onwards. Finally, during the later part of the Middle Stone Age, microlithic technologies aimed at producing replaceable components of composite hafted tools are seen from at least 70 ka at sites such as Pinnacle Point and Diepkloof Rock Shelter in South Africa.Artifact technology during the Middle Stone Age shows a pattern of innovation followed by disappearance. This occurs with technology such as the manufacture of shell beads, arrows and hide working tools including needles, and gluing technology. These pieces of evidence provide a counterpoint to the classic "Out of Africa" scenario in which increasing complexity accumulated during the Middle Stone Age. Instead, it has been argued that such technological innovations "appear, disappear and re-appear in a way that best fits a scenario in which historical contingencies and environmental rather than cognitive changes are seen as main drivers".
Hominin evolution and migration
There have been two migration events out of Africa. The first was the expansion of H. erectus into Eurasia approximately 1.9 to 1.7 million years ago, and the second, by H. sapiens began during the MSA by 80 – 50 ka MSA out of Africa to Asia, Australia and Europe. Perhaps only in small numbers initially, but by 30 ka they had replaced Neanderthals and H. erectus. Each of these migrations represent the increased flexibility of the genus Homo to survive in widely varied climates. Based on the measurement of a large number of human skulls a recent study supports a central/southern African origin for Homo sapiens as this region shows the highest intra-population diversity in phenotypic measurements. Genetic data supports this conclusion. However, there is genetic evidence to suggest that dispersal out of Africa began in eastern Africa. Sites such as the Omo Kibish Formation, the Herto Member of the Bouri Formation, and Mumba Cave contain fossil evidence to support this conclusion as well.
Evidence for modern human behavior
There have been a number of theories proposed regarding the development of modern human behavior, but in recent years the mosaic approach has been the most favored perspective in regards to the MSA, especially when taken in consideration with the archaeological evidence. Some scholars including Klein have argued for discontinuity, while others including McBrearty and Brooks have argued that cognitive advances can be detected in the MSA and that the origin of our species is linked with the appearance of Middle Stone Age technology at 250–300 ka. The earliest remains of Homo sapiens date back to approximately 300 thousand years ago in Africa. the continent was mainly populated by groups of hunter-gatherers. In the archaeological record of both eastern Africa and southern Africa, there is immense variability associated with Homo sapiens sites, and it is during this time that we see evidence of the origins of modern human behavior. According to McBrearty and Brooks, there are four features that are characteristic of modern human behavior: abstract thinking, the ability to plan and strategize, "behavioral, economic and technological innovativeness," and symbolic behavior. Many of these aspects of modern human behavior can be broken down into more specific categories, including art, personal adornment, technological advancement, yet these four overarching categories allow for a thorough, albeit significantly overlapping, discussion of behavioral modernity.
Possible cultural complexes
As early Homo sapiens began to diversify the ecological zones that they inhabited during the MSA, the archaeological record associated with these zones begins to show evidence for regional continuities. These continuities are significant for a number of reasons. The expansion of Homo sapiens into various ecological zones demonstrates an ability to adapt to a variety of environmental contexts including marine environments, savanna grasslands, relatively arid deserts, and forests. This adaptability is reflected in MSA artifacts found in these zones. These artifacts display stylistic variability depending on zone. During the Acheulian, which spanned from 1.5 million years ago to 300 thousand years ago, lithic technology displayed incredible homogeneity throughout all ecological niches. MSA technologies, with their evidence for regional variability and continuity, represent a remarkable advance. These data have been used to support theories of social and stylistic development throughout the MSA.In southern Africa, we see the technocomplexes of Howiesons Poort and Stillbay, named after the sites at which they were first discovered. Several others have not been dated or have been dated unreliably; these include the Lupemban technocomplex of central Africa, the Bambatan in southeast Africa, 70–80ka, and the Aterian technocomplex of northern Africa, 160–90ka.
Abstract thinking
Evidence of abstract thinking can be seen in the archaeological record as early as the Acheulean–Middle Stone Age transition, approximately 300,000–250,000 years ago. This transition involves a shift in stone tool technology from Mode 2, Acheulean tools, to Mode 3 and 4, which include blades and microliths. The manufacture of these tools requires planning and the understanding of how striking a stone will produce different flaking patterns. This requires abstract thought, one of the hallmarks of modern human behavior. The shift from large cutting tools in the Acheulian to smaller and more diversified toolkits in the MSA represents a better cognitive and conceptual understanding of flintknapping, as well as the potential functional effects of distinct tool types.
Planning depth
The ability to plan and strategize, much like abstract thinking, can be seen in the more diversified toolkit of the Middle Stone Age, as well as in the subsistence patterns of the period. As MSA hominins began to migrate into a range of different ecological zones, it became necessary to base hunting strategies around seasonally available resources. Awareness of seasonality is evident in the faunal remains found at temporary sites. In less forgiving ecological zones, this awareness would have been essential for survival and the ability to plan subsistence strategies based on this awareness demonstrates an ability to think beyond the present tense and act upon this knowledge.This planning depth is also seen in the presence of exotic raw materials at a variety of sites throughout the MSA. Procurement of local raw materials would have been a simple task to accomplish, yet MSA sites regularly contain raw materials that were obtained from sources over 100 km away, and sometimes farther than 300 km. Obtaining raw materials from this distance would require an awareness of the resources, a perceived value in the resources, whether it be functional or symbolic, and, possibly, the ability to organize an exchange network in order to obtain the materials.
