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North Down Borough Council was a Local Council in County Down in Northern Ireland. It merged with Ards Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council.
Its main town was Bangor, 12 miles east of Belfast with a population of approximately 68,000. The council was headquartered in Bangor. Its secondary centre was the former Urban District of Holywood, 8 km northeast of Belfast with a population of approximately 10,000. Most of the remainder of a total population was in suburban villages along the southern shore of Belfast Lough. The area of the former Borough is heavily suburbanised, railway links with Belfast are good and the area has been the domain of Belfast commuters since the mid-19th century. The former Borough is often held to be the wealthiest area in Northern Ireland, although there are pockets of deprivation in a string of overspill public housing estates along the Bangor Ring Road.
The borough consisted of 4 electoral areas: Abbey, Ballyholme and Groomsport, Bangor West and Holywood. In the 2011 election, 25 members were elected from the following political parties: 11 Democratic Unionist Party, 6 Alliance, 4 Ulster Unionists, 1 Green, and 2 Independents.
North Down along with Carrickfergus Borough Council were the only councils in Northern Ireland without Nationalist political party representation.
The Borough of North Down was formed in 1973 in the local government reorganisation from the old Bangor Urban District, Holywood Urban District, North Down Rural District and part of Castlereagh Rural District.
In elections for the Westminster Parliament it was part of the slightly larger North Down constituency.
See Also: Districts of Northern Ireland
Summary of seats won 1973–2011
† Others include Ann Marie Hillen, who stood under the label Better Bangor Campaign in 1989, having been elected earlier that year in a by-election. Of the candidates elected in 1993, Jimmy White was elected as a Holywood Pool Campaigner and another as Action '93. Alan Chambers, elected at every election from 1993 to 2011, has usually been described on the ballot paper as an Independent, but describes himself on the council website as an Independent Unionist and stood under that label in 1997. He is tallied as Independent Unionist above for all elections.
2011 Election results
Mayor
Review of Public Administration
Under the Review of Public Administration (RPA) the council was due to merge with Ards in 2011 to form a single council for the enlarged area totalling 451 km2 and a population of 149,567. The next election was due to take place in May 2009, but on 25 April 2008, Shaun Woodward, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced that the scheduled 2009 district council elections were to be postponed until the introduction of the eleven new councils in 2011. It took place in 2015.
Population
The area covered by North Down Borough Council had a population of 78,937 residents according to the 2011 Northern Ireland census.
References
External links
Bangor, County Down | Commons category | {
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | instance of | {
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | director | {
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | screenwriter | {
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | cast member | {
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} |
Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | producer | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"William L. Snyder"
]
} |
Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | narrative location | {
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | title | {
"answer_start": [
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Alice of Wonderland in Paris or Alice in a New Wonderland is a 1966 Czech-American animated film directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in extreme limited animation.
Plot
Young Alice, having become a celebrity for her adventures in Wonderland, is in her bedroom dreaming about visiting Paris and sharing adventures with the storybook girl Madeline. While no comment is made as to where this Alice comes from or what time the film is set in, Alice seems to be American, as she likes cheeseburgers and is having a great deal of trouble when it comes to getting to France. As Alice points out, “Getting to Wonderland was easy – all I had to do was fall down the rabbit hole. But let’s face it – it takes money to get to Paris!”.
As Alice dreams in her bedroom, a talking mouse named François rides a bicycle into Alice's bedroom and wants to conduct a survey about her favourite cheeses. Alice wants to join François in his native Paris, so François uses a cheese that his company makes, which uses the same magical mushroom she ate in Wonderland as an ingredient, to shrink Alice to rodent size. Together, they ride through Paris, where François narrates a series of short stories with a Parisian theme.
The film includes brief adaptations of five short stories:
Eve Titus' Anatole
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Bad Hat
Crockett Johnson's The Frowning Prince
James Thurber's Many Moons
Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline and the Gypsies.In the end, when Alice finally meets her, it turns out that Madeline dreams of being Alice in Wonderland.
Cast
Norma MacMillan as Alice
Luce Ennis as Singer
Howard Morris as Grand Wizard, King (The Frowning Prince), Queen, The Frowning Prince
Carl Reiner as Anatole, Doucette, M. Duval
Trinka Snyder as Princess Lenore
Allen Swift as François, Narrator, King (Many Moons), Lord High Chamberlain
Lionel Wilson as Jester, Royal Mathematician, Royal Wizard, Minstrel
Production
Alice of Wonderland in Paris was created by the team of Gene Deitch and William L. Snyder, who had previously collaborated on Munro, which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. The filmmakers (along with Rembrandt Films) were also responsible for producing the 1960–1962 Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and also were one of the producers of the Popeye animated TV series for King Features Syndicate, aired on ABC between 1960 and 1963.
Attracted to the economy and beauty of Prague, Deitch and Snyder produced cartoons for both cinema release and cartoons based on short stories for school educational film use. Five of these stories were placed in the feature with new Alice sequences to be released as a feature film in the West.Actors Carl Reiner, Howard Morris and Allen Swift provided the voice performances, and Canadian actress Norma MacMillan provided the voice of Alice.Alice of Wonderland in Paris runs 52 minutes, which is somewhat short for a feature film release, and it was presented for its 1966 U.S. theatrical distribution on a bill with the short film White Mane. It was originally distributed in the U.S. theaters by a company called Childhood Productions; Paramount Pictures re-released it in 1975 as Alice in a New Wonderland, and White Mane was also part of the bill.
References
External links
Alice of Wonderland in Paris at IMDb
Alice of Wonderland in Paris is available for free download at the Internet Archive | duration | {
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Shabbos Negmatulloev (born 21 September 1997) is a Tajikistani boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Shabbos Negmatulloev at BoxRec (registration required)
Shabbos Negmatulloev at Olympedia | occupation | {
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"text": [
"boxer"
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Prisoners Abroad is a UK-registered human rights and welfare charity which supports British citizens who are imprisoned overseas. It also works with ex-prisoners returning to the UK and family members and friends of those detained.
The organisation provides humanitarian aid, advice and emotional support to people affected by overseas imprisonment. They assist British citizens during their incarceration, when they return to the UK and need access to resettlement services, and they support their family and friends throughout the trauma.
Prisoners Abroad translates human rights law into practical life-saving actions by providing access to vitamins and essential food, emergency medical care, freepost envelopes to keep in touch with home and books and magazines to help sustain mental health.
History
Prisoners Abroad was formed in 1978 by Craig Feehan, Joe Parham, Chris Cheal and Bob Nightingale. Initially it worked with Britons held mainly in Turkey, central Asia and north Africa. Each year supporting over 1,600 Britons imprisoned across the world in around 90 countries.
In UK terms, Prisoners Abroad is a small to medium-sized charity, with an annual turnover of £1.8 million.
Welfare grants
The Craig Feehan Fund, which was founded after Craig Feehan's death in 1985, provides those imprisoned in particularly poor conditions with a monthly sum of money for essentials such as bedding, food, clothing, toiletries, vitamins, newspapers and correspondence. The fund provides help to those who are destitute and have no other source of income.
A vitamin fund is available to people imprisoned in countries where the nutrition is deemed inadequate for survival.
Medical grants are awarded on a case by case basis for treatment of medical issues ranging from blood pressure medication to eyeglasses to major surgeries. The funds also address diseases commonly found in foreign prisons, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
Prisoners Abroad is a non-judgmental organisation and provides assistance on the basis of need and regardless of innocence or guilt.
Support for families
Each year Prisoners Abroad provides assistance to more than 2,000 family members. This includes one-to-one support via a helpline, a private online network for family members, as well as hosting family support groups around the country and arranging overseas visits.
Resettlement
Prisoners Abroad's work also extends to a resettlement service that supports those who return to the UK; they find them somewhere to stay, provide grants for food and travel, and help them take the vital steps to a new life. Each year they supporting around 300 people on return to the UK.
Awards and patrons
In 2007 Prisoners Abroad was awarded the Longford Prize, awarded annually by the Longford Trust to "recognise the contribution of an individual, group or organisation working in the area of penal or social reform who/which has shown outstanding qualities of humanity, courage, persistence and originality".In 2008 Prisoners Abroad were shortlisted for the Justice Awards and the Andy Ludlow London Homelessness Awards.
In 2010 Prisoners Abroad won the Guardian Public Service Awards, Carers, Families and Communities.In 2012 Prisoners Abroad were shortlisted for the Charity Times' Charity of the Year (£1m - £10m) and Charity Principal of the Year.
In 2017 Prisoners Abroad's Resettlement Service was awarded second prize in the London Homelessness Awards.
Prominent patrons include the Archbishop of Westminster, Sir David Wootton, Dame Harriet Walter, Jon Snow, John Walters, Bishop James Langstaff, Dominic Grieve QC and Lord Ramsbotham.
References
External links
Official website | award received | {
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St. Mark's may refer to:
Places of worship
St Mark's Basilica, Venice, Italy
Saint Mark's Cathedral (disambiguation)
St. Mark's Chapel (disambiguation)
St. Mark's Church (disambiguation)
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church (disambiguation)
St. Mark's Episcopal Church (disambiguation)
St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (disambiguation)
Places
CroatiaSt. Mark's Square, ZagrebItalyPiazza San Marco (St Mark's Square), Venice
St Mark's Basilica, Venice
St Mark's English Church, Florence, an Anglican churchMaltaSaint Mark's TowerSouth AfricaSt Mark's, Eastern CapeUnited KingdomSt Marks, Leicester, a residential suburb of Leicester, EnglandUnited StatesSt. Marks, Florida, a small city
Saint Marks, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Saint Marks, Indiana, an unincorporated community
8th Street and St. Mark's Place, a street in the East Village in Manhattan, New York City
St. Marks River, a river in Florida
Educational institutions
St Mark's Academy, London, England
St. Mark's College, Monte Grande, Buenos Aires, Argentina
St. Mark's College (University of Adelaide), Adelaide, Australia
St. Mark's College, Vancouver, at the University of British Columbia, Canada
St Mark's College, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa
St. Mark's School (disambiguation)
St Mark's Anglican Community School, Perth, Western Australia
Other
St. Mark's Comics, a retailer located in New York City
St Marks GAA, a Gaelic Athletic Association in South Dublin County, Ireland
See also
St. Mark's Square (disambiguation)
Saint Mark (disambiguation) | country | {
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Mohammed H. Layas is a prominent Libyan politician and investment banker.
Education
He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting and Business Management from the University of Benghazi, Libya, and a Diploma of the Institute of Economic Development, in Washington.
Politics
Layas has a long history of involvement in Libyan politics, serving as a foreign diplomat for Libya before the 1969 Al-Fatah Revolution which brought Muammar Gaddafi into power. Currently, Mr. Layas is a member of the Libyan governments General People's Committee (GPCO) for Finance.
Banking
Layas has served as chairman and General Manager of the Libyan Arab Foreign Bank, the only bank authorized to conduct international banking transactions during sanctions. Additionally, he has been deputy chairman for the British Arab Commercial Bank (BACB) in London, UK until 2004, and the Banque Inter Continentale Arabe, in Paris, France. He was also Director of the Arab International Bank in Cairo, Egypt – in addition to membership on the boards of several other banks and investment companies.
Mr. Layas is Director of Banco Atlántico S.A. in Spain, and he joined the Board of the Bahrain-based Arab Banking Corporation in 2001: Additionally, since 2006 he has been president and chief executive officer of the Libyan Investment Authority.
See also
British Arab Commercial Bank
References
External links
GPCO Website
Libyan Foreign Investment Board
Libyan Foreign Bank
Bank of Commerce and Development
Aman Bank for Commerce and Investment
GPCO Website
اللجنة الشعبية العامة للمالية | educated at | {
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170
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Mohammed H. Layas is a prominent Libyan politician and investment banker.
Education
He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting and Business Management from the University of Benghazi, Libya, and a Diploma of the Institute of Economic Development, in Washington.
Politics
Layas has a long history of involvement in Libyan politics, serving as a foreign diplomat for Libya before the 1969 Al-Fatah Revolution which brought Muammar Gaddafi into power. Currently, Mr. Layas is a member of the Libyan governments General People's Committee (GPCO) for Finance.
Banking
Layas has served as chairman and General Manager of the Libyan Arab Foreign Bank, the only bank authorized to conduct international banking transactions during sanctions. Additionally, he has been deputy chairman for the British Arab Commercial Bank (BACB) in London, UK until 2004, and the Banque Inter Continentale Arabe, in Paris, France. He was also Director of the Arab International Bank in Cairo, Egypt – in addition to membership on the boards of several other banks and investment companies.
Mr. Layas is Director of Banco Atlántico S.A. in Spain, and he joined the Board of the Bahrain-based Arab Banking Corporation in 2001: Additionally, since 2006 he has been president and chief executive officer of the Libyan Investment Authority.
