texts stringlengths 40 104k | questions stringlengths 3 63 | answers dict |
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Maryland Route 35 (MD 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ellerslie Road, the state highway runs 2.37 miles (3.81 km) north from MD 36 in Corriganville to the Pennsylvania state line in Ellerslie. There the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 96 (PA 96).
MD 35 was constructed in the late 1910s and was one of the original signed state highways in 1927. The state highway runs through the valley of Wills Creek, an important passage for the railroads beginning in the mid 19th century.
Route description
MD 35 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Corriganville. The state highway immediately intersects Kreigbaum Road, which is unsigned MD 831C. After leaving Corriganville, MD 35 heads north as a two-lane undivided road lined with scattered residences. The state highway runs through a narrow valley between Wills Mountain to the east and Little Allegheny Mountain to the west, paralleled by Wills Creek and CSX's Keystone Subdivision railroad line. MD 35 passes through Ellerslie, within which the highway crosses a branch of Wills Creek, before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 96 (Hyndman Road) toward Hyndman.MD 35 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
The valley of Wills Creek north of Corriganville has a significant place in railroad history as not only part of the ascent from Cumberland to the Summit of the Alleghenies at Sand Patch but also part of the route between Frostburg and Bedford, Pennsylvania. No less than three different railroads used the part of the valley north of Corriganville in the late 19th century: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, and Western Maryland Railway. The first road built through the valley, the Creek Road, was present by 1898. This road was built adjacent to Wills Creek and remains today as Beach View Drive in Corriganville and Schellsburg Road in Ellerslie. Between 1917 and 1919 a new road was built by the Maryland State Roads Commission following the present alignment on the hillside above the creek. In 1927, this road was one of the original signed Maryland state numbered highways. The MD 35 designation originally extended further south along what is today MD 36 to U.S. Route 40 just above the Cumberland Narrows. The southern terminus of MD 35 was rolled back to Corriganville and replaced by MD 36 between 1939 and 1946.
Junction list
The entire route is in Allegany County.
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 35 | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
485
],
"text": [
"road"
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} |
Maryland Route 35 (MD 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ellerslie Road, the state highway runs 2.37 miles (3.81 km) north from MD 36 in Corriganville to the Pennsylvania state line in Ellerslie. There the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 96 (PA 96).
MD 35 was constructed in the late 1910s and was one of the original signed state highways in 1927. The state highway runs through the valley of Wills Creek, an important passage for the railroads beginning in the mid 19th century.
Route description
MD 35 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Corriganville. The state highway immediately intersects Kreigbaum Road, which is unsigned MD 831C. After leaving Corriganville, MD 35 heads north as a two-lane undivided road lined with scattered residences. The state highway runs through a narrow valley between Wills Mountain to the east and Little Allegheny Mountain to the west, paralleled by Wills Creek and CSX's Keystone Subdivision railroad line. MD 35 passes through Ellerslie, within which the highway crosses a branch of Wills Creek, before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 96 (Hyndman Road) toward Hyndman.MD 35 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
The valley of Wills Creek north of Corriganville has a significant place in railroad history as not only part of the ascent from Cumberland to the Summit of the Alleghenies at Sand Patch but also part of the route between Frostburg and Bedford, Pennsylvania. No less than three different railroads used the part of the valley north of Corriganville in the late 19th century: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, and Western Maryland Railway. The first road built through the valley, the Creek Road, was present by 1898. This road was built adjacent to Wills Creek and remains today as Beach View Drive in Corriganville and Schellsburg Road in Ellerslie. Between 1917 and 1919 a new road was built by the Maryland State Roads Commission following the present alignment on the hillside above the creek. In 1927, this road was one of the original signed Maryland state numbered highways. The MD 35 designation originally extended further south along what is today MD 36 to U.S. Route 40 just above the Cumberland Narrows. The southern terminus of MD 35 was rolled back to Corriganville and replaced by MD 36 between 1939 and 1946.
Junction list
The entire route is in Allegany County.
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 35 | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
2554
],
"text": [
"Allegany County"
]
} |
Maryland Route 35 (MD 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ellerslie Road, the state highway runs 2.37 miles (3.81 km) north from MD 36 in Corriganville to the Pennsylvania state line in Ellerslie. There the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 96 (PA 96).
MD 35 was constructed in the late 1910s and was one of the original signed state highways in 1927. The state highway runs through the valley of Wills Creek, an important passage for the railroads beginning in the mid 19th century.
Route description
MD 35 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Corriganville. The state highway immediately intersects Kreigbaum Road, which is unsigned MD 831C. After leaving Corriganville, MD 35 heads north as a two-lane undivided road lined with scattered residences. The state highway runs through a narrow valley between Wills Mountain to the east and Little Allegheny Mountain to the west, paralleled by Wills Creek and CSX's Keystone Subdivision railroad line. MD 35 passes through Ellerslie, within which the highway crosses a branch of Wills Creek, before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 96 (Hyndman Road) toward Hyndman.MD 35 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
The valley of Wills Creek north of Corriganville has a significant place in railroad history as not only part of the ascent from Cumberland to the Summit of the Alleghenies at Sand Patch but also part of the route between Frostburg and Bedford, Pennsylvania. No less than three different railroads used the part of the valley north of Corriganville in the late 19th century: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, and Western Maryland Railway. The first road built through the valley, the Creek Road, was present by 1898. This road was built adjacent to Wills Creek and remains today as Beach View Drive in Corriganville and Schellsburg Road in Ellerslie. Between 1917 and 1919 a new road was built by the Maryland State Roads Commission following the present alignment on the hillside above the creek. In 1927, this road was one of the original signed Maryland state numbered highways. The MD 35 designation originally extended further south along what is today MD 36 to U.S. Route 40 just above the Cumberland Narrows. The southern terminus of MD 35 was rolled back to Corriganville and replaced by MD 36 between 1939 and 1946.
Junction list
The entire route is in Allegany County.
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 35 | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Maryland Route 35"
]
} |
Maryland Route 35 (MD 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ellerslie Road, the state highway runs 2.37 miles (3.81 km) north from MD 36 in Corriganville to the Pennsylvania state line in Ellerslie. There the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 96 (PA 96).
MD 35 was constructed in the late 1910s and was one of the original signed state highways in 1927. The state highway runs through the valley of Wills Creek, an important passage for the railroads beginning in the mid 19th century.
Route description
MD 35 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Corriganville. The state highway immediately intersects Kreigbaum Road, which is unsigned MD 831C. After leaving Corriganville, MD 35 heads north as a two-lane undivided road lined with scattered residences. The state highway runs through a narrow valley between Wills Mountain to the east and Little Allegheny Mountain to the west, paralleled by Wills Creek and CSX's Keystone Subdivision railroad line. MD 35 passes through Ellerslie, within which the highway crosses a branch of Wills Creek, before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 96 (Hyndman Road) toward Hyndman.MD 35 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
The valley of Wills Creek north of Corriganville has a significant place in railroad history as not only part of the ascent from Cumberland to the Summit of the Alleghenies at Sand Patch but also part of the route between Frostburg and Bedford, Pennsylvania. No less than three different railroads used the part of the valley north of Corriganville in the late 19th century: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, and Western Maryland Railway. The first road built through the valley, the Creek Road, was present by 1898. This road was built adjacent to Wills Creek and remains today as Beach View Drive in Corriganville and Schellsburg Road in Ellerslie. Between 1917 and 1919 a new road was built by the Maryland State Roads Commission following the present alignment on the hillside above the creek. In 1927, this road was one of the original signed Maryland state numbered highways. The MD 35 designation originally extended further south along what is today MD 36 to U.S. Route 40 just above the Cumberland Narrows. The southern terminus of MD 35 was rolled back to Corriganville and replaced by MD 36 between 1939 and 1946.
Junction list
The entire route is in Allegany County.
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 35 | road number | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"MD 35"
]
} |
Maryland Route 35 (MD 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ellerslie Road, the state highway runs 2.37 miles (3.81 km) north from MD 36 in Corriganville to the Pennsylvania state line in Ellerslie. There the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 96 (PA 96).
MD 35 was constructed in the late 1910s and was one of the original signed state highways in 1927. The state highway runs through the valley of Wills Creek, an important passage for the railroads beginning in the mid 19th century.
Route description
MD 35 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Corriganville. The state highway immediately intersects Kreigbaum Road, which is unsigned MD 831C. After leaving Corriganville, MD 35 heads north as a two-lane undivided road lined with scattered residences. The state highway runs through a narrow valley between Wills Mountain to the east and Little Allegheny Mountain to the west, paralleled by Wills Creek and CSX's Keystone Subdivision railroad line. MD 35 passes through Ellerslie, within which the highway crosses a branch of Wills Creek, before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 96 (Hyndman Road) toward Hyndman.MD 35 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
The valley of Wills Creek north of Corriganville has a significant place in railroad history as not only part of the ascent from Cumberland to the Summit of the Alleghenies at Sand Patch but also part of the route between Frostburg and Bedford, Pennsylvania. No less than three different railroads used the part of the valley north of Corriganville in the late 19th century: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, and Western Maryland Railway. The first road built through the valley, the Creek Road, was present by 1898. This road was built adjacent to Wills Creek and remains today as Beach View Drive in Corriganville and Schellsburg Road in Ellerslie. Between 1917 and 1919 a new road was built by the Maryland State Roads Commission following the present alignment on the hillside above the creek. In 1927, this road was one of the original signed Maryland state numbered highways. The MD 35 designation originally extended further south along what is today MD 36 to U.S. Route 40 just above the Cumberland Narrows. The southern terminus of MD 35 was rolled back to Corriganville and replaced by MD 36 between 1939 and 1946.
Junction list
The entire route is in Allegany County.
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 35 | length | {
"answer_start": [
125
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"text": [
"2.37"
]
} |
Lahıc may refer to:
Lahıc, Goygol, Azerbaijan
Lahıc, Ismailli, Azerbaijan
Lahıc, Zaqatala, Azerbaijan | country | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Azerbaijan"
]
} |
Lahıc may refer to:
Lahıc, Goygol, Azerbaijan
Lahıc, Ismailli, Azerbaijan
Lahıc, Zaqatala, Azerbaijan | native label | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lahıc"
]
} |
Eucalyptus odontocarpa, commonly known as Sturt Creek mallee, is a mallee that is native to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians know the plant as Warilyu.
Description
The mallee typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16 ft) and has smooth bark. It blooms between April and July producing inflorescences with white flowers. It forms multiple stems each with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) from a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth over the length of the trunk and branches and is grey to brown to coppery but sometimes white to cream to pink in colour sometimes with a short stocking of pale grey to yellowy-brown rough flaky bark. The bark sheds from the tree in short ribbons or as small polygonal flakes. The concolorous, glossy green adult leaves have an opposite to sub-opposite arrangement. The leaves are supported on petioles which are 0.5 to 1.7 centimetres (0.2 to 0.7 in) long. The leaf blade has a narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate shape and is 5.5 to 19.5 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in length and are 0.5 to 1.8 centimetres (0 to 1 in) wide with a base that tapers to the petiole. The compound inflorescences are axillary or terminal with 0.2 to 0.5 centimetres (0.08 to 0.20 in) long terete peduncles with three buds per umbel. The buds have a clavate to pyriform shape and are 0.45 to 0.6 cm (0.18 to 0.24 in) in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. When the sessile fruits form they are shortly pedicellate and have a cylindrical to barrel-shaped to cup-shaped to obconical shape with a length of 0.7 to 1.4 cm (0.28 to 0.55 in) and a width of 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in). The fruits have a vertically descending disc with three or four enclosed valves. They contain flattened dull grey seeds and are 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Monograph of the Eucalypti of tropical Australia as published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany.
The type specimen was collected by von Mueller from along Sturt's Creek in the Northern Territory in 1856.
The species name is derived from ancient Greek and means "tooth-fruited" and refers to the four teeth found around the rim of the fruit.E. odontocarpa is very similar to E. gamophylla, but E. gamophylla is easily separated by its mature crown of broader leaves with an opposite arrangement.
Distribution
It is found on rocky scree slopes and plateaux, sand plains and hills in the Pilbara, Kimberley and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where it grows in red sandy-loamy soils. It is also found in central areas of the Northern Territory from around Daly Waters in the north to Barrow Creek in the south and into north western Queensland.It is found in northern arid areas including the Little Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Great Sandy Desert and the Channel Country.
In the Northern Territory the species forms part of the upper shrub layer in mixed woodland communities on sandplains often found with Corymbia opaca, Hakea macrocarpa and Atalya hemiglauca in the overstorey with Acacia coriacea and Streptoglossa odora in the shrub layer with a ground layer beneath including grasses such as Triodia pungens, Aristida holathera, Aristida contorta and Astrebla pectinata.
In the Pilbara of Western Australia it is found in low tree woodlands with Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis shrubland with Templetonia hookeri and Acacia adoxa over Triodia epactia hummock grasses.
Cultivation
Eucalyptus odontocarpa is sold commercially in seed form. It is grown for use as firewood. Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
== References == | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
1831
],
"text": [
"species"
]
} |
Eucalyptus odontocarpa, commonly known as Sturt Creek mallee, is a mallee that is native to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians know the plant as Warilyu.