Innovation
The ability to expand into new environments throughout Africa and, ultimately, the world, displays a level of adaptability and, consequently, innovativeness that is often seen as characteristic of behavioral modernity. Middle Stone Age sites are found in a wide range of environments, including coastal and inland areas of southern and eastern Africa, and in at least one case MSA foragers were exploiting high-altitude glaciated environments, at Fincha Habera in Ethiopia. This, however, is not the only evidence of innovativeness that can be seen in early Homo sapiens. The development of new, regionally relevant tools, such as those used for the collection of marine resources seen at Abdur, Ethiopia, Pinnacle Point Cave, South Africa, and Blombos Cave, South Africa. The use of fire demonstrates another innovative aspect of human behavior when it is used in order to create stronger tools, such as the heated silcrete at Blombos, Howiesons Poort and Still Bay, and the heat treated bone tools from Still Bay.Hafted tools are further representative of human innovation. The large cutting tools of the Acheulian technocomplex become smaller, as more complex tools are better suited towards the needs of highly diversified environments. Composite tools represent a new level of innovation in their increased efficacy and more complex manufacturing process. The ability to conceptualize beyond the mere reduction of stone cores demonstrates cognitive flexibility, and the use of glue, which was often processed with ochre, to attach flakes to hafts demonstrates an understanding of chemical changes that can be utilized beyond the simple use of color. Adhesives were used to construct hafted tools by 70ka at Sibudu Cave in South Africa. Many of these adhesives were made from local conifers of the genus Podocarpus, using a process based on distillation.Other technological innovations of the period include specialized projectile weapons found at various sites in Middle Stone Age Africa such as: bone and stone arrowheads at South African sites such as Sibudu Cave (along with an early bone needle also found at Sibudu) dating approximately 60,000–70,000 years ago, and bone harpoons at the Central African site of Katanda dating to about 90,000 years ago. The arrows and needle, along with hide working tools, from Sibudu Cave are seen as evidence of making weapons with compound heat treated gluing technology. Evidence also exists for the systematic heat treating of silcrete stone to increase its flake-ability for the purpose of toolmaking, beginning approximately 164,000 years ago at the South African site of Pinnacle Point and becoming common there for the creation of microlithic tools at about 72,000 years ago.Characteristically modern human behaviors, such as the making of shell beads, bone tools and arrows, and the use of ochre pigment, are evident at Panga ya Saidi in Kenya by 78,000–67,000 years ago. Evidence of early stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of Homo sapiens), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of Gademotta, and date to around 279,000 years ago.Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of innovations and behaviors including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens.
Symbolic behavior
Symbolic behavior is, perhaps, one of the most difficult aspects of modern human behavior to distinguish archaeologically. When searching for evidence of symbolic behavior in the MSA, there are three lines of evidence that can be considered: direct evidence reflecting concrete examples of symbols; indirect evidence reflecting behaviors that would have been used to convey symbolic thought; and technological evidence reflecting the tools and skills that would have been used to produce art. Direct evidence is difficult to find beyond 40ka, and indirect evidence is essentially intangible, thus technological evidence is the most fruitful of the three.Today there is widespread agreement among archaeologists that the world's first art and symbolic culture dates to the African Middle Stone Age. Some of the most striking artifacts, including engraved pieces of red ochre, were manufactured at Blombos Cave in South Africa 75,000 years ago. Pierced and ochred Nassarius shell beads were also recovered from Blombos, with even earlier examples (Middle Stone Age, Aterian) from the Taforalt Caves. In addition, ostrich egg shell containers engraved with geometric designs dating to 60,000 years ago were found at Diepkloof, South Africa, beads and other personal ornamentation have been found from Morocco which might be as much as 130,000 years old, and the Cave of Hearths in South Africa has yielded a number of beads dating from significantly prior to 50,000 years ago. At Panga ya Saidi in Kenya, marine shell beads appear perhaps as early as 67,000 years ago and certainly by 33,000 years ago, and engraved ochre by 48,500 years ago. Evidence for the making of paints by a complex process also exists dating to 100,000 years ago in South Africa, and for the use of pigments in Kenya dating to about 320,000 years ago.
Complex cognition
A series of innovations have been documented by 170–160,000 years ago at the site of Pinnacle Point 13B on the southern Cape coast of South Africa. This includes the oldest confirmed evidence for the utilization of ochre and marine resources in the form of shellfish exploitation for food. Based on his analysis of the MSA bovid assemblage at Klasies, Milo reports MSA people were formidable hunters and that their social behavior patterns approached those of modern humans. Deacon maintains that the management of plant food resources through deliberate burning of the veld to encourage the growth of plants with corms or tubers in the southern Cape during the Howiesons Poort (c. 70–55 ka) is indicative of modern human behavior. A family basis to foraging groups, color symbolism and the reciprocal exchange of artifacts and the formal organization of living space are, he suggests, further evidence for modernity in the MSA.
Lyn Wadley et al. have argued that the complexity of the skill needed to process the heat-treated compound glue (gum and red ochre) used to haft spears would seem to argue for continuity between modern human cognition and that of humans 70,000 BP at Sibudu Cave.In 2008, an ochre processing workshop likely for the production of paints was uncovered dating to ca. 100,000 years ago at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Analysis shows that a liquefied pigment-rich mixture was produced and stored in the two abalone shells, and that ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammer-stones also formed a composite part of the toolkits. Evidence for the complexity of the task includes procuring and combining raw materials from various sources (implying they had a mental template of the process they would follow), possibly using pyrotechnology to facilitate fat extraction from bone, using a probable recipe to produce the compound, and the use of shell containers for mixing and storage for later use.
Evidence for language
Ochre is reported from some early MSA sites, for example at Kapthurin and Twin Rivers, and is common after c. 100 ka. Barham argues that even if some of this ochre was used in a symbolic, color-related role then this abstraction could not have worked without language. Ochre, he suggests, could be one proxy for trying to find the emergence of language.
Formal bone tools are frequently associated with modern behaviour by archaeologists. Sophisticated bone harpoons manufactured at Katanda, West Africa at c. 90 ka and bone tools from Blombos Cave dated at c. 77 ka may then also serve as examples of material culture associated with modern language.
Language has been suggested to be necessary to maintain exchange networks. Evidence of some form of exchange networks during the Middle Stone Age is presented in Marwick (2003) in which the distance between the source of raw material and location in which a stone artifact was found was compared throughout sites containing early stone artifacts. Five Middle Stone Age sites contained distances between 140–340 km and have been interpreted, when compared with ethnographic data, that these distances were made possible through exchange networks. Barham also views syntactic language as one aspect of behavior that in fact allowed MSA people to settle in the tropical forest environments of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many authors have speculated that at the core of this symbolic explosion, and in tandem, was the development of syntactic language that evolved through a highly specialized social learning system providing the means for semantically unbounded discourse. Syntax would have played a key role in this process and its full adoption could have been a crucial element of the symbolic behavioral package in the MSA.
