texts stringlengths 40 104k | questions stringlengths 3 63 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|
Daniel Keith Swain (born August 18, 1983), known mononymously as Danny!, is an American rapper, record producer, singer, and composer.Swain rose to prominence after his debut performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, where he premiered his song "Evil". After joining Okayplayer Records, Danny! released his album Payback, cited by AllMusic as one of the best hip-hop releases of the year. In 2013, Ebony magazine listed Swain among other rising artists in its "Leaders of the New School" piece, calling Swain one of a handful of "innovators".Swain has composed background music that has since been placed in numerous motion pictures and television programs, most notably FOX's animated series Bob's Burgers for which Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque for his contributions to an episode that won in the Outstanding Animated Program category at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2017.
Early life
Swain, the only son of military parents, was born in Killeen, Texas and moved to Columbia, South Carolina, as a teenager. He attended Richland Northeast High School and began pursuing music as a hobby during his second year. Swain started penning his own lyrics and recorded songs as a showcase for his production.
Career
2004–2006: Early beginnings, Charm and instrumental albums
After spending nearly a year networking with local artists, Swain released his debut mixtape The College Kicked-Out. The record received mixed to unfavorable reviews—an up-and-coming Charlamagne tha God was among Kicked-Out's critics, panning the mixtape on air while working as a local radio station personality—which Swain would allude to in much of his later work.
Shortly after Kicked-Out's release Swain was accepted to the Savannah College of Art & Design and accordingly relocated to Savannah, Georgia. It was here that he began to work on his second project, F.O.O.D. The following year Swain officially released his third mixtape Charm, which was notable for featuring an underlying theme of escapism in its narrative of a musician who wants success in music to take him away from his day-to-day routine.
During this time Swain compiled an instrumental album, Dream, Interrupted, in an effort to promote his production; within two years the sequels Dream, Fulfilled and Dream, Extinguished would also be released.
2007–2011: MTV, And I Love H.E.R. and Interscope era
After Charm, Swain received his first big break when MTV played a role in securing him a recording contract with Definitive Jux, an independent music label, at the time helmed by El-P of Run the Jewels fame. The record deal allowed Swain to release an album through the label, promoting it with a 12" single and accompanying music video slated for an exclusive premiere on mtvU. Though the label's involvement would not amount to a released album—only the single "Just Friends", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100—the deal did establish an ongoing relationship between Swain and MTV, which began using his music extensively in various programs.
Swain self-released his debut album, the faux-soundtrack And I Love H.E.R. The album was cited at the time by publications such as Pitchfork, LA Weekly and ABC News as one of the best releases of the year. And I Love H.E.R. was also notable for introducing another musical direction for Swain, who was experimenting with hip house, downtempo and lounge/electronica to produce a sort of "lounge-hop" hybrid.
Following And I Love H.E.R.'s success, Swain completed the Where Is Danny? album. Interscope Records, through its short-lived digital distribution program, distributed a revamped version of the album on iTunes.
2012–present: Breakthrough, music licensing and The Book of Daniel
After the release of his third studio LP Payback, the title track of Swain's previous album was featured in a commercial for Sonos wireless speakers. Swain signed on as a composer for MTV's internal Hype Music label (later absorbed into Sony/ATV's Extreme Music production music library) and slowly transitioned into a producer role, landing instrumental placements with various Viacom television programming as well as commercials for Nordstrom, McDonald's, and incidental music for Bob's Burgers and its soundtrack, The Bob's Burgers Music Album.
In 2014, Swain started working on a new album, initially titled Deliverance, but later changed to The Book Of Daniel after the book in the Bible. During the album's development Swain appeared in Sesame Street's "Party Bus" video, which featured an original remix of "The Wheels on the Bus" composed by Swain. He also began working as a voiceover artist, narrating a season of Hey Rookie, Welcome to the NFL in 2016 for ESPN. The following year Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for his musical contributions to the Bob's Burgers episode "Bob Actually" (Outstanding Animated Program, 2017), composing music for three scenes.In 2015, a tracklist for The Book of Daniel was revealed at Swain's website. The album debut was announced for February 29, 2016, but it was not released. Another scheduled date, October 31, 2018, passed without the album release.
Discography
Studio albums
And I Love H.E.R.: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Where Is Danny?
Payback
The Book Of Daniel
Instrumental albums
Dream, Interrupted
Dream, Fulfilled
Dream, Extinguished
Production credits
Film and television placements/credits
See also
Alternative hip hop
List of former Interscope Records artists
List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists
References
External links
Official website
Danny! at AllMusic
Danny! at IMDb
Danny! discography at MusicBrainz | pseudonym | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Danny!"
]
} |
Daniel Keith Swain (born August 18, 1983), known mononymously as Danny!, is an American rapper, record producer, singer, and composer.Swain rose to prominence after his debut performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, where he premiered his song "Evil". After joining Okayplayer Records, Danny! released his album Payback, cited by AllMusic as one of the best hip-hop releases of the year. In 2013, Ebony magazine listed Swain among other rising artists in its "Leaders of the New School" piece, calling Swain one of a handful of "innovators".Swain has composed background music that has since been placed in numerous motion pictures and television programs, most notably FOX's animated series Bob's Burgers for which Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque for his contributions to an episode that won in the Outstanding Animated Program category at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2017.
Early life
Swain, the only son of military parents, was born in Killeen, Texas and moved to Columbia, South Carolina, as a teenager. He attended Richland Northeast High School and began pursuing music as a hobby during his second year. Swain started penning his own lyrics and recorded songs as a showcase for his production.
Career
2004–2006: Early beginnings, Charm and instrumental albums
After spending nearly a year networking with local artists, Swain released his debut mixtape The College Kicked-Out. The record received mixed to unfavorable reviews—an up-and-coming Charlamagne tha God was among Kicked-Out's critics, panning the mixtape on air while working as a local radio station personality—which Swain would allude to in much of his later work.
Shortly after Kicked-Out's release Swain was accepted to the Savannah College of Art & Design and accordingly relocated to Savannah, Georgia. It was here that he began to work on his second project, F.O.O.D. The following year Swain officially released his third mixtape Charm, which was notable for featuring an underlying theme of escapism in its narrative of a musician who wants success in music to take him away from his day-to-day routine.
During this time Swain compiled an instrumental album, Dream, Interrupted, in an effort to promote his production; within two years the sequels Dream, Fulfilled and Dream, Extinguished would also be released.
2007–2011: MTV, And I Love H.E.R. and Interscope era
After Charm, Swain received his first big break when MTV played a role in securing him a recording contract with Definitive Jux, an independent music label, at the time helmed by El-P of Run the Jewels fame. The record deal allowed Swain to release an album through the label, promoting it with a 12" single and accompanying music video slated for an exclusive premiere on mtvU. Though the label's involvement would not amount to a released album—only the single "Just Friends", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100—the deal did establish an ongoing relationship between Swain and MTV, which began using his music extensively in various programs.
Swain self-released his debut album, the faux-soundtrack And I Love H.E.R. The album was cited at the time by publications such as Pitchfork, LA Weekly and ABC News as one of the best releases of the year. And I Love H.E.R. was also notable for introducing another musical direction for Swain, who was experimenting with hip house, downtempo and lounge/electronica to produce a sort of "lounge-hop" hybrid.
Following And I Love H.E.R.'s success, Swain completed the Where Is Danny? album. Interscope Records, through its short-lived digital distribution program, distributed a revamped version of the album on iTunes.
2012–present: Breakthrough, music licensing and The Book of Daniel
After the release of his third studio LP Payback, the title track of Swain's previous album was featured in a commercial for Sonos wireless speakers. Swain signed on as a composer for MTV's internal Hype Music label (later absorbed into Sony/ATV's Extreme Music production music library) and slowly transitioned into a producer role, landing instrumental placements with various Viacom television programming as well as commercials for Nordstrom, McDonald's, and incidental music for Bob's Burgers and its soundtrack, The Bob's Burgers Music Album.
In 2014, Swain started working on a new album, initially titled Deliverance, but later changed to The Book Of Daniel after the book in the Bible. During the album's development Swain appeared in Sesame Street's "Party Bus" video, which featured an original remix of "The Wheels on the Bus" composed by Swain. He also began working as a voiceover artist, narrating a season of Hey Rookie, Welcome to the NFL in 2016 for ESPN. The following year Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for his musical contributions to the Bob's Burgers episode "Bob Actually" (Outstanding Animated Program, 2017), composing music for three scenes.In 2015, a tracklist for The Book of Daniel was revealed at Swain's website. The album debut was announced for February 29, 2016, but it was not released. Another scheduled date, October 31, 2018, passed without the album release.
Discography
Studio albums
And I Love H.E.R.: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Where Is Danny?
Payback
The Book Of Daniel
Instrumental albums
Dream, Interrupted
Dream, Fulfilled
Dream, Extinguished
Production credits
Film and television placements/credits
See also
Alternative hip hop
List of former Interscope Records artists
List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists
References
External links
Official website
Danny! at AllMusic
Danny! at IMDb
Danny! discography at MusicBrainz | instrument | {
"answer_start": [
4577
],
"text": [
"voice"
]
} |
Daniel Keith Swain (born August 18, 1983), known mononymously as Danny!, is an American rapper, record producer, singer, and composer.Swain rose to prominence after his debut performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, where he premiered his song "Evil". After joining Okayplayer Records, Danny! released his album Payback, cited by AllMusic as one of the best hip-hop releases of the year. In 2013, Ebony magazine listed Swain among other rising artists in its "Leaders of the New School" piece, calling Swain one of a handful of "innovators".Swain has composed background music that has since been placed in numerous motion pictures and television programs, most notably FOX's animated series Bob's Burgers for which Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque for his contributions to an episode that won in the Outstanding Animated Program category at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2017.
Early life
Swain, the only son of military parents, was born in Killeen, Texas and moved to Columbia, South Carolina, as a teenager. He attended Richland Northeast High School and began pursuing music as a hobby during his second year. Swain started penning his own lyrics and recorded songs as a showcase for his production.
Career
2004–2006: Early beginnings, Charm and instrumental albums
After spending nearly a year networking with local artists, Swain released his debut mixtape The College Kicked-Out. The record received mixed to unfavorable reviews—an up-and-coming Charlamagne tha God was among Kicked-Out's critics, panning the mixtape on air while working as a local radio station personality—which Swain would allude to in much of his later work.
Shortly after Kicked-Out's release Swain was accepted to the Savannah College of Art & Design and accordingly relocated to Savannah, Georgia. It was here that he began to work on his second project, F.O.O.D. The following year Swain officially released his third mixtape Charm, which was notable for featuring an underlying theme of escapism in its narrative of a musician who wants success in music to take him away from his day-to-day routine.
During this time Swain compiled an instrumental album, Dream, Interrupted, in an effort to promote his production; within two years the sequels Dream, Fulfilled and Dream, Extinguished would also be released.
