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Mary Louis "Maria" Kanellis-Bennett (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, model and former singer. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she was a member of Honor No More, and is known for her time with Ring of Honor (ROH) and WWE. She is also known for her 2008 Playboy magazine pictorial and 2010 appearances on the Celebrity Apprentice television series. She is currently the co-owner and founder of Women's Wrestling Army (WWA).Kanellis' career began as a contestant on the reality show Outback Jack in 2004. In the same year, she placed fifth in the Diva Search, and was later hired by WWE as a backstage interviewer. Kanellis began competing in the ring as a professional wrestler in 2005 and received the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year in 2009. She released her debut album Sevin Sins in 2010 and departed WWE that year. After departing WWE, she worked for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), often appearing with her husband Mike Bennett. In TNA, she is a former TNA Knockouts Champion. Along with Bennett, she returned to WWE from 2017 to 2020 and held the WWE 24/7 Championship once. She is also the first ever pregnant champion in WWE history. Early life Kanellis was born in Ottawa, Illinois. She has Greek origins. She has two younger siblings; a brother and sister named Bill and Janny, respectively. Kanellis grew up with an interest in playing sports, particularly volleyball, basketball, and softball. She graduated from Ottawa Township High School in 2000, and then went on to study at Northern Illinois University. Before her career in wrestling began, Kanellis regularly competed in beauty pageants. Professional wrestling career World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2010) Diva Search and beginnings (2004–2005) Maria competed in the Diva Search in 2004, deciding to enter the contest after seeing an advertisement while watching Raw. Even though she only placed fifth in the contest, she was hired by the company. She stood out in the contest by giving fellow contestant Carmella DeCesare the finger after being eliminated from the contest. Maria began making appearances in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's then-developmental territory. She contributed booking ideas, and her work at OVW earned her a spot on the Raw brand roster. Maria was brought on to Raw as a ditzy backstage interviewer and the host of WWE KissCam in November 2004. Her gimmick involved her asking wrong questions, irritating and amusing the roster.In 2005, Maria began wrestling and was defeated in her first official match on the January 10, 2005, episode of Raw by Christy Hemme in a Lingerie Pillow Fight. On the March 14 episode of Raw, one of Maria's fillings legitimately fell out after she was slapped by Trish Stratus. She also competed in a Fulfill Your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal at Taboo Tuesday for the WWE Women's Championship, but was the first to be eliminated. On November 14, Maria competed in a non-title Diva Battle Royal at the Eddie Guerrero tribute Raw show, where she was one of the last three women left but was eliminated by Melina and Trish Stratus.On the November 28 episode of Raw, Maria interviewed then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, and asked him whether or not he thought he was going to be fired. He then booked her in a match with Kurt Angle out of spite, and Maria was laid out with the Angle Slam. As a result, one week later, Maria testified in the trial against Bischoff, who was being fired because of his controversial actions as general manager. Various relationships (2006–2008) On the January 2, 2006, episode of Raw, Maria was attacked and stripped of her clothes by Vince's Devils (Victoria, Torrie Wilson, and Candice Michelle), but she was saved by Ashley Massaro. During a commercial break that night, Vince McMahon announced a Gauntlet Bra & Panties Match for New Year's Revolution between all five girls. At the event, Maria was the first to enter the Gauntlet match and eliminated Michelle and Wilson before being eliminated by Victoria. The match was ultimately won by Massaro. On the February 6, episode of Raw, Jonathan Coachman announced that Edge and Lita would have fought the mixed team of John Cena and Maria in the main event, and before the match Cena kissed Maria, who came into his locker room to express her nervousness for the competition (despite the kiss, any on-screen romance between the pair was born). Maria scored the victory after a spear meant for Cena hit Lita. The following month, Lita defeated Maria in a one-sided singles match.On the April 10 episode of Raw, Maria received title match for Mickie James' WWE Women's Championship, but lost. On October 16, Maria won a Fatal Four-Way Bra and Panties match against Victoria, Candice, and Wilson to advance to the semi-finals in a Women's Championship Tournament. Maria, however, lost in the semi-finals to Lita.On the January 1, 2007, episode of Raw, Maria attempted to interview Kevin Federline, but was instead slapped by Melina. This led to a match between the two later that night, which Melina won. At New Year's Revolution, Maria and Candice ran to the ring during the Women's Championship match between Victoria and Mickie James to stop Melina from interfering, helping James retain the title. In the following weeks she faced Melina in two tag team matches, where she won one. Maria began an on-screen romance with Santino Marella in June. On the November 5 episode of Raw, Marella was confronted by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin for criticizing his movie, The Condemned. As a part of the storyline, the argument ended as Marella received a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin. After former Playboy cover-girl Ashley Massaro's return in early 2008, Kanellis engaged in backstage segments where Massaro suggested Maria should be on the cover of Playboy. As a part of the storyline, Maria defeated Beth Phoenix on February 18, to "earn the right" to be on the cover of the magazine. During her Playboy cover unveiling, Maria's cover was plastered over with images of Marella. After Marella offered an ultimatum of posing for the magazine or staying with him as a couple, she then broke up with him. Maria, along with Ashley were defeated by Phoenix and Melina at WrestleMania XXIV in a Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjill match. After the match, Maria passionately kissed the Master of Ceremonies, Snoop Dogg. The next night on Raw, Maria wrestled Marella, but the match ended with Maria as the winner. This ended their feud. Championship pursuits and various alliances (2008–2009) As part of the 2008 WWE supplemental draft, Maria was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her debut on the August 1 episode of SmackDown by defeating Victoria. On the October 17 episode of SmackDown!, Maria won a "Las Vegas Dice on a Pole" match to become the number one contender for the WWE Divas Championship, but lost for the title against then-champion Michelle McCool. Maria participated in the Raw vs. Smackdown Divas match at Survivor Series, where she eliminated Jillian Hall before her team lost the match. On the December 5 episode of SmackDown!, Maria pinned Divas Champion Michelle McCool, but she was defeated by Maryse in a number one contender's match for the title two weeks later. At the Armageddon on December 14, Maria was part of the winning team of a Santa's Little Helper tag team match. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown!, she served as a special guest referee in the Divas Championship match between Maryse and McCool, where Maryse became the new champion. After the match, McCool turned heel and attacked Maria. On the January 23, 2009, episode of SmackDown, Maria returned and attacked McCool during a match. On the February 13 episode of SmackDown, she defeated McCool following interference from Eve Torres. Over the next several weeks, Maria competed in various tag-team matches against McCool, with Maria winning three out of four matches. She also competed at WrestleMania XXV for the "Miss WrestleMania" crown, but was eliminated by Victoria. Throughout June, Maria served as the special guest referee in Diva matches. Maria made her in-ring return on the July 3 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Melina to defeat LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla). Soon after, she entered into an on-screen relationship with Dolph Ziggler, despite her being a fan favorite and him being a villainous character. At Night of Champions, Maria accompanied Ziggler to his match with Rey Mysterio for Intercontinental Championship. In the following weeks, Melina implied that Ziggler was cheating on Maria, which Maria did not believe. Maria and Ziggler later broke up on the October 6 episode of SmackDown in a backstage segment, after she cost him his match with John Morrison. Maria then took a brief hiatus from the ring to film the Celebrity Apprentice, but returned on the December 4 episode of SmackDown by helping Mickie James fend off an attack by LayCool. She made her in-ring return the following week, teaming up with James to defeat LayCool, in which would be her final match in WWE until October 2018. On December 14, Maria won the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year, which was voted for by WWE fans.Final appearance and departure (2010) After Mickie James defeated Michelle Mccool to become WWE Women's Champion, Maria appeared post-match at the Royal Rumble with other Divas, to cake Laycool for revenge. This was her only appearance in 2010, as Maria was released from her WWE contract on February 26. Ring of Honor (2011–2015) Maria confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be appearing at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Final Battle pay-per-view on December 23, 2011. She accompanied her real-life boyfriend, Mike Bennett, as a villainess, in a three-way elimination match for the ROH World Television Championship, where he won.On January 7, 2012, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, she was dubbed the "First Lady of ROH". At the June 21 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Brutal Bob Evans to the ring, where they lost to Eddie Edwards and Adam Cole. After the match, Kanellis, Bennett and Bob attacked Cole and Edwards, but were stopped by Sara Del Rey, who Edwards had brought in to neutralize Kanellis. At the Boiling Point on August 11, Maria and Bennett lost to Del Rey and Edwards in a mixed tag team match. In September 2012, Kanellis and Bennett became involved in a storyline with Mike Mondo after he kissed Kanellis during one of Bennett's matches. On Glory by Honor in October, Bennett defeated Mondo to end the feud. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Kanellis along with Bob accompanied Bennett to the ring where he defeated Jerry Lynn in his final ROH match before retirement.On September 19, 2013, Maria and Bennett defeated The Brutal Burgers (Brutal Bob Evans and Cheeseburger) in an Intergender tag team match. On October 26, during Bennett's match with Kevin Steen at the Glory by Honor XII, Kanellis tried to interfere but was attacked by Lisa Marie Varon.Kanellis and Bennett returned to ROH at the January 4, 2014, tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling which aired on February 1, with Kanellis helping Bennett defeat Cedric Alexander. Throughout the summer, Maria and Bennett would get involved in Matt Hardy's feud with The Briscoes. During the feud, The Kingdom stole Jay Briscoe's title; Matt Hardy customized it as the Iconic Championship. At All Stars Extravaganza 6, Bennett and Maria customized the title as the Championship of Love. They were interrupted by Jay Briscoe's brother, Mark. Bennett and Kanellis left ROH after the December 19, 2015, Ring of Honor Wrestling taping, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion. Other promotions (2012–2015) On February 25, 2012, Maria won a tournament to determine the inaugural Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) Women's Champion. The victory also marked Kanellis' first championship in professional wrestling. She held the championship until March 24, when she lost it to Winter in a three-way match also involving Rosita. In July, Kanellis regained the championship from Winter. Kanellis successfully defended her title against Angelina Love at FWE: No Limits.In September 2012, Kanellis made her debut for Chikara, managing Mike Bennett and The Young Bucks to the finals of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Alongside Gavin Loudspeaker, Kanellis hosted the 2014 National Pro Wrestling Day. On October 4, 2014, Maria lost the FWE Women's Championship against Ivelisse Vélez New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015) On April 6, 2015, Kanellis managed Bennett and Matt Taven to capture New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s IWGP Tag Team Championship at Invasion Attack 2015. The following day, NJPW announced that, due to Mike Bennet's politics backstage, the promotion had booked its first match involving female wrestlers since October 2002, which would see Kanellis team up with Bennett and Taven to take on Amber Gallows, Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Kanellis pinned Amber to win the match. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kanellis accompanied Bennett and Taven to their first IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The Kingdom lost the match and the championship, after Doc Gallows superkicked Kanellis, which distracted Bennett, leaving Taven alone to lose the match. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017) On January 5, 2016, during Impact Wrestling's premiere on Pop TV, Maria made her debut as a heel introducing her husband as "The Miracle" Mike Bennett. In February, Maria began a feud with Gail Kim after Kim refused Maria's help to make her go "mainstream". On the April 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria won a ladder match to become the new impact Knockouts Division Commissioner. During the feud between Maria and Gail Kim, where a singles match was set up for Slammiversary. On June 10, Maria then revealed on her Instagram account that she suffered a broken hand, and therefore she was not medically cleared to compete at Slammiversary and her match with Kim was called off. Kim was therefore added to the Knockouts Championship match, making it a triple threat match. On the September 1, episode of Impact Wrestling, Maria berated and forcibly pinned her apprentice Allie to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time in her career. On October 2 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Kim defeated Maria for the title, ending her reign at 50 days and Gail Kim also defeated Maria to step down as the new TNA Knockouts Commissioner. After being convinced by Kevin Owens, the couple didn't re-sign with TNA and, on March 1, they left the promotion. Return to WWE (2017–2020) Sporadic appearances (2017–2019) On June 18, 2017, Kanellis returned to WWE alongside her husband Mike Kanellis in his WWE debut at Money in the Bank, establishing the Kanellis couple as heels for the first time in Maria's WWE career. On the July 18 episode of SmackDown, Maria helped Mike defeat Sami Zayn in his WWE debut match. In September, Kanellis went on a leave of absence from WWE, following her pregnancy announcement. On January 22, 2018, at the 25th Anniversary of Raw, a visibly pregnant Maria was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), Maryse, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, and WWE Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.Nine months later, on the October 10 episode of 205 Live, Maria officially made her television return as she interrupted a match between Lince Dorado and Lio Rush, allowing her husband, who attack Dorado. Three weeks later, on October 28, in her first match back in WWE since December 2009, Kanellis took part of the first ever all women's pay–per–view, Evolution, where she competed in a battle royal for a future women's championship match but she was eliminated by the eventual winner Nia Jax. Throughout the rest of the year, Kanellis would continue her managerial role as she would accompany her husband Mike to his matches on 205 Live where both would appear regularly. On January 16, Pro Wrestling Sheet's Ryan Satin reported that Maria and Mike recently asked WWE to release them from their contracts. Maria would go on to deny that she asked for her release. Mike Johnson of Pro Wrestling Illustrated reported that they were not backstage at the following episode of 205 Live. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Kanellis returned for the first time since Evolution in the previous year and competed in her first women's Royal Rumble match, entering at number 15 and lasting 08:12 minutes before she was eliminated by Alicia Fox. She would not appear on television until the January 29, 2019 205 Live, where she accompanied Mike in a match against Kalisto, in which the latter won.24/7 Champion and departure (2019–2020) On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, Mike and Maria lost a mixed tag team match against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch. During the match, Maria revealed she was pregnant with her and Bennett's second child. On the July 29 episode of Raw, after Mike had won the WWE 24/7 Championship from R-Truth, he hid from a crowd of male wrestlers in his and Maria's locker room where Maria instructed Mike to lay down so she could pin him and win the title to become the 24/7 Champion, her first title in WWE. The following week, she lost the title back to Mike when he hugged her on the examination table during Maria's OB-GYN appointment. She then became the focal point of a story on TV, where she would say that Mike was not the father of her child, resulting in her husband losing matches in a humiliating manner. However, the storyline was dropped. According to her, the storyline would end with Mike being the father.Kanellis hasn't appeared in WWE since 2019 and on April 15, 2020, Kanellis, her husband and many other employees were released from their WWE contracts due to budget cuts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Return to Ring of Honor (2020–2021) On December 20, 2020, ROH announced the return of Maria through their social media platforms, as Maria introduced "The Experience", where fans can discuss and influence about ROH online. On October 27, 2021, she was released by ROH among other wrestlers due to the company closing down. Return to Impact Wrestling (2022) At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Maria made her return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, along with Mike Bennett, Matt Taven, PCO, and Vincent, where they attacked Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino.On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Bennett, Kanellis, Taven and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling. All Elite Wrestling (2022–present) Maria made her All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut on the October 14, 2022, episode of Rampage, alongside Mike Bennett and Matt Taven, interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration. Other media In 2004, she was a contestant on the reality show, Outback Jack. She made it to the final three before being eliminated.During the week of November 5, 2007, she appeared on five episodes of Family Feud with several other WWE superstars. She also appeared on the February 6, 2008, episode of Project Runway with some of the other WWE Divas. On August 17, 2008, Maria, Candice Michelle, and Eve Torres were on an episode of Sunset Tan. Kanellis later appeared on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, along with John Cena. On December 17, 2009, she was a guest host on G4's Attack of the Show. Kanellis began a new career as a mixed martial arts announcer for HDNet on March 26, 2010, at the King of the Cage event in Reno, Nevada. Kanellis was also a contestant on the Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in March 2010. She was eliminated on the May 16 episode. She placed fifth out of fourteen contestants.Kanellis was first asked to pose for Playboy when she was nineteen years old, but she turned down the offer in fear of embarrassing her sister. She eventually posed for the cover of the April 2008 issue, with an accompanying nude pictorial. For the pictorial, she chose her own wardrobe and made the black hooded jacket she wore in one of the photos. That same year, FHM named her 53rd of 100 on their "The Sexiest Women 2008" list. With WWE transitioning to PG content a few months after Kanellis's pictorial and WWE dropping its use of the term WWE Diva in 2016 in favor of referring to the female talent as WWE Superstars along with the men, Kanellis was ultimately the last active WWE Diva to pose nude for the magazine. Kanellis is also a singer and released her debut album Sevin Sins on April 13, 2010, with "Fantasy" as the first single. In early 2011, Kanellis appeared in the Funny or Die web series, Swallow and in March 2011 she launched her own perfume line called Signature. In September 2011, Kanellis launched her DVD line in conjunction with Code Red DVD called Maria's B Movie Mayhem.In January 2014, Kanellis and Bennett launched a weekly podcast called Mike & Maria in Wonderland.Kanellis also owns and operates an event design company called Wonderland Event Productions.Kanellis has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut in SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Maria also appears in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE 2K19 as DLC and WWE 2K20. Discography EPs 2010: Sevin Sins Personal life In a December 2011 interview, Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett, and the couple were engaged in November 2012. On October 10, 2014, Kanellis and Bennett married. On September 25, 2017, Kanellis announced she and Bennett were expecting their first child. On April 3, 2018, the couple welcomed their daughter, Fredrica "Freddie" Moon Bennett. On the July 1, 2019, episode of Raw, during a mixed tag team match with Kanellis and Bennett against Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch, Kanellis announced that she and Bennett are expecting their second child. Maria and Mike welcomed their son Carver Mars Bennett on February 3, 2020. In 2013, Kanellis was announced as one of the recipients of WWE's Talent Scholarship, which she utilized to obtain a degree in Sports, Entertainment, and Event Management from Johnson & Wales University, graduating in May 2017.Kanellis is a devout Christian, and often works with Christian rock band Disciple. Filmography Film Television Championships and accomplishments Family Wrestling Entertainment FWE Women's Championship (2 times) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time) World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time) Slammy Award (1 time) Diva of the Year (2009) References External links Maria Kanellis on WWE.com Impact Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2018) New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016) Ring of Honor profile at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2016) Maria Kanellis's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database Maria Kanellis at IMDb	name in native language	{ "answer_start": [ 22882 ], "text": [ "Maria Kanellis" ] }
West Mangad is a village in Porkulam Panchayath. It is in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. It is 5 km west to Kunnamkulam town and 1.5 km south to Pazhanji. St. Joseph's and St. Cyrils Higher Secondary School is situated in this village. There are two temples and a Christian church seen in surrounding of the village, many small scale companies are active now. The village is famous for its religious harmony. There is another village in Thrissur district with the same name, so it is commonly known as Pazhanji Mangad. There are three local celebrations in the village they are Mangad Temple pooram (On bharani day Kumba month-most probably march), Kottiyattumukk temple pooram, and Mangad church perunal(September 14,15). It comes under Porkulam grama panchayath and Kunnamkulam legislative assembly. == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 100 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
West Mangad is a village in Porkulam Panchayath. It is in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. It is 5 km west to Kunnamkulam town and 1.5 km south to Pazhanji. St. Joseph's and St. Cyrils Higher Secondary School is situated in this village. There are two temples and a Christian church seen in surrounding of the village, many small scale companies are active now. The village is famous for its religious harmony. There is another village in Thrissur district with the same name, so it is commonly known as Pazhanji Mangad. There are three local celebrations in the village they are Mangad Temple pooram (On bharani day Kumba month-most probably march), Kottiyattumukk temple pooram, and Mangad church perunal(September 14,15). It comes under Porkulam grama panchayath and Kunnamkulam legislative assembly. == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 92 ], "text": [ "Kerala" ] }
Brackenhills railway station was a railway station approximately one mile south-west of the town of Beith, close to Barkip, North Ayrshire, Scotland, part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. History The station opened on 1 September 1906 on the branch to Kilbirnie. The station closed on 1 December 1930.Today the station platform still exists though it is overgrown and in very poor condition. The stationmaster's house is now a private residence. The 1858 Ordnance Survey (OS) shows a 'weighing machine' at what was eventually to become Brackenhills railway station, related to the Hillhead Railway to Broadstone limestone quarry, the exchange and offloading bay for which were nearby. Many other ironstone and limestone also quarries existed in the immediate area. The 1897 OS map shows a 'Brackenhills Siding' at the site and the station is shown on the 1920s map. Services A shuttle service ran via this station on the way to Giffen from Kilbirnie and back, with around nine return journeys per day during the week and an extra two on Saturdays. In 1912 the local paper reported that 16 trains per day ran to Ardrossan and Glasgow Central station from Brackenhills. Freight The LMS appendix records that Brackenhills Station siding. - This siding may be worked by trains proceeding from Giffen towards Kilbirnie (South), and during shunting operations the points must be set for the siding and remain in that position until the work is completed. This siding may also be worked by trains not exceeding 12 wagons and brake van coming from Glengarnock (High) and proceeding towards Giffen. In such cases the train must be taken inside the sidings, and no vehicle is to be left on the main branch line. The station master at Brackenhills must inform the signalman at Glengarnock (High) by telegraph when there is traffic to lift and the train must be signalled in accordance with Train Tablet Regulation 8. References Notes SourcesButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. LMS Appendix Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5. Brackenhills station on navigable OS map	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "railway station" ] }
Brackenhills railway station was a railway station approximately one mile south-west of the town of Beith, close to Barkip, North Ayrshire, Scotland, part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. History The station opened on 1 September 1906 on the branch to Kilbirnie. The station closed on 1 December 1930.Today the station platform still exists though it is overgrown and in very poor condition. The stationmaster's house is now a private residence. The 1858 Ordnance Survey (OS) shows a 'weighing machine' at what was eventually to become Brackenhills railway station, related to the Hillhead Railway to Broadstone limestone quarry, the exchange and offloading bay for which were nearby. Many other ironstone and limestone also quarries existed in the immediate area. The 1897 OS map shows a 'Brackenhills Siding' at the site and the station is shown on the 1920s map. Services A shuttle service ran via this station on the way to Giffen from Kilbirnie and back, with around nine return journeys per day during the week and an extra two on Saturdays. In 1912 the local paper reported that 16 trains per day ran to Ardrossan and Glasgow Central station from Brackenhills. Freight The LMS appendix records that Brackenhills Station siding. - This siding may be worked by trains proceeding from Giffen towards Kilbirnie (South), and during shunting operations the points must be set for the siding and remain in that position until the work is completed. This siding may also be worked by trains not exceeding 12 wagons and brake van coming from Glengarnock (High) and proceeding towards Giffen. In such cases the train must be taken inside the sidings, and no vehicle is to be left on the main branch line. The station master at Brackenhills must inform the signalman at Glengarnock (High) by telegraph when there is traffic to lift and the train must be signalled in accordance with Train Tablet Regulation 8. References Notes SourcesButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. LMS Appendix Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5. Brackenhills station on navigable OS map	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 124 ], "text": [ "North Ayrshire" ] }
