text stringlengths 0 7.84M | meta dict |
|---|---|
Q:
Add a button at the last cell of UITableView
I currently have 2 UITableView to filter out 2 category,
my category is cat and dog, 1st UITableView that handles cat and 2nd UITableView that handles dog.
What i want is to have cat and dog into one UITableview,
so the in the UITableView, the first part will be the cats, and the second part is the dog. what i want to do is to put a button above the dog part where it will be used as a separator for two category.
this is the illustration:
the 2 cells in the top is the cat
and the one cell in the bottom is a dog there should be a button in the middle of the two category as a seperator.
A:
Try this code.
@interface ViewController () <UITableViewDelegate, UITableViewDataSource> {
NSArray *arrCat;
NSArray *arrDog;
}
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
arrCat = @[@"Cat 1", @"Cat 2", @"Cat 3", @"Cat 4", @"Cat 5"];
arrDog = @[@"Dog 1", @"Dog 2", @"Dog3 ", @"Dog4 ", @"Dog 5"];
}
I have Programatically create Header, You can also create it by creating xib.
Add UITableView delegate and DataSource like this.
-(NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {
return 2;
}
-(NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {
if (section == 0) {
return arrCat.count;
}
return arrDog.count;
}
-(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
static NSString *cellIdentifier = @"TableViewCell";
TableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellIdentifier];
if (cell == nil) {
cell = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] loadNibNamed:cellIdentifier owner:self options:nil] objectAtIndex:0];
}
if (indexPath.section == 0) {
cell.lblCategory.text = arrCat[indexPath.row];
}
else {
cell.lblCategory.text = arrDog[indexPath.row];
}
return cell;
}
-(UIView *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView viewForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section {
UIView *view = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, tableView.frame.size.width, 60)];
view.backgroundColor = [UIColor greenColor];
UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];
button.frame = view.frame;
button.titleLabel.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;
button.titleLabel.textColor = [UIColor blackColor];
[view addSubview:button];
if (section == 0) {
[button setTitle:@"CAT" forState:UIControlStateNormal];
}
else {
[button setTitle:@"DOG" forState:UIControlStateNormal];
}
return view;
}
-(CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section {
return 60.0;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/*****
* Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making QMUI_iOS available.
* Copyright (C) 2016-2019 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*****/
//
// QMUITableView.m
// qmui
//
// Created by QMUI Team on 14-7-2.
//
#import "QMUITableView.h"
#import "UITableView+QMUI.h"
#import "UIView+QMUI.h"
@implementation QMUITableView
@dynamic delegate;
@dynamic dataSource;
- (instancetype)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame style:(UITableViewStyle)style {
if (self = [super initWithFrame:frame style:style]) {
[self didInitialize];
}
return self;
}
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder {
if (self = [super initWithCoder:aDecoder]) {
[self didInitialize];
}
return self;
}
- (void)didInitialize {
[self qmui_styledAsQMUITableView];
}
- (void)dealloc {
self.delegate = nil;
self.dataSource = nil;
}
// 保证一直存在tableFooterView，以去掉列表内容不满一屏时尾部的空白分割线
- (void)setTableFooterView:(UIView *)tableFooterView {
if (!tableFooterView) {
tableFooterView = [[UIView alloc] init];
}
[super setTableFooterView:tableFooterView];
}
- (BOOL)touchesShouldCancelInContentView:(UIView *)view {
if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(tableView:touchesShouldCancelInContentView:)]) {
return [self.delegate tableView:self touchesShouldCancelInContentView:view];
}
// 默认情况下只有当view是非UIControl的时候才会返回yes，这里统一对UIButton也返回yes
// 原因是UITableView上面把事件延迟去掉了，但是这样如果拖动的时候手指是在UIControl上面的话，就拖动不了了
if ([view isKindOfClass:[UIControl class]]) {
if ([view isKindOfClass:[UIButton class]]) {
return YES;
} else {
return NO;
}
}
return YES;
}
@end
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Running Build-Heap Algorithm on given numbers
I don't fully understand this build-heap function. Lets assume we have array 3, 4, 5, 13, 16, 32.
It seems like we swap the parent when it is less than the current A[j] but which number does the loop start with? Maybe somebody can go through 2-3 loops and show how the array changes after 1st loop, 2nd loop, 3rd loop. Much appreciated. Oh, also, what would be the runtime?
for i=2 to n
j = i
while (j>1) and A[parent(j)]<A[j] do
swap A(parent(j)] and A[j]
j = parent(j)
A:
It appears you're building a max-heap, where every element is greater than or equal to its child elements (if any). With that understanding, let's trace the action. First, the parent node of $A[j]$ will be $A[j/2]$ (integer division: discard any remainder) so we'll have
$$\begin{array}{r|cccccccc}
j & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & \dotsc\\
parent(j) & \_ & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 & \dotsc
\end{array}$$
To keep things simple, we'll let the initial array be $[3,4,5,13]$:
Insert at $i=2$.
$A[parent(2)]=A[1]=3 < 4=A[2]$ so we swap $A[1]$ and $A[2]$, giving us the array
$$
[4,3,5,13]
$$
Insert at $i=3$.
$A[parent(3)]=A[1]=4 < 5=A[3]$ so we swap $A[1]$ and $A[3]$, giving us the array
$$
[5,3,4,13]
$$
Insert at $i=4$.
$A[parent(4)]=A[2]=3 < 13=A[4]$ so we swap $A[2]$ and $A[3]$, giving us the array
$$
[5,13,4,3]
$$
and now $j=parent(4)=2>1$ so we see if we need another swap.
$A[parent(2)]=A[1]=5 < 13=A[2]$ so we swap $A[1]$ and $A[2]$, giving us the array
$$
[13,5,4,3]
$$
and we're done, the array is now a max-heap.
The runtime of this algorithm is no worse than a multiple of $n\log n$ since none of the elements are further than $\log_2n$ from the root at $i=1$ so you'll need at most $\log n$ swaps for each of the $n$ elements. This, by the way, is not as good as possible: there's different algorithm that builds a heap in no more than a multiple of $n$ time.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
A variety of different techniques have been developed to increase the amount of processing resources that are available to a computing device. One such technique involves the use of multiple processors. For example, a single integrated circuit may be configured to include multiple processors (e.g., processor cores), thereby providing increased processing resources for a computing device that employs the integrated circuit. However, the use of multiple processors traditionally resulted in increased power consumption, which may make use of multiple processors less suitable in certain configurations.
For instance, a computing device may be configured for an office environment and therefore have access to an external power source. In another example, however, the computing device may be configured for mobile applications and therefore may not have ready access to an external power source. Consequently, a computing device configured for use in mobile applications may also incorporate a power source (e.g., a battery) that may be considered limited when compared to the external power source. For example, the amount of power that may be obtained from the battery by the processor and other resources of the computing device may be limited. Therefore, this limited power may make traditional multiprocessor techniques unsuitable for mobile applications. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Story about how thousands of college students could see the federal grants and work-study jobs they are expecting next school year disappear because of sequestration quotes Brent Shock (student financial assistance) and Miami student Bryan Stewart. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Viability of D283 medulloblastoma cells treated with a histone deacetylase inhibitor combined with bombesin receptor antagonists.
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises four distinct molecular subgroups, and survival remains particularly poor in patients with Group 3 tumors. Mutations and copy number variations result in altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression in Group 3 MB. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) reduce proliferation, promote cell death and neuronal differentiation, and increase sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy in experimental MB. Bombesin receptor antagonists potentiate the antiproliferative effects of HDACi in lung cancer cells and show promise as experimental therapies for several human cancers. Here, we examined the viability of D283 cells, which belong to Group 3 MB, treated with an HDACi alone or combined with bombesin receptor antagonists. D283 MB cells were treated with different doses of the HDACi sodium butyrate (NaB), the neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) antagonist BIM-23127, the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonist RC-3095, or combinations of NaB with each receptor antagonist. Cell viability was examined by cell counting. NaB alone or combined with receptor antagonists reduced cell viability at all doses tested. BIM-23127 alone did not affect cell viability, whereas RC-3095 at an intermediate dose significantly increased cell number. Although HDACi are promising agents to inhibit MB growth, the present results provide preliminary evidence that combining HDACi with bombesin receptor antagonists is not an effective strategy to improve the effects of HDACi against MB cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
News Network: Bill Clinton In Stockton, Sacramento
Bernie Sanders is campaigning in southern California with rallies in Anaheim, Riverside and San Bernardino at 7. Wednesday he’s going to Cathedral City and Ventura. Meanwhile, Hillary Clinton will be in LA Tuesday. On Monday night, Former President Bill Clinton finished a day of California campaigning on the Sacramento State campus. Capital Public Radio’s State Govt Reporter Ben Bradford attended that rally and joins me for this week’s News Network | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
My Profile
More Oz:
See Oz Live
On TV in New York, NY
Edit Your Location
Sponsored By
Teenage Cosmetic Surgery
How young is too young for cosmetic surgery? Of course we don’t do facelifts on teenagers, but we do perform lots of cosmetic surgery on them. In fact, 43,000 kids – 18 years old and under – went under the knife last year, according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Most of them had their noses reshaped and their ears setback, but 5,000 had their breasts made smaller and 4,000 had their breasts made larger.
How young is too young for cosmetic surgery? Of course we don’t do facelifts on teenagers, but we do perform lots of cosmetic surgery on them. In fact, 43,000 kids – 18 years old and under – went under the knife last year, according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Most of them had their noses reshaped and their ears setback, but 5,000 had their breasts made smaller and 4,000 had their breasts made larger.
Ok, I understand this, but I can’t figure out why 8,000 kids had Botox last year and 600 had their wrinkles lasered away. Eighteen year olds with wrinkles? Maybe those tanning salons have gone too far.
Now you may be thinking: any kid who has cosmetic surgery has too much money on their hands or has their priorities screwed up. But cosmetic surgery is a great self esteem booster, and can replace years of embarrassment and even reduce the need for psychotherapy.
Blog written by Arthur Perry, MD, FACS
Dr. Perry has over 2 decades of experience as a clinical surgeon and has been named to the “Best Doctors in the NY Area” book... | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Nasrollahabad, Khuzestan
Nasrollahabad (, also Romanized as Naşrollāhābād) is a village in Sadat Rural District, in the Central District of Lali County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 22 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Lali County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Application of the Rietveld method to assess chromium(VI) speciation in chromite ore processing residue.
The Rietveld method allows the quantification of crystalline phases and amorphous material identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and other diffraction methods. The method assists in determining the speciation of contaminants in solid matrices both qualitatively and quantitatively in a statistically defensible approach, as it does not focus on a microscale. Rietveld was applied to chromite ore processing residue (COPR), a cementitious waste containing hexavalent chromium. Calcium aluminum chromium oxide hydrates (CACs) were the crystalline phases identified by XRPD that bind Cr(6+) in COPR according to their chemical formula. Rietveld quantification, combined with mass balances on Cr(6+), showed that CACs may bind Cr(6+) in variable percentages, ranging from 25% to 85%. Analysis of duplicate samples showed that material variability is the predominant factor of uncertainty in evaluating the role of CACs in Cr(6+) speciation, provided that a consistent quantification strategy is pursued. The choice of strategy was performed on the basis of the pertinent literature, preliminary analyses of the equipment and the software settings, and mass balances. The correlation between the average CAC-bound Cr(6+) concentration and the total Cr(6+) for five samples (R(2)=0.94), extracted from different zones and soil borings, suggests that CACs are a primary sink for Cr(6+) in COPR. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tuesday, April 30, 2013
The Digital Public Library of America announces the addition of a vast treasure trove of maps.
A map from Joseph and James Churchman's 1833 volume "Rudiments of National Knowledge, Presented To The Youth Of The United States, And To Enquiring Foreigners" (David Rumsey/DPLA)
Rebecca J. Rosen
The Atlantic
More than three decades ago, David Rumsey began building a map collection. By the mid-90s he had thousands and thousands of maps to call his own -- and his alone. He wanted to share them with the public.
He could have donated them to the Library of Congress, but Rumsey had even bigger ideas: the Internet. "With (some) institutions, the access you can get is not nearly as much as the Internet might provide," Rumsey told Wired more than a decade ago. "I realized I could reach a much larger audience with the Internet."
Bit by bit, Rumsey digitized his collection -- up to 38,000 maps and other items -- along the way developing software that made it easier for people to explore the maps and 3D objects such as globes online. Today, the Digital Public Library of America announced that Rumsey's collection would now be available through the DPLA portal, placing the maps into the deeper and broader context of the DPLA's other holdings.
To see exactly what this means in context, click on any one of the 38,142 results that come from a search for "David Rumsey." Once you've clicked through to, say, this 1838 globe, you'll notice a little module on the right (I've put a screenshot of it here as well) that invites you to "view on timeline." Click there and you'll arrive at a page with all of the DPLA's other materials from that year.
In addition, Rumsey's maps will now be available through the DPLA's API, meaning people who are creating location-based apps will be able to tap into the historical resources of the collection.
The DPLA, as with much of its "holdings," doesn't actually hold anything at all -- rather, they use Rumsey's metadata to make it all searchable and accessible through DP.LA, but when it comes time to look at an object up close, you'll be linked over the David Rumsey's own site. It's not about what the DPLA has so much as how it presents and connects what is already out there.
As DPLA executive director Dan Cohen told me earlier this month, "By bringing them together, I think we're also in a sense making those collections much more usable. When people come to the website, first of all, they'll be able to find a lot of content that exists out in smaller archives and collections much more easily. They won't have to go to hundreds or thousands of websites to find this amazing, unique scanned content from America's heritage and, indeed, from the world's." | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The present invention relates to an image shake correction device and an optical apparatus for correcting image shake caused during photographing by camera shake.
Recently, many types of optical apparatuses, such as a lens barrel and a camera, are provided with an image shake correction device for correcting image shake caused by camera shake. One of such an image correction device is configured such that a part of a lens system provided in a lens barrel is formed as a correction optical system, camera shake caused in the lens barrel during photographing is detected, and the correction optical system is driven and decentered to cancel the detected camera shake. However, such a correction optical system tends to be moved and decentered by an external force applied to the lens barrel, and in this case the correction optical system may be damaged by contacting or colliding with a fixed part of the lens barrel.
In order to prevent occurrence of such damage of the correction optical system, a locking mechanism for holding the correction optical system in a fixed state with respect to the fixed part is described, for example, in Japanese Patent Provisional Publications No. H10-26782A (hereafter, referred to as patent document 1) and No. H04-34514A (hereafter, referred to as patent document 2). | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
As they look back on the bloody scene that unfolded Wednesday at the airport in Flint, Mich., witnesses say there was no warning of what was to come.
The man the FBI would later identify as Amor Ftouhi had wandered around the public parts of Bishop International Airport, just outside the Transportation Security Administration screening area. He was carrying bags, and went inside a restroom. He came out without the bags and went up to police Lt. Jeff Neville of the airport’s Public Safety Department.