2007–2011: MTV, And I Love H.E.R. and Interscope era
After Charm, Swain received his first big break when MTV played a role in securing him a recording contract with Definitive Jux, an independent music label, at the time helmed by El-P of Run the Jewels fame. The record deal allowed Swain to release an album through the label, promoting it with a 12" single and accompanying music video slated for an exclusive premiere on mtvU. Though the label's involvement would not amount to a released album—only the single "Just Friends", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100—the deal did establish an ongoing relationship between Swain and MTV, which began using his music extensively in various programs.
Swain self-released his debut album, the faux-soundtrack And I Love H.E.R. The album was cited at the time by publications such as Pitchfork, LA Weekly and ABC News as one of the best releases of the year. And I Love H.E.R. was also notable for introducing another musical direction for Swain, who was experimenting with hip house, downtempo and lounge/electronica to produce a sort of "lounge-hop" hybrid.
Following And I Love H.E.R.'s success, Swain completed the Where Is Danny? album. Interscope Records, through its short-lived digital distribution program, distributed a revamped version of the album on iTunes.
2012–present: Breakthrough, music licensing and The Book of Daniel
After the release of his third studio LP Payback, the title track of Swain's previous album was featured in a commercial for Sonos wireless speakers. Swain signed on as a composer for MTV's internal Hype Music label (later absorbed into Sony/ATV's Extreme Music production music library) and slowly transitioned into a producer role, landing instrumental placements with various Viacom television programming as well as commercials for Nordstrom, McDonald's, and incidental music for Bob's Burgers and its soundtrack, The Bob's Burgers Music Album.
In 2014, Swain started working on a new album, initially titled Deliverance, but later changed to The Book Of Daniel after the book in the Bible. During the album's development Swain appeared in Sesame Street's "Party Bus" video, which featured an original remix of "The Wheels on the Bus" composed by Swain. He also began working as a voiceover artist, narrating a season of Hey Rookie, Welcome to the NFL in 2016 for ESPN. The following year Swain was awarded an Emmy plaque from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for his musical contributions to the Bob's Burgers episode "Bob Actually" (Outstanding Animated Program, 2017), composing music for three scenes.In 2015, a tracklist for The Book of Daniel was revealed at Swain's website. The album debut was announced for February 29, 2016, but it was not released. Another scheduled date, October 31, 2018, passed without the album release.
Discography
Studio albums
And I Love H.E.R.: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Where Is Danny?
Payback
The Book Of Daniel
Instrumental albums
Dream, Interrupted
Dream, Fulfilled
Dream, Extinguished
Production credits
Film and television placements/credits
See also
Alternative hip hop
List of former Interscope Records artists
List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists
References
External links
Official website
Danny! at AllMusic
Danny! at IMDb
Danny! discography at MusicBrainz | birth name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Daniel Keith Swain"
]
} |
The Saint Augustine Major Seminary or SASMA is a Catholic, formation seminary of the Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan, Oriental Mindoro located in Tagaytay, Cavite, Philippines. The seminarians of SASMA attend to their academics at the Divine Word Seminary.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"Philippines"
]
} |
Roebling Point is an area of Covington, northern Kentucky, located at the foot of the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge. This neighborhood is going through extensive changes. Since August 2007, The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge (luxury condos designed by Daniel Libeskind), has spurred on a rejuvenation of the neighborhood. Many bars and restaurants have opened there in the last year, Coco's Funk n' Blues Cafe, The Keystone Bar & Grill, Molly Malone's Irish Pub, The Down Under Tavern, Chalk, and Greenup Cafe are all located here.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Kentucky"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Juan Griego"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
810
],
"text": [
"Mérida"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Venezuela"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"composer"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | employer | {
"answer_start": [
646
],
"text": [
"Central University of Venezuela"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Modesta"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | student of | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Aram Khachaturian"
]
} |
Modesta Bor (15 June 1926 – 7 April 1998) was a Venezuelan composer.
Life and career
Modesta Bor was born in Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. She studied in Caracas with Elena Arrarte, Juan Bautista Plaza, Antonio Estévez, Maria de Lourdes Rotundo and Vicente Emilio Sojo, graduating with a degree in composition in 1959. She continued her studies at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory with Aram Khachaturian. In 1960 she won her first National Music Prize with Sonata for viola and piano.[1]
After completing her studies, Bor returned to Venezuela to work as a composer, teacher and choir director, becoming head of the music department in the Central University of Venezuela Culture Department. She also served as director of the musicology section of Folklore Research of the National Service. She died in Mérida.
Works
Bor composed for orchestra, chamber ensemble, piano and vocal performance, writing more than 95 choral works for mixed and 130 for equal-voice choir. Selected works include:
Children's Suite
Canción de cuna para dormir un negrito (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana, for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Coplas venezolanas (in Segundo cico de romanzas y canciones, for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Guitarra (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Nocturno en los muellas (in Tríptico sobre poesía cubana for voice and piano) (Text: Nicolas Guillén)
Pregón (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Si el silencio fuera mío (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
Suspiro cuando te miro (in Segundo ciclo de romanzas y canciones for contralto and piano) (Text: Andrés Eloy Blanco Meaño)
References
External links
Velero Mundo - Modesta Bor - Cantoría de Mérida from YouTube
Piano works of Modesta Bor (Spanish) | instrument | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"piano"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | has fruit type | {
"answer_start": [
8229
],
"text": [
"capsule"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | Store norske leksikon ID | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pinguicula"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
8845
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Lentibulariaceae"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pinguicula"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pinguicula"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | Commons gallery | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pinguicula"
]
} |
Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. They use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environment. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 13 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and some to northern Asia. The largest number of species is in South and Central America.
Etymology
The name Pinguicula is derived from a term coined by Conrad Gesner, who in his 1561 work entitled Horti Germaniae commented on the glistening leaves: "propter pinguia et tenera folia…" (Latin pinguis, "fat"). The common name "butterwort" reflects this characteristic.
Characteristics
The majority of Pinguicula are perennial plants. The only known annuals are P. sharpii, P. takakii, P. crenatiloba, and P. pumila. All species form stemless rosettes.
Habitat
Butterworts can be divided roughly into two main groups based on the climate in which they grow; each group is then further subdivided based on morphological characteristics. Although these groups are not cladistically supported by genetic studies, these groupings are nonetheless convenient for horticultural purposes.
Tropical butterworts either form somewhat compact winter rosettes composed of fleshy leaves or retain carnivorous leaves year-round. They are typically located in regions where water is least seasonally plentiful, as too damp soil conditions can lead to rotting. They are found in areas in which nitrogenous resources are known to be in low levels, infrequent or unavailable, due to acidic soil conditions.
Temperate species often form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of P. alpina) and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change.
Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring (for temperate species) or in the winter (tropical species), then plants are considered heterophyllous; whereas uniform growth identifies a homophyllous species.
This results in four groupings:
Tropical butterworts: species which do not undergo a winter dormancy but continue to alternately bloom and form rosettes.
Heterophyllous tropical species: species that alternate between rosettes of carnivorous leaves during the warm season and compact rosettes of fleshy non-carnivorous leaves during the cool season. Examples include P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, and P. laxifolia.
Homophyllous tropical species: these species produce rosettes of carnivorous leaves of roughly uniform size throughout the year, such as P. gigantea.
Temperate butterworts: these plants are native to climate zones with cold winters. They produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum) during the winter.
Heterophyllous temperate species: species where the vegetative and generative rosettes differ in shape and/or size, as seen in P. lutea and P. lusitanica.
Homophyllous temperate species: the vegetative and generative rosettes appear identical, as exhibited by P. alpina, P. grandiflora, and P. vulgaris.
Roots
The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.
Leaves and carnivory
The leaf blade of a butterwort is smooth, rigid, and succulent, usually bright green or pinkish in colour. Depending on species, the leaves are between 2 and 30 cm (1-12") long. The leaf shape depends on the species, but is usually roughly obovate, spatulate, or linear. They can also appear yellow in color with a soft feel and a greasy consistency to the leaves.
Like all members of the family Lentibulariaceae, butterworts are carnivorous. The mechanistic actions that these plants use to lure and capture prey is through a means of sticky or adhesives substances that are produced by mucilage secreted by glands located on the leaf's surface. In order to catch and digest insects, the leaf of a butterwort uses two specialized glands which are scattered across the leaf surface (usually only on the upper surface, with the exception of P. gigantea and P. longifolia ssp. longifolia).One is termed a peduncular gland, and consists of a few secretory cells on top of a single stalk cell. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water (a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews). The droplets secrete limited amounts of digestive enzymes, and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect will begin to struggle, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. Some species can bend their leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect.The second type of gland found on butterwort leaves are sessile glands which lie flat on the leaf surface. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.
The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism also pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, most butterworts live in humid environments.
Butterworts are usually only able to trap small insects and those with large wing surfaces. They can also digest pollen which lands on their leaf surface. The secretory system can only function a single time, so that a particular area of the leaf surface can only be used to digest insects once.Unlike many other carnivorous plant species, butterworts do not appear to use jasmonates as a control system to switch on the production of digestive enzymes. Jasmonates are involved in the butterwort’s defense against attacking insects, but not in its response to prey. Of the eight enzymes identified in the digestive secretions of butterworts, alpha-amylase appears to be unique when compared to other carnivorous plants. This research suggests that butterwort may have co-opted a different set of genes in its development of carnivory.
Flowers
As with almost all carnivorous plants, the flowers of butterworts are held far above the rest of the plant by a long stalk, in order to reduce the probability of trapping potential pollinators. The single, long-lasting flowers are zygomorphic, with two lower lip petals characteristic of the bladderwort family, and a spur extending from the back of the flower. The calyx has five sepals, and the petals are arranged in a two-part lower lip and a three-part upper lip. Most butterwort flowers are blue, violet or white, often suffused with a yellow, greenish or reddish tint. P. laueana and the newly described P. caryophyllacea are unique in having a strikingly red flowers. Butterworts are often cultivated and hybridized primarily for their flowers.
The shape and colors of butterwort flowers are distinguishing characteristics which are used to divide the genus into subgenera and to distinguish individual species from one another.
Fruit and seed
The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species. The exception is P. lusitanica, whose chromosome count is n = 6.
Diet
The diet will range depending on the taxonomy and size of the prey due to the plant's retention ability. These size limitations are known to be the main element influencing what prey sources this carnivorous plant can access They can also acquire nourishment from pollen and other plant parts that are high in protein, as other plants can become trapped on their leaves, thus, butterworts are both carnivorous and herbivorous plants. The diet consists of several species from the arthropod taxa, majority of their prey are insects that have wings and are able to fly. The luring, retaining, and seizing of prey is the first steps in the feeding procedure for carnivorous plants; the result of the process is absorption and digestion of nutrients sourced from these food supplies. Pinguicula species do not select their prey, as they passively accumulate them through methods of sticky, adhesive leaves. However, they do have the ability of visual attraction of their colorful leaves, which will increase the likelihood of luring and capturing a specific taxa. Pinguicula capture their food source/ prey by means of the mucilaginous, sticky substances produced by their stalk glands on the top of their leaf. Once the prey has become trapped in the peduncular glands, the sessile glands present will then produce enzymes needed to accomplish digestion and breaking down the digestible regions of the prey for their nutrients; taking in the fluids of the food source by means of cuticular holes present on the leaf's surface.