See also
British Arab Commercial Bank
References
External links
GPCO Website
Libyan Foreign Investment Board
Libyan Foreign Bank
Bank of Commerce and Development
Aman Bank for Commerce and Investment
GPCO Website
اللجنة الشعبية العامة للمالية | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
363
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"text": [
"diplomat"
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Mohammed H. Layas is a prominent Libyan politician and investment banker.
Education
He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting and Business Management from the University of Benghazi, Libya, and a Diploma of the Institute of Economic Development, in Washington.
Politics
Layas has a long history of involvement in Libyan politics, serving as a foreign diplomat for Libya before the 1969 Al-Fatah Revolution which brought Muammar Gaddafi into power. Currently, Mr. Layas is a member of the Libyan governments General People's Committee (GPCO) for Finance.
Banking
Layas has served as chairman and General Manager of the Libyan Arab Foreign Bank, the only bank authorized to conduct international banking transactions during sanctions. Additionally, he has been deputy chairman for the British Arab Commercial Bank (BACB) in London, UK until 2004, and the Banque Inter Continentale Arabe, in Paris, France. He was also Director of the Arab International Bank in Cairo, Egypt – in addition to membership on the boards of several other banks and investment companies.
Mr. Layas is Director of Banco Atlántico S.A. in Spain, and he joined the Board of the Bahrain-based Arab Banking Corporation in 2001: Additionally, since 2006 he has been president and chief executive officer of the Libyan Investment Authority.
See also
British Arab Commercial Bank
References
External links
GPCO Website
Libyan Foreign Investment Board
Libyan Foreign Bank
Bank of Commerce and Development
Aman Bank for Commerce and Investment
GPCO Website
اللجنة الشعبية العامة للمالية | given name | {
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0
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Ali Hamid El-Aila is a Libyan former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Ali Hamid El-Aila at ProCyclingStats
Ali Hamid El-Aila at Olympedia | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
23
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"text": [
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Ali Hamid El-Aila is a Libyan former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Ali Hamid El-Aila at ProCyclingStats
Ali Hamid El-Aila at Olympedia | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ali"
]
} |
Ali Hamid El-Aila is a Libyan former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Ali Hamid El-Aila at ProCyclingStats
Ali Hamid El-Aila at Olympedia | participant in | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"1980 Summer Olympics"
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The Cloaca Maxima (Latin: Cloāca Maxima, lit. Greatest Sewer) was one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Its name derives from Cloacina, a Roman goddess. Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the city. It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city. The sewer started at the Forum Augustum and ended at the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. It began as an open air canal, but it developed into a much larger sewer over the course of time. Agrippa renovated and reconstructed much of the sewer. This would not be the only development in the sewers. By the first century CE all eleven Roman aqueducts were connected to the sewer. After the Roman Empire fell the sewer still was used. By the 1800s it became a tourist attraction. Some parts of the sewer are still used today. Whilst still being used it was highly valued as a sacred symbol of Roman culture, and Roman engineering.
Construction and history
According to tradition, it may have initially been constructed around 600 BC under the orders of the king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus. He ordered Etruscan workers and the Plebians to construct the sewers. Before constructing the Cloaca Maxima, Priscus, and his son Tarquinius Superbus, worked to transform the land by the Roman forum from a swamp into a solid building ground, thus reclaiming the Velabrum. In order to achieve this, they filled it up with 10-20,000 cubic meters of soil, gravel, and debris.At the beginning of the sewer's life it consisted of open-air channels lined up with bricks centered around a main pipe. At this stage it might have had no roof. However, wooden holes spread throughout the sewer indicate that wooden bridges may have been built over it, which possibly functioned as a roof. Alternatively, the holes could have functioned as a support for the scaffolding needed to construct the sewer. The Cloaca Maxima may also have originally been an open drain, formed from streams originating from three of the neighboring hills, that were channeled through the main Forum and then on to the Tiber. As building space within the city became more valuable, the drain was gradually built over.
By the time of the late Roman Republic this sewer became the city's main storm drain. It developed into a system 1,600 meters long. By the time of the Second Century BCE it had a 101 meter long canal that was covered up and expanded into a sewer. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay." Eventually, the sewer could not continue growing to keep up with the expanding city. Romans would discard waste through other openings rather than the sewers. From 31 BCE to 192 CE manholes could be used to access the sewer, which could be traversed by canal at this point. Manholes were decorated with marble reliefs, and canals were made of Roman concrete and flint.The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channeled into the sewers after having supplied many of the public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, as well as the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses. The continuous supply of running water helped to remove wastes and keep the sewers clear of obstructions. The best waters were reserved for potable drinking supplies, and the second quality waters would be used by the baths, the outfalls of which connected to the sewer network under the streets of the city. The Cloaca Maxima was well maintained throughout the life of the Roman Empire and even today drains rainwater and debris from the center of town, below the ancient Forum, Velabrum, and the Forum Boarium. In more recent times, the remaining passages have been connected to the modern-day sewage system, mainly to cope with problems of backwash from the river.
After the fall of the Roman empire the Cloaca Maxima continued to be used. In the 1600s the Cardinal Chamberlain imposed a tax on residents of Rome in order to pay for the upkeep of the sewer. By the time of the 1800s the Cloaca Maxima became popular as a tourist attraction. From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. These efforts renewed public interest in sanitation.
Route
The Cloaca Maxima started at the Forum Augustum and followed the natural course of the suburbs of ancient Rome, which led between the Qurinal, Viminal, and Esquilline Hills. It also passed by the Forum of Nerva, the Arch of Janus, the Forum Boarium, the Basilica Aemilia, and the Forum Romanum, ending at the Velabrum. The sewer's outfall was by the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. Some of this is still visible today. The branches of the main sewer all appear to be 'official' drains that would have served public toilets, bathhouses and other public buildings. Private residences in Rome, even of the rich, would have relied on some sort of cess-pit arrangement for sewage.
Significance and effects
The Cloaca Maxima was large: large enough for "wagons loaded with hay to pass" according to Strabo. It could transport one million pounds of waste, water, and unwanted goods, which were dumped into the streets, swamps, and rivers near Rome. They were all carried out to the Tiber River by the sewer. It used gutters to collect rainwater, rubbish, and spillage, and conduits to dispense up to ten cubic meters of water per second. Vaults were closed with flat panels or rocks were used in the construction. This sewer used a trench wall to hold back sediments.Some of its water was still polluted, contaminating water many depended on for irrigation, swimming, bathing, and drinking. The sewer reduced the number of mosquitos, thereby limiting the spread of malaria by draining marshy areas. Animals, including rats, could find their way into the sewer.
The Cloaca Maxima was a highly valued feat of engineering. It may have even been sacrosanct. Since the Romans viewed the movement of water to be sacred, the Cloaca Maxima may have had a religious significance. Aside from religious significance, the Cloaca Maxima may have been praised due to its age and its demonstration of engineering prowess. Livy describes the sewer as:Works for which the new splendor of these days has scarcely been able to produce a match.— Titus Livius, Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1The writer Pliny the Elder describes the Cloaca Maxima as an engineering marvel due to its ability to withstand floods of filthy waters for centuries. Cassiodorus, a Roman senator and scholar, praised the sewage system in Variae. The Cloaca Maxima was a symbol of Roman civilization, and its superiority to others. Roman authors were not the only people to praise the Cloaca Maxima. British writer Henry James stated that it gave him: "the deepest and grimmest impression of antiquity I have ever received."
The system of Roman sewers was much imitated throughout the Roman Empire, especially when combined with copious supplies of water from Roman aqueducts. The sewer system in Eboracum—the modern-day English city of York—was especially impressive and part of it still survives.
See also
Roman aqueduct
Barrel vault
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Sanitation in ancient Rome
Notes
References
External links
Cloaca Maxima: article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
Pictures taken from inside the Cloaca Maxima
Aquae Urbis Romae: The Waters of the City of Rome, Katherine W. Rinne
The Waters of Rome: "The Cloaca Maxima and the Monumental Manipulation of Water in Archaic Rome" by John N. N. Hopkins
Rome: Cloaca Maxima Archived 2015-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088. Media related to Cloaca Maxima at Wikimedia Commons | instance of | {
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The Cloaca Maxima (Latin: Cloāca Maxima, lit. Greatest Sewer) was one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Its name derives from Cloacina, a Roman goddess. Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the city. It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city. The sewer started at the Forum Augustum and ended at the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. It began as an open air canal, but it developed into a much larger sewer over the course of time. Agrippa renovated and reconstructed much of the sewer. This would not be the only development in the sewers. By the first century CE all eleven Roman aqueducts were connected to the sewer. After the Roman Empire fell the sewer still was used. By the 1800s it became a tourist attraction. Some parts of the sewer are still used today. Whilst still being used it was highly valued as a sacred symbol of Roman culture, and Roman engineering.
Construction and history
According to tradition, it may have initially been constructed around 600 BC under the orders of the king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus. He ordered Etruscan workers and the Plebians to construct the sewers. Before constructing the Cloaca Maxima, Priscus, and his son Tarquinius Superbus, worked to transform the land by the Roman forum from a swamp into a solid building ground, thus reclaiming the Velabrum. In order to achieve this, they filled it up with 10-20,000 cubic meters of soil, gravel, and debris.At the beginning of the sewer's life it consisted of open-air channels lined up with bricks centered around a main pipe. At this stage it might have had no roof. However, wooden holes spread throughout the sewer indicate that wooden bridges may have been built over it, which possibly functioned as a roof. Alternatively, the holes could have functioned as a support for the scaffolding needed to construct the sewer. The Cloaca Maxima may also have originally been an open drain, formed from streams originating from three of the neighboring hills, that were channeled through the main Forum and then on to the Tiber. As building space within the city became more valuable, the drain was gradually built over.
By the time of the late Roman Republic this sewer became the city's main storm drain. It developed into a system 1,600 meters long. By the time of the Second Century BCE it had a 101 meter long canal that was covered up and expanded into a sewer. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay." Eventually, the sewer could not continue growing to keep up with the expanding city. Romans would discard waste through other openings rather than the sewers. From 31 BCE to 192 CE manholes could be used to access the sewer, which could be traversed by canal at this point. Manholes were decorated with marble reliefs, and canals were made of Roman concrete and flint.The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channeled into the sewers after having supplied many of the public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, as well as the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses. The continuous supply of running water helped to remove wastes and keep the sewers clear of obstructions. The best waters were reserved for potable drinking supplies, and the second quality waters would be used by the baths, the outfalls of which connected to the sewer network under the streets of the city. The Cloaca Maxima was well maintained throughout the life of the Roman Empire and even today drains rainwater and debris from the center of town, below the ancient Forum, Velabrum, and the Forum Boarium. In more recent times, the remaining passages have been connected to the modern-day sewage system, mainly to cope with problems of backwash from the river.
After the fall of the Roman empire the Cloaca Maxima continued to be used. In the 1600s the Cardinal Chamberlain imposed a tax on residents of Rome in order to pay for the upkeep of the sewer. By the time of the 1800s the Cloaca Maxima became popular as a tourist attraction. From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. These efforts renewed public interest in sanitation.
Route
The Cloaca Maxima started at the Forum Augustum and followed the natural course of the suburbs of ancient Rome, which led between the Qurinal, Viminal, and Esquilline Hills. It also passed by the Forum of Nerva, the Arch of Janus, the Forum Boarium, the Basilica Aemilia, and the Forum Romanum, ending at the Velabrum. The sewer's outfall was by the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. Some of this is still visible today. The branches of the main sewer all appear to be 'official' drains that would have served public toilets, bathhouses and other public buildings. Private residences in Rome, even of the rich, would have relied on some sort of cess-pit arrangement for sewage.
Significance and effects
The Cloaca Maxima was large: large enough for "wagons loaded with hay to pass" according to Strabo. It could transport one million pounds of waste, water, and unwanted goods, which were dumped into the streets, swamps, and rivers near Rome. They were all carried out to the Tiber River by the sewer. It used gutters to collect rainwater, rubbish, and spillage, and conduits to dispense up to ten cubic meters of water per second. Vaults were closed with flat panels or rocks were used in the construction. This sewer used a trench wall to hold back sediments.Some of its water was still polluted, contaminating water many depended on for irrigation, swimming, bathing, and drinking. The sewer reduced the number of mosquitos, thereby limiting the spread of malaria by draining marshy areas. Animals, including rats, could find their way into the sewer.
The Cloaca Maxima was a highly valued feat of engineering. It may have even been sacrosanct. Since the Romans viewed the movement of water to be sacred, the Cloaca Maxima may have had a religious significance. Aside from religious significance, the Cloaca Maxima may have been praised due to its age and its demonstration of engineering prowess. Livy describes the sewer as:Works for which the new splendor of these days has scarcely been able to produce a match.— Titus Livius, Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1The writer Pliny the Elder describes the Cloaca Maxima as an engineering marvel due to its ability to withstand floods of filthy waters for centuries. Cassiodorus, a Roman senator and scholar, praised the sewage system in Variae. The Cloaca Maxima was a symbol of Roman civilization, and its superiority to others. Roman authors were not the only people to praise the Cloaca Maxima. British writer Henry James stated that it gave him: "the deepest and grimmest impression of antiquity I have ever received."