The chief of the department, Chris Miller, who was nearby, said Ftouhi did not engage with Neville.
“He just started stabbing,” he said.
The only warning, such as it was, came, authorities said, when Ftouhi yelled, “Allahu akbar” — “God is great” in Arabic. David Gelios, the FBI special agent in charge, said witnesses reported that the attacker also shouted words to the effect of, “You killed people in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and we are all going to die.”
The struggle that ensued over the next minute, which is being investigated as a possible act of terrorism, left Neville bloodied, Ftouhi under arrest and the city’s Muslim community on edge and fearful of retaliatory attacks against their community.
Authorities said Ftouhi, 50, of Canada, was armed with a 12-inch knife – 4 inches of handle, 8 of blade. He stabbed Neville in the neck.
“I was 10, 15 feet away when I witnessed the attack,” Neville’s friend Lt. Dan Owen of the airport Fire Department said. “It was very terrifying to see something that quick, and luckily we were at a very close distance to respond.”
Neville fought back against his attacker. Owen rushed in to help. So did Miller.
“Lt. Neville never stopped fighting,” Miller said.
“Neville fought him right till the end, right until I was able to handcuff this person,” he said.
Neville underwent surgery and was reported to be in satisfactory condition. He is a 16-year veteran of the department, according to his LinkedIn profile.
So far, it appears that Ftouhi acted alone and did not have specialized training, but the investigation is continuing, Gelios said. Gelios, in a televised news conference, added that Ftouhi entered the United States legally on June 16 at Lake Champlain, N.Y.
The airport was shut down for several hours as investigators combed the crime scene.
Justin Marshall, 36, was flying on Delta Air Lines from Atlanta to Bishop International Airport when the flight attendant told passengers that an incident had occurred and they wouldn’t be allowed to land right away. “We circled the airport for 20 minutes,” he said in a phone interview.
“They didn’t tell us right away what happened,” said Marshall, who lives about an hour north of Flint. He said the attendant then said the plane would still have to circle for an additional 15 minutes.
The attendant later said “that an individual had forced their way to a secure area of the airport,” he said. “We didn’t know a police officer had been stabbed until other passengers managed to go online.”
Marshall, who is vice president of advancement and alumni relations at Northwood University in Midland, Mich., said that after the flight landed, he and his fellow passengers had to wait about 45 minutes until they deplaned and were escorted by police officers and TSA agents.
He said about 20 police officers and TSA agents had lined the gate where the passengers waited to get their checked baggage.
“Everyone was calm and orderly and understanding of the situation,” he said. “We were mostly concerned about the officer.”
Expressions of support for Neville came from all over.
“My thoughts and prayers are with all of our law enforcement officers who work to service and protect us each and every day,” Flint Mayor Karen Weaver said. “I want the public to know that several agencies are involved and working to ensure the situation is under control.”
Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder said on Twitter: “As we wait to learn more about the incident at Bishop Airport, please keep the attacked officer in your thoughts & prayers.”
There is a relatively large Muslim population in Flint, and many residents describe their relationship with the greater community and law enforcement as generally positive. But with anti-Muslim incidents on the rise in the U.S. — and recent terrorist attacks overseas — some local residents worry about possible backlash against Muslims.
Muna Jondy, a spokeswoman for the Flint Islamic Center, estimated that there are as many as 3,000 Muslims in Flint. She said some are concerned that the attack on Neville will prompt retaliatory violence, especially as Muslims gather for late-night activities at mosques as the holy month of Ramadan winds down this weekend.
“Police chiefs here called Islamic centers in Flint asking how we are doing” and offered to provide extra security for evening prayers, Jondy said.
Dawud Walid, executive director of the Michigan chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, a leading Muslim civil rights organization, said acts of violence are often perceived differently depending on the perpetrator’s background or religion. Such a double standard exists, he said, particularly when the suspect is a Muslim or a person of color.
“If the attacker is white, it’s presumed as a lone man who has mental problems, but that doubt is not given to an alleged attacker who is Muslim,” he said. “There is a collective guilt assigned, as if the Muslim community must apologize for the action that we had nothing to do with.”
ALSO
Two charged with attempted murder in stabbing of bodyguard of well-known alt-right figure
Bodyguard for well-known alt-right figure stabbed several times
Suspect held in London attack was overheard to say: 'I want to kill Muslims'
UPDATES:
6:55 p.m.: This article has been updated with additional details and for clarity.
3:20 p.m.: This article was updated with details about the attack and the arrest of Amor Ftouhi.
1 p.m.: This article was updated to report the attacker shouted “God is great” in Arabic, according to a law enforcement source.
11:20 a.m.: This article was updated with a comment from the FBI.
10:35 a.m.: This article was updated to identify of the injured officer as Jeff Neville.
10 a.m.: This article was updated to report the officer’s condition and to include a tweet from Gov. Rick Snyder.
8:55 a.m.: This article has been updated with a tweet from Michigan State Police and accounts from witnesses
This article was originally published at 7:55 a.m. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
, Del.- The Delaware Department of Transportation says one of its plow trucks overturned Tuesday morning near Harrington in Kent County.DelDOT spokesman Jim Westhoff said the department was alerted about the accident around 6:45 a.m.. He said it happened on Route 14 west of Harrington.According to Westhoff, the truck driver was taken to the hospital for observation but no other injuries were reported.
There is no word yet on what caused the crash.
| {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Members with this Capability
The AACE group is an agile and trusted technical services solutions provider with a strong heritage in the Aviation sector. We specialise in delivering airworthiness system safety engineering, logistics and operational support assurance to both the public and private sectors. Our company has a huge breadth and depth of expertise in dealing with the UK MOD. We are based in Bristol, close to the DE&S HQ at Abbey Wood, and have an excellent reputation within that organisation. Through our 40 employees and network of associates we are able to place technical and programme expertise quickly into roles and tasks to add specific capacity or capability. Please find more details at our website http://www.aace.co.uk/
Airbus Group (www.airbus-group.com) is a global leader in aerospace, defence and related services. In 2013, the Group – comprising Airbus, Airbus Defence and Space and Airbus Helicopters - generated revenues of £50.3 billion (XRT €1.18) and employed a workforce of around 144,000. This includes a 17,000-strong British workforce and a UK turnover of close to £2.5 billion, making the Group a major contributor to the UK economy.
The Group builds on a proud 100-year British heritage united under a common brand. Airbus designs and builds its aircraft wings in the UK. Airbus Defence and Space is the UK’s largest space company; the biggest supplier of large aircraft to the RAF and a world-leader in cyber security. As Britain’s civil helicopter hub, Airbus Helicopters holds 55% of the UK’s offshore oil and gas helicopter market and is a key supplier to the Ministry of Defence.
Airbus Group’s 450 apprentices, collaborations with more than 20 British universities and annual spend of £500M in UK R&D make it a champion of UK innovation and skills.
We develop breakthrough products and systems, and address technology critical issues for our clients worldwide. Established over 50 years ago, we employ a team of more than 400 engineers, designers and scientists on our sites in Cambridge UK, Boston MA and Singapore.
We provide a full system development capability from technology consultancy, proof-of-concept demonstration and system design, through to manufacture and support of deployable equipment for our Defence and Security clients.
We have world leading skills in security, sensing, location and wireless technology, covering short-range radar systems, optical sensing systems for surveillance, CBRNE and authentication applications, complex data fusion; global, regional and local positioning systems as well as wireless system design for communication, surveillance and Force Protection.
Our skills are both broad and deep across a range of scientific and engineering disciplines including product design, user-centred design, simulation and algorithm design, low power electronics, system validation and programme management.
Drumgrange Ltd is an independent defence contractor specialising in the development, integration and through-life support of military systems with a particular focus in the areas of Underwater Systems, Communications and Information Systems, VLF Communications, Navigation and Precise Timing Systems, Boat Systems Integration, Training and Simulation, Security Systems and RF Products. In addition to its bespoke services, Drumgrange has a growing range of specialist products, including a family of Acoustic Hailing Devices, the Xtreme Tablet rugged computer and Generic ComSim, an RF simulator for training and testing.
Drumgrange products are in service with the UK Armed Forces at home and overseas, NATO forces and Foreign Militaries. The company has achieved an enviable reputation for rapid, cost-effective realisation of innovative technological solutions to suit demanding applications, for the quality of its products and, most importantly, for delivering solutions and services on time and to specification.
The E-T-A group of companies, which was founded in 1948, manufacturers a wide range of circuit breakers for component, equipment and systems protection. E-T-A high performance circuit breakers are specially designed for use in hostile environments and technically challenging applications where size and weight considerations should not be allowed to compromise optimum performance. These types encompass a range of current ratings from 0.1amp to 500 amps and are widely specified to protect the electrical systems of aircraft (fixed wing and helicopters, military and civil), ground equipment, hovercraft, fighting and support vehicles, pleasure and work boats, defence systems and many industrial installations with rigid performance and environmental requirements. Major approvals/listings include CAA (A1 Primary Company and Component Approval), fighting vehicle numbers, DefStan 59-59, UL 1500 (explosion tested), Panavia. ISO9000.
Elite Circuits, founded in 1989 and based in Cranbrook Kent, provides a reliable manufacturing service for small to medium batch 2 to 6 layer PCBs .Quick turnaround 24 hour to 5 day prototype, and standard delivery options are available, with all boards fully tested. Elite offers RoHS compliant finishes and flexible service options to meet a range of customer specific needs. At every stage of manufacture, the Elite Circuits team ensure that the highest quality standards are maintained at all times, Elite holds ISO 9001 and UL Elite Circuits is a Falcon PCB Group company, one of Europes leading circuit board manufacturing groups.
eXceeding’s business is to provide consulting support to public and private sector clients, to enable them to procure and bid for new business. Business is split equally between supporting client’s to procure solutions and supporting organisations to bid for new contracts.
Buying Support • Tendering Bid Service • Procurement • Supply Chain Management • Contract Renegotiation Bidding Support • Bid Writing Responses • Bid Strategy & Win Themes Approximately 60% of our business is with the private sector, with public sector and NDPBs making up the balance.
We provide a tailored consulting service across a range of clients from international organisations through to sole traders. Our responsive, associate based, business model allows us to be flexible in our support delivery. As such, we have provided a Russian speaking professional to Siberia and procurement experts with a days’ notice.
Our professionals are all highly experienced and happy to become an integral part of the solution team or to provide remote support. We are IOS accredited and built our foundations on providing support into the technology related markets. We have since grown the scope of our expertise to include professional services, support services and commodities.
GRC Ltd is an SME, LIST X independent telecoms and engineering company based in the UK(Hereford) specialising in the: development, design and integration of networks, communication and situational awareness systems. Our products and services are used by Defence, Government Agencies, NGOs and commercial organisations which operate in challenging environments across the globe. Specialising in the Space and Defence sectors, we procure, manufacture, deliver and support multi band deployable Satellite systems around the globe. In addition, GRC has managed service offerings that deliver Tactical Cloud networks that ensure information is both secure and assured.
From the beginning, iDirect has taken a visionary role in VSAT, helping to shape the industry by breaking down long-standing barriers. In a landmark innovation, we developed an IP-based system that mirrored the quality and reliability of terrestrial communications to deliver, for the first time in satellite history, enterprise-quality applications. This breakthrough helped transform satellite from a “technology of last resort” to a powerful, diverse solution able to handle core network applications and take broadband into the heart of critical enterprise, military and public sector operations. We were first to bring business-quality IP applications to the TDMA VSAT market. Our native IP design, advanced IP routing and Quality of Service (QoS) technologies allow our Platform to integrate seamlessly with terrestrial networks. This was a major game changer for service providers — they now had the technology to build and deliver high-quality service that could generate fresh demand for satellite connectivity. For sustained success, we knew that a higher degree of flexibility and scalability was essential. From the start, we have based our development approach on one universal set of requirements to enable service providers to meet any customer requirement, no matter the application, bandwidth, satellite, frequency, or topology. We ensured that our hub and line card system, remotes, and operating and management software all had the flexibility to handle the most diverse market needs for fixed or mobile communications. The result is the iDirect Intelligent Platform™, the industry’s gold standard in performance, efficiency, functionality and flexibility.
With a long history of offshore PCB logistical expertise, Kestrel International Circuits is the safe and secure value adding supplier of choice, for economically priced PCB product. Kestrel supplies Single Sided, PTH, Multilayer, Flex and Flex Rigid PCBs from high quality China based manufacturing facilities with a full range of capabilities and quality accreditations including ISO9001, TS16949, ISO14001 and UL. Kestrels ISO 9001 customer centre in Lancing West Sussex provides service, engineering, quality and logistic support for a wide range of customers and market sectors globally. Kestrel service and logistics centres in Hong Kong and Shenzhen ensure that customer requirements are proactively managed. Kestrel International Circuits is a Merlin PCB Group company, one of Europes leading circuit board manufacturing groups.
High technology PCB manufacturer Merlin Circuit Technology Ltd situated in in a purpose built 45,000 sq ft factory in North Wales provides quick turn around and standard service options for prototype, NPI and medium volume for 2 to 32 layer PCBs including advanced technology product. Merlin is an AS9100 rev C accredited company Merlin specializes in HDI micro Via, and impedance control. utilizing the latest and very best in PCB process equipment. Experienced engineering and technical teams provide comprehensive support from design to manufacture and also offer advice on special substrates. Merlin manufactures boards for a global customer base. Market sectors include Aerospace, Defence and Security and advanced Telecoms including 4G amongst many others. Merlin Circuit Technology is a Merlin PCB Group company one of Europes leading circuit board companies.
Established in 1987, in Hartlepool, Teesside Merlin Flex Ltd has vast experience in the manufacture and Flexible and Flex Rigid Printed Circuit Boards. The company occupies a 24,000 square foot manufacturing facility providing world class expertise across a broad base of technologies. Merlin Flex Ltd takes a leading role in managing original turnkey projects for customers within the defence, medical, aerospace and telecoms sectors. Merlin Flex Ltd is an AS9100 rev C accredited company Merlin Flex Ltd offers a range of value adding services Single sided and plated through flex, to multilayer flex and flex-rigid boards: including dual access and floating lead, blind and buried vias, sequential build and controlled and differential impedance, plus cad design and as an option SMD assembly service approved to IPC ANSI/J-STD-001 standard. Merlin Flex Ltd is a Merlin PCB Group company one of Europes leading circuit board manufacturing groups.
Modux was founded by a select group of big-4 security consultants and elite technical experts, each having worked on some of the world’s largest digital security and technology programmes. The company was launched out of a passion for delivering digital consultancy and research services to an unrivalled standard and without compromise across a number of industries. Modux are CESG CHECK green light certified, and we have performed assurance work across HMG and MoD infrastructure. Modux deliver to a core set of industries including defence & aerospace, finance and telecommunications.