Vegetative propagation
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g., P. calyptrata, P. vallisneriifolia) while others form plantlets at the leaf margins (e.g., P. heterophylla, P. primuliflora).
Distribution
Butterworts are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere (map). The greatest concentration of species, however, is in humid mountainous regions of Mexico, Central America and South America, where populations can be found as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents without any native butterworts.
Butterworts probably originated in Central America, as this is the center of Pinguicula diversity – roughly 50% of butterwort species are found here.
The great majority of individual Pinguicula species have a very limited distribution. The two butterwort species with the widest distribution - P. alpina and P. vulgaris - are found throughout much of Europe and North America. Other species found in North America include P. caerulea, P. ionantha, P. lutea, P. macroceras, P. planifolia, P. primuliflora, P. pumila, and P. villosa.
Habitat
In general, butterworts grow in nutrient-poor, alkaline soils. Some species have adapted to other soil types, such as acidic peat bogs (ex. P. vulgaris, P. calyptrata, P. lusitanica), soils composed of pure gypsum (P. gypsicola and other Mexican species), or even vertical rock walls (P. ramosa, P. vallisneriifolia, and most of the Mexican species). A few species are epiphytes (P. casabitoana, P. hemiepiphytica, P. lignicola). Many of the Mexican species commonly grow on mossy banks, rock, and roadsides in oak-pine forests. Pinguicula macroceras ssp. nortensis has even been observed growing on hanging dead grasses. P. lutea grows in pine flatwoods. Other species, such as P. vulgaris, grow in fens. Each of these environments is nutrient-poor, allowing butterworts to escape competition from other canopy-forming species, particularly grasses and sedges.Butterworts need habitats that are almost constantly moist or wet, at least during their carnivorous growth stage. Many Mexican species lose their carnivorous leaves, and sprout succulent leaves, or die back to onion-like "bulbs" to survive the winter drought, at which point they can survive in bone-dry conditions. The moisture they need for growing can be supplied by either a high groundwater table, or by high humidity or high precipitation. Unlike many other carnivorous plants that require sunny locations, many butterworts thrive in part-sun or even shady conditions.
Conservation status
The environmental threats faced by various Pinguicula species depend on their location and on how widespread their distribution is. Most endangered are the species which are endemic to small areas, such as P. ramosa, P. casabitoana, and P. fiorii. These populations are threatened primarily by habitat destruction. Wetland destruction has threatened several US species. Most of these are federally listed as either threatened or endangered, and P. ionantha is listed on CITES appendix I, giving it additional protection.
Botanical history
The first mention of butterworts in botanical literature is an entry entitled Zitroch chrawt oder schmalz chrawt[1] ("lard herb") by Vitus Auslasser in his 1479 work on medicinal herbs entitled Macer de Herbarium. The name Zittrochkraut is still used for butterworts in Tirol, Austria.
In 1583, Clusius already distinguished between two forms in his Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam: a blue-flowered form (P. vulgaris) and a white-flowered form (Pinguicula alpina). Linnaeus added P. villosa and P. lusitanica when he published his Species Plantarum in 1753. The number of known species rose sharply with the exploration of the new continents in the 19th century; by 1844, 32 species were known.
It was only in the late 19th century that the carnivory of this genus began to be studied in detail. In a letter to Asa Gray dated June 3, 1874, Charles Darwin mentioned his early observations of the butterwort's digestive process and insectivorous nature. Darwin studied these plants extensively. S. J. Casper's large 1966 monograph of the genus included 46 species, a number which has almost doubled since then. Many exciting discoveries have been made in recent years, especially in Mexico. Another important development in the history of butterworts is the formation of the International Pinguicula Study Group, an organization dedicated to furthering the knowledge of this genus and promoting its popularity in cultivation, in the 1990s.
Uses
Butterworts are widely cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts. The temperate species and many of the Mexican butterworts are relatively easy to grow and have therefore gained relative popularity. Two of the most widely grown plants are the hybrid cultivars Pinguicula × 'Sethos' and Pinguicula × 'Weser'. Both are crosses of Pinguicula ehlersiae and Pinguicula moranensis, and are employed by commercial orchid nurseries to combat pests.Butterworts also produce a strong bactericide which prevents insects from rotting while they are being digested. According to Linnaeus, this property has long been known by northern Europeans, who applied butterwort leaves to the sores of cattle to promote healing. Additionally, butterwort leaves were used to curdle milk and form a buttermilk-like fermented milk product called filmjölk (Sweden) and tjukkmjølk (Norway).
Classification
Pinguicula belong to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae), along with Utricularia and Genlisea. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections.A detailed study of the phylogenetics of butterworts by Cieslak et al. (2005) found that all of the currently accepted subgenera and many of the sections were polyphyletic. The diagram below gives a more accurate representation of the correct cladogram. Polyphyletic sections are marked with an *.
┌────Clade I (Sections Temnoceras *, Orcheosanthus *, Longitubus,
│ Heterophyllum *, Agnata *, Isoloba *, Crassifolia)
│
┌───┤
│ │
│ │
┌──────┤ └────Clade II (Section Micranthus * = P. alpina)
│ │
│ │
┌───┤ └────────Clade III (Sections Micranthus *, Nana)
│ │
│ │
───┤ └───────────────Clade IV (Section Pinguicula)
│
│
└───────────────────Clade V (Sections Isoloba *, Ampullipalatum, Cardiophyllum)
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved March 29, 2009).
Further reading
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I (2004). Karnivoren. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Müller K, Borsch T, Legendre L, Porembski S, Theisen I, Barthlott W (2004). "Evolution of carnivory in Lamiales". Plant Biology. 6 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817909. PMID 15248131.
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. W. B. Abrahamson, pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Media related to Pinguicula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinguicula at Wikispecies
An exhaustive website on the genus Pinguicula
Schlauer, J. Carnivorous Plant Database, version 15 November 16: 25.
Flora Europaea: Pinguicula species list
Botanical Society of America, Pinguicula - the Butterworts | taxon common name | {
"answer_start": [
921
],
"text": [
"Butterworts"
]
} |
Vigliano Biellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.
Vigliano Biellese borders the following municipalities: Biella, Candelo, Cerreto Castello, Cossato, Ronco Biellese, Valdengo.
Notable people
Aldo Brovarone (1926–2020), automobile designer.
References
External links
Official website
Pro Loco
Church: Organ | capital | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vigliano Biellese"
]
} |
Vigliano Biellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.
Vigliano Biellese borders the following municipalities: Biella, Candelo, Cerreto Castello, Cossato, Ronco Biellese, Valdengo.
Notable people
Aldo Brovarone (1926–2020), automobile designer.
References
External links
Official website
Pro Loco
Church: Organ | shares border with | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Biella"
]
} |
Vigliano Biellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.
Vigliano Biellese borders the following municipalities: Biella, Candelo, Cerreto Castello, Cossato, Ronco Biellese, Valdengo.
Notable people
Aldo Brovarone (1926–2020), automobile designer.
References
External links
Official website
Pro Loco
Church: Organ | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Province of Biella"
]
} |
Vigliano Biellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.
Vigliano Biellese borders the following municipalities: Biella, Candelo, Cerreto Castello, Cossato, Ronco Biellese, Valdengo.
Notable people
Aldo Brovarone (1926–2020), automobile designer.
References
External links
Official website
Pro Loco
Church: Organ | capital of | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vigliano Biellese"
]
} |
Vigliano Biellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.
Vigliano Biellese borders the following municipalities: Biella, Candelo, Cerreto Castello, Cossato, Ronco Biellese, Valdengo.
Notable people
Aldo Brovarone (1926–2020), automobile designer.
References
External links
Official website
Pro Loco
Church: Organ | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vigliano Biellese"
]
} |
Haliotis glabra, commonly called glistening abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.The homonym Haliotis glabra Swainson, 1822 is a synonym of Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808. Haliotis glabra Chemnitz, 1788 is unavailable. Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner, 1829 is a synonym of Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 55 mm. "The oval, depressed shell is marked with arrow-shaped olive or green spots on a lighter ground. The surface is nearly smooth. The six to eight small perforations are small., their edges not raised.The shell is oval or elliptical,with the right and left sides equally curved. The small spire is lateral, scarcely projecting above the general outline of the shell. The ground color is whitish-green, mottled and marked all over with triangular or arrow-shaped spots of green or olive. The surface is smooth, except for very light growth striae and narrow impressed spiral lines. There are a few narrow raised striae between the row of holes and the columellar margin. The inner surface is silvery and iridescent. The columellar plate is flat, wide above, gradually becoming narrower toward its base. The cavity of the spire is minute and concealed. "
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Northern Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Poppe G.T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany. 135pp 83pls.
Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 9
External links
"Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"species"
]
} |
Haliotis glabra, commonly called glistening abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.The homonym Haliotis glabra Swainson, 1822 is a synonym of Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808. Haliotis glabra Chemnitz, 1788 is unavailable. Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner, 1829 is a synonym of Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 55 mm. "The oval, depressed shell is marked with arrow-shaped olive or green spots on a lighter ground. The surface is nearly smooth. The six to eight small perforations are small., their edges not raised.The shell is oval or elliptical,with the right and left sides equally curved. The small spire is lateral, scarcely projecting above the general outline of the shell. The ground color is whitish-green, mottled and marked all over with triangular or arrow-shaped spots of green or olive. The surface is smooth, except for very light growth striae and narrow impressed spiral lines. There are a few narrow raised striae between the row of holes and the columellar margin. The inner surface is silvery and iridescent. The columellar plate is flat, wide above, gradually becoming narrower toward its base. The cavity of the spire is minute and concealed. "
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Northern Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Poppe G.T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany. 135pp 83pls.
Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 9
External links
"Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haliotis"
]
} |
Haliotis glabra, commonly called glistening abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.The homonym Haliotis glabra Swainson, 1822 is a synonym of Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808. Haliotis glabra Chemnitz, 1788 is unavailable. Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner, 1829 is a synonym of Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 55 mm. "The oval, depressed shell is marked with arrow-shaped olive or green spots on a lighter ground. The surface is nearly smooth. The six to eight small perforations are small., their edges not raised.The shell is oval or elliptical,with the right and left sides equally curved. The small spire is lateral, scarcely projecting above the general outline of the shell. The ground color is whitish-green, mottled and marked all over with triangular or arrow-shaped spots of green or olive. The surface is smooth, except for very light growth striae and narrow impressed spiral lines. There are a few narrow raised striae between the row of holes and the columellar margin. The inner surface is silvery and iridescent. The columellar plate is flat, wide above, gradually becoming narrower toward its base. The cavity of the spire is minute and concealed. "
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Northern Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Poppe G.T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany. 135pp 83pls.
Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 9
External links
"Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haliotis glabra"
]
} |
Haliotis glabra, commonly called glistening abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.The homonym Haliotis glabra Swainson, 1822 is a synonym of Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808. Haliotis glabra Chemnitz, 1788 is unavailable. Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner, 1829 is a synonym of Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 55 mm. "The oval, depressed shell is marked with arrow-shaped olive or green spots on a lighter ground. The surface is nearly smooth. The six to eight small perforations are small., their edges not raised.The shell is oval or elliptical,with the right and left sides equally curved. The small spire is lateral, scarcely projecting above the general outline of the shell. The ground color is whitish-green, mottled and marked all over with triangular or arrow-shaped spots of green or olive. The surface is smooth, except for very light growth striae and narrow impressed spiral lines. There are a few narrow raised striae between the row of holes and the columellar margin. The inner surface is silvery and iridescent. The columellar plate is flat, wide above, gradually becoming narrower toward its base. The cavity of the spire is minute and concealed. "
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Northern Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Poppe G.T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany. 135pp 83pls.
Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 9
External links
"Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haliotis glabra"
]
} |
Haliotis glabra, commonly called glistening abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.The homonym Haliotis glabra Swainson, 1822 is a synonym of Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808. Haliotis glabra Chemnitz, 1788 is unavailable. Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner, 1829 is a synonym of Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 55 mm. "The oval, depressed shell is marked with arrow-shaped olive or green spots on a lighter ground. The surface is nearly smooth. The six to eight small perforations are small., their edges not raised.The shell is oval or elliptical,with the right and left sides equally curved. The small spire is lateral, scarcely projecting above the general outline of the shell. The ground color is whitish-green, mottled and marked all over with triangular or arrow-shaped spots of green or olive. The surface is smooth, except for very light growth striae and narrow impressed spiral lines. There are a few narrow raised striae between the row of holes and the columellar margin. The inner surface is silvery and iridescent. The columellar plate is flat, wide above, gradually becoming narrower toward its base. The cavity of the spire is minute and concealed. "
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Northern Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Poppe G.T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany. 135pp 83pls.
Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 9
External links
"Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. | Commons gallery | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haliotis glabra"
]
} |
Dobrzykowice [dɔbʐɨkɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Wüstendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czernica, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Czernica, and 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of the regional capital Wrocław.
Demography
According to the National Census (March 2011), there were 1114 inhabitants, making Dobrzykowice the fourth largest village of Gmina Czernica.
History
In 1946, the town was incorporated into the newly formed Wroclaw Voivodship in post-war Poland. The German-speaking population living in the village was displaced to Germany.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} |
Dobrzykowice [dɔbʐɨkɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Wüstendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czernica, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Czernica, and 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of the regional capital Wrocław.
Demography
According to the National Census (March 2011), there were 1114 inhabitants, making Dobrzykowice the fourth largest village of Gmina Czernica.
History
In 1946, the town was incorporated into the newly formed Wroclaw Voivodship in post-war Poland. The German-speaking population living in the village was displaced to Germany.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"Gmina Czernica"
]
} |
Dobrzykowice [dɔbʐɨkɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Wüstendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czernica, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Czernica, and 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of the regional capital Wrocław.
Demography
According to the National Census (March 2011), there were 1114 inhabitants, making Dobrzykowice the fourth largest village of Gmina Czernica.
History
In 1946, the town was incorporated into the newly formed Wroclaw Voivodship in post-war Poland. The German-speaking population living in the village was displaced to Germany.
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dobrzykowice"
]
} |
Haworthia emelyae (synonym with Haworthia picta) is a species of the genus Haworthia in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the Western Cape Province in South Africa.
Description
This species is one of the "retuse" species of Haworthia, meaning that it usually grows sunken beneath the ground with its flattened leaves only showing on the surface. Its rosette of succulent leaves are turned back ("retuse") so as to provide a flat and level face, on the surface of the ground. In this form, it is similar to other retuse haworthias (e.g. Haworthia retusa, Haworthia bayeri, Haworthia springbokvlakensis, Haworthia pygmaea, Haworthia mirabilis and Haworthia magnifica).
A distinctive feature is the convex shape of the leaf faces. The faces appear to bulge upwards, with the leaf tips bent back downwards. Another distinctive feature is the flecked, speckled (often pink) vein markings on the leaf faces. These markings have made this species a very popular ornamental plant for cultivation.
Distribution
The natural range of this species is in the south-eastern part of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Here it occurs roughly between Oudtshoorn and Vanwykskraal.
== References == | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"species"
]
} |
Haworthia emelyae (synonym with Haworthia picta) is a species of the genus Haworthia in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the Western Cape Province in South Africa.
Description
This species is one of the "retuse" species of Haworthia, meaning that it usually grows sunken beneath the ground with its flattened leaves only showing on the surface. Its rosette of succulent leaves are turned back ("retuse") so as to provide a flat and level face, on the surface of the ground. In this form, it is similar to other retuse haworthias (e.g. Haworthia retusa, Haworthia bayeri, Haworthia springbokvlakensis, Haworthia pygmaea, Haworthia mirabilis and Haworthia magnifica).
A distinctive feature is the convex shape of the leaf faces. The faces appear to bulge upwards, with the leaf tips bent back downwards. Another distinctive feature is the flecked, speckled (often pink) vein markings on the leaf faces. These markings have made this species a very popular ornamental plant for cultivation.
Distribution
The natural range of this species is in the south-eastern part of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Here it occurs roughly between Oudtshoorn and Vanwykskraal.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haworthia emelyae"
]
} |
Haworthia emelyae (synonym with Haworthia picta) is a species of the genus Haworthia in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the Western Cape Province in South Africa.
Description
This species is one of the "retuse" species of Haworthia, meaning that it usually grows sunken beneath the ground with its flattened leaves only showing on the surface. Its rosette of succulent leaves are turned back ("retuse") so as to provide a flat and level face, on the surface of the ground. In this form, it is similar to other retuse haworthias (e.g. Haworthia retusa, Haworthia bayeri, Haworthia springbokvlakensis, Haworthia pygmaea, Haworthia mirabilis and Haworthia magnifica).
A distinctive feature is the convex shape of the leaf faces. The faces appear to bulge upwards, with the leaf tips bent back downwards. Another distinctive feature is the flecked, speckled (often pink) vein markings on the leaf faces. These markings have made this species a very popular ornamental plant for cultivation.
Distribution
The natural range of this species is in the south-eastern part of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Here it occurs roughly between Oudtshoorn and Vanwykskraal.
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haworthia emelyae"
]
} |
Haworthia emelyae (synonym with Haworthia picta) is a species of the genus Haworthia in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the Western Cape Province in South Africa.
Description
This species is one of the "retuse" species of Haworthia, meaning that it usually grows sunken beneath the ground with its flattened leaves only showing on the surface. Its rosette of succulent leaves are turned back ("retuse") so as to provide a flat and level face, on the surface of the ground. In this form, it is similar to other retuse haworthias (e.g. Haworthia retusa, Haworthia bayeri, Haworthia springbokvlakensis, Haworthia pygmaea, Haworthia mirabilis and Haworthia magnifica).
A distinctive feature is the convex shape of the leaf faces. The faces appear to bulge upwards, with the leaf tips bent back downwards. Another distinctive feature is the flecked, speckled (often pink) vein markings on the leaf faces. These markings have made this species a very popular ornamental plant for cultivation.
Distribution
The natural range of this species is in the south-eastern part of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Here it occurs roughly between Oudtshoorn and Vanwykskraal.
== References == | Commons gallery | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haworthia emelyae"
]
} |
The MSrE M-21 Harag (Hungarian: "Fury") was an aerobatics aircraft built in Hungary in 1936, sometimes known as the Szegedy M-21 after one of its designers, József Szegedy. It was a conventional biplane design with single-bay staggered wings of equal span braced by N-struts. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, and the tailwheel undercarriage featured divided main units. Only a single example was built.
Specifications
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 8.3 m (27 ft 3 in)
Height: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty weight: 550 kg (1,213 lb)
Gross weight: 760 kg (1,676 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Siemens Sh14A 7-cylinder radial, 120 kW (160 hp)Performance
Maximum speed: 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
Cruise speed: 175 km/h (109 mph, 94 kn)
Service ceiling: 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 5.0 m/s (980 ft/min) initial
Notes
References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
Grey, C.G. (1972). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4. | country | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Hungary"
]
} |
The MSrE M-21 Harag (Hungarian: "Fury") was an aerobatics aircraft built in Hungary in 1936, sometimes known as the Szegedy M-21 after one of its designers, József Szegedy. It was a conventional biplane design with single-bay staggered wings of equal span braced by N-struts. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, and the tailwheel undercarriage featured divided main units. Only a single example was built.
Specifications
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 8.3 m (27 ft 3 in)
Height: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty weight: 550 kg (1,213 lb)
Gross weight: 760 kg (1,676 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Siemens Sh14A 7-cylinder radial, 120 kW (160 hp)Performance
Maximum speed: 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
Cruise speed: 175 km/h (109 mph, 94 kn)
Service ceiling: 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 5.0 m/s (980 ft/min) initial
Notes
References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
Grey, C.G. (1972). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4. | subclass of | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"aircraft"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Vienna"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"Bad Ischl"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Austria"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Hans"
]
} |
Hans Gustav Alfred Breidbach-Bernau (16 March 1921 – 15 May 2014) was an Austrian writer. He competed in the "epic works" category of the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal. He was born in Vienna and worked in photojournalism during World War II. Following the conflict he took up freelance writing in addition to roles as an athletics coach and sports publicist. He died in Bad Ischl on 15 May 2014.
References
External links
Hans Breidbach-Bernau at Olympedia | participant in | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"1948 Summer Olympics"
]
} |
Major Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani was an officer of Army of the Republic of Upper Volta executed on September 19, 1989 along with Henri Zongo by Blaise Compaoré who accused them of plotting a coup. Lingani was set by Laurent Sédego, Gilbert Diendéré, Hermann Yaméogo, Issa Tiendrébeogo and his cousin Alain Ouilma of national safety department.
Biography
Lingani was educated at the Prytanée militaire de Saint-Louis, a military academy in Saint-Louis, the capital of Senegal. He later became a teacher at the Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo outside of the Voltaic capital of Ouagadougou.In 1976, when the country was led by Major General Sangoulé Lamizana, he participated in forming a secret left-wing organization within the lower officers of the Voltaic military, the "Communist Officers' Group" (French: Regroupement des officiers communistes, ROC). Other well-known members of the ROC included Henri Zongo, Blaise Compaoré, and Thomas Sankara. In 1980, Lamizana – who himself had previously participated in overthrowing his predecessor – was deposed by Colonel Saye Zerbo in a military coup. A subsequent coup in 1982 against Zerbo put Major Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo in power instead, and Lingani's comrade Thomas Sankara was made Prime Minister. This influence on the Ouédraogo regime from left-wing officers troubled the former colonial power France, and after a visit by Jean-Christophe Mitterrand Sankara, Henri Zongo and Lingani were all placed under arrest.A popular uprising was triggered in response, and Blaise Compaoré led yet another coup, which made Sankara President. Lingani and the other members of the Communist Officers' Group joined the Council of Popular Salvation, the new military junta. Sankara set about attempting to enact what he called the "Democratic and Popular Revolution" (French: Révolution démocratique et populaire), a radical transformation of society. To achieve this, new entities such as the Pioneers of the Revolution, the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Popular Revolutionary Tribunals were introduced.