The system of Roman sewers was much imitated throughout the Roman Empire, especially when combined with copious supplies of water from Roman aqueducts. The sewer system in Eboracum—the modern-day English city of York—was especially impressive and part of it still survives.
See also
Roman aqueduct
Barrel vault
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Sanitation in ancient Rome
Notes
References
External links
Cloaca Maxima: article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
Pictures taken from inside the Cloaca Maxima
Aquae Urbis Romae: The Waters of the City of Rome, Katherine W. Rinne
The Waters of Rome: "The Cloaca Maxima and the Monumental Manipulation of Water in Archaic Rome" by John N. N. Hopkins
Rome: Cloaca Maxima Archived 2015-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088. Media related to Cloaca Maxima at Wikimedia Commons | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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The Cloaca Maxima (Latin: Cloāca Maxima, lit. Greatest Sewer) was one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Its name derives from Cloacina, a Roman goddess. Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the city. It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city. The sewer started at the Forum Augustum and ended at the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. It began as an open air canal, but it developed into a much larger sewer over the course of time. Agrippa renovated and reconstructed much of the sewer. This would not be the only development in the sewers. By the first century CE all eleven Roman aqueducts were connected to the sewer. After the Roman Empire fell the sewer still was used. By the 1800s it became a tourist attraction. Some parts of the sewer are still used today. Whilst still being used it was highly valued as a sacred symbol of Roman culture, and Roman engineering.
Construction and history
According to tradition, it may have initially been constructed around 600 BC under the orders of the king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus. He ordered Etruscan workers and the Plebians to construct the sewers. Before constructing the Cloaca Maxima, Priscus, and his son Tarquinius Superbus, worked to transform the land by the Roman forum from a swamp into a solid building ground, thus reclaiming the Velabrum. In order to achieve this, they filled it up with 10-20,000 cubic meters of soil, gravel, and debris.At the beginning of the sewer's life it consisted of open-air channels lined up with bricks centered around a main pipe. At this stage it might have had no roof. However, wooden holes spread throughout the sewer indicate that wooden bridges may have been built over it, which possibly functioned as a roof. Alternatively, the holes could have functioned as a support for the scaffolding needed to construct the sewer. The Cloaca Maxima may also have originally been an open drain, formed from streams originating from three of the neighboring hills, that were channeled through the main Forum and then on to the Tiber. As building space within the city became more valuable, the drain was gradually built over.
By the time of the late Roman Republic this sewer became the city's main storm drain. It developed into a system 1,600 meters long. By the time of the Second Century BCE it had a 101 meter long canal that was covered up and expanded into a sewer. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay." Eventually, the sewer could not continue growing to keep up with the expanding city. Romans would discard waste through other openings rather than the sewers. From 31 BCE to 192 CE manholes could be used to access the sewer, which could be traversed by canal at this point. Manholes were decorated with marble reliefs, and canals were made of Roman concrete and flint.The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channeled into the sewers after having supplied many of the public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, as well as the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses. The continuous supply of running water helped to remove wastes and keep the sewers clear of obstructions. The best waters were reserved for potable drinking supplies, and the second quality waters would be used by the baths, the outfalls of which connected to the sewer network under the streets of the city. The Cloaca Maxima was well maintained throughout the life of the Roman Empire and even today drains rainwater and debris from the center of town, below the ancient Forum, Velabrum, and the Forum Boarium. In more recent times, the remaining passages have been connected to the modern-day sewage system, mainly to cope with problems of backwash from the river.
After the fall of the Roman empire the Cloaca Maxima continued to be used. In the 1600s the Cardinal Chamberlain imposed a tax on residents of Rome in order to pay for the upkeep of the sewer. By the time of the 1800s the Cloaca Maxima became popular as a tourist attraction. From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. These efforts renewed public interest in sanitation.
Route
The Cloaca Maxima started at the Forum Augustum and followed the natural course of the suburbs of ancient Rome, which led between the Qurinal, Viminal, and Esquilline Hills. It also passed by the Forum of Nerva, the Arch of Janus, the Forum Boarium, the Basilica Aemilia, and the Forum Romanum, ending at the Velabrum. The sewer's outfall was by the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. Some of this is still visible today. The branches of the main sewer all appear to be 'official' drains that would have served public toilets, bathhouses and other public buildings. Private residences in Rome, even of the rich, would have relied on some sort of cess-pit arrangement for sewage.
Significance and effects
The Cloaca Maxima was large: large enough for "wagons loaded with hay to pass" according to Strabo. It could transport one million pounds of waste, water, and unwanted goods, which were dumped into the streets, swamps, and rivers near Rome. They were all carried out to the Tiber River by the sewer. It used gutters to collect rainwater, rubbish, and spillage, and conduits to dispense up to ten cubic meters of water per second. Vaults were closed with flat panels or rocks were used in the construction. This sewer used a trench wall to hold back sediments.Some of its water was still polluted, contaminating water many depended on for irrigation, swimming, bathing, and drinking. The sewer reduced the number of mosquitos, thereby limiting the spread of malaria by draining marshy areas. Animals, including rats, could find their way into the sewer.
The Cloaca Maxima was a highly valued feat of engineering. It may have even been sacrosanct. Since the Romans viewed the movement of water to be sacred, the Cloaca Maxima may have had a religious significance. Aside from religious significance, the Cloaca Maxima may have been praised due to its age and its demonstration of engineering prowess. Livy describes the sewer as:Works for which the new splendor of these days has scarcely been able to produce a match.— Titus Livius, Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1The writer Pliny the Elder describes the Cloaca Maxima as an engineering marvel due to its ability to withstand floods of filthy waters for centuries. Cassiodorus, a Roman senator and scholar, praised the sewage system in Variae. The Cloaca Maxima was a symbol of Roman civilization, and its superiority to others. Roman authors were not the only people to praise the Cloaca Maxima. British writer Henry James stated that it gave him: "the deepest and grimmest impression of antiquity I have ever received."
The system of Roman sewers was much imitated throughout the Roman Empire, especially when combined with copious supplies of water from Roman aqueducts. The sewer system in Eboracum—the modern-day English city of York—was especially impressive and part of it still survives.
See also
Roman aqueduct
Barrel vault
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Sanitation in ancient Rome
Notes
References
External links
Cloaca Maxima: article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
Pictures taken from inside the Cloaca Maxima
Aquae Urbis Romae: The Waters of the City of Rome, Katherine W. Rinne
The Waters of Rome: "The Cloaca Maxima and the Monumental Manipulation of Water in Archaic Rome" by John N. N. Hopkins
Rome: Cloaca Maxima Archived 2015-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088. Media related to Cloaca Maxima at Wikimedia Commons | Commons category | {
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The Cloaca Maxima (Latin: Cloāca Maxima, lit. Greatest Sewer) was one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Its name derives from Cloacina, a Roman goddess. Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the city. It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city. The sewer started at the Forum Augustum and ended at the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. It began as an open air canal, but it developed into a much larger sewer over the course of time. Agrippa renovated and reconstructed much of the sewer. This would not be the only development in the sewers. By the first century CE all eleven Roman aqueducts were connected to the sewer. After the Roman Empire fell the sewer still was used. By the 1800s it became a tourist attraction. Some parts of the sewer are still used today. Whilst still being used it was highly valued as a sacred symbol of Roman culture, and Roman engineering.
Construction and history
According to tradition, it may have initially been constructed around 600 BC under the orders of the king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus. He ordered Etruscan workers and the Plebians to construct the sewers. Before constructing the Cloaca Maxima, Priscus, and his son Tarquinius Superbus, worked to transform the land by the Roman forum from a swamp into a solid building ground, thus reclaiming the Velabrum. In order to achieve this, they filled it up with 10-20,000 cubic meters of soil, gravel, and debris.At the beginning of the sewer's life it consisted of open-air channels lined up with bricks centered around a main pipe. At this stage it might have had no roof. However, wooden holes spread throughout the sewer indicate that wooden bridges may have been built over it, which possibly functioned as a roof. Alternatively, the holes could have functioned as a support for the scaffolding needed to construct the sewer. The Cloaca Maxima may also have originally been an open drain, formed from streams originating from three of the neighboring hills, that were channeled through the main Forum and then on to the Tiber. As building space within the city became more valuable, the drain was gradually built over.
By the time of the late Roman Republic this sewer became the city's main storm drain. It developed into a system 1,600 meters long. By the time of the Second Century BCE it had a 101 meter long canal that was covered up and expanded into a sewer. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay." Eventually, the sewer could not continue growing to keep up with the expanding city. Romans would discard waste through other openings rather than the sewers. From 31 BCE to 192 CE manholes could be used to access the sewer, which could be traversed by canal at this point. Manholes were decorated with marble reliefs, and canals were made of Roman concrete and flint.The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channeled into the sewers after having supplied many of the public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, as well as the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses. The continuous supply of running water helped to remove wastes and keep the sewers clear of obstructions. The best waters were reserved for potable drinking supplies, and the second quality waters would be used by the baths, the outfalls of which connected to the sewer network under the streets of the city. The Cloaca Maxima was well maintained throughout the life of the Roman Empire and even today drains rainwater and debris from the center of town, below the ancient Forum, Velabrum, and the Forum Boarium. In more recent times, the remaining passages have been connected to the modern-day sewage system, mainly to cope with problems of backwash from the river.
After the fall of the Roman empire the Cloaca Maxima continued to be used. In the 1600s the Cardinal Chamberlain imposed a tax on residents of Rome in order to pay for the upkeep of the sewer. By the time of the 1800s the Cloaca Maxima became popular as a tourist attraction. From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. These efforts renewed public interest in sanitation.
Route
The Cloaca Maxima started at the Forum Augustum and followed the natural course of the suburbs of ancient Rome, which led between the Qurinal, Viminal, and Esquilline Hills. It also passed by the Forum of Nerva, the Arch of Janus, the Forum Boarium, the Basilica Aemilia, and the Forum Romanum, ending at the Velabrum. The sewer's outfall was by the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. Some of this is still visible today. The branches of the main sewer all appear to be 'official' drains that would have served public toilets, bathhouses and other public buildings. Private residences in Rome, even of the rich, would have relied on some sort of cess-pit arrangement for sewage.
Significance and effects
The Cloaca Maxima was large: large enough for "wagons loaded with hay to pass" according to Strabo. It could transport one million pounds of waste, water, and unwanted goods, which were dumped into the streets, swamps, and rivers near Rome. They were all carried out to the Tiber River by the sewer. It used gutters to collect rainwater, rubbish, and spillage, and conduits to dispense up to ten cubic meters of water per second. Vaults were closed with flat panels or rocks were used in the construction. This sewer used a trench wall to hold back sediments.Some of its water was still polluted, contaminating water many depended on for irrigation, swimming, bathing, and drinking. The sewer reduced the number of mosquitos, thereby limiting the spread of malaria by draining marshy areas. Animals, including rats, could find their way into the sewer.
The Cloaca Maxima was a highly valued feat of engineering. It may have even been sacrosanct. Since the Romans viewed the movement of water to be sacred, the Cloaca Maxima may have had a religious significance. Aside from religious significance, the Cloaca Maxima may have been praised due to its age and its demonstration of engineering prowess. Livy describes the sewer as:Works for which the new splendor of these days has scarcely been able to produce a match.— Titus Livius, Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1The writer Pliny the Elder describes the Cloaca Maxima as an engineering marvel due to its ability to withstand floods of filthy waters for centuries. Cassiodorus, a Roman senator and scholar, praised the sewage system in Variae. The Cloaca Maxima was a symbol of Roman civilization, and its superiority to others. Roman authors were not the only people to praise the Cloaca Maxima. British writer Henry James stated that it gave him: "the deepest and grimmest impression of antiquity I have ever received."
The system of Roman sewers was much imitated throughout the Roman Empire, especially when combined with copious supplies of water from Roman aqueducts. The sewer system in Eboracum—the modern-day English city of York—was especially impressive and part of it still survives.