Brain change
Although the advent of anatomical physical modernity cannot confidently be linked with palaeoneurological change, it does seem probable that hominid brains evolved through the same selection processes as other body parts. Genes that promoted a capacity for symbolism may have been selected for, suggesting that the foundations for symbolic culture may well be grounded in biology. However, behavior that was mediated by symbolism may have only come later, even though this physical capacity was already in place much earlier. Skoyles and Sagan, for example, argue that human brain expansion by increasing the prefrontal cortex would have created a brain capable of symbolizing its previously non-symbolic cognition, and that this process, slow to begin with, increasingly accelerated during the last 100,000 years. Symbolically mediated behavior may then feed back upon this process by creating a greater ability to manufacture symbolic artifacts and social networks. According to the research team in Jebel Irhoud, the discovery means that Homo sapiens—not members of a rival or ancestor species (Homo heidelbergensis, Homo naledi)—were the ones who left behind Middle Stone Age hand tools that have since been unearthed all over Africa.
Sites
Numerous sites in southern Africa reflect the four characteristics of behavioral modernity. Blombos Cave, South Africa contains personal ornaments and what are presumed to be the tools used for the production of artistic imagery, as well as bone tools. Still Bay and Howieson's Poort contain variable tool technologies. These different types of assemblages allow researchers to extrapolate behaviors that would likely be associated with such technologies, such as shifts in foraging behaviors, which are further supported by faunal data at these sites.
Blombos Cave, South Africa
Klasies River Caves, South Africa
Sibudu Cave, South Africa
Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa
Pinnacle Point, South Africa
Border Cave, South Africa
Bambata Cave, South Africa
Mossel Bay, South Africa
Mumba Cave, Tanzania
Mumbwa Caves, Zambia
Laminia and Saxomununya, Senegal
See also
Out of Africa hypothesis
Symbolic culture
The Human Revolution (human origins)
Later Stone Age
== Notes == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Middle Stone Age"
]
} |
"His Majesty, McDuck" is a Donald Duck story by Don Rosa, first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14 in August 1989.
Despite thematic similarities, this story is not to be confused with the Carl Barks story King Scrooge the First.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck accidentally finds a brass plaque on the site of his Money Bin. The plaque was originally made by Sir Francis Drake, who claimed the entire hill as property of the Queen of England back in 1579. Later, in the early 19th century, the English built a fort there. However, a war with Spain caused England to abandon the fort, giving it away to the nearest non-English person found, who just happened to be Cornelius Coot. Coot, the sole person present at the fort, drove the Spanish away with a clever plot, and continued to maintain the fort. Later, of course, Scrooge's Money Bin was erected in its place.
Scrooge finds out that the hill his Money Bin stands on was never actually part of the United States of America, so he jumps at the chance to claim sovereignty and collect tax refunds from Duckburg. To retaliate, Duckburg imposes strict restrictions on inter-country travel, with Scrooge's own employees having to show their passports just to come to work. A crafty villain shows up with the Beagle Boys, attempting to conquer Scrooge's own private country, initially succeeding, but Scrooge eventually fends him off.
Finally, the mayor of Duckburg tells Scrooge that his tax refunds would be so large that they would bankrupt the entire city. Scrooge does not seem to care, but he "accidentally" destroys the deed that Coot signed, and irritably informs his nephews that he melted down Drake's plaque to make his crown, with materials being expensive. In the end, it turns out that this was no accident. Scrooge still has the plaque, but chooses to keep it secret, indicating that he destroyed the grant on purpose, from the good of his heart: He could not bring himself to bankrupt Duckburg, yet had to save face before his nephews who must not think of him as "soft."
Cultural references
The panel in which Cornelius Coot's journal is removed from a vault in the Coot Library for reading is a direct homage to a scene from Citizen Kane.
Don Rosa has stated he got the plot from Passport to Pimlico.
McDuck regains his throne and country from the usurper by defeating him in a sword duel. When the villain turns away to flee, McDuck uses the sword to carve a dollar sign behind his pants. This is a reference to Zorro, a hero who often carves a Z with his rapier as a calling card.
See also
Drake's Plate of Brass
References
External links
His Majesty, McDuck at Inducks
The D.U.C.K.man: His Majesty, McDuck | author | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Don Rosa"
]
} |
"His Majesty, McDuck" is a Donald Duck story by Don Rosa, first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14 in August 1989.
Despite thematic similarities, this story is not to be confused with the Carl Barks story King Scrooge the First.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck accidentally finds a brass plaque on the site of his Money Bin. The plaque was originally made by Sir Francis Drake, who claimed the entire hill as property of the Queen of England back in 1579. Later, in the early 19th century, the English built a fort there. However, a war with Spain caused England to abandon the fort, giving it away to the nearest non-English person found, who just happened to be Cornelius Coot. Coot, the sole person present at the fort, drove the Spanish away with a clever plot, and continued to maintain the fort. Later, of course, Scrooge's Money Bin was erected in its place.
Scrooge finds out that the hill his Money Bin stands on was never actually part of the United States of America, so he jumps at the chance to claim sovereignty and collect tax refunds from Duckburg. To retaliate, Duckburg imposes strict restrictions on inter-country travel, with Scrooge's own employees having to show their passports just to come to work. A crafty villain shows up with the Beagle Boys, attempting to conquer Scrooge's own private country, initially succeeding, but Scrooge eventually fends him off.
Finally, the mayor of Duckburg tells Scrooge that his tax refunds would be so large that they would bankrupt the entire city. Scrooge does not seem to care, but he "accidentally" destroys the deed that Coot signed, and irritably informs his nephews that he melted down Drake's plaque to make his crown, with materials being expensive. In the end, it turns out that this was no accident. Scrooge still has the plaque, but chooses to keep it secret, indicating that he destroyed the grant on purpose, from the good of his heart: He could not bring himself to bankrupt Duckburg, yet had to save face before his nephews who must not think of him as "soft."
Cultural references
The panel in which Cornelius Coot's journal is removed from a vault in the Coot Library for reading is a direct homage to a scene from Citizen Kane.
Don Rosa has stated he got the plot from Passport to Pimlico.
McDuck regains his throne and country from the usurper by defeating him in a sword duel. When the villain turns away to flee, McDuck uses the sword to carve a dollar sign behind his pants. This is a reference to Zorro, a hero who often carves a Z with his rapier as a calling card.
See also
Drake's Plate of Brass
References
External links
His Majesty, McDuck at Inducks
The D.U.C.K.man: His Majesty, McDuck | illustrator | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Don Rosa"
]
} |
"His Majesty, McDuck" is a Donald Duck story by Don Rosa, first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14 in August 1989.