Brackenhills railway station was a railway station approximately one mile south-west of the town of Beith, close to Barkip, North Ayrshire, Scotland, part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. History The station opened on 1 September 1906 on the branch to Kilbirnie. The station closed on 1 December 1930.Today the station platform still exists though it is overgrown and in very poor condition. The stationmaster's house is now a private residence. The 1858 Ordnance Survey (OS) shows a 'weighing machine' at what was eventually to become Brackenhills railway station, related to the Hillhead Railway to Broadstone limestone quarry, the exchange and offloading bay for which were nearby. Many other ironstone and limestone also quarries existed in the immediate area. The 1897 OS map shows a 'Brackenhills Siding' at the site and the station is shown on the 1920s map. Services A shuttle service ran via this station on the way to Giffen from Kilbirnie and back, with around nine return journeys per day during the week and an extra two on Saturdays. In 1912 the local paper reported that 16 trains per day ran to Ardrossan and Glasgow Central station from Brackenhills. Freight The LMS appendix records that Brackenhills Station siding. - This siding may be worked by trains proceeding from Giffen towards Kilbirnie (South), and during shunting operations the points must be set for the siding and remain in that position until the work is completed. This siding may also be worked by trains not exceeding 12 wagons and brake van coming from Glengarnock (High) and proceeding towards Giffen. In such cases the train must be taken inside the sidings, and no vehicle is to be left on the main branch line. The station master at Brackenhills must inform the signalman at Glengarnock (High) by telegraph when there is traffic to lift and the train must be signalled in accordance with Train Tablet Regulation 8. References Notes SourcesButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. LMS Appendix Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5. Brackenhills station on navigable OS map	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Brackenhills railway station" ] }
Brackenhills railway station was a railway station approximately one mile south-west of the town of Beith, close to Barkip, North Ayrshire, Scotland, part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. History The station opened on 1 September 1906 on the branch to Kilbirnie. The station closed on 1 December 1930.Today the station platform still exists though it is overgrown and in very poor condition. The stationmaster's house is now a private residence. The 1858 Ordnance Survey (OS) shows a 'weighing machine' at what was eventually to become Brackenhills railway station, related to the Hillhead Railway to Broadstone limestone quarry, the exchange and offloading bay for which were nearby. Many other ironstone and limestone also quarries existed in the immediate area. The 1897 OS map shows a 'Brackenhills Siding' at the site and the station is shown on the 1920s map. Services A shuttle service ran via this station on the way to Giffen from Kilbirnie and back, with around nine return journeys per day during the week and an extra two on Saturdays. In 1912 the local paper reported that 16 trains per day ran to Ardrossan and Glasgow Central station from Brackenhills. Freight The LMS appendix records that Brackenhills Station siding. - This siding may be worked by trains proceeding from Giffen towards Kilbirnie (South), and during shunting operations the points must be set for the siding and remain in that position until the work is completed. This siding may also be worked by trains not exceeding 12 wagons and brake van coming from Glengarnock (High) and proceeding towards Giffen. In such cases the train must be taken inside the sidings, and no vehicle is to be left on the main branch line. The station master at Brackenhills must inform the signalman at Glengarnock (High) by telegraph when there is traffic to lift and the train must be signalled in accordance with Train Tablet Regulation 8. References Notes SourcesButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. LMS Appendix Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5. Brackenhills station on navigable OS map	number of platform tracks	{ "answer_start": [ 227 ], "text": [ "1" ] }
Brackenhills railway station was a railway station approximately one mile south-west of the town of Beith, close to Barkip, North Ayrshire, Scotland, part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. History The station opened on 1 September 1906 on the branch to Kilbirnie. The station closed on 1 December 1930.Today the station platform still exists though it is overgrown and in very poor condition. The stationmaster's house is now a private residence. The 1858 Ordnance Survey (OS) shows a 'weighing machine' at what was eventually to become Brackenhills railway station, related to the Hillhead Railway to Broadstone limestone quarry, the exchange and offloading bay for which were nearby. Many other ironstone and limestone also quarries existed in the immediate area. The 1897 OS map shows a 'Brackenhills Siding' at the site and the station is shown on the 1920s map. Services A shuttle service ran via this station on the way to Giffen from Kilbirnie and back, with around nine return journeys per day during the week and an extra two on Saturdays. In 1912 the local paper reported that 16 trains per day ran to Ardrossan and Glasgow Central station from Brackenhills. Freight The LMS appendix records that Brackenhills Station siding. - This siding may be worked by trains proceeding from Giffen towards Kilbirnie (South), and during shunting operations the points must be set for the siding and remain in that position until the work is completed. This siding may also be worked by trains not exceeding 12 wagons and brake van coming from Glengarnock (High) and proceeding towards Giffen. In such cases the train must be taken inside the sidings, and no vehicle is to be left on the main branch line. The station master at Brackenhills must inform the signalman at Glengarnock (High) by telegraph when there is traffic to lift and the train must be signalled in accordance with Train Tablet Regulation 8. References Notes SourcesButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. LMS Appendix Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5. Brackenhills station on navigable OS map	historic county	{ "answer_start": [ 130 ], "text": [ "Ayrshire" ] }
Lago di Bientina, also known as Lago di Sesto, was a lake in Tuscany, Italy. Located to the north of the town of Bientina, between Lucca and Pisa, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at drainage due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the Arno River, which often led to backflow and even increased flooding. In the 19th century, by order of Grand Duke Leopold II, the lake was fully reclaimed and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called La Botte ('The Barrel') underneath the Arno River before emptying into the Canale Imperiale ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the Ligurian Sea. Geography The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the Monte Pisano to the west and the Monte Carlo to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the Chiaro, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the Padule. Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km2 (37 sq mi) during floods. At its average area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.The lake was fed from the north by the Serchio River, also known as the Auser. At the southern end, the Padule led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the Serezza, which flowed into the Arno River several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the Ligurian Sea. Early history (to 1559) Several Etruscan tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times. The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a Roman city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake, but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city. However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.Along the shores of the lake throughout the medieval period was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal immunity by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 AD. It controlled widely scattered lands as far as Corsica. However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy Padule, were controlled by the town of Bientina. Throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of Lucca and the Republic of Florence, later replaced by the Duchy of Tuscany. Drainage efforts (1560–1859) Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy Padule was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s. In 1560, Cosimo III, a Medici Grand Duke of Florence, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation. Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the Serezza Vecchia ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke Francesco di Lorena, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician Leonardo Ximenes. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue. However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina. At this time the lake was well known for its eels and its large population of waterfowl, especially coots. In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality. In 1852, the Grand Duke Leopold II ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost. Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the Canale Imperiale, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as La Botte was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859. This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea. Post-drainage history (1860–present) The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of Italian unification. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards La Botte and the drainage under the Arno.Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war development of industry and an increase in civil discharge in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the reclamation of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1974. However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto (St. Benedict's Island). References Further reading Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727. Caciagli, Giuseppe. Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324. Cialdi, Alessandro. On the New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno, 1857. Fasoli, Patrizia. Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981. Rombai, Leondardo. Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany in The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685. Zagli, Andrea. The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.	country	{ "answer_start": [ 70 ], "text": [ "Italy" ] }
Lago di Bientina, also known as Lago di Sesto, was a lake in Tuscany, Italy. Located to the north of the town of Bientina, between Lucca and Pisa, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at drainage due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the Arno River, which often led to backflow and even increased flooding. In the 19th century, by order of Grand Duke Leopold II, the lake was fully reclaimed and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called La Botte ('The Barrel') underneath the Arno River before emptying into the Canale Imperiale ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the Ligurian Sea. Geography The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the Monte Pisano to the west and the Monte Carlo to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the Chiaro, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the Padule. Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km2 (37 sq mi) during floods. At its average area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.The lake was fed from the north by the Serchio River, also known as the Auser. At the southern end, the Padule led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the Serezza, which flowed into the Arno River several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the Ligurian Sea. Early history (to 1559) Several Etruscan tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times. The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a Roman city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake, but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city. However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.Along the shores of the lake throughout the medieval period was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal immunity by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 AD. It controlled widely scattered lands as far as Corsica. However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy Padule, were controlled by the town of Bientina. Throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of Lucca and the Republic of Florence, later replaced by the Duchy of Tuscany. Drainage efforts (1560–1859) Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy Padule was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s. In 1560, Cosimo III, a Medici Grand Duke of Florence, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation. Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the Serezza Vecchia ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke Francesco di Lorena, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician Leonardo Ximenes. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue. However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina. At this time the lake was well known for its eels and its large population of waterfowl, especially coots. In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality. In 1852, the Grand Duke Leopold II ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost. Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the Canale Imperiale, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as La Botte was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859. This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea. Post-drainage history (1860–present) The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of Italian unification. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards La Botte and the drainage under the Arno.Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war development of industry and an increase in civil discharge in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the reclamation of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1974. However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto (St. Benedict's Island). References Further reading Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727. Caciagli, Giuseppe. Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324. Cialdi, Alessandro. On the New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno, 1857. Fasoli, Patrizia. Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981. Rombai, Leondardo. Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany in The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685. Zagli, Andrea. The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 595 ], "text": [ "former lake" ] }
Lago di Bientina, also known as Lago di Sesto, was a lake in Tuscany, Italy. Located to the north of the town of Bientina, between Lucca and Pisa, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at drainage due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the Arno River, which often led to backflow and even increased flooding. In the 19th century, by order of Grand Duke Leopold II, the lake was fully reclaimed and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called La Botte ('The Barrel') underneath the Arno River before emptying into the Canale Imperiale ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the Ligurian Sea. Geography The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the Monte Pisano to the west and the Monte Carlo to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the Chiaro, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the Padule. Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km2 (37 sq mi) during floods. At its average area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.The lake was fed from the north by the Serchio River, also known as the Auser. At the southern end, the Padule led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the Serezza, which flowed into the Arno River several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the Ligurian Sea. Early history (to 1559) Several Etruscan tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times. The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a Roman city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake, but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city. However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.Along the shores of the lake throughout the medieval period was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal immunity by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 AD. It controlled widely scattered lands as far as Corsica. However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy Padule, were controlled by the town of Bientina. Throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of Lucca and the Republic of Florence, later replaced by the Duchy of Tuscany. Drainage efforts (1560–1859) Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy Padule was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s. In 1560, Cosimo III, a Medici Grand Duke of Florence, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation. Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the Serezza Vecchia ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke Francesco di Lorena, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician Leonardo Ximenes. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue. However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina. At this time the lake was well known for its eels and its large population of waterfowl, especially coots. In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality. In 1852, the Grand Duke Leopold II ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost. Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the Canale Imperiale, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as La Botte was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859. This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea. Post-drainage history (1860–present) The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of Italian unification. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards La Botte and the drainage under the Arno.Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war development of industry and an increase in civil discharge in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the reclamation of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1974. However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto (St. Benedict's Island). References Further reading Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727. Caciagli, Giuseppe. Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324. Cialdi, Alessandro. On the New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno, 1857. Fasoli, Patrizia. Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981. Rombai, Leondardo. Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany in The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685. Zagli, Andrea. The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.	inflows	{ "answer_start": [ 1480 ], "text": [ "Serchio" ] }
Lago di Bientina, also known as Lago di Sesto, was a lake in Tuscany, Italy. Located to the north of the town of Bientina, between Lucca and Pisa, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at drainage due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the Arno River, which often led to backflow and even increased flooding. In the 19th century, by order of Grand Duke Leopold II, the lake was fully reclaimed and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called La Botte ('The Barrel') underneath the Arno River before emptying into the Canale Imperiale ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the Ligurian Sea. Geography The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the Monte Pisano to the west and the Monte Carlo to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the Chiaro, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the Padule. Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km2 (37 sq mi) during floods. At its average area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.The lake was fed from the north by the Serchio River, also known as the Auser. At the southern end, the Padule led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the Serezza, which flowed into the Arno River several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the Ligurian Sea. Early history (to 1559) Several Etruscan tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times. The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a Roman city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake, but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city. However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.Along the shores of the lake throughout the medieval period was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal immunity by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 AD. It controlled widely scattered lands as far as Corsica. However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy Padule, were controlled by the town of Bientina. Throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of Lucca and the Republic of Florence, later replaced by the Duchy of Tuscany. Drainage efforts (1560–1859) Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy Padule was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s. In 1560, Cosimo III, a Medici Grand Duke of Florence, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation. Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the Serezza Vecchia ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke Francesco di Lorena, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician Leonardo Ximenes. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue. However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina. At this time the lake was well known for its eels and its large population of waterfowl, especially coots. In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality. In 1852, the Grand Duke Leopold II ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost. Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the Canale Imperiale, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as La Botte was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859. This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea. Post-drainage history (1860–present) The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of Italian unification. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards La Botte and the drainage under the Arno.Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war development of industry and an increase in civil discharge in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the reclamation of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1974. However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto (St. Benedict's Island). References Further reading Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727. Caciagli, Giuseppe. Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324. Cialdi, Alessandro. On the New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno, 1857. Fasoli, Patrizia. Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981. Rombai, Leondardo. Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany in The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685. Zagli, Andrea. The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.	basin country	{ "answer_start": [ 70 ], "text": [ "Italy" ] }
Lago di Bientina, also known as Lago di Sesto, was a lake in Tuscany, Italy. Located to the north of the town of Bientina, between Lucca and Pisa, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at drainage due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the Arno River, which often led to backflow and even increased flooding. In the 19th century, by order of Grand Duke Leopold II, the lake was fully reclaimed and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called La Botte ('The Barrel') underneath the Arno River before emptying into the Canale Imperiale ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the Ligurian Sea. Geography The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the Monte Pisano to the west and the Monte Carlo to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the Chiaro, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the Padule. Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km2 (37 sq mi) during floods. At its average area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.The lake was fed from the north by the Serchio River, also known as the Auser. At the southern end, the Padule led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the Serezza, which flowed into the Arno River several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the Ligurian Sea. Early history (to 1559) Several Etruscan tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times. The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a Roman city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake, but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city. However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.Along the shores of the lake throughout the medieval period was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal immunity by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 AD. It controlled widely scattered lands as far as Corsica. However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy Padule, were controlled by the town of Bientina. Throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of Lucca and the Republic of Florence, later replaced by the Duchy of Tuscany. Drainage efforts (1560–1859) Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy Padule was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s. In 1560, Cosimo III, a Medici Grand Duke of Florence, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation. Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the Serezza Vecchia ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke Francesco di Lorena, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician Leonardo Ximenes. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue. However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina. At this time the lake was well known for its eels and its large population of waterfowl, especially coots. In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality. In 1852, the Grand Duke Leopold II ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost. Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the Canale Imperiale, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as La Botte was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859. This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea. Post-drainage history (1860–present) The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of Italian unification. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards La Botte and the drainage under the Arno.Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war development of industry and an increase in civil discharge in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the reclamation of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1974. However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto (St. Benedict's Island). References Further reading Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727. Caciagli, Giuseppe. Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324. Cialdi, Alessandro. On the New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno, 1857. Fasoli, Patrizia. Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981. Rombai, Leondardo. Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany in The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685. Zagli, Andrea. The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Lago di Bientina" ] }
Darinuiyeh (Persian: دارينوئيه, also Romanized as Dārīnū’īyeh; also known as Ārīnū’īyeh and Dārmīnū’īyeh) is a village in Zeydabad Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 278, in 65 families. == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 206 ], "text": [ "Iran" ] }
Darinuiyeh (Persian: دارينوئيه, also Romanized as Dārīnū’īyeh; also known as Ārīnū’īyeh and Dārmīnū’īyeh) is a village in Zeydabad Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 278, in 65 families. == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 154 ], "text": [ "Central District" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Naples" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Naples" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 43 ], "text": [ "painter" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 98 ], "text": [ "still life" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Domenico Brandi" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Brandi" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Domenico" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	work location	{ "answer_start": [ 363 ], "text": [ "Rome" ] }
Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city. References Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical (Vol. I A-K). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 178.	Commons Creator page	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Domenico Brandi" ] }