See also
Roman aqueduct
Barrel vault
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Sanitation in ancient Rome
Notes
References
External links
Cloaca Maxima: article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
Pictures taken from inside the Cloaca Maxima
Aquae Urbis Romae: The Waters of the City of Rome, Katherine W. Rinne
The Waters of Rome: "The Cloaca Maxima and the Monumental Manipulation of Water in Archaic Rome" by John N. N. Hopkins
Rome: Cloaca Maxima Archived 2015-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088. Media related to Cloaca Maxima at Wikimedia Commons | Commons gallery | {
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HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
High (disambiguation) | Billboard artist ID | {
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HY or Hy may refer to:
Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
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hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
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Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
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hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
High (disambiguation) | Musixmatch artist ID | {
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Hy, a Lisp dialect for Python
HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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HY (band), a Japanese band
Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
Other uses
hy, the ISO 639-1 language code for the Armenian language
HY, the IATA code for Uzbekistan Airways, the national airline of Uzbekistan
H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen
HY Velorum, a binary star system
HY-80, a type of alloy steel
HY-124798, a chemistry compound
Hy-V, a flight experiment research project
HY1935 bayonet, a Chinese infantry weapon
See also
HI (disambiguation)
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Union Canal (Scotland), a canal in Scotland between Edinburgh and Falkirk
Union Canal (Pennsylvania), a 19th-century canal in Pennsylvania, United States, closed in 1880
See also
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Union Canal (Scotland), a canal in Scotland between Edinburgh and Falkirk
Union Canal (Pennsylvania), a 19th-century canal in Pennsylvania, United States, closed in 1880
See also
Grand Union Canal, England | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Union Canal (Scotland), a canal in Scotland between Edinburgh and Falkirk
Union Canal (Pennsylvania), a 19th-century canal in Pennsylvania, United States, closed in 1880
See also
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Union Canal (Scotland), a canal in Scotland between Edinburgh and Falkirk
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See also
Grand Union Canal, England | elevation above sea level | {
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See also
Grand Union Canal, England | part of | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | residence | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | family name | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | place of birth | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | country of citizenship | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | educated at | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | occupation | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | Commons category | {
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Jean Gaudreau (born May 27, 1964) is a Canadian artist, painter and engraver in Quebec City.
In 2008, he was shown as one of the figures of Quebec's contemporary art scene by Robert Lepage during the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City. In his animated film Le Moulin à images, Lepage projected images of artworks by Gaudreau next to works from Jean-Paul Lemieux, Martin Bureau, Jean-Paul Riopelle and Alfred Pellan, among others, on grain silos located in Anse au Foulon, in Quebec City's old port.
Biography
Gaudreau was born in Quebec City. At 10 years old, his mother, Claudia Tremblay, a plastic art teacher, musician and painter, entrusted her son to Sister Alice Pruneau to teach him the basics of drawing at the Séminaire des Pères Maristes in Quebec City. As a child, he learned the "old fashioned way," the Mezzotint, as well as the importance of geometry in drawing. Pruneau taught him the rules of perspective and vanishing points as well as the Golden Triangle. The painter's mother also played a dominant role in the apprenticeship of her son's plastic practices. She herself would become Jean Palardy's student.
Between Tradition and Modernity (1974–1985)
When he was 12 years old, Gaudreau painted genre art scenes in Quebec's old port. His first subjects were the stevedores, the boats, the docks, the river and in the background, the buildings on Quebec City's headland, the cap Diamant. He outlined, in the manner of the countryside landscape painters, the contours of the old buildings. The Château Frontenac, the Séminaire de Québec, Price Building, are some favorite subjects of the teenager.
Isle-aux-Coudres
Until 1985, the paintings or rural landscapes in Charlevoix were a curiosity item for denizens and tourists of L'Isle-aux-Coudres. The summers of the artist's youth were spent painting landscapes and his paintings were sold outside a hotel of the island. It was a significant period for the teenager, who regularly visited Jean Paul Lemieux. The older man was always ready to underline to Gaudreau the importance of drawing in the practice of painting. "At 17 years old, Jean Gaudreau presents his first solo exhibition in an art gallery, and he has since been seen regularly in solo or group exhibitions. Hundreds of his paintings were acquired by private or public collections, and several mural painting experiments will give way to more important commissions."
Second Life
Gaudreau started his exploration of copper with the help of remains of the South turret of the Château Frontenac. significant work with these pieces, Gaudreau artist embedded them in his paintings thus giving them a second life.
"By using a material out of the past—the copper—transforming it into a contemporary character, the artist explores what could be described as the point of metamorphosis of the medium, trying to answer questions such as 'What happens when these remains begin a new life?"
Reaction
One reviewer has said, "Chance encounters and the very spirit of his artistic production have led Gaudreau to associate, for many years, dance and performance art to his painting. Both by the themes he tackles and in the conception of the many events he put together, the body has become a central element of his work."Another has said "He is without a doubt, a singular figure of the Quebec visual arts world.""The brush strokes recall Riopelle, Pollock, Stella, Klimt and Ferron; some traces evoke the Automatists and the flights dear to the lyrical abstracts," writes another. "Admittedly, the artist avails himself of a postmodernism that tends to integrate all streams as bare witnesses the presence of figurative and non-figurative elements, women with lascivious faces, sinuous lines and the juxtaposition of vibrant hues and gilding. The predominant gestural as well as the intentionally less than finished and more primary aspect of his painting constitute trials at forging a personal style."
Video Documents
Belco, J: Jean Gaudreau – Environnement de création, 2010
Lacerte, Louis: Jean Gaudreau – Moulin à images, 2014
Roberge, Josiane: Balise du Temps, 2015
Roberge, Josiane: Court métrage – Tambours flambeaux, 201
Private and Public Collections
Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cirque du Soleil
Québécor Média
Loto Québec
Feel Europe Group
Quebec City
Laval University
Sherbrooke University
Groupe TVA
Alcan Canada
TD Bank
Premier Tech
Laurier Museum
References
Bibliography
Robert, Guy (1990). Jean Gaudreau : expressivité dans un nouveau monde. Catalogue on the 1979–1990 retrospective (in French). Quebec: Éditions Malibu. p. 9.
Bélanger, Jacques (2009). Le pied au plancher / Feet on the Floor (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. Photography, Simon Clark. Quebec: MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-1-1.
Zÿlbeck (2015). Jean Gaudreau, au coeur de nos vies (in French and English). Translated by Millar, Christine. MC Communications.
Motulsky-Falardeau, Alexandre (2014). Jean Gaudreau, ERVIUC (in French and English). Translated by Ratcliffe, Abigail. MC Communications. ISBN 978-2-9806728-2-8.
Côté, Nathalie (2007). Jean Gaudreau : cycle de vie / Life Cycle. Cycle de vie, Parcours 1995–2007 (in French and English). Translated by Hamilton, Grant. Photography, Pierre Soulard. Quebec.
Bernier, Robert (2002). La peinture au Québec depuis les années 1960. Montreal: Les éditions de l'homme. pp. 218–219. ISBN 2-7619-1566-6. | given name | {
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Time-Line the eleventh studio album by the English progressive rock band Renaissance, released in April 1983. It was the last album released by Renaissance before they disbanded in 1987.
With this album, Renaissance departed from their signature sound and toward 1980s pop, a change which had begun on their previous album, Camera Camera. It was a commercial failure and received the worst reviews of the band's career. It was followed by a band hiatus of nearly 20 years.
While Camera Camera's sound was influenced by the band members who had played as Nevada (Annie Haslam and Michael Dunford, along with keyboardist Peter Gosling), on Time-Line Jon Camp took charge of the musical tone and direction. He wrote all the lyrics, strongly influenced the musical style, and went so far as to call this the band's "best album."
Reception
In a retrospective review, Allmusic called Time-Line "the same kind of new wave-prog hybrid as Camera Camera, with anachronistic -- but irresistible -- little numbers like 'Richard the IX'" and "An enjoyably peppy record."
Track listing
Personnel
Renaissance
Annie Haslam - lead and backing vocals
Jon Camp - bass, backing, co-lead and lead vocals, guitars
Michael Dunford - guitars, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Peter Gosling, Nick Magnus, Eddie Hardin - keyboards
Peter Barron, Ian Mosley - drums
Bimbo Acock - saxophone
Dave Thomson - trumpet
Production
John Acock - engineer
Kevin Metcalfe - mastering at Utopia Studios, London
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
Time-Line the eleventh studio album by the English progressive rock band Renaissance, released in April 1983. It was the last album released by Renaissance before they disbanded in 1987.
With this album, Renaissance departed from their signature sound and toward 1980s pop, a change which had begun on their previous album, Camera Camera. It was a commercial failure and received the worst reviews of the band's career. It was followed by a band hiatus of nearly 20 years.
While Camera Camera's sound was influenced by the band members who had played as Nevada (Annie Haslam and Michael Dunford, along with keyboardist Peter Gosling), on Time-Line Jon Camp took charge of the musical tone and direction. He wrote all the lyrics, strongly influenced the musical style, and went so far as to call this the band's "best album."
Reception
In a retrospective review, Allmusic called Time-Line "the same kind of new wave-prog hybrid as Camera Camera, with anachronistic -- but irresistible -- little numbers like 'Richard the IX'" and "An enjoyably peppy record."
Track listing
Personnel
Renaissance
Annie Haslam - lead and backing vocals
Jon Camp - bass, backing, co-lead and lead vocals, guitars
Michael Dunford - guitars, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Peter Gosling, Nick Magnus, Eddie Hardin - keyboards
Peter Barron, Ian Mosley - drums
Bimbo Acock - saxophone
Dave Thomson - trumpet
Production
John Acock - engineer
Kevin Metcalfe - mastering at Utopia Studios, London
== References == | follows | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"Camera Camera"
]
} |
Time-Line the eleventh studio album by the English progressive rock band Renaissance, released in April 1983. It was the last album released by Renaissance before they disbanded in 1987.
With this album, Renaissance departed from their signature sound and toward 1980s pop, a change which had begun on their previous album, Camera Camera. It was a commercial failure and received the worst reviews of the band's career. It was followed by a band hiatus of nearly 20 years.
While Camera Camera's sound was influenced by the band members who had played as Nevada (Annie Haslam and Michael Dunford, along with keyboardist Peter Gosling), on Time-Line Jon Camp took charge of the musical tone and direction. He wrote all the lyrics, strongly influenced the musical style, and went so far as to call this the band's "best album."
Reception
In a retrospective review, Allmusic called Time-Line "the same kind of new wave-prog hybrid as Camera Camera, with anachronistic -- but irresistible -- little numbers like 'Richard the IX'" and "An enjoyably peppy record."
Track listing
Personnel
Renaissance
Annie Haslam - lead and backing vocals
Jon Camp - bass, backing, co-lead and lead vocals, guitars
Michael Dunford - guitars, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Peter Gosling, Nick Magnus, Eddie Hardin - keyboards
Peter Barron, Ian Mosley - drums
Bimbo Acock - saxophone
Dave Thomson - trumpet
Production
John Acock - engineer
Kevin Metcalfe - mastering at Utopia Studios, London
== References == | performer | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Renaissance"
]
} |
Andreas Ziro (1910 – 1991) was a Greek sailor. He competed in the Star event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Andreas Ziro at Olympedia | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"sailor"
]
} |
Andreas Ziro (1910 – 1991) was a Greek sailor. He competed in the Star event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Andreas Ziro at Olympedia | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Andreas"
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Glencoe is situated in the Umzinyathi District, District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
The main economic activity in the area is coal mining while sheep and cattle ranching are also practiced.
History
With coal discovered at Dundee not even 8 km away an efficient way was needed to transport the coal to the factories other than ox wagons. The railway from Durban to Johannesburg reached this point on 4 September 1889. A new village sprung up where a branch line was built from the Durban-Johannesburg line to the eastern Transvaal in 1903. The village was renamed Glencoe, after a mountain valley in Lochaber, Scotland, when it became a town in 1934.
Trivia
General French was periodically stationed here during the Second Boer War.
Boer President Paul Kruger twice stayed overnight during the Siege of Ladysmith, South Africa.
The house of Carl Landman - second in command at the Battle of Blood River can - be found on a farm close to Glencoe.
Fort Mistake, a fort designed as a communications link between Ladysmith and Newcastle in 1881 and playing a key role in the Anglo-Boer War is found nearby.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"South Africa"
]
} |
Glencoe is situated in the Umzinyathi District, District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
The main economic activity in the area is coal mining while sheep and cattle ranching are also practiced.
History
With coal discovered at Dundee not even 8 km away an efficient way was needed to transport the coal to the factories other than ox wagons. The railway from Durban to Johannesburg reached this point on 4 September 1889. A new village sprung up where a branch line was built from the Durban-Johannesburg line to the eastern Transvaal in 1903. The village was renamed Glencoe, after a mountain valley in Lochaber, Scotland, when it became a town in 1934.
Trivia
General French was periodically stationed here during the Second Boer War.
Boer President Paul Kruger twice stayed overnight during the Siege of Ladysmith, South Africa.
The house of Carl Landman - second in command at the Battle of Blood River can - be found on a farm close to Glencoe.
Fort Mistake, a fort designed as a communications link between Ladysmith and Newcastle in 1881 and playing a key role in the Anglo-Boer War is found nearby.
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"town"
]
} |
Allan Wesley Eckert (January 30, 1931 – July 7, 2011) was an American novelist and playwright who specialized in historical novels for adults and children, and was also a naturalist. His novel Incident at Hawk's Hill (1971) was initially marketed to adults and selected by Reader's Digest Condensed Books. A runner-up for the Newbery Medal, it was afterward marketed as a children's novel and adapted by Disney for a television movie known as The Boy Who Talked to Badgers (1975).
Eckert wrote several books of natural history. In addition, he wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
His numerous historical novels were popular, including several that were part of his series "The Winning of America". In 1996, one of them was adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood and premiered at Wright State University, also being produced at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. He wrote the drama Tecumseh for an outdoor production at Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheatre near Chillicothe, Ohio that has been a destination for tourists every summer since 1973.