Description
The mallee typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16 ft) and has smooth bark. It blooms between April and July producing inflorescences with white flowers. It forms multiple stems each with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) from a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth over the length of the trunk and branches and is grey to brown to coppery but sometimes white to cream to pink in colour sometimes with a short stocking of pale grey to yellowy-brown rough flaky bark. The bark sheds from the tree in short ribbons or as small polygonal flakes. The concolorous, glossy green adult leaves have an opposite to sub-opposite arrangement. The leaves are supported on petioles which are 0.5 to 1.7 centimetres (0.2 to 0.7 in) long. The leaf blade has a narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate shape and is 5.5 to 19.5 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in length and are 0.5 to 1.8 centimetres (0 to 1 in) wide with a base that tapers to the petiole. The compound inflorescences are axillary or terminal with 0.2 to 0.5 centimetres (0.08 to 0.20 in) long terete peduncles with three buds per umbel. The buds have a clavate to pyriform shape and are 0.45 to 0.6 cm (0.18 to 0.24 in) in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. When the sessile fruits form they are shortly pedicellate and have a cylindrical to barrel-shaped to cup-shaped to obconical shape with a length of 0.7 to 1.4 cm (0.28 to 0.55 in) and a width of 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in). The fruits have a vertically descending disc with three or four enclosed valves. They contain flattened dull grey seeds and are 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Monograph of the Eucalypti of tropical Australia as published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany.
The type specimen was collected by von Mueller from along Sturt's Creek in the Northern Territory in 1856.
The species name is derived from ancient Greek and means "tooth-fruited" and refers to the four teeth found around the rim of the fruit.E. odontocarpa is very similar to E. gamophylla, but E. gamophylla is easily separated by its mature crown of broader leaves with an opposite arrangement.
Distribution
It is found on rocky scree slopes and plateaux, sand plains and hills in the Pilbara, Kimberley and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where it grows in red sandy-loamy soils. It is also found in central areas of the Northern Territory from around Daly Waters in the north to Barrow Creek in the south and into north western Queensland.It is found in northern arid areas including the Little Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Great Sandy Desert and the Channel Country.
In the Northern Territory the species forms part of the upper shrub layer in mixed woodland communities on sandplains often found with Corymbia opaca, Hakea macrocarpa and Atalya hemiglauca in the overstorey with Acacia coriacea and Streptoglossa odora in the shrub layer with a ground layer beneath including grasses such as Triodia pungens, Aristida holathera, Aristida contorta and Astrebla pectinata.
In the Pilbara of Western Australia it is found in low tree woodlands with Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis shrubland with Templetonia hookeri and Acacia adoxa over Triodia epactia hummock grasses.
Cultivation
Eucalyptus odontocarpa is sold commercially in seed form. It is grown for use as firewood. Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eucalyptus"
]
} |
Eucalyptus odontocarpa, commonly known as Sturt Creek mallee, is a mallee that is native to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians know the plant as Warilyu.
Description
The mallee typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16 ft) and has smooth bark. It blooms between April and July producing inflorescences with white flowers. It forms multiple stems each with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) from a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth over the length of the trunk and branches and is grey to brown to coppery but sometimes white to cream to pink in colour sometimes with a short stocking of pale grey to yellowy-brown rough flaky bark. The bark sheds from the tree in short ribbons or as small polygonal flakes. The concolorous, glossy green adult leaves have an opposite to sub-opposite arrangement. The leaves are supported on petioles which are 0.5 to 1.7 centimetres (0.2 to 0.7 in) long. The leaf blade has a narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate shape and is 5.5 to 19.5 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in length and are 0.5 to 1.8 centimetres (0 to 1 in) wide with a base that tapers to the petiole. The compound inflorescences are axillary or terminal with 0.2 to 0.5 centimetres (0.08 to 0.20 in) long terete peduncles with three buds per umbel. The buds have a clavate to pyriform shape and are 0.45 to 0.6 cm (0.18 to 0.24 in) in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. When the sessile fruits form they are shortly pedicellate and have a cylindrical to barrel-shaped to cup-shaped to obconical shape with a length of 0.7 to 1.4 cm (0.28 to 0.55 in) and a width of 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in). The fruits have a vertically descending disc with three or four enclosed valves. They contain flattened dull grey seeds and are 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Monograph of the Eucalypti of tropical Australia as published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany.
The type specimen was collected by von Mueller from along Sturt's Creek in the Northern Territory in 1856.
The species name is derived from ancient Greek and means "tooth-fruited" and refers to the four teeth found around the rim of the fruit.E. odontocarpa is very similar to E. gamophylla, but E. gamophylla is easily separated by its mature crown of broader leaves with an opposite arrangement.
Distribution
It is found on rocky scree slopes and plateaux, sand plains and hills in the Pilbara, Kimberley and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where it grows in red sandy-loamy soils. It is also found in central areas of the Northern Territory from around Daly Waters in the north to Barrow Creek in the south and into north western Queensland.It is found in northern arid areas including the Little Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Great Sandy Desert and the Channel Country.
In the Northern Territory the species forms part of the upper shrub layer in mixed woodland communities on sandplains often found with Corymbia opaca, Hakea macrocarpa and Atalya hemiglauca in the overstorey with Acacia coriacea and Streptoglossa odora in the shrub layer with a ground layer beneath including grasses such as Triodia pungens, Aristida holathera, Aristida contorta and Astrebla pectinata.
In the Pilbara of Western Australia it is found in low tree woodlands with Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis shrubland with Templetonia hookeri and Acacia adoxa over Triodia epactia hummock grasses.
Cultivation
Eucalyptus odontocarpa is sold commercially in seed form. It is grown for use as firewood. Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eucalyptus odontocarpa"
]
} |
Eucalyptus odontocarpa, commonly known as Sturt Creek mallee, is a mallee that is native to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians know the plant as Warilyu.
Description
The mallee typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16 ft) and has smooth bark. It blooms between April and July producing inflorescences with white flowers. It forms multiple stems each with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) from a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth over the length of the trunk and branches and is grey to brown to coppery but sometimes white to cream to pink in colour sometimes with a short stocking of pale grey to yellowy-brown rough flaky bark. The bark sheds from the tree in short ribbons or as small polygonal flakes. The concolorous, glossy green adult leaves have an opposite to sub-opposite arrangement. The leaves are supported on petioles which are 0.5 to 1.7 centimetres (0.2 to 0.7 in) long. The leaf blade has a narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate shape and is 5.5 to 19.5 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in length and are 0.5 to 1.8 centimetres (0 to 1 in) wide with a base that tapers to the petiole. The compound inflorescences are axillary or terminal with 0.2 to 0.5 centimetres (0.08 to 0.20 in) long terete peduncles with three buds per umbel. The buds have a clavate to pyriform shape and are 0.45 to 0.6 cm (0.18 to 0.24 in) in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. When the sessile fruits form they are shortly pedicellate and have a cylindrical to barrel-shaped to cup-shaped to obconical shape with a length of 0.7 to 1.4 cm (0.28 to 0.55 in) and a width of 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in). The fruits have a vertically descending disc with three or four enclosed valves. They contain flattened dull grey seeds and are 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Monograph of the Eucalypti of tropical Australia as published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany.
The type specimen was collected by von Mueller from along Sturt's Creek in the Northern Territory in 1856.
The species name is derived from ancient Greek and means "tooth-fruited" and refers to the four teeth found around the rim of the fruit.E. odontocarpa is very similar to E. gamophylla, but E. gamophylla is easily separated by its mature crown of broader leaves with an opposite arrangement.
Distribution
It is found on rocky scree slopes and plateaux, sand plains and hills in the Pilbara, Kimberley and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where it grows in red sandy-loamy soils. It is also found in central areas of the Northern Territory from around Daly Waters in the north to Barrow Creek in the south and into north western Queensland.It is found in northern arid areas including the Little Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Great Sandy Desert and the Channel Country.
In the Northern Territory the species forms part of the upper shrub layer in mixed woodland communities on sandplains often found with Corymbia opaca, Hakea macrocarpa and Atalya hemiglauca in the overstorey with Acacia coriacea and Streptoglossa odora in the shrub layer with a ground layer beneath including grasses such as Triodia pungens, Aristida holathera, Aristida contorta and Astrebla pectinata.
In the Pilbara of Western Australia it is found in low tree woodlands with Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis shrubland with Templetonia hookeri and Acacia adoxa over Triodia epactia hummock grasses.
Cultivation
Eucalyptus odontocarpa is sold commercially in seed form. It is grown for use as firewood. Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eucalyptus odontocarpa"
]
} |
Eucalyptus odontocarpa, commonly known as Sturt Creek mallee, is a mallee that is native to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians know the plant as Warilyu.
Description
The mallee typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16 ft) and has smooth bark. It blooms between April and July producing inflorescences with white flowers. It forms multiple stems each with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) from a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth over the length of the trunk and branches and is grey to brown to coppery but sometimes white to cream to pink in colour sometimes with a short stocking of pale grey to yellowy-brown rough flaky bark. The bark sheds from the tree in short ribbons or as small polygonal flakes. The concolorous, glossy green adult leaves have an opposite to sub-opposite arrangement. The leaves are supported on petioles which are 0.5 to 1.7 centimetres (0.2 to 0.7 in) long. The leaf blade has a narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate shape and is 5.5 to 19.5 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in length and are 0.5 to 1.8 centimetres (0 to 1 in) wide with a base that tapers to the petiole. The compound inflorescences are axillary or terminal with 0.2 to 0.5 centimetres (0.08 to 0.20 in) long terete peduncles with three buds per umbel. The buds have a clavate to pyriform shape and are 0.45 to 0.6 cm (0.18 to 0.24 in) in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. When the sessile fruits form they are shortly pedicellate and have a cylindrical to barrel-shaped to cup-shaped to obconical shape with a length of 0.7 to 1.4 cm (0.28 to 0.55 in) and a width of 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in). The fruits have a vertically descending disc with three or four enclosed valves. They contain flattened dull grey seeds and are 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Monograph of the Eucalypti of tropical Australia as published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany.
The type specimen was collected by von Mueller from along Sturt's Creek in the Northern Territory in 1856.
The species name is derived from ancient Greek and means "tooth-fruited" and refers to the four teeth found around the rim of the fruit.E. odontocarpa is very similar to E. gamophylla, but E. gamophylla is easily separated by its mature crown of broader leaves with an opposite arrangement.
Distribution
It is found on rocky scree slopes and plateaux, sand plains and hills in the Pilbara, Kimberley and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where it grows in red sandy-loamy soils. It is also found in central areas of the Northern Territory from around Daly Waters in the north to Barrow Creek in the south and into north western Queensland.It is found in northern arid areas including the Little Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Great Sandy Desert and the Channel Country.
In the Northern Territory the species forms part of the upper shrub layer in mixed woodland communities on sandplains often found with Corymbia opaca, Hakea macrocarpa and Atalya hemiglauca in the overstorey with Acacia coriacea and Streptoglossa odora in the shrub layer with a ground layer beneath including grasses such as Triodia pungens, Aristida holathera, Aristida contorta and Astrebla pectinata.
In the Pilbara of Western Australia it is found in low tree woodlands with Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis shrubland with Templetonia hookeri and Acacia adoxa over Triodia epactia hummock grasses.
Cultivation
Eucalyptus odontocarpa is sold commercially in seed form. It is grown for use as firewood. Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
== References == | Flora of Australia ID (new) | {
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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John Butler Talcott (September 14, 1824 - February 21, 1905) was a New Britain, Connecticut industrialist and philanthropist who founded the New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest museum dedicated solely to American art.
Education and early career
Born in Enfield, Connecticut, John Butler Talcott was a descendant of Thomas Hooker one of the founders of the state of Connecticut. He attended Hartford Public High School with Frederic Edwin Church and was afterwards educated at Yale where he graduated in 1846. He received a law degree but never practiced due to illness. Instead, he became a tutor at Middlebury College and then Yale.By 1851, Talcott had moved to New Britain, a center for manufacturing. There he was introduced to the business of mass-producing clothing hardware such as hooks and eyes used in undergarments and knit goods through Seth J. North. North was the founder of North & Judd, one of New Britain's oldest hardware companies as well as the New Britain Knitting Company, and the father of one of Talcott's classmates at Yale. The large textile concern had been created in 1848. The two became partners. Talcott eventually became the treasurer, manager and finally president of NBK Co.Talcott formed a business with Yale classmate Frederick H. North and Seth North's grandson, Oliver Stanley; their venture called North & Stanley would grow and produce military uniforms during the Civil War. North & Stanley shared premises with another hardware company called P. & F. Corbin and Talcott became a charter director of that entity as well.John's brother James Talcott, and several other New Britain figures helped make the New Britain Knitting Company flourish. The two Talcotts subsequently formed the American Hosiery Company in 1868 with locations in New Britain and New York City. Both companies became well known for making shirts, fine hosiery and underwear. Having also served as the secretary and treasurer of American Hosiery, Talcott became president of the company in 1885.In 1904, Talcott led American Hosiery to win a Silver Medal at the St. Louis World's Fair for its fine products. Wool for these items was imported from Australia, a first for any US knit goods manufacturer.
Politics
Talcott had several civic roles including his service on New Britain's city council, a term as alderman, and finally as the 5th mayor of New Britain serving for two terms.