Despite thematic similarities, this story is not to be confused with the Carl Barks story King Scrooge the First.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck accidentally finds a brass plaque on the site of his Money Bin. The plaque was originally made by Sir Francis Drake, who claimed the entire hill as property of the Queen of England back in 1579. Later, in the early 19th century, the English built a fort there. However, a war with Spain caused England to abandon the fort, giving it away to the nearest non-English person found, who just happened to be Cornelius Coot. Coot, the sole person present at the fort, drove the Spanish away with a clever plot, and continued to maintain the fort. Later, of course, Scrooge's Money Bin was erected in its place.
Scrooge finds out that the hill his Money Bin stands on was never actually part of the United States of America, so he jumps at the chance to claim sovereignty and collect tax refunds from Duckburg. To retaliate, Duckburg imposes strict restrictions on inter-country travel, with Scrooge's own employees having to show their passports just to come to work. A crafty villain shows up with the Beagle Boys, attempting to conquer Scrooge's own private country, initially succeeding, but Scrooge eventually fends him off.
Finally, the mayor of Duckburg tells Scrooge that his tax refunds would be so large that they would bankrupt the entire city. Scrooge does not seem to care, but he "accidentally" destroys the deed that Coot signed, and irritably informs his nephews that he melted down Drake's plaque to make his crown, with materials being expensive. In the end, it turns out that this was no accident. Scrooge still has the plaque, but chooses to keep it secret, indicating that he destroyed the grant on purpose, from the good of his heart: He could not bring himself to bankrupt Duckburg, yet had to save face before his nephews who must not think of him as "soft."
Cultural references
The panel in which Cornelius Coot's journal is removed from a vault in the Coot Library for reading is a direct homage to a scene from Citizen Kane.
Don Rosa has stated he got the plot from Passport to Pimlico.
McDuck regains his throne and country from the usurper by defeating him in a sword duel. When the villain turns away to flee, McDuck uses the sword to carve a dollar sign behind his pants. This is a reference to Zorro, a hero who often carves a Z with his rapier as a calling card.
See also
Drake's Plate of Brass
References
External links
His Majesty, McDuck at Inducks
The D.U.C.K.man: His Majesty, McDuck | language of work or name | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"English"
]
} |
"His Majesty, McDuck" is a Donald Duck story by Don Rosa, first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14 in August 1989.
Despite thematic similarities, this story is not to be confused with the Carl Barks story King Scrooge the First.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck accidentally finds a brass plaque on the site of his Money Bin. The plaque was originally made by Sir Francis Drake, who claimed the entire hill as property of the Queen of England back in 1579. Later, in the early 19th century, the English built a fort there. However, a war with Spain caused England to abandon the fort, giving it away to the nearest non-English person found, who just happened to be Cornelius Coot. Coot, the sole person present at the fort, drove the Spanish away with a clever plot, and continued to maintain the fort. Later, of course, Scrooge's Money Bin was erected in its place.
Scrooge finds out that the hill his Money Bin stands on was never actually part of the United States of America, so he jumps at the chance to claim sovereignty and collect tax refunds from Duckburg. To retaliate, Duckburg imposes strict restrictions on inter-country travel, with Scrooge's own employees having to show their passports just to come to work. A crafty villain shows up with the Beagle Boys, attempting to conquer Scrooge's own private country, initially succeeding, but Scrooge eventually fends him off.
Finally, the mayor of Duckburg tells Scrooge that his tax refunds would be so large that they would bankrupt the entire city. Scrooge does not seem to care, but he "accidentally" destroys the deed that Coot signed, and irritably informs his nephews that he melted down Drake's plaque to make his crown, with materials being expensive. In the end, it turns out that this was no accident. Scrooge still has the plaque, but chooses to keep it secret, indicating that he destroyed the grant on purpose, from the good of his heart: He could not bring himself to bankrupt Duckburg, yet had to save face before his nephews who must not think of him as "soft."
Cultural references
The panel in which Cornelius Coot's journal is removed from a vault in the Coot Library for reading is a direct homage to a scene from Citizen Kane.
Don Rosa has stated he got the plot from Passport to Pimlico.
McDuck regains his throne and country from the usurper by defeating him in a sword duel. When the villain turns away to flee, McDuck uses the sword to carve a dollar sign behind his pants. This is a reference to Zorro, a hero who often carves a Z with his rapier as a calling card.
See also
Drake's Plate of Brass
References
External links
His Majesty, McDuck at Inducks
The D.U.C.K.man: His Majesty, McDuck | country of origin | {
"answer_start": [
949
],
"text": [
"United States of America"
]
} |
"His Majesty, McDuck" is a Donald Duck story by Don Rosa, first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14 in August 1989.
Despite thematic similarities, this story is not to be confused with the Carl Barks story King Scrooge the First.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck accidentally finds a brass plaque on the site of his Money Bin. The plaque was originally made by Sir Francis Drake, who claimed the entire hill as property of the Queen of England back in 1579. Later, in the early 19th century, the English built a fort there. However, a war with Spain caused England to abandon the fort, giving it away to the nearest non-English person found, who just happened to be Cornelius Coot. Coot, the sole person present at the fort, drove the Spanish away with a clever plot, and continued to maintain the fort. Later, of course, Scrooge's Money Bin was erected in its place.
Scrooge finds out that the hill his Money Bin stands on was never actually part of the United States of America, so he jumps at the chance to claim sovereignty and collect tax refunds from Duckburg. To retaliate, Duckburg imposes strict restrictions on inter-country travel, with Scrooge's own employees having to show their passports just to come to work. A crafty villain shows up with the Beagle Boys, attempting to conquer Scrooge's own private country, initially succeeding, but Scrooge eventually fends him off.
Finally, the mayor of Duckburg tells Scrooge that his tax refunds would be so large that they would bankrupt the entire city. Scrooge does not seem to care, but he "accidentally" destroys the deed that Coot signed, and irritably informs his nephews that he melted down Drake's plaque to make his crown, with materials being expensive. In the end, it turns out that this was no accident. Scrooge still has the plaque, but chooses to keep it secret, indicating that he destroyed the grant on purpose, from the good of his heart: He could not bring himself to bankrupt Duckburg, yet had to save face before his nephews who must not think of him as "soft."
Cultural references
The panel in which Cornelius Coot's journal is removed from a vault in the Coot Library for reading is a direct homage to a scene from Citizen Kane.
Don Rosa has stated he got the plot from Passport to Pimlico.
McDuck regains his throne and country from the usurper by defeating him in a sword duel. When the villain turns away to flee, McDuck uses the sword to carve a dollar sign behind his pants. This is a reference to Zorro, a hero who often carves a Z with his rapier as a calling card.