Biography
Eckert was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1931, and raised in the Chicago, Illinois area. He attended college near Bellefontaine, Ohio, and remained a longtime resident there.
As a young man, he hitchhiked around the United States, living off the land and learning about wildlife. He began writing about nature and American history at the age of thirteen. He eventually wrote numerous books for children and adults. His children's novel, Incident at Hawk's Hill, was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal in 1972. One of his novels tells how the great auk became extinct.
Eckert published numerous novels of the Ohio Country frontier in what was called his "The Winning of America" series, including accounts of frontiersmen and notable Native Americans, such as Tecumseh. He conducted extensive research for his works, but inserted fictional dialogue for his historical figures.
Eckert also wrote several unproduced screenplays. He wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
In a 1999 poll conducted by the Ohioana Library Association, Eckert shared with Toni Morrison the accolade of "Favorite Ohio Writer of All Time."
Eckert died in his sleep on July 7, 2011, in Corona, California, at the age of 80.
Dramatizations and adaptations
Eckert wrote the outdoor drama Tecumseh! which, in 1997, celebrated its 25th year of production at the multi-million-dollar Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheater near Chillicothe, Ohio. His 1968 children's novel Blue Jacket was adapted as a drama of the same name designed for outdoor performances. It opened in 1982 at a facility outside Xenia, Ohio. The production eventually closed due to financial difficulties, but it was estimated to have generated more than nine million dollars yearly into the local economy of southwest Ohio.Eckert's 1965 book A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood was in 1996 adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood by W. Stuart McDowell and Timothy Nevits. It was performed at Wright State University, featuring recorded narration by actors Martin Sheen, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. The production won a number of awards from the American College Theatre Festival XXIX at the Riffe Center, Columbus, Ohio. It opened the 1997 festival in the Kennedy Center, returning to Dayton that fall, where it played in the Victoria Theatre.
Criticism
While Eckert emphasized the historical basis of his books and stressed the years of research he conducted, he created dialogue and internal thought for his ostensibly historic figures. Reviewers have described his work as "an entertaining blend of fact and fiction." What Eckert described as "narrative biography” was criticized by Kirkus Reviews as “an apparent euphemism for poetic license”, when discussing his book about Tecumseh. A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh was described as "A biography that succeeds better as fiction". The reviewer said that the book "in its interpretative zeal … strays from … the historical record to the point of being suspect".
Bibliography
The Great Auk: A Novel (1963); 2003 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-16-4.
A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood (1965); 1997 reprint edition with an Afterword by W. Stuart McDowell, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-02-7.
The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon (1965); 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08963-1.
The Writer's Digest Course in Short Story Writing; 1965.
Wild Season; 1967; 1981 reprint edition, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-32-9 (paperback: ISBN 0-913428-31-0).
The Frontiersmen: A Narrative (1967); 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; ISBN 0-945084-91-9.
Bayou Backwaters; with Marlin Perkins (1967), 2000 reprint edition, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-01101-6.
The Crossbreed; 1968, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20851-5; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08992-5.
Blue Jacket: War Chief of the Shawnees; 1968; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-18-0, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-20-2).
The King Snake; (Juvenile natural history) 1968; 1990 reprint, Scholastic, ISBN 0-590-42752-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18006-X.
The Dreaming Tree; 1968; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08989-5.
Wilderness Empire: A Narrative;1968; 2001 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 0-945084-98-6, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-02-4).
In Search of a Whale; 1969, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-03494-6.
The Conquerors; 1970; 2002 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-06-7, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-07-5).
Incident at Hawk's Hill; 1971; 1995 reprint edition, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21905-3, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-20948-1).
The Court-Martial of Daniel Boone; 1973, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20870-1; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08990-9.
The Owls of North America, North of Mexico: All the Species and Subspecies Illustrated in Color and Fully Described; 1973, Doubleday Books, ISBN 0-385-04818-1.
Tecumseh!: A Play; 1975; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08964-X.
The HAB Theory; 1976, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20859-0; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-00820-8.
The Wilderness War, A Narrative; 1978; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-13-X, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-14-8).
The Wading Birds of North America: North of Mexico; 1978; 1987 reprint edition, Gramercy, ISBN 0-517-63229-2.
Savage Journey: A Novel"; (Juvenile literature); 1979, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20876-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18171-6.
Song of the Wild; (Juvenile literature); 1980, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20877-9; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08991-7.
Whattizzit Nature Pun Quizzes; (booklet) 1981, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-30-2.
Gateway to Empire; 1982, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20861-2; 1983 paperback edition, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-24118-4.
Johnny Logan: Shawnee Spy: A Novel; 1982, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20880-9; 2001 Paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.Com, ISBN 0-595-16763-2.
Wilderness Empire, Number 2; 1982, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-22651-7.
The Dark Green Tunnel; (Juvenile fantasy); 1983, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20881-7; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08962-3.
The Wand: The Return to Mesmeria; (Juvenile fantasy) 1984, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20882-5; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18325-5.
The Scarlet Mansion; 1985, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20883-3; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08988-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 1: the Northeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08958-5.
Earth Treasures Volume 2: the Southeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08959-3.
Earth Treasures Volume 3: the Northwestern Quadrant; 1986; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08960-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 4A: the Southwestern Quadrant; 1987; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08961-5.
Twilight Of Empire; 1988, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20886-8; 1989 paperback reprint edition, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-28059-7.
A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh; 1992, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-08023-7; 1993 paperback reprint, Domain, ISBN 0-553-56174-X; 1995 paperback reprint, Smithmark Publishing, ISBN 0-8317-5817-1.
That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley; 1995, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-09448-3, (paperback ISBN 0-553-37865-1).
The World of Opals; 1997, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-13397-3.
Return to Hawk's Hill; 1998, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21593-7, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-00689-0).
Dark Journey: The Tragedy of the Donner Party; 2009, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 978-1-931672-53-5
References
External links
Official website
Allan W. Eckert at Library of Congress, with 46 library catalog records | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
1153
],
"text": [
"Buffalo"
]
} |
Allan Wesley Eckert (January 30, 1931 – July 7, 2011) was an American novelist and playwright who specialized in historical novels for adults and children, and was also a naturalist. His novel Incident at Hawk's Hill (1971) was initially marketed to adults and selected by Reader's Digest Condensed Books. A runner-up for the Newbery Medal, it was afterward marketed as a children's novel and adapted by Disney for a television movie known as The Boy Who Talked to Badgers (1975).
Eckert wrote several books of natural history. In addition, he wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
His numerous historical novels were popular, including several that were part of his series "The Winning of America". In 1996, one of them was adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood and premiered at Wright State University, also being produced at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. He wrote the drama Tecumseh for an outdoor production at Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheatre near Chillicothe, Ohio that has been a destination for tourists every summer since 1973.
Biography
Eckert was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1931, and raised in the Chicago, Illinois area. He attended college near Bellefontaine, Ohio, and remained a longtime resident there.
As a young man, he hitchhiked around the United States, living off the land and learning about wildlife. He began writing about nature and American history at the age of thirteen. He eventually wrote numerous books for children and adults. His children's novel, Incident at Hawk's Hill, was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal in 1972. One of his novels tells how the great auk became extinct.
Eckert published numerous novels of the Ohio Country frontier in what was called his "The Winning of America" series, including accounts of frontiersmen and notable Native Americans, such as Tecumseh. He conducted extensive research for his works, but inserted fictional dialogue for his historical figures.
Eckert also wrote several unproduced screenplays. He wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
In a 1999 poll conducted by the Ohioana Library Association, Eckert shared with Toni Morrison the accolade of "Favorite Ohio Writer of All Time."
Eckert died in his sleep on July 7, 2011, in Corona, California, at the age of 80.
Dramatizations and adaptations
Eckert wrote the outdoor drama Tecumseh! which, in 1997, celebrated its 25th year of production at the multi-million-dollar Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheater near Chillicothe, Ohio. His 1968 children's novel Blue Jacket was adapted as a drama of the same name designed for outdoor performances. It opened in 1982 at a facility outside Xenia, Ohio. The production eventually closed due to financial difficulties, but it was estimated to have generated more than nine million dollars yearly into the local economy of southwest Ohio.Eckert's 1965 book A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood was in 1996 adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood by W. Stuart McDowell and Timothy Nevits. It was performed at Wright State University, featuring recorded narration by actors Martin Sheen, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. The production won a number of awards from the American College Theatre Festival XXIX at the Riffe Center, Columbus, Ohio. It opened the 1997 festival in the Kennedy Center, returning to Dayton that fall, where it played in the Victoria Theatre.
Criticism
While Eckert emphasized the historical basis of his books and stressed the years of research he conducted, he created dialogue and internal thought for his ostensibly historic figures. Reviewers have described his work as "an entertaining blend of fact and fiction." What Eckert described as "narrative biography” was criticized by Kirkus Reviews as “an apparent euphemism for poetic license”, when discussing his book about Tecumseh. A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh was described as "A biography that succeeds better as fiction". The reviewer said that the book "in its interpretative zeal … strays from … the historical record to the point of being suspect".
Bibliography
The Great Auk: A Novel (1963); 2003 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-16-4.
A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood (1965); 1997 reprint edition with an Afterword by W. Stuart McDowell, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-02-7.
The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon (1965); 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08963-1.
The Writer's Digest Course in Short Story Writing; 1965.
Wild Season; 1967; 1981 reprint edition, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-32-9 (paperback: ISBN 0-913428-31-0).
The Frontiersmen: A Narrative (1967); 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; ISBN 0-945084-91-9.
Bayou Backwaters; with Marlin Perkins (1967), 2000 reprint edition, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-01101-6.
The Crossbreed; 1968, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20851-5; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08992-5.
Blue Jacket: War Chief of the Shawnees; 1968; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-18-0, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-20-2).
The King Snake; (Juvenile natural history) 1968; 1990 reprint, Scholastic, ISBN 0-590-42752-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18006-X.
The Dreaming Tree; 1968; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08989-5.
Wilderness Empire: A Narrative;1968; 2001 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 0-945084-98-6, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-02-4).
In Search of a Whale; 1969, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-03494-6.
The Conquerors; 1970; 2002 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-06-7, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-07-5).
Incident at Hawk's Hill; 1971; 1995 reprint edition, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21905-3, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-20948-1).
The Court-Martial of Daniel Boone; 1973, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20870-1; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08990-9.
The Owls of North America, North of Mexico: All the Species and Subspecies Illustrated in Color and Fully Described; 1973, Doubleday Books, ISBN 0-385-04818-1.
Tecumseh!: A Play; 1975; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08964-X.
The HAB Theory; 1976, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20859-0; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-00820-8.
The Wilderness War, A Narrative; 1978; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-13-X, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-14-8).
The Wading Birds of North America: North of Mexico; 1978; 1987 reprint edition, Gramercy, ISBN 0-517-63229-2.
Savage Journey: A Novel"; (Juvenile literature); 1979, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20876-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18171-6.
Song of the Wild; (Juvenile literature); 1980, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20877-9; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08991-7.
Whattizzit Nature Pun Quizzes; (booklet) 1981, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-30-2.
Gateway to Empire; 1982, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20861-2; 1983 paperback edition, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-24118-4.
Johnny Logan: Shawnee Spy: A Novel; 1982, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20880-9; 2001 Paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.Com, ISBN 0-595-16763-2.
Wilderness Empire, Number 2; 1982, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-22651-7.
The Dark Green Tunnel; (Juvenile fantasy); 1983, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20881-7; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08962-3.
The Wand: The Return to Mesmeria; (Juvenile fantasy) 1984, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20882-5; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18325-5.
The Scarlet Mansion; 1985, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20883-3; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08988-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 1: the Northeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08958-5.
Earth Treasures Volume 2: the Southeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08959-3.
Earth Treasures Volume 3: the Northwestern Quadrant; 1986; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08960-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 4A: the Southwestern Quadrant; 1987; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08961-5.
Twilight Of Empire; 1988, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20886-8; 1989 paperback reprint edition, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-28059-7.
A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh; 1992, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-08023-7; 1993 paperback reprint, Domain, ISBN 0-553-56174-X; 1995 paperback reprint, Smithmark Publishing, ISBN 0-8317-5817-1.
That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley; 1995, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-09448-3, (paperback ISBN 0-553-37865-1).
The World of Opals; 1997, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-13397-3.
Return to Hawk's Hill; 1998, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21593-7, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-00689-0).
Dark Journey: The Tragedy of the Donner Party; 2009, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 978-1-931672-53-5
References
External links
Official website
Allan W. Eckert at Library of Congress, with 46 library catalog records | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
2354
],
"text": [
"Corona"
]
} |
Allan Wesley Eckert (January 30, 1931 – July 7, 2011) was an American novelist and playwright who specialized in historical novels for adults and children, and was also a naturalist. His novel Incident at Hawk's Hill (1971) was initially marketed to adults and selected by Reader's Digest Condensed Books. A runner-up for the Newbery Medal, it was afterward marketed as a children's novel and adapted by Disney for a television movie known as The Boy Who Talked to Badgers (1975).