Philanthropy
Talcott was one of the original individuals who incorporated the New Britain Institute in 1858. The institute was a library and civic venture intended to benefit the public including many of the workmen of the industrial city that might not otherwise have access to books and reading opportunities. In addition to serving on its building and finance committees, he served as its president without interruption from 1882 until his death. While president, he made a pivotal gift for the acquisition of art. He created the Talcott Art Fund in 1903 with a donation of $20,000 in gold bonds to the New Britain Art Institute, followed by another gift of $5000. The donations were made for the specific purchase of "original modern oil paintings either by native or foreign artists ... in the departments of art known as figure, landscape and genre subjects". Three years after his death, income from the fund had become sufficiently large to make a first purchase. By 1938, 24 oil paintings had been bought including works by Hudson River School landscape painter George Inness. The Institute later became the New Britain Museum of American Art which still exists today.
Personal life
Talcott's first wife was Jane Crosswell Goodwin and they had 4 children. His second wife was Fannie Hall Hazen and they had 2 daughters; one them, Helen Hooker Talcott, married into the Stanley family of Stanley Black & Decker tool production fame, and she also became a benefactor of the New Britain Museum.Talcott's nephew was tonalist artist Allen Butler Talcott, a founding member of the Old Lyme art colony.Following his death and the settlement of his estate, his shares of New Britain Knitting had no value.
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Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
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Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | Roman praenomen | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marcus"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | Roman nomen gentilicium | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Julius"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | Roman cognomen | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Cottius"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | language of work or name | {
"answer_start": [
2299
],
"text": [
"Latin"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | given name version for other gender | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"Cottia"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
== References == | native label | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Cottius"
]
} |
Marcus Julius Cottius was King of the Celtic and Ligurian inhabitants of the mountainous Roman province then known as Alpes Taurinae and now as the Cottian Alps early in the 1st century BC. Son and successor to King Donnus, he negotiated a dependent status with Emperor Augustus that preserved considerable autonomy for his country, making him a Roman governor, and adopted Roman citizenship.
Early relationship with Rome
The friendship between Cottius's realm and Rome goes back at least to the reign of his father King Donnus; there is numismatic evidence which suggests that Donnus established friendly relations with Julius Caesar.
As Caesar needed to cross the Cottii Regnum in 58 BC on his way to Gaul, he made an agreement with King Donnus to have his troops transported on his road as well as having a new paved road being built. This road was the path most likely taken by General Hannibal when he crossed the Alps in 218 BC. During the civil wars which followed Caesar's death, many Gallic tribes rebelled. At the end of these wars Emperor Augustus took charge in Rome and suppressed the Gallic revolts. The destruction of the Salassi tribes and the subjugation of the Ligurian tribes in 14 BC must have convinced Cottius "to press the advantage and use his control of the Alpine passes as leverage for an alliance with Rome that would allow him to maintain his position". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian, remarked that even after Gaul had been subdued, Cottius alone continued to rely on the strategic position his kingdom afforded him. The arrangement benefited both parties, as Augustus wanted to maintain good relations with the people who lived along the Montgenevre pass over the Alps, which was on the road to Gaul.
Alliance with Rome
The Roman alliance was established in 13 or 12 BC, and is attested in an inscription on the Arch of Susa, which was erected to commemorate this agreement between 9 and 8 AD. The Emperor Caesar Augustus attended its unveiling. By it Cottius became a client king of Rome, with his authority reduced in exchange of the retention of his autonomy. While deferring authority to Augustus, he continued to hold his hereditary position in his land. Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty. Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect (Roman governor) were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period. These officials oversaw areas with a number of tribes and had a fixed term of office. However, this post in Cottia was permanent and hereditary, and made him and his 14 tribes joined the Alpine regiments of the Roman army.
Reign as client ruler
Cottius enriched himself through trade between Italy and Gaul as his pass was the main trading route between these two countries. His capital, Segusium (today's Susa, Piedmont) grew and was adorned with public monuments. The region would feature a Roman amphitheater and a Roman aqueduct. Under his guidance his people adopted Roman aspects in their customs, laws and language. However, they retained their religious cults intact. The identification of their gods with Roman ones occurred later.
Death and legacy
Cottius was revered as a fair king who had foresight. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum still visited in the fourth century AD. After his passing the territory of the Alpes Taurinae that he had ruled began to be identified with the name Alpes Cottiae. It seems to have been seen as having a special status to the Romans compared to that of other non-Roman peoples. Strabo described the areas where the tribes of southern Gaul lived, which he named by their ethnic names; however, he used the term country of Cottius for the Cottian Alps. Vitruvius and Suetonius used the terms kingdom of the Cottians and Cottian kingdom respectively. Ammianus Marcelinus used the term Cottianae civitiate.
Successors
Cottius was succeeded by his son Gaius Julius Donnus II (reigned 3 BC-4 AD), and his grandson Marcus Julius Cottius II (reigned 5-63 AD), during whose long reign Emperor Tiberius deployed a cohort from "the kingdom of Cottius" to suppress a revolt in Pollentia. Cottius II was subsequently given additional land by Emperor Claudius and according to Cassius Dio, he "was then called King for the first time". This was a restoration of the title of King formerly held and surrendered by Cottius I. Cottius II also received additional land from Emperor Nero.Another of the elder Cottius' sons was the Roman centurion Julius Vestalis, who retook the frontier post of Aegyssus (modern Tulcea) on the Danube after it was captured by the Getae, a deed celebrated by Roman poet Ovid in his book Epistulae ex Ponto IV.
Many members of the Cottius family adopted the name Julius in their surname, and became members of the gens Julia (gens Iulia), Patricians of Rome, such as Marcus Julius Cottius, Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, and Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius.
See also
Alpes Cottiae (the original Roman province)
Cottian Alps
Donnus
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
Suzanne Wurtz at IMDb | occupation | {
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
Suzanne Wurtz at IMDb | Commons category | {
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
Suzanne Wurtz at IMDb | given name | {
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
Suzanne Wurtz at IMDb | participant in | {
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Suzanne Wurtz (26 December 1900 – 27 July 1982) was a French swimmer. She competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 300 m freestyle events, but failed to reach the finals.
References
External links
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Clarence A. Boonstra (January 5, 1914 – March 20, 2006) was an American ambassador to Costa Rica. His tours of duty also covered Brazil, Mexico and Philippines.
He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Boonstra received graduation from Michigan State University. He received master's degree from Louisiana State University in economics in 1937 and in 1942 he gained doctorate in agriculture economics. After entering in Foreign service in 1946, he served as deputy chief of mission and chargé d'affaires in Mexico City. He served as political adviser to U.S. military forces with the Southern Command in Panama and also as director for South American affairs in the State Department.
During the rule of Juan Perón, he served in Argentina and in Cuba as guerrilla fighters under Fidel Castro that battled to overthrow the Batista government.From 1967 to 1969, he served as ambassador to Costa Rica. He took retirement from Foreign service in 1974.
He died of pneumonia on March 20, 2006 at age 92 in Gainesville, Florida.
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Clarence A. Boonstra (January 5, 1914 – March 20, 2006) was an American ambassador to Costa Rica. His tours of duty also covered Brazil, Mexico and Philippines.
He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Boonstra received graduation from Michigan State University. He received master's degree from Louisiana State University in economics in 1937 and in 1942 he gained doctorate in agriculture economics. After entering in Foreign service in 1946, he served as deputy chief of mission and chargé d'affaires in Mexico City. He served as political adviser to U.S. military forces with the Southern Command in Panama and also as director for South American affairs in the State Department.
During the rule of Juan Perón, he served in Argentina and in Cuba as guerrilla fighters under Fidel Castro that battled to overthrow the Batista government.From 1967 to 1969, he served as ambassador to Costa Rica. He took retirement from Foreign service in 1974.
He died of pneumonia on March 20, 2006 at age 92 in Gainesville, Florida.
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Babatunde Hunpe is a Nigerian politician at the Federal House of Representatives level. He currently serves as the Federal Representative representing Badagry constituency in the 9th National Assembly. He was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on rural development during the Babatunde Fashola administration in 2011. Also in 2015, he was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on the Environment during the Akinwunmi Ambode administration.
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Babatunde Hunpe is a Nigerian politician at the Federal House of Representatives level. He currently serves as the Federal Representative representing Badagry constituency in the 9th National Assembly. He was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on rural development during the Babatunde Fashola administration in 2011. Also in 2015, he was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on the Environment during the Akinwunmi Ambode administration.
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Babatunde Hunpe is a Nigerian politician at the Federal House of Representatives level. He currently serves as the Federal Representative representing Badagry constituency in the 9th National Assembly. He was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on rural development during the Babatunde Fashola administration in 2011. Also in 2015, he was appointed Special Adviser to the Governor on the Environment during the Akinwunmi Ambode administration.
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Lorraine Island is an island off the South coast of Western Australia in the Recherche Archipelago.
It occupies an area of 9 hectares (22 acres) and was named after Lorraine Faulds Lane (née Edgar), wife of Selwyn George (Bill) Lane.
The island supports a population of 2000-3000 pairs white-faced storm-petrel.
References
External links
Beaches of the Western Australian Coast - Eucla to Roebuck Bay | country | {
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Lorraine Island is an island off the South coast of Western Australia in the Recherche Archipelago.
It occupies an area of 9 hectares (22 acres) and was named after Lorraine Faulds Lane (née Edgar), wife of Selwyn George (Bill) Lane.
The island supports a population of 2000-3000 pairs white-faced storm-petrel.
References
External links
Beaches of the Western Australian Coast - Eucla to Roebuck Bay | instance of | {
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Lorraine Island is an island off the South coast of Western Australia in the Recherche Archipelago.
It occupies an area of 9 hectares (22 acres) and was named after Lorraine Faulds Lane (née Edgar), wife of Selwyn George (Bill) Lane.
The island supports a population of 2000-3000 pairs white-faced storm-petrel.
References
External links
Beaches of the Western Australian Coast - Eucla to Roebuck Bay | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Derek White may refer to:
Derek White (rugby union) (born 1958), Scottish former rugby union player
Derek White (racing driver), NASCAR driver
See also
Derek Whyte (born 1968), former Scottish footballer
Derrick White (disambiguation) | family name | {
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Derek White may refer to:
Derek White (rugby union) (born 1958), Scottish former rugby union player
Derek White (racing driver), NASCAR driver
See also
Derek Whyte (born 1968), former Scottish footballer
Derrick White (disambiguation) | given name | {
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Derek White may refer to:
Derek White (rugby union) (born 1958), Scottish former rugby union player
Derek White (racing driver), NASCAR driver
See also
Derek Whyte (born 1968), former Scottish footballer
Derrick White (disambiguation) | occupation | {
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Derek White may refer to:
Derek White (rugby union) (born 1958), Scottish former rugby union player
Derek White (racing driver), NASCAR driver
See also
Derek Whyte (born 1968), former Scottish footballer
Derrick White (disambiguation) | sport | {
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Derek White may refer to:
Derek White (rugby union) (born 1958), Scottish former rugby union player
Derek White (racing driver), NASCAR driver
See also
Derek Whyte (born 1968), former Scottish footballer
Derrick White (disambiguation) | Commons category | {
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | instance of | {
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | owned by | {
"answer_start": [
264
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"text": [
"MCA Records"
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} |
ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | genre | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"jazz"
]
} |
ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"New York City"
]
} |
ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | discography | {
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | parent organization | {
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | distributed by | {
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. Am-Par also created the Impulse! jazz label in 1960. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979. ABC produced music in a variety of genres: pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. In addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution.
The label was initially called Am-Par Records (1955), but quickly changed to ABC-Paramount Records (1955–1966), and then renamed ABC Records in 1966.
History
Background
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission took action against the Anti-competitive practices of movie studios and broadcasting companies, forcing the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to sell the Blue Network, the sister network of NBC Red Network, in 1943. The Blue Network was purchased by Edward J. Noble, who changed the company's name to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. In 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures, with the newly-merged corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) chaired by former Paramount Theaters executive Leonard Goldenson and headquartered at 1501 Broadway in New York City, above the Paramount Theater in Times Square.
ABC-Paramount Records
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a records division, incorporating the Am-Par Record Corporation on June 14, 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. By August 1955, the unit was organized with AMPCO (ASCAP) and PAMCO (BMI) as subsidiary publishing units. Though the record label was established as Am-Par, no records were released until after the division's name was changed to ABC-Paramount in September 1955.Eydie Gorme was the company's first signed artist. The company recorded its first single record, "Sincerely Yours" and "Come Home", both by Gorme. Alec Templeton's "Smart Alec" was the company's first LP recorded, also in September 1955.One of Gorme's singles was its first release in January 1956. "Chain Gang" by Bobby Scott in February 1956 was the company's first national hit. George Hamilton IV's "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" single was Am-Paramount's first million-selling single in October 1956.In 1957, the company had two million-selling single in June with "Diana" by Paul Anka and in October with "At the Hop" by
Danny & the Juniors. Am-Paramount Records in May 1958 debut the Apt subsidiary label with its first million-selling single, "Little Star" by the Elegants, released the same month.Chancellor Records had Am-Par Record Corporation handle its distribution starting in 1957 and started a trend. Chancellor had its first million-selling single in October 1958 with Lloyd Price's "Stagger Lee".Am-Par purchased Grand Award Records including the newly formed Command Records label, in 1959. The company started a second label for jazz, Impulse! Records, in November 1960. Impulse released its first four records in January 1961.The company had artists that earned three Grammy Awards in 1960. While in January 1961, the company purchased Westminster Records, a classical label. Thus Am-Par Record had a label for each music genre.Am-Par Record Corporation was renamed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7, 1961. The company opened a Los Angeles office in January 1962. Ray Charles formed Tangerine Records in March 1962 and arranged for ABC-Paramount to distribute Tangerine's records. The company formed Jet Record Distributors based in Long Island City, N.Y. as its local distributor. Also in 1962, the company had acquired Music Guild label and library for Westminster Records.In 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PT's non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. On January 4, 1965, vice-president in charge of sales Larry Newton was promoted to president of ABC-Paramount Records. The previous president, Sam Clark was promoted to director of theater operations for American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres. Newton's first action as president was to restart Apt Records as a teen-oriented West Coast base label under Irwin Garr.