See also
Drake's Plate of Brass
References
External links
His Majesty, McDuck at Inducks
The D.U.C.K.man: His Majesty, McDuck | characters | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Donald Duck"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | conflict | {
"answer_start": [
1994
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Mitchell"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"Birmingham"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Cambridge"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
602
],
"text": [
"University of Birmingham"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | employer | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | award received | {
"answer_start": [
4132
],
"text": [
"Commander of the Order of the British Empire"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | doctoral advisor | {
"answer_start": [
1346
],
"text": [
"Eric Rideal"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | member of | {
"answer_start": [
3795
],
"text": [
"Royal Society"
]
} |
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, CBE, FRS, FRCP (22 July 1909 – 22 February 1987) was a British radiotherapist and academic. He was Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge from 1957 to 1975.
Early life
Mitchel was born on 22 July 1909 in Birmingham, England. He was only son and the eldest child born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and his wife Ethel Maud Mary Mitchell (née Arnold). He was educated at Marlborough Road School and at King Edward's School, Birmingham, a boys school. He had been awarded an open scholarship to attend King Edward's School.In 1926, he won a state scholarship to the University of Birmingham. Having undertaken preclinical studies at Birmingham, in 1928 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he studied the Natural Science Tripos, and was awarded first class honours in Part I in 1930 and Part II in 1931, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Having specialised in physics in Part II, he was advised by Lord Rutherford to return to Birmingham to undertake his clinical training. He did so and graduated Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB BChir) from the University of Cambridge in 1934.
Career
Mitchell began his medical career as a house officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He returned to the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate studying under Sir Eric Rideal. During this time, he held the Elmore research studentship and then the Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1936. In 1937, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree on 'the irradiation of thin protein films'.From 1937 to 1938, he worked as a radiological officer at the Christie Hospital, a centre that specialised in the treatment of cancer, based in Manchester. In 1938, he returned to the University of Cambridge where he joined the Department of Medicine as an assistant to J. A. Ryle, the then Regius Professor of Physic. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he became radiotherapist with the Emergency Medical Service in Cambridge. In 1943, he joined the newly opened Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. In 1944, he joined the Chalk River Laboratories, Canada, as head of medical investigations for the joint British-Canadian atomic energy project. He ensured the safety of the workers and undertook research into the biological effects of radiation. During this research he discovered the possibility of using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 to treat cancer.In 1946, he returned to England and became Professor of Radiotherapeutics at the University of Cambridge. He was also appointed Director of the Radiotherapeutic Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital. During this appointment he became internationally known for his work on the treatment of cancer by irradiation. In 1957, he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, succeeding Sir Lionel Whitby. In 1958, he gave the Dunham Lectures at Harvard University. He oversaw the expansion of medical teaching at Cambridge, including the introduction of two new chairs; Professor of Medicine in 1963 and Professor of Surgery in 1965. He also oversaw the development of the new School of Clinical Medicine. In 1975, he stepped down from the Regius Professorship and returned to his previous appointment of Professor of Radiotherapeutics.He retired from academia and clinical medicine in 1976.
Personal life
In 1934, Mitchell married Lilian Mary Buxton who was eight years his senior. together they had two children; a son and a daughter. His wife predeceased him in 1983 but he was survived by his children.In retirement he continued to live in Cambridge in a house on Huntingdon Road. He died on 22 February 1987 in Cambridge.
Honours
In 1952, Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists (FFR) in 1954 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) in 1958. In 1975, when the Faculty of Radiologists became a Royal College, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR).In the 1951 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1967, he was awarded the Pirogoff medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences.
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
1915
],
"text": [
"J."
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | different from | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"By Your Side"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | performer | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"Sade"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | title | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"By Your Side"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | form of creative work | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"song"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | producer | {
"answer_start": [
540
],
"text": [
"Jonas Blue"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | published in | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"By Your Side"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | recording or performance of | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"By Your Side"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | tracklist | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"By Your Side"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | lyrics by | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"Calvin Harris"
]
} |
"By Your Side" may refer to:
Albums
By Your Side (The Black Crowes album), 1999, and the title song
By Your Side (Breakbot album), 2012
By Your Side (Hillsong album), 1999, and the title song
Songs
"By Your Side" (Calvin Harris song), 2021
"By Your Side" (James Cottriall song), 2011
"By Your Side" (Jimmy Somerville song), 1995
"By Your Side" (Rod Wave song), 2021
"By Your Side" (Sade song), 2000
"By Your Side" (Squeeze song), 1985
"By Your Side" (Tenth Avenue North song), 2008
"By Your Side" (Tokio Hotel song), 2007
"By Your Side" (Jonas Blue song), 2016
"By Your Side", a 2004 song by Jadakiss from Kiss of Death
"By Your Side", a 2007 song by Sebastian Bach from Angel Down
"By Your Side", a 2008 song by House of Heroes from the album The End Is Not the End
"By Your Side", a 2005 single by the Thrillseekers
"By Your Side", a 2010 song by Lifehouse from the album Smoke & Mirrors | number of parts of this work | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"11"
]
} |
Bab Sebta (English: Door of Ceuta) is a Portuguese 2008 documentary film.
Synopsis
Beginning with the 2005 violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences, Bab Sebta interviews people in four North African cities to explore why some people are willing to risk all to emigrate to Europe. Interviews took place in Tangier and Oujda in Morocco, and Nouadhibou and Nouakchott in Mauritania.
Awards
FIDMarseille 2008
Doclisboa 2008
See also
Victimes de nos richesses, a 2006 documentary film about violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences.
References
African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA)
External links
Bab Sebta at IMDb | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"film"
]
} |
Bab Sebta (English: Door of Ceuta) is a Portuguese 2008 documentary film.
Synopsis
Beginning with the 2005 violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences, Bab Sebta interviews people in four North African cities to explore why some people are willing to risk all to emigrate to Europe. Interviews took place in Tangier and Oujda in Morocco, and Nouadhibou and Nouakchott in Mauritania.
Awards
FIDMarseille 2008
Doclisboa 2008
See also
Victimes de nos richesses, a 2006 documentary film about violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences.
References
African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA)
External links
Bab Sebta at IMDb | genre | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"documentary film"
]
} |
Bab Sebta (English: Door of Ceuta) is a Portuguese 2008 documentary film.