Jean-Baptiste Lingani served as Minister for Popular Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in Sankara's cabinet. During his time as such, Burkina Faso – renamed from Upper Volta – fought Mali in the brief Second Agacher Strip War, which lasted a few weeks in December 1985.
On 15 October 1987, Thomas Sankara was assassinated by a group of soldiers, in a military coup orchestrated by Blaise Compaoré, Gilbert Diendéré. Lingani and Henri Zongo were not aware of the preparedness of the coup against Sankara - - A deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given, with Compaoré stating that Sankara jeopardised foreign relations with France and the neighbouring Ivory Coast. Compaoré succeeded Sankara as President.
Lingani remained Minister for Popular Defense and Commander-in-Chief under Compaoré, and served as acting chairman of the Popular Front during Compaoré's foreign visits. On 18 September 1989, however, during a visit by the president to China, this would change. Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Lingani – along with two other officials – were arrested, charged with plotting to launch yet another military coup. Zongo and Lingani, denounced as "Fascists" by state radio, were both quickly executed. Blaise Compaoré would go on to rule Burkina Faso for two and a half decades, until his overthrow during the 2014 Burkinabé uprising.
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Jean-Baptiste"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Linden"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
1514
],
"text": [
"Los Angeles"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
1553
],
"text": [
"singer"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | genre | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"blues"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | record label | {
"answer_start": [
1090
],
"text": [
"Columbia Records"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | discography | {
"answer_start": [
8422
],
"text": [
"T-Bone Walker discography"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
1835
],
"text": [
"T-Bone Walker"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | cause of death | {
"answer_start": [
4422
],
"text": [
"pneumonia"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | family name | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Walker"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | instrument | {
"answer_start": [
673
],
"text": [
"piano"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | birth name | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"Aaron Thibeaux Walker"
]
} |
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Biography
1910–1941: Early years
Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.Walker married Vida Lee in 1935; the couple had three children.
By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer. He started playing electric guitar in about 1940.
1942–1975: Later years
In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were also on the program. He performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947, along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The Three Blazers, and Sarah Vaughan.Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).
Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LP Hot Leftovers (1985) and the 78 "Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").
He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1957 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1970 for Good Feelin', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, Fly Walker Airlines, released in 1972.
Death
Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced generations of musicians.
Legacy
Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented that when he first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 Live at Blues Alley recording.
According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".
Discography
As leader
"Wichita Falls Blues"//"Trinity River Blues" (Columbia, 1929) as 'Oak Cliff T-Bone'
"T-Bone Blues" (Varsity, 1940) with Les Hite And His Orchestra
"Mean Old World"//"I Got a Break, Baby" (1942 [1945; 1948])
"Evening" (1944)
"Bobby Sox Blues" (1946)
"I'm in an Awful Mood" (1946)
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947)
"Long Skirt Baby Blues"//"Good-Bye Blues" (1947)
"I Want a Little Girl" (1948)
"West Side Baby" (1948)
"T-Bone Shuffle" (1948)
"Hypin' Women Blues" (1949)
"Glamour Girl"//"Strollin' With Bones" (1950)
"The Hustle is On" (1950)
"Cold Cold Feeling" (1952)
Classics in Jazz (Capitol [10"], 1954)
T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1955/1956/1957 [1959])
Sings the Blues (Imperial, 1960)
I Get So Weary (Imperial, 1961)
The Great Blues Vocals and Guitar of T-Bone Walker (His Original 1945–1950 Performances) (Capitol, 1963)
"Hey Hey Baby"//"Should I Let Her Go" (Modern, 1965)
The Truth (Brunswick, 1966 [1968]) also released as The Legendary T-Bone Walker
Stormy Monday Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
Funky Town (BluesWay, 1968)
I Want a Little Girl (Delmark, 1968 [1973]) also released as Feelin' the Blues (Black & Blue)
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1968 [1969])
Everyday I Have the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with Big Joe Turner, Otis Spann
Super Black Blues: Volume II [live] (BluesTime, 1970) with Leon Thomas, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Big Joe Turner
Stormy Monday Blues (Wet Soul/SSS International, 1970 [1971])
Fly Walker Airlines (Live in Montreux) (Polydor, 1972)
Well Done (Home Cooking, 1973) also released as Back on the Scene: Texas 1966
Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) 2-LP
Hot Leftovers (Imperial [France], 1985)
As sideman
With Norman Granz' Jazz At The Philharmonic
J.A.T.P. in London, 1969 (Pablo, 1989) 2-LP; Walker does 3 songs: "Woman You Must Be Crazy", "Goin' To Chicago", and "Stormy Monday".With Jay McShann
Confessin' the Blues (Black & Blue, 1970; Classic Jazz, 1978)With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Kidney Stew is Fine (Delmark, 1969) also released as Wee Baby Blues (Black & Blue)With Jimmy Witherspoon
Evenin' Blues (Prestige, 1963)With various artists
The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, 1967 [1975]) 4-LP box set; Walker does "Woman You Must Be Crazy", and "Stormy Monday".
References
External links
"T-Bone Walker". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
T-Bone Walker discography at Discogs
T-Bone Walker at IMDb
T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave | name in native language | {
"answer_start": [
1835
],
"text": [
"T-Bone Walker"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Naples"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Naples"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"actor"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mario"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
} |
Mario Da Vinci, stage name of Alfonso Sorrentino (14 March 1942 – 10 May 2015) was an Italian Canzone Napoletana singer and actor.
Born in Naples, the son of a fisherman, during his career which he started in the 1960s Da Vinci recorded 13 albums and over sixty singles. Da Vinci participated four times at the Festival di Napoli, winning the 1981 edition with the song "’A mamma". His variegated career included television, theatre and films.
Discography
Album1964: Nostalgia di Napoli
1973: ’O bello per tutte le belle
1976: Miracolo 'e Natale
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 1
1977: Mario & Sal Da Vinci Vol. 2
1977: ’O scugnizzo e 'o signore
1978: Figlio mio sono innocente
1979: Vasame ancora
1979: Napoli storia d'amore e di vendetta
1980: Muntevergine (Mamma Schiavona)
1981: ’O motorino
1982: Annabella
1983: Footing
References
External links
Mario Da Vinci at Discogs
Mario Da Vinci at IMDb | birth name | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Alfonso Sorrentino"
]
} |
Norman Springford (born December 1944) is the former Chairman of The Ross Development Trust and former Executive Chairman of Apex Hotels.
An accountant by profession, Norman Springford, worked for the Inland Revenue and then became the owner/manager of a number of public houses, bingo halls, and the Edinburgh Playhouse.
He opened his first hotel, the Apex International Hotel, in Edinburgh in 1996. The group now own ten hotels across London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Bath. In 2014 relinquished his position as Chairman of the company, handing over to his son Ian.In 2011 he was credited with saving the Princes Street Gardens ice rink. In June 2018, he was awarded the OBE for services to the Scottish tourism industry.
References
External links
Caterersearch - Norman Springford, chief executive of Apex Hotels group | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Norman"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | member of sports team | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Atlanta Braves"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"Norco High School"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | league | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"Major League Baseball"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | sport | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"baseball"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | family name | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Cunniff"
]
} |
Brandon Michael Cunniff (born October 7, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Atlanta Braves in 2015.
Career
Cunniff attended Norco High School and the California State University, San Bernardino.
Florida Marlins
Cunniff was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 27th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft out of California State University San Bernardino. He pitched in the Marlins organization for one year, making 18 appearances before being released.
River City Rascals
From 2011 to 2013 he played in the Frontier League, with the River City Rascals.
Atlanta Braves
Cunniff signed with the Atlanta Braves in June 2013. He compiled a 1.99 ERA in 20 appearances at Single–A Lynchburg. The next year, Cunniff made nine more appearances with Lynchburg until a promotion to the Southern League's Mississippi Braves. At the Double–A level, Cunniff pitched in 33 games, recording a 2.05 ERA.The Braves added Cunniff to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was invited to spring training in 2015, and sent to the minors as one of the final cuts. After Craig Kimbrel and Melvin Upton, Jr. were traded to the San Diego Padres on April 6, Cunniff was called up. Cunniff went on the disabled list for the first time in his career on June 26, 2015, after suffering a groin strain. He was designated for assignment on December 18, 2015.Due to a loss of effectiveness arising from a heavy workload in his first Major League Baseball season, Cunniff was not invited to spring training in 2016. Instead, he began the season with the Gwinnett Braves. After two months, Cunniff was demoted to Mississippi, and later called up on August 3 from the Triple–A level. Cunniff was optioned back to Gwinnett on August 12. He spent the rest of August between the major and minor league levels. He was outrighted on November 2, 2016. He elected free agency five days later on November 7.
Second stint with Marlins
On January 18, 2017, Cunniff signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On April 14, 2017, while pitching for the Triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes, Cunniff pitched the ninth inning of a combined no-hitter against the Iowa Cubs, with Scott Copeland pitching the first 7 innings and Hunter Cervenka taking care of the eighth. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Bravos de León
On April 5, 2018, Cunniff signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2018.
New Britain Bees
On July 14, 2018, Cunniff signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
Tigres de Quintana Roo
On February 19, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican League. He was released on April 25, 2019.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 17, 2019, Cunniff signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 16, 2019.
Lincoln Saltdogs
On January 21, 2022, Cunniff signed with the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association. In 2022, Cunniff recorded a 1–1 record and 5.11 ERA in 11 appearances with the Saltdogs. On June 16, 2022, Cunniff was released by the Saltdogs.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes bio | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brandon"
]
} |
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle is a 3D puzzle/adventure game for Mac and Windows by Cyan Worlds and Fanista released on November 30, 2007. It is a sequel to the adventure game Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel, also by Cyan Worlds. Osmo has been incarcerated because of his extreme laziness. The aim is to help Osmo escape from his prison by touching a set of coloured hexagonal targets on each level.
References
External links
Official website
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle at Metacritic
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle at MobyGames | developer | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Cyan Worlds"
]
} |
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle is a 3D puzzle/adventure game for Mac and Windows by Cyan Worlds and Fanista released on November 30, 2007. It is a sequel to the adventure game Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel, also by Cyan Worlds. Osmo has been incarcerated because of his extreme laziness. The aim is to help Osmo escape from his prison by touching a set of coloured hexagonal targets on each level.