ABC Records
In June 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records, and the company acquired New Deal Record Service Corp., a rack-jobbing and record distribution company, along with its affiliates.In 1967, Dunhill Records was purchased from Lou Adler. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles. Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the combined operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels: Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, and Bluesway.At the August 29, 1970 Directors Guild meeting, ABC/Dunhill launched a number of marketing initiatives. The company planned to have writers create a broader music for the catalog market. Imprints Probe and Apt were relaunched, Probe as an label which held the international rights to ABC's albums and Apt as a label which released budget cassettes and 8-track tapes. Jazz dropped from Impulse's cover for a new slogan: "University Series of Fine Recording" and two new series were launched: Audio Treasury and Westminster Gold for classic and youth fare respectively.By May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975. He was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records.In 1974, ABC switched British distribution from EMI to the EMI-distributed Anchor Records, allowing ABC recordings to be issued on the ABC label in the UK, and Anchor records to be distributed by ABC on the Anchor label in the US. Also in 1974, ABC acquired Famous Music Records Group including Nashville based Dot Records then began releasing ABC country music under the ABC/Dot label until January 1979.As a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on compact disc in the 1980s, CD versions were often taken from master copies which had less than optimal sound quality. The company's last president, Steve Diener, was named to that job in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records' international division. Because of financial problems except for its Nashville office, ABC Records was sold on January 31, 1979 to MCA Records with ABC Records being its third label likely under a different name. Instead, MCA discontinued ABC Records on March 5, 1979 and albums in the ABC catalog still selling well were reissued on MCA.Diener died in April 2019, aged 80.
Acquisitions
ABC Records sub-labeled Apt to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster, a classical music label. For jazz it created Impulse!. Led by Creed Taylor and Bob Thiele, Impulse! developed a reputation for innovative releases, including albums by John Coltrane from 1961 until his death in 1967. ABC created Bluesway for blues music. Tangerine was formed by Ray Charles to produce his albums and those he produced.
ABC Records bought Dunhill in the summer of 1967, forming ABC Dunhill Records. It also bought Don Robey's record labels, including Duke, Peacock, Back Beat, and Song Bird on May 23, 1973.
In 1974 ABC bought the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western, the parent company of Paramount. This acquisition gave ABC Dot, Blue Thumb, and a distribution deal with Sire, which released the first album from the Ramones.
ABC purchased all labels from Enoch Light in October 1959. It acquired Audition, Command, Colortone, and Waldorf Music Hall.In 1979, ABC was acquired by MCA for $30 million. It operated briefly as a separate division. MCA was absorbed by the Universal Music Group, which currently distributes recordings for ABC's current sister company, Disney Music Group, worldwide except for Russia.
This is not the same ABC Records that operates in Australia, which is run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although the Ampar label was distributed in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, first by W&G Records (1955–60) and then by Festival. Nor is it the sub-label of Voiceprint.
ABC-Paramount/ABC Records label variations
1955–1961: Black label, "ABC-PARAMOUNT" around top perimeter of label in yellow, red, and blue (repeating in that sequence) Venus medium font, with silver print for singles and the company's name in all white letters in Venus medium and silver print for albums and logo consisting of color spectrum Möbius strip and white jagged line (representing a sound wave). Bottom perimeter of label reads: "A PRODUCT OF AM-PAR RECORD CORP."
1961–1966: Same label as above, but disclaimer at bottom of label now reads: "A PRODUCT OF ABC-PARAMOUNT RECORDS, INC."
1966–1967: Label name now shortened to ABC Records. Black label with large white circle at top with "abc" in black letters and the "Möbius strip and sound wave" logo under the letters. This variant was used only for singles.
1967–1974: Black label with small white "abc" circle logo in color spectrum box at top (In conjunction with this label, a brief interim label was used from 1973 to 1974 consisting of three children's blocks spelling out ABC and one block with the "abc" logo in a white triangle at the top).
1974–1978: Yellow, orange, red and purple "sunburst" label with "abc Records" (black "abc" circle logo) between two black lines at top. (Note: The other ABC labels would also adopt this label, such as Dunhill, Dot, Blue Thumb with its logo next to the "abc" logo, and Backbeat and Impulse with a green background rather than a yellow background, but the circles were the same.)
1978–1979: Same multi-colored label as above, but with 1/8 note featuring "abc" inside the bottom of the note. Late pressings show "Mfg. & Dist. by MCA Distributing Corp..." at the bottom perimeter, just before the ABC label was discontinued and its artists transferred to MCA.
Artists associated with ABC Records and its labels
Labels associated with ABC Records
Management of ABC Records catalog today
The catalogs of ABC Records and its sub-labels are now controlled by Universal Music Group. UMG also distributes Disney Music Group, which is owned by ABC's current parent, The Walt Disney Company, with the following exceptions:
The Paul Anka ABC-Paramount catalog is controlled by Anka himself. Distribution is done by Universal Music Enterprises and its Canadian counterpart UMusic.
The Jim Croce catalog is controlled by the Croce estate and R2M Music, and is distributed by BMG Rights Management.
The Ray Charles catalog is controlled by the Charles estate and is currently licensed to Concord Records. Concord's recordings are distributed by UMG.
The Amazing Rhythm Aces catalog and the recordings that former 5th Dimension members Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. made for ABC are controlled by Sony Music.
Lawrence Welk acquired his Dot recordings (prior to ABC acquiring the label) which were reissued on his Ranwood Records label. Like Concord, Ranwood is also distributed by UMG.The following labels manage different genres:
Pop, rock, R&B: Geffen
Jazz: Impulse!, Impulse!/Verve
Country: Universal Music Group Nashville
Classical: Deutsche Grammophon
Musical theater: Decca BroadwayThese labels also produce releases from labels absorbed into ABC. For example, MCA Nashville's catalog includes country releases on Dot Records. Deutsche Grammophon's catalog includes the Westminster Records catalog, as well as soundtracks released by Dot and Paramount Records.
See also
American Broadcasting Company
List of record labels
References
External links
The ABC-Paramount Records story | replaces | {
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Koolhof (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkoːlɦɔf]) is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dean Koolhof (born 1994), Dutch footballer
Jurrie Koolhof (1960–2019), Dutch former football player and manager
Wesley Koolhof (born 1989), Dutch tennis player | different from | {
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"Koolhof"
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Rudki [ˈrutki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłów, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Szydłów, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Staszów, and 33 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.The village has a population of 296.
Demography
According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 289 people residing in Rudki village, of whom 53.3% were male and 46.7% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26% under the age of 18, 35.3% from 18 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Poland"
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Rudki [ˈrutki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłów, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Szydłów, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Staszów, and 33 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.The village has a population of 296.
Demography
According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 289 people residing in Rudki village, of whom 53.3% were male and 46.7% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26% under the age of 18, 35.3% from 18 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Gmina Szydłów"
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} |
Sentence completion tests are a class of semi-structured projective techniques. Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as "stems", and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. The responses are believed to provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states. Therefore, sentence completion technique, with such advantage, promotes the respondents to disclose their concealed feelings. Notwithstanding, there is debate over whether or not sentence completion tests elicit responses from conscious thought rather than unconscious states. This debate would affect whether sentence completion tests can be strictly categorized as projective tests.
A sentence completion test form may be relatively short, such as those used to assess responses to advertisements, or much longer, such as those used to assess personality. A long sentence completion test is the Forer Sentence Completion Test, which has 100 stems. The tests are usually administered in booklet form where respondents complete the stems by writing words on paper.
The structures of sentence completion tests vary according to the length and relative generality and wording of the sentence stems. Structured tests have longer stems that lead respondents to more specific types of responses; less structured tests provide shorter stems, which produce a wider variety of responses.
History
Hermann Ebbinghaus is generally credited with developing the first sentence completion test in 1897. Ebbinghaus's sentence completion test was used as part of an intelligence test. Simultaneously, Carl Jung's word association test may also have been a precursor to modern sentence completion tests. Moreover, in recent decades, sentence completion tests have increased in usage, in part because they are easy to develop and easy to administer. As of the 1980s, sentence completion tests were the eighty-fifth most widely used personality assessment instruments. Another reason for the increased usage of sentence completion tests is because of their superiority to other measures in uncovering conflicted attitudes. Some sentence completion tests were developed as a way to overcome the problems associated with thematic apperception measures of the same constructs.
Uses
The uses of sentence completion tests include personality analysis, clinical applications, attitude assessment, achievement motivation, and measurement of other constructs. They are used in several disciplines, including psychology, management, education, and marketing.
Sentence completion measures have also been incorporated into non-projective applications, such as intelligence tests, language comprehension, and language and cognitive development tests.
Examples
There are many sentence completion tests available for use by researchers. Some of the most widely used sentence completion tests include:
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (assesses personality traits; perhaps the most widely used of all sentence completion tests).
Miner Sentence Completion Test (measures managerial motivations).
Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT) from Jane Loevinger (measures ego development).
Data analysis, validity and reliability
The data collected from sentence completion tests can usually be analyzed either quantitatively or qualitatively. Usually, sentence completion tests can be interpreted in two different ways: subjective-intuitive analysis of the underlying motivations projected in the subject's responses, or objective analysis by means of scores assigned to each completed sentence. Multiple themes can occur in a short test, which gives the examinee multiple opportunities to reveal underlying motivations about each topic during data analysis. Of course, most sentence completion tests are much longer (anywhere from 40 to 100 stems) and contain more themes (anywhere from 4 to 15 topics).
Sentence completion tests usually include some formal coding procedure or manual. The validity of each sentence completion test must be determined independently and this depends on the instructions laid out in the scoring booklet.
Compared to positivist instruments, such as Likert-type scales, sentence completion tests tend to have high face validity (i.e., the extent to which measurement items accurately reflect the concept being measured). This is to be expected, because in many cases the sentence stems name or refer to specific objects and the respondent provides responses specifically focused on such objects.
== References == | subclass of | {
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Tom Cully, professionally known as Jamie Isaac, is an English singer, songwriter and producer, born and raised in CroydonSigned to House Anxiety /Marathon Artists, Isaac's debut EP, I Will Be Cold Soon, attracted attention for its near-choral incantations, minimalist jazz tones and post-rock layering. Isaac has been praised for using the power of silence with experimental and enveloping swaggering beats and his self-aware lyrics. His second EP, Blue Break, gained recognition for its soulful, piano-led sound. Featuring Jamie in The Guardian's New Music, Michael Cragg praised "Blue Break" for "favouring space and atmosphere over production histrionics".In the run up to the release of his debut album Couch Baby, Isaac presented the 'Loose Grip' Mixtape, a series of remixes of tracks taken from the album featuring collaborations with Rejjie Snow, King Krule under the moniker Edgar The Beatmaker, Jesse James Solomon, Jadasea, Black Mack, and Mr Malarky.In January 2018, Jamie released 'Doing Better' followed by 'Wings' in March. He then announced the title of his next album (04:30 Idler), which was released on 1 June 2018. His latest single '(04:30) Idler / Sleep' was released on 23 May 2018.
Background
Jamie Issac was born on 2 July 1994 in Croydon, United Kingdom. He attended the BRIT School alongside King Krule, the two have worked on many projects together since. He started making his own music in 2011 in his parents home, and released a few online demos. After a friend of his invited him to do a few sessions in a studio, his music advanced rapidly, with people expressing an interest in his music. Jamie has always had an interest in film-making and script writing, saying that if it weren't for music, those are the careers he probably would have pursued. His influences come from jazz pianists such as Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans and Teddy Wilson and classical pianist Chopin as well as The Beach Boys.Jamie describes his own music style as "brooding, cinematic and minimalist" and that he would never write a song without a piano line in it. He has released two EP's, namely 'I Will be Cold Soon' and 'Blue Break', both of which have become well known.
In March 2017, he released Couch Baby (Revisited) featuring new track Un-thinkable and remixes from Wiki, Denzel Curry and Rejjie Snow among others.
In January 2018, Jamie announced the title of his next single 'Doing Better' on Instagram and later on posted a video on Twitter in the studio with the caption 'Mastering the album was up till 6am making sure this was perfect I need sleep'. The video for 'Doing Better' was released on 8 February 2018 and single released on 9 February 2018. Since then, the singles 'Wings' and 'Maybe' have been released, both with accompanying music videos. The album (4:30 Idler) is due for release on 1 June 2018.On 17 January 2018, Jamie announced he was going to be joining Nick Hakim on his six-date UK tour in February 2018.