Founded in 1999 to provide electronic design and manufacturing services for military vehicles, we specialise in the design and manufacture of high quality, high reliability, printed circuit boards and control panels for use in harsh environments.
Rockford is one of the UK's largest independent suppliers of electrical interconnection systems for Civil and Military Aerospace, Nuclear, Marine and Land Systems.
Holding ISO9001, AS9100 Rev C and major customer approvals Rockford has a successful history in addressing the needs of Aerospace and Defence customers at home and abroad, employing over 250 staff at three SC21 Silver sites across the UK. We now have a fully compliant Joint Venture in the UAE offering offset to our customer base.
The company designs, manufactures and supplies;
Electro Mechanical Assemblies
Open Wire Aerospace Wiring looms
Heatshrink Systems,
Braided Assemblies,
Woven cables assemblies,
Filtered, Hermetic and potted micro assemblies,
Fabricated boxes
Machined Parts
Our specialist BAE Systems approvals allow us to Braid to J56.025 and PAN 6879 using 16, 24 and 48 Carrier machines. Our five Spectrum Laser Wire marking machines allow both upper and lower case in horizontal and vertical text to be laser marked onto many types of wire.
Siemens Digital Factory provides innovative solutions for the UK Aerospace Industry. Whether you are looking to optimise your processes, maximise productivity, or reduce your energy costs, our Totally Integrated Automation (TIA) portfolio and drive technologies provide you with complete solutions. With expertise in the manufacturing and processing across all industry sectors, we deliver technologies tailored to your requirements, with the added benefit of an extensive range of service, support and training activities.
TMD Technologies Ltd (TMD) is a world leading supplier of innovative microwave and RF products for radar, EW and communications applications. Defence and Security is a very important market sector for TMD, although the company also produces equipment for laboratory applications such as EMC testing and scientific research.
Ultra Electronics, Precision Air & Land Systems is an operating business of Ultra Electronics, a leading developer of mission and safety critical equipment in the aerospace and defence industries. With innovative engineers, skilled project managers and experienced manufacturing personnel to be found at the heart of the organisation, Ultra is able to continue to produce and develop products that push the limits of technology and respond to the ever changing demands of the industry. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
STOP COMMUNIST TAKEOVER OF AMERICA!
10 Reasons Why Communism Sucks by FlameHorse, January 17, 2013
Recently we saw a list called Top 10 Reasons Why Capitalism Sucks: consider this list an antidote to that one. The entries in this list are not necessarily replies to the earlier one; it’s meant to stand alone. So without further ado, here are ten reasons why communism sucks:
The average person, as George Carlinonce observed, is not particularly good at anything. The perfect job for such a person is on the assembly line. But regardless of the governments under which we live, we all have different aspirations. Some people are perfectly happy sweeping floors, but most of us—justly—want more out of life. Not only money, but fame, glory, and a sense of accomplishment. All of these require at least some creative thought.
You may want to be a poet or a painter, but these jobs certainly don’t pay the bills—and Communism views them as unnecessary and ridiculous. All that matters is building a super-powerful nation—and one of the first obstacles that must be removed is what Jefferson called “the pursuit of happiness.”
The most notorious example of forced collectivization is the land reform carried out by Soviets between 1928 and 1933. It was thought that collectivization would maximize the use and potential of the countryside for urban and industrial needs. Russian industry was just taking off, and enormous quantities of food would be required for the workers.
Masses of resisting landowners—many of them small-scale farmers who worked their own land—died at the hands of executioners. The state’s requisition of crops, livestock, and farmland was paid for by the farmers and by the lower class in general, some ten million of whom starved to death in five years.
Several of these entries are related, and the absence of citizens’ rights is at the heart of more than one. In keeping with the last entry, Marx advocated ten rules in his Communist Manifesto for the forced redistribution of all land and property for the good of the national community.
This is THEFT, from the citizens’ point of view. They are forced to join the new Communist government—whether they like it or not. This, of course, must be done with a “might is right” frame of mind: lots of men with guns show up and take everything you have “for the glory of the motherland,” as the Soviets might have said.
7
Reduced Incentives to Work Hard
Incentives—such as higher pay for doctors—are necessary to give people the energy they need to work hard in a difficult job.
When there are no extra incentives available—such as in a Communist state, where all reap an equal share in what some have worked harder to sow—the people in difficult jobs quickly lose their motivation. For example, workers would stop caring about how thoroughly they inspect the cars on the assembly lines, since it makes no difference to them either way. They are also likely to grow bitter at the government for failing to give them recognition when they do a good job. Revolts become a distinct liability; many a Communist state has fallen because of this problem of reduced incentives.
6
Militant Opposition to Imperialism
It doesn’t take much to bring the fury of a Communist state upon you; in fact, it takes nothing more than simply existing in a capitalist state. The Communist Manifesto advocates the replacement of all governments by Communist governments. This has almost always been put into effect internally: the Russian monarchy was overthrown, as were the Republic of China and the Cuban democracy.
But the threat is not merely internal. The US need not fear a Cuban invasion, but China is indeed a force to be reckoned with. It controls the second-largest portion of American debt, and though that only amounts to about eight percent, the number is rising. Should they ever call in America’s entire debt to them at once, America’s already depressed economy would be greatly harmed.
5
Indifference Towards the Environment
A Communist state will make up for its inefficient economy by doing whatever is necessary to produce crops and water. In the 1960s, the Soviet Communist regime diverted two important rivers for irrigation. The Aral Sea, which those rivers fed, has now shrunk to as little as ten percent of its original size. It used to be the fourth largest lake in the world.
The lesson: rather than letting the efficiency of capitalism into its economic model, the Soviet government chose to extract everything it could from the environment—without caring one bit about the health of that environment.
4
The Economic Calculation Problem
The relative success of the free market economy is a real-world refutation of Marxist economics. The latter never has sufficient information on the market prices of commodities, and therefore cannot properly ration the distribution of a nation’s resources.
The only reasonable criticism of the free market economy is the presence of monopolies, which can raise the prices of their products with little fear of reprisal. But monopolies are just like the central control a Communist government exercises on its whole economy; a true free market ensures that there be checks and balances on the price of goods and services.
3
The Class Struggle’s Going Nowhere
Marx founded Communist philosophy on the principle that class struggles have been, by far, the primary cause of all strife, wars, economic woes, and regime collapses. There are popularly thought to be three major classes of people: the upper, the middle, and the lower. The upper class has most of the wealth; the lower class the least; and the middle class plays the peacemaker between them, maintaining the hope and sanity of the lower class. Without the middle class, heads are chopped.
Communism itself does not erase the class struggle, as it proclaims, but keeps it going. It does this because it is a government: there must be a group of people in charge, and it’s likely that this group enjoys its power. By maintaining their power, the leaders of a Communist state separate the population into at least two classes: themselves as the upper class, and preferably everyone else in the lower class.
Communist states have generally not featured a middle class—and its absence allowed for the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917; the Chinese of 1949, the Cuban of 1953-59, and a host of others. All of these revolutions ended with the rise of a Communist state—and all of them were the ruin of their respective nations, because the Communists themselves became the very same brand of elitist upper class they had deposed.
2
Mass Murders
Communist rule may be directly blamed for the deaths of at least eighty-five million people in the twentieth century. Stalin alone murdered about twenty million, although other estimates range from fifty-three million to eighty million.
In 1975, the Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia, and set out to establish a Communist utopia. They immediately committed genocide on their own people. At least two million were executed by brutally primitive methods in keeping with the Khmer Rouge’s anti-technology stance; many of the victims were murdered merely for wearing glasses. Intelligence was deemed a direct and serious threat to the Khmer Rouge.
And let’s not forget Chairman Mao. He may not have been as evil as Stalin, but he was the very definition of indifference towards humanity. His “Great Leap Forward” caused the deaths by starvation of forty-five million Chinese civilians.
1
Karl Marx Was Wrong to Begin With
Marx’s doctrine is fraught with faulty logic, loopholes, and unsolved problems. His idea of economics is based on the labor theory of value, which asserts that a car, for example, should cost more than a TV, because more labor is needed to produce it. But this is an oversimplification of the market.
Sam’s Choice Cola tastes almost identical to Coca-Cola, but costs half as much. The labor is the same, but people are happy to pay twice as much for the only difference: the brand name. The same holds true with medicine.
In the same way, tennis shoes can cost over $200 in the US, despite being made in China or Taiwan for only about $3–10. Why do they cost so much? Because the industries that own them sell them based on how highly they are in demand by the public. That’s why they have athletes endorse their products: to make them more desirable to the athletes’ fans.
This is expressly why Marxist Communism has caused the utter collapse of so many national economies: it thinks in broad strokes, and fails to tell one subtlety from another. This, first and foremost, is because Communism is not grounded in reality. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
What To Do
The Virginia Welcome Center has found a new home in Main Street Station. Staffed by specialists from Virginia Tourism, the Welcome Center can give you all the information you need on excursion tours, restaurants, shopping, music venues and all the other attractions in the historic Shockoe Bottom neighborhood, Shockoe Slip, our downtown district and throughout the city. Just outside the station, the 17th Street Marketplace is a popular spot for dining and nightlife. And the connector path to the 52-mile Capital Bike Trail will soon cut right through our building.
Plan Your Visit | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
import { db } from "../../lib/mongo"
import parse from "../../lib/parse"
class EmailSettingsService {
constructor() {
this.defaultSettings = {
host: "",
port: "",
user: "",
pass: 0,
from_name: "",
from_address: "",
}
}
getEmailSettings() {
return db
.collection("emailSettings")
.findOne()
.then(settings => this.changeProperties(settings))
}
updateEmailSettings(data) {
const settings = this.getValidDocumentForUpdate(data)
return this.insertDefaultSettingsIfEmpty().then(() =>
db
.collection("emailSettings")
.updateOne(
{},
{
$set: settings,
},
{ upsert: true }
)
.then(res => this.getEmailSettings())
)
}
insertDefaultSettingsIfEmpty() {
return db
.collection("emailSettings")
.countDocuments({})
.then(count => {
if (count === 0) {
return db.collection("emailSettings").insertOne(this.defaultSettings)
}
})
}
getValidDocumentForUpdate(data) {
if (Object.keys(data).length === 0) {
return new Error("Required fields are missing")
}
const settings = {}
if (data.host !== undefined) {
settings.host = parse.getString(data.host).toLowerCase()
}
if (data.port !== undefined) {
settings.port = parse.getNumberIfPositive(data.port)
}
if (data.user !== undefined) {
settings.user = parse.getString(data.user)
}
if (data.pass !== undefined) {
settings.pass = parse.getString(data.pass)
}
if (data.from_name !== undefined) {
settings.from_name = parse.getString(data.from_name)
}
if (data.from_address !== undefined) {
settings.from_address = parse.getString(data.from_address)
}
return settings
}
changeProperties(settings) {
if (settings) {
delete settings._id
} else {
return this.defaultSettings
}
return settings
}
}
export default new EmailSettingsService()
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Amaruk Golf Club
Amaruk Golf Club is a public golf course located in Happy Valley–Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. A 9-hole golf course, it was constructed in the 1950s to serve American servicemen stationed at Goose Air Force Base and British servicemen stationed at RAFU Goose Bay.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Golf clubs and courses in Newfoundland and Labrador | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Increased (18)F-deoxyglucose uptake in the lung during the first weeks of radiotherapy is correlated with subsequent Radiation-Induced Lung Toxicity (RILT): a prospective pilot study.
As Radiation-Induced Lung Toxicity (RILT) is dose-limiting for radiotherapy (RT) of lung cancer and current parameters are only moderately associated with RILT, we sought for novel parameters associated with RILT. In this prospective study, FDG-PET-CT scans were taken on days 0, 7 and 14 after initiation of high-dose RT in 18 patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. The maximal Standardized Uptake Value (SUV(max)) in the lung outside of the GTV was used as a measure of FDG uptake. At the same time-points, the serum IL-6 concentrations were measured. RILT was defined as dyspnea score 2 (CTCAE3.0). Six of 18 patients developed RILT. Before RT, SUV(max) in the lung was not significantly different between patients who developed RILT and those who did not develop RILT. Patients who developed RILT post-radiation had a significant increased SUV on days 7 and 14 during RT, whereas the group that did not experience RILT showed no significant SUV changes. The SUV(max) of the lungs increased significantly more in the group that later developed RILT compared to those who did not develop RILT. Neither the IL-6 concentration nor the mean lung dose was associated with RILT. The increase in FDG uptake in the normal lung early during RT was highly associated with the subsequent development of clinical RILT. This may help to identify patients at high risk for RILT at a time when adjustments of the treatment or strategies to prevent RILT are still possible. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Complexin II is essential for normal neurological function in mice.
Complexins (CPLXs) are modulators of synaptic vesicle release. At 1 year of age, CPLXII knockout (KO) mice appear normal. However, behavioral testing reveals underlying deficits of motor and cognitive function in these mice. We found motor deficits on the rotarod, and learning deficits in the Morris water maze (both acquisition and reversal) and the two-choice swim tank (reversal). The reversal learning deficits are particularly noticeable, being present from the earliest time of testing, when most other behaviors are normal. CPLXII KO mice also fail to develop adult patterns of exploratory behavior in the open field and show deficits in interactive grooming behaviors. The behavioral deficits worsen with age. For example, while rotarod performance is normal until 10 weeks, it is impaired from 24 weeks onwards. Similarly, deficits in spatial learning in the Morris water maze are mild at 8 weeks, but pronounced by 1 year of age. The deficits seen in CPLXII KO mice are not due to physical weakness, since their ability to run, swim and grip is unimpaired. Rather, the mice appear to have deficits of higher function. The deficits seen in CPLXII KO mice are strikingly similar to those seen in the R6/2 model of Huntington's disease (HD) where a progressive depletion of CPLXII is seen. This suggests that depletion of CPLXII contributes to cognitive abnormalities in R6/2 mice. Given that decreased expression of CPLXII is seen in HD and schizophrenic patients, a role for CPLXII depletion should be considered in other diseases where motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms co-exist. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In a week of Remembrance, we come to The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) War Memorial that stands on the South-West corner of Kelvingrove Park, near Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. It was erected in 1924, to commemorate the officers and men of the Glasgow-based regiment who died in the First World War.
It is fitting that this wonderfully vivid – almost Commando adventure book-style that I once avidly read as a kid – war memorial to the now sadly disbanded regiment (and one of the most storied in the British Army) was the work of the English sculptor Philip Lindsey Clark, who himself was a decorated hero and served in the conflict as a private and captain.
But shamefully, in this week of all weeks, there’s been much “poppycock” surrounding poppies and politicians in the UK. It all started with the right-wing press picking their choice moment to have a pop at the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn…only to then see it spectacularly backfire due to the advance level of hypocrisy coming from the office of another Cameronian who currently resides in No.10 Downing Street.