The Mitsuoka Rock Star is a retro-styled sports car produced by Mitsuoka between 2018 and 2022. It was announced as a special model to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Mitsuoka. Based on the fourth generation Mazda MX-5, the front and rear exteriors have been changed to resemble the Chevrolet Corvette (C2). The Rock Star is described as "naughty, stylish, and fun", and in contrast to Himiko, which is also based on the MX-5, it features a masculine and wild style. History The Rock Star was announced on November 29, 2018 and reservations were accepted two days later. It was produced by remodeling the fourth generation Mazda MX-5. The main mechanisms such as the P5 type 1.5L in-line 4-cylinder engine are the same as the base model, but the total length has been extended by 430 mm (17 in) in order to aim for more balanced proportions. Unlike the Himiko and Le-Seyde, however, the wheelbase has not changed. Takanori Aoki, who worked on the Orochi, was in charge of the exterior design. From the beginning, there was no plan to use the C2 Corvette as a motif, but the design was created while searching for idea sketches, and it is said to embody the sense of scale and appearance that Aoki remembered from his junior high school days. The number of sales is limited to 200 units. Pre-orders for customers had already sold out 50 units, leaving 150 units remaining at the time of the announcement. The grade development is the same as the MX-5, and two types of MT-only basic model "S" and high-grade model "S Special Package" were available. On March 22, 2019, it was announced that 200 units were sold out. On July 23, 2019, a line-off ceremony for the first car was held at the head office factory in Toyama. Mitsuoka had planned to produce and ship 50 units of the Rock Star in 2019, and after that, 75 units in 2020 and 2021.On January 27, 2022, in commemoration of the complete sale and delivery of Rock Star, it was announced that a lottery sale of the "Rock Star 2.0 LHD Only1 Special" would be held. Based on the 2.0L MX-5, it offers a left-hand drive and a 2.0L engine that the standard model does not have. References External links Official website	manufacturer	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Mitsuoka" ] }
The Mitsuoka Rock Star is a retro-styled sports car produced by Mitsuoka between 2018 and 2022. It was announced as a special model to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Mitsuoka. Based on the fourth generation Mazda MX-5, the front and rear exteriors have been changed to resemble the Chevrolet Corvette (C2). The Rock Star is described as "naughty, stylish, and fun", and in contrast to Himiko, which is also based on the MX-5, it features a masculine and wild style. History The Rock Star was announced on November 29, 2018 and reservations were accepted two days later. It was produced by remodeling the fourth generation Mazda MX-5. The main mechanisms such as the P5 type 1.5L in-line 4-cylinder engine are the same as the base model, but the total length has been extended by 430 mm (17 in) in order to aim for more balanced proportions. Unlike the Himiko and Le-Seyde, however, the wheelbase has not changed. Takanori Aoki, who worked on the Orochi, was in charge of the exterior design. From the beginning, there was no plan to use the C2 Corvette as a motif, but the design was created while searching for idea sketches, and it is said to embody the sense of scale and appearance that Aoki remembered from his junior high school days. The number of sales is limited to 200 units. Pre-orders for customers had already sold out 50 units, leaving 150 units remaining at the time of the announcement. The grade development is the same as the MX-5, and two types of MT-only basic model "S" and high-grade model "S Special Package" were available. On March 22, 2019, it was announced that 200 units were sold out. On July 23, 2019, a line-off ceremony for the first car was held at the head office factory in Toyama. Mitsuoka had planned to produce and ship 50 units of the Rock Star in 2019, and after that, 75 units in 2020 and 2021.On January 27, 2022, in commemoration of the complete sale and delivery of Rock Star, it was announced that a lottery sale of the "Rock Star 2.0 LHD Only1 Special" would be held. Based on the 2.0L MX-5, it offers a left-hand drive and a 2.0L engine that the standard model does not have. References External links Official website	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Mitsuoka Rock Star" ] }
Mycobacterium goodii is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. Description M. goodii cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods. Colony characteristics Colonies of M. goodii are smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured. in After 10–14 days incubation, 78% of all strains produce a yellow or orange pigment. Physiology Strains of M. goodii show rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 and trypticase soy agar at 30 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C within 2–4 days. They are susceptible to the antibiotics amikacin, ethambutol, and sulfamethoxazole but show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tobramycin and variable susceptibility to cefmetazole, cefoxitin and clarithromycin. They are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. Pathogenesis M. goodii is found in many of the same settings as M. smegmatis and members of the M. fortuitum complex. It can cause post-traumatic wound infections especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis and chronic lipoid pneumonia. Type strain The type strain of M. goodii (Strain MO69 = ATCC 700504 = CIP 106349 = DSM 44492 = JCM 12689) was first isolated from a patient with a post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the heel in the United States.Mycobacterium goodii was previously known as Mycobacterium smegmatis group 2. References External links Type strain of Mycobacterium goodii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 47 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Mycobacterium goodii is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. Description M. goodii cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods. Colony characteristics Colonies of M. goodii are smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured. in After 10–14 days incubation, 78% of all strains produce a yellow or orange pigment. Physiology Strains of M. goodii show rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 and trypticase soy agar at 30 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C within 2–4 days. They are susceptible to the antibiotics amikacin, ethambutol, and sulfamethoxazole but show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tobramycin and variable susceptibility to cefmetazole, cefoxitin and clarithromycin. They are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. Pathogenesis M. goodii is found in many of the same settings as M. smegmatis and members of the M. fortuitum complex. It can cause post-traumatic wound infections especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis and chronic lipoid pneumonia. Type strain The type strain of M. goodii (Strain MO69 = ATCC 700504 = CIP 106349 = DSM 44492 = JCM 12689) was first isolated from a patient with a post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the heel in the United States.Mycobacterium goodii was previously known as Mycobacterium smegmatis group 2. References External links Type strain of Mycobacterium goodii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mycobacterium" ] }
Mycobacterium goodii is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. Description M. goodii cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods. Colony characteristics Colonies of M. goodii are smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured. in After 10–14 days incubation, 78% of all strains produce a yellow or orange pigment. Physiology Strains of M. goodii show rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 and trypticase soy agar at 30 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C within 2–4 days. They are susceptible to the antibiotics amikacin, ethambutol, and sulfamethoxazole but show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tobramycin and variable susceptibility to cefmetazole, cefoxitin and clarithromycin. They are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. Pathogenesis M. goodii is found in many of the same settings as M. smegmatis and members of the M. fortuitum complex. It can cause post-traumatic wound infections especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis and chronic lipoid pneumonia. Type strain The type strain of M. goodii (Strain MO69 = ATCC 700504 = CIP 106349 = DSM 44492 = JCM 12689) was first isolated from a patient with a post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the heel in the United States.Mycobacterium goodii was previously known as Mycobacterium smegmatis group 2. References External links Type strain of Mycobacterium goodii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mycobacterium goodii" ] }
Mycobacterium goodii is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. Description M. goodii cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods. Colony characteristics Colonies of M. goodii are smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured. in After 10–14 days incubation, 78% of all strains produce a yellow or orange pigment. Physiology Strains of M. goodii show rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 and trypticase soy agar at 30 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C within 2–4 days. They are susceptible to the antibiotics amikacin, ethambutol, and sulfamethoxazole but show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tobramycin and variable susceptibility to cefmetazole, cefoxitin and clarithromycin. They are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. Pathogenesis M. goodii is found in many of the same settings as M. smegmatis and members of the M. fortuitum complex. It can cause post-traumatic wound infections especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis and chronic lipoid pneumonia. Type strain The type strain of M. goodii (Strain MO69 = ATCC 700504 = CIP 106349 = DSM 44492 = JCM 12689) was first isolated from a patient with a post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the heel in the United States.Mycobacterium goodii was previously known as Mycobacterium smegmatis group 2. References External links Type strain of Mycobacterium goodii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase	short name	{ "answer_start": [ 126 ], "text": [ "M. goodii" ] }
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico ("United Shipbuilders of the Adriatic") was an Italian manufacturer in the sea and air industry which was active from 1930 to 1966. This shipyard is now owned by Fincantieri. History In 1930, Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino based at Trieste merged with another Italian company, the Cantiere Navale Triestino of Monfalcone, forming the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico (CRDA). The new company built a number of light and heavy cruisers for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) between the wars, as well as some 27 submarines. The ocean liner Conte di Savoia was also constructed in 1932. During the World War II, CRDA Trieste built two battleships for the Regia Marina, Vittorio Veneto and Roma. CRDA survived the postwar shakeup in the shipbuilding industry and went on to build several more commercial liners in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a few naval vessels. In 1984, CRDA was sold to the Fincantieri Group. For the Olympic regattas of 1960 the firm produced 55 Finn sailboats for the single-handed event in the Gulf of Naples. Ships built The following table lists ships built at the former STT shipyards after the company's 1929 merger with Cantieri Navale Triestino to form CRDA. Reference: Winklareth p. 292-293 See also Cantiere Navale Triestino Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino References Bibliography Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.	headquarters location	{ "answer_start": [ 265 ], "text": [ "Trieste" ] }
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico ("United Shipbuilders of the Adriatic") was an Italian manufacturer in the sea and air industry which was active from 1930 to 1966. This shipyard is now owned by Fincantieri. History In 1930, Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino based at Trieste merged with another Italian company, the Cantiere Navale Triestino of Monfalcone, forming the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico (CRDA). The new company built a number of light and heavy cruisers for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) between the wars, as well as some 27 submarines. The ocean liner Conte di Savoia was also constructed in 1932. During the World War II, CRDA Trieste built two battleships for the Regia Marina, Vittorio Veneto and Roma. CRDA survived the postwar shakeup in the shipbuilding industry and went on to build several more commercial liners in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a few naval vessels. In 1984, CRDA was sold to the Fincantieri Group. For the Olympic regattas of 1960 the firm produced 55 Finn sailboats for the single-handed event in the Gulf of Naples. Ships built The following table lists ships built at the former STT shipyards after the company's 1929 merger with Cantieri Navale Triestino to form CRDA. Reference: Winklareth p. 292-293 See also Cantiere Navale Triestino Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino References Bibliography Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico" ] }
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico ("United Shipbuilders of the Adriatic") was an Italian manufacturer in the sea and air industry which was active from 1930 to 1966. This shipyard is now owned by Fincantieri. History In 1930, Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino based at Trieste merged with another Italian company, the Cantiere Navale Triestino of Monfalcone, forming the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico (CRDA). The new company built a number of light and heavy cruisers for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) between the wars, as well as some 27 submarines. The ocean liner Conte di Savoia was also constructed in 1932. During the World War II, CRDA Trieste built two battleships for the Regia Marina, Vittorio Veneto and Roma. CRDA survived the postwar shakeup in the shipbuilding industry and went on to build several more commercial liners in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a few naval vessels. In 1984, CRDA was sold to the Fincantieri Group. For the Olympic regattas of 1960 the firm produced 55 Finn sailboats for the single-handed event in the Gulf of Naples. Ships built The following table lists ships built at the former STT shipyards after the company's 1929 merger with Cantieri Navale Triestino to form CRDA. Reference: Winklareth p. 292-293 See also Cantiere Navale Triestino Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino References Bibliography Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.	industry	{ "answer_start": [ 768 ], "text": [ "shipbuilding" ] }
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico ("United Shipbuilders of the Adriatic") was an Italian manufacturer in the sea and air industry which was active from 1930 to 1966. This shipyard is now owned by Fincantieri. History In 1930, Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino based at Trieste merged with another Italian company, the Cantiere Navale Triestino of Monfalcone, forming the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico (CRDA). The new company built a number of light and heavy cruisers for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) between the wars, as well as some 27 submarines. The ocean liner Conte di Savoia was also constructed in 1932. During the World War II, CRDA Trieste built two battleships for the Regia Marina, Vittorio Veneto and Roma. CRDA survived the postwar shakeup in the shipbuilding industry and went on to build several more commercial liners in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a few naval vessels. In 1984, CRDA was sold to the Fincantieri Group. For the Olympic regattas of 1960 the firm produced 55 Finn sailboats for the single-handed event in the Gulf of Naples. Ships built The following table lists ships built at the former STT shipyards after the company's 1929 merger with Cantieri Navale Triestino to form CRDA. Reference: Winklareth p. 292-293 See also Cantiere Navale Triestino Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino References Bibliography Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.	location of formation	{ "answer_start": [ 265 ], "text": [ "Trieste" ] }
Mario Castro can refer to: Mario Castro (footballer) (1923–1983), Chilean footballer Mario Castro (gymnast) (born 1962), Cuban Olympic gymnast Mario Castro (rower) (born 1961), Chilan Olympic rower	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Castro" ] }
Mario Castro can refer to: Mario Castro (footballer) (1923–1983), Chilean footballer Mario Castro (gymnast) (born 1962), Cuban Olympic gymnast Mario Castro (rower) (born 1961), Chilan Olympic rower	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mario" ] }
Mario Castro can refer to: Mario Castro (footballer) (1923–1983), Chilean footballer Mario Castro (gymnast) (born 1962), Cuban Olympic gymnast Mario Castro (rower) (born 1961), Chilan Olympic rower	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 67 ], "text": [ "Chile" ] }
Mario Castro can refer to: Mario Castro (footballer) (1923–1983), Chilean footballer Mario Castro (gymnast) (born 1962), Cuban Olympic gymnast Mario Castro (rower) (born 1961), Chilan Olympic rower	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 158 ], "text": [ "rower" ] }
Mario Castro can refer to: Mario Castro (footballer) (1923–1983), Chilean footballer Mario Castro (gymnast) (born 1962), Cuban Olympic gymnast Mario Castro (rower) (born 1961), Chilan Olympic rower	name in native language	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mario Castro" ] }
Hutaytet al-Turkman (also spelled Hteitet Elturkman; Arabic: حتيتة التركمان) is a Syrian village located in Al-Malihah Subdistrict, Markaz Rif Dimashq. Hutaytet al-Turkman had a population of 4,800 in the 2004 census. == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 82 ], "text": [ "Syria" ] }
Hutaytet al-Turkman (also spelled Hteitet Elturkman; Arabic: حتيتة التركمان) is a Syrian village located in Al-Malihah Subdistrict, Markaz Rif Dimashq. Hutaytet al-Turkman had a population of 4,800 in the 2004 census. == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "village" ] }
The Ogle County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listing in the Ogle County, Illinois, county seat of Oregon. The building stands on a public square in the city's downtown commercial district. The current structure was completed in 1891 and was preceded by two other buildings, one of which was destroyed by a group of outlaws. Following the destruction of the courthouse, the county was without a judicial building for a period during the 1840s. The Ogle County Courthouse was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. The ridged roof is dominated by its wooden cupola which stands out at a distance. In addition to the courthouse building, the public square contains several outbuildings and sites that are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Oregon Commercial Historic District, including a sculpture by Lorado Taft and a cast-iron fountain. The courthouse joined the Register in 1981 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. After initially joining the Register the structure underwent a careful restoration. The courthouse no longer serves as the primary judiciary center for the county; its successor is located directly across the street. History Ogle County Courthouse has been the name of three buildings. The current structure on the public square, no longer in use as the judiciary center in Ogle County, was constructed in late 1890 and early 1891 at a cost of US$107,000. The basically square Romanesque Revival structure is topped with a cupola and features a full basement. It was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey. First courthouse The first session of the Ogle County Commissioners' Court took place on January 3, 1837, after the city of Oregon was picked as the county seat. The first courthouse was completed in 1840–1841, but it never saw use. The 1840-41 courthouse was constructed at a cost of $4,000, partially in response to "a gang of villains" harassing citizens. On March 21, 1841, the night before court convened in its new building, the bandits allegedly set the courthouse on fire, completely destroying it. The town, whipped into a fury by horse whipping and thievery and, even murder, later formed a band of "Regulators" to hunt down and bring the bandits to justice. Essentially vigilantes, the group tracked down two residents, "Old Man Driscoll" (possibly Driskell) and his son, William Driscoll, both suspected of the murder. The Driscolls were arrested and brought to Oregon by the Regulators. A trial was organized at a nearby mill. The defendants were provided with counsel and the trial ensued, which residents involved called "fair" at the time.The swift outcome of the trial resulted in the almost immediate execution of the two men. One Driscoll, led out alone, was shot first. Then the other was led out, shown his dead relative's body and pushed for a confession. The defendant refused to confess, though he reportedly said he had committed other crimes for which he deserved death, and was also shot.After the lynching, friends and relatives of the Driscolls attempted to strike back at the Regulators. They obtained an indictment against many of the Regulators charging them with murder. The Regulators responded by obtaining their own Bills of Indictment against every person who had stood by and witnessed the lynching. With 125 people under indictment no witnesses could be found, and no jury could be formed, so the judge cleared the charges. Courthouse limbo For several years, between the March 1841 arson and 1848, court convened in various private residences. Without a courthouse in Oregon, the county seat, proposals to move the county seat began to circulate. Ogle County communities, Byron, Mount Morris, Grand Detour and Daysville were all in contention for the designation, and, ultimately, the new courthouse. At the deciding meeting the representatives from Daysville removed their town from the running and sided with Oregon. The withdrawal of Daysville gave Oregon a slim majority of votes and it retained its status as county seat of Ogle County. Second courthouse The replacement for the first courthouse, destroyed by arson, was not completed until the summer of 1848. A one-story brick building, the second Ogle County Courthouse was constructed for $3,000. The county used it for several decades but it was soon outgrown as various county offices began to accumulate more and more records and files. The structure exhibited Greek Revival style, common at the time. Some of the 1848 building's architectural elements included, a vent cupola, double-hung sash windows, complete with shutters, a gabled front roof and corniced returns. The new building was used as a multi-purpose public building; besides being the courthouse it served as the meeting hall for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Oregon until 1850. When community leader Henry Mix died in 1867 citizens gathered at the courthouse to mourn. Though the 1848 Ogle County Courthouse was soon found to be "inadequate in every respect" it would be over 40 years before a new facility was built. The idea of a new courthouse was met with staunch opposition and it was not until 1891 that the 1848 building was demolished and the current building erected. Third courthouse The current old courthouse in Ogle County was completed in 1891 and has been in constant use since. It was dedicated on August 20, 1891, and remained the county's primary judicial building until the same date 114 years later, in 2005. On that day Ogle County dedicated its fourth courthouse, across the street from the historic old courthouse. The 1891 courthouse was completed at a cost of slightly more than $100,000. It is constructed of red brick and detailed with Naperville and Ashton limestone in a rock-faced motif. Architect George O. Garnsey, who also designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb County, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The cupola was not added to the roof until 1892.During its early years, the courthouse was a popular community meeting place; the courthouse lawn was a common setting for community events and gatherings. Today, events no longer regularly take place on the courthouse lawn, but some festivals still occur at the location. After being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 a series of renovations began on the building, in order to, "preserve its historical and architectural integrity." Inside the courthouse, each office and courtroom was renovated, the exterior of the structure was refurbished and restored as well. The work was completed in 1983 and the building opened for public tours in 1984. Architecture This example of Romanesque Revival architecture was designed by George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect well known in northern Illinois. An impressive structure, the courthouse is designed on a monumental scale. Exterior The building is constructed of red pressed brick, detailed with locally quarried limestone, and reinforced with steel girders. The building's primary contractor was C.A. Moses. The red brick facade is detailed with significant amounts of limestone, including in its continuous lintels and sills. The entrances are covered with large round arches. The full basement is hinted at by the building's prominent foundation and water table. The window lintels, and sills, as well as the arches and stairs are trimmed with limestone.The roof is sharply angled toward its center, where a wooden cupola tops the building. It was completed after the building, in 1892. At each of the square shaped building's four corners are dormers, which serve to break up the monotony of the otherwise ridged roof. The dormers resemble the cupola, in that they are dormered as well as multi-gabled. The roof has had routine maintenance performed as required. The building's dominant feature, its cupola, sits on an oversized brick base with a terra cotta belt around its base top. It features blocked openings with multiple arches, double round arches, Corinthian pilasters, and organic corner detailing.The courthouse is elaborately windowed. Some windows, mostly on the first floor are straight topped. On the second floor most of the windows are topped with limestone arches. The original, wood-framed windows were replaced in 1972. The building's two main entrances feature stone arches over recessed doors; eleven step stairways lead to both doors. New doors were installed in both entrances in 1971. Interior The remaining original woodwork, sills, door frames, and interior doors, are all solid oak. The interior walls are 12 inches thick and, either painted or covered with paneling. An open, double staircase leads from the first floor to the second and third floors and the center of the building houses an elevator which moves from the basement to the third floor. The interior floors are all white pine wood, though some of the floors have now been carpeted. First floor ceilings are 15 feet high, with doors at a height of 12 feet. The second floor features the courtrooms, which, through the 1980s remodel, had the ceilings lowered to 10 feet. The interior renovation was completed at a cost of US$1.5 million. Other features The public square where the Ogle County Courthouse stands is in the heart of the Oregon Commercial Historic District. Besides the courthouse, there are five other important sites on the public square, all of which are considered contributing properties to the historic district. The sites include cannons, war memorials, and a cast-iron fountain. Iron Mike, the 1896 cast-iron fountain, is on the south side of the 400 Block of Washington Street in the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The multi-tier fountain is set into a matte green concrete base, and is four feet tall and three feet wide, at its widest point. Its lowest tier is adorned with the words "Illinois Humane Society." Civil War cannons The public square also features two surplus Civil War era cannons. The two cannons "guard" the eastern entrance to the Ogle County Courthouse. Both cannons were put in place sometime between 1898 and 1900. The Columbiad Cannon (the southernmost cannon) was cast in 1846 in Boston, Massachusetts. The northernmost cannon, the Parrot Cannon, was cast in 1864. The Soldiers' Monument The Soldiers' Monument sits on the southeast corner of the public square. The monument was designed by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1911 and Chicago architects Allen Bartlit Pond and Irving Kane Pond designed the structure that encompasses Taft's sculptures. The installation was dedicated in 1916. The monument is adorned with plaques honoring Ogle County's war dead from the American Civil War, Mexican War, War of 1812 and World War I, the last of which was added later. War Memorial On the north side of the public square is a terraced concrete memorial dedicated to Ogle County veterans of wars other than those included on The Soldiers' Monument. Dedicated on June 29, 1950, the War Memorial is adorned with plaques representing five American wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War. The plaques were added from 1951 to 1991. The memorial features four brick tiers topped with concrete caps, each cap holds a flagpole base. Significance The Ogle County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1981. On August 16, 2006, its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Oregon Commercial Historic District's listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics and government." The courthouse has been called a "prized landmark," and a site "that holds a special place of honor" in the city of Oregon. Three of the features on and around the courthouse grounds, Iron Mike, the War Memorial, and The Soldiers' Monument, all greatly contribute to the sense of time and place that the Oregon Commercial Historic District conveys. See also George O. Garnsey List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois Ogle County, Illinois Oregon Commercial Historic District Notes External links Media related to Ogle County Courthouse at Wikimedia Commons Property Information Report: Ogle County Courthouse, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency	architect	{ "answer_start": [ 528 ], "text": [ "George O. Garnsey" ] }