Eckert wrote several books of natural history. In addition, he wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
His numerous historical novels were popular, including several that were part of his series "The Winning of America". In 1996, one of them was adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood and premiered at Wright State University, also being produced at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. He wrote the drama Tecumseh for an outdoor production at Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheatre near Chillicothe, Ohio that has been a destination for tourists every summer since 1973.
Biography
Eckert was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1931, and raised in the Chicago, Illinois area. He attended college near Bellefontaine, Ohio, and remained a longtime resident there.
As a young man, he hitchhiked around the United States, living off the land and learning about wildlife. He began writing about nature and American history at the age of thirteen. He eventually wrote numerous books for children and adults. His children's novel, Incident at Hawk's Hill, was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal in 1972. One of his novels tells how the great auk became extinct.
Eckert published numerous novels of the Ohio Country frontier in what was called his "The Winning of America" series, including accounts of frontiersmen and notable Native Americans, such as Tecumseh. He conducted extensive research for his works, but inserted fictional dialogue for his historical figures.
Eckert also wrote several unproduced screenplays. He wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
In a 1999 poll conducted by the Ohioana Library Association, Eckert shared with Toni Morrison the accolade of "Favorite Ohio Writer of All Time."
Eckert died in his sleep on July 7, 2011, in Corona, California, at the age of 80.
Dramatizations and adaptations
Eckert wrote the outdoor drama Tecumseh! which, in 1997, celebrated its 25th year of production at the multi-million-dollar Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheater near Chillicothe, Ohio. His 1968 children's novel Blue Jacket was adapted as a drama of the same name designed for outdoor performances. It opened in 1982 at a facility outside Xenia, Ohio. The production eventually closed due to financial difficulties, but it was estimated to have generated more than nine million dollars yearly into the local economy of southwest Ohio.Eckert's 1965 book A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood was in 1996 adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood by W. Stuart McDowell and Timothy Nevits. It was performed at Wright State University, featuring recorded narration by actors Martin Sheen, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. The production won a number of awards from the American College Theatre Festival XXIX at the Riffe Center, Columbus, Ohio. It opened the 1997 festival in the Kennedy Center, returning to Dayton that fall, where it played in the Victoria Theatre.
Criticism
While Eckert emphasized the historical basis of his books and stressed the years of research he conducted, he created dialogue and internal thought for his ostensibly historic figures. Reviewers have described his work as "an entertaining blend of fact and fiction." What Eckert described as "narrative biography” was criticized by Kirkus Reviews as “an apparent euphemism for poetic license”, when discussing his book about Tecumseh. A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh was described as "A biography that succeeds better as fiction". The reviewer said that the book "in its interpretative zeal … strays from … the historical record to the point of being suspect".
Bibliography
The Great Auk: A Novel (1963); 2003 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-16-4.
A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood (1965); 1997 reprint edition with an Afterword by W. Stuart McDowell, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-02-7.
The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon (1965); 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08963-1.
The Writer's Digest Course in Short Story Writing; 1965.
Wild Season; 1967; 1981 reprint edition, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-32-9 (paperback: ISBN 0-913428-31-0).
The Frontiersmen: A Narrative (1967); 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; ISBN 0-945084-91-9.
Bayou Backwaters; with Marlin Perkins (1967), 2000 reprint edition, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-01101-6.
The Crossbreed; 1968, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20851-5; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08992-5.
Blue Jacket: War Chief of the Shawnees; 1968; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-18-0, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-20-2).
The King Snake; (Juvenile natural history) 1968; 1990 reprint, Scholastic, ISBN 0-590-42752-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18006-X.
The Dreaming Tree; 1968; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08989-5.
Wilderness Empire: A Narrative;1968; 2001 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 0-945084-98-6, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-02-4).
In Search of a Whale; 1969, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-03494-6.
The Conquerors; 1970; 2002 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-06-7, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-07-5).
Incident at Hawk's Hill; 1971; 1995 reprint edition, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21905-3, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-20948-1).
The Court-Martial of Daniel Boone; 1973, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20870-1; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08990-9.
The Owls of North America, North of Mexico: All the Species and Subspecies Illustrated in Color and Fully Described; 1973, Doubleday Books, ISBN 0-385-04818-1.
Tecumseh!: A Play; 1975; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08964-X.
The HAB Theory; 1976, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20859-0; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-00820-8.
The Wilderness War, A Narrative; 1978; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-13-X, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-14-8).
The Wading Birds of North America: North of Mexico; 1978; 1987 reprint edition, Gramercy, ISBN 0-517-63229-2.
Savage Journey: A Novel"; (Juvenile literature); 1979, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20876-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18171-6.
Song of the Wild; (Juvenile literature); 1980, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20877-9; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08991-7.
Whattizzit Nature Pun Quizzes; (booklet) 1981, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-30-2.
Gateway to Empire; 1982, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20861-2; 1983 paperback edition, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-24118-4.
Johnny Logan: Shawnee Spy: A Novel; 1982, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20880-9; 2001 Paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.Com, ISBN 0-595-16763-2.
Wilderness Empire, Number 2; 1982, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-22651-7.
The Dark Green Tunnel; (Juvenile fantasy); 1983, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20881-7; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08962-3.
The Wand: The Return to Mesmeria; (Juvenile fantasy) 1984, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20882-5; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18325-5.
The Scarlet Mansion; 1985, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20883-3; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08988-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 1: the Northeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08958-5.
Earth Treasures Volume 2: the Southeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08959-3.
Earth Treasures Volume 3: the Northwestern Quadrant; 1986; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08960-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 4A: the Southwestern Quadrant; 1987; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08961-5.
Twilight Of Empire; 1988, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20886-8; 1989 paperback reprint edition, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-28059-7.
A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh; 1992, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-08023-7; 1993 paperback reprint, Domain, ISBN 0-553-56174-X; 1995 paperback reprint, Smithmark Publishing, ISBN 0-8317-5817-1.
That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley; 1995, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-09448-3, (paperback ISBN 0-553-37865-1).
The World of Opals; 1997, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-13397-3.
Return to Hawk's Hill; 1998, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21593-7, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-00689-0).
Dark Journey: The Tragedy of the Donner Party; 2009, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 978-1-931672-53-5
References
External links
Official website
Allan W. Eckert at Library of Congress, with 46 library catalog records | occupation | {
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Allan Wesley Eckert (January 30, 1931 – July 7, 2011) was an American novelist and playwright who specialized in historical novels for adults and children, and was also a naturalist. His novel Incident at Hawk's Hill (1971) was initially marketed to adults and selected by Reader's Digest Condensed Books. A runner-up for the Newbery Medal, it was afterward marketed as a children's novel and adapted by Disney for a television movie known as The Boy Who Talked to Badgers (1975).
Eckert wrote several books of natural history. In addition, he wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
His numerous historical novels were popular, including several that were part of his series "The Winning of America". In 1996, one of them was adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood and premiered at Wright State University, also being produced at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. He wrote the drama Tecumseh for an outdoor production at Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheatre near Chillicothe, Ohio that has been a destination for tourists every summer since 1973.
Biography
Eckert was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1931, and raised in the Chicago, Illinois area. He attended college near Bellefontaine, Ohio, and remained a longtime resident there.
As a young man, he hitchhiked around the United States, living off the land and learning about wildlife. He began writing about nature and American history at the age of thirteen. He eventually wrote numerous books for children and adults. His children's novel, Incident at Hawk's Hill, was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal in 1972. One of his novels tells how the great auk became extinct.
Eckert published numerous novels of the Ohio Country frontier in what was called his "The Winning of America" series, including accounts of frontiersmen and notable Native Americans, such as Tecumseh. He conducted extensive research for his works, but inserted fictional dialogue for his historical figures.
Eckert also wrote several unproduced screenplays. He wrote more than 225 episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, for which he received an Emmy Award.
In a 1999 poll conducted by the Ohioana Library Association, Eckert shared with Toni Morrison the accolade of "Favorite Ohio Writer of All Time."
Eckert died in his sleep on July 7, 2011, in Corona, California, at the age of 80.
Dramatizations and adaptations
Eckert wrote the outdoor drama Tecumseh! which, in 1997, celebrated its 25th year of production at the multi-million-dollar Sugarloaf Mountain Amphitheater near Chillicothe, Ohio. His 1968 children's novel Blue Jacket was adapted as a drama of the same name designed for outdoor performances. It opened in 1982 at a facility outside Xenia, Ohio. The production eventually closed due to financial difficulties, but it was estimated to have generated more than nine million dollars yearly into the local economy of southwest Ohio.Eckert's 1965 book A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood was in 1996 adapted for the stage as 1913: The Great Dayton Flood by W. Stuart McDowell and Timothy Nevits. It was performed at Wright State University, featuring recorded narration by actors Martin Sheen, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. The production won a number of awards from the American College Theatre Festival XXIX at the Riffe Center, Columbus, Ohio. It opened the 1997 festival in the Kennedy Center, returning to Dayton that fall, where it played in the Victoria Theatre.
Criticism
While Eckert emphasized the historical basis of his books and stressed the years of research he conducted, he created dialogue and internal thought for his ostensibly historic figures. Reviewers have described his work as "an entertaining blend of fact and fiction." What Eckert described as "narrative biography” was criticized by Kirkus Reviews as “an apparent euphemism for poetic license”, when discussing his book about Tecumseh. A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh was described as "A biography that succeeds better as fiction". The reviewer said that the book "in its interpretative zeal … strays from … the historical record to the point of being suspect".
Bibliography
The Great Auk: A Novel (1963); 2003 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-16-4.
A Time of Terror: The Great Dayton Flood (1965); 1997 reprint edition with an Afterword by W. Stuart McDowell, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-02-7.
The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon (1965); 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08963-1.
The Writer's Digest Course in Short Story Writing; 1965.
Wild Season; 1967; 1981 reprint edition, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-32-9 (paperback: ISBN 0-913428-31-0).
The Frontiersmen: A Narrative (1967); 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; ISBN 0-945084-91-9.
Bayou Backwaters; with Marlin Perkins (1967), 2000 reprint edition, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-01101-6.
The Crossbreed; 1968, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20851-5; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08992-5.
Blue Jacket: War Chief of the Shawnees; 1968; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-18-0, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-20-2).
The King Snake; (Juvenile natural history) 1968; 1990 reprint, Scholastic, ISBN 0-590-42752-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18006-X.
The Dreaming Tree; 1968; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08989-5.
Wilderness Empire: A Narrative;1968; 2001 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 0-945084-98-6, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-02-4).
In Search of a Whale; 1969, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-03494-6.
The Conquerors; 1970; 2002 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-06-7, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-07-5).
Incident at Hawk's Hill; 1971; 1995 reprint edition, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21905-3, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-20948-1).
The Court-Martial of Daniel Boone; 1973, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20870-1; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08990-9.
The Owls of North America, North of Mexico: All the Species and Subspecies Illustrated in Color and Fully Described; 1973, Doubleday Books, ISBN 0-385-04818-1.
Tecumseh!: A Play; 1975; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08964-X.
The HAB Theory; 1976, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20859-0; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-00820-8.
The Wilderness War, A Narrative; 1978; 2003 reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-13-X, (paperback: ISBN 1-931672-14-8).
The Wading Birds of North America: North of Mexico; 1978; 1987 reprint edition, Gramercy, ISBN 0-517-63229-2.
Savage Journey: A Novel"; (Juvenile literature); 1979, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20876-0; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18171-6.
Song of the Wild; (Juvenile literature); 1980, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20877-9; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08991-7.
Whattizzit Nature Pun Quizzes; (booklet) 1981, Landfall Press, ISBN 0-913428-30-2.
Gateway to Empire; 1982, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20861-2; 1983 paperback edition, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-24118-4.
Johnny Logan: Shawnee Spy: A Novel; 1982, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20880-9; 2001 Paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.Com, ISBN 0-595-16763-2.
Wilderness Empire, Number 2; 1982, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-22651-7.
The Dark Green Tunnel; (Juvenile fantasy); 1983, Little Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-20881-7; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08962-3.
The Wand: The Return to Mesmeria; (Juvenile fantasy) 1984, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 0-316-20882-5; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-18325-5.
The Scarlet Mansion; 1985, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20883-3; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08988-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 1: the Northeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08958-5.
Earth Treasures Volume 2: the Southeastern Quadrant; 1985; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08959-3.
Earth Treasures Volume 3: the Northwestern Quadrant; 1986; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08960-7.
Earth Treasures Volume 4A: the Southwestern Quadrant; 1987; 2000 paperback reprint edition, Backinprint.com, ISBN 0-595-08961-5.
Twilight Of Empire; 1988, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-20886-8; 1989 paperback reprint edition, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-28059-7.