References
External links
Official website
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle at Metacritic
Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle at MobyGames | part of the series | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel"
]
} |
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram is a Carnatic music vocalist and cinema playback singer from Chennai.He is an alumnus of the Madras Medical College where he qualified as a UG & PG in Medicine and Trinity College of Music where he learnt western music. He is the principle disciple of the great master Sangeetha Vidwan Prof. B.Krishnamurthy in the intricacies and nuances of Indian Classical music, since childhood till dateHe is also a Medical Doctor with a Post graduate degree in Internal Medicine. He is now working as Dean/Spl.officer, Perambalur Govt Medical college, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu on promotion from his previous designation as a Professor & HOD of Medicine in his Alma mater MMC, as Director i/c of Institute of Internal Medicine at the Madras Medical college.Sivachidambaram is the son of Padma Shri Sirkazhi Govindarajan. Sivachidambaram has recorded a song, Enadharumai Raanuva Veerargaal, written by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India. His extempore rendering of the song on 'Youth empowerment' in Tamil written by Hon'ble President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, during the inauguration of Tamil Isai Sangam festival in Chennai was appreciated with a hue and cry.He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. In November 2015 he was appointed as the Dean of Perambalur Government Hospital in Tamil Nadu.
He has been appointed as a member of the Board of Governors in Dr. J Jayalalithaa Music and Arts University of Tamil Nadu in the year 2022, and met Hon'ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M.K. Stalin, who congratulated him.
He instituted the Isaimani Dr.Seerkazhi S.Govindarajan memorial foundation, a charitable trust in memory of his father to serve the society at large with medical help, scholarships and educational aids for the unaffordable apart from taking music to inaccessible areas and exposing traditional musical wealth for all in the nook and corner of the country.
His regular Charity concerts arranged for fund raising for schools and performances in the orphanages, Senior citizen's old age homes, terminal health care centres have been appreciated by all. He has been appreciated by organisations like the Lions Club and Rotary Club with appreciatory awards for the charitable services. Endowments created by Isaimani foundation at the Thiruvannamalai Ramanashramam, Vadalur Sathyagnana sabha, Annamalai University, Madurai Tamil Isai Sangam towards annadhanam feeding and youth appreciation awards.
Awards
Sivachidambaram has received many awards including the Kalaimamani from the Tamil Nadu government, Madras Music Academy award for Best Rendering and Tamil Isai Vendar. In 2008, he received the Padma Shri award from the Government of India.
He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. The Tamil Nadu Dr.MGR Medical university honoured him with an Honorary doctorate D.Sc Honoris causa in appreciation of his service in the Medical field as an eminent physician and teacher of medicine. He was the recipient of the prestigious "Aryabhatta award" from Karnataka.
Discography
References
External links
Profile at Sirkali.org
http://www.tamilisaisangam.in/virudhukal.html | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"India"
]
} |
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram is a Carnatic music vocalist and cinema playback singer from Chennai.He is an alumnus of the Madras Medical College where he qualified as a UG & PG in Medicine and Trinity College of Music where he learnt western music. He is the principle disciple of the great master Sangeetha Vidwan Prof. B.Krishnamurthy in the intricacies and nuances of Indian Classical music, since childhood till dateHe is also a Medical Doctor with a Post graduate degree in Internal Medicine. He is now working as Dean/Spl.officer, Perambalur Govt Medical college, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu on promotion from his previous designation as a Professor & HOD of Medicine in his Alma mater MMC, as Director i/c of Institute of Internal Medicine at the Madras Medical college.Sivachidambaram is the son of Padma Shri Sirkazhi Govindarajan. Sivachidambaram has recorded a song, Enadharumai Raanuva Veerargaal, written by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India. His extempore rendering of the song on 'Youth empowerment' in Tamil written by Hon'ble President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, during the inauguration of Tamil Isai Sangam festival in Chennai was appreciated with a hue and cry.He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. In November 2015 he was appointed as the Dean of Perambalur Government Hospital in Tamil Nadu.
He has been appointed as a member of the Board of Governors in Dr. J Jayalalithaa Music and Arts University of Tamil Nadu in the year 2022, and met Hon'ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M.K. Stalin, who congratulated him.
He instituted the Isaimani Dr.Seerkazhi S.Govindarajan memorial foundation, a charitable trust in memory of his father to serve the society at large with medical help, scholarships and educational aids for the unaffordable apart from taking music to inaccessible areas and exposing traditional musical wealth for all in the nook and corner of the country.
His regular Charity concerts arranged for fund raising for schools and performances in the orphanages, Senior citizen's old age homes, terminal health care centres have been appreciated by all. He has been appreciated by organisations like the Lions Club and Rotary Club with appreciatory awards for the charitable services. Endowments created by Isaimani foundation at the Thiruvannamalai Ramanashramam, Vadalur Sathyagnana sabha, Annamalai University, Madurai Tamil Isai Sangam towards annadhanam feeding and youth appreciation awards.
Awards
Sivachidambaram has received many awards including the Kalaimamani from the Tamil Nadu government, Madras Music Academy award for Best Rendering and Tamil Isai Vendar. In 2008, he received the Padma Shri award from the Government of India.
He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. The Tamil Nadu Dr.MGR Medical university honoured him with an Honorary doctorate D.Sc Honoris causa in appreciation of his service in the Medical field as an eminent physician and teacher of medicine. He was the recipient of the prestigious "Aryabhatta award" from Karnataka.
Discography
References
External links
Profile at Sirkali.org
http://www.tamilisaisangam.in/virudhukal.html | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
2995
],
"text": [
"physician"
]
} |
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram is a Carnatic music vocalist and cinema playback singer from Chennai.He is an alumnus of the Madras Medical College where he qualified as a UG & PG in Medicine and Trinity College of Music where he learnt western music. He is the principle disciple of the great master Sangeetha Vidwan Prof. B.Krishnamurthy in the intricacies and nuances of Indian Classical music, since childhood till dateHe is also a Medical Doctor with a Post graduate degree in Internal Medicine. He is now working as Dean/Spl.officer, Perambalur Govt Medical college, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu on promotion from his previous designation as a Professor & HOD of Medicine in his Alma mater MMC, as Director i/c of Institute of Internal Medicine at the Madras Medical college.Sivachidambaram is the son of Padma Shri Sirkazhi Govindarajan. Sivachidambaram has recorded a song, Enadharumai Raanuva Veerargaal, written by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India. His extempore rendering of the song on 'Youth empowerment' in Tamil written by Hon'ble President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, during the inauguration of Tamil Isai Sangam festival in Chennai was appreciated with a hue and cry.He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. In November 2015 he was appointed as the Dean of Perambalur Government Hospital in Tamil Nadu.
He has been appointed as a member of the Board of Governors in Dr. J Jayalalithaa Music and Arts University of Tamil Nadu in the year 2022, and met Hon'ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M.K. Stalin, who congratulated him.
He instituted the Isaimani Dr.Seerkazhi S.Govindarajan memorial foundation, a charitable trust in memory of his father to serve the society at large with medical help, scholarships and educational aids for the unaffordable apart from taking music to inaccessible areas and exposing traditional musical wealth for all in the nook and corner of the country.
His regular Charity concerts arranged for fund raising for schools and performances in the orphanages, Senior citizen's old age homes, terminal health care centres have been appreciated by all. He has been appreciated by organisations like the Lions Club and Rotary Club with appreciatory awards for the charitable services. Endowments created by Isaimani foundation at the Thiruvannamalai Ramanashramam, Vadalur Sathyagnana sabha, Annamalai University, Madurai Tamil Isai Sangam towards annadhanam feeding and youth appreciation awards.
Awards
Sivachidambaram has received many awards including the Kalaimamani from the Tamil Nadu government, Madras Music Academy award for Best Rendering and Tamil Isai Vendar. In 2008, he received the Padma Shri award from the Government of India.
He was awarded the title of "Isai Peraringar" from Tamil Isai Sangam in the year 2014. The Tamil Nadu Dr.MGR Medical university honoured him with an Honorary doctorate D.Sc Honoris causa in appreciation of his service in the Medical field as an eminent physician and teacher of medicine. He was the recipient of the prestigious "Aryabhatta award" from Karnataka.
Discography
References
External links
Profile at Sirkali.org
http://www.tamilisaisangam.in/virudhukal.html | genre | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Carnatic music"
]
} |
The Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway (PADW) was a Canadian railway that operated in Northwestern Ontario.
The PADW was built in 1889 by investors interested in extracting the mineral and timber wealth of the Whitefish River Valley, Silver Mountain Range and beyond into the Gunflint Range.The line originated at Port Arthur in the east, ran through Fort William and onward to the Canada–United States border. The PADW was constructed with the intention of connecting to an affiliated railroad in Minnesota to provide a route to Duluth, however this section was not built.
The PADW was abandoned in sections, and fully closed in 1938.
See also
Gunflint and Lake Superior Railroad
Canadian Northern Railway
List of Ontario railways
List of defunct Canadian railways
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
} |
The Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway (PADW) was a Canadian railway that operated in Northwestern Ontario.
The PADW was built in 1889 by investors interested in extracting the mineral and timber wealth of the Whitefish River Valley, Silver Mountain Range and beyond into the Gunflint Range.The line originated at Port Arthur in the east, ran through Fort William and onward to the Canada–United States border. The PADW was constructed with the intention of connecting to an affiliated railroad in Minnesota to provide a route to Duluth, however this section was not built.
The PADW was abandoned in sections, and fully closed in 1938.
See also
Gunflint and Lake Superior Railroad
Canadian Northern Railway
List of Ontario railways
List of defunct Canadian railways
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"Ontario"
]
} |
The Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway (PADW) was a Canadian railway that operated in Northwestern Ontario.
The PADW was built in 1889 by investors interested in extracting the mineral and timber wealth of the Whitefish River Valley, Silver Mountain Range and beyond into the Gunflint Range.The line originated at Port Arthur in the east, ran through Fort William and onward to the Canada–United States border. The PADW was constructed with the intention of connecting to an affiliated railroad in Minnesota to provide a route to Duluth, however this section was not built.
The PADW was abandoned in sections, and fully closed in 1938.