The Ogle County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listing in the Ogle County, Illinois, county seat of Oregon. The building stands on a public square in the city's downtown commercial district. The current structure was completed in 1891 and was preceded by two other buildings, one of which was destroyed by a group of outlaws. Following the destruction of the courthouse, the county was without a judicial building for a period during the 1840s. The Ogle County Courthouse was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. The ridged roof is dominated by its wooden cupola which stands out at a distance. In addition to the courthouse building, the public square contains several outbuildings and sites that are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Oregon Commercial Historic District, including a sculpture by Lorado Taft and a cast-iron fountain. The courthouse joined the Register in 1981 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. After initially joining the Register the structure underwent a careful restoration. The courthouse no longer serves as the primary judiciary center for the county; its successor is located directly across the street. History Ogle County Courthouse has been the name of three buildings. The current structure on the public square, no longer in use as the judiciary center in Ogle County, was constructed in late 1890 and early 1891 at a cost of US$107,000. The basically square Romanesque Revival structure is topped with a cupola and features a full basement. It was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey. First courthouse The first session of the Ogle County Commissioners' Court took place on January 3, 1837, after the city of Oregon was picked as the county seat. The first courthouse was completed in 1840–1841, but it never saw use. The 1840-41 courthouse was constructed at a cost of $4,000, partially in response to "a gang of villains" harassing citizens. On March 21, 1841, the night before court convened in its new building, the bandits allegedly set the courthouse on fire, completely destroying it. The town, whipped into a fury by horse whipping and thievery and, even murder, later formed a band of "Regulators" to hunt down and bring the bandits to justice. Essentially vigilantes, the group tracked down two residents, "Old Man Driscoll" (possibly Driskell) and his son, William Driscoll, both suspected of the murder. The Driscolls were arrested and brought to Oregon by the Regulators. A trial was organized at a nearby mill. The defendants were provided with counsel and the trial ensued, which residents involved called "fair" at the time.The swift outcome of the trial resulted in the almost immediate execution of the two men. One Driscoll, led out alone, was shot first. Then the other was led out, shown his dead relative's body and pushed for a confession. The defendant refused to confess, though he reportedly said he had committed other crimes for which he deserved death, and was also shot.After the lynching, friends and relatives of the Driscolls attempted to strike back at the Regulators. They obtained an indictment against many of the Regulators charging them with murder. The Regulators responded by obtaining their own Bills of Indictment against every person who had stood by and witnessed the lynching. With 125 people under indictment no witnesses could be found, and no jury could be formed, so the judge cleared the charges. Courthouse limbo For several years, between the March 1841 arson and 1848, court convened in various private residences. Without a courthouse in Oregon, the county seat, proposals to move the county seat began to circulate. Ogle County communities, Byron, Mount Morris, Grand Detour and Daysville were all in contention for the designation, and, ultimately, the new courthouse. At the deciding meeting the representatives from Daysville removed their town from the running and sided with Oregon. The withdrawal of Daysville gave Oregon a slim majority of votes and it retained its status as county seat of Ogle County. Second courthouse The replacement for the first courthouse, destroyed by arson, was not completed until the summer of 1848. A one-story brick building, the second Ogle County Courthouse was constructed for $3,000. The county used it for several decades but it was soon outgrown as various county offices began to accumulate more and more records and files. The structure exhibited Greek Revival style, common at the time. Some of the 1848 building's architectural elements included, a vent cupola, double-hung sash windows, complete with shutters, a gabled front roof and corniced returns. The new building was used as a multi-purpose public building; besides being the courthouse it served as the meeting hall for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Oregon until 1850. When community leader Henry Mix died in 1867 citizens gathered at the courthouse to mourn. Though the 1848 Ogle County Courthouse was soon found to be "inadequate in every respect" it would be over 40 years before a new facility was built. The idea of a new courthouse was met with staunch opposition and it was not until 1891 that the 1848 building was demolished and the current building erected. Third courthouse The current old courthouse in Ogle County was completed in 1891 and has been in constant use since. It was dedicated on August 20, 1891, and remained the county's primary judicial building until the same date 114 years later, in 2005. On that day Ogle County dedicated its fourth courthouse, across the street from the historic old courthouse. The 1891 courthouse was completed at a cost of slightly more than $100,000. It is constructed of red brick and detailed with Naperville and Ashton limestone in a rock-faced motif. Architect George O. Garnsey, who also designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb County, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The cupola was not added to the roof until 1892.During its early years, the courthouse was a popular community meeting place; the courthouse lawn was a common setting for community events and gatherings. Today, events no longer regularly take place on the courthouse lawn, but some festivals still occur at the location. After being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 a series of renovations began on the building, in order to, "preserve its historical and architectural integrity." Inside the courthouse, each office and courtroom was renovated, the exterior of the structure was refurbished and restored as well. The work was completed in 1983 and the building opened for public tours in 1984. Architecture This example of Romanesque Revival architecture was designed by George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect well known in northern Illinois. An impressive structure, the courthouse is designed on a monumental scale. Exterior The building is constructed of red pressed brick, detailed with locally quarried limestone, and reinforced with steel girders. The building's primary contractor was C.A. Moses. The red brick facade is detailed with significant amounts of limestone, including in its continuous lintels and sills. The entrances are covered with large round arches. The full basement is hinted at by the building's prominent foundation and water table. The window lintels, and sills, as well as the arches and stairs are trimmed with limestone.The roof is sharply angled toward its center, where a wooden cupola tops the building. It was completed after the building, in 1892. At each of the square shaped building's four corners are dormers, which serve to break up the monotony of the otherwise ridged roof. The dormers resemble the cupola, in that they are dormered as well as multi-gabled. The roof has had routine maintenance performed as required. The building's dominant feature, its cupola, sits on an oversized brick base with a terra cotta belt around its base top. It features blocked openings with multiple arches, double round arches, Corinthian pilasters, and organic corner detailing.The courthouse is elaborately windowed. Some windows, mostly on the first floor are straight topped. On the second floor most of the windows are topped with limestone arches. The original, wood-framed windows were replaced in 1972. The building's two main entrances feature stone arches over recessed doors; eleven step stairways lead to both doors. New doors were installed in both entrances in 1971. Interior The remaining original woodwork, sills, door frames, and interior doors, are all solid oak. The interior walls are 12 inches thick and, either painted or covered with paneling. An open, double staircase leads from the first floor to the second and third floors and the center of the building houses an elevator which moves from the basement to the third floor. The interior floors are all white pine wood, though some of the floors have now been carpeted. First floor ceilings are 15 feet high, with doors at a height of 12 feet. The second floor features the courtrooms, which, through the 1980s remodel, had the ceilings lowered to 10 feet. The interior renovation was completed at a cost of US$1.5 million. Other features The public square where the Ogle County Courthouse stands is in the heart of the Oregon Commercial Historic District. Besides the courthouse, there are five other important sites on the public square, all of which are considered contributing properties to the historic district. The sites include cannons, war memorials, and a cast-iron fountain. Iron Mike, the 1896 cast-iron fountain, is on the south side of the 400 Block of Washington Street in the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The multi-tier fountain is set into a matte green concrete base, and is four feet tall and three feet wide, at its widest point. Its lowest tier is adorned with the words "Illinois Humane Society." Civil War cannons The public square also features two surplus Civil War era cannons. The two cannons "guard" the eastern entrance to the Ogle County Courthouse. Both cannons were put in place sometime between 1898 and 1900. The Columbiad Cannon (the southernmost cannon) was cast in 1846 in Boston, Massachusetts. The northernmost cannon, the Parrot Cannon, was cast in 1864. The Soldiers' Monument The Soldiers' Monument sits on the southeast corner of the public square. The monument was designed by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1911 and Chicago architects Allen Bartlit Pond and Irving Kane Pond designed the structure that encompasses Taft's sculptures. The installation was dedicated in 1916. The monument is adorned with plaques honoring Ogle County's war dead from the American Civil War, Mexican War, War of 1812 and World War I, the last of which was added later. War Memorial On the north side of the public square is a terraced concrete memorial dedicated to Ogle County veterans of wars other than those included on The Soldiers' Monument. Dedicated on June 29, 1950, the War Memorial is adorned with plaques representing five American wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War. The plaques were added from 1951 to 1991. The memorial features four brick tiers topped with concrete caps, each cap holds a flagpole base. Significance The Ogle County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1981. On August 16, 2006, its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Oregon Commercial Historic District's listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics and government." The courthouse has been called a "prized landmark," and a site "that holds a special place of honor" in the city of Oregon. Three of the features on and around the courthouse grounds, Iron Mike, the War Memorial, and The Soldiers' Monument, all greatly contribute to the sense of time and place that the Oregon Commercial Historic District conveys. See also George O. Garnsey List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois Ogle County, Illinois Oregon Commercial Historic District Notes External links Media related to Ogle County Courthouse at Wikimedia Commons Property Information Report: Ogle County Courthouse, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "Illinois" ] }
The Ogle County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listing in the Ogle County, Illinois, county seat of Oregon. The building stands on a public square in the city's downtown commercial district. The current structure was completed in 1891 and was preceded by two other buildings, one of which was destroyed by a group of outlaws. Following the destruction of the courthouse, the county was without a judicial building for a period during the 1840s. The Ogle County Courthouse was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. The ridged roof is dominated by its wooden cupola which stands out at a distance. In addition to the courthouse building, the public square contains several outbuildings and sites that are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Oregon Commercial Historic District, including a sculpture by Lorado Taft and a cast-iron fountain. The courthouse joined the Register in 1981 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. After initially joining the Register the structure underwent a careful restoration. The courthouse no longer serves as the primary judiciary center for the county; its successor is located directly across the street. History Ogle County Courthouse has been the name of three buildings. The current structure on the public square, no longer in use as the judiciary center in Ogle County, was constructed in late 1890 and early 1891 at a cost of US$107,000. The basically square Romanesque Revival structure is topped with a cupola and features a full basement. It was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey. First courthouse The first session of the Ogle County Commissioners' Court took place on January 3, 1837, after the city of Oregon was picked as the county seat. The first courthouse was completed in 1840–1841, but it never saw use. The 1840-41 courthouse was constructed at a cost of $4,000, partially in response to "a gang of villains" harassing citizens. On March 21, 1841, the night before court convened in its new building, the bandits allegedly set the courthouse on fire, completely destroying it. The town, whipped into a fury by horse whipping and thievery and, even murder, later formed a band of "Regulators" to hunt down and bring the bandits to justice. Essentially vigilantes, the group tracked down two residents, "Old Man Driscoll" (possibly Driskell) and his son, William Driscoll, both suspected of the murder. The Driscolls were arrested and brought to Oregon by the Regulators. A trial was organized at a nearby mill. The defendants were provided with counsel and the trial ensued, which residents involved called "fair" at the time.The swift outcome of the trial resulted in the almost immediate execution of the two men. One Driscoll, led out alone, was shot first. Then the other was led out, shown his dead relative's body and pushed for a confession. The defendant refused to confess, though he reportedly said he had committed other crimes for which he deserved death, and was also shot.After the lynching, friends and relatives of the Driscolls attempted to strike back at the Regulators. They obtained an indictment against many of the Regulators charging them with murder. The Regulators responded by obtaining their own Bills of Indictment against every person who had stood by and witnessed the lynching. With 125 people under indictment no witnesses could be found, and no jury could be formed, so the judge cleared the charges. Courthouse limbo For several years, between the March 1841 arson and 1848, court convened in various private residences. Without a courthouse in Oregon, the county seat, proposals to move the county seat began to circulate. Ogle County communities, Byron, Mount Morris, Grand Detour and Daysville were all in contention for the designation, and, ultimately, the new courthouse. At the deciding meeting the representatives from Daysville removed their town from the running and sided with Oregon. The withdrawal of Daysville gave Oregon a slim majority of votes and it retained its status as county seat of Ogle County. Second courthouse The replacement for the first courthouse, destroyed by arson, was not completed until the summer of 1848. A one-story brick building, the second Ogle County Courthouse was constructed for $3,000. The county used it for several decades but it was soon outgrown as various county offices began to accumulate more and more records and files. The structure exhibited Greek Revival style, common at the time. Some of the 1848 building's architectural elements included, a vent cupola, double-hung sash windows, complete with shutters, a gabled front roof and corniced returns. The new building was used as a multi-purpose public building; besides being the courthouse it served as the meeting hall for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Oregon until 1850. When community leader Henry Mix died in 1867 citizens gathered at the courthouse to mourn. Though the 1848 Ogle County Courthouse was soon found to be "inadequate in every respect" it would be over 40 years before a new facility was built. The idea of a new courthouse was met with staunch opposition and it was not until 1891 that the 1848 building was demolished and the current building erected. Third courthouse The current old courthouse in Ogle County was completed in 1891 and has been in constant use since. It was dedicated on August 20, 1891, and remained the county's primary judicial building until the same date 114 years later, in 2005. On that day Ogle County dedicated its fourth courthouse, across the street from the historic old courthouse. The 1891 courthouse was completed at a cost of slightly more than $100,000. It is constructed of red brick and detailed with Naperville and Ashton limestone in a rock-faced motif. Architect George O. Garnsey, who also designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb County, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The cupola was not added to the roof until 1892.During its early years, the courthouse was a popular community meeting place; the courthouse lawn was a common setting for community events and gatherings. Today, events no longer regularly take place on the courthouse lawn, but some festivals still occur at the location. After being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 a series of renovations began on the building, in order to, "preserve its historical and architectural integrity." Inside the courthouse, each office and courtroom was renovated, the exterior of the structure was refurbished and restored as well. The work was completed in 1983 and the building opened for public tours in 1984. Architecture This example of Romanesque Revival architecture was designed by George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect well known in northern Illinois. An impressive structure, the courthouse is designed on a monumental scale. Exterior The building is constructed of red pressed brick, detailed with locally quarried limestone, and reinforced with steel girders. The building's primary contractor was C.A. Moses. The red brick facade is detailed with significant amounts of limestone, including in its continuous lintels and sills. The entrances are covered with large round arches. The full basement is hinted at by the building's prominent foundation and water table. The window lintels, and sills, as well as the arches and stairs are trimmed with limestone.The roof is sharply angled toward its center, where a wooden cupola tops the building. It was completed after the building, in 1892. At each of the square shaped building's four corners are dormers, which serve to break up the monotony of the otherwise ridged roof. The dormers resemble the cupola, in that they are dormered as well as multi-gabled. The roof has had routine maintenance performed as required. The building's dominant feature, its cupola, sits on an oversized brick base with a terra cotta belt around its base top. It features blocked openings with multiple arches, double round arches, Corinthian pilasters, and organic corner detailing.The courthouse is elaborately windowed. Some windows, mostly on the first floor are straight topped. On the second floor most of the windows are topped with limestone arches. The original, wood-framed windows were replaced in 1972. The building's two main entrances feature stone arches over recessed doors; eleven step stairways lead to both doors. New doors were installed in both entrances in 1971. Interior The remaining original woodwork, sills, door frames, and interior doors, are all solid oak. The interior walls are 12 inches thick and, either painted or covered with paneling. An open, double staircase leads from the first floor to the second and third floors and the center of the building houses an elevator which moves from the basement to the third floor. The interior floors are all white pine wood, though some of the floors have now been carpeted. First floor ceilings are 15 feet high, with doors at a height of 12 feet. The second floor features the courtrooms, which, through the 1980s remodel, had the ceilings lowered to 10 feet. The interior renovation was completed at a cost of US$1.5 million. Other features The public square where the Ogle County Courthouse stands is in the heart of the Oregon Commercial Historic District. Besides the courthouse, there are five other important sites on the public square, all of which are considered contributing properties to the historic district. The sites include cannons, war memorials, and a cast-iron fountain. Iron Mike, the 1896 cast-iron fountain, is on the south side of the 400 Block of Washington Street in the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The multi-tier fountain is set into a matte green concrete base, and is four feet tall and three feet wide, at its widest point. Its lowest tier is adorned with the words "Illinois Humane Society." Civil War cannons The public square also features two surplus Civil War era cannons. The two cannons "guard" the eastern entrance to the Ogle County Courthouse. Both cannons were put in place sometime between 1898 and 1900. The Columbiad Cannon (the southernmost cannon) was cast in 1846 in Boston, Massachusetts. The northernmost cannon, the Parrot Cannon, was cast in 1864. The Soldiers' Monument The Soldiers' Monument sits on the southeast corner of the public square. The monument was designed by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1911 and Chicago architects Allen Bartlit Pond and Irving Kane Pond designed the structure that encompasses Taft's sculptures. The installation was dedicated in 1916. The monument is adorned with plaques honoring Ogle County's war dead from the American Civil War, Mexican War, War of 1812 and World War I, the last of which was added later. War Memorial On the north side of the public square is a terraced concrete memorial dedicated to Ogle County veterans of wars other than those included on The Soldiers' Monument. Dedicated on June 29, 1950, the War Memorial is adorned with plaques representing five American wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War. The plaques were added from 1951 to 1991. The memorial features four brick tiers topped with concrete caps, each cap holds a flagpole base. Significance The Ogle County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1981. On August 16, 2006, its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Oregon Commercial Historic District's listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics and government." The courthouse has been called a "prized landmark," and a site "that holds a special place of honor" in the city of Oregon. Three of the features on and around the courthouse grounds, Iron Mike, the War Memorial, and The Soldiers' Monument, all greatly contribute to the sense of time and place that the Oregon Commercial Historic District conveys. See also George O. Garnsey List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois Ogle County, Illinois Oregon Commercial Historic District Notes External links Media related to Ogle County Courthouse at Wikimedia Commons Property Information Report: Ogle County Courthouse, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency	architectural style	{ "answer_start": [ 6790 ], "text": [ "Romanesque Revival architecture" ] }