A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh; 1992, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-08023-7; 1993 paperback reprint, Domain, ISBN 0-553-56174-X; 1995 paperback reprint, Smithmark Publishing, ISBN 0-8317-5817-1.
That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley; 1995, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-09448-3, (paperback ISBN 0-553-37865-1).
The World of Opals; 1997, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-13397-3.
Return to Hawk's Hill; 1998, Little Brown & Company, ISBN 0-316-21593-7, (paperback: ISBN 0-316-00689-0).
Dark Journey: The Tragedy of the Donner Party; 2009, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 978-1-931672-53-5
References
External links
Official website
Allan W. Eckert at Library of Congress, with 46 library catalog records | given name | {
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
== References == | mouth of the watercourse | {
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
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The Estéron is a river that flows through the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments of southeastern France. It is 66.2 km (41.1 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 445 km2 (172 sq mi). Its source is near Soleilhas. It flows generally east, through Roquestéron, and flows into the Var in Saint-Martin-du-Var. The Bouyon and the Rioulan are its tributaries.
== References == | tributary | {
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Bevens Creek is a stream in Carver and Sibley counties, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.Bevens Creek was named for an early settler.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
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The Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.
The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars.
Only two partisan Ranger groups were exempt and allowed to continue to operate: Mosby's Raiders and McNeill's Rangers.
Background
Initially, Confederate President Jefferson Davis did not approve of unconventional warfare because it reduced the number of able men eligible to serve in the regular army. However, after conventional Confederate forces were driven out of western Virginia in the summer and early fall of 1861, pro-Confederate unconventional combatants remained active in the region. Virginia Governor John Letcher issued a proclamation calling to "raise such a force as would enable General Floyd to recover Western Virginia from the invaders." On March 27, 1862, Virginia Legislature passed an Act to Authorize the Organization of ten or more Companies of Rangers, known as the Virginia Ranger Act.On April 8, 1862, a bill was introduced to the 1st Confederate States Congress by a member of the Confederate Congress from Virginia to allow raising a force of partisan Rangers with a five dollar bounty for every dead federal. The Confederate Senate Congressional Military Committee removed the bounty provision, and proposed permitting future partisan Rangers to receive the same pay as regular Confederate soldiers on conditions they were subject to Confederate States Army regulations. In one exception, partisan Rangers were authorised to sell captured arms and munitions to Confederate Quartermaster-General's Department.The Confederate Congress passed the Partisan Ranger Act on April 21, 1862.
Content
There were two purposes of the Partisan Ranger Act. One was control of unconventional warfare forces and employ them for the Confederate States advantage. The other purpose was to promote the use of unconventional warfare in areas outside the reach for the Confederate Army.According to Document 94 of the Congress of the Confederate States, the Partisan Ranger Act reads as follows:
Section 1. The congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, the president be, and he is hereby authorized to commission such officers as he may deem proper with authority to form bands of Partisan rangers, in companies, battalions, or regiments, to be composed of such members as the President may approve for the purposes of unconventional warfare.
Section 2. Be it further enacted, such partisan Rangers, after regularly received in the service, shall be entitled to the same pay, rations, and quarters during the term of service, and subject to the same regulations as other soldiers.
Section 3. Be it further enacted, for any arms and munitions of war captured from the enemy by any body of partisan Rangers and delivered to any quartermaster at such place or places may be designated by a commanding general, the Rangers shall be paid their full value in such manner as the Secretary of War may prescribe.
The Partisan Ranger Act led to the recruitment of unconventional soldiers into the Confederate Army. Partisan Rangers had the same rules, supplies, and pay as the regular soldiers of the army, but they would be acting independently, detached from the rest of the army. The partisan Rangers were to gather intelligence and take supplies from the federals. Anything they brought back would be given to the quartermaster, a military officer in charge of providing food, clothing, and other necessities; in return, they would get paid.The Partisan Ranger Act drew many Southern men who were reluctant to serve in a regular army. but were eager to enroll in a partisan corps with the same pay as conventional soldiers. The unintended consequences of the Partisan Ranger Act were beliefs all forms of unconventional warfare were approved, including violence toward civilians.
Outcome
The Partisan Ranger Act was repealed on February 17, 1864, after Robert E. Lee persuaded Confederate politicians to focus on more conventional means of warfare. This did not mean the end of unconventional warfare, but it meant the end of the Confederate government trying it out as an effective military strategy. The Partisan Ranger Act was meant to channel unconventional warfare from the amorphous unproductive form outside the purview of government control into a form, Confederate leaders hoped, would rationally advance the Confederacy’s defense goals. ... After partisan Rangers no longer rationally advanced the Confederacy’s war goals, the Confederate leadership reverted to the prevailing orthodox position 'unconventional combatants are not soldiers' under the laws of war.
Legacy
The Partisan Ranger Act may have failed in the end, but it played a certain role in the American Civil War. Multiple partisan rangers groups and units proved to be useful in staging independent raids and collecting information about movements of the Union Army, as well as conducting reconnaissance and skirmishes during the battles. Altogether, the partisan rangers were able to somewhat distract and hamper the Union Army operations throughout the war until it developed somewhat successful counter-strategies late in 1864.
References
Further reading
Johnson, Adam Rankin, and William J. Davis. The Partisan Rangers of the Confederate States Army. Louisville, Ky.: G. G. Fetter Company, 1904.
Raiford, Neil Hunter. "The 4th North Carolina Cavalry in the Civil War." McFarland & Company, 2003, p. 5. ISBN 0-7864-1468-5
Mackey, Robert R. "The UnCivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861-1865." University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8061-3736-0.
Inc Ebrary. "Modern Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies: Guerrillas and their Opponents Since 1750". Routledge (UK), 2001. ISBN 0-415-23934-6
McKnight, Brian D., and Barton A. Myers, eds. "The Guerrilla Hunters: Irregular Conflicts During the Civil War," 2017. | Commons category | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | place of birth | {
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"Birmingham"
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | place of death | {
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"Berkeley"
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | country of citizenship | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | instance of | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | educated at | {
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"Corpus Christi College"
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
144
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | given name | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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13391
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"English"
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | employer | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
"Meaning and Communication". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | family name | {
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Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language. He is best known for his theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
Life
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford, firstly as a graduate student at Merton College from 1936 to 1938, and then as a Lecturer, Fellow and Tutor from 1938 at St John's College. During the Second World War Grice served in the Royal Navy; after the war he returned to his Fellowship at St John's, which he held until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).Grice married Kathleen Watson in 1942; they had two children.
Grice on meaning
One of Grice's two most influential contributions to the study of language and communication is his theory of meaning, which he began to develop in his article "Meaning", written in 1948 but published only in 1957 at the prodding of his colleague, P. F. Strawson. Grice further developed his theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were initially published as "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions" in 1969 and "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning" in 1968, and were later collected with the other lectures as the first section of Studies in the Way of Words in 1989.
Natural vs. non-natural meaning
In the 1957 article "Meaning", Grice describes "natural meaning" using the example of "Those spots mean (meant) measles."
And describes "non-natural meaning" using the example of "John means that he'll be late" or "'Schnee' means 'snow'".
Grice does not define these two senses of the verb 'to mean', and does not offer an explicit theory that separates the ideas they're used to express. Instead, he relies on five differences in ordinary language usage to show that we use the word in (at least) two different ways.
Intention-based semantics
For the rest of "Meaning", and in his discussions of meaning in "Logic and Conversation", Grice deals exclusively with non-natural meaning. His overall approach to the study of non-natural meaning later came to be called "intention-based semantics" because it attempts to explain non-natural meaning based on the idea of speakers' intentions. To do this, Grice distinguishes two kinds of non-natural meaning:
Utterer's meaning: What a speaker means by an utterance. (Grice didn't introduce this label until "Logic and Conversation." The more common label in contemporary work is "speaker meaning", though Grice didn't use that term.)
Timeless meaning: The kind of meaning that can be possessed by a type of utterance such as a word or a sentence (rather than by an individual speaker). (This is often called "conventional meaning", although Grice didn't call it that.)
The two steps in intention-based semantics are (1) to define utterer's meaning in terms of speakers' overt audience-directed intentions, and then (2) to define timeless meaning in terms of utterer's meaning. The net effect is to define all linguistic notions of meaning in purely mental terms, and to thus shed psychological light on the semantic realm.
Grice tries to accomplish the first step by means of the following definition:
"A meantNN something by x" is roughly equivalent to "A uttered x with the intention of inducing a belief by means of the recognition of this intention".
(In this definition, 'A' is a variable ranging over speakers and 'x' is a variable ranging over utterances.) Grice generalises this definition of speaker meaning later in 'Meaning' so that it applies to commands and questions, which, he argues, differ from assertions in that the speaker intends to induce an intention rather than a belief. Grice's initial definition was controversial, and seemingly gives rise to a variety of counterexamples, and so later adherents of intention-based semantics—including Grice himself, Stephen Schiffer, Jonathan Bennett, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and Stephen Neale—have attempted to improve on it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact.
Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition:
"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what "people" (vague) intend (with qualifications about "recognition") to effect by x.
The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer.
Grice's theory of implicature
Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, "The Causal Theory of Perception", and "Logic and Conversation", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts.
Saying/implicating distinction
According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker "says" and what the speaker thereby "implicates".Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as "a favored notion of 'saying' that must be further elucidated". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language.
One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: "I want to say that (1) "U (utterer) said that p" entails (2) "U did something x by which U meant that p" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples—cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it—are actually examples of what he calls "making as if to say", which can be thought of as a kind of "mock saying" or "play saying".Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one:
In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered.
Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase "closely related" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate over its best interpretation.
In 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Grice contrasts saying (which he there also calls "stating") with "implying", but in Logic and Conversation he introduces the technical term "implicature" and its cognates "to implicate" and "implicatum" (i.e., that which is implicated). Grice justifies this neologism by saying that "'Implicature' is a blanket word to avoid having to make choices between words like 'imply', 'suggest', 'indicate', and 'mean'".Grice sums up these notions by suggesting that to implicate is to perform a "non-central" speech act, whereas to say is to perform a "central" speech act. As others have more commonly put the same distinction, saying is a kind of "direct" speech act whereas implicating is an "indirect" speech act. This latter way of drawing the distinction is an important part of John Searle's influential theory of speech acts.
Conventional vs. conversational implicature
Although Grice is best known for his theory of conversational implicature, he also introduced the notion of conventional implicature. The difference between the two lies in the fact that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is tied in some way to the timeless meaning of part of the sentence, whereas what a speaker conversationally implicates is not directly connected with timeless meaning. Grice's best-known example of conventional implicature involves the word 'but', which, he argues, differs in meaning from the word 'and' only in that we typically conventionally implicate something over and above what we say with the former but not with the latter. In uttering the sentence 'She was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty).Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says.
U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature).
Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts.
Conversational implicature
To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation.
The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans.
Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26).
The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication.
Maxim of Quantity: Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality: Truth
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of Relation: Relevance
Be relevant.Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous")
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid prolixity).
Be orderly.Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others" (i.e. the list is not necessarily exhaustive), and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures."Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other to behave according to the maxims. So, when a speaker appears to have violated a maxim by saying or making as if to say something that is false, uninformative or too informative, irrelevant, or unclear, the assumption that the speaker is in fact obeying the maxims causes the interpreter to infer a hypothesis about what the speaker really meant. That an interpreter will reliably make such inferences allows speakers to intentionally "flout" the maxims—i.e., create the appearance of breaking the maxims in a way that is obvious to both speaker and interpreter—to get their implicatures across.Perhaps Grice's best-known example of conversational implicature is the case of the reference letter, a "quantity implicature" (i.e., because it involves flouting the first maxim of Quantity):
A is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a candidate for a philosophy job, and his letter reads as follows: "Dear Sir, Mr. X's command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc." (Gloss: A cannot be opting out, since if he wished to be uncooperative, why write at all? He cannot be unable, through ignorance, to say more, since the man is his pupil; moreover, he knows that more information than this is wanted. He must, therefore, be wishing to impart information that he is reluctant to write down. This supposition is tenable only if he thinks Mr. X is no good at philosophy. This, then, is what he is implicating.)
Given that a speaker means a given proposition p by a given utterance, Grice suggests several features which p must possess to count as a conversational implicature.
Nondetachability: "The implicature is nondetachable insofar as it is not possible to find another way of saying the same thing (or approximately the same thing) which simply lacks the implicature."Cancelability: "...a putative conversational implicature is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature."Non-Conventionality: "...conversational implicata are not part of the meaning of the expressions to the employment of which they attach."Calculability: "The presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature; it will be a conventional implicature."
Generalised vs. particularised conversational implicature
Grice also distinguishes between generalised and particularised conversational implicature. Grice says that particularised conversational implicatures (such as in the reference letter case quoted above) arise in "cases in which an implicature is carried by saying that p on a particular occasion in virtue of special features about the context, cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p." Generalized implicature, by contrast, arise in cases in which "one can say that the use of a certain form of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature." Grice does not offer a full theory of generalised conversational implicatures that distinguishes them from particularised conversational implicatures, on one hand, and from conventional implicatures, on the other hand, but later philosophers and linguists have attempted to expand on the idea of generalised conversational implicatures.