See also
Gunflint and Lake Superior Railroad
Canadian Northern Railway
List of Ontario railways
List of defunct Canadian railways
== References == | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Port Arthur"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Nuremberg"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"painter"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
6004
],
"text": [
"William Ritschel"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"William"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | Commons Creator page | {
"answer_start": [
6004
],
"text": [
"William Ritschel"
]
} |
William Frederic Ritschel, also known as Wilhelm Frederick Ritschel (July 11, 1864 – March 11, 1949), was a California impressionist painter who was born in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany and New York
After completing his education at a regional Gymnasium and Industrial School, Wilhelm left an apprenticeship as a lithographer and served from 1883 to 1887 in the Imperial German Navy where he began to paint and decorate large seashells, one of which was presented to England's future King Edward VII. As the nephew of Ernest Ritschel, a German sculptor and founder of the Dresden Art School, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Karl Raupp (1837–1918) and Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874) between 1888 and 1894 and became a member of the Kunstverein München. His seascapes and studies of horses were exhibited throughout Germany and in Paris. Responding to an invitation from his physician-cousin, he sailed in November 1895 to New York City. According to the U.S. Census in June 1900 he was a widower, artist, and resident of Suffolk County, New York.In 1900, Ritschel married Bella "Zora" Hollingsworth, a Texas-born widow who was ten years younger, and moved to Manhattan. On June 16, 1904, he became a naturalized citizen and visited Europe in the succeeding years, including Norway, France, and the Netherlands. Until the early 1930s New York remained an important venue for the exhibition and sale of his paintings. One of his earliest shows was in 1901 at the Currier Art Gallery; that same year he was elected member of the Salmagundi Club, where he exhibited for almost 40 years. He was awarded the Club's Honorable Mention in 1912 and the Isidor Medal in 1923. He was a frequent contributor to the National Academy of Design where he was elected an Associate (A.N.A.) in 1910 and a National Academician (N.A.) in 1914 and where he received the Carnegie Prize (1912–13), two Honorable Mentions (1921 and 1926), and on an unprecedented three occasions the Ranger Fund Prize (1920s).
Career in California
He spent his first summer near Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1911. Six years later he purchased a "seasonal cottage" and rented a studio from Elizabeth T Bigelow in the nearby Carmel Highlands. In 1919 began construction on his famous stone castle or "eagle's nest" in the Highlands. The U.S. Census in January 1920 still recorded his official residence as Manhattan. According to his artist-friend Jennie V. Cannon, he occupied the castle as his permanent home in the spring of 1921. He exhibited at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club between 1913 and 1924 and continued as a frequent exhibiting member for more than two decades at the Carmel Art Association, where he received numerous awards and served as president and on the board of directors. In 1914 he met on several occasions with William Merritt Chase, who was teaching a summer class in Carmel. Two years later he volunteered to design and paint sets for the local Forest Theater.His seascapes of the California coast and his scenes from his trips to the South Seas (1922 and 1924–25) were immensely popular in commercial galleries throughout the United States and frequently sold for record prices. He married his third wife, the sculptor Nora Havel, in 1930.
Partial list of exhibitions
Outside of Carmel some of the venues where he exhibited and often received awards include the: Pratt Institute (New York); Folsom Galleries (New York City); New York Water Color Club; Macbeth Galleries (New York City); Ainslie Galleries (New York City); Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (Honorable Mention in 1912); Annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; Milch Galleries (New York City); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (Gold Medal 1915); Boston Art Club; Art Club of Philadelphia (Gold Medal in 1918 and 1924); Art Institute of Chicago (Harris Prize 1920s); Royal Academy of Art (London); Paris Salon (Honorable Mention in 1928); Annual of American Art in Springville (Purchase Prize in 1930), Cannell & Chaffin Galleries (Los Angeles); Stendahl Galleries (Los Angeles); Biltmore Salon (Los Angeles); Kanst Galleries (Los Angeles); Los Angeles Museum of Art in Exposition Park; California Water Color Society; Statewide Annual of the Santa Cruz Art League (First Prize 1930 and 1937; Honorable Mention in 1941); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (Monterey); California State Fair (First Prize 1917, 1926, 1936 and 1941; Second Prize 1927 and 1940); San Francisco Art Association; Gump Gallery (San Francisco); Bohemian Club (San Francisco); Palace of the Legion of Honor (San Francisco); Courvoisier Gallery (San Francisco); Stanford University Art Gallery (Palo Alto), and especially the Oakland Art Gallery, where he received eleven major awards.
Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by William Frederic Ritschel are the: Arizona State University Art Museum (Tempe, Arizona), Art Institute of Chicago, Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California), Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa), Fisher Gallery (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Honolulu Museum of Art, Irvine Museum (Irvine, California), Monterey Museum of Art (Monterey, California), Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey), Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D. C.), Springville Museum of Art (Springville, Utah), and University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona).
Death
Ritschel died on March 11, 1949, in his Carmel Highlands, California, studio-home.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Robert W., Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1, Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project, 2012, ISBN 9781467545679.
Gerdts, William H., Art Across America: Two Centuries of Regional Painting, 1710-1920, New York, Abbeville Press, 1990.
Oakland Art Gallery, Paintings by William Ritschel; Paintings & Sculpture by George Alois Laisner, Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Art Gallery, 1947.
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 978-0-937426-89-0, p. 100 | has works in the collection | {
"answer_start": [
3828
],
"text": [
"Art Institute of Chicago"
]
} |
Deer Park Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:
Deer Park Township, LaSalle County, Illinois
Deer Park Township, Pennington County, Minnesota | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"Pennington County"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
670
],
"text": [
"Dhaka"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
963
],
"text": [
"Pakistan"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | member of political party | {
"answer_start": [
2547
],
"text": [
"Bangladesh Nationalist Party"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | native language | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Bengali"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | place of burial | {
"answer_start": [
670
],
"text": [
"Dhaka"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mohammad"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Bengali"
]
} |
Mohammad Mohammadullah (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ; 21 October 1921 – 12 November 1999) was the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Mohammadullah became the Acting President on 24 December 1973, was elected president on 24 January 1974, and took oath of office on 27 January 1974. He remained President until 25 January 1975.
Birth and education
Mohammadullah was born in Saicha, Raipur, Lakshmipur, on 21 October 1921. His father Munshi Abdul Wahab was a social worker. In 1943, he completed his secondary school certificate from Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School. Mohammadullah earned a bachelor's degree with honours in history from Dhaka University and obtained LLB degree from Ripon College Kolkata and again from Dhaka University in the same year 1948. In 1950, he became a member of the Dhaka Bar. In 1964, he was enrolled in Dhaka High Court as an advocate.
Political life
Mohammadullah was an active member of the East Pakistan Awami League from 1950. He had walked into the Awami League office in Nawabpur and told Sheikh Mujibur Rahman he would like to volunteer for Awami League and started working in office management. In 1953, he was elected as office secretary of East Pakistan and held the same position till 1972 after being nominated by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He actively participated in the six point movement in 1966, for which he was jailed for a long time.
Mohammadullah was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on the ticket of the Awami League in 1970. He was appointed as the political advisor to the Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.On 10 April 1972, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the Bangladesh Constituent Assembly (Ganoparishad) and the same year he became the acting Speaker. On 12 November 1972, he was elected Speaker. He was elected to the Member of the Parliament (JS) from the Raipur-Lakshmipur constituency, and was re-elected Speaker of the House again in 1973.
He became the Acting President of the Republic on 24 December 1973 and President on 24 January 1974.
In January 1975, the fourth amendment was passed which removed then President Mohammad Mohammadullah from office and made Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman president for a five-year term.He was made Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the Cabinet of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 26 January 1975. He was appointed as the Vice President by collaborators of the Assassination of Sheikh Mujib on August 1975. Mohammadullah joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1980. He was appointed vice president by President Abdus Sattar in March 1982 but the tenure lasted barely a year, because General Hussain Muhammad Ershad took over the reins of administration of the country. Mohammadullah was elected a member of the parliament (JS) once again in 1991 on BNP ticket.
Death
Mohammadullah died on 12 November 1999 at the age of 78. He was buried at Banani graveyard near Naval Headquarters.
Honours
King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 02/06/1974).
References
External links
Biography of Mohammadullah in bangabhaban.gov.bd|} | name in native language | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"মোহাম্মদ মুহম্মদুল্লাহ"
]
} |
The Newry and Armagh Railway was opened in 1864 and ran until 1879.
Stations and Line Description
Armagh
The Newry and Armagh Railway (N&A) opened in 1864, and had its own temporary terminus just outside Armagh until it started using the Ulster Railway of Armagh railway station in 1865. In 1876 the Ulster Railway became part of the new Great Northern Railway (GNR), which took over the N&A in 1879. The Government of Northern Ireland made the GNR Board close the remaining lines serving Armagh on 1 October 1957. Government Minister for the Department for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy MLA indicates railway restoration plans.
Hamiltonsbawn
Hamiltonsbawn railway station opened on 25 August 1864 and finally closed on 1 February 1933. Hamiltonsbawn was the scene of the Armagh railway disaster which happened on 12 June 1889 near Armagh, Ulster, Ireland, when a crowded Sunday school excursion train had to negotiate a steep incline; the steam locomotive was unable to complete the climb and the train stalled. Much later at the time of closure the line was run by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland).
Markethill
Markethill railway station opened on 25 August 1864, closed for passenger traffic on 1 February 1933 and finally closed altogether on 2 May 1955. Located on the Armagh to Goraghwood section of line run by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland.
Lissummon Railway Tunnel 1,608m 1759 yd long constructed with stone with some brick in the early 1860s.
Gorraghwood
Goraghwood railway station was opened on 6 March 1854 on the Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway where a junction existed on the present day Belfast-Newry railway line. In 1875, the D&BJct merged with the D&B, forming the Northern Railway of Ireland. In 1876 it merged with the Irish North Western Railway (INW) and Ulster Railway to form the Great Northern Railway (Ireland).
The station at Goraghwood railway station connected with the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway via Newry Edward Street railway station in Newry.
By the 1950s the GNRI had ceased to be profitable and in 1953 the company was jointly nationalised by the governments of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The two governments ran the railway jointly under a Great Northern Railway Board until 1958 then being absorbed into the Ulster Transport Authority. Goraghwood was closed by the Ulster Transport Authority in 1965 closing to passengers on 15 February 1965 and previously to freight on 4 January 1965. Presently trains run Northern Ireland Railways pass the closed station as well as the Enterprise.
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"railway"
]
} |
The Gibson EB-1 is a bass guitar that Gibson introduced in 1953. It was their first bass guitar.
History
Gibson first marketed the EB-1 (initially calling it simply, the Electric Bass) in 1953 in response to the success of the Fender Precision Bass. Rather than styling the body after an electric guitar, they shaped the EB-1 to resemble a double bass, even painting false f-holes on the top of the body. EB-1 production ended in 1958, when Gibson replaced it with the EB-2 and the later EB-0. They renamed the Electric Bass to the EB-1 at that time.
Gibson reissued the EB-1 in 1968 with several changes—including no false f-holes, standard right-angled tuning machines, and a chrome bridge cover. They discontinued this reissue in 1972. Epiphone (a subsidiary of Gibson) began marketing a Korean-manufactured EB-1 in 1999. This version of the EB-1 uses a more cost-effective bolt-on neck construction, as well as replacing the original bridge with a more conventional three-point adjustable bass bridge.
Despite its relative unpopularity among players, the EB-1 is prized among collectors for its historical value. It is not uncommon for original EB-1s to sell for over $4000 US dollars.
Epiphone currently produces a violin-shaped bass known as the Viola Bass. However, it is not modeled after the EB-1, but the Höfner 500/1. Eastwood Guitars produces and sells their own version of the EB-1, virtually identical to the original in design.