Synopsis
Beginning with the 2005 violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences, Bab Sebta interviews people in four North African cities to explore why some people are willing to risk all to emigrate to Europe. Interviews took place in Tangier and Oujda in Morocco, and Nouadhibou and Nouakchott in Mauritania.
Awards
FIDMarseille 2008
Doclisboa 2008
See also
Victimes de nos richesses, a 2006 documentary film about violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences.
References
African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA)
External links
Bab Sebta at IMDb | filming location | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"Morocco"
]
} |
Bab Sebta (English: Door of Ceuta) is a Portuguese 2008 documentary film.
Synopsis
Beginning with the 2005 violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences, Bab Sebta interviews people in four North African cities to explore why some people are willing to risk all to emigrate to Europe. Interviews took place in Tangier and Oujda in Morocco, and Nouadhibou and Nouakchott in Mauritania.
Awards
FIDMarseille 2008
Doclisboa 2008
See also
Victimes de nos richesses, a 2006 documentary film about violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences.
References
African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA)
External links
Bab Sebta at IMDb | country | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"Morocco"
]
} |
Bab Sebta (English: Door of Ceuta) is a Portuguese 2008 documentary film.
Synopsis
Beginning with the 2005 violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences, Bab Sebta interviews people in four North African cities to explore why some people are willing to risk all to emigrate to Europe. Interviews took place in Tangier and Oujda in Morocco, and Nouadhibou and Nouakchott in Mauritania.
Awards
FIDMarseille 2008
Doclisboa 2008
See also
Victimes de nos richesses, a 2006 documentary film about violence at the Melilla and Ceuta border fences.
References
African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA)
External links
Bab Sebta at IMDb | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Bab Sebta"
]
} |
Paremonia argentata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in Ghana and Kenya.
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Paremonia"
]
} |
Paremonia argentata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in Ghana and Kenya.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Paremonia argentata"
]
} |
Örménykút (Slovak: Irminčok) is a village in Békés County, in the Southern Great Plain region of south-east Hungary.
Geography
It covers an area of 54.56 km² and has a population of 549 people (2002).
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Hungary"
]
} |
Örménykút (Slovak: Irminčok) is a village in Békés County, in the Southern Great Plain region of south-east Hungary.
Geography
It covers an area of 54.56 km² and has a population of 549 people (2002).
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Örménykút"
]
} |
Örménykút (Slovak: Irminčok) is a village in Békés County, in the Southern Great Plain region of south-east Hungary.
Geography
It covers an area of 54.56 km² and has a population of 549 people (2002).
== References == | area | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"54.56"
]
} |
Sikh Ajaibghar or Sikh Museum is situated at Balongi village, near SAS Nagar (formerly Mohali) Punjab, India. The museum showcases sculptures of various Sikh warriors and Sikh freedom fighters.The Sikh Museum was inaugurated by the Punjab minister for jails, tourism and cultural affairs Hira Singh Gabria.
Photo gallery
Earlier, this museum was operating near Laknour barrier on Landran-SAS Nagar road. The picture in gallery shows images shot in its older place.
See also
Mehdiana Sahib
History of Sikhism
Sikh art and culture
Sikh architecture
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"India"
]
} |
Sikh Ajaibghar or Sikh Museum is situated at Balongi village, near SAS Nagar (formerly Mohali) Punjab, India. The museum showcases sculptures of various Sikh warriors and Sikh freedom fighters.The Sikh Museum was inaugurated by the Punjab minister for jails, tourism and cultural affairs Hira Singh Gabria.
Photo gallery
Earlier, this museum was operating near Laknour barrier on Landran-SAS Nagar road. The picture in gallery shows images shot in its older place.
See also
Mehdiana Sahib
History of Sikhism
Sikh art and culture
Sikh architecture
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"museum"
]
} |
Sikh Ajaibghar or Sikh Museum is situated at Balongi village, near SAS Nagar (formerly Mohali) Punjab, India. The museum showcases sculptures of various Sikh warriors and Sikh freedom fighters.The Sikh Museum was inaugurated by the Punjab minister for jails, tourism and cultural affairs Hira Singh Gabria.
Photo gallery
Earlier, this museum was operating near Laknour barrier on Landran-SAS Nagar road. The picture in gallery shows images shot in its older place.
See also
Mehdiana Sahib
History of Sikhism
Sikh art and culture
Sikh architecture
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"Punjab"
]
} |
Sikh Ajaibghar or Sikh Museum is situated at Balongi village, near SAS Nagar (formerly Mohali) Punjab, India. The museum showcases sculptures of various Sikh warriors and Sikh freedom fighters.The Sikh Museum was inaugurated by the Punjab minister for jails, tourism and cultural affairs Hira Singh Gabria.
Photo gallery
Earlier, this museum was operating near Laknour barrier on Landran-SAS Nagar road. The picture in gallery shows images shot in its older place.
See also
Mehdiana Sahib
History of Sikhism
Sikh art and culture
Sikh architecture
== References == | location | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"Punjab"
]
} |
The 1958 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1958. Incumbent Republican Joseph B. Johnson did not run for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Robert Stafford defeated Democratic candidate Bernard J. Leddy to succeed him.
Republican primary
Results
Democratic primary
Results
General election
Results
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"gubernatorial election"
]
} |
The 1958 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1958. Incumbent Republican Joseph B. Johnson did not run for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Robert Stafford defeated Democratic candidate Bernard J. Leddy to succeed him.
Republican primary
Results
Democratic primary
Results
General election
Results
== References == | office contested | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"Governor of Vermont"
]
} |
The 1958 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1958. Incumbent Republican Joseph B. Johnson did not run for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Robert Stafford defeated Democratic candidate Bernard J. Leddy to succeed him.
Republican primary
Results
Democratic primary
Results
General election
Results
== References == | successful candidate | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"Robert Stafford"
]
} |
The 1958 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1958. Incumbent Republican Joseph B. Johnson did not run for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Robert Stafford defeated Democratic candidate Bernard J. Leddy to succeed him.
Republican primary
Results
Democratic primary
Results
General election
Results
== References == | applies to jurisdiction | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Vermont"
]
} |
The Early Pagan Kingdom (Burmese: ခေတ်ဦး ပုဂံ ပြည်) was a city-state that existed in the first millennium CE before the emergence of the Pagan Empire in the mid 11th century. The Burmese chronicles state that the "kingdom" was founded in the second century CE. The seat of power of the small kingdom was first located at Arimaddana, Thiri Pyissaya, and Tampawaddy until 849 CE when it was moved to Pagan (Bagan).