Discography
Album
EP
Mixtape
References
External links
Video – Softly Draining Seas Premiere
Video – She Dried Premiere
Video – Loose Grip Mixtape | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
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"United Kingdom"
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Tom Cully, professionally known as Jamie Isaac, is an English singer, songwriter and producer, born and raised in CroydonSigned to House Anxiety /Marathon Artists, Isaac's debut EP, I Will Be Cold Soon, attracted attention for its near-choral incantations, minimalist jazz tones and post-rock layering. Isaac has been praised for using the power of silence with experimental and enveloping swaggering beats and his self-aware lyrics. His second EP, Blue Break, gained recognition for its soulful, piano-led sound. Featuring Jamie in The Guardian's New Music, Michael Cragg praised "Blue Break" for "favouring space and atmosphere over production histrionics".In the run up to the release of his debut album Couch Baby, Isaac presented the 'Loose Grip' Mixtape, a series of remixes of tracks taken from the album featuring collaborations with Rejjie Snow, King Krule under the moniker Edgar The Beatmaker, Jesse James Solomon, Jadasea, Black Mack, and Mr Malarky.In January 2018, Jamie released 'Doing Better' followed by 'Wings' in March. He then announced the title of his next album (04:30 Idler), which was released on 1 June 2018. His latest single '(04:30) Idler / Sleep' was released on 23 May 2018.
Background
Jamie Issac was born on 2 July 1994 in Croydon, United Kingdom. He attended the BRIT School alongside King Krule, the two have worked on many projects together since. He started making his own music in 2011 in his parents home, and released a few online demos. After a friend of his invited him to do a few sessions in a studio, his music advanced rapidly, with people expressing an interest in his music. Jamie has always had an interest in film-making and script writing, saying that if it weren't for music, those are the careers he probably would have pursued. His influences come from jazz pianists such as Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans and Teddy Wilson and classical pianist Chopin as well as The Beach Boys.Jamie describes his own music style as "brooding, cinematic and minimalist" and that he would never write a song without a piano line in it. He has released two EP's, namely 'I Will be Cold Soon' and 'Blue Break', both of which have become well known.
In March 2017, he released Couch Baby (Revisited) featuring new track Un-thinkable and remixes from Wiki, Denzel Curry and Rejjie Snow among others.
In January 2018, Jamie announced the title of his next single 'Doing Better' on Instagram and later on posted a video on Twitter in the studio with the caption 'Mastering the album was up till 6am making sure this was perfect I need sleep'. The video for 'Doing Better' was released on 8 February 2018 and single released on 9 February 2018. Since then, the singles 'Wings' and 'Maybe' have been released, both with accompanying music videos. The album (4:30 Idler) is due for release on 1 June 2018.On 17 January 2018, Jamie announced he was going to be joining Nick Hakim on his six-date UK tour in February 2018.
Discography
Album
EP
Mixtape
References
External links
Video – Softly Draining Seas Premiere
Video – She Dried Premiere
Video – Loose Grip Mixtape | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"singer"
]
} |
Tom Cully, professionally known as Jamie Isaac, is an English singer, songwriter and producer, born and raised in CroydonSigned to House Anxiety /Marathon Artists, Isaac's debut EP, I Will Be Cold Soon, attracted attention for its near-choral incantations, minimalist jazz tones and post-rock layering. Isaac has been praised for using the power of silence with experimental and enveloping swaggering beats and his self-aware lyrics. His second EP, Blue Break, gained recognition for its soulful, piano-led sound. Featuring Jamie in The Guardian's New Music, Michael Cragg praised "Blue Break" for "favouring space and atmosphere over production histrionics".In the run up to the release of his debut album Couch Baby, Isaac presented the 'Loose Grip' Mixtape, a series of remixes of tracks taken from the album featuring collaborations with Rejjie Snow, King Krule under the moniker Edgar The Beatmaker, Jesse James Solomon, Jadasea, Black Mack, and Mr Malarky.In January 2018, Jamie released 'Doing Better' followed by 'Wings' in March. He then announced the title of his next album (04:30 Idler), which was released on 1 June 2018. His latest single '(04:30) Idler / Sleep' was released on 23 May 2018.
Background
Jamie Issac was born on 2 July 1994 in Croydon, United Kingdom. He attended the BRIT School alongside King Krule, the two have worked on many projects together since. He started making his own music in 2011 in his parents home, and released a few online demos. After a friend of his invited him to do a few sessions in a studio, his music advanced rapidly, with people expressing an interest in his music. Jamie has always had an interest in film-making and script writing, saying that if it weren't for music, those are the careers he probably would have pursued. His influences come from jazz pianists such as Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans and Teddy Wilson and classical pianist Chopin as well as The Beach Boys.Jamie describes his own music style as "brooding, cinematic and minimalist" and that he would never write a song without a piano line in it. He has released two EP's, namely 'I Will be Cold Soon' and 'Blue Break', both of which have become well known.
In March 2017, he released Couch Baby (Revisited) featuring new track Un-thinkable and remixes from Wiki, Denzel Curry and Rejjie Snow among others.
In January 2018, Jamie announced the title of his next single 'Doing Better' on Instagram and later on posted a video on Twitter in the studio with the caption 'Mastering the album was up till 6am making sure this was perfect I need sleep'. The video for 'Doing Better' was released on 8 February 2018 and single released on 9 February 2018. Since then, the singles 'Wings' and 'Maybe' have been released, both with accompanying music videos. The album (4:30 Idler) is due for release on 1 June 2018.On 17 January 2018, Jamie announced he was going to be joining Nick Hakim on his six-date UK tour in February 2018.
Discography
Album
EP
Mixtape
References
External links
Video – Softly Draining Seas Premiere
Video – She Dried Premiere
Video – Loose Grip Mixtape | family name | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"Isaac"
]
} |
Tom Cully, professionally known as Jamie Isaac, is an English singer, songwriter and producer, born and raised in CroydonSigned to House Anxiety /Marathon Artists, Isaac's debut EP, I Will Be Cold Soon, attracted attention for its near-choral incantations, minimalist jazz tones and post-rock layering. Isaac has been praised for using the power of silence with experimental and enveloping swaggering beats and his self-aware lyrics. His second EP, Blue Break, gained recognition for its soulful, piano-led sound. Featuring Jamie in The Guardian's New Music, Michael Cragg praised "Blue Break" for "favouring space and atmosphere over production histrionics".In the run up to the release of his debut album Couch Baby, Isaac presented the 'Loose Grip' Mixtape, a series of remixes of tracks taken from the album featuring collaborations with Rejjie Snow, King Krule under the moniker Edgar The Beatmaker, Jesse James Solomon, Jadasea, Black Mack, and Mr Malarky.In January 2018, Jamie released 'Doing Better' followed by 'Wings' in March. He then announced the title of his next album (04:30 Idler), which was released on 1 June 2018. His latest single '(04:30) Idler / Sleep' was released on 23 May 2018.
Background
Jamie Issac was born on 2 July 1994 in Croydon, United Kingdom. He attended the BRIT School alongside King Krule, the two have worked on many projects together since. He started making his own music in 2011 in his parents home, and released a few online demos. After a friend of his invited him to do a few sessions in a studio, his music advanced rapidly, with people expressing an interest in his music. Jamie has always had an interest in film-making and script writing, saying that if it weren't for music, those are the careers he probably would have pursued. His influences come from jazz pianists such as Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans and Teddy Wilson and classical pianist Chopin as well as The Beach Boys.Jamie describes his own music style as "brooding, cinematic and minimalist" and that he would never write a song without a piano line in it. He has released two EP's, namely 'I Will be Cold Soon' and 'Blue Break', both of which have become well known.
In March 2017, he released Couch Baby (Revisited) featuring new track Un-thinkable and remixes from Wiki, Denzel Curry and Rejjie Snow among others.
In January 2018, Jamie announced the title of his next single 'Doing Better' on Instagram and later on posted a video on Twitter in the studio with the caption 'Mastering the album was up till 6am making sure this was perfect I need sleep'. The video for 'Doing Better' was released on 8 February 2018 and single released on 9 February 2018. Since then, the singles 'Wings' and 'Maybe' have been released, both with accompanying music videos. The album (4:30 Idler) is due for release on 1 June 2018.On 17 January 2018, Jamie announced he was going to be joining Nick Hakim on his six-date UK tour in February 2018.
Discography
Album
EP
Mixtape
References
External links
Video – Softly Draining Seas Premiere
Video – She Dried Premiere
Video – Loose Grip Mixtape | given name | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Jamie"
]
} |
Tom Cully, professionally known as Jamie Isaac, is an English singer, songwriter and producer, born and raised in CroydonSigned to House Anxiety /Marathon Artists, Isaac's debut EP, I Will Be Cold Soon, attracted attention for its near-choral incantations, minimalist jazz tones and post-rock layering. Isaac has been praised for using the power of silence with experimental and enveloping swaggering beats and his self-aware lyrics. His second EP, Blue Break, gained recognition for its soulful, piano-led sound. Featuring Jamie in The Guardian's New Music, Michael Cragg praised "Blue Break" for "favouring space and atmosphere over production histrionics".In the run up to the release of his debut album Couch Baby, Isaac presented the 'Loose Grip' Mixtape, a series of remixes of tracks taken from the album featuring collaborations with Rejjie Snow, King Krule under the moniker Edgar The Beatmaker, Jesse James Solomon, Jadasea, Black Mack, and Mr Malarky.In January 2018, Jamie released 'Doing Better' followed by 'Wings' in March. He then announced the title of his next album (04:30 Idler), which was released on 1 June 2018. His latest single '(04:30) Idler / Sleep' was released on 23 May 2018.
Background
Jamie Issac was born on 2 July 1994 in Croydon, United Kingdom. He attended the BRIT School alongside King Krule, the two have worked on many projects together since. He started making his own music in 2011 in his parents home, and released a few online demos. After a friend of his invited him to do a few sessions in a studio, his music advanced rapidly, with people expressing an interest in his music. Jamie has always had an interest in film-making and script writing, saying that if it weren't for music, those are the careers he probably would have pursued. His influences come from jazz pianists such as Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans and Teddy Wilson and classical pianist Chopin as well as The Beach Boys.Jamie describes his own music style as "brooding, cinematic and minimalist" and that he would never write a song without a piano line in it. He has released two EP's, namely 'I Will be Cold Soon' and 'Blue Break', both of which have become well known.
In March 2017, he released Couch Baby (Revisited) featuring new track Un-thinkable and remixes from Wiki, Denzel Curry and Rejjie Snow among others.
In January 2018, Jamie announced the title of his next single 'Doing Better' on Instagram and later on posted a video on Twitter in the studio with the caption 'Mastering the album was up till 6am making sure this was perfect I need sleep'. The video for 'Doing Better' was released on 8 February 2018 and single released on 9 February 2018. Since then, the singles 'Wings' and 'Maybe' have been released, both with accompanying music videos. The album (4:30 Idler) is due for release on 1 June 2018.On 17 January 2018, Jamie announced he was going to be joining Nick Hakim on his six-date UK tour in February 2018.
Discography
Album
EP
Mixtape
References
External links
Video – Softly Draining Seas Premiere
Video – She Dried Premiere
Video – Loose Grip Mixtape | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
54
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Ralph W. Cotton is an American author working in the western genre. He was born near Caneyville, Kentucky.
References
External links
Author's personal home page
Penguin Books Author Page
Bibliography at Fantasticfiction.co.uk | family name | {
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9
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"text": [
"Cotton"
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} |
Ralph W. Cotton is an American author working in the western genre. He was born near Caneyville, Kentucky.
References
External links
Author's personal home page
Penguin Books Author Page
Bibliography at Fantasticfiction.co.uk | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ralph"
]
} |
Dolls of Highland is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter and musician Kyle Craft. It was released on April 29, 2016 through Sub Pop record label.
Critical reception
Dolls of Highland received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 79, which indicates "generally positive reviews", based on 7 reviews. AllMusic critic Mark Donelson gave the album a positive review, stating: "Taken together, Craft delivers a fun and loose breakup album replete with colorful characters, memorable tunes, and an even more memorable vocal delivery--a noteworthy debut." The Guardian's Dave Simpson described the record as a "brilliant, rollicking debut," which "hurls together Craft’s Dylan-meets-Brett Anderson holler with rollicking ragtime stomp, reminiscent of vintage Cockney Rebel or early Suede." Tiffany Daniels of Paste described Craft as "an unlikely hero of rock music", stating that he’s "created a noteworthy, potentially groundbreaking debut album in Dolls of Highland."Stuart Berman of Pitchfork praised the album, stating: "Craft’s outsized personality is matched by less flashy, more fundamental skills: vivid, immersive storytelling and sharply focused, fat-free songs that have the lived-in feel of 40-year-old FM-radio favorites." PopMatters' Chris Ingalis described the record as "the sound of a young man returning home to chronicle his small town roots with the use of his ample talents" and "an exhilarating ride from start to finish." David Harvey of Record Collector magazine compared the album to the works of Bowie, Dylan and Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player-era Elton John, writing: "There are touches of My Morning Jacket in the vocals too, but in chief it is the already-mentioned artists who dominate Dolls Of Highland and if you’ve been missing them a lot, then this is an album not to be missed, filled with yearning and melody." Uncut magazine described the album as "a head-turning mix, a sort of pop-art take on Southern gothic, and highly infectious."Nevertheless, Duncan Harman of The Skinny gave the album a mixed review, stating: "Craft’s nutcracker vocals and lyrical self-exposure never quite as endearing as they threaten to be."
Track listing
All songs are written by Kyle Craft.