The Ogle County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listing in the Ogle County, Illinois, county seat of Oregon. The building stands on a public square in the city's downtown commercial district. The current structure was completed in 1891 and was preceded by two other buildings, one of which was destroyed by a group of outlaws. Following the destruction of the courthouse, the county was without a judicial building for a period during the 1840s. The Ogle County Courthouse was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. The ridged roof is dominated by its wooden cupola which stands out at a distance. In addition to the courthouse building, the public square contains several outbuildings and sites that are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Oregon Commercial Historic District, including a sculpture by Lorado Taft and a cast-iron fountain. The courthouse joined the Register in 1981 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. After initially joining the Register the structure underwent a careful restoration. The courthouse no longer serves as the primary judiciary center for the county; its successor is located directly across the street. History Ogle County Courthouse has been the name of three buildings. The current structure on the public square, no longer in use as the judiciary center in Ogle County, was constructed in late 1890 and early 1891 at a cost of US$107,000. The basically square Romanesque Revival structure is topped with a cupola and features a full basement. It was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey. First courthouse The first session of the Ogle County Commissioners' Court took place on January 3, 1837, after the city of Oregon was picked as the county seat. The first courthouse was completed in 1840–1841, but it never saw use. The 1840-41 courthouse was constructed at a cost of $4,000, partially in response to "a gang of villains" harassing citizens. On March 21, 1841, the night before court convened in its new building, the bandits allegedly set the courthouse on fire, completely destroying it. The town, whipped into a fury by horse whipping and thievery and, even murder, later formed a band of "Regulators" to hunt down and bring the bandits to justice. Essentially vigilantes, the group tracked down two residents, "Old Man Driscoll" (possibly Driskell) and his son, William Driscoll, both suspected of the murder. The Driscolls were arrested and brought to Oregon by the Regulators. A trial was organized at a nearby mill. The defendants were provided with counsel and the trial ensued, which residents involved called "fair" at the time.The swift outcome of the trial resulted in the almost immediate execution of the two men. One Driscoll, led out alone, was shot first. Then the other was led out, shown his dead relative's body and pushed for a confession. The defendant refused to confess, though he reportedly said he had committed other crimes for which he deserved death, and was also shot.After the lynching, friends and relatives of the Driscolls attempted to strike back at the Regulators. They obtained an indictment against many of the Regulators charging them with murder. The Regulators responded by obtaining their own Bills of Indictment against every person who had stood by and witnessed the lynching. With 125 people under indictment no witnesses could be found, and no jury could be formed, so the judge cleared the charges. Courthouse limbo For several years, between the March 1841 arson and 1848, court convened in various private residences. Without a courthouse in Oregon, the county seat, proposals to move the county seat began to circulate. Ogle County communities, Byron, Mount Morris, Grand Detour and Daysville were all in contention for the designation, and, ultimately, the new courthouse. At the deciding meeting the representatives from Daysville removed their town from the running and sided with Oregon. The withdrawal of Daysville gave Oregon a slim majority of votes and it retained its status as county seat of Ogle County. Second courthouse The replacement for the first courthouse, destroyed by arson, was not completed until the summer of 1848. A one-story brick building, the second Ogle County Courthouse was constructed for $3,000. The county used it for several decades but it was soon outgrown as various county offices began to accumulate more and more records and files. The structure exhibited Greek Revival style, common at the time. Some of the 1848 building's architectural elements included, a vent cupola, double-hung sash windows, complete with shutters, a gabled front roof and corniced returns. The new building was used as a multi-purpose public building; besides being the courthouse it served as the meeting hall for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Oregon until 1850. When community leader Henry Mix died in 1867 citizens gathered at the courthouse to mourn. Though the 1848 Ogle County Courthouse was soon found to be "inadequate in every respect" it would be over 40 years before a new facility was built. The idea of a new courthouse was met with staunch opposition and it was not until 1891 that the 1848 building was demolished and the current building erected. Third courthouse The current old courthouse in Ogle County was completed in 1891 and has been in constant use since. It was dedicated on August 20, 1891, and remained the county's primary judicial building until the same date 114 years later, in 2005. On that day Ogle County dedicated its fourth courthouse, across the street from the historic old courthouse. The 1891 courthouse was completed at a cost of slightly more than $100,000. It is constructed of red brick and detailed with Naperville and Ashton limestone in a rock-faced motif. Architect George O. Garnsey, who also designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb County, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The cupola was not added to the roof until 1892.During its early years, the courthouse was a popular community meeting place; the courthouse lawn was a common setting for community events and gatherings. Today, events no longer regularly take place on the courthouse lawn, but some festivals still occur at the location. After being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 a series of renovations began on the building, in order to, "preserve its historical and architectural integrity." Inside the courthouse, each office and courtroom was renovated, the exterior of the structure was refurbished and restored as well. The work was completed in 1983 and the building opened for public tours in 1984. Architecture This example of Romanesque Revival architecture was designed by George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect well known in northern Illinois. An impressive structure, the courthouse is designed on a monumental scale. Exterior The building is constructed of red pressed brick, detailed with locally quarried limestone, and reinforced with steel girders. The building's primary contractor was C.A. Moses. The red brick facade is detailed with significant amounts of limestone, including in its continuous lintels and sills. The entrances are covered with large round arches. The full basement is hinted at by the building's prominent foundation and water table. The window lintels, and sills, as well as the arches and stairs are trimmed with limestone.The roof is sharply angled toward its center, where a wooden cupola tops the building. It was completed after the building, in 1892. At each of the square shaped building's four corners are dormers, which serve to break up the monotony of the otherwise ridged roof. The dormers resemble the cupola, in that they are dormered as well as multi-gabled. The roof has had routine maintenance performed as required. The building's dominant feature, its cupola, sits on an oversized brick base with a terra cotta belt around its base top. It features blocked openings with multiple arches, double round arches, Corinthian pilasters, and organic corner detailing.The courthouse is elaborately windowed. Some windows, mostly on the first floor are straight topped. On the second floor most of the windows are topped with limestone arches. The original, wood-framed windows were replaced in 1972. The building's two main entrances feature stone arches over recessed doors; eleven step stairways lead to both doors. New doors were installed in both entrances in 1971. Interior The remaining original woodwork, sills, door frames, and interior doors, are all solid oak. The interior walls are 12 inches thick and, either painted or covered with paneling. An open, double staircase leads from the first floor to the second and third floors and the center of the building houses an elevator which moves from the basement to the third floor. The interior floors are all white pine wood, though some of the floors have now been carpeted. First floor ceilings are 15 feet high, with doors at a height of 12 feet. The second floor features the courtrooms, which, through the 1980s remodel, had the ceilings lowered to 10 feet. The interior renovation was completed at a cost of US$1.5 million. Other features The public square where the Ogle County Courthouse stands is in the heart of the Oregon Commercial Historic District. Besides the courthouse, there are five other important sites on the public square, all of which are considered contributing properties to the historic district. The sites include cannons, war memorials, and a cast-iron fountain. Iron Mike, the 1896 cast-iron fountain, is on the south side of the 400 Block of Washington Street in the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The multi-tier fountain is set into a matte green concrete base, and is four feet tall and three feet wide, at its widest point. Its lowest tier is adorned with the words "Illinois Humane Society." Civil War cannons The public square also features two surplus Civil War era cannons. The two cannons "guard" the eastern entrance to the Ogle County Courthouse. Both cannons were put in place sometime between 1898 and 1900. The Columbiad Cannon (the southernmost cannon) was cast in 1846 in Boston, Massachusetts. The northernmost cannon, the Parrot Cannon, was cast in 1864. The Soldiers' Monument The Soldiers' Monument sits on the southeast corner of the public square. The monument was designed by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1911 and Chicago architects Allen Bartlit Pond and Irving Kane Pond designed the structure that encompasses Taft's sculptures. The installation was dedicated in 1916. The monument is adorned with plaques honoring Ogle County's war dead from the American Civil War, Mexican War, War of 1812 and World War I, the last of which was added later. War Memorial On the north side of the public square is a terraced concrete memorial dedicated to Ogle County veterans of wars other than those included on The Soldiers' Monument. Dedicated on June 29, 1950, the War Memorial is adorned with plaques representing five American wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War. The plaques were added from 1951 to 1991. The memorial features four brick tiers topped with concrete caps, each cap holds a flagpole base. Significance The Ogle County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1981. On August 16, 2006, its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Oregon Commercial Historic District's listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics and government." The courthouse has been called a "prized landmark," and a site "that holds a special place of honor" in the city of Oregon. Three of the features on and around the courthouse grounds, Iron Mike, the War Memorial, and The Soldiers' Monument, all greatly contribute to the sense of time and place that the Oregon Commercial Historic District conveys. See also George O. Garnsey List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois Ogle County, Illinois Oregon Commercial Historic District Notes External links Media related to Ogle County Courthouse at Wikimedia Commons Property Information Report: Ogle County Courthouse, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Ogle County Courthouse" ] }
Polyscias verrucosa is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to the island of Tahiti in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is listed as a species of "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Polyscias verrucosa is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to the island of Tahiti in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is listed as a species of "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. == References ==	IUCN conservation status	{ "answer_start": [ 180 ], "text": [ "Least Concern" ] }
Polyscias verrucosa is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to the island of Tahiti in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is listed as a species of "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Polyscias" ] }
Polyscias verrucosa is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to the island of Tahiti in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is listed as a species of "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Polyscias verrucosa" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	Flora of Australia ID (new)	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucalyptus populnea" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 82 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucalyptus" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	endemic to	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "Australia" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucalyptus populnea" ] }
Eucalyptus populnea, commonly known as poplar box, bimble box or bimbil box, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit. Description Eucalyptus populnea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 m (66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark that is shed in short ribbons from the thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to almost round, dull greyish green leaves that are 60–115 mm (2.4–4.5 in) long and 35–95 mm (1.4–3.7 in) wide. The crown has leaves that are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, egg-shaped, elliptical or more or less round leaves that are 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 18–50 mm (0.71–1.97 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–32 mm (0.39–1.26 in) long. The flower buds are mostly arranged on the ends of branchlets in groups of seven to fifteen or more, on a branched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oblong to spherical, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level. Taxonomy Eucalyptus populnea was first formally described in 1858 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany. The specific epithet populnea is a Latin adjective referring to the poplar-like foliage.The common names bimble box and bimbil box are from the Wiradjuri name for the species. Other common names recorded include round-leaf box, red box, white box, egolla, nankeen gum, round-leaved box and shiny-leaf box.In 1990, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies, populnea and bimbil but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.Hybrids with E. populnea have been recorded but only one, Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. × Eucalyptus thozetiana (F.Muell. ex Maiden) R.T.Baker is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Poplar box is widespread in New South Wales where it is found on the western plains north from Narrandera and Pooncarie, extending into Queensland as far as Rockhampton. It is most abundant in the northern and central sections on the western plains, becoming gradually less common the New South Wales far west, where it is restricted to areas that are more reliably watered and sandier.This eucalypt is most commonly found on red soils with a sandy loam to clay loam texture, growing in association with gum coolibah (E. intertexta), grey box (E. microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). It can be found less commonly on sandplains composed of deep loamy sands, where it will be found growing with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga (Acacia aneura). In the far west of New South Wales it grows in small terminal drainage depressions with sandy soils overlying clay at depth. Ecology It is a favoured food tree for koalas in the range where it occurs. Uses The flowers of E. populnea produce honey of a good quality, but of limited supply, and which is very dense and pale amber in colour. The timber has been found to be durable and hard and is suitable for fence posts and construction work. However it is not any easy to work timber and is susceptible to white ant attack. It is a suitable species for a windbreak, as it can be propagated easily and is not difficult to establish. It is an excellent fuel, producing a great deal of heat and burns cleanly. Conservation Although it is widespread, the conservation status of E. populnea and allied plant communities is poor. Along the eastern edge of the species' distribution, only a small remnant of some communities occur on the better soil types. There are also a number of minor communities which only occur in limited areas, with very few of these represented in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves.Protected areas in which significant populations can be found include the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales. See also List of Eucalyptus species == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucalyptus populnea" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	country	{ "answer_start": [ 45 ], "text": [ "Germany" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 14 ], "text": [ "mountain" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 26 ], "text": [ "Baden-Württemberg" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	named after	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Kornbühl" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Kornbühl" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	official name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Kornbühl" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	located in protected area	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Kornbühl" ] }
Kornbühl is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Swabian Jura and is located in Zollernalbkreis near Burladingen. On its top the "Salmendinger Kapelle" is located.	mountain range	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "Swabian Jura" ] }
Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972, in A Coruña) is a vision impaired B2/S12 swimmer from Spain. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver in the 50 meter freestyle. References External links Pablo Corral at the International Paralympic Committee Pablo Corral Embade at the Comité Paralímpico Español (in Spanish)	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 98 ], "text": [ "Spain" ] }
Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972, in A Coruña) is a vision impaired B2/S12 swimmer from Spain. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver in the 50 meter freestyle. References External links Pablo Corral at the International Paralympic Committee Pablo Corral Embade at the Comité Paralímpico Español (in Spanish)	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "swimmer" ] }
Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972, in A Coruña) is a vision impaired B2/S12 swimmer from Spain. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver in the 50 meter freestyle. References External links Pablo Corral at the International Paralympic Committee Pablo Corral Embade at the Comité Paralímpico Español (in Spanish)	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Pablo" ] }
Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972, in A Coruña) is a vision impaired B2/S12 swimmer from Spain. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver in the 50 meter freestyle. References External links Pablo Corral at the International Paralympic Committee Pablo Corral Embade at the Comité Paralímpico Español (in Spanish)	participant in	{ "answer_start": [ 125 ], "text": [ "1996 Summer Paralympics" ] }
Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972, in A Coruña) is a vision impaired B2/S12 swimmer from Spain. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver in the 50 meter freestyle. References External links Pablo Corral at the International Paralympic Committee Pablo Corral Embade at the Comité Paralímpico Español (in Spanish)	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 334 ], "text": [ "Spanish" ] }
YouTube TV is an American streaming television service operated by YouTube, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Announced on February 28, 2017, the virtual multichannel video programming distributor offers a selection of live linear channel feeds and on-demand content from more than 100 television networks (including affiliates of the Big Three broadcast networks (such as ABC, NBC and CBS), Fox, The CW and PBS in most markets) and over 30 OTT-originated services, as well as a cloud-based DVR. The service, which is aimed at cord cutters, is available only in the continental United States, and can be streamed through its dedicated website and mobile app, smart TVs and digital media players. Since 2017, YouTube TV has served as the presenting partner of the World Series and the NBA Finals. As of July 2022 (2022-07), YouTube TV has over five million subscribers. History YouTube TV launched on April 24, 2017, in five major U.S. markets—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In addition to carrying national broadcast networks, YouTube TV offers cable-originated channels owned by the corporate parents of the four major networks and other media companies. Other channels initially available on the service included CNBC, MSNBC, BBC World News, Smithsonian Channel (a venture of Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution), Sundance TV (owned by AMC Networks), numerous sports channels, Disney Channel (owned by The Walt Disney Company), and BBC America (jointly owned by AMC Networks and BBC Studios).YouTube TV members also received access to YouTube Premium’s original movies and series, though an additional subscription to Premium was required for customers to access ad-free content and additional app features; Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus were also purchasable as optional premium add-ons for an extra fee. Also in 2017, YouTube added MLB Network, and entered into regional streaming rights deals with two Major League Soccer clubs, Seattle Sounders FC and Los Angeles FC.In February 2018, YouTube TV began carrying the Time Warner-owned Turner Broadcasting System's cable networks (including, among others, TBS, TNT, CNN and Cartoon Network). In addition, YouTube TV also announced a deal to add NBA TV and MLB Network. With these additional channels, the service increased its monthly price for the first time in March 2018, from $34.99 to $39.99, with no grandfathering or opt-out available. On June 19, 2018, under an agreement with Lionsgate, YouTube TV began offering Starz as a premium add-on, containing linear feeds of the six Starz and eight Starz Encore channels.The service expanded to cover 98% of U.S. households by January 2019. In March 2019, YouTube TV launched in Glendive, Montana, thus making the service available in all 210 American television markets. On April 10, 2019, YouTube TV added nine networks owned by Discovery, Inc. (including Discovery Channel, HGTV, Food Network, TLC, Animal Planet and OWN), bringing the service's lineup up to 70 channels. The service concurrently announced a second monthly price increase, from $39.99 to $49.99, without grandfathering existing customers or allowing them to opt out. On April 12 of that year, YouTube TV reached an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to offer its Epix (now MGM+) premium service as an add-on.In July 2019, at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Pasadena, California, YouTube TV announced it had signed a multi-year deal with PBS to allow carriage of live streams of the public broadcaster's member stations and PBS Kids Channel beginning as early as the fourth quarter of 2019. On December 15, 2019, the first PBS affiliate stations were added to YouTube TV. On February 20, 2020, YouTube TV reached an agreement with WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery) to carry HBO and Cinemax as add-ons, and allowing access to the conglomerate's HBO Max streaming service, which launched on May 20 of that year, with a containing HBO subscription. (Customers who subscribe to the HBO add-on can access content within the HBO Max app using their YouTube TV/Google account credentials.) The additions of HBO and Cinemax resulted in YouTube TV becoming the first American vMVPD service to offer all five major premium channels as add-ons.In May 2020, YouTube TV reached an expanded, multi-year deal with ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) to add the company's major cable networks (including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central) that were notably absent since the streamer's launch. The deal also entailed a continued commitment to distribute several other ViacomCBS-owned networks, including Showtime, through YouTube TV, along with an extended partnership to distribute the media company's content on the broader YouTube platforms. Eight of the channels were added on June 30, expanding YouTube TV's lineup to over 85 channels. The additions of the extra channels were accompanied by the service's third monthly price increase, from $49.99 to $64.99, which also had no grandfathering or opt-out provisions. Some of its competitors, such as Hulu + Live TV and FuboTV, have also implemented similar price increases over time. In September 2020, YouTube TV added the NFL Network to its base lineup and announced the launch of a Sports Plus add-on package, which includes premium sports networks such as NFL RedZone, MavTV, GolTV, Fox Soccer Plus, Stadium and TVG for an additional cost. On December 1, 2020, YouTube TV announced an agreement to carry Nexstar Media Group's NewsNation (the former WGN America) beginning in January 2021. On March 16, 2021, YouTube TV announced that seven additional ViacomCBS-owned networks (including MTV2, TeenNick, Nick Jr. Channel, Dabl and BET Her) that were not added as part of the May 7 renewal agreement would be added to the lineup.In February 2021, the service launched its “Entertainment Plus” add-on, an optional discount bundle (available for $29.99 per month) consisting of the HBO Max, Showtime and Starz premium add-ons. On September 2, 2021, YouTube TV announced that BeIN Sports, Outside TV, VSiN and several other niche sports channels would be added to its Sports Plus add-on tier, effective September 8.In May 2022, the service launched a secondary Spanish-language base plan aimed at Hispanic and Latino customers, and a complimentary "Spanish Plus" add-on; the "Spanish Plan", available for $34.99 per month, consists of 28 Spanish-language channels (including ESPN Deportes, CNN en Español, Cine Latino, Estrella TV, Nat Geo Mundo and Cine Mexicano), while Spanish Plus, available for $14.99 per month, includes over 25 Spanish-language channels (including several that are offered as part of the main Spanish plan). The Spanish plan—which, unlike the Spanish Plus add-on, does not require a subscription to the main base plan—launched with a seven-day free trial.In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing subscribers the option of purchasing its premium add-ons without requiring signing up for the 85-channel base plan (a concept similar to the streaming channel stores operated by Apple, Prime Video and Roku), with around 20 add-ons initially being made available for purchase à la carte, including HBO Max; Cinemax; Showtime; Starz; Epix; Hallmark Movies Now; CuriosityStream; MLB.tv and NBA League Pass. (YouTube launched a standalone channel store, Primetime Channels, within the platform's Movies & TV hub on November 1 of that year.)In December 2022, YouTube TV was named the exclusive provider of NFL Sunday Ticket beginning with the 2023 NFL season. YouTube TV replaces DirecTV as the package's provider; DirecTV had carried the package since its 1994 inception, a 29-year run. CNBC characterized this as a win for both YouTube TV as well as traditional television networks. YouTube's chief product officer, Neal Mohan, said this was logical progression given how people consume sports content, and noted that subscriptions were a big part of the service's future. He also noted that "creators [would] have exclusive access to games, everything from the first game all the way through the Super Bowl, so that they can produce content on the NFL channel, but they can also produce their own content for YouTube shorts." At the time of announcement, this move would not affect the NFL Network and RedZone on YouTube.On January 31, 2023, YouTube TV notified subscribers that it was dropping MLB Network after the company was unable to reach a new agreement with the channel for continued carriage. In a statement, a spokesperson for the channel said it was simply asking YouTube TV for a deal that was comparable to what around 300 other cable, satellite and streaming companies had agreed to in the past.On March 16, 2023, YouTube TV increased the price from $64.99 to $72.99 per month for new members, and April 18, 2023 for existing members who subscribed to YouTube TV. The price of some add-on packages, like its 4K feature, was reduced to account for the price increase. On May 17, 2023, YouTube TV received backlash after a glitch that made many channels unavailable for several hours, including TNT, who were airing an NBA playoff game between the Boston Celtics & Miami Heat. The glitch made subscribers unable to watch the ending of the game. Features YouTube TV offers a cloud-based DVR service with unlimited storage that saves recordings for nine months; access to the DVR required a subscription to the service's base channel plan until September 2022, when YouTube TV expanded the feature to subscribers of its premium add-ons who do not have an accompanying subscription to the base package. Each subscription can be shared among six accounts and allows up to three simultaneous streams. Supported devices Supported YouTube TV devices include: Smart TVs Android TV LG Smart TV (on webOS 3.0 or higher) Samsung Smart TV (2016 & higher models only) Vizio Smartcast Roku Smart TV Hisense Smart TV Sharp Smart TV Walton Smart TV Apple TV Streaming media players Amazon Fire TV Apple TV (4th generation & 4K) Chromecast Chromecast with Google TV Nvidia Shield TV Roku Players TiVo Stream 4K Game consoles PlayStation 4 (Original model, PS4 Slim, and PS4 Pro) PlayStation 5 (Base and Digital editions) Xbox One (Original model, Xbox One S, Xbox One S All Digital Edition, and Xbox One X) Xbox Series (Series S and Series X) Mobile Android mobile devices iOS mobile devices (10.x or higher) Computer ChromeOS Linux Windows macOS Carriage disputes In February 2020, YouTube TV announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned regional sports networks (including Fox Sports Networks and YES Network) would likely be pulled from the service on February 28, 2020, citing high carriage fees. On that day, YouTube TV announced that it had reached an interim agreement to continue offering the channels on the platform while negotiations are under way. On March 5, 2020, YouTube TV and Sinclair reached a new deal to continue carrying all the Fox RSNs except three – the YES Network, Fox Sports Prime Ticket and Fox Sports West. However, on October 1, 2020, the networks were pulled off the service after the two sides could not come to a renegotiation agreement. The same month, YouTube TV dropped NESN, which carries games for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Bruins.In September 2021, YouTube TV entered into a dispute with NBCUniversal when negotiating a renewal of their contract, with the latter warning that its channels would be removed from the service if they failed to reach an agreement by the end of the month. NBC had reportedly demanded YouTube TV bundle their Peacock streaming service, while YouTube TV announced that it would decrease their price by $10 if the contract is not renewed. The two companies failed to reach an agreement by October 1, but agreed to a "short extension" to avoid the channels being taken down. A deal was reached a day later.In December 2021, YouTube TV engaged in a dispute with The Walt Disney Company over a renewal in their contract, warning customers about the possible removal of ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, Freeform, FX, National Geographic, and other Disney-owned networks should the two fail to reach an agreement. Google and Disney were unable to renew their contract by the expiration date, resulting in YouTube TV's first contract-related blackout. This was resolved a day later, with the two companies reaching a new deal.In January 2023, MLB Network was pulled off YouTube TV after they failed to reach a contract renewal agreement. See also Notes References External links Official website	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 638 ], "text": [ "website" ] }