The Daily Mail, Express and Telegraph launched a scathing attack claiming a video from 2013 shows dear old Jezza calling WWI commemorations “pointless”. The only trouble was that they took it all out of context by concentrating on one line in particular, in which he says: “I’m not sure what there is to commemorate about the First World War.” They then went on to claim he “denounced” the money that was to be spent on – amongst other things – the huge display of ceramic poppies that filled the moat around the Tower of London last year.
Corbyn actually said: “[Scottish socialist and first Labour MP] Keir Hardie was a great opponent of the First World War and apparently next year the government is proposing to spend shedloads of money commemorating the First World War. I’m not sure what there is to commemorate about the First World War other than the mass slaughter of millions of young men and women, mainly men, on the Western Front and all the other places.
“And it was a war of the declining empires and anyone who’s read or even dipped into Hobsbawm’s great work of the early part of the 20th century, written post World War, presaged the whole First World War as a war between monopolies fighting between [inaudible] markets.
“The reason I say this is next year the government are planning this celebration and I think that’s an opportunity for us. It’s an opportunity to discuss war and discuss peace and to put up an alternative point of view.”
Despite being informed about this by other members of the media, the Tory MPs nevertheless had just started to form an orderly queue to get their unpatriotic attacks in on Corbyn, only to discover – and I don’t know whether to laugh or cry here – that the Prime Minister’s official office managed to pull off the most blazon act of crass stupidity, hypocrisy and insensitivity rolled into one – almost as if taken right out of a script from The Thick Of It – by being caught out photoshopping a red poppy onto the official No.10 photo on Facebook and social media sites of David Cameron’s lapel.
I mean, I ask you? How low can you get to go to the lengths of ripping off the Haig Fund by this form of internet piracy by photoshopping a red poppy onto the lapel of the prime minister of a country whose service men fought gallantly in two world wars, instead of just buying one? It beggars belief. And heaven knows how the right-wing media would have reacted had this happened to Jeremy Corbyn. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Tag: Morris
This year, Morris Industries unveiled a new, polymer-injected opener, which will allow operators to use liquid or solid fertilizers. The highest wear regions have seen an increase in tungsten carbide by 32%, though the low, narrow profile already minimizes width, wear and reduces soil build-up. Related: When Should I Change My Openers? In this episode of the… Read More
There have been a lot of numbers bounced around when it comes to total unseeded acres across the prairies. If you were to talk to five different people, you’d probably get five different numbers. The CWB estimates somewhere between 4 to 6 million acres have gone unseeded across the west. Those numbers tend to have… Read More | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Cartons are a growing commodity and highly recyclable. According to an article in Food and Beverage Packaging over 50 million households now have access to carton recycling in their local recycling programs.
The end market provides a good source of revenue for recyclers.
"The fiber that comes from cartons is high-quality. In fact, a new PSI specification grade, #52, was recently created for cartons. Status as a Paper Stock Industry (PSI) commodity grade is only granted when industry demand and commodity value justify it."
AB 1001 (Gordon) would add aseptic and paperboard beverage containers to California's successful Bottle Bill program. This will provide consumers with more choices and improve recycling rates. It will complement the curbside programs by giving consumers more convenient opportunities to recycle than just curbside recycling programs alone. In addition, the materials collected through deposit programs are of a much higher quality than materials collected through curbside recycling programs. This provides better feedstock for recyclers. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
No, Belarus Is Not Cut Off From The Internet, But New Restrictions Are Still Pretty Bad
from the could-be-worse-and-probably-will-be dept
There is a lot of excitement over news that Belarus has supposedly cut itself off from the rest of the Internet, with headlines like, "It is now illegal to access any foreign website in the Republic of Belarus". Given the continuing concern over human rights in that country, this story has a certain plausibility to it. But it's worth exploring what the law in question actually says, since the situation is rather more complex than such headlines imply.
Google Translate offers quite a clear translation of the new law (original in Russian), which has two main parts. The first concerns businesses: Business entities engaged in activities on the sale of goods, works and services in the Republic of Belarus with the use of information networks, systems and resources with an Internet connection, you should pay attention: if these networks, systems or resources are not available on the territory of Belarus and (or) not registered in the prescribed manner to the subjects can be applied to an administrative penalty of a fine from 10 to 30 base units. That seems to say that all online businesses must be either located in Belarus, or registered there, which might be a problem for Amazon, say. Presumably the company could get around this if it set up a subsidiary in Belarus, and then sold goods from the site amazon.by � except for the slight problem that this domain has already been taken by a water company. However, Amazon might well decide that it is not worth the effort, and simply block all connections from Belarus.
One issue is what exactly "services" includes in the above section. If, as some have suggested, this means companies offering email, it might stop people using Gmail, unless Google also sets up an arm in the country � wisely, Google has already registered its domain in Belarus, google.by. Clearly, much depends on how the law is interpreted (and IANAL).
As for non-commercial sites like Wikipedia, say, the paragraph doesn't seem to apply at all, since it only concerns businesses. However, they may well be caught by other parts of the law: Administrative penalty of a fine (ranging from 5 to 15 basic units) may be imposed on officials of the centers for collective use of the web services (computer clubs, Internet cafes, home networking, and other places, which provide shared access users of Internet services to Internet) in violation of legislation on the identification of client devices and users to record and store information about them, as well as Internet services rendered.
It should also restrict user access to Internet services to the information gap for distribution in accordance with the laws (the information content of which is directed to carry out extremist activities, dissemination of pornographic materials, etc.). In case of violation of requirements to restrict access to this information also applies a penalty from 10 to 30 base units. These sections deal with Internet cafes and even "home networks" � connections shared among households. It requires users to be registered, the sites they visit recorded, and the usual censorship of pornographic and "extremist" materials. It's easy to imagine even sites like Wikipedia being branded as such (after all, it happened in the UK), and thus being on the blacklist.
So while it is by no means true that Belarus has made accessing all sites outside the country illegal, it has certainly made it risky, if not impossible, to buy stuff on external sites. Worse, it confirms that Internet users must be spied upon, and "forbidden" sites must be blocked; taken together, these new measures allow the government of Belarus to exert extremely tight control over Internet users in the country. Moreover, with these systems in place, severing Belarus from the Internet for real would be relatively easy, if its government decided to take that extreme step.
Follow me @glynmoody on Twitter or identi.ca, and on Google+
Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you.
–The Techdirt Team
Filed Under: belarus, censorship, foreign websites, internet filtering, privacy | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
How does Leia Organa know carbon freezing causes hibernation sickness?
In the Star Wars universe, there exists a carbon freezing process that has been used before to transport frozen gas over long distances. In Cloud City, the carbon freezing process is used for the first time to encase a living person in suspended hibernation.
When Leia rescues Han Solo from his carbonite prison, Leia comments on the onset of hibernation sickness that Han is experiencing:
Leia: "Just relax for a moment. You're free of the carbonite. Shh. You have hibernation sickness."
Han: "I can't see."
Leia: "Your eyesight will return in time."
However, earlier, Lando Calrissian comments on how carbon freezing has never (to his knowledge) been used on humans before:
"Lord Vader, we only use this facility for carbon freezing. If you put him in there it might kill him."
How does Leia know that Han is experiencing hibernation sickness from being frozen in carbonite, if Han is the first person in history to go through that process? Even if hibernation sickness is not exclusive to carbon freezing, how does Leia know that it is specifically what Han is experiencing?
A:
I think I found a pretty good quote to answer my own question.
Immediately after freezing Han Solo in carbonite, Darth Vader remarks to Lando:
Vader: "Well, Calrissian? Did he survive?"
Lando: "Yes, he's alive...and in perfect hibernation."
If we can assume that Leia is within earshot of this conversation (which she most likely would be, as she is still at this point in the same room as far as I can remember), we now know that Leia knows that Han Solo is now in a form of hibernation. Since Leia already knows about the effects of hibernation sickness, it makes perfect sense that she would "put two and two together" by the time that she un-freezes Han and figure out that Han would, to the best of her knowledge, be experiencing a form of hibernation sickness.
As an interesting side note, Leia might already possess a limited knowledge of some effects of carbon freezing (in the Legends Canon, anyway) as the Alderaanian Medical Association has done at least limited research on it.
A:
This is never sufficiently explained in Disney Canon. Carbonite Freezing of people has been done before, but there's no evidence that Leia would have known about the results or effects.
However, in Legends Canon, this can be handwaved pretty easily.
Leia explains that Han is suffering from Hibernation Sickness, but does not specify that it is specific to, or only caused by being frozen in carbonite.
In fact, Hibernation Sickness is caused by being in suspended animation. Wookieepedia mentions a few methods of being put into suspended animation, such as sleeper ships and Sith techniques.
In Legends canon, since this is not a new concept or affliction, it's entirely possible/likely that she simply knew what sort of effects being in suspended animation would cause.
A:
We don't know for sure, but it's apparent that some time has passed between the end of Empire Strikes Back, when Han was frozen, and the beginning of RotJ, when he is rescued. Boba Fett delivers Han to Jabba, Jabba has time to make him into a decoration in his palace. Leia and company also had to plan the rescue operation, which obviously began at least some time before RotJ starts, because Lando is already working as a guard in Jabba's palace at the start of the movie. I think it's safe to assume that just like every other aspect of the rescue was planned, they also had to have some idea of what shape Han would be in after being unfrozen and that Leia did some studying up on carbonite freezing during that time to answer that question.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
How Edmonton Became Cool Again
Category:
Bucket List Worthy
By Jody Robbins | March 15, 2016
(Photo credit: Edmonton Tourism)
Edmonton used to be cool, like in the 80s. The City of Champions had the Oilers and Eskimos earning its nickname. Whyte Avenue was one of Canada’s trendiest shopping streets and Barry T’s was where you’d find the beautiful people in their neon clothes and teased bangs on a Saturday night. After Edmonton lost their championships, the city began quietly reinventing itself. A brilliant strategy to make the most (and even boast about) their winters has led to new infrastructure and a blizzard of ideas that makes it easy for locals and tourist get outside and play. Here’s a look at what makes Edmonton cool once again.
Embracing all seasons
If there’s snow on the ground, changes are the city’s public ice skating rinks are still in play. There’s no shortage of options on where to take a twirl, but Hawrelak Park, City Hall and the Alberta Legislator are highly atmospheric spots to stumble and caught by someone whose blades are sharper than yours.
Skate at City Hall to music and stop by the Farmer’s Market afterwards (Photo credit: Edmonton Tourism)
With the largest expanse of urban parkland in North America, Edmonton’s green belt is vast. Explore the river valley flanking the North Saskatchewan River on cross country skis and snowshoes in winter or roll out on a segway with River Valley Adventure Co. This is one of Canada’s top tours that runs all year long and lets you take in the scenery in a unique and fun way.
Once that snow melts Edmonton’s golf courses come alive. With up to 17 hours of daylight in summer, duffers can hit the links well into the evening hours, and no, we’re not just talking about the 19th hole.
Super shopping
We know you know about “the mall.” But did you know West Edmonton Mallhas the only Simons between Ontario and Vancouver? For those not in the know, Simons is one of Canada’s coolest fashion retailers, whose clothes look high end, yet are super affordable. If high end retailers are what you’re after, you’ll find them within this mammoth mall, too. And just because you can, why not supplement your shopping by riding a rollercoaster, catching a flick or barrelling down a waterslide?
Simons is one of the best reasons to visit West Edmonton Mall
Whyte Avenue and the community of Old Strathcona are still on point, brimming with indy shops, galleries and cafes set in period buildings. Any shopaholic worth their salt will also want to suss out 124 Street. Start at Canteen for a stick to your ribs brunch before nipping into one this community’s many art galleries to take a gander at works by local artists. Afterwards, head towards Jasper Avenue where more trendy shops such as Shades of Grey and Miss Boss await.
Ice is Nice
The Ice District is set to open just in time for the NHL’s 2016/17. When it does, it’ll become Canada’s largest mixed-use sports and entertainment district, spanning over 25 acres right in downtown Edmonton. This fall Rogers Place will be the most advanced sports and entertainment venue in North America. It’s the new home of the Edmonton Oilers and the first NHL facility in Canada designed to meet LEED Silver standards. You’ll also find an innovative winter garden and public plaza to explore. Instagram alert: while downtown be sure to check out the classic neon signs affixed to heritage buildings.
The Edmonton Oilers new home is changing the downtown landscape.
Eclectic Eats
Edmonton’s food scene has been going off the rails in recent years, with so many new restaurant openings its hard to keep up. Start your evening at Rostizado, a funky new restaurant by the same trio who brought the city Tres Carnales. Hang out at the bar and swig a few cocktails or snag a table and tuck into succulent Mexican-style rotisserie cuisine. Just make sure you order Camarones al Mojo De Ajo AKA the most delicious prawns you’ll ever have in your life.
Trying to impress a date? It doesn’t get any more romantic than at Sabor, an unpretentious fine dining restaurant focusing on ocean-wise cuisine with a Portuguese twist. Want to get a bit more rowdy? The atmosphere is jovial at MEAT, an authentic BBQ joint off Whyte Ave. Saddle up to a communal table and tuck into meats sold by the pound and smoked in house. Then slow things down by slipping inside Duchess Bake Shop. Modelled after a Parisian tea salon, you’ll want to get here early or risk standing in line for sinful patisseries or a scrumptious light lunch.
Calories don’t count at Duchess!
Something to Celebrate
There’s always something to celebrate in Canada’s festival city. Get a closer look at the burgeoning food scene at a Taste of Edmonton or kick back at the world class Edmonton Folk Music Festival, held in leafy Gallagher Park.
Help with chores! (Photo credit: Ryan Jackson Photography)
If it’s culture you’re after, 2016 celebrates the 125 anniversary of the Ukrainian settlement in Canada. Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village is where you’ll want to be, especially on August 7, as they pay tribute to these hardy pioneers. Or take in the Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival. Celebrating 35 years this August, street performers wow the crowds in Old Strathcona, while 200 theatre productions take place in 50 venues during the 11-day extravaganza.
Jody Robbins is a Calgary-based freelance travel writer. Follow her adventures on her blog Travels with Baggage or on Twitter @Jody_Robbins. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Sector Trade Guide For The Fiscal Cliff Deal Aftermath
Now that the Fiscal Cliff Deal is quickly coming into focus, we need to be prepared for the consequences. This is going to be the first anti-stimulus bill passed since the crisis in 2008. Let's quickly recap all major bills since the 2008 financial crisis (government stimulus/tax cut amount in parentheses):
- 2008 TARP Bill (+700B)
- 2009 ARRA Stimulus Bill (+800B)
- 2010 AHCA Healthcare Bill
- 2010 Dodd-Frank Financial Bill
- 2010 and 2011 Payroll Tax Cut (+100B combined)
We are looking at a combined 1.6 trillion in economic subsidies for the government in the last 5 years. Not coincidentally, the Obama Administration is asking for 1.6 trillion in revenue back now that the economy is on solid ground. Clearly this is going to take a big chunk of money out of the economy (negative short term) and fill the deficit (positive long-term). I generally have a bearish view on the DIA and SPY for Q1 2013 once the Christmas Rally is over, but I am still undecided where they will be at 2013 year end. That will depend on the magnitude of the economic contraction in the first half of 2013.