Design and construction
The EB-1 had a solid mahogany body finished with a brown stain, and a raised pickguard, which was originally colored brown to more closely match the color of the body. It had a 30.5" scale set neck—rather than the 34" scale of the Fender Precision Bass or the 41.5" scale of the 3/4-sized upright bass favored by many upright bassists of the time. To appeal to upright bass players, the EB-1 had a telescopic end pin so bassists could choose to play the EB-1 in an upright position, as well as horizontally. False f-holes and purfling on the body imitated the appearance of an upright bass.
Gibson mounted the pickup directly against the base of the neck, rather than the mid-body position of the Precision Bass, which gave the EB-1 a deeper, but less defined tone. The EB-1 had planetary banjo tuners, rather than the right-angled tuners of most other guitar and bass designs. More recent reissues have featured more conventional construction techniques, with standard issue tuning pegs and a standard bass bridge.
== References == | manufacturer | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Gibson"
]
} |
Réalt na Mara, Cromane, is a Gaelic Athletic Association club from the fishing village of Cromane, eight miles west of Killorglin in County Kerry, Ireland.
Cromane play football in maroon and white colours. The club fields teams from under-8 to senior level. The club's name is derived from the village's church, also called Réalt na Mara (Star of the Sea in English). The local national school also carries the same name.
There was a club in Cromane in the mid-1950s. Indeed, in 1954, Pat O'Shea played for the Kerry minors as a Cromane player.
Players
Since 1983 – when the current club was reformed – players such as 2015 GAA Football All-Star Donnchadh Walsh, Sean O'Sullivan, Patie Casey (1987 Kerry minor), Seán Walsh, and Deavan O'Flaherty have worn the green and gold of Kerry.
In May 2019 Kieran O'Sullivan became the latest Cromane club man to play Kerry minor football when he lined out against Cork in Páirc Uí Rinn, Cork city.
Kieran continued to line out at corner-back in each of the Kerry minors' 2019 championship matches. Their season ended with a narrow 0-14 to 0-13 All-Ireland semi-final defeat to Galway in Croke Park.
In 2022, Liam O'Neill became the latest Cromane man to feature for the Kerry minor footballers. He was part of the panel that contested the Munster final against Cork in May 2022.
Donnchadh Walsh
Donnchadh Walsh played Kerry minor for two years (2001/02) as well as under-21 and went on to win three All-Ireland medals (2007, 2009, and 2014). In 2015 Donnchadh was named as left-half forward on the GAA Football All-Stars team.
Sean O'Sullivan
Seán O'Sullivan played Kerry minor in 1998 and then had three years as an under-21, losing the 1999 All-Ireland Under-21 Football final against Westmeath. Seán quickly progressed to the Kerry senior football team and played between 2002 and 2009 during which time he won four All-Irelands himself (2004, 2006, 2007, and 2009).
Seán Walsh, a brother of Donnchadh's, was a member of the Kerry under-21 football panel in 2010, while Deavan O'Flaherty was a member of the Kerry minor football panel in 2012.On 2 March 2003, both Donnchadh Walsh and Seán O'Sullivan lined out in the half-forward line for the Kerry senior football team in their National League win (2–11 to 0–14) over Dublin in Killarney.In November 2015 Donnchadh Walsh was the only Kerry player to be selected to play Australia in a one-off International Rules game in Croke Park.
Achievements
Cromane's first major triumph on the football field came in October 1994 when they claimed the Kerry Novice Championship beating Tuosist by 2-14 to 1-4 at Fitzgerald Stadium, Killarney. It was a feat they repeated in 1998 – again beating Tuosist in the final.
Cromane's first Mid Kerry title came in 1999 when they claimed the O'Sullivan Cup title, three more titles quickly followed in 2002, 2003, and 2006. In October 2018 Cromane claimed their fifth Mid Kerry O'Sullivan Cup win.
In March 2008 Cromane won the Munster Junior B Football Championship beating Cork's St Oliver Plunkett's in the final in Knockaderry, Limerick. The final score was Cromane 1–8, Oliver Plunkett's 0–8. Cromane claimed the honour of representing Kerry having won the 2007 Kerry Novice Championship (Kerry's version of Junior B) by beating Ballydonoghue in Austin Stack Park, Tralee. The final score was Cromane 0–11, Ballydonoghue 2–3.The Cromane senior football team currently competes in Division 4 of the Kerry County League.
In October 2017, they won their fourth Kerry County Novice Championship title when they beat Moyvane by 1–12 to 0–12. The game was played at Strand Road in Tralee. This win meant that Cromane represented Kerry in the 2017 Munster Junior B Championship.
Cromane played The Banner GAA Club, from Ennis, Co. Clare, in the 2017 Munster Junior B Football Championship quarter-final in Knockaderry, Co. Limerick. The game was played on 20 November 2017, with Cromane winning 0–10 to 0–5. This victory set up a semi-final meeting with Tipperary champions Cashel King Cormacs. The semi-final was delayed due to adverse weather conditions until Sunday, 4 February 2018. Cromane came out on top in a high-scoring semi-final, winning 2–14 to 4–3 against Cashel King Cormacs to set up a Munster Junior B Football Championship final against the Limerick champions Ballybrown. Cromane lost the final by 0–11 to 1–10.
In February 2019, Cromane competed in Comórtas Peile Páidi Ó Sé tournament winning the junior final against Renard by 3–8 to 1–8. The Cromane captain John Michael Foley received the Páidi Ó Sé Memorial Perpetual Cup.
In October 2021, Cromane claimed their fifth county title when they defeated Asdee in the Covid-delayed 2020 Novice County Championship final. The final score from the final played in Ballymac was Cromane 3-9, Asdee 0-8.
Teams
Famous players
Sean O'Sullivan
Donnchadh Walsh
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
Sean O'Sullivan (2): 2006, 2007
Donnchadh Walsh (2): 2009, 2014
References
External links
Cromane GAA on Facebook
Cromane GAA on Twitter
Cromane GAA on Instagram | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"County Kerry"
]
} |
Réalt na Mara, Cromane, is a Gaelic Athletic Association club from the fishing village of Cromane, eight miles west of Killorglin in County Kerry, Ireland.
Cromane play football in maroon and white colours. The club fields teams from under-8 to senior level. The club's name is derived from the village's church, also called Réalt na Mara (Star of the Sea in English). The local national school also carries the same name.
There was a club in Cromane in the mid-1950s. Indeed, in 1954, Pat O'Shea played for the Kerry minors as a Cromane player.
Players
Since 1983 – when the current club was reformed – players such as 2015 GAA Football All-Star Donnchadh Walsh, Sean O'Sullivan, Patie Casey (1987 Kerry minor), Seán Walsh, and Deavan O'Flaherty have worn the green and gold of Kerry.
In May 2019 Kieran O'Sullivan became the latest Cromane club man to play Kerry minor football when he lined out against Cork in Páirc Uí Rinn, Cork city.
Kieran continued to line out at corner-back in each of the Kerry minors' 2019 championship matches. Their season ended with a narrow 0-14 to 0-13 All-Ireland semi-final defeat to Galway in Croke Park.
In 2022, Liam O'Neill became the latest Cromane man to feature for the Kerry minor footballers. He was part of the panel that contested the Munster final against Cork in May 2022.
Donnchadh Walsh
Donnchadh Walsh played Kerry minor for two years (2001/02) as well as under-21 and went on to win three All-Ireland medals (2007, 2009, and 2014). In 2015 Donnchadh was named as left-half forward on the GAA Football All-Stars team.
Sean O'Sullivan
Seán O'Sullivan played Kerry minor in 1998 and then had three years as an under-21, losing the 1999 All-Ireland Under-21 Football final against Westmeath. Seán quickly progressed to the Kerry senior football team and played between 2002 and 2009 during which time he won four All-Irelands himself (2004, 2006, 2007, and 2009).
Seán Walsh, a brother of Donnchadh's, was a member of the Kerry under-21 football panel in 2010, while Deavan O'Flaherty was a member of the Kerry minor football panel in 2012.On 2 March 2003, both Donnchadh Walsh and Seán O'Sullivan lined out in the half-forward line for the Kerry senior football team in their National League win (2–11 to 0–14) over Dublin in Killarney.In November 2015 Donnchadh Walsh was the only Kerry player to be selected to play Australia in a one-off International Rules game in Croke Park.
Achievements
Cromane's first major triumph on the football field came in October 1994 when they claimed the Kerry Novice Championship beating Tuosist by 2-14 to 1-4 at Fitzgerald Stadium, Killarney. It was a feat they repeated in 1998 – again beating Tuosist in the final.
Cromane's first Mid Kerry title came in 1999 when they claimed the O'Sullivan Cup title, three more titles quickly followed in 2002, 2003, and 2006. In October 2018 Cromane claimed their fifth Mid Kerry O'Sullivan Cup win.
In March 2008 Cromane won the Munster Junior B Football Championship beating Cork's St Oliver Plunkett's in the final in Knockaderry, Limerick. The final score was Cromane 1–8, Oliver Plunkett's 0–8. Cromane claimed the honour of representing Kerry having won the 2007 Kerry Novice Championship (Kerry's version of Junior B) by beating Ballydonoghue in Austin Stack Park, Tralee. The final score was Cromane 0–11, Ballydonoghue 2–3.The Cromane senior football team currently competes in Division 4 of the Kerry County League.
In October 2017, they won their fourth Kerry County Novice Championship title when they beat Moyvane by 1–12 to 0–12. The game was played at Strand Road in Tralee. This win meant that Cromane represented Kerry in the 2017 Munster Junior B Championship.
Cromane played The Banner GAA Club, from Ennis, Co. Clare, in the 2017 Munster Junior B Football Championship quarter-final in Knockaderry, Co. Limerick. The game was played on 20 November 2017, with Cromane winning 0–10 to 0–5. This victory set up a semi-final meeting with Tipperary champions Cashel King Cormacs. The semi-final was delayed due to adverse weather conditions until Sunday, 4 February 2018. Cromane came out on top in a high-scoring semi-final, winning 2–14 to 4–3 against Cashel King Cormacs to set up a Munster Junior B Football Championship final against the Limerick champions Ballybrown. Cromane lost the final by 0–11 to 1–10.
In February 2019, Cromane competed in Comórtas Peile Páidi Ó Sé tournament winning the junior final against Renard by 3–8 to 1–8. The Cromane captain John Michael Foley received the Páidi Ó Sé Memorial Perpetual Cup.
In October 2021, Cromane claimed their fifth county title when they defeated Asdee in the Covid-delayed 2020 Novice County Championship final. The final score from the final played in Ballymac was Cromane 3-9, Asdee 0-8.
Teams
Famous players
Sean O'Sullivan
Donnchadh Walsh
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
Sean O'Sullivan (2): 2006, 2007
Donnchadh Walsh (2): 2009, 2014
References
External links
Cromane GAA on Facebook
Cromane GAA on Twitter
Cromane GAA on Instagram | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"County Kerry"
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.