YouTube TV is an American streaming television service operated by YouTube, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Announced on February 28, 2017, the virtual multichannel video programming distributor offers a selection of live linear channel feeds and on-demand content from more than 100 television networks (including affiliates of the Big Three broadcast networks (such as ABC, NBC and CBS), Fox, The CW and PBS in most markets) and over 30 OTT-originated services, as well as a cloud-based DVR. The service, which is aimed at cord cutters, is available only in the continental United States, and can be streamed through its dedicated website and mobile app, smart TVs and digital media players. Since 2017, YouTube TV has served as the presenting partner of the World Series and the NBA Finals. As of July 2022 (2022-07), YouTube TV has over five million subscribers. History YouTube TV launched on April 24, 2017, in five major U.S. markets—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In addition to carrying national broadcast networks, YouTube TV offers cable-originated channels owned by the corporate parents of the four major networks and other media companies. Other channels initially available on the service included CNBC, MSNBC, BBC World News, Smithsonian Channel (a venture of Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution), Sundance TV (owned by AMC Networks), numerous sports channels, Disney Channel (owned by The Walt Disney Company), and BBC America (jointly owned by AMC Networks and BBC Studios).YouTube TV members also received access to YouTube Premium’s original movies and series, though an additional subscription to Premium was required for customers to access ad-free content and additional app features; Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus were also purchasable as optional premium add-ons for an extra fee. Also in 2017, YouTube added MLB Network, and entered into regional streaming rights deals with two Major League Soccer clubs, Seattle Sounders FC and Los Angeles FC.In February 2018, YouTube TV began carrying the Time Warner-owned Turner Broadcasting System's cable networks (including, among others, TBS, TNT, CNN and Cartoon Network). In addition, YouTube TV also announced a deal to add NBA TV and MLB Network. With these additional channels, the service increased its monthly price for the first time in March 2018, from $34.99 to $39.99, with no grandfathering or opt-out available. On June 19, 2018, under an agreement with Lionsgate, YouTube TV began offering Starz as a premium add-on, containing linear feeds of the six Starz and eight Starz Encore channels.The service expanded to cover 98% of U.S. households by January 2019. In March 2019, YouTube TV launched in Glendive, Montana, thus making the service available in all 210 American television markets. On April 10, 2019, YouTube TV added nine networks owned by Discovery, Inc. (including Discovery Channel, HGTV, Food Network, TLC, Animal Planet and OWN), bringing the service's lineup up to 70 channels. The service concurrently announced a second monthly price increase, from $39.99 to $49.99, without grandfathering existing customers or allowing them to opt out. On April 12 of that year, YouTube TV reached an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to offer its Epix (now MGM+) premium service as an add-on.In July 2019, at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Pasadena, California, YouTube TV announced it had signed a multi-year deal with PBS to allow carriage of live streams of the public broadcaster's member stations and PBS Kids Channel beginning as early as the fourth quarter of 2019. On December 15, 2019, the first PBS affiliate stations were added to YouTube TV. On February 20, 2020, YouTube TV reached an agreement with WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery) to carry HBO and Cinemax as add-ons, and allowing access to the conglomerate's HBO Max streaming service, which launched on May 20 of that year, with a containing HBO subscription. (Customers who subscribe to the HBO add-on can access content within the HBO Max app using their YouTube TV/Google account credentials.) The additions of HBO and Cinemax resulted in YouTube TV becoming the first American vMVPD service to offer all five major premium channels as add-ons.In May 2020, YouTube TV reached an expanded, multi-year deal with ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) to add the company's major cable networks (including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central) that were notably absent since the streamer's launch. The deal also entailed a continued commitment to distribute several other ViacomCBS-owned networks, including Showtime, through YouTube TV, along with an extended partnership to distribute the media company's content on the broader YouTube platforms. Eight of the channels were added on June 30, expanding YouTube TV's lineup to over 85 channels. The additions of the extra channels were accompanied by the service's third monthly price increase, from $49.99 to $64.99, which also had no grandfathering or opt-out provisions. Some of its competitors, such as Hulu + Live TV and FuboTV, have also implemented similar price increases over time. In September 2020, YouTube TV added the NFL Network to its base lineup and announced the launch of a Sports Plus add-on package, which includes premium sports networks such as NFL RedZone, MavTV, GolTV, Fox Soccer Plus, Stadium and TVG for an additional cost. On December 1, 2020, YouTube TV announced an agreement to carry Nexstar Media Group's NewsNation (the former WGN America) beginning in January 2021. On March 16, 2021, YouTube TV announced that seven additional ViacomCBS-owned networks (including MTV2, TeenNick, Nick Jr. Channel, Dabl and BET Her) that were not added as part of the May 7 renewal agreement would be added to the lineup.In February 2021, the service launched its “Entertainment Plus” add-on, an optional discount bundle (available for $29.99 per month) consisting of the HBO Max, Showtime and Starz premium add-ons. On September 2, 2021, YouTube TV announced that BeIN Sports, Outside TV, VSiN and several other niche sports channels would be added to its Sports Plus add-on tier, effective September 8.In May 2022, the service launched a secondary Spanish-language base plan aimed at Hispanic and Latino customers, and a complimentary "Spanish Plus" add-on; the "Spanish Plan", available for $34.99 per month, consists of 28 Spanish-language channels (including ESPN Deportes, CNN en Español, Cine Latino, Estrella TV, Nat Geo Mundo and Cine Mexicano), while Spanish Plus, available for $14.99 per month, includes over 25 Spanish-language channels (including several that are offered as part of the main Spanish plan). The Spanish plan—which, unlike the Spanish Plus add-on, does not require a subscription to the main base plan—launched with a seven-day free trial.In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing subscribers the option of purchasing its premium add-ons without requiring signing up for the 85-channel base plan (a concept similar to the streaming channel stores operated by Apple, Prime Video and Roku), with around 20 add-ons initially being made available for purchase à la carte, including HBO Max; Cinemax; Showtime; Starz; Epix; Hallmark Movies Now; CuriosityStream; MLB.tv and NBA League Pass. (YouTube launched a standalone channel store, Primetime Channels, within the platform's Movies & TV hub on November 1 of that year.)In December 2022, YouTube TV was named the exclusive provider of NFL Sunday Ticket beginning with the 2023 NFL season. YouTube TV replaces DirecTV as the package's provider; DirecTV had carried the package since its 1994 inception, a 29-year run. CNBC characterized this as a win for both YouTube TV as well as traditional television networks. YouTube's chief product officer, Neal Mohan, said this was logical progression given how people consume sports content, and noted that subscriptions were a big part of the service's future. He also noted that "creators [would] have exclusive access to games, everything from the first game all the way through the Super Bowl, so that they can produce content on the NFL channel, but they can also produce their own content for YouTube shorts." At the time of announcement, this move would not affect the NFL Network and RedZone on YouTube.On January 31, 2023, YouTube TV notified subscribers that it was dropping MLB Network after the company was unable to reach a new agreement with the channel for continued carriage. In a statement, a spokesperson for the channel said it was simply asking YouTube TV for a deal that was comparable to what around 300 other cable, satellite and streaming companies had agreed to in the past.On March 16, 2023, YouTube TV increased the price from $64.99 to $72.99 per month for new members, and April 18, 2023 for existing members who subscribed to YouTube TV. The price of some add-on packages, like its 4K feature, was reduced to account for the price increase. On May 17, 2023, YouTube TV received backlash after a glitch that made many channels unavailable for several hours, including TNT, who were airing an NBA playoff game between the Boston Celtics & Miami Heat. The glitch made subscribers unable to watch the ending of the game. Features YouTube TV offers a cloud-based DVR service with unlimited storage that saves recordings for nine months; access to the DVR required a subscription to the service's base channel plan until September 2022, when YouTube TV expanded the feature to subscribers of its premium add-ons who do not have an accompanying subscription to the base package. Each subscription can be shared among six accounts and allows up to three simultaneous streams. Supported devices Supported YouTube TV devices include: Smart TVs Android TV LG Smart TV (on webOS 3.0 or higher) Samsung Smart TV (2016 & higher models only) Vizio Smartcast Roku Smart TV Hisense Smart TV Sharp Smart TV Walton Smart TV Apple TV Streaming media players Amazon Fire TV Apple TV (4th generation & 4K) Chromecast Chromecast with Google TV Nvidia Shield TV Roku Players TiVo Stream 4K Game consoles PlayStation 4 (Original model, PS4 Slim, and PS4 Pro) PlayStation 5 (Base and Digital editions) Xbox One (Original model, Xbox One S, Xbox One S All Digital Edition, and Xbox One X) Xbox Series (Series S and Series X) Mobile Android mobile devices iOS mobile devices (10.x or higher) Computer ChromeOS Linux Windows macOS Carriage disputes In February 2020, YouTube TV announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned regional sports networks (including Fox Sports Networks and YES Network) would likely be pulled from the service on February 28, 2020, citing high carriage fees. On that day, YouTube TV announced that it had reached an interim agreement to continue offering the channels on the platform while negotiations are under way. On March 5, 2020, YouTube TV and Sinclair reached a new deal to continue carrying all the Fox RSNs except three – the YES Network, Fox Sports Prime Ticket and Fox Sports West. However, on October 1, 2020, the networks were pulled off the service after the two sides could not come to a renegotiation agreement. The same month, YouTube TV dropped NESN, which carries games for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Bruins.In September 2021, YouTube TV entered into a dispute with NBCUniversal when negotiating a renewal of their contract, with the latter warning that its channels would be removed from the service if they failed to reach an agreement by the end of the month. NBC had reportedly demanded YouTube TV bundle their Peacock streaming service, while YouTube TV announced that it would decrease their price by $10 if the contract is not renewed. The two companies failed to reach an agreement by October 1, but agreed to a "short extension" to avoid the channels being taken down. A deal was reached a day later.In December 2021, YouTube TV engaged in a dispute with The Walt Disney Company over a renewal in their contract, warning customers about the possible removal of ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, Freeform, FX, National Geographic, and other Disney-owned networks should the two fail to reach an agreement. Google and Disney were unable to renew their contract by the expiration date, resulting in YouTube TV's first contract-related blackout. This was resolved a day later, with the two companies reaching a new deal.In January 2023, MLB Network was pulled off YouTube TV after they failed to reach a contract renewal agreement. See also Notes References External links Official website	owned by	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "YouTube" ] }
YouTube TV is an American streaming television service operated by YouTube, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Announced on February 28, 2017, the virtual multichannel video programming distributor offers a selection of live linear channel feeds and on-demand content from more than 100 television networks (including affiliates of the Big Three broadcast networks (such as ABC, NBC and CBS), Fox, The CW and PBS in most markets) and over 30 OTT-originated services, as well as a cloud-based DVR. The service, which is aimed at cord cutters, is available only in the continental United States, and can be streamed through its dedicated website and mobile app, smart TVs and digital media players. Since 2017, YouTube TV has served as the presenting partner of the World Series and the NBA Finals. As of July 2022 (2022-07), YouTube TV has over five million subscribers. History YouTube TV launched on April 24, 2017, in five major U.S. markets—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In addition to carrying national broadcast networks, YouTube TV offers cable-originated channels owned by the corporate parents of the four major networks and other media companies. Other channels initially available on the service included CNBC, MSNBC, BBC World News, Smithsonian Channel (a venture of Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution), Sundance TV (owned by AMC Networks), numerous sports channels, Disney Channel (owned by The Walt Disney Company), and BBC America (jointly owned by AMC Networks and BBC Studios).YouTube TV members also received access to YouTube Premium’s original movies and series, though an additional subscription to Premium was required for customers to access ad-free content and additional app features; Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus were also purchasable as optional premium add-ons for an extra fee. Also in 2017, YouTube added MLB Network, and entered into regional streaming rights deals with two Major League Soccer clubs, Seattle Sounders FC and Los Angeles FC.In February 2018, YouTube TV began carrying the Time Warner-owned Turner Broadcasting System's cable networks (including, among others, TBS, TNT, CNN and Cartoon Network). In addition, YouTube TV also announced a deal to add NBA TV and MLB Network. With these additional channels, the service increased its monthly price for the first time in March 2018, from $34.99 to $39.99, with no grandfathering or opt-out available. On June 19, 2018, under an agreement with Lionsgate, YouTube TV began offering Starz as a premium add-on, containing linear feeds of the six Starz and eight Starz Encore channels.The service expanded to cover 98% of U.S. households by January 2019. In March 2019, YouTube TV launched in Glendive, Montana, thus making the service available in all 210 American television markets. On April 10, 2019, YouTube TV added nine networks owned by Discovery, Inc. (including Discovery Channel, HGTV, Food Network, TLC, Animal Planet and OWN), bringing the service's lineup up to 70 channels. The service concurrently announced a second monthly price increase, from $39.99 to $49.99, without grandfathering existing customers or allowing them to opt out. On April 12 of that year, YouTube TV reached an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to offer its Epix (now MGM+) premium service as an add-on.In July 2019, at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Pasadena, California, YouTube TV announced it had signed a multi-year deal with PBS to allow carriage of live streams of the public broadcaster's member stations and PBS Kids Channel beginning as early as the fourth quarter of 2019. On December 15, 2019, the first PBS affiliate stations were added to YouTube TV. On February 20, 2020, YouTube TV reached an agreement with WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery) to carry HBO and Cinemax as add-ons, and allowing access to the conglomerate's HBO Max streaming service, which launched on May 20 of that year, with a containing HBO subscription. (Customers who subscribe to the HBO add-on can access content within the HBO Max app using their YouTube TV/Google account credentials.) The additions of HBO and Cinemax resulted in YouTube TV becoming the first American vMVPD service to offer all five major premium channels as add-ons.In May 2020, YouTube TV reached an expanded, multi-year deal with ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) to add the company's major cable networks (including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central) that were notably absent since the streamer's launch. The deal also entailed a continued commitment to distribute several other ViacomCBS-owned networks, including Showtime, through YouTube TV, along with an extended partnership to distribute the media company's content on the broader YouTube platforms. Eight of the channels were added on June 30, expanding YouTube TV's lineup to over 85 channels. The additions of the extra channels were accompanied by the service's third monthly price increase, from $49.99 to $64.99, which also had no grandfathering or opt-out provisions. Some of its competitors, such as Hulu + Live TV and FuboTV, have also implemented similar price increases over time. In September 2020, YouTube TV added the NFL Network to its base lineup and announced the launch of a Sports Plus add-on package, which includes premium sports networks such as NFL RedZone, MavTV, GolTV, Fox Soccer Plus, Stadium and TVG for an additional cost. On December 1, 2020, YouTube TV announced an agreement to carry Nexstar Media Group's NewsNation (the former WGN America) beginning in January 2021. On March 16, 2021, YouTube TV announced that seven additional ViacomCBS-owned networks (including MTV2, TeenNick, Nick Jr. Channel, Dabl and BET Her) that were not added as part of the May 7 renewal agreement would be added to the lineup.In February 2021, the service launched its “Entertainment Plus” add-on, an optional discount bundle (available for $29.99 per month) consisting of the HBO Max, Showtime and Starz premium add-ons. On September 2, 2021, YouTube TV announced that BeIN Sports, Outside TV, VSiN and several other niche sports channels would be added to its Sports Plus add-on tier, effective September 8.In May 2022, the service launched a secondary Spanish-language base plan aimed at Hispanic and Latino customers, and a complimentary "Spanish Plus" add-on; the "Spanish Plan", available for $34.99 per month, consists of 28 Spanish-language channels (including ESPN Deportes, CNN en Español, Cine Latino, Estrella TV, Nat Geo Mundo and Cine Mexicano), while Spanish Plus, available for $14.99 per month, includes over 25 Spanish-language channels (including several that are offered as part of the main Spanish plan). The Spanish plan—which, unlike the Spanish Plus add-on, does not require a subscription to the main base plan—launched with a seven-day free trial.In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing subscribers the option of purchasing its premium add-ons without requiring signing up for the 85-channel base plan (a concept similar to the streaming channel stores operated by Apple, Prime Video and Roku), with around 20 add-ons initially being made available for purchase à la carte, including HBO Max; Cinemax; Showtime; Starz; Epix; Hallmark Movies Now; CuriosityStream; MLB.tv and NBA League Pass. (YouTube launched a standalone channel store, Primetime Channels, within the platform's Movies & TV hub on November 1 of that year.)In December 2022, YouTube TV was named the exclusive provider of NFL Sunday Ticket beginning with the 2023 NFL season. YouTube TV replaces DirecTV as the package's provider; DirecTV had carried the package since its 1994 inception, a 29-year run. CNBC characterized this as a win for both YouTube TV as well as traditional television networks. YouTube's chief product officer, Neal Mohan, said this was logical progression given how people consume sports content, and noted that subscriptions were a big part of the service's future. He also noted that "creators [would] have exclusive access to games, everything from the first game all the way through the Super Bowl, so that they can produce content on the NFL channel, but they can also produce their own content for YouTube shorts." At the time of announcement, this move would not affect the NFL Network and RedZone on YouTube.On January 31, 2023, YouTube TV notified subscribers that it was dropping MLB Network after the company was unable to reach a new agreement with the channel for continued carriage. In a statement, a spokesperson for the channel said it was simply asking YouTube TV for a deal that was comparable to what around 300 other cable, satellite and streaming companies had agreed to in the past.On March 16, 2023, YouTube TV increased the price from $64.99 to $72.99 per month for new members, and April 18, 2023 for existing members who subscribed to YouTube TV. The price of some add-on packages, like its 4K feature, was reduced to account for the price increase. On May 17, 2023, YouTube TV received backlash after a glitch that made many channels unavailable for several hours, including TNT, who were airing an NBA playoff game between the Boston Celtics & Miami Heat. The glitch made subscribers unable to watch the ending of the game. Features YouTube TV offers a cloud-based DVR service with unlimited storage that saves recordings for nine months; access to the DVR required a subscription to the service's base channel plan until September 2022, when YouTube TV expanded the feature to subscribers of its premium add-ons who do not have an accompanying subscription to the base package. Each subscription can be shared among six accounts and allows up to three simultaneous streams. Supported devices Supported YouTube TV devices include: Smart TVs Android TV LG Smart TV (on webOS 3.0 or higher) Samsung Smart TV (2016 & higher models only) Vizio Smartcast Roku Smart TV Hisense Smart TV Sharp Smart TV Walton Smart TV Apple TV Streaming media players Amazon Fire TV Apple TV (4th generation & 4K) Chromecast Chromecast with Google TV Nvidia Shield TV Roku Players TiVo Stream 4K Game consoles PlayStation 4 (Original model, PS4 Slim, and PS4 Pro) PlayStation 5 (Base and Digital editions) Xbox One (Original model, Xbox One S, Xbox One S All Digital Edition, and Xbox One X) Xbox Series (Series S and Series X) Mobile Android mobile devices iOS mobile devices (10.x or higher) Computer ChromeOS Linux Windows macOS Carriage disputes In February 2020, YouTube TV announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned regional sports networks (including Fox Sports Networks and YES Network) would likely be pulled from the service on February 28, 2020, citing high carriage fees. On that day, YouTube TV announced that it had reached an interim agreement to continue offering the channels on the platform while negotiations are under way. On March 5, 2020, YouTube TV and Sinclair reached a new deal to continue carrying all the Fox RSNs except three – the YES Network, Fox Sports Prime Ticket and Fox Sports West. However, on October 1, 2020, the networks were pulled off the service after the two sides could not come to a renegotiation agreement. The same month, YouTube TV dropped NESN, which carries games for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Bruins.In September 2021, YouTube TV entered into a dispute with NBCUniversal when negotiating a renewal of their contract, with the latter warning that its channels would be removed from the service if they failed to reach an agreement by the end of the month. NBC had reportedly demanded YouTube TV bundle their Peacock streaming service, while YouTube TV announced that it would decrease their price by $10 if the contract is not renewed. The two companies failed to reach an agreement by October 1, but agreed to a "short extension" to avoid the channels being taken down. A deal was reached a day later.In December 2021, YouTube TV engaged in a dispute with The Walt Disney Company over a renewal in their contract, warning customers about the possible removal of ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, Freeform, FX, National Geographic, and other Disney-owned networks should the two fail to reach an agreement. Google and Disney were unable to renew their contract by the expiration date, resulting in YouTube TV's first contract-related blackout. This was resolved a day later, with the two companies reaching a new deal.In January 2023, MLB Network was pulled off YouTube TV after they failed to reach a contract renewal agreement. See also Notes References External links Official website	developer	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "YouTube" ] }
YouTube TV is an American streaming television service operated by YouTube, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Announced on February 28, 2017, the virtual multichannel video programming distributor offers a selection of live linear channel feeds and on-demand content from more than 100 television networks (including affiliates of the Big Three broadcast networks (such as ABC, NBC and CBS), Fox, The CW and PBS in most markets) and over 30 OTT-originated services, as well as a cloud-based DVR. The service, which is aimed at cord cutters, is available only in the continental United States, and can be streamed through its dedicated website and mobile app, smart TVs and digital media players. Since 2017, YouTube TV has served as the presenting partner of the World Series and the NBA Finals. As of July 2022 (2022-07), YouTube TV has over five million subscribers. History YouTube TV launched on April 24, 2017, in five major U.S. markets—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In addition to carrying national broadcast networks, YouTube TV offers cable-originated channels owned by the corporate parents of the four major networks and other media companies. Other channels initially available on the service included CNBC, MSNBC, BBC World News, Smithsonian Channel (a venture of Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution), Sundance TV (owned by AMC Networks), numerous sports channels, Disney Channel (owned by The Walt Disney Company), and BBC America (jointly owned by AMC Networks and BBC Studios).YouTube TV members also received access to YouTube Premium’s original movies and series, though an additional subscription to Premium was required for customers to access ad-free content and additional app features; Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus were also purchasable as optional premium add-ons for an extra fee. Also in 2017, YouTube added MLB Network, and entered into regional streaming rights deals with two Major League Soccer clubs, Seattle Sounders FC and Los Angeles FC.In February 2018, YouTube TV began carrying the Time Warner-owned Turner Broadcasting System's cable networks (including, among others, TBS, TNT, CNN and Cartoon Network). In addition, YouTube TV also announced a deal to add NBA TV and MLB Network. With these additional channels, the service increased its monthly price for the first time in March 2018, from $34.99 to $39.99, with no grandfathering or opt-out available. On June 19, 2018, under an agreement with Lionsgate, YouTube TV began offering Starz as a premium add-on, containing linear feeds of the six Starz and eight Starz Encore channels.The service expanded to cover 98% of U.S. households by January 2019. In March 2019, YouTube TV launched in Glendive, Montana, thus making the service available in all 210 American television markets. On April 10, 2019, YouTube TV added nine networks owned by Discovery, Inc. (including Discovery Channel, HGTV, Food Network, TLC, Animal Planet and OWN), bringing the service's lineup up to 70 channels. The service concurrently announced a second monthly price increase, from $39.99 to $49.99, without grandfathering existing customers or allowing them to opt out. On April 12 of that year, YouTube TV reached an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to offer its Epix (now MGM+) premium service as an add-on.In July 2019, at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Pasadena, California, YouTube TV announced it had signed a multi-year deal with PBS to allow carriage of live streams of the public broadcaster's member stations and PBS Kids Channel beginning as early as the fourth quarter of 2019. On December 15, 2019, the first PBS affiliate stations were added to YouTube TV. On February 20, 2020, YouTube TV reached an agreement with WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery) to carry HBO and Cinemax as add-ons, and allowing access to the conglomerate's HBO Max streaming service, which launched on May 20 of that year, with a containing HBO subscription. (Customers who subscribe to the HBO add-on can access content within the HBO Max app using their YouTube TV/Google account credentials.) The additions of HBO and Cinemax resulted in YouTube TV becoming the first American vMVPD service to offer all five major premium channels as add-ons.In May 2020, YouTube TV reached an expanded, multi-year deal with ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) to add the company's major cable networks (including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central) that were notably absent since the streamer's launch. The deal also entailed a continued commitment to distribute several other ViacomCBS-owned networks, including Showtime, through YouTube TV, along with an extended partnership to distribute the media company's content on the broader YouTube platforms. Eight of the channels were added on June 30, expanding YouTube TV's lineup to over 85 channels. The additions of the extra channels were accompanied by the service's third monthly price increase, from $49.99 to $64.99, which also had no grandfathering or opt-out provisions. Some of its competitors, such as Hulu + Live TV and FuboTV, have also implemented similar price increases over time. In September 2020, YouTube TV added the NFL Network to its base lineup and announced the launch of a Sports Plus add-on package, which includes premium sports networks such as NFL RedZone, MavTV, GolTV, Fox Soccer Plus, Stadium