Radiocarbon dating shows the earliest human settlement in the Pagan region dates only from the mid-7th century CE. It existed alongside Pyu city-states that dominated Upper Burma. The city-state of Pagan, according to mainstream scholarship, was founded in the mid 9th century by the Mranma of Nanzhao Kingdom. Burmans at Pagan expanded irrigation-based cultivation while borrowing extensively from the Pyus' predominantly Buddhist culture. It was one of many competing city-states in the Pyu realm until the late 10th century when the principality began absorbing its surrounding states. The expansion accelerated in the 1050s and 1060s when King Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery.
Chronicle tradition
Formation
Various Burmese chronicles do not agree on the date of foundation of Pagan. One of the earliest chronicles, Yazawin Kyaw compiled in 1520, states that the kingdom of Pagan was founded in 156 CE by King Pyusawhti. The 18th century chronicle Maha Yazawin links the Pagan monarchs to the Sri Ksetra Kingdom, stating that Pagan was founded in 107 CE by King Thamoddarit, a scion of Sri Ksetra Kingdom. The Buddha visited the future site of Pagan during his lifetime and predicted that a great city would arise at the very site 651 years after his death (107 CE). The 19th century chronicle Hmannan Yazawin went further, asserting that the founders of the Pagan dynasty ultimate trace their origins back to the clan of the Buddha.Still according to the standard chronicles, Thamoddarit fixed the capital at Arimaddana-pura (အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ), ("the City that Tramples on Enemies"), near present-day Nyaung U, and named his kingdom Pugarama. His "kingdom" included 19 villages in the region. The 19 villages were: (1) Nyaung U, (2) Naga Soe, (3) Naga Kyit, (4) Magyi Kyi, (5) Htude, (6) Kyauk Zaga, (7) Ohte Thein, (8) Nyaungwun, (9) Anuradha, (10) Dazaungkun, (11) Ywa Mohn, (12) Kyinlo, (13) Kokko, (14) Taungpa, (15) Myegedwin, (16) Thayet Ya, (17) Singu, (18) Yonlut, and (19) Ywa Zaik.According to Burmese Buddhist tradition, Pagan was known by different classical names even in the ages of previous Buddhas (i.e. before the present era of Gautama Buddha). The names below are Burmese versions of Pali names.
Thamoddarit then appointed Pyusawhti, the founder of Pagan according to Yazawin Kyaw, as heir apparent for the commoner's bravery in defeating enemies of the state. Pyusawhti came to power in 167 CE. He ruled for 45 years, implementing foundation institutions of the state, including its first law treatise (dhammathat).The chronicles continue that King Thili Kyaung I (r. 344–387) moved the palace to Thiri Pyissaya, not far from the Pugama site. In 439, King Thihtan died without leaving an heir, and the throne was contested among three senior ministers at the court. The victor of the power struggle, the minister Thuye ruled until his death in 494. The Pyusawhti line was restored when King Tharamon Phya, a grandson of Thihtan, was put in power by the court. Tharamon Phya's successor Thaik Taing (r. 516–523) moved the palace to Tampawaddy, near Thiri Pyissaya.The following is the list of Pagan kings as given in the main chronicles.
Middle Early Pagan
The next important king was Popa Sawrahan (r. 613–640). The former monk seized the throne after King Htun Chit died in 613 CE. He launched the Burmese calendar on 21 March 640 CE, with the starting date of 22 March 638. (According to scholarship, the Burmese calendar was actually launched at Sri Ksetra (Pyay/Prome) by the Pyu.) Popa Sawrahan made peace with the royal line by giving his daughter to Shwe Ohnthi, son of Htun Chit and rightful heir, and making his son-in-law the heir apparent. Popa Sawrahan died in 640 soon after his new calendar was launched, and Shwe Ohnthi succeeded, restoring the Pyusawhti line. Shwe Ohnthi was followed by another a dozen kings to year 846 CE. In 846 CE, King Pyinbya (r. 846–886) came to power. Three years into his reign, on 23 December 849, he moved the capital to the present-day site of Pagan.
All four main chronicles are in agreement with the regnal dates in this period.
Late Early Pagan
After Pyinbya's successor and son Tannet died in 904 CE, the throne passed on to a series of usurpers for nearly a century to 1001 CE. Nyaung-u Sawrahan (r. 956–1001), the earliest inscriptionally verified king, ruled for 45 years. A descendant of Pyusawhti, Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu restored the old royal line in 1001 but 20 years later, he was pushed out by the sons of Nyaung-u Sawrahan. In 1044, Anawrahta, son of Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu, defeated Sokkate, son of Nyaung-u Sawrahan, in single combat and seized the throne.The chronicles again do not agree with the dates for this period. The dates in later chronicles Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin now depart from Maha Yazawin dates from 846 CE forward.
Scholarship
A settlement in the Pyu realm
Modern scholarship, however, holds that the Pagan dynasty was founded by the Mranma (Burmans) of the Nanzhao Kingdom in the mid-to-late 9th century CE; that the earlier parts of the chronicle are the histories and legends of the Pyu people, the earliest inhabitants of Burma of whom records are extant; and that Pagan kings had incorporated the Pyu histories and legends as their own.The earliest human settlement at Pagan is radiocarbon dated to c. 650 CE. But evidence is inconclusive to prove that it was specifically a Burman settlement, not just another Pyu settlement. The 7th century settlement was part of the Pyu realm, which by then had been in existence in the Irrawaddy valley since the 2nd century BCE. (Archaeological evidence shows that as early as the 2nd century BCE, the Pyu had built water-management systems along secondary streams in central and northern parts of the Irrawaddy basin and had founded one of Southeast Asia's earliest urban centres. By the early centuries CE, several walled cities and towns had emerged. The architectural and artistic evidence indicates the Pyu realm's contact with Indian culture by the 4th century CE. The city-states boasted kings and palaces, moats and massive wooden gates, and always 12 gates for each of the signs of the zodiac, one of the many enduring patterns that would continue until the British occupation. Sri Ksetra emerged as the premier Pyu city-state in the 7th century CE. Although the size of the city-states and the scale of political organisation grew during the 7th to early 9th centuries, no sizeable kingdom had yet emerged by the 9th century.)