"Eye of a Hurricane" — 4:31
"Balmorhea" — 3:01
"Berlin" — 4:17
"Lady of the Ark" — 5:06
"Gloom Girl" — 4:49
"Trinidad Beach (Before I Ride)" — 2:10
"Future Midcity Massacre" — 3:07
"Black Mary" — 3:36
"Pentecost" — 4:01
"Dolls of Highland" — 1:27
"Jane Beat the Reaper" — 4:23
"Three Candles" — 4:02
Personnel
Album personnel as adapted from album liner notes:
Kyle Craft – performer
Opi Gridwald – trumpet (5)
Jacob Disedare – drums (7); backing vocals (10)
John Martin – backing vocals (10)
Laura Thompson – backing vocals (10)
Melissa Disedare – backing vocals (10)
Stevey Hensley – upright bass (12)
Benjamin Weikel (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Brandon Summers (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Greg Calbi – mastering
Andrew Toups – photography
Sasha Barr – art direction
References
External links
Dolls of Highland at Discogs (list of releases) | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"album"
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Dolls of Highland is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter and musician Kyle Craft. It was released on April 29, 2016 through Sub Pop record label.
Critical reception
Dolls of Highland received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 79, which indicates "generally positive reviews", based on 7 reviews. AllMusic critic Mark Donelson gave the album a positive review, stating: "Taken together, Craft delivers a fun and loose breakup album replete with colorful characters, memorable tunes, and an even more memorable vocal delivery--a noteworthy debut." The Guardian's Dave Simpson described the record as a "brilliant, rollicking debut," which "hurls together Craft’s Dylan-meets-Brett Anderson holler with rollicking ragtime stomp, reminiscent of vintage Cockney Rebel or early Suede." Tiffany Daniels of Paste described Craft as "an unlikely hero of rock music", stating that he’s "created a noteworthy, potentially groundbreaking debut album in Dolls of Highland."Stuart Berman of Pitchfork praised the album, stating: "Craft’s outsized personality is matched by less flashy, more fundamental skills: vivid, immersive storytelling and sharply focused, fat-free songs that have the lived-in feel of 40-year-old FM-radio favorites." PopMatters' Chris Ingalis described the record as "the sound of a young man returning home to chronicle his small town roots with the use of his ample talents" and "an exhilarating ride from start to finish." David Harvey of Record Collector magazine compared the album to the works of Bowie, Dylan and Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player-era Elton John, writing: "There are touches of My Morning Jacket in the vocals too, but in chief it is the already-mentioned artists who dominate Dolls Of Highland and if you’ve been missing them a lot, then this is an album not to be missed, filled with yearning and melody." Uncut magazine described the album as "a head-turning mix, a sort of pop-art take on Southern gothic, and highly infectious."Nevertheless, Duncan Harman of The Skinny gave the album a mixed review, stating: "Craft’s nutcracker vocals and lyrical self-exposure never quite as endearing as they threaten to be."
Track listing
All songs are written by Kyle Craft.
"Eye of a Hurricane" — 4:31
"Balmorhea" — 3:01
"Berlin" — 4:17
"Lady of the Ark" — 5:06
"Gloom Girl" — 4:49
"Trinidad Beach (Before I Ride)" — 2:10
"Future Midcity Massacre" — 3:07
"Black Mary" — 3:36
"Pentecost" — 4:01
"Dolls of Highland" — 1:27
"Jane Beat the Reaper" — 4:23
"Three Candles" — 4:02
Personnel
Album personnel as adapted from album liner notes:
Kyle Craft – performer
Opi Gridwald – trumpet (5)
Jacob Disedare – drums (7); backing vocals (10)
John Martin – backing vocals (10)
Laura Thompson – backing vocals (10)
Melissa Disedare – backing vocals (10)
Stevey Hensley – upright bass (12)
Benjamin Weikel (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Brandon Summers (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Greg Calbi – mastering
Andrew Toups – photography
Sasha Barr – art direction
References
External links
Dolls of Highland at Discogs (list of releases) | performer | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Kyle Craft"
]
} |
Dolls of Highland is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter and musician Kyle Craft. It was released on April 29, 2016 through Sub Pop record label.
Critical reception
Dolls of Highland received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 79, which indicates "generally positive reviews", based on 7 reviews. AllMusic critic Mark Donelson gave the album a positive review, stating: "Taken together, Craft delivers a fun and loose breakup album replete with colorful characters, memorable tunes, and an even more memorable vocal delivery--a noteworthy debut." The Guardian's Dave Simpson described the record as a "brilliant, rollicking debut," which "hurls together Craft’s Dylan-meets-Brett Anderson holler with rollicking ragtime stomp, reminiscent of vintage Cockney Rebel or early Suede." Tiffany Daniels of Paste described Craft as "an unlikely hero of rock music", stating that he’s "created a noteworthy, potentially groundbreaking debut album in Dolls of Highland."Stuart Berman of Pitchfork praised the album, stating: "Craft’s outsized personality is matched by less flashy, more fundamental skills: vivid, immersive storytelling and sharply focused, fat-free songs that have the lived-in feel of 40-year-old FM-radio favorites." PopMatters' Chris Ingalis described the record as "the sound of a young man returning home to chronicle his small town roots with the use of his ample talents" and "an exhilarating ride from start to finish." David Harvey of Record Collector magazine compared the album to the works of Bowie, Dylan and Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player-era Elton John, writing: "There are touches of My Morning Jacket in the vocals too, but in chief it is the already-mentioned artists who dominate Dolls Of Highland and if you’ve been missing them a lot, then this is an album not to be missed, filled with yearning and melody." Uncut magazine described the album as "a head-turning mix, a sort of pop-art take on Southern gothic, and highly infectious."Nevertheless, Duncan Harman of The Skinny gave the album a mixed review, stating: "Craft’s nutcracker vocals and lyrical self-exposure never quite as endearing as they threaten to be."
Track listing
All songs are written by Kyle Craft.
"Eye of a Hurricane" — 4:31
"Balmorhea" — 3:01
"Berlin" — 4:17
"Lady of the Ark" — 5:06
"Gloom Girl" — 4:49
"Trinidad Beach (Before I Ride)" — 2:10
"Future Midcity Massacre" — 3:07
"Black Mary" — 3:36
"Pentecost" — 4:01
"Dolls of Highland" — 1:27
"Jane Beat the Reaper" — 4:23
"Three Candles" — 4:02
Personnel
Album personnel as adapted from album liner notes:
Kyle Craft – performer
Opi Gridwald – trumpet (5)
Jacob Disedare – drums (7); backing vocals (10)
John Martin – backing vocals (10)
Laura Thompson – backing vocals (10)
Melissa Disedare – backing vocals (10)
Stevey Hensley – upright bass (12)
Benjamin Weikel (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Brandon Summers (The Helio Sequence) – mixing
Greg Calbi – mastering
Andrew Toups – photography
Sasha Barr – art direction
References
External links
Dolls of Highland at Discogs (list of releases) | record label | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Sub Pop"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Tehran"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Tehran"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Iran"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | member of political party | {
"answer_start": [
1193
],
"text": [
"National Front"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"economist"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | cause of death | {
"answer_start": [
2682
],
"text": [
"COVID-19"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Raisdana"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Fariborz"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | medical condition | {
"answer_start": [
2682
],
"text": [
"COVID-19"
]
} |
Fariborz Raisdana (Persian: فریبرز رئیسدانا; 19 January 1945 – 16 March 2020) was an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران). He was the author of numerous articles and books, including Applied Development Economics; Money and Inflation; Political Economy of Development, and Globalization.
Early life
Raisdana was born in Tehran on January 19, 1945. His father, Haji Khan, was a Lab Doctor in Tehran and was originally from Ebrahimabad (Buin Zahra) and as such Fariborz would spend most of the summers during his early years in Ebrahimabad. He would later attend Molavi Elementary and Hakim Nezami High School in Tehran. Being the child of a "Khan" and his easy and happy upbringing in Tehran and even in his ancestral Village of Ebrahimabad as opposed to the widespread poverty and hardship in Imperial Iran was the primary reason he became interested in topics of social injustice.Raisdana spent his teenage years in a political climate surrounded by the Oil Nationalization Movement and the 28 Mordad coup d'état. He was arrested multiple times for his involvement and membership in the Second National Front.
Education
Raisdana acquired his Bachelor's and Master's in Economics and Econometrics from the Iranian National University. Following his graduation, he spent a few years instructing in a few different universities. He continued his teaching and instruction until his arrest, when he was forced to leave the country. Due to the ideological shifts in the National Front, Raisdana had changed his perception and connections with the movement and had instead become interested in more left-leaning political movements of Iran. His arrest was also due to SAVAK's persecution of Iranian Socialist and Marxists at the time. He would later use a fake passport to travel to Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, Bulgaria, and England.
Raisdana continued his education in London School of Economics where he would graduate with a PhD in Economics.
Arrests
Raisdana was arrested on 21 March 2012 in Tehran after criticizing the Iranian subsidy reform plan in an interview with BBC Persian and given a one-year sentence at Evin Prison, for a series of charges including "membership in the Writer's Association, preparing seditious announcements against the regime, giving interviews to BBC and VOA, and accusing the Islamic Republic of abusing prisoners and holding show trials". Individuals and associations such as the Iranian Writers' Association, The Middle East Economic Association, and The Workers' Rights Defenders spoke out against his arrest.Raisdana died on 16 March 2020 because of COVID-19 complications in Tehran Pars hospital after spending six days in the hospital. He was buried in his birthplace, Ebrahimabad.
Bibliography
Author
Translation
== References == | place of detention | {
"answer_start": [
2211
],
"text": [
"Evin Prison"
]
} |
Treutlen County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building in Soperton, Georgia's Courthouse Square in Treutlen County, Georgia. It is a Neoclassical architecture building. It was built in 1920 at a cost of $20,000. The facade is made of brick with stone trim. A Doric portico extends from the main building. The interior has a cross plan, with four entrances. Double staircases lead to the courtroom. The judge's bench is framed by heavy wooden pediment and pilasters. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1980.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Treutlen County, Georgia
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Soperton"
]
} |
Rossellini is a common Italian surname. Other spellings include: Rosselini.
Rossellini may refer to:
Roberto Rossellini, Italian film director
Renzo Rossellini, producer, son of Roberto
Isabella Rossellini, actress, daughter of Roberto
Elettra Rossellini Wiedemann, American fashion model, daughter of Isabella
Renzo Rossellini, Italian composer, brother of Roberto
See also
Rosellini
Bernardo Rossellino | said to be the same as | {
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"Rosellini"
]
} |
Rossellini is a common Italian surname. Other spellings include: Rosselini.
Rossellini may refer to:
Roberto Rossellini, Italian film director
Renzo Rossellini, producer, son of Roberto
Isabella Rossellini, actress, daughter of Roberto
Elettra Rossellini Wiedemann, American fashion model, daughter of Isabella
Renzo Rossellini, Italian composer, brother of Roberto
See also
Rosellini
Bernardo Rossellino | different from | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rossellini"
]
} |
Rossellini is a common Italian surname. Other spellings include: Rosselini.
Rossellini may refer to:
Roberto Rossellini, Italian film director
Renzo Rossellini, producer, son of Roberto
Isabella Rossellini, actress, daughter of Roberto
Elettra Rossellini Wiedemann, American fashion model, daughter of Isabella
Renzo Rossellini, Italian composer, brother of Roberto
See also
Rosellini
Bernardo Rossellino | native label | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rossellini"
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} |
Ōmizo Domain (大溝藩, Ōmizo-han) was a tozama feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in northwestern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Ōmizo jin'ya, located in what is now the city of Takashima in Shiga Prefecture.
History
Ōmizo Castle was built by Tsuda Nobuzumi, a retainer of Akechi Mitsuhide around 1579. However, after the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, he was executed as he was married to Akechi Mitsuhide's daughter and his territory was seized by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Under Hideyoshi, the castle passed through a number of hands with rapidity, including Niwa Nagahide, Kato Mitsuyasu, Ikoma Chikamasa and Kyōgoku Takatsugu.
Ōmizo Domain was established by the Tokugawa shogunate when Wakebe Mitsunori was transferred from Iga-Ueno Domain and assigned a kokudaka of 20,0000 koku in 1619. The Wakebe were local gentry from Ise Province who had supported Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara. As his status did not allow for a castle, the existing Ōmizo Castle was destroyed, leaving only the outer San-no-maru Bailey, upon which he constructed a jin'ya. He also laid out the surrounding jōkamachi and served the shogunate as a magistrate at Osaka Castle and at Mount Hiei. He was succeeded by his son, Wakebe Yoshiharu who, in 1658, killed his wife's uncle Ikeda Nagashige over a trivial argument, and succumbed to his own wounds the following day. His son, Wakebe Yoshitaka died at the age of 20 without heir. To avoid attainder, the clan turned to Ikeda Nobumasa, daimyō of Bitchu-Matsuyama Domain (who was a relative of Yoshitaka's mother) for an heir. They were sent his third son, who became Wakebe Nobumasa. However, the domain's finances were always in a precarious situation and due to frequent floods and crop failures, especially in 1669 and 1676, the domain often had to apply to the shogunate for assistance or exemption from its sankin kōtai obligation. The domain was often assigned then post of Osaka kaban, which was also a serious drain on its resources. Although the 8th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsuzane, attempted to implement a five-year plan of fiscal reforms, he was ultimately unsuccessful. During the Bakumatsu period, the 11th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsusada was assigned to the guard of Emperor Kōmei in Kyoto. The domain sided with the imperial cause in the Boshin War and he died in 1870, just before he could be appointed imperial governor of Ōmizo. The final daimyō, Wakebe Mitsunori died on November 29, 1944, and was one of the last surviving daimyō (along with Hayashi Tadataka of Jōzai Domain and Asano Nagakoto of Hiroshima Domain). Wakebe Mitsunori outlined Hayashi and Asano; however, he succeeded to his title after the formal position of daimyō had been abolished, and his formal title was that of domain governor (藩知事) rather than daimyō. These circumstances lead historians to consider Hayashi Tadataka of the Jōzai Domain to have been last surviving daimyō.Ōmizo was incorporated into Ōtsu prefecture, which subsequently became part of Shiga Prefecture.