Grice's paradox
In his book Studies in the Way of Words (1989), he presents what he calls Grice's paradox. In it, he supposes that two chess players, Yog and Zog, play 100 games under the following conditions:
(1) Yog is white nine of ten times.
(2) There are no draws.
And the results are:
(1) Yog, when white, won 80 of 90 games.
(2) Yog, when black, won zero of ten games.
This implies that:
(i) 8/9 times, if Yog was white, Yog won.
(ii) 1/2 of the time, if Yog lost, Yog was black.
(iii) 9/10 that either Yog wasn't white or he won.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction:
([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won.
([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won.
But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i). In fact, (ii) and (iii) don't provide enough information to use Bayesian reasoning to reach those conclusions. That might be clearer if (i)-(iii) had instead been stated like so:
(i) When Yog was white, Yog won 8/9 times. (No information is given about when Yog was black.)
(ii) When Yog lost, Yog was black 1/2 the time. (No information is given about when Yog won.)
(iii) 9/10 times, either Yog was black and won, Yog was black and lost, or Yog was white and won. (No information is provided on how the 9/10 is divided among those three situations.)
Grice's paradox shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.
Criticisms
Relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson builds on and also challenges Grice's theory of meaning and his account of pragmatic inference.
Notes
References
Bach, Kent (1999). "The Myth of Conventional Implicature," Linguistics and Philosophy, 22, pp. 327–366.
Bennett, Jonathan (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Borg, Emma (2006). "Intention-Based Semantics," The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 250–266.
Grice (1941). "Personal Identity", Mind 50, 330–350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73–95.
Grice, H.P. (1957). "Meaning", Philosophical Review, 66(3). Reprinted as ch.14 of Grice 1989, pp. 213–223.
Grice (1961). "The Causal Theory of Perception", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35 (suppl.), 121–52. Partially reprinted as Chapter 15 of Grice 1989, pp. 224–247.
Grice, H.P. (1968). "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaning," Foundations of Language, 4. Reprinted as ch.6 of Grice 1989, pp. 117–137.
Grice (1969). "Vacuous Names", in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118–145.
Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78. Reprinted as ch.5 of Grice 1989, pp. 86–116.
Grice, H.P. (1971). "Intention and Uncertainty", Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263–279.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23–53.
Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40.
Grice, H.P. (1978). "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57.
Grice (1981). "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature", in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–198. Reprinted as ch.17 of Grice 1989, 269–282.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1991). The Conception of Value. Oxford University Press. (His 1983 Carus Lectures.)
Grice, H.P., (2001). Aspects of Reason (Richard Warner, ed.). Oxford University Press. (His 1979 John Locke Lectures, mostly the same as his 1977 Immanuel Kant Lectures.)
Karttunen, Lauri and Stanley Peters (1978). "Conventional Implicature," Syntax and Semantics, vol.11 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. pp. 1–56.
Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Konverzacijske implikature" [Conversational implicatures] (PDF). Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (31–32): 87–96. ISSN 0586-0296. OCLC 440780341. SSRN 3442421. CROSBI 446883. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
Levinson, Stephen (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. MIT Press.
Neale, Stephen (1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, pp. 509–559.
Neale, Stephen (1999). "Colouring and Composition," Philosophy and Linguistics, edited by Rob Stainton. Westview Press, 1999. pp. 35–82.
Potts, Christopher (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicature. Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1972). Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Schiffer, Stephen (1982). "Intention-Based Semantics," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 23(2), pp. 119–156.
Sperber, Dan and Dierdre Wilson (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell. Second edition 1995.
Further reading
Siobhan Chapman, Paul Grice: Philosopher and Linguist, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-0297-6. [Her 2006 entry on Grice for The Literary Encyclopedia is archived by Wayback Machine here.
Stephen Neale (October 1992). "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language" (PDF). Linguistics and Philosophy. 15 (5).
External links
Richard E. Grandy & Richard Warner. "Paul Grice". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences: "Grice, H. Paul Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine"—by Kent Bach.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind: "Paul Grice"—by Christopher Gauker.
Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) by Peter Strawson and David Wiggins for The Proceedings of the British Academy (2001).
La comunicación según Grice (Spanish) [Archived by Wayback Machine]
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Wielki Garc (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈɡarts]; German: Groß Gartz, 1942–45 Großgartz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pelplin, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Pelplin, 18 km (11 mi) south of Tczew, and 48 km (30 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 325.
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Wielki Garc (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈɡarts]; German: Groß Gartz, 1942–45 Großgartz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pelplin, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Pelplin, 18 km (11 mi) south of Tczew, and 48 km (30 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 325.
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Wielki Garc (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈɡarts]; German: Groß Gartz, 1942–45 Großgartz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pelplin, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Pelplin, 18 km (11 mi) south of Tczew, and 48 km (30 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 325.
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | instance of | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | director | {
"answer_start": [
4419
],
"text": [
"Seiji Kishi"
]
} |
Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | screenwriter | {
"answer_start": [
4487
],
"text": [
"Makoto Uezu"
]
} |
Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | based on | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | followed by | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | production company | {
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"text": [
"Lerche"
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} |
Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | original language of film or TV show | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | country of origin | {
"answer_start": [
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | distributed by | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | duration | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | publisher | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | Commons category | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | language of work or name | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | published in | {
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"text": [
"Weekly Shōnen Jump"
]
} |
Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | title | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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]
} |
Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | intended public | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | number of parts of this work | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | derivative work | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | Archive of Our Own tag | {
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Assassination Classroom (Japanese: 暗殺教室, Hepburn: Ansatsu Kyōshitsu) is a Japanese science fiction comedy manga series written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui. The series follows the daily life of an extremely powerful octopus-like being working as a junior high homeroom teacher, and his students dedicated to the task of assassinating him to prevent Earth from being destroyed. The students are considered "misfits" in their school and are taught in a separate building; the class he teaches is called 3-E. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.
In North America, the manga has been licensed for English language release by Viz Media. The anime series has been licensed by Funimation. The series was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia and New Zealand. An original video animation (OVA) adaptation by Brain's Base was screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour from October to November 2013. This was followed by an anime television adaptation by Lerche, which aired on Fuji TV and its affiliate stations from January 2015 to June 2016. A live action film adaptation was released in March 2015, and a sequel, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released in March 2016.
By September 2016, the Assassination Classroom manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. Both the anime and manga have been received positively.
Plot
Earth is left in jeopardy after an enormously powerful tentacled creature suddenly appears and destroys 70% of the Moon, leaving it in the shape of a crescent. The creature claims that within a year, he will destroy the planet next. However, he offers mankind a chance to avert this fate.
In class 3-E, the End Class of Kunugigaoka Junior High School, the creature starts working as a homeroom teacher where he teaches his students regular subjects, as well as the ways of assassination. The Japanese government promises a reward of ¥10 billion to whoever among the students succeeds in killing the creature, whom they have named "Koro-sensei". However, this proves to be a highly unachievable task, as he has several superpowers at his disposal including accelerated regeneration, visual cloning, an invincible form, and the ability to move and fly at Mach 20. He is also the best teacher they could ask for, helping them to improve their grades, individual skills, and prospects for the future.
As time goes on, the situation gets even more complicated as other assassins come after Koro-sensei's life, some coveting the reward, others for personal reasons. The students eventually learn the secrets involving him, the Moon's destruction, and his ties with their previous homeroom teacher including the true reason why he must be killed before the end of the school year.
The series is narrated by Nagisa Shiota, one of the students in the class whose main strategy in killing Koro-sensei is making a list of all his weaknesses over time. At first, Nagisa appears to be one of the weaker members of Class 3-E, but he later emerges as one of the most skillful assassins in the class.
Publication
Assassination Classroom, written and illustrated by Yusei Matsui, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2, 2012, to March 16, 2016. Shueisha collected its 180 chapters in twenty-one tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2012, and July 4, 2016. A VOMIC (voiced comic) version, which added voice clips to the manga pages, was featured on the Sakiyomi Jan Bang! variety show between January and June 2013. In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The twenty-one volumes were released between December 2, 2014, and April 3, 2018.A spin-off manga, titled Koro Sensei Quest, written and illustrated by Kizuku Watanabe and Jō Aoto, was serialized in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from October 2, 2015, to October 4, 2019.
Related media
Anime
An original video animation based on the series was produced by Brain's Base for the Jump Super Anime Tour and shown at 5 Japanese cities between October 6 and November 24, 2013. It was bundled with the 7th volume of the manga, which released on December 27, 2013. An anime television series based on the manga began airing on Fuji TV from January 9, 2015 and ran for 22 episodes. The anime television was directed by Seiji Kishi at Lerche, with Kazuki Morita as character designer and Makoto Uezu as the lead scriptwriter. An OVA episode was included on the first BD/DVD volume released on March 27, 2015, following a screening at Jump Special Anime Fest in November 2014. The anime had been licensed by Funimation, who simulcast the series as it aired and began a broadcast dub version from February 18, 2015. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The first opening theme is "Seishun Satsubatsu-ron", while the second opening theme is "Jiriki Hongan Revolution"; both are performed by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, a 5-member group consisting of the characters Nagisa Shiota (Mai Fuchigami), Karma Akabane (Nobuhiko Okamoto), Kaede Kayano (Aya Suzaki), Yūma Isogai (Ryota Osaka), and Hiroto Maehara (Shintaro Asanuma). The two openings were released as singles on February 18 and May 27 respectively. The ending theme is "Hello, shooting star" by Moumoon.
The second season of the anime began airing on January 7, 2016 and ran for 25 episodes. The third opening theme is "QUESTION" and the fourth is "Bye Bye YESTERDAY" by 3-nen E-gumi Utatan, with singles released on February 24 and May 25 respectively. The second ending theme is "Kaketa Tsuki" and the third is "Mata kimi ni aeru hi" by Shion Miyawaki. Anime Limited has licensed both seasons in the UK.On June 30, 2016, two anime films were announced: Assassination Classroom the Movie: 365 Days and Koro Sensei Quest!. Both aired on November 19, 2016.Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began broadcasting Funimation's English dub of the anime starting on August 30, 2020.
Singles
Film
A live-action film was released in Japan on March 21, 2015. It opened at number one on the Japanese box office with $3.42 million and as of April 5, 2015, has grossed over $20 million. It was the tenth highest-grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office in 2015, with ¥2.77 billion (US$23 million). A second film, titled Assassination Classroom: Graduation, was released on March 25, 2016.
Video games
A video game based on the series, Assassination Classroom: Grand Siege on Koro-sensei, was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released on Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 12, 2015. In January of the same year, Bandai Namco also announced a mobile game based on the Assassination Classroom series, titled Assassination Classroom: Enclosure Time. The mobile game released later the same year. A sequel to the 3DS game, Assassination Classroom: Assassin Raising Project!!, was released by Bandai Namco for the Nintendo 3DS on March 24, 2016, exclusively in Japan.Koro-sensei appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, originally released in Japan for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on March 19, 2014, with an international version, J-Stars Victory VS+, released for PS3, PS Vita, and PlayStation 4 in Summer 2015.
Reception
Manga
Sales
In May 2013, over one million copies of volume 1 were printed, and individual volumes frequently appeared on the lists of best-selling manga in Japan. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, and 6 placed 26th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 41st, and 50th respectively on the list of the best-selling manga volumes of 2013, making it the seventh best-selling manga series in Japan of 2013 with 4,595,820 copies sold. By September 2016, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.
Accolades
Assassination Classroom ranked first in "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics" by the Honya Club website in 2013. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō. It placed second in male-oriented comics category on the list of "Book of the Year" by Media Factory and manga news magazine Da Vinci. Nippon Shuppan Hanbai elected it the best work of 2013 in their "Recommended Comic Books Across the Country Clerk's Choice". It ranked first on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey by Takarajimasha. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Assassination Classroom was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was nominated for the Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in the 2016 Eisner Award. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Assassination Classroom ranked 51st.
Controversies
In 2023, the manga was removed from American school libraries—for example, at Gifford Middle School, Florida, and at the Elmbrook School District, Wisconsin—due to its depiction of violence, especially gun violence and towards teachers. The series was also challenged on the basis of its sexually explicit imagery by the Citizens Defending Freedom organization, politician Tim Anderson, and a parent who expressed their concern about the "sexualization of minors".
Anime
In November 2019, Polygon named Assassination Classroom as one of the best anime of the 2010s.
Notes
References
External links
Assassination Classroom official manga website at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom official anime website (in Japanese)
Assassination Classroom (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | narrative location | {
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Ethics Since 1900 is a 1960 book by the philosopher Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, in which the author provides an account of the history of ethics in the 20th century.
Reception
A. C. Ewing, Paul Welsh and James D. Bastable have reviewed the book.
== References == | instance of | {
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