Arrival of the Mranma
According to G.H. Luce's reconstruction, the millennium-old Pyu realm came crashing down under repeated attacks by the Nanzhao Kingdom of Yunnan between the 750s and 830s CE. Like that of the Pyu, the original home of Burmans prior to Yunnan is believed to be present-day Qinghai and Gansu provinces. After the Nanzhao attacks had greatly weakened the Pyu city-states, large numbers of Burman warriors and their families first entered the Pyu realm in the 830s and 840s and settled at the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers, perhaps to help Nanzhao pacify the surrounding countryside. Indeed, the naming system of the early Pagan kings—Pyusawhti and his descendants for six generations—was identical to that of the Nanzhao kings where the last name of the father became the first name of the son.Despite the legendary nature of both pre-Buddhist and Hmannan's Buddhist-inspired stories, a historical Pyusawhti likely existed. Historians conjecture that the historical Pyusawhti was likely a minor chief of the Nanzhao Kingdom, who was in the vanguard of the Nanzhao invasions of the upper Irrawaddy valley that began in 754 (and lasted until the 830s). Pyusawhti's victory over the Chinese likely refers to the Nanzhao victory over the Chinese in the same era, in which Pyusawhti and his contingents may have participated.The Pagan "kingdom" Pyusawhti led was likely a small settlement among many other small settlements in the area. (The chronicles count 19 settlements.) In the 8th century, Pagan was not yet a city or even a city-state, let alone a "kingdom". The city was merely one of several competing city-states until the 10th century. Furthermore, the 38 kings of Pagan Dynasty—from Pyusawhti to Sokkate, prior to the historically verified king Anawrahta—were probably contemporary chiefs of the Pagan area's settlements. According to the British colonial era historian GE Harvey, the Burmese chroniclers likely arranged the lists of rulers of early Burmese polities consecutively, "wishing to portray a continuous lineage stretching back to divine antiquity."However, some scholars believe that Burmans had arrived in Myanmar much earlier than the mainstream opinion holds. Htin Aung contends that the arrival of Burmans may have been a few centuries earlier, perhaps the early 7th century. Historians Michael Aung-Thwin and Matrii Aung-Thwin write that the 19 villages that first formed the city of Pagan according to the chronicles are "probably" "legendary" but "the origins of the Burmese speakers in Myanmar may well be earlier than, and had nothing to do with, the Nanzhao raid of AD 832".Thant Myint-U summarises the mainstream opinion that "the Nanzhao Empire had washed up on the banks of the Irrawaddy, and would find a new life, fused with an existing and ancient culture, to produce one of the most impressive little kingdoms of the medieval world. From this fusion would result the Burmese people, and the foundations of modern Burmese culture."
Rise of Pagan
Evidence shows that the actual pace of Burman migration into the Pyu realm was gradual. Indeed, no firm indications have been found at Sri Ksetra or at any other Pyu site to suggest a violent overthrow. Radiocarbon dating shows that human activity existed until c. 870 at Halin, the Pyu city reportedly destroyed by an 832 Nanzhao raid. The region of Pagan received waves of Burman settlements in the mid-to-late 9th century, and perhaps well into the 10th century. By the mid-10th century, Burmans at Pagan had expanded irrigation-based cultivation while borrowing extensively from the Pyus' predominantly Buddhist culture. Pagan's early iconography, architecture and scripts suggest little difference between early Burman and Pyu cultural forms. Moreover, no sharp ethnic distinction between Burmans and linguistically linked Pyus seems to have existed.Starting in the late 10th century, the principality grew in authority and grandeur. The earliest mention of Pagan in external sources occurs in Song Chinese records, which report that envoys from Pagan visited the Song capital Bianjing in 1004. The city by now was fortified. Radiocarbon dating of Pagan's walls show that Pagan was fortified most probably c. 1020 CE. The Burmese script was already in use by 1035, and perhaps as early as 984 CE. By Anawrahta's accession in 1044, Pagan had grown into a small principality—about 320 km (200 miles) north to south and about 130 km (80 miles) from east to west, comprising roughly the present districts of Mandalay, Meiktila, Myingyan, Kyaukse, Yamethin, Magwe, Sagaing, and the riverine portions of Minbu and Pakkoku. To the north lay the Nanzhao Kingdom, and to the east still largely uninhibited Shan Hills, to the south and the west Pyus, and farther south still, Mons.
See also
Pagan kings family tree
Pagan Kingdom
Pyu city-states
Sri Ksetra Kingdom
Tagaung Kingdom
Notes
See also
Tagaung Kingdom
Sri Ksetra Kingdom
Pagan Kingdom
References
Bibliography
Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868.
Aung-Thwin, Michael A.; Maitrii Aung-Thwin (2012). A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-1-86189-901-9.
Eade, J.C. (1989). Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000. Ithaca: Cornell University. ISBN 0-87727-704-4.
Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
Htin Aung, Maung (1970). Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
Maha Thilawuntha, Shin (1928). Pe Maung Tin (ed.). Yazawin Kyaw (in Burmese) (4th printing, 2010 ed.). Yangon: Burma Research Society (original publisher), Ya-Pyei (4th printing).
Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Bangkok: River Books. ISBN 978-974-9863312.
Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
Than Tun (1964). Studies in Burmese History (in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon. | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"city-state"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
1304
],
"text": [
"Ottawa"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | sex or gender | {
"answer_start": [
12917
],
"text": [
"female"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | spouse | {
"answer_start": [
1049
],
"text": [
"Mike Bennett"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
1621
],
"text": [
"Northern Illinois University"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"singer"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
22882
],
"text": [
"Maria Kanellis"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | sport | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"professional wrestling"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | family name | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Kanellis"
]
} |
Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history.
Early life
Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010)
Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005)
Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager.
Various relationships (2006–2008)
On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin.
After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud.
Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009)
As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria.
On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010)
After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26.
Ring of Honor (2011–2015)
Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion.
Other promotions (2012–2015)
On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015)
On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match.
On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion.
Return to WWE (2017–2020)
Sporadic appearances (2017–2019)
On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020)
On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021)
On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down.
Return to Impact Wrestling (2022)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)
Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration.
Other media
In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine.
Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single.
In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20.
Discography
EPs
2010: Sevin Sins
Personal life
In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020.
In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple.
Filmography
Film
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Slammy Award (1 time)
Diva of the Year (2009)
References
External links
Maria Kanellis on WWE.com
Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016)
Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Maria Kanellis at IMDb | given name | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"Maria"
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.