Bakumatsu period holdings
As with most domains in the han system, Ōmizo Domain consisted of a discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
Ōmi Province
4 villages in Yasu District
33 villages in Takashima District
List of daimyō
Wakebe clan (Tozama) 1619-1871
See also
List of Han
References
The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.
Papinot, E (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.
Nigi, Kenichi (2004). 藩と城下町の事典―国別. Tokyodo Printing. ISBN 978-4490106510.
See also
Media related to Omizo Castle at Wikimedia Commons
== Notes == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
3141
],
"text": [
"han system"
]
} |
Ōmizo Domain (大溝藩, Ōmizo-han) was a tozama feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in northwestern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Ōmizo jin'ya, located in what is now the city of Takashima in Shiga Prefecture.
History
Ōmizo Castle was built by Tsuda Nobuzumi, a retainer of Akechi Mitsuhide around 1579. However, after the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, he was executed as he was married to Akechi Mitsuhide's daughter and his territory was seized by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Under Hideyoshi, the castle passed through a number of hands with rapidity, including Niwa Nagahide, Kato Mitsuyasu, Ikoma Chikamasa and Kyōgoku Takatsugu.
Ōmizo Domain was established by the Tokugawa shogunate when Wakebe Mitsunori was transferred from Iga-Ueno Domain and assigned a kokudaka of 20,0000 koku in 1619. The Wakebe were local gentry from Ise Province who had supported Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara. As his status did not allow for a castle, the existing Ōmizo Castle was destroyed, leaving only the outer San-no-maru Bailey, upon which he constructed a jin'ya. He also laid out the surrounding jōkamachi and served the shogunate as a magistrate at Osaka Castle and at Mount Hiei. He was succeeded by his son, Wakebe Yoshiharu who, in 1658, killed his wife's uncle Ikeda Nagashige over a trivial argument, and succumbed to his own wounds the following day. His son, Wakebe Yoshitaka died at the age of 20 without heir. To avoid attainder, the clan turned to Ikeda Nobumasa, daimyō of Bitchu-Matsuyama Domain (who was a relative of Yoshitaka's mother) for an heir. They were sent his third son, who became Wakebe Nobumasa. However, the domain's finances were always in a precarious situation and due to frequent floods and crop failures, especially in 1669 and 1676, the domain often had to apply to the shogunate for assistance or exemption from its sankin kōtai obligation. The domain was often assigned then post of Osaka kaban, which was also a serious drain on its resources. Although the 8th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsuzane, attempted to implement a five-year plan of fiscal reforms, he was ultimately unsuccessful. During the Bakumatsu period, the 11th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsusada was assigned to the guard of Emperor Kōmei in Kyoto. The domain sided with the imperial cause in the Boshin War and he died in 1870, just before he could be appointed imperial governor of Ōmizo. The final daimyō, Wakebe Mitsunori died on November 29, 1944, and was one of the last surviving daimyō (along with Hayashi Tadataka of Jōzai Domain and Asano Nagakoto of Hiroshima Domain). Wakebe Mitsunori outlined Hayashi and Asano; however, he succeeded to his title after the formal position of daimyō had been abolished, and his formal title was that of domain governor (藩知事) rather than daimyō. These circumstances lead historians to consider Hayashi Tadataka of the Jōzai Domain to have been last surviving daimyō.Ōmizo was incorporated into Ōtsu prefecture, which subsequently became part of Shiga Prefecture.
Bakumatsu period holdings
As with most domains in the han system, Ōmizo Domain consisted of a discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
Ōmi Province
4 villages in Yasu District
33 villages in Takashima District
List of daimyō
Wakebe clan (Tozama) 1619-1871
See also
List of Han
References
The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.
Papinot, E (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.
Nigi, Kenichi (2004). 藩と城下町の事典―国別. Tokyodo Printing. ISBN 978-4490106510.
See also
Media related to Omizo Castle at Wikimedia Commons
== Notes == | capital | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ōmizo"
]
} |
Ōmizo Domain (大溝藩, Ōmizo-han) was a tozama feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in northwestern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Ōmizo jin'ya, located in what is now the city of Takashima in Shiga Prefecture.
History
Ōmizo Castle was built by Tsuda Nobuzumi, a retainer of Akechi Mitsuhide around 1579. However, after the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, he was executed as he was married to Akechi Mitsuhide's daughter and his territory was seized by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Under Hideyoshi, the castle passed through a number of hands with rapidity, including Niwa Nagahide, Kato Mitsuyasu, Ikoma Chikamasa and Kyōgoku Takatsugu.
Ōmizo Domain was established by the Tokugawa shogunate when Wakebe Mitsunori was transferred from Iga-Ueno Domain and assigned a kokudaka of 20,0000 koku in 1619. The Wakebe were local gentry from Ise Province who had supported Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara. As his status did not allow for a castle, the existing Ōmizo Castle was destroyed, leaving only the outer San-no-maru Bailey, upon which he constructed a jin'ya. He also laid out the surrounding jōkamachi and served the shogunate as a magistrate at Osaka Castle and at Mount Hiei. He was succeeded by his son, Wakebe Yoshiharu who, in 1658, killed his wife's uncle Ikeda Nagashige over a trivial argument, and succumbed to his own wounds the following day. His son, Wakebe Yoshitaka died at the age of 20 without heir. To avoid attainder, the clan turned to Ikeda Nobumasa, daimyō of Bitchu-Matsuyama Domain (who was a relative of Yoshitaka's mother) for an heir. They were sent his third son, who became Wakebe Nobumasa. However, the domain's finances were always in a precarious situation and due to frequent floods and crop failures, especially in 1669 and 1676, the domain often had to apply to the shogunate for assistance or exemption from its sankin kōtai obligation. The domain was often assigned then post of Osaka kaban, which was also a serious drain on its resources. Although the 8th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsuzane, attempted to implement a five-year plan of fiscal reforms, he was ultimately unsuccessful. During the Bakumatsu period, the 11th daimyō, Wakebe Mitsusada was assigned to the guard of Emperor Kōmei in Kyoto. The domain sided with the imperial cause in the Boshin War and he died in 1870, just before he could be appointed imperial governor of Ōmizo. The final daimyō, Wakebe Mitsunori died on November 29, 1944, and was one of the last surviving daimyō (along with Hayashi Tadataka of Jōzai Domain and Asano Nagakoto of Hiroshima Domain). Wakebe Mitsunori outlined Hayashi and Asano; however, he succeeded to his title after the formal position of daimyō had been abolished, and his formal title was that of domain governor (藩知事) rather than daimyō. These circumstances lead historians to consider Hayashi Tadataka of the Jōzai Domain to have been last surviving daimyō.Ōmizo was incorporated into Ōtsu prefecture, which subsequently became part of Shiga Prefecture.
Bakumatsu period holdings
As with most domains in the han system, Ōmizo Domain consisted of a discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
Ōmi Province
4 villages in Yasu District
33 villages in Takashima District
List of daimyō
Wakebe clan (Tozama) 1619-1871
See also
List of Han
References
The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.
Papinot, E (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.
Nigi, Kenichi (2004). 藩と城下町の事典―国別. Tokyodo Printing. ISBN 978-4490106510.
See also
Media related to Omizo Castle at Wikimedia Commons
== Notes == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Ōmi Province"
]
} |
CoRoT-13b is a transiting exoplanet found by the CoRoT space telescope on 12 July 2010.
It is an extremely hot Jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 4.04 earth days, that is around 4257.5 light years away. Its mass is equivalent to 1.308 Jupiter masses, 0.9 Jupiter radii, and has a density of 2.34 g cm 3. CoRoT-13b orbits a G0V star with Te = 5 945K, M = 1.09M, R = 1.01R, solar metallicity. It has a lithium content of +1.45 dex, and an estimated age between 0.12 and 3.15 Gyr. The lithium abundance of the star is consistent with its effective temperature, activity level, and age range derived from the stellar analysis. The planet's density is extreme for its amount of mass. It implies the existence of an amount of heavy elements with a mass between about 140 and 300M.
References
External links
PlanetQuest Profile
CoRoT-13b in the NASA Exoplanet Archive | catalog code | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"CoRoT-13b"
]
} |
CoRoT-13b is a transiting exoplanet found by the CoRoT space telescope on 12 July 2010.
It is an extremely hot Jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 4.04 earth days, that is around 4257.5 light years away. Its mass is equivalent to 1.308 Jupiter masses, 0.9 Jupiter radii, and has a density of 2.34 g cm 3. CoRoT-13b orbits a G0V star with Te = 5 945K, M = 1.09M, R = 1.01R, solar metallicity. It has a lithium content of +1.45 dex, and an estimated age between 0.12 and 3.15 Gyr. The lithium abundance of the star is consistent with its effective temperature, activity level, and age range derived from the stellar analysis. The planet's density is extreme for its amount of mass. It implies the existence of an amount of heavy elements with a mass between about 140 and 300M.
References
External links
PlanetQuest Profile
CoRoT-13b in the NASA Exoplanet Archive | orbital eccentricity | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"0"
]
} |
CoRoT-13b is a transiting exoplanet found by the CoRoT space telescope on 12 July 2010.
It is an extremely hot Jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 4.04 earth days, that is around 4257.5 light years away. Its mass is equivalent to 1.308 Jupiter masses, 0.9 Jupiter radii, and has a density of 2.34 g cm 3. CoRoT-13b orbits a G0V star with Te = 5 945K, M = 1.09M, R = 1.01R, solar metallicity. It has a lithium content of +1.45 dex, and an estimated age between 0.12 and 3.15 Gyr. The lithium abundance of the star is consistent with its effective temperature, activity level, and age range derived from the stellar analysis. The planet's density is extreme for its amount of mass. It implies the existence of an amount of heavy elements with a mass between about 140 and 300M.
References
External links
PlanetQuest Profile
CoRoT-13b in the NASA Exoplanet Archive | mass | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"1.308"
]
} |
CoRoT-13b is a transiting exoplanet found by the CoRoT space telescope on 12 July 2010.
It is an extremely hot Jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 4.04 earth days, that is around 4257.5 light years away. Its mass is equivalent to 1.308 Jupiter masses, 0.9 Jupiter radii, and has a density of 2.34 g cm 3. CoRoT-13b orbits a G0V star with Te = 5 945K, M = 1.09M, R = 1.01R, solar metallicity. It has a lithium content of +1.45 dex, and an estimated age between 0.12 and 3.15 Gyr. The lithium abundance of the star is consistent with its effective temperature, activity level, and age range derived from the stellar analysis. The planet's density is extreme for its amount of mass. It implies the existence of an amount of heavy elements with a mass between about 140 and 300M.
References
External links
PlanetQuest Profile
CoRoT-13b in the NASA Exoplanet Archive | SIMBAD ID | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"CoRoT-13b"
]
} |
The Gridiron Association of South Australia (formally the South Australian Gridiron Association until 1990), Gridiron SA, or GASA is the governing body for gridiron (American football) in the state of South Australia, Australia. There are currently five Division One teams registered in the league.
The association has had 3 main venues they have used for their games. From 1985-1988 they used Norwood Oval. Then from 1989-1996 they used Thebarton Oval and from 1997 - 2009 they have played their games at the Distinctive Homes Hockey Stadium. In 2010, they returned to Thebarton, before moving to Richmond Oval in 2012. All four venues have TV standard light towers which have allowed night games to be scheduled.
League members
Port Adelaide Spartans
UniSA Eagles
Eastside Razorbacks
Southern District Oilers
South City Chiefs
See also
Gridiron Australia
References
External links
South Australian Gridiron Association official site
South Australian Gridiron Officials Association | sport | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"American football"
]
} |
Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, "Japan-style," romanized as Nihonsiki in the system itself), is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.
History
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers.Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether Nihon-shiki or Hepburn-shiki should be used by the Japanese government. Kunrei is otherwise nearly identical, but it merges syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, and gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in Modern Standard Japanese are now identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese, and is romanized as such in Kunrei. However, some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu and so Nihon-shiki spelling is not entirely obsolete.
Nihon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language because it maintains a strict "one kana, two letters" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow (almost) lossless ("round trip") mapping, but the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王/おう, ou 追う/おう and oo 大/おお. (See the hiragana article for more details.)
Nippon-shiki has been established by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 3602 strict form. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nihon-shiki.
Romanization charts
Notes
Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.
Even when he へ is used as a particle, it is written as he, not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).
Even when ha は is used as a particle, it is written as ha, not wa.
Even when wo を is used as a particle, it is written as wo, not o.
Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent: long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.
Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
Geminate consonants are always marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon (っ).
See also
List of ISO romanizations
Sources
Gottlieb, Nanette. "The Rōmaji movement in Japan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series). January 2010. Vol. 20, iss. 1. pp. 75–88. Published online on November 30, 2009. Available at Cambridge Journals. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990320.
Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour, and Jay Elwood Daily (Executive Editors). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Volume 21. CRC Press, April 1, 1978. ISBN 0824720210, ISBN 9780824720216.
Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.
== References == | named after | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
} |
Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, "Japan-style," romanized as Nihonsiki in the system itself), is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.