Tax Regime Change
Since I am getting ready for the long/short trade of the decade, I wanted to take a look at where I can make the most money while the market is falling in Q1. Clearly a big change in the Fiscal Cliff Deal will be the tax regime and that is going to have important sector consequences. The latest news on the corporate tax front is that the Obama Administration wants to institute a flat 28% corporate rate (cut from 35%) and eliminate special-interest deductions. This is a strong pro-growth supply-side measure that is exactly what Republicans have been wanting in any corporate tax reform bill. In addition, it looks like dividends will lose their preferential 15% rate and be taxed at the income tax rate and let's not forget the new 3.8% Health Care investment income surtax. Earnings in some industries are going to clearly suffer and others are going to clearly benefit. Investors in some industries are going to clearly suffer and investors in other industries are going to clearly benefit. Let's look at the tax rate paid by industry:
One industry not mentioned is Retail Staples and Retail Discretionary which are generally in the high end of the effective tax rate scale. Wal-Mart has a tax rate of 32.4% for example.
Sector Trades
So it looks like Transportation (NYSEARCA:IYT), Retail Staples (NYSEARCA:XLP), Retail Discretionary (NYSEARCA:XLY), Utilities (NYSEARCA:XLU) will be the biggest beneficiaries. Tax rates will go down as much as 7% percentage points which all flows right back into earnings. On the other hand Technology (NYSEARCA:XLK) and Energy (NYSEARCA:XLE) and to a lesser extent Financials (NYSEARCA:XLF) and Industrials (NYSEARCA:XLI) are going to suffer and tax rates there may go up more than 10% for some companies in those industries. Earnings will be clearly affected.
There are already some signs that the market is already adjusting to the upcoming tax regime. Tech stock Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) has been in a freefall despite record sales here and abroad. Material stock Freeport McMoRan (NYSE:FCX) got clobbered for diversifying into energy. Retail giants like Macy's (NYSE:M) have stayed unexpectedly strong in the face of weak revenues.
Let's look at the charts for some of these sector ETFs and decide on a course of action:
(click to enlarge)
Transportation is breaking out of six-month range. There looks to be a strong upturn in the cards since the consolidation phase lasted 6 months. Clear long, buy on any dip, if you get a dip.
(click to enlarge)
Consumer Discretionary hasn't missed a beat. Combined with commodity deflation, this the strongest buy of them all. Buy on any dip. Again, if you get a dip.
(click to enlarge)
The bullish case is less strong for Consumer Stapes since they pay high dividends, but it's a bullish case nonetheless. Since growth here is slowest, this should be the last buy on your list.
(click to enlarge)
Dividend kings Utilities are clearly suffering. Lowering the tax rate would help earnings, but high dividend taxes will reduce return on dividends by up to 30%. No small change and changes the IRR of the investment. People will likely look elsewhere for return in a potentially strong growing economy after Q2 of 2013. Short on any bounce.
(click to enlarge)
Technology has clearly peaked. They will have to pay higher taxes and may be moving production to the US, which means the end of cost deflation achieved via outsourcing. Short on any bounce.
(click to enlarge)
Energy is in a classic bubble-pop pattern. Parabolic increase followed by consolidation at lower levels. The drop comes slowly at first and then suddenly falls off a cliff. Combined with removal of special loopholes and oversupply of oil, this is a clear short.
(click to enlarge)
Industrials seem to be breaking out of a triangle. Tax regime changes will not affect them dramatically. What will affect them more is the return of business investment. If that happens, the long case is clear cut. Buy on any dip.
(click to enlarge)
And finally Financials - one of the strongest performers year to date. Look for the magic to continue. Regulatory and balance sheet issues are behind them, a growing housing sector will overwhelm any tax increase related earnings issues. Buy on any dip.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
We only use your contact details to reply to your request for more information.We do not sell the personal contact data you submit to anyone else.
Thank you for your interest in Seeking Alpha PROWe look forward to contacting you shortly for a conversation.
Thank you for your interest in Seeking Alpha PRO
Our PRO subscription service was created for fund managers, and the cost of the product is
prohibitive for most individual investors.
PRO Alerts is our flagship product for individual investors who want to be faster
and smarter about their stocks. To learn more about it, click here.
If you are an investment professional with over $1M AUM and received this message
in error, click here and you will be contacted shortly.
Thank you for your interest in Seeking Alpha PROWe look forward to contacting you when we have an individual investor product ready! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
how to create private key + CSR signed by a custom CA
I am trying to generate a private key + certificate ... certificate need to be signed by CA.
I generate a CA with openssl,
key:
openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:xxxx -out ca.pass.key 4096
openssl rsa -passin pass:xxxx -in ca.pass.key -out ca.key
cert:
openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.pem
Now generate client key + cert with keytool ...
keytool -genkey -alias clientkey -keystore clientkeystore.p12 -keyalg RSA -storetype PKCS12 -validity 3650
Is possible to add sign with CA with Keytool ?
A:
After generating the key:
Use keytool -certreq to generate a file containing the CSR.
Use openssl x509 -signkey to sign the CSR and generate an X.509 certificate.
Use keytool -importcert to import the signed X.509 certificate; it will be automatically associated with the internally generated private key.
You might want to try tools such as Portecle or Keystore Explorer for Java keystore management.
See other examples:
https://www.digicert.com/csr-creation-java.htm
https://knowledge.digicert.com/generalinformation/INFO227.html
https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/HW94A/com.ibm.acc.8731.doc/creating_a_java_keystore_mobile_interface.html
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19509-01/820-3503/ggezu/index.html
https://www.entrustdatacard.com/knowledgebase/how-do-i-generate-a-2048-bit-csr-using-java-keytool
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Hackett London
Luxury menswear brand Hackett is well regarded as the home of ‘Essentially British Clothing’. Hackett menswear was established in 1979 by Jeremy Hackett and Ashley Lloyd-Jennings who bonded over a shared penchant for traditional British men’s clothing. By 1983, after having run a small market stall in London’s Portobello Road, the first Hackett shop opened and its success was so great that there became an increased demand for second-hand clothing which could not be fulfilled. It was this which led Hackett and Lloyd-Jennings to begin to manufacture their own designs from scratch based on their extensive knowledge of British men’s style. The brand's repertoire features tailored shirts, jackets and Polos as well as premium knitwear and sportswear with a casual feel - the perfect attire for the discerning gentleman. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Sometimes serious. Sometimes humorous. Always unpredictable. By Dan Pimentel - Welcome to the Airplanista Aviation Blog, where I take a lighthearted look at general and business aviation, the airlines, and the incredible and generous community of aviators called #Avgeeks...they are my aviation family. I am currently available for magazine and corporate writing assignments - Email me here.
There are few aviatrixs in aviation history that can compare to the legend of Florence “Pancho” Barnes, that colorful, eccentric, fearless and stubborn flyer who was known for living a life without regrets.
Lauren Kessler’s book “The Happy Bottom Riding Club – The Life and Times of Pancho Barnes” (HBRC) published in 2000 will take you on a journey through aviation’s golden years, when pilots flew without restrictions, rules or regulations. It’s a splendid book that I consider to be one of aviation’s finest works, full of great descriptions of a day long ago when aviators could do anything they wanted. With every page, Lauren paints a vivid portrait of Pancho’s flamboyant life.
I recently picked up a copy of HBRC at a Eugene (OR) Library Relief sale, and thankfully this copy had been donated and not pulled from the shelves. I have always wanted to read it as I’ve heard over the years it is one of the finest examples of great aviation storytelling. And it is, I assure you.
But in reading the acknowledgments, I noticed Lauren gives credit to Dorothy Schick of Takewing Aviation in Creswell, OR for giving her a first airplane ride in a small GA airplane. Creswell is literally 15 miles south of where I am writing this, and I have taken lessons from Dorothy and rented her airplanes. So I Googled Lauren and was blown away to find out she lives right here in Eugene! I had to know more. In making contact, I arranged to have her speak to my EAA chapter on June 4th, because while I cannot tell the members how to use an English Wheel (honestly wouldn’t know one if I saw one), I can present a very successful author who produced a legendary aviation book.
I sat down digitally with Lauren recently for the first of what I am calling my Airplanista Author Interview Series…and there will be more in the future. Before I get to the interview, let’s take a look at the official book description and get to know Pancho a bit better:
Pancho Barnes was a force of nature, a woman who lived a big, messy, colorful, unconventional life. She ran through three fortunes, four husbands, and countless lovers. She outflew Amelia Earhart, outsmarted Howard Hughes, outdrank the Mexican Army, and out-maneuvered the U.S. government. She was a high-spirited, headstrong woman who was proud of her successes, unabashed by her failures, and the architect of her own legend.
As a California heiress, she was faced with a future of domesticity and upper-crust pretensions when she ran away from her responsibilities as wife and mother to create her own life. She cruised South America. She trekked through Mexico astride a burro. She hitchhiked halfway across the United States. Then, in the late 1920s, she took to the skies, one of a handful of female pilots. She was a barnstormer, a racer, a cross-country flier, and a Hollywood stunt pilot. She was an intimate of movie stars, and, later in life, a drinking buddy of the supersonic jet jockey Chuck Yeager. She ran a wildly successful desert watering hole in the Mojave Desert known as the Happy Bottom Riding Club, the raucous bar and grill depicted in the movie, The Right Stuff.
Now, let’s hear a few words from Lauren on how this book came together:
Airplanista: Let’s start at the beginning…what is the genesis story of how the book deal for HBRC came together? Did you pitch it, or did someone present the project to you?Lauren Kessler: Neither, really. I had worked with Bob Loomis at Random House on a previous book. I wrote him an informal note about Pancho, maybe a page and a half, asking if he thought there was a book in it. My “pitches” are much more involved (I once wrote a 50-page pitch) and I always pitch to my agent first, never an editor. It turned out that Bob was Air Force (I had no idea), was steeped in Pancho stories (mostly untrue) and wanted the book immediately. This sort of serendipity has yet to be repeated..
Airplanista: Once you began researching Pancho, did her story become more intriguing as you peeled back the layers?Lauren Kessler: That’s a major understatement. A story about an early flyer became a story about the golden moment when aviation and Hollywood came together. A story about a brash woman known for her exploits and sailor’s vocabulary became a story about a much more complex and needy woman who paid the price for nonconformity.
Airplanista: Do you have any past aviation experience that drew you to this story, or what it her colorful personality and life?Lauren Kessler: Not in the least. I did not come to this story with an interest in or knowledge of aviation. I was interested in an ill-behaved woman who made history (as the bumpersticker goes). In fact, when I started researching her story, I had not been up in an airplane for close to 25 years (see a blog post about this here).
Airplanista: Did you ever get to meet Pancho Barnes? If yes, what was the experience like? And if no, did you want to meet her?Lauren Kessler: Pancho died many years before I became interested in her story. I did meet her last husband, a piece of work. And I did get to spend quite a bit of time with “desert rats” who knew her.
Airplanista: As you got deeper into the story research, what was the one big discovery that surprised you?Lauren Kessler: How indomitable she was. It wasn’t a matter of being fearless in the sky. It was a matter of being fearless in life. Doing what she wanted and not giving a damn what others thought.
Airplanista: Pancho was a woman who never did care for stereotypes and had no interest in fitting in to the Pasadena elite lifestyle as a young woman. How did her rogue personality serve her later in life?Lauren Kessler: It both served and sabotaged her, I would say. She liked young men, fast cars, big airplanes. She ran through three significant fortunes—and I think she had some fun doing that. But because she didn’t know how to temper her goals, because she always arrived loaded for bear, she made significant enemies, which lead to the downfall of the Happy Bottom Riding Club. And at the end of her life, she was a lonely woman.
Airplanista: Let’s talk about the specifics of writing the book? First, do you have any sales numbers or information on how popular the book was?Lauren Kessler: This is now seven books ago for me. I just don’t keep track that long. I will say that it did well in hardcover, was published in paperback, got me on the David Letterman Show twice and has been optioned for a movie.
Airplanista: How much time in days, months or hours do you think you had into the research of this book?Lauren Kessler: At least a year, perhaps a year and a half.
Airplanista: Did you have fun writing HBRC? As you told the story, did you find you could not wait to get back to the keyboard and write more about Pancho?Lauren Kessler: I love the act of writing. That is why I am a writer. When things go well, there is nothing like it. I feel more alive in that moment than in any other moment in my life. When things are tough—and even the best writing experience has its dark moments—well, it tests the mettle.
Airplanista: I know people who consider this book to be one of aviation’s most iconic works. How was the book received in the aviation community? How about the literary world, what were the reviews like?Lauren Kessler: When the book came out, I went on the road and talked to a lot of aviation folks, from EAA chapters to vintage Ninety-Niners. I was on NPR. I did the David Letterman show, during which he (jokingly) declared HBRC the first book in the Dave Letterman Book Club, in fierce competition with the then-famous Oprah Book Club. Reviews and quotes are here.
Airplanista: What challenges in the research and writing did you have to overcome? Did you ever hit a wall and find you had to dig deep and push past it to keep moving forward?Lauren Kessler: There’s always a challenge in writing about someone you’ve never met. Pancho was an only child, so no siblings to talk to. Her child, Billy, was already dead. Her last husband thought I should pay for his memories. I thought not. So Pancho had to come alive through documents. I had to let the documents (flight logs, lists, letters, court records) speak to me.
Airplanista: You mentioned HBRC was optioned by a film producer. Is that public info, and if yes, tell me more. And tell me what female actress working today would best portray Pancho?Lauren Kessler: I just signed the option agreement, and that’s all I can say about it right now. If the film tried to encompass her WHOLE life, then one actress couldn’t do it. But for the later part of her life, when she moved to the Mojave and opened HBRC, Frances McDormand or Edie Falco. Ya gotta play tough and gritty.
Airplanista: Do you think Pancho Barnes contributed to the acceptance of females as pilots, either directly or indirectly? As a bold female who took no crap from men, if she were alive today and read about the #MeToo movement, what would her advice to women be? Lauren Kessler: Ha! Such an interesting question. My sense is that Pancho did not like women much. She enjoyed the company of men, both as friends and lovers. If I had to guess (and it kind of pains me to say this), I think Pancho might dismiss the #MeToo movement. She might have little patience with it. This is not because she was in favor of -- or, Lord knows, would have put up with, harassment -- but because she would not have understood women who failed to fight back at the moment.
Airplanista: Add anything else here you think my readership would love to know about this book, about you or about Pancho.Lauren Kessler: She was one-of-a-kind and lived the kind of rollicking, devil-may-care life that it is not possible to live any more. So beyond being an aviation story, it is significant as a snapshot of a time gone by. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
FGF1-mediated cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry depends on the interaction of FGFR-1 and Fn14.
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) signal through FGF receptors (FGFRs) mediating a broad range of cellular functions during embryonic development, as well as disease and regeneration during adulthood. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms that modulate this system. Here, we show that FGFR-1 can interact with the TNF receptor superfamily member fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14) resulting in cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry. FGF1-induced cell cycle reentry in neonatal cardiomyocytes could be blocked by Fn14 inhibition, while TWEAK-induced cell cycle activation was inhibited by blocking FGFR-1 signaling. In addition, costimulation experiments revealed a synergistic effect of FGF1 and TWEAK in regard to cardiomyocyte cell cycle induction via PI3K/Akt signaling. Overexpression of Fn14 with either FGFR-1 long [FGFR-1(L)] or FGFR-1 short [FGFR-1(S)] isoforms resulted after FGF1/TWEAK stimulation in cell cycle reentry of >40% adult cardiomyocytes. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays indicated that endogenous FGFR-1 and Fn14 interact with each other in cardiomyocytes. This interaction was strongly enhanced in the presence of their corresponding ligands, FGF1 and TWEAK. Taken together, our data suggest that FGFR-1/Fn14 interaction may represent a novel endogenous mechanism to modulate the action of these receptors and their ligands and to control cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
package raft
import (
"log"
"os"
)
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Variables
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const (
Debug = 1
Trace = 2
)
var logLevel int = 0
var logger *log.Logger
func init() {
logger = log.New(os.Stdout, "[raft]", log.Lmicroseconds)
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Functions
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
func LogLevel() int {
return logLevel
}
func SetLogLevel(level int) {
logLevel = level
}
//--------------------------------------
// Warnings
//--------------------------------------
// Prints to the standard logger. Arguments are handled in the manner of
// fmt.Print.
func warn(v ...interface{}) {
logger.Print(v...)
}
// Prints to the standard logger. Arguments are handled in the manner of
// fmt.Printf.
func warnf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
logger.Printf(format, v...)
}
// Prints to the standard logger. Arguments are handled in the manner of
// fmt.Println.
func warnln(v ...interface{}) {
logger.Println(v...)
}
//--------------------------------------
// Basic debugging
//--------------------------------------
// Prints to the standard logger if debug mode is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of fmt.Print.
func debug(v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Debug {
logger.Print(v...)
}
}
// Prints to the standard logger if debug mode is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of fmt.Printf.
func debugf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Debug {
logger.Printf(format, v...)
}
}
// Prints to the standard logger if debug mode is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of fmt.Println.
func debugln(v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Debug {
logger.Println(v...)
}
}
//--------------------------------------
// Trace-level debugging
//--------------------------------------
// Prints to the standard logger if trace debugging is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of fmt.Print.
func trace(v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Trace {
logger.Print(v...)
}
}
// Prints to the standard logger if trace debugging is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of fmt.Printf.
func tracef(format string, v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Trace {
logger.Printf(format, v...)
}
}
// Prints to the standard logger if trace debugging is enabled. Arguments
// are handled in the manner of debugln.
func traceln(v ...interface{}) {
if logLevel >= Trace {
logger.Println(v...)
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Research conducted by this laboratory focuses on the investigation of modified, new or alternative procedures for determining the safety and potency of a number of biological products. Information obtained from new methods is compared to the current and historical data provided from existing methods to establish equivalency. Suitable standards and reference preparations must be developed and prepared if studies reveal that current materials are not appropriate. Particular emphasis is placed on alternative procedures that reduce the number of animals required for product testing and provide comparable results in less time than existing methods. In Vitro Potency Assay for Diphtheria Antibody Response. Production of a specific quantity of protective antibodies capable of neutralizing active toxin following immunization with vaccines containing a Diphtheria component is required for release of the vaccine lot. Currently, a second animal test is employed to evaluate the efficacy of the animal response to the test vaccine. This research has focused on replacing this second animal test with an in-vitro cell test. Results of the six laboratory collaborative study were presented in December, 1997 at the FDA Science Forum. These data were also reviewed in several international meetings, and plans to develop and implement a collaborative study continue to be discussed. Discussions about modifications of the STS proposed method are continuing. These discussions involve the amount of toxin used in the in-vitro assay, and the use of a hyper-immune horse serum vs. sera from a single immunization of guinea pigs. Development of an In Vitro Potency Assay for Tetanus Antibody Response. This project relates to the investigation of an in vitro ELISA potency assay to replace the guinea pig death test portion of the official release test for the tetanus component in vaccines. Reports of an ELISA method in the literature, and the use of this method in the laboratory are dependent on a source of purified Tetanus Toxin. Preliminary data and proposals for an international collaborative study were discussed at a meeting in June 2000. Problems related to the quantitiation of a response and the correlation between animal and laboratory tests continue to be discussed. Investigation of the Microstar Rapid Sterility Test Method. For biological products claimed to be sterile, testing requires a 14 day incubation period, with observations based on visual examination of product-inoculated media, to conclude with reasonable confidence that the product is free from extraneous bacterial or fungal contamination. A group of newly emerging "rapid" methods suggests that such bacterial contamination can be detected in less than 14 days by other methods. The Microstar system, made by Millipore Corporation, utilizing bioluminescence to detect viable contaminating organisms, was selected for evaluation based on the laboratory's current use of existing Millipore Steritest equipment and supplies. Prior incubation in USP and CFR specified sterility test media appears to enhance detection of multiple types of organisms; using the MicroStar filters, individual CFU's can be transferred and cultured for subsequent identification using selective media or enzyme based analysis. The MicroStar system has shown the capacity for early detection of small quantities of environmental contaminants in conventional, adsorbed and cell based products. This year, efforts to detect bacterial contaminants in whole blood products resulted in the development of a lysing procedure to negate background activity of blood cells. Work continues in this area. Comparison of LAL Test with the Rabbit Pyrogen Test. Determination of pyrogen or endotoxin content may be measured by the Rabbit Pyrogen test as described in 21 CFR 610.13 or, if validated as an equivalent method, use of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) as described in the USP 26 Bacterial Endotoxins Test (BET). Allowable endotoxin content for a number biological products can be found in the "FDA Guideline On Validation Of The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test As An Endproduct Test For Human and Animal Parental Drugs, Biological Products, And Medical Devices"; alternatively, product or manufacturer specific limits are established in conjunction with licensing. Chromogenic, Turbidimetric and gel clot methods for the in-vitro BET test are commercially available; the gel clot method is considered definitive in the absence of enhancement or inhibition. In general, advantages of BET methods over the Rabbit test include requiring less sample and the ability to perform repeat or confirmatory tests quickly. This year, several manufacturers of blood products have provided data to support conversion from Rabbit testing to BET. Studies continue to expand BET testing to additional biological products. This project incorporates FY2002 projects 1Z01BR003003-04, 1Z01BR003004-15, 1Z01BR003005-12, and 1Z01BR003006-03. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
What are the prospects for revolutionary politics in the era of COVID-19? Amid the destruction, both human and economic, some have struck an optimistic note. Ben Tarnoff, for instance, in an article published in US magazine Commune, writes: “In retrospect, 2020 may end up being a 1968 or a 1917: a year of leaps and ruptures, and a dividing line between one era and the next”.
Many also thought that the global financial crisis of 2008-09 would be the death knell of neoliberalism. But instead of breaking with the economic orthodoxy that had triggered the crisis, governments shovelled trillions of dollars of public money into the coffers of big banks and corporations. Workers around the world paid a heavy price – savage austerity, further privatisations and relentless attacks on unions – for the ruling class’s determination to prop up its tottering economic model for a few more years.
But while neoliberalism was retained as the dominant economic model for capitalism, politically, it was dead in the water. Millions of people around the world came to see “centrist” politics for what it really is – a cover for the organised looting of society by a capitalist class drunk on greed. Financial markets boomed, but global elites and their political servants were battered by insurgent populist challenges on both the left and the right.
The COVID-19 crisis is a greater order of magnitude than the last financial crisis. Given the political bankruptcy of neoliberalism, it’s hard to see how it could ever be fully revived. The system can’t be saved this time via bailouts of the banks and major corporations. In their desperate efforts to save capitalism from total collapse, political leaders across the major world powers have launched aggressive government-led interventions into the economy and society.
This situation opens new horizons for the revolutionary left. One of the most stifling aspects of the neoliberal era has been its success in inculcating the sense, among wide layers of workers and the poor, that there is no alternative to capitalism. The idea that individual competition and the free market are the natural order of things is drummed into us from an early age. And the reality of capitalism we confront as we grow up only reinforces this.
The developments of the past month have shaken these assumptions to their core. Who would have thought, two months ago, that the thoroughly neoliberal and right-wing Coalition government in Australia would pour hundreds of billions of dollars into a doubling of dole payments, wage-subsidies and free childcare?
For decades, we’ve been told there’s simply not enough money for such things. Not enough for decent welfare, health care and education, and certainly not enough for anything “visionary” like avoiding catastrophic, runaway climate change. One thing that hopefully will come from this is people never again believing politicians when they say that “there’s not enough money”.
In our social isolation, we may dream of revolution. But what are the prospects of turning such dreams into reality? For this we need more than just imagination, we need struggle. And we need the kind of struggle that has been lacking in the neoliberal era – workers’ struggle. Amid the desolate landscape of mass unemployment and suffering caused by the pandemic and associated economic collapse, there are some small glimmers of hope in this regard. As Tarnoff writes:
“The pandemic spins up a cycle of proletarian self-activity. Workers everywhere now have an urgent issue to agitate around – their health – and are already organizing on that basis. Wildcat strikes have broken out among garbage workers, auto workers, poultry workers, warehouse workers, and bus drivers. Amazon has seen a wave of militancy, forcing management to promise better health protections and to extend paid time off to its entire workforce … Unionized nurses have rallied to protest shortages. Workers at GE have demanded repurposing jet engine factories to make ventilators.”
Similar struggles have broken out among key sections of workers in other hard-hit countries such as Italy, Spain and France. Even in Australia, there have been a number of small scale actions by workers over health and safety concerns, and signs of resistance among unionists in some sectors (notably higher education) to attempts by bosses to use the crisis as cover to attack wages and conditions. These are encouraging signs. For revolutionaries, however, it’s important to remember Gramsci’s maxim: pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will.
We have reason to be hopeful that the current crisis will be a turning point in the fortunes of revolutionary politics around the world. Even before the COVID-19 crisis broke, we’d seen a string of revolts shaking the establishment from Sudan to Chile, France to Iraq. The crisis will no doubt intensify the contradictions that drove these revolts. We should, nevertheless, harbour no illusions about the scale of the challenge we face.
In this period of profound destabilisation, we’re witnessing an almost complete consensus within official politics and the mainstream of civil society. In Australia, prime minister Scott Morrison is now governing at the head of a tacit political alliance incorporating not only the opposition Labor Party, but also the trade unions, big business organisations and all but the most right-wing fringe of the corporate media.
In country after country, the situation is the same. The usual noisy show of political fractiousness has been put on hold. Political and institutional authorities speak with one voice: in this time of crisis we should put our differences aside and work things out cooperatively for the common good.
This is a charade. The illusion of “national unity” is created not by any genuine convergence of interest between the working class and the capitalist ruling class, but because so many of the organisations and institutions that in ordinary times pose as critical voices within the political sphere now stand openly on the side of the capitalist state and the corporate elite it serves. The state remains, as Marx put it, “a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie”. But with the voluntary silence of formerly critical voices, it appears a neutral body managing society in the interests of all.
These developments highlight something that was theorised, in different ways, by Antonio Gramsci and Leon Trotsky in the tumultuous, crisis-ridden period between the two world wars. Both pointed to the way in which, in Western democracies, the rule of the capitalist state is maintained not only by the brute force of the police, the army and so on, but by the institutional authority of major civil society organisations (including unions) and reformist political parties.
The state in developed Western democracies was, for Gramsci, the “integral state” – a state that in ordinary times appears to stand suspended above society, but which in a time of crisis is revealed to be something that has, through the network of established political and civil society organisations, very deep roots. As Gramsci put it: “In the East [Russia], the state was everything, civil society was primordial and gelatinous; in the West, there was a proper relationship between state and civil society, and when the state trembled a sturdy structure of civil society was at once revealed”.
Trotsky at times wrote in similar terms, particularly about the trade unions. Reflecting on their role both in fascist countries such as Germany and Italy, and in democracies such as France, in 1938 he noted an increasing integration with the state. “The cause of this tendency towards state co-optation”, he wrote, “is that capitalism in its decline cannot tolerate independent unions”. More and more, he argued, “the unions are directly integrated with the state, with capitalist proprietors. It’s only a difference of degree, not of nature”.
Those wishing to see the further development of the initial, inspiring flashes of workers’ resistance around the world will have to contend with this reality. The barriers to the widening of such resistance are formidable – in particular the entrenched union bureaucracies and reformist political parties whose every instinct in a crisis is to use their authority with workers to buttress the state and quash any serious outbreaks of unrest.
That’s not to say that revolution is ruled out once and for all. In periods of deep crisis, politics can develop at breakneck speed. The revolutionary upsurges that swept from Russia into Europe in the aftermath of World War One provides a clear example. The longer the crisis drags on, the more the spirit of national unity and cooperation will start to fray, and the national unity block will be revealed more and more as the dictatorship of capital that it is.
However, revolutionary socialists remain a tiny minority in Australia and in most other countries in the world. Tarnoff, perhaps unintentionally, highlights the isolation of the revolutionary left in the US when, at the conclusion of his article, he calls for a socialist project that is “equal to the radicalism of our reality”. This project, he writes, “must offer a socialism that is not a branch of progressivism or a wing of the Democratic Party but a truly anti-systemic alternative, one that promises, however improbably, an end to the death cult of capital and the elevation of human health, dignity, and self-determination as the supreme organizing principles of our common life”.
This is, indeed, what we so desperately need. But in the US, for the past two years at least, the tide has been flowing in the opposite direction. Many former revolutionaries have been drawn behind Bernie Sanders into the “democratic socialist” wing of the Democratic Party and have focused almost entirely on electoral politics rather than anything “equal to the radicalism of our reality”. The concurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the end of Sanders’ run for president may well provide an opening to push back on the reformist current. That, however, will require much more than just revolutionary hopes and dreams.
There is no substitute for the hard work of revolutionary organising and education, and of the day to day participation in the struggles of workers and the oppressed, wherever and whenever they may arise. Given the scale of the crisis and the quickening pace of political developments, however, this is unlikely to be a straightforward continuation of the practices of the preceding decades. Globally, new fronts of resistance are opening up almost daily. Even in Australia, the pace of events, relative to “normal” times, is dizzying. We’ll need, no doubt, all our reserves of energy, optimism and will, just to keep up.
We are small. But we stand on the right side of history. As Indian writer and activist Arundhati Roy famously put it, “Another world is not only possible, she is on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing”. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
In vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E within the HDL subpopulations LpE, LpE:A-I, LpE:A-II and LpE:A-I:A-II.
High-density lipoproteins can be separated into distinct particles based on their apolipoprotein content. In the present study, the in vivo metabolism of apoE within the apoE-containing HDL particles LpE, LpE:A-I, LpE:A-II and LpE:A-I:A-II was assessed in control subjects and in patients with abetalipoproteinemia (ABL), in whom HDL are the sole plasma lipoproteins. The metabolism of apoE within these HDL subspecies was investigated in three separate studies which differed by donor or recipient status: (1) particles purified from normolipidemic plasma and reassociated with 125I or 131I-labeled apoE injected into normolipidemic subjects (study 1); (2) particles purified from ABL plasma injected into normolipidemic subjects (study 2); and (3) particles purified from ABL plasma injected into ABL subjects (study 3). The plasma residence times (RT, hours) in study 1 were 14.3+/-2.9, 11.3+/-3.4, and 9.1+/-1.2 for apoE within LpE:A-I:A-II, LpE:A-II and LpE:A-I, respectively, while those in study 2 were 10.1+/-2.2, 9.7+/-2.4, 7.9+/-1.0 and 7.3+/-0.8 for apoE within LpE:A-I:A-II, LpE:A-II, LpE:A-I and LpE, respectively. In study 3, RTs for apoE within LpE:A-I:A-II and LpE were 8.7+/-0.9 and 6.8+/-0.9, respectively. In comparison, RT for apoA-I on LpA-I:A-II has been reported to be 124.1+/-5.5 h and that for apoA-I on LpA-I 105.8+/-6.2 h. Thus, apoE within the different apoE-containing HDL particles was metabolized rapidly and at a similar rate in control and ABL subjects. The plasma RT of apoE was longest when injected on LpE:A-I:A-II particles and shortest when injected on LpE. In summary, our data show that: (1) the plasma RT of apoE within HDL is approximately ten times shorter than that of apoA-I within HDL, and (2) apoE within HDL is metabolized at a slower rate when apoproteins A-I and A-II are present (LpE:A-I:A-II RT>LpE:A-II>LpE:A-I>LpE). These differences were related to the lipid and apolipoprotein composition of the HDL subspecies, and, in control subjects, to the transfer of apoE from HDL subspecies to apoB-containing lipoproteins as well. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Turnbull government should rewrite its foreign donations bill to narrow the definition of political expenditure and make it less likely to harm advocacy by civil society groups, the electoral committee has recommended.
In a unanimous report released on Monday, the joint standing committee on electoral matters sought to preserve the consensus to ban foreign political donations by calling on the government to strip out more contentious elements of the electoral funding and disclosure bill.
GetUp characterised the report as a major backdown and argued the bill is unworkable but the Liberal senator Linda Reynolds, the chairwoman of the committee, told Guardian Australia it could be passed with adoption of mostly minor changes.
Major parties close to deal on charities and foreign donations Read more
In the majority report, the Coalition and Labor members recommended political expenditure should be defined as spending “to influence voters to take specific action as voters, so as not to capture non-political issue advocacy”.
The changes would allow higher reporting requirements to be imposed on campaigning groups such as GetUp while making it less likely they will capture charities and not-for-profits campaigning on issues such as increasing foreign aid or protecting the Great Barrier Reef.
It recommended dumping new proposed categories of third-party campaigners and political campaigners in favour of a new register for groups attempting to influence voters.
Joining the register could be done voluntarily but would be mandatory for organisations with significant political expenditure, which the report suggests would be the $13,500 threshold that triggers the requirement to submit a return to the Australian Electoral Commission.
The committee recommended the requirement for organisations to seek statutory declarations from political donors be reconsidered.
It also wants the government to reconsider changes to the definition of “associated entity”, which could see campaigning organisations classified as related to political parties merely if they agree on policy matters.
In a minority report, the Greens senator Lee Rhiannon took a harder line that the bill may infringe the freedom of political communication and recommended that issues-based advocacy should be explicitly exempted from the definition of political expenditure.
The GetUp national director, Paul Oosting, said the report was an acknowledgement the bill was unworkable and noted the report did not explicitly recommend passage of the bill.
He said it was encouraging the committee had endorsed concerns about the requirement for statutory declarations and the political campaigner category but “even if all the committee’s recommendations were adopted ... it still wouldn’t fix everything that’s wrong with the bill”.
“Charities and civil society groups would still face new barriers to speaking up for the communities they represent.”
Oosting called for the government to withdraw the bill and rewrite it from scratch after wider consultation.
The chief executive of the Australian Council for International Development Marc Purcell said the recommendations were “positive and constructive, but they raise more questions” and echoed the call for the bill to be withdrawn.
Reynolds said Australia was one of only a few western democracies that still allow “foreign interference” in the form of foreign donations and it was a “significant result” the committee had agreed to change this.
Reynolds refuted that the report is a major rewrite of the bill, telling Guardian Australia it made “minor administrative changes” to clarify the application of reporting requirements to charities.
“The committee agrees in-principal to the passage of this bill,” she said in the chair’s foreword to the report.
In the debate around foreign interference, Chinese-Australians suffer | Jieh Yung-lo Read more
Reynolds said the proposed new definition of political expenditure was “absolutely” clear. The intention is that policy-based issue advocacy will not be affected but “those that then take it into the polling booth” will be captured by higher requirements, she said.
The special minister of state, Mathias Cormann, has already acknowledged the government will need to amend the bill to win Senate support but has ruled out completely exempting charities from the foreign donation ban and political expenditure reporting requirements.
On Monday Cormann welcomed cross-party support for the “core proposition” of applying the foreign donation ban to all political expenditure, “including political expenditure incurred by charities”. He said the government would now consider proposed changes.
Labor has declared it would not support changes that would silence charities and not-for-profits.
Labor’s charities spokesman, Andrew Leigh, said “we’ve stood up for our democracy and protected civil society, especially our charities” but done so in a way that did not “throw the baby out with the bath water” by rejecting a foreign donation ban.
In the majority report the committee also asked the government to reduce penalties for failing to meet reporting requirements.
The committee was satisfied the bill should retain changes to public funding of elections which limit the amount political parties can claim to the amount actually spent, preventing them profiting from public funding. The Greens rejected this aspect of the bill. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Sixth nerve palsy as a presenting sign of intracranial plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma.
Multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma are rare causes of mass lesions at the skull base and cavernous sinus. Sixth nerve palsy, in isolation or in combination with other cranial neuropathies, may occur rarely as the initial presenting feature of multiple myeloma. We report the neuro-ophthalmologic, radiologic, and pathologic findings for two patients who developed sixth nerve palsies as an initial manifestation of intracranial plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma. One patient presented with an isolated sixth nerve palsy in the setting of multiple vasculopathic risk factors. Treatable skull base lesions, including plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma, must be considered in patients with sixth nerve palsies, especially among those who demonstrate a progressive course or multiple cranial neuropathies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In the last year, cases of a ghastly but mysterious flesh-eating bacterial infection have more than doubled in Victoria, Australia, raising alarm among health experts.
There were 239 cases of the flesh-eating infections in the past 12 months, according to figures (PDF) released this week by health authorities. In 2016, there were only 102 reported cases, while 2015 and 2014 tallied just 58 and 47. And the rate of new infections is currently skyrocketing: in the past few months, case counts hit nine per week, according to Australia’s Nine News. The number of severe cases has also doubled.
While the rises alone are enough to worry health experts, the fact that virtually nothing is known about the cause of the infection has some dismayed.
“I’m at the forefront as a clinician trying to treat patients and getting more and more overwhelmed but also distressed at the fact that we are doing nothing to try and prevent people getting it in the first place,” Dr. Daniel O’Brien, of Royal Melbourne and Geelong hospitals, told Nine News.
Baffling bacteria
The infections are caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a slow-growing bacterium that causes gaping, palm-sized ulcers. Sometimes called Buruli ulcers, the lesions seem to dissolve skin and gnaw away at tissue. The bacteria are known to lurk around Victoria, but experts don’t know where it lives or how it spreads.
“There are theories about transmission via mosquitos, theories about it being in the soil and getting through wounds, theories about whether some animals are involved, in that we know that some possums can be affected by it,” O’Brien said. “But we don’t actually know where it lives, why it’s there, and how it gets spread to humans. How can we possibility halt an epidemic when we don’t have that basic information?”
The bacterium was first identified in Australia in 1948, but the ulcers get their name from Buruli county (now called Nakasongola) in Uganda, where researchers reported large numbers of ulcers in the 1960s.
It’s now known to skulk in at least 33 countries, and the World Health Organization considers it “largely a problem of the poor in remote rural areas (PDF).” It causes a few thousand cases worldwide each year, most of which are in children under the age of 15.
Antibiotics are usually effective at treating the lesions. But, early treatment is critical to reducing skin loss and tissue damage. Victims often need surgery to clean out dead flesh and repair wounds.
Zombie limbs
There are currently no prevention strategies or vaccines. Despite decades of knowing about the bacteria, researchers are still stumped by them. A study published just this April added weight to the idea that the bacteria are somehow linked to disturbed water sources, such as those with flooding or deforestation.
A study out last month looked at where the ulcers show up on people. The study of 579 patients found that they tend to cluster on arms and legs. The researchers, co-led by O’Brien, concluded:
“We propose that targeting behavior by biting insects rather than direct contact with a contaminated environment best explains the lesion distribution we observed.”
One likely source of confusion for researchers is the slow-growing nature of M. ulcerans. It’s unclear how quickly symptoms show up after a person is infected, but authorities estimate that it’s somewhere in the range of four weeks to nine months. Such a large window can make it difficult to pinpoint when or where an exposure occurred, let alone how.
“For me this is an urgent health problem that our community needs addressed,” O’Brien said. “I think our government should be putting significant amounts of money into trying to stop it and that means research.”
This week, a 13-year-old girl from Tyabb, Victoria, started an online petition to urge Health Minister Greg Hunt to provide more research funding for the disease. The girl was stricken with a Buruli ulcer on her knee in April and is still recovering. She needed three surgeries to clear out rotting flesh. (Here's a picture of her ulcer, but warning, it's gruesome.)
“It’s still not looking that great,” she said. “We call it the zombie leg.” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
iPhone Core Data Lightweight Migration Cocoa error 134130: Can't find model for source store
Folks,
Lightweight migration is failing for me 100% of the time on this line:
[persistentStoreCoordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:NSSQLiteStoreType configuration:nil URL:storeUrl options:options error:&error]
with the error:
Error: Error Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=134130 UserInfo=0x4fbff20 "Operation could not be completed. (Cocoa error 134130.)"
"Can't find model for source store";
Here is my managed object context, model, and persistent store:
- (NSManagedObjectContext *) managedObjectContext {
if (managedObjectContext != nil) {
return managedObjectContext;
}
NSPersistentStoreCoordinator *coordinator = [self persistentStoreCoordinator];
if (coordinator != nil) {
managedObjectContext = [[NSManagedObjectContext alloc] init];
[managedObjectContext setPersistentStoreCoordinator: coordinator];
}
return managedObjectContext;
}
- (NSManagedObjectModel *)managedObjectModel {
if (managedObjectModel != nil) {
return managedObjectModel;
}
managedObjectModel = [[NSManagedObjectModel mergedModelFromBundles:nil] retain];
return managedObjectModel;
}
- (NSPersistentStoreCoordinator *)persistentStoreCoordinator {
if (persistentStoreCoordinator != nil) {
return persistentStoreCoordinator;
}
NSURL *storeUrl = [NSURL fileURLWithPath: [[self applicationDocumentsDirectory] stringByAppendingPathComponent: @"Locations.sqlite"]];
NSError *error;
persistentStoreCoordinator = [[NSPersistentStoreCoordinator alloc] initWithManagedObjectModel: [self managedObjectModel]];
// Allow inferred migration from the original version of the application.
NSDictionary *options = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
[NSNumber numberWithBool:YES], NSMigratePersistentStoresAutomaticallyOption,
[NSNumber numberWithBool:YES], NSInferMappingModelAutomaticallyOption, nil];
if (![persistentStoreCoordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:NSSQLiteStoreType configuration:nil URL:storeUrl options:options error:&error]) {
NSLog(@"Error: %@",error);
NSLog(@"Unresolved error %@, %@", error, [error userInfo]);
abort();
}
return persistentStoreCoordinator;
}
I have two versions of my model in my project: a version 4 and a version 5. If I set my version 4 as default, it works fine. If I select "Design -> Data Model -> Add Model Version" (as described by this post), make a change, Design -> Data Model -> Set Current Version, build and run, it will fail with the aforementioned "Can't find model for source store" error. Set model back to version 4, no problems, addPersistentStoreWithType. Alternatively, if I add model version and make no changes, simply go from version 4 to 5 without adding any new fields, no problems. If I then try to go from 5 to 6, the aforementioned error.
This code is failing on both Simulator and Phone. I read several prescriptions calling for deleting and reinstalling the app, which does work for both Simulator and Phone, but I am afraid that when I release this to real users it will break my installed base since they won't be able to delete and reinstall - App Store will auto-upgrade them.
This code worked in releases past with no changes on my part - hence my ability to make it all the way up to version 4. I recently upgraded to XCode 3.2.3 building for iOS4, which may have something to do with this.
Is anyone else having this issue all of a sudden now like I am? Has anyone managed to work past it? Thanks.
PS - For Googlers who stumble on this page, here are all the relevant pages you might consider reading, below. Unfortunately none of these solved my issue.
Implementation of "Automatic Lightweight Migration" for Core Data (iPhone)
http://iphonedevelopment.blogspot.com/2009/09/core-data-migration-problems.html
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2925918/iphone-core-data-lightweight-migration-error-reason-cant-find-model-for-sour
iPhone Core Data "Automatic Lightweight Migration"
http://www.iphonedevsdk.com/forum/iphone-sdk-development/38545-coredata-migration-issues.html
UPDATE
While this is not a real fix, it does avoid the scenario of a crashing client: simply delete the database file:
if (![persistentStoreCoordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:NSSQLiteStoreType configuration:nil URL:storeUrl options:options error:&error]) {
// Delete file
if ([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath:storeUrl.path]) {
if (![[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtPath:storeUrl.path error:&error]) {
NSLog(@"Unresolved error %@, %@", error, [error userInfo]);
abort();
}
}
if (![persistentStoreCoordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:NSSQLiteStoreType configuration:nil URL:storeUrl options:options error:&error])
{
// Handle the error.
NSLog(@"Error: %@",error);
NSLog(@"Unresolved error %@, %@", error, [error userInfo]);
abort();
}
}
UPDATE 2
Here is what happens when I inspect VersionInfo.plist:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>NSManagedObjectModel_CurrentVersionName</key>
<string>Profile 5</string>
<key>NSManagedObjectModel_VersionHashes</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<data>
ZIICGgMBreuldkPXgXUhJwKamgwJzESM5FRTOUskomw=
</data>
</dict>
<key>Profile 2</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<data>
tEB7HrETWOSUuoeDonJKLXzsxixv8ALHOoASQDUIZMA=
</data>
</dict>
<key>Profile 3</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<data>
qyXOJyKkfQ8hdt9gcdFs7SxKmZ1JYrsXvKbtFQTTna8=
</data>
</dict>
<key>Profile 4</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<data>
lyWDJJ0kGcs/pUOModd3Q1ymDvdRiNXui4NCpLxDFSw=
</data>
</dict>
<key>Profile 5</key>
<dict>
<key>Profile</key>
<data>
V4PyRK1ezj3xK1QFRCTVzGOqyJhEb7FRMzglrTsP0cI=
</data>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
</plist>
Here is the code that I wrote to inspect my model (note I had to go out and add a base64 encoder, since that is what is in the VersionInfo.plist file)
if (![persistentStoreCoordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:NSSQLiteStoreType configuration:nil URL:storeUrl options:options error:&error]) {
NSDictionary *storeMeta = [NSPersistentStoreCoordinator metadataForPersistentStoreOfType:nil URL:storeUrl error:&error];
NSLog(@"%@",storeMeta);
id someObj = [[storeMeta objectForKey:@"NSStoreModelVersionHashes"] objectForKey:@"Profile"];
NSLog(@"%@",someObj);
NSLog(@"%@",[NSString base64StringFromData:someObj length:[someObj length]]);
And here is the debug output:
{
NSPersistenceFrameworkVersion = 310;
NSStoreModelVersionHashes = {
Profile = <97258324 9d2419cb 3fa5438c a1d77743 5ca60ef7 5188d5ee 8b8342a4 bc43152c>;
SerializedMessage = <4530863c d943479a edfb4dfb 5059c28d d6137dc4 d1153d36 ed52be49 11074f13>;
};
NSStoreModelVersionHashesVersion = 3;
NSStoreModelVersionIdentifiers = (
);
NSStoreType = SQLite;
NSStoreUUID = "823FD306-696F-4A0F-8311-2792825DC66E";
"_NSAutoVacuumLevel" = 2;
}
<97258324 9d2419cb 3fa5438c a1d77743 5ca60ef7 5188d5ee 8b8342a4 bc43152c>
lyWDJJ0kGcs/pUOModd3Q1ymDvdRiNXui4NCpLxDFSw=
As you can see, that last line that starts with 'ly' matches Profile 4 in VersionInfo.plist...hence I see no reason why it should be failing. Any other ideas?
A:
I read several prescriptions calling
for deleting and reinstalling the app,
which does work for both Simulator and
Phone, but I am afraid that when I
release this to real users it will
break my installed base since they
won't be able to delete and reinstall.
This is a problem caused by Xcode not removing old momc files from simulator/dev-device when a the model file is changed e.g. changing the name. The old file remains which causes confusion. This is something you only see during development because it is an artifact of the way that Xcode manipulates the app bundle without completely reinstalling it every time as must happen with a release version.
You can confirm this logging the return of:
[[NSBundle mainBundle] URLsForResourcesWithExtension:@"momc"subdirectory:nil];
... which should show you all the compiled model files in the app bundle
It is bad practice to rely on migration during development because it is very common for migration to fail if you are making changes to the model and store. You should only use migration after all the code is nailed down. I would also recommend regenerating your store from scratch every time you run. It is to easy to build up garbage in the store by changing up the model.
A:
I've read over your updated question. It's getting quite messy with model versions.
You should try and audit the version of the model that the existing store is actually asking for, and try to list all available models in the app bundle at runtime.
I look in my apps' model directory
NSString *modelDirectoryPath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"MyModel" ofType:@"momd"];
I'm not sure if developers normally do this, but I keep my model versions with different names.. so I have in there:
VersionInfo.plist
MyModel.mom
MyModel2.mom
The version hashes listed in the VersionInfo.plist should help you troubleshoot. Look for the version hash required by the existing persistent store, and see if you can locate it in the version hashes listed in VersionInfo.plist.
Actually, I can't see a way to write some code that will ask the persistent store what it's entity version hashes are. The NSPersistentStoreCoordinator or the NSMigrationManger seem to be doing that privately. i.e. they check the persistent store entity versions against the model that the store is loaded with.
Had another quick look, and it's available in the store meta data. Nice and easy!
NSError *error;
NSURL *storeURL = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:[[self class] storePath]];
NSDictionary *storeMeta = [NSPersistentStoreCoordinator metadataForPersistentStoreOfType:nil URL:storeURL error:&error];
And looking in storeMeta I get a key with
<CFString 0x7328050 [0x2724380]>{contents = "NSStoreModelVersionHashes"} = <CFBasicHash 0x7328340 [0x2724380]>{type = immutable dict, count = 5,
entries =>
0 : <CFString 0x7328110 [0x2724380]>{contents = "MyEntityNameOne"} = <CFData 0x73281b0 [0x2724380]>{length = 32, capacity = 32, bytes = 0x143325cf121239ce156af2e2a1aad7d9 ... 976977fdf29fc013}
1 : <CFString 0x7328130 [0x2724380]>{contents = "MyEntityNameTwo"} = <CFData 0x7328200 [0x2724380]>{length = 32, capacity = 32, bytes = 0x0ca6ecf1283d12bd3ca82af39b6b9f5d ... 149dd39a591e0c4d}
... }
Should be easy to iterate over that NSStoreModelVersionHashes dictionary and log the version hashes your store requires.
Manually match that back to the ones available in VersionInfo.plist and see what's missing. Perhaps there's not one single model that contains all the required versions of the entities in your existing persistent store. That might happen due to (accidental?) edits on the model before or after setting up a new model version?
A:
I had esilver's exact problem and found this question via Google. However, the fix that worked for me wasn't anywhere else on SO (that I know), so here goes:
If there are multiple copies of your *.mom files (compiled object models) in your bundle, Core Data may become confused when attempting to migrate on your behalf.
Our problem was that each individual model file (Data.xcdatamodel, Data_V1.xcdatamodel, Data_V2.xcdatamodel, etc.) was not only inside the xcdatamodeld/ directory (which was included as something to compile in the build process), but also each file was also included in the "Compile Sources" list.
What this meant is that the resulting bundle had two sets of *.mom files: one inside xcdatamodeld/ and one at the top level. I think Core Data became very, very confused, and led to this error. Removing each xcdatamodel file from the "compile sources" and leaving the xcdatamodeld directory solved the problem for us (e.g. got auto-versioning up and running again). Hope this helps!
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Palmer Cup Teams Announced
04/17/15
NORMAN, Okla. - The Palmer Cup teams for both the United States and Europe were announced today on Golf Channel's Morning Drive. The annual Ryder Cup-style competition will be played June 12-14 at Rich Harvest Farms outside Sugar Grove, Ill.
Jon Rahm of Arizona State (Spain) led the six players from Europe selected by the Palmer Cup Ranking. He was joined by his Arizona State teammate Max Rottluff (Germany), Rowin Caron of Florida State (Netherlands), ETSU's Adrian Meronk (Poland), Clement Sordet from Texas Tech (France) and Thomas Detry from Illinois (Belgium) from the ranking. Committee selections were Gary Hurley of Maynooth (Ireland) and Vanderbilt's Matthias Schwab (Austria). Mathias Eggenberger of Stirling (Liechtenstein) qualified for Team Europe by winning The R&A Foundation Scholars Tournament. Pep Angles of Central Arkansas (Spain) was Jean Van de Velde's coach's pick.
Rahm, Detry and Angles were members of last year's victorious European squad while Hurley was a member of the 2013 team at Wilmington Country Club. Meronk is the first Palmer Cup player from Poland while Schwab and Eggenberger are the first from Austria and Liechtenstein, respectively. Counting its coaching staff, Europe is represented by a Palmer Cup record 10 countries.
Lee McCoy of Georgia, Stanford's Maverick McNealy, Vanderbilt's Hunter Stewart, Alabama's Robby Shelton, Florida State's Jack Maguire and Beau Hossler of Texas were the six United States players selected by the Palmer Cup Ranking. Baylor's Kyle Jones, Georgia Tech's Ollie Schniederjans and Carr Vernon of CSU Monterey Bay were committee selections. Vernon was the designated non-Division I player. Anders Albertson of Georgia Tech was coach Bruce Heppler's coach's pick. Maguire and Schniederjans were members of 2014 American team that fell to Europe at Walton Heath. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
{#sp1 .338}
{#sp2 .339}
{#sp3 .340}
{#sp4 .341}
{#sp5 .342}
{#sp6 .343}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Parents and pupils to march on London as hundreds defend Sunderland free school
A DELEGATION of 200 parents and children from Grindon Hall Christian School will march on London as they fight back at criticism from education watchdog Ofsted.
The Action for Grindon Hall campaigners hope to meet education minister Nicky Morgan and hand in their petition to Downing Street as they head to the capital in a convoy of coaches on Wednesday.
Grindon Hall
It comes after Ofsted put the Sunderland free school into special measures because of concerns raised by inspectors over the quality of leadership, the behaviour of pupils and their safety, the quality of teaching and achievement levels of children.
The school – which today came top in the city’s A-level results and saw almost seven in 10 pupils achieve five or more A*-C GCSE passes in subjects including English and maths – was also told it needs to improve its early years and sixth form provisions.
Ofsted’s report said the school’s curriculum “does not adequately prepare pupils for life in modern Britain” and that “pupils show a lack of respect and tolerance towards those who belong to different faiths, cultures or communities”.
Headteacher Chris Gray has disputed the claims and has launched a complaint against Ofsted over the report and the way pupils were questionned during November’s visit by inspectors, while parents have began to draft up a counter-report to address the accusations.
With Mr Gray’s permission, the parents and children will set off at dawn to make it to London in time for Prime Minister’s Questions, then hope to go on to No 10 and present their document to Mrs Morgan.
An online petition is to be launched in coming days and the Grindon Hall Parents’ Action Facebook account has gained more than 1,900 followers, while the website action4grindonhall.com has also been set up.
Around 80 teachers who send their own children to the school are among the supporters, with a meeting to be held tonight to discuss further action.
The campaign is being chaired by Dr Tim Dunnett, who is dad to pupils Hannah, 12, Caleb, 10, Elijah, eight, and Matthew, six.
He said: “We want to put as much pressure as possible on the Government to look at the specifics of this case.
“It’s a big injustice and there are big questions over what they are going to do about it in relation to Ofsted and we want to make sure this doesn’t happen again.
“This report has been an utter disgrace.”
The school’s inspection was discussed in the House of Commons this week.
Washington and Sunderland West MP Sharon Hodgson asked “on behalf of the hundreds of parents who have written to me” whether Ofsted has questions to answer about the inspection to ensure people can have confidence in the education watchdog.
She added parents who have been in touch with her had expressed concerns.
Her comments came during a debate on Durham Free School, after a damning Ofsted report found leadership, teaching, pupil behaviour and achievement were “inadequate” and said the school should be put in special measures. Mrs Morgan told the Commons last week that her department was ending its funding agreement for the school, which has a Christian ethos.
North West Durham MP Pat Glass said the school had become a haven for “every crap teacher in the North East”. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
International Business
Sourcing
We feel utmost pleasure in introducing our company
International Business Sourcingas a
renowned
and reputed Textile Buying, sourcing, trading and production house of
Pakistan .
FUNCTION OF THE COMPANY
(Sourcing
/ Buying / Production / Trading / Quality control )
We have deep business interaction with manufactures in major cities of
Pakistan and outside Pakistan so we are quite flexible and confident to
do any kind of textile products within agreed time frame and quality
entirely as per given order specifications
International Business Sourcing is working as Multi-Functional company in the
field of all kind of Yarn, Fabrics, Home textiles and Textile
Apparels. The Chief Executive of the Company Miss. Sarwat Jabeen has 16
Years Of Textile Experience on its back in dealing all categories of
textile products as given details below:-
QUALITY CONTROL
Apart from buyers manuals, we have our own very strict quality assurance
system That makes sure the buyer’s demands more significantly and it is
exactly done as per our client’s required International Quality
Standards; AQL 4.0, AQL 2.5 Etc. This saves alot more time and money at
both ends. We work with reputed and approved manufacturers from renowned
customers like
Due to a very vast textile experience we have lot of options of
factories and work facilities with us. Not only in Pakistan but also in
Bangladesh , China, Turkey, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia, Nepal ,Korea, India etc
.And This give us an edge over others that our customers always found
best quality product in the best competitive price.
DELIVERIES/ LEAD TIME
Our normal lead time for garments are 90 days and for fabrics and home
textiles 60 days but in special case on buyers demands. we can perform
extraordinary in 30-45 days also just to save our valued buyer from the
burden of extra air freight cost.
QUOTATIONS / SAMPLES
We will be pleased to receive your kind specifice order inquiries in
detail to provide you with our the best possible prices and counter
samples in return on your kind desire.
Our company has divided in two textile divisions , operating separately
under
the well educated and experienced production and quality control staff
We once again assure you that please at least give us an chance
to serve your good selves, We have confident that you will find our self
up to your entire desire satisfaction regarding best competitive prices,
on time prompt deliveries and quality as per your desire standards and
as given specific order details and manual. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
anthology friends
i'm on the twitter
8.24.2008
Friday night is date night. Friday night is also student night at Camden Yards... a.k.a. Baltimore Orioles ball park a.k.a. Ben's favorite baseball team. The Orioles or the O's played the NYYankees, Ben's least favorite baseball team. NYY's hottest player= Derek Jeter. O's hottest player= Brian Roberts. (Ben just shakes his head at this.)It was a lot of fun driving to Baltimore. The George Washington Memorial Pkwy (which we take to get to the temple) and the Baltimore-Washington Pkwy (which we took on Friday) are both incredibly beautiful. Both freeways are completely enclosed by huge green trees. The baseball park is beautiful as well, with a view of the Baltimore skyline in front of you. Part of the park (outside where one can buy food and souvenirs) is Eutaw Street. Get it? :)
The game didn't turn out as we wanted, but it was exciting. Any sort of game is so much more fun when you or someone you are with really loves one of the teams playing. The even "funner" thing is that at Camden Yards, you can bring your own food! Ben and I made yummy sandwiches and brought some orange O's snacks: carrots, clementines and candy corn! We then splurged a little on the desserts. First we got cotton candy because I've only had it once or twice (in my childhood)--- it's just one of those sugar temptations I feel like I was denied of most of my life. Because of Friday, I'm good for the next twenty or so years.Then... we got dippin' dots, which some of you may know is the ice cream of the future and has