and TVG for an additional cost. On December 1, 2020, YouTube TV announced an agreement to carry Nexstar Media Group's NewsNation (the former WGN America) beginning in January 2021. On March 16, 2021, YouTube TV announced that seven additional ViacomCBS-owned networks (including MTV2, TeenNick, Nick Jr. Channel, Dabl and BET Her) that were not added as part of the May 7 renewal agreement would be added to the lineup.In February 2021, the service launched its “Entertainment Plus” add-on, an optional discount bundle (available for $29.99 per month) consisting of the HBO Max, Showtime and Starz premium add-ons. On September 2, 2021, YouTube TV announced that BeIN Sports, Outside TV, VSiN and several other niche sports channels would be added to its Sports Plus add-on tier, effective September 8.In May 2022, the service launched a secondary Spanish-language base plan aimed at Hispanic and Latino customers, and a complimentary "Spanish Plus" add-on; the "Spanish Plan", available for $34.99 per month, consists of 28 Spanish-language channels (including ESPN Deportes, CNN en Español, Cine Latino, Estrella TV, Nat Geo Mundo and Cine Mexicano), while Spanish Plus, available for $14.99 per month, includes over 25 Spanish-language channels (including several that are offered as part of the main Spanish plan). The Spanish plan—which, unlike the Spanish Plus add-on, does not require a subscription to the main base plan—launched with a seven-day free trial.In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing subscribers the option of purchasing its premium add-ons without requiring signing up for the 85-channel base plan (a concept similar to the streaming channel stores operated by Apple, Prime Video and Roku), with around 20 add-ons initially being made available for purchase à la carte, including HBO Max; Cinemax; Showtime; Starz; Epix; Hallmark Movies Now; CuriosityStream; MLB.tv and NBA League Pass. (YouTube launched a standalone channel store, Primetime Channels, within the platform's Movies & TV hub on November 1 of that year.)In December 2022, YouTube TV was named the exclusive provider of NFL Sunday Ticket beginning with the 2023 NFL season. YouTube TV replaces DirecTV as the package's provider; DirecTV had carried the package since its 1994 inception, a 29-year run. CNBC characterized this as a win for both YouTube TV as well as traditional television networks. YouTube's chief product officer, Neal Mohan, said this was logical progression given how people consume sports content, and noted that subscriptions were a big part of the service's future. He also noted that "creators [would] have exclusive access to games, everything from the first game all the way through the Super Bowl, so that they can produce content on the NFL channel, but they can also produce their own content for YouTube shorts." At the time of announcement, this move would not affect the NFL Network and RedZone on YouTube.On January 31, 2023, YouTube TV notified subscribers that it was dropping MLB Network after the company was unable to reach a new agreement with the channel for continued carriage. In a statement, a spokesperson for the channel said it was simply asking YouTube TV for a deal that was comparable to what around 300 other cable, satellite and streaming companies had agreed to in the past.On March 16, 2023, YouTube TV increased the price from $64.99 to $72.99 per month for new members, and April 18, 2023 for existing members who subscribed to YouTube TV. The price of some add-on packages, like its 4K feature, was reduced to account for the price increase. On May 17, 2023, YouTube TV received backlash after a glitch that made many channels unavailable for several hours, including TNT, who were airing an NBA playoff game between the Boston Celtics & Miami Heat. The glitch made subscribers unable to watch the ending of the game. Features YouTube TV offers a cloud-based DVR service with unlimited storage that saves recordings for nine months; access to the DVR required a subscription to the service's base channel plan until September 2022, when YouTube TV expanded the feature to subscribers of its premium add-ons who do not have an accompanying subscription to the base package. Each subscription can be shared among six accounts and allows up to three simultaneous streams. Supported devices Supported YouTube TV devices include: Smart TVs Android TV LG Smart TV (on webOS 3.0 or higher) Samsung Smart TV (2016 & higher models only) Vizio Smartcast Roku Smart TV Hisense Smart TV Sharp Smart TV Walton Smart TV Apple TV Streaming media players Amazon Fire TV Apple TV (4th generation & 4K) Chromecast Chromecast with Google TV Nvidia Shield TV Roku Players TiVo Stream 4K Game consoles PlayStation 4 (Original model, PS4 Slim, and PS4 Pro) PlayStation 5 (Base and Digital editions) Xbox One (Original model, Xbox One S, Xbox One S All Digital Edition, and Xbox One X) Xbox Series (Series S and Series X) Mobile Android mobile devices iOS mobile devices (10.x or higher) Computer ChromeOS Linux Windows macOS Carriage disputes In February 2020, YouTube TV announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned regional sports networks (including Fox Sports Networks and YES Network) would likely be pulled from the service on February 28, 2020, citing high carriage fees. On that day, YouTube TV announced that it had reached an interim agreement to continue offering the channels on the platform while negotiations are under way. On March 5, 2020, YouTube TV and Sinclair reached a new deal to continue carrying all the Fox RSNs except three – the YES Network, Fox Sports Prime Ticket and Fox Sports West. However, on October 1, 2020, the networks were pulled off the service after the two sides could not come to a renegotiation agreement. The same month, YouTube TV dropped NESN, which carries games for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Bruins.In September 2021, YouTube TV entered into a dispute with NBCUniversal when negotiating a renewal of their contract, with the latter warning that its channels would be removed from the service if they failed to reach an agreement by the end of the month. NBC had reportedly demanded YouTube TV bundle their Peacock streaming service, while YouTube TV announced that it would decrease their price by $10 if the contract is not renewed. The two companies failed to reach an agreement by October 1, but agreed to a "short extension" to avoid the channels being taken down. A deal was reached a day later.In December 2021, YouTube TV engaged in a dispute with The Walt Disney Company over a renewal in their contract, warning customers about the possible removal of ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, Freeform, FX, National Geographic, and other Disney-owned networks should the two fail to reach an agreement. Google and Disney were unable to renew their contract by the expiration date, resulting in YouTube TV's first contract-related blackout. This was resolved a day later, with the two companies reaching a new deal.In January 2023, MLB Network was pulled off YouTube TV after they failed to reach a contract renewal agreement. See also Notes References External links Official website	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "YouTube TV" ] }
YouTube TV is an American streaming television service operated by YouTube, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Announced on February 28, 2017, the virtual multichannel video programming distributor offers a selection of live linear channel feeds and on-demand content from more than 100 television networks (including affiliates of the Big Three broadcast networks (such as ABC, NBC and CBS), Fox, The CW and PBS in most markets) and over 30 OTT-originated services, as well as a cloud-based DVR. The service, which is aimed at cord cutters, is available only in the continental United States, and can be streamed through its dedicated website and mobile app, smart TVs and digital media players. Since 2017, YouTube TV has served as the presenting partner of the World Series and the NBA Finals. As of July 2022 (2022-07), YouTube TV has over five million subscribers. History YouTube TV launched on April 24, 2017, in five major U.S. markets—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In addition to carrying national broadcast networks, YouTube TV offers cable-originated channels owned by the corporate parents of the four major networks and other media companies. Other channels initially available on the service included CNBC, MSNBC, BBC World News, Smithsonian Channel (a venture of Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution), Sundance TV (owned by AMC Networks), numerous sports channels, Disney Channel (owned by The Walt Disney Company), and BBC America (jointly owned by AMC Networks and BBC Studios).YouTube TV members also received access to YouTube Premium’s original movies and series, though an additional subscription to Premium was required for customers to access ad-free content and additional app features; Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus were also purchasable as optional premium add-ons for an extra fee. Also in 2017, YouTube added MLB Network, and entered into regional streaming rights deals with two Major League Soccer clubs, Seattle Sounders FC and Los Angeles FC.In February 2018, YouTube TV began carrying the Time Warner-owned Turner Broadcasting System's cable networks (including, among others, TBS, TNT, CNN and Cartoon Network). In addition, YouTube TV also announced a deal to add NBA TV and MLB Network. With these additional channels, the service increased its monthly price for the first time in March 2018, from $34.99 to $39.99, with no grandfathering or opt-out available. On June 19, 2018, under an agreement with Lionsgate, YouTube TV began offering Starz as a premium add-on, containing linear feeds of the six Starz and eight Starz Encore channels.The service expanded to cover 98% of U.S. households by January 2019. In March 2019, YouTube TV launched in Glendive, Montana, thus making the service available in all 210 American television markets. On April 10, 2019, YouTube TV added nine networks owned by Discovery, Inc. (including Discovery Channel, HGTV, Food Network, TLC, Animal Planet and OWN), bringing the service's lineup up to 70 channels. The service concurrently announced a second monthly price increase, from $39.99 to $49.99, without grandfathering existing customers or allowing them to opt out. On April 12 of that year, YouTube TV reached an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to offer its Epix (now MGM+) premium service as an add-on.In July 2019, at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Pasadena, California, YouTube TV announced it had signed a multi-year deal with PBS to allow carriage of live streams of the public broadcaster's member stations and PBS Kids Channel beginning as early as the fourth quarter of 2019. On December 15, 2019, the first PBS affiliate stations were added to YouTube TV. On February 20, 2020, YouTube TV reached an agreement with WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery) to carry HBO and Cinemax as add-ons, and allowing access to the conglomerate's HBO Max streaming service, which launched on May 20 of that year, with a containing HBO subscription. (Customers who subscribe to the HBO add-on can access content within the HBO Max app using their YouTube TV/Google account credentials.) The additions of HBO and Cinemax resulted in YouTube TV becoming the first American vMVPD service to offer all five major premium channels as add-ons.In May 2020, YouTube TV reached an expanded, multi-year deal with ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) to add the company's major cable networks (including MTV, Nickelodeon, BET and Comedy Central) that were notably absent since the streamer's launch. The deal also entailed a continued commitment to distribute several other ViacomCBS-owned networks, including Showtime, through YouTube TV, along with an extended partnership to distribute the media company's content on the broader YouTube platforms. Eight of the channels were added on June 30, expanding YouTube TV's lineup to over 85 channels. The additions of the extra channels were accompanied by the service's third monthly price increase, from $49.99 to $64.99, which also had no grandfathering or opt-out provisions. Some of its competitors, such as Hulu + Live TV and FuboTV, have also implemented similar price increases over time. In September 2020, YouTube TV added the NFL Network to its base lineup and announced the launch of a Sports Plus add-on package, which includes premium sports networks such as NFL RedZone, MavTV, GolTV, Fox Soccer Plus, Stadium and TVG for an additional cost. On December 1, 2020, YouTube TV announced an agreement to carry Nexstar Media Group's NewsNation (the former WGN America) beginning in January 2021. On March 16, 2021, YouTube TV announced that seven additional ViacomCBS-owned networks (including MTV2, TeenNick, Nick Jr. Channel, Dabl and BET Her) that were not added as part of the May 7 renewal agreement would be added to the lineup.In February 2021, the service launched its “Entertainment Plus” add-on, an optional discount bundle (available for $29.99 per month) consisting of the HBO Max, Showtime and Starz premium add-ons. On September 2, 2021, YouTube TV announced that BeIN Sports, Outside TV, VSiN and several other niche sports channels would be added to its Sports Plus add-on tier, effective September 8.In May 2022, the service launched a secondary Spanish-language base plan aimed at Hispanic and Latino customers, and a complimentary "Spanish Plus" add-on; the "Spanish Plan", available for $34.99 per month, consists of 28 Spanish-language channels (including ESPN Deportes, CNN en Español, Cine Latino, Estrella TV, Nat Geo Mundo and Cine Mexicano), while Spanish Plus, available for $14.99 per month, includes over 25 Spanish-language channels (including several that are offered as part of the main Spanish plan). The Spanish plan—which, unlike the Spanish Plus add-on, does not require a subscription to the main base plan—launched with a seven-day free trial.In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing subscribers the option of purchasing its premium add-ons without requiring signing up for the 85-channel base plan (a concept similar to the streaming channel stores operated by Apple, Prime Video and Roku), with around 20 add-ons initially being made available for purchase à la carte, including HBO Max; Cinemax; Showtime; Starz; Epix; Hallmark Movies Now; CuriosityStream; MLB.tv and NBA League Pass. (YouTube launched a standalone channel store, Primetime Channels, within the platform's Movies & TV hub on November 1 of that year.)In December 2022, YouTube TV was named the exclusive provider of NFL Sunday Ticket beginning with the 2023 NFL season. YouTube TV replaces DirecTV as the package's provider; DirecTV had carried the package since its 1994 inception, a 29-year run. CNBC characterized this as a win for both YouTube TV as well as traditional television networks. YouTube's chief product officer, Neal Mohan, said this was logical progression given how people consume sports content, and noted that subscriptions were a big part of the service's future. He also noted that "creators [would] have exclusive access to games, everything from the first game all the way through the Super Bowl, so that they can produce content on the NFL channel, but they can also produce their own content for YouTube shorts." At the time of announcement, this move would not affect the NFL Network and RedZone on YouTube.On January 31, 2023, YouTube TV notified subscribers that it was dropping MLB Network after the company was unable to reach a new agreement with the channel for continued carriage. In a statement, a spokesperson for the channel said it was simply asking YouTube TV for a deal that was comparable to what around 300 other cable, satellite and streaming companies had agreed to in the past.On March 16, 2023, YouTube TV increased the price from $64.99 to $72.99 per month for new members, and April 18, 2023 for existing members who subscribed to YouTube TV. The price of some add-on packages, like its 4K feature, was reduced to account for the price increase. On May 17, 2023, YouTube TV received backlash after a glitch that made many channels unavailable for several hours, including TNT, who were airing an NBA playoff game between the Boston Celtics & Miami Heat. The glitch made subscribers unable to watch the ending of the game. Features YouTube TV offers a cloud-based DVR service with unlimited storage that saves recordings for nine months; access to the DVR required a subscription to the service's base channel plan until September 2022, when YouTube TV expanded the feature to subscribers of its premium add-ons who do not have an accompanying subscription to the base package. Each subscription can be shared among six accounts and allows up to three simultaneous streams. Supported devices Supported YouTube TV devices include: Smart TVs Android TV LG Smart TV (on webOS 3.0 or higher) Samsung Smart TV (2016 & higher models only) Vizio Smartcast Roku Smart TV Hisense Smart TV Sharp Smart TV Walton Smart TV Apple TV Streaming media players Amazon Fire TV Apple TV (4th generation & 4K) Chromecast Chromecast with Google TV Nvidia Shield TV Roku Players TiVo Stream 4K Game consoles PlayStation 4 (Original model, PS4 Slim, and PS4 Pro) PlayStation 5 (Base and Digital editions) Xbox One (Original model, Xbox One S, Xbox One S All Digital Edition, and Xbox One X) Xbox Series (Series S and Series X) Mobile Android mobile devices iOS mobile devices (10.x or higher) Computer ChromeOS Linux Windows macOS Carriage disputes In February 2020, YouTube TV announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned regional sports networks (including Fox Sports Networks and YES Network) would likely be pulled from the service on February 28, 2020, citing high carriage fees. On that day, YouTube TV announced that it had reached an interim agreement to continue offering the channels on the platform while negotiations are under way. On March 5, 2020, YouTube TV and Sinclair reached a new deal to continue carrying all the Fox RSNs except three – the YES Network, Fox Sports Prime Ticket and Fox Sports West. However, on October 1, 2020, the networks were pulled off the service after the two sides could not come to a renegotiation agreement. The same month, YouTube TV dropped NESN, which carries games for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Bruins.In September 2021, YouTube TV entered into a dispute with NBCUniversal when negotiating a renewal of their contract, with the latter warning that its channels would be removed from the service if they failed to reach an agreement by the end of the month. NBC had reportedly demanded YouTube TV bundle their Peacock streaming service, while YouTube TV announced that it would decrease their price by $10 if the contract is not renewed. The two companies failed to reach an agreement by October 1, but agreed to a "short extension" to avoid the channels being taken down. A deal was reached a day later.In December 2021, YouTube TV engaged in a dispute with The Walt Disney Company over a renewal in their contract, warning customers about the possible removal of ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, Freeform, FX, National Geographic, and other Disney-owned networks should the two fail to reach an agreement. Google and Disney were unable to renew their contract by the expiration date, resulting in YouTube TV's first contract-related blackout. This was resolved a day later, with the two companies reaching a new deal.In January 2023, MLB Network was pulled off YouTube TV after they failed to reach a contract renewal agreement. See also Notes References External links Official website	platform	{ "answer_start": [ 9797 ], "text": [ "Android" ] }
Scurria bahamondina is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae, one of the families of true limpets. Description Distribution == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Scurria bahamondina is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae, one of the families of true limpets. Description Distribution == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Scurria" ] }
Scurria bahamondina is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae, one of the families of true limpets. Description Distribution == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Scurria bahamondina" ] }
The 1995 Carolina Panthers season was the franchise's inaugural season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Dom Capers. They went 7–9, the best debut year for any expansion franchise since the NFL's inception. The Panthers played their first season's home games at Clemson University because what would become Bank of America Stadium was still under construction after a deadline point in 1995 for scheduling Carolina's first set of NFL games. Offseason The Panthers were jokingly called "Buffalo Bills South" because of the large number of former Bills on the roster. Quarterback Frank Reich, wide receiver Don Beebe, tight end Pete Metzelaars and linebacker Carlton Bailey had played key roles in the Bills' run of four consecutive Super Bowls earlier in the 1990s and were on the Panthers' inaugural roster. Furthermore, the team's general manager was longtime Bills GM and executive Bill Polian. (See also the 2001 San Diego Chargers season, in which a similar situation arose when John Butler brought several former Bills with him to San Diego after being fired.) Expansion draft ^ Made roster. NFL Draft Draft trades Personnel Staff Roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Season summary Week 1: at Atlanta Falcons Week 2: at Buffalo Bills Week 3: vs. St. Louis Rams Week 5: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Week 6: at Chicago Bears Week 7: vs New York Jets Players dumped Gatorade on Dom Capers after the win. Week 8: vs. New Orleans Saints Week 9: at New England Patriots Week 10: at San Francisco 49ers Week 11: at St. Louis Rams Week 12: vs. Arizona Cardinals Week 13: at New Orleans Saints Week 14: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 15: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 16: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 17: at Washington Redskins Standings Records Most victories by an expansion team (7) First expansion team to have a winning record at home (5–3) First expansion team to have a four-game winning streak (weeks 7–10) First expansion team to defeat a defending Super Bowl champion in its inaugural season (13–7 over the San Francisco 49ers in San Francisco) == References ==	season of club or team	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Carolina Panthers" ] }
Paul Dax (1503–1561) was an Austrian artist. Paul Dax is known for his self-portrait dating to 1530, considered to be the earliest autonomous self-portrait from Austria.Dax was born in the Tyrol. He led a very unsteady life, and after having gained reputation as a painter, he gave up art, and entered the army, engaging in several campaigns and the sieges of Naples, Florence, and Vienna. In 1530 he devoted himself to glass-painting, and his works, which are of considerable merit, are now in the court-house of Innsbruck, and in the town-hall at Ensisheim, Alsace. He also published several maps of his country. His death occurred in 1561. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Dax, Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 265 ], "text": [ "painter" ] }
Paul Dax (1503–1561) was an Austrian artist. Paul Dax is known for his self-portrait dating to 1530, considered to be the earliest autonomous self-portrait from Austria.Dax was born in the Tyrol. He led a very unsteady life, and after having gained reputation as a painter, he gave up art, and entered the army, engaging in several campaigns and the sieges of Naples, Florence, and Vienna. In 1530 he devoted himself to glass-painting, and his works, which are of considerable merit, are now in the court-house of Innsbruck, and in the town-hall at Ensisheim, Alsace. He also published several maps of his country. His death occurred in 1561. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Dax, Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Paul" ] }
Paul Dax (1503–1561) was an Austrian artist. Paul Dax is known for his self-portrait dating to 1530, considered to be the earliest autonomous self-portrait from Austria.Dax was born in the Tyrol. He led a very unsteady life, and after having gained reputation as a painter, he gave up art, and entered the army, engaging in several campaigns and the sieges of Naples, Florence, and Vienna. In 1530 he devoted himself to glass-painting, and his works, which are of considerable merit, are now in the court-house of Innsbruck, and in the town-hall at Ensisheim, Alsace. He also published several maps of his country. His death occurred in 1561. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Dax, Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 515 ], "text": [ "Innsbruck" ] }
Paul Dax (1503–1561) was an Austrian artist. Paul Dax is known for his self-portrait dating to 1530, considered to be the earliest autonomous self-portrait from Austria.Dax was born in the Tyrol. He led a very unsteady life, and after having gained reputation as a painter, he gave up art, and entered the army, engaging in several campaigns and the sieges of Naples, Florence, and Vienna. In 1530 he devoted himself to glass-painting, and his works, which are of considerable merit, are now in the court-house of Innsbruck, and in the town-hall at Ensisheim, Alsace. He also published several maps of his country. His death occurred in 1561. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Dax, Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Paul Dax" ] }
Paul Dax (1503–1561) was an Austrian artist. Paul Dax is known for his self-portrait dating to 1530, considered to be the earliest autonomous self-portrait from Austria.Dax was born in the Tyrol. He led a very unsteady life, and after having gained reputation as a painter, he gave up art, and entered the army, engaging in several campaigns and the sieges of Naples, Florence, and Vienna. In 1530 he devoted himself to glass-painting, and his works, which are of considerable merit, are now in the court-house of Innsbruck, and in the town-hall at Ensisheim, Alsace. He also published several maps of his country. His death occurred in 1561. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Dax, Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.	work location	{ "answer_start": [ 382 ], "text": [ "Vienna" ] }
The Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame (formerly the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada, AHFMC) is a museum dedicated to water sports in Canada—namely swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo—and is located at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba.As the oldest incorporated sports museum in Canada, it is home to the National Archives for Aquatic Sports and has an extensive collection of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo memorabilia and art. It recognizes athletes and coaches who have competed in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, and World championships as well as important supporters. The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada, as well as being a member of the International Sports Heritage Association. History In the 1960s, the Pan-Am Pool was built for the 1967 Pan-Am Games, which was to take place in Winnipeg as the first Pan-Am Games held in Canada. In March that year, Winnipeg Mayor Stephen Juba applied to the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada to be housed at the Pool. (Negotiations for the application were done by Vaughan Lawson Baird on behalf of the City.)The application was soon accepted, and it was also announced that the AHFMC would be the home of the National Archives for Aquatic Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo). Three years later, on 14 December 1970, the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada Inc. received letters patent, thereby becoming the oldest incorporated Hall of Fame in Canada. The original directors of AHFMC were Juba and Baird, along with Albert Frederic Ford, and Guy Simonis.In May 1991, the 7th Diving World Cup was held at the Pan-Am Pool, becoming the first World Cup of the aquatics to be held in Canada.On 15 June 1997, the AHFMC received a Coat of Arms from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first Hall of Fame in Canada to receive such.In 1999, a new 10,000-sqft addition, called the Royal Gallery, was added for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada. In the summer that year, Winnipeg held the 13th Pan-Am Games, where the Royal Gallery was dedicated by Princess Anne on July 26 at the inaugural event of diving.In 2006, AHFMC was closed as result of a dispute with the city, and the collection was placed in storage. In March 2014, the City of Winnipeg and the AHFMC reached an amicable resolution regarding the use of the facilities and for AHFMC to return to Pan-Am Pool. The Museum was finally reopened in 2015.In 2017, AHFMC moved back to the was Royal Gallery, and was renamed the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. See also International Swimming Hall of Fame == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 83 ], "text": [ "Canada" ] }
The Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame (formerly the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada, AHFMC) is a museum dedicated to water sports in Canada—namely swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo—and is located at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba.As the oldest incorporated sports museum in Canada, it is home to the National Archives for Aquatic Sports and has an extensive collection of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo memorabilia and art. It recognizes athletes and coaches who have competed in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, and World championships as well as important supporters. The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada, as well as being a member of the International Sports Heritage Association. History In the 1960s, the Pan-Am Pool was built for the 1967 Pan-Am Games, which was to take place in Winnipeg as the first Pan-Am Games held in Canada. In March that year, Winnipeg Mayor Stephen Juba applied to the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada to be housed at the Pool. (Negotiations for the application were done by Vaughan Lawson Baird on behalf of the City.)The application was soon accepted, and it was also announced that the AHFMC would be the home of the National Archives for Aquatic Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo). Three years later, on 14 December 1970, the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada Inc. received letters patent, thereby becoming the oldest incorporated Hall of Fame in Canada. The original directors of AHFMC were Juba and Baird, along with Albert Frederic Ford, and Guy Simonis.In May 1991, the 7th Diving World Cup was held at the Pan-Am Pool, becoming the first World Cup of the aquatics to be held in Canada.On 15 June 1997, the AHFMC received a Coat of Arms from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first Hall of Fame in Canada to receive such.In 1999, a new 10,000-sqft addition, called the Royal Gallery, was added for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada. In the summer that year, Winnipeg held the 13th Pan-Am Games, where the Royal Gallery was dedicated by Princess Anne on July 26 at the inaugural event of diving.In 2006, AHFMC was closed as result of a dispute with the city, and the collection was placed in storage. In March 2014, the City of Winnipeg and the AHFMC reached an amicable resolution regarding the use of the facilities and for AHFMC to return to Pan-Am Pool. The Museum was finally reopened in 2015.In 2017, AHFMC moved back to the was Royal Gallery, and was renamed the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. See also International Swimming Hall of Fame == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 256 ], "text": [ "Manitoba" ] }
The Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame (formerly the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada, AHFMC) is a museum dedicated to water sports in Canada—namely swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo—and is located at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba.As the oldest incorporated sports museum in Canada, it is home to the National Archives for Aquatic Sports and has an extensive collection of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo memorabilia and art. It recognizes athletes and coaches who have competed in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, and World championships as well as important supporters. The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada, as well as being a member of the International Sports Heritage Association. History In the 1960s, the Pan-Am Pool was built for the 1967 Pan-Am Games, which was to take place in Winnipeg as the first Pan-Am Games held in Canada. In March that year, Winnipeg Mayor Stephen Juba applied to the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada to be housed at the Pool. (Negotiations for the application were done by Vaughan Lawson Baird on behalf of the City.)The application was soon accepted, and it was also announced that the AHFMC would be the home of the National Archives for Aquatic Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo). Three years later, on 14 December 1970, the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada Inc. received letters patent, thereby becoming the oldest incorporated Hall of Fame in Canada. The original directors of AHFMC were Juba and Baird, along with Albert Frederic Ford, and Guy Simonis.In May 1991, the 7th Diving World Cup was held at the Pan-Am Pool, becoming the first World Cup of the aquatics to be held in Canada.On 15 June 1997, the AHFMC received a Coat of Arms from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first Hall of Fame in Canada to receive such.In 1999, a new 10,000-sqft addition, called the Royal Gallery, was added for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada. In the summer that year, Winnipeg held the 13th Pan-Am Games, where the Royal Gallery was dedicated by Princess Anne on July 26 at the inaugural event of diving.In 2006, AHFMC was closed as result of a dispute with the city, and the collection was placed in storage. In March 2014, the City of Winnipeg and the AHFMC reached an amicable resolution regarding the use of the facilities and for AHFMC to return to Pan-Am Pool. The Museum was finally reopened in 2015.In 2017, AHFMC moved back to the was Royal Gallery, and was renamed the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. See also International Swimming Hall of Fame == References ==	location	{ "answer_start": [ 246 ], "text": [ "Winnipeg" ] }
The Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame (formerly the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada, AHFMC) is a museum dedicated to water sports in Canada—namely swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo—and is located at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba.As the oldest incorporated sports museum in Canada, it is home to the National Archives for Aquatic Sports and has an extensive collection of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo memorabilia and art. It recognizes athletes and coaches who have competed in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, and World championships as well as important supporters. The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada, as well as being a member of the International Sports Heritage Association. History In the 1960s, the Pan-Am Pool was built for the 1967 Pan-Am Games, which was to take place in Winnipeg as the first Pan-Am Games held in Canada. In March that year, Winnipeg Mayor Stephen Juba applied to the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada to be housed at the Pool. (Negotiations for the application were done by Vaughan Lawson Baird on behalf of the City.)The application was soon accepted, and it was also announced that the AHFMC would be the home of the National Archives for Aquatic Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo). Three years later, on 14 December 1970, the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada Inc. received letters patent, thereby becoming the oldest incorporated Hall of Fame in Canada. The original directors of AHFMC were Juba and Baird, along with Albert Frederic Ford, and Guy Simonis.In May 1991, the 7th Diving World Cup was held at the Pan-Am Pool, becoming the first World Cup of the aquatics to be held in Canada.On 15 June 1997, the AHFMC received a Coat of Arms from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first Hall of Fame in Canada to receive such.In 1999, a new 10,000-sqft addition, called the Royal Gallery, was added for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada. In the summer that year, Winnipeg held the 13th Pan-Am Games, where the Royal Gallery was dedicated by Princess Anne on July 26 at the inaugural event of diving.In 2006, AHFMC was closed as result of a dispute with the city, and the collection was placed in storage. In March 2014, the City of Winnipeg and the AHFMC reached an amicable resolution regarding the use of the facilities and for AHFMC to return to Pan-Am Pool. The Museum was finally reopened in 2015.In 2017, AHFMC moved back to the was Royal Gallery, and was renamed the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. See also International Swimming Hall of Fame == References ==	part of	{ "answer_start": [ 231 ], "text": [ "Pan Am Pool" ] }
The Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame (formerly the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada, AHFMC) is a museum dedicated to water sports in Canada—namely swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo—and is located at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba.As the oldest incorporated sports museum in Canada, it is home to the National Archives for Aquatic Sports and has an extensive collection of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo memorabilia and art. It recognizes athletes and coaches who have competed in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, and World championships as well as important supporters. The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada, as well as being a member of the International Sports Heritage Association. History In the 1960s, the Pan-Am Pool was built for the 1967 Pan-Am Games, which was to take place in Winnipeg as the first Pan-Am Games held in Canada. In March that year, Winnipeg Mayor Stephen Juba applied to the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada to be housed at the Pool. (Negotiations for the application were done by Vaughan Lawson Baird on behalf of the City.)The application was soon accepted, and it was also announced that the AHFMC would be the home of the National Archives for Aquatic Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and water polo). Three years later, on 14 December 1970, the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada Inc. received letters patent, thereby becoming the oldest incorporated Hall of Fame in Canada. The original directors of AHFMC were Juba and Baird, along with Albert Frederic Ford, and Guy Simonis.In May 1991, the 7th Diving World Cup was held at the Pan-Am Pool, becoming the first World Cup of the aquatics to be held in Canada.On 15 June 1997, the AHFMC received a Coat of Arms from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first Hall of Fame in Canada to receive such.In 1999, a new 10,000-sqft addition, called the Royal Gallery, was added for the Aquatic Hall of Fame and Museum of Canada. In the summer that year, Winnipeg held the 13th Pan-Am Games, where the Royal Gallery was dedicated by Princess Anne on July 26 at the inaugural event of diving.In 2006, AHFMC was closed as result of a dispute with the city, and the collection was placed in storage. In March 2014, the City of Winnipeg and the AHFMC reached an amicable resolution regarding the use of the facilities and for AHFMC to return to Pan-Am Pool. The Museum was finally reopened in 2015.In 2017, AHFMC moved back to the was Royal Gallery, and was renamed the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. See also International Swimming Hall of Fame == References ==	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 198 ], "text": [ "water polo" ] }
Ardozyga thanatodes is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1893. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.The wingspan is about 13 mm (0.51 in). The forewings are dark fuscous, finely irrorated (sprinkled) with whitish and with a spot on the costa at one-fourth, as well as a straight oblique fascia from before the middle of the costa to before the tornus, and an angulated subterminal series of spots very close to the posterior portion of the costa and termen dark fuscous, undefined and often indistinct. The hindwings are dark fuscous. == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Ardozyga thanatodes is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1893. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.The wingspan is about 13 mm (0.51 in). The forewings are dark fuscous, finely irrorated (sprinkled) with whitish and with a spot on the costa at one-fourth, as well as a straight oblique fascia from before the middle of the costa to before the tornus, and an angulated subterminal series of spots very close to the posterior portion of the costa and termen dark fuscous, undefined and often indistinct. The hindwings are dark fuscous. == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Ardozyga" ] }
Ardozyga thanatodes is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1893. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.The wingspan is about 13 mm (0.51 in). The forewings are dark fuscous, finely irrorated (sprinkled) with whitish and with a spot on the costa at one-fourth, as well as a straight oblique fascia from before the middle of the costa to before the tornus, and an angulated subterminal series of spots very close to the posterior portion of the costa and termen dark fuscous, undefined and often indistinct. The hindwings are dark fuscous. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Ardozyga thanatodes" ] }
The 2018 Canoe Marathon European Championships is the fifteenth edition of the Canoe Marathon European Championships, which took place between 5 and 8 July 2018 at Metković, Croatia. The competition consisted of seventeen events – ten in kayak and seven in canoe – divided into junior, under–23 and senior categories. Medalists Seniors Under 23 Juniors Medal table References External links Official website	country	{ "answer_start": [ 174 ], "text": [ "Croatia" ] }
The 2018 Canoe Marathon European Championships is the fifteenth edition of the Canoe Marathon European Championships, which took place between 5 and 8 July 2018 at Metković, Croatia. The competition consisted of seventeen events – ten in kayak and seven in canoe – divided into junior, under–23 and senior categories. Medalists Seniors Under 23 Juniors Medal table References External links Official website	location	{ "answer_start": [ 164 ], "text": [ "Metković" ] }
The 2018 Canoe Marathon European Championships is the fifteenth edition of the Canoe Marathon European Championships, which took place between 5 and 8 July 2018 at Metković, Croatia. The competition consisted of seventeen events – ten in kayak and seven in canoe – divided into junior, under–23 and senior categories. Medalists Seniors Under 23 Juniors Medal table References External links Official website	sports season of league or competition	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Canoe Marathon European Championships" ] }
Zhang Ruijie (Chinese: 张瑞杰; born 8 January 2001) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Hubei Istar. Career statistics Club As of 26 August 2021.Notes == References ==	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Zhang" ] }
Mieszkowski is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ed Mieszkowski (1925–2004), American football player Katharine Mieszkowski (born 1971), American journalist Piotr Mieszkowski (died 1648), Polish bishop and writer	native label	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mieszkowski" ] }
Alexander Zaïd (1886 – 10 July 1938) was one of the founders of the Jewish defense organizations Bar Giora and Hashomer, and a prominent figure of the Second Aliyah. Biography Zaïd was born in 1886 in Zima, a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. His father had been deported from Vilna to Siberia due to revolutionary activity and his mother was a Subbotnik. In 1889, the family moved to Irkutsk. In 1901 they returned to Vilna, where his father remarried. Two years later, the father died, too. The orphaned teenager met Michael Helpern, a First Aliyah pioneer sent to Vilna to promote immigration to Palestine. Zaid moved to Palestine in 1904, under the auspices of the Zionist Labour Movement. He worked at the winery in Rishon Letzion, where he met Israel Shochat, as a construction worker in Ben Shemen and a stonemason in Jerusalem.In 1907, he helped establish the first Jewish watchmen's organization, the clandestine "Bar-Giora". Two years later, in 1909, he was one of the founders of Hashomer, a Jewish defense organization, to safeguard the Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine. Zaid and his wife Tzippora were founders of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi in the Galilee, which became a center of Hashomer's underground activity. In 1926, following the establishment of the Haganah, David Ben-Gurion demanded that Hashomer become subordinate to the new organization and transfer its weapons to it. Zaid and his wife supported this move, but most members of Kfar Giladi were opposed to it. As a result, the Zaids were forced to leave the kibbutz with their four young children. Zaid moved to Sheikh Abreik in the Valley of Jezreel, where he worked as a watchman, overseeing the lands of the JNF. The residents of the Arab village at the site had been evicted a few years earlier when the Sursuk family of Beirut sold the land. The locality was known to have archaeological importance but had never been excavated. In 1936, Zaid reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the known caves which led to another cave decorated with inscriptions. This led to the excavation of the site and its identification as Beit She'arim. Zaïd survived two attacks by Arabs, but on the night of 10 July 1938, he was killed. He was ambushed by an Arab gang while on his way to meet members of kibbutz Alonim. The killer was Qassem Tabash, a Bedouin from the al-Hilaf tribe. In 1942, the Palmach killed Tabash in retaliation. Zaïd was survived by his wife and four children. Commemoration On a hilltop overlooking the Jezreel Valley is a bronze statue of Alexander Zaïd on horseback sculpted by David Polus. Givat Zaid and Beit Zaid were named after him. The poet Alexander Penn dedicated his poem, Adamah, Admati ("Land, My Land") to Alexander Zaïd. External links Rare video of Alexander Zaid's family in the 1930s Alexander and Zipporah Zaid Collection on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa == References ==	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 202 ], "text": [ "Zima" ] }
Alexander Zaïd (1886 – 10 July 1938) was one of the founders of the Jewish defense organizations Bar Giora and Hashomer, and a prominent figure of the Second Aliyah. Biography Zaïd was born in 1886 in Zima, a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. His father had been deported from Vilna to Siberia due to revolutionary activity and his mother was a Subbotnik. In 1889, the family moved to Irkutsk. In 1901 they returned to Vilna, where his father remarried. Two years later, the father died, too. The orphaned teenager met Michael Helpern, a First Aliyah pioneer sent to Vilna to promote immigration to Palestine. Zaid moved to Palestine in 1904, under the auspices of the Zionist Labour Movement. He worked at the winery in Rishon Letzion, where he met Israel Shochat, as a construction worker in Ben Shemen and a stonemason in Jerusalem.In 1907, he helped establish the first Jewish watchmen's organization, the clandestine "Bar-Giora". Two years later, in 1909, he was one of the founders of Hashomer, a Jewish defense organization, to safeguard the Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine. Zaid and his wife Tzippora were founders of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi in the Galilee, which became a center of Hashomer's underground activity. In 1926, following the establishment of the Haganah, David Ben-Gurion demanded that Hashomer become subordinate to the new organization and transfer its weapons to it. Zaid and his wife supported this move, but most members of Kfar Giladi were opposed to it. As a result, the Zaids were forced to leave the kibbutz with their four young children. Zaid moved to Sheikh Abreik in the Valley of Jezreel, where he worked as a watchman, overseeing the lands of the JNF. The residents of the Arab village at the site had been evicted a few years earlier when the Sursuk family of Beirut sold the land. The locality was known to have archaeological importance but had never been excavated. In 1936, Zaid reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the known caves which led to another cave decorated with inscriptions. This led to the excavation of the site and its identification as Beit She'arim. Zaïd survived two attacks by Arabs, but on the night of 10 July 1938, he was killed. He was ambushed by an Arab gang while on his way to meet members of kibbutz Alonim. The killer was Qassem Tabash, a Bedouin from the al-Hilaf tribe. In 1942, the Palmach killed Tabash in retaliation. Zaïd was survived by his wife and four children. Commemoration On a hilltop overlooking the Jezreel Valley is a bronze statue of Alexander Zaïd on horseback sculpted by David Polus. Givat Zaid and Beit Zaid were named after him. The poet Alexander Penn dedicated his poem, Adamah, Admati ("Land, My Land") to Alexander Zaïd. External links Rare video of Alexander Zaid's family in the 1930s Alexander and Zipporah Zaid Collection on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Alexander Zaïd" ] }
Alexander Zaïd (1886 – 10 July 1938) was one of the founders of the Jewish defense organizations Bar Giora and Hashomer, and a prominent figure of the Second Aliyah. Biography Zaïd was born in 1886 in Zima, a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. His father had been deported from Vilna to Siberia due to revolutionary activity and his mother was a Subbotnik. In 1889, the family moved to Irkutsk. In 1901 they returned to Vilna, where his father remarried. Two years later, the father died, too. The orphaned teenager met Michael Helpern, a First Aliyah pioneer sent to Vilna to promote immigration to Palestine. Zaid moved to Palestine in 1904, under the auspices of the Zionist Labour Movement. He worked at the winery in Rishon Letzion, where he met Israel Shochat, as a construction worker in Ben Shemen and a stonemason in Jerusalem.In 1907, he helped establish the first Jewish watchmen's organization, the clandestine "Bar-Giora". Two years later, in 1909, he was one of the founders of Hashomer, a Jewish defense organization, to safeguard the Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine. Zaid and his wife Tzippora were founders of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi in the Galilee, which became a center of Hashomer's underground activity. In 1926, following the establishment of the Haganah, David Ben-Gurion demanded that Hashomer become subordinate to the new organization and transfer its weapons to it. Zaid and his wife supported this move, but most members of Kfar Giladi were opposed to it. As a result, the Zaids were forced to leave the kibbutz with their four young children. Zaid moved to Sheikh Abreik in the Valley of Jezreel, where he worked as a watchman, overseeing the lands of the JNF. The residents of the Arab village at the site had been evicted a few years earlier when the Sursuk family of Beirut sold the land. The locality was known to have archaeological importance but had never been excavated. In 1936, Zaid reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the known caves which led to another cave decorated with inscriptions. This led to the excavation of the site and its identification as Beit She'arim. Zaïd survived two attacks by Arabs, but on the night of 10 July 1938, he was killed. He was ambushed by an Arab gang while on his way to meet members of kibbutz Alonim. The killer was Qassem Tabash, a Bedouin from the al-Hilaf tribe. In 1942, the Palmach killed Tabash in retaliation. Zaïd was survived by his wife and four children. Commemoration On a hilltop overlooking the Jezreel Valley is a bronze statue of Alexander Zaïd on horseback sculpted by David Polus. Givat Zaid and Beit Zaid were named after him. The poet Alexander Penn dedicated his poem, Adamah, Admati ("Land, My Land") to Alexander Zaïd. External links Rare video of Alexander Zaid's family in the 1930s Alexander and Zipporah Zaid Collection on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa == References ==	member of	{ "answer_start": [ 111 ], "text": [ "Hashomer" ] }
Alexander Zaïd (1886 – 10 July 1938) was one of the founders of the Jewish defense organizations Bar Giora and Hashomer, and a prominent figure of the Second Aliyah. Biography Zaïd was born in 1886 in Zima, a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. His father had been deported from Vilna to Siberia due to revolutionary activity and his mother was a Subbotnik. In 1889, the family moved to Irkutsk. In 1901 they returned to Vilna, where his father remarried. Two years later, the father died, too. The orphaned teenager met Michael Helpern, a First Aliyah pioneer sent to Vilna to promote immigration to Palestine. Zaid moved to Palestine in 1904, under the auspices of the Zionist Labour Movement. He worked at the winery in Rishon Letzion, where he met Israel Shochat, as a construction worker in Ben Shemen and a stonemason in Jerusalem.In 1907, he helped establish the first Jewish watchmen's organization, the clandestine "Bar-Giora". Two years later, in 1909, he was one of the founders of Hashomer, a Jewish defense organization, to safeguard the Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine. Zaid and his wife Tzippora were founders of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi in the Galilee, which became a center of Hashomer's underground activity. In 1926, following the establishment of the Haganah, David Ben-Gurion demanded that Hashomer become subordinate to the new organization and transfer its weapons to it. Zaid and his wife supported this move, but most members of Kfar Giladi were opposed to it. As a result, the Zaids were forced to leave the kibbutz with their four young children. Zaid moved to Sheikh Abreik in the Valley of Jezreel, where he worked as a watchman, overseeing the lands of the JNF. The residents of the Arab village at the site had been evicted a few years earlier when the Sursuk family of Beirut sold the land. The locality was known to have archaeological importance but had never been excavated. In 1936, Zaid reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the known caves which led to another cave decorated with inscriptions. This led to the excavation of the site and its identification as Beit She'arim. Zaïd survived two attacks by Arabs, but on the night of 10 July 1938, he was killed. He was ambushed by an Arab gang while on his way to meet members of kibbutz Alonim. The killer was Qassem Tabash, a Bedouin from the al-Hilaf tribe. In 1942, the Palmach killed Tabash in retaliation. Zaïd was survived by his wife and four children. Commemoration On a hilltop overlooking the Jezreel Valley is a bronze statue of Alexander Zaïd on horseback sculpted by David Polus. Givat Zaid and Beit Zaid were named after him. The poet Alexander Penn dedicated his poem, Adamah, Admati ("Land, My Land") to Alexander Zaïd. External links Rare video of Alexander Zaid's family in the 1930s Alexander and Zipporah Zaid Collection on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa == References ==	Commons gallery	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Alexander Zaïd" ] }
North Down Borough Council was a Local Council in County Down in Northern Ireland. It merged with Ards Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council. Its main town was Bangor, 12 miles east of Belfast with a population of approximately 68,000. The council was headquartered in Bangor. Its secondary centre was the former Urban District of Holywood, 8 km northeast of Belfast with a population of approximately 10,000. Most of the remainder of a total population was in suburban villages along the southern shore of Belfast Lough. The area of the former Borough is heavily suburbanised, railway links with Belfast are good and the area has been the domain of Belfast commuters since the mid-19th century. The former Borough is often held to be the wealthiest area in Northern Ireland, although there are pockets of deprivation in a string of overspill public housing estates along the Bangor Ring Road. The borough consisted of 4 electoral areas: Abbey, Ballyholme and Groomsport, Bangor West and Holywood. In the 2011 election, 25 members were elected from the following political parties: 11 Democratic Unionist Party, 6 Alliance, 4 Ulster Unionists, 1 Green, and 2 Independents. North Down along with Carrickfergus Borough Council were the only councils in Northern Ireland without Nationalist political party representation. The Borough of North Down was formed in 1973 in the local government reorganisation from the old Bangor Urban District, Holywood Urban District, North Down Rural District and part of Castlereagh Rural District. In elections for the Westminster Parliament it was part of the slightly larger North Down constituency. See Also: Districts of Northern Ireland Summary of seats won 1973–2011 † Others include Ann Marie Hillen, who stood under the label Better Bangor Campaign in 1989, having been elected earlier that year in a by-election. Of the candidates elected in 1993, Jimmy White was elected as a Holywood Pool Campaigner and another as Action '93. Alan Chambers, elected at every election from 1993 to 2011, has usually been described on the ballot paper as an Independent, but describes himself on the council website as an Independent Unionist and stood under that label in 1997. He is tallied as Independent Unionist above for all elections. 2011 Election results Mayor Review of Public Administration Under the Review of Public Administration (RPA) the council was due to merge with Ards in 2011 to form a single council for the enlarged area totalling 451 km2 and a population of 149,567. The next election was due to take place in May 2009, but on 25 April 2008, Shaun Woodward, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced that the scheduled 2009 district council elections were to be postponed until the introduction of the eleven new councils in 2011. It took place in 2015. Population The area covered by North Down Borough Council had a population of 78,937 residents according to the 2011 Northern Ireland census. References External links Bangor, County Down	capital	{ "answer_start": [ 255 ], "text": [ "Bangor" ] }

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