History
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers.Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether Nihon-shiki or Hepburn-shiki should be used by the Japanese government. Kunrei is otherwise nearly identical, but it merges syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, and gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in Modern Standard Japanese are now identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese, and is romanized as such in Kunrei. However, some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu and so Nihon-shiki spelling is not entirely obsolete.
Nihon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language because it maintains a strict "one kana, two letters" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow (almost) lossless ("round trip") mapping, but the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王/おう, ou 追う/おう and oo 大/おお. (See the hiragana article for more details.)
Nippon-shiki has been established by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 3602 strict form. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nihon-shiki.
Romanization charts
Notes
Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.
Even when he へ is used as a particle, it is written as he, not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).
Even when ha は is used as a particle, it is written as ha, not wa.
Even when wo を is used as a particle, it is written as wo, not o.
Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent: long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.
Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
Geminate consonants are always marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon (っ).
See also
List of ISO romanizations
Sources
Gottlieb, Nanette. "The Rōmaji movement in Japan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series). January 2010. Vol. 20, iss. 1. pp. 75–88. Published online on November 30, 2009. Available at Cambridge Journals. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990320.
Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour, and Jay Elwood Daily (Executive Editors). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Volume 21. CRC Press, April 1, 1978. ISBN 0824720210, ISBN 9780824720216.
Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.
== References == | language of work or name | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Japanese"
]
} |
Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, "Japan-style," romanized as Nihonsiki in the system itself), is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.
History
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers.Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether Nihon-shiki or Hepburn-shiki should be used by the Japanese government. Kunrei is otherwise nearly identical, but it merges syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, and gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in Modern Standard Japanese are now identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese, and is romanized as such in Kunrei. However, some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu and so Nihon-shiki spelling is not entirely obsolete.
Nihon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language because it maintains a strict "one kana, two letters" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow (almost) lossless ("round trip") mapping, but the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王/おう, ou 追う/おう and oo 大/おお. (See the hiragana article for more details.)
Nippon-shiki has been established by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 3602 strict form. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nihon-shiki.
Romanization charts
Notes
Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.
Even when he へ is used as a particle, it is written as he, not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).
Even when ha は is used as a particle, it is written as ha, not wa.
Even when wo を is used as a particle, it is written as wo, not o.
Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent: long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.
Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
Geminate consonants are always marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon (っ).
See also
List of ISO romanizations
Sources
Gottlieb, Nanette. "The Rōmaji movement in Japan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series). January 2010. Vol. 20, iss. 1. pp. 75–88. Published online on November 30, 2009. Available at Cambridge Journals. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990320.
Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour, and Jay Elwood Daily (Executive Editors). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Volume 21. CRC Press, April 1, 1978. ISBN 0824720210, ISBN 9780824720216.
Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.
== References == | native label | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"日本式ローマ字"
]
} |
"Don't You Know I Love You" is the 1951, debut single by The Clovers. The single was the first of three singles to make the top spot on the R&B charts. Al Schmitt helped engineer the recording.
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"single"
]
} |
"Don't You Know I Love You" is the 1951, debut single by The Clovers. The single was the first of three singles to make the top spot on the R&B charts. Al Schmitt helped engineer the recording.
== References == | performer | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"The Clovers"
]
} |
"Don't You Know I Love You" is the 1951, debut single by The Clovers. The single was the first of three singles to make the top spot on the R&B charts. Al Schmitt helped engineer the recording.
== References == | part of | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"The Clovers"
]
} |
Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Japanese: 渡邊睦裕, 18 January 1918 – 1 April 2003) – nicknamed "the Bird" by his prisoners – was a known war criminal and Imperial Japanese Army soldier in World War II who served in a number of military internment camps. After Japan's defeat, the US Occupation authorities classified Watanabe as a war criminal for his mistreatment of prisoners of war (POWs), but he managed to evade arrest and was never tried in court.
World War II
Watanabe served at POW camps in Omori, Naoetsu (present day Jōetsu), Niigata, Mitsushima (present day Hiraoka) and at the Civilian POW Camp at Yamakita.
While in the military, Watanabe allegedly ordered one man who reported to him to be punched in the face every night for three weeks, and practiced judo on an appendectomy patient. One of his prisoners was American track star and Olympian Louis Zamperini. Zamperini reported that Watanabe beat his prisoners often, causing them serious injuries. It is said Watanabe made one officer sit in a shack, wearing only a fundoshi undergarment, for four days in winter, and that he tied a sixty-five-year-old prisoner to a tree for days. According to Hillenbrand's book, Watanabe had studied French, in which he was fluent, and had interest in the French school of nihilist philosophy.
Later life
In 1945, General Douglas MacArthur included Watanabe as number 23 on his list of the 40 most wanted war criminals in Japan.However, Watanabe went into hiding and was never prosecuted. In 1952, all charges were quietly dropped. In 1956, the Japanese literary magazine Bungeishunjū published an interview with Watanabe, titled "I do not want to be judged by America." He later became an insurance salesman.
Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, the CBS News program 60 Minutes interviewed Watanabe at the Hotel Okura Tokyo as part of a feature on Louis Zamperini who, four days before his 81st birthday, was returning to carry the Olympic Flame torch through Naoetsu en route to Nagano, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. In the interview, Watanabe acknowledged beating and kicking prisoners, but was unrepentant, saying, "I treated the prisoners strictly as enemies of Japan." Zamperini attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor, but Watanabe, who had evaded prosecution, refused to see him.
Watanabe died in April 2003.
Legacy
Accounts of Watanabe's abusive behavior are given in Laura Hillenbrand's book about Zamperini titled Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010). Watanabe also appears in Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein's memoir, Barbed Wire Surgeon, published in 1948.
In 2014, Japanese musician Miyavi played Watanabe in Angelina Jolie's Unbroken, the film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book. David Sakurai portrays Watanabe in Harold Cronk's Unbroken: Path to Redemption, a "spiritual successor" to Jolie's film, released in 2018.
== References == | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
} |
Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Japanese: 渡邊睦裕, 18 January 1918 – 1 April 2003) – nicknamed "the Bird" by his prisoners – was a known war criminal and Imperial Japanese Army soldier in World War II who served in a number of military internment camps. After Japan's defeat, the US Occupation authorities classified Watanabe as a war criminal for his mistreatment of prisoners of war (POWs), but he managed to evade arrest and was never tried in court.
World War II
Watanabe served at POW camps in Omori, Naoetsu (present day Jōetsu), Niigata, Mitsushima (present day Hiraoka) and at the Civilian POW Camp at Yamakita.
While in the military, Watanabe allegedly ordered one man who reported to him to be punched in the face every night for three weeks, and practiced judo on an appendectomy patient. One of his prisoners was American track star and Olympian Louis Zamperini. Zamperini reported that Watanabe beat his prisoners often, causing them serious injuries. It is said Watanabe made one officer sit in a shack, wearing only a fundoshi undergarment, for four days in winter, and that he tied a sixty-five-year-old prisoner to a tree for days. According to Hillenbrand's book, Watanabe had studied French, in which he was fluent, and had interest in the French school of nihilist philosophy.
Later life
In 1945, General Douglas MacArthur included Watanabe as number 23 on his list of the 40 most wanted war criminals in Japan.However, Watanabe went into hiding and was never prosecuted. In 1952, all charges were quietly dropped. In 1956, the Japanese literary magazine Bungeishunjū published an interview with Watanabe, titled "I do not want to be judged by America." He later became an insurance salesman.
Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, the CBS News program 60 Minutes interviewed Watanabe at the Hotel Okura Tokyo as part of a feature on Louis Zamperini who, four days before his 81st birthday, was returning to carry the Olympic Flame torch through Naoetsu en route to Nagano, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. In the interview, Watanabe acknowledged beating and kicking prisoners, but was unrepentant, saying, "I treated the prisoners strictly as enemies of Japan." Zamperini attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor, but Watanabe, who had evaded prosecution, refused to see him.
Watanabe died in April 2003.
Legacy
Accounts of Watanabe's abusive behavior are given in Laura Hillenbrand's book about Zamperini titled Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010). Watanabe also appears in Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein's memoir, Barbed Wire Surgeon, published in 1948.
In 2014, Japanese musician Miyavi played Watanabe in Angelina Jolie's Unbroken, the film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book. David Sakurai portrays Watanabe in Harold Cronk's Unbroken: Path to Redemption, a "spiritual successor" to Jolie's film, released in 2018.
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"soldier"
]
} |
Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Japanese: 渡邊睦裕, 18 January 1918 – 1 April 2003) – nicknamed "the Bird" by his prisoners – was a known war criminal and Imperial Japanese Army soldier in World War II who served in a number of military internment camps. After Japan's defeat, the US Occupation authorities classified Watanabe as a war criminal for his mistreatment of prisoners of war (POWs), but he managed to evade arrest and was never tried in court.
World War II
Watanabe served at POW camps in Omori, Naoetsu (present day Jōetsu), Niigata, Mitsushima (present day Hiraoka) and at the Civilian POW Camp at Yamakita.
While in the military, Watanabe allegedly ordered one man who reported to him to be punched in the face every night for three weeks, and practiced judo on an appendectomy patient. One of his prisoners was American track star and Olympian Louis Zamperini. Zamperini reported that Watanabe beat his prisoners often, causing them serious injuries. It is said Watanabe made one officer sit in a shack, wearing only a fundoshi undergarment, for four days in winter, and that he tied a sixty-five-year-old prisoner to a tree for days. According to Hillenbrand's book, Watanabe had studied French, in which he was fluent, and had interest in the French school of nihilist philosophy.
Later life
In 1945, General Douglas MacArthur included Watanabe as number 23 on his list of the 40 most wanted war criminals in Japan.However, Watanabe went into hiding and was never prosecuted. In 1952, all charges were quietly dropped. In 1956, the Japanese literary magazine Bungeishunjū published an interview with Watanabe, titled "I do not want to be judged by America." He later became an insurance salesman.
Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, the CBS News program 60 Minutes interviewed Watanabe at the Hotel Okura Tokyo as part of a feature on Louis Zamperini who, four days before his 81st birthday, was returning to carry the Olympic Flame torch through Naoetsu en route to Nagano, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. In the interview, Watanabe acknowledged beating and kicking prisoners, but was unrepentant, saying, "I treated the prisoners strictly as enemies of Japan." Zamperini attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor, but Watanabe, who had evaded prosecution, refused to see him.
Watanabe died in April 2003.
Legacy
Accounts of Watanabe's abusive behavior are given in Laura Hillenbrand's book about Zamperini titled Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010). Watanabe also appears in Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein's memoir, Barbed Wire Surgeon, published in 1948.
In 2014, Japanese musician Miyavi played Watanabe in Angelina Jolie's Unbroken, the film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book. David Sakurai portrays Watanabe in Harold Cronk's Unbroken: Path to Redemption, a "spiritual successor" to Jolie's film, released in 2018.
== References == | military branch | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"Imperial Japanese Army"
]
} |
Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Japanese: 渡邊睦裕, 18 January 1918 – 1 April 2003) – nicknamed "the Bird" by his prisoners – was a known war criminal and Imperial Japanese Army soldier in World War II who served in a number of military internment camps. After Japan's defeat, the US Occupation authorities classified Watanabe as a war criminal for his mistreatment of prisoners of war (POWs), but he managed to evade arrest and was never tried in court.
World War II
Watanabe served at POW camps in Omori, Naoetsu (present day Jōetsu), Niigata, Mitsushima (present day Hiraoka) and at the Civilian POW Camp at Yamakita.
While in the military, Watanabe allegedly ordered one man who reported to him to be punched in the face every night for three weeks, and practiced judo on an appendectomy patient. One of his prisoners was American track star and Olympian Louis Zamperini. Zamperini reported that Watanabe beat his prisoners often, causing them serious injuries. It is said Watanabe made one officer sit in a shack, wearing only a fundoshi undergarment, for four days in winter, and that he tied a sixty-five-year-old prisoner to a tree for days. According to Hillenbrand's book, Watanabe had studied French, in which he was fluent, and had interest in the French school of nihilist philosophy.
Later life
In 1945, General Douglas MacArthur included Watanabe as number 23 on his list of the 40 most wanted war criminals in Japan.However, Watanabe went into hiding and was never prosecuted. In 1952, all charges were quietly dropped. In 1956, the Japanese literary magazine Bungeishunjū published an interview with Watanabe, titled "I do not want to be judged by America." He later became an insurance salesman.
Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, the CBS News program 60 Minutes interviewed Watanabe at the Hotel Okura Tokyo as part of a feature on Louis Zamperini who, four days before his 81st birthday, was returning to carry the Olympic Flame torch through Naoetsu en route to Nagano, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. In the interview, Watanabe acknowledged beating and kicking prisoners, but was unrepentant, saying, "I treated the prisoners strictly as enemies of Japan." Zamperini attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor, but Watanabe, who had evaded prosecution, refused to see him.
Watanabe died in April 2003.
Legacy
Accounts of Watanabe's abusive behavior are given in Laura Hillenbrand's book about Zamperini titled Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010). Watanabe also appears in Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein's memoir, Barbed Wire Surgeon, published in 1948.
In 2014, Japanese musician Miyavi played Watanabe in Angelina Jolie's Unbroken, the film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book. David Sakurai portrays Watanabe in Harold Cronk's Unbroken: Path to Redemption, a "spiritual successor" to Jolie's film, released in 2018.
== References == | conflict | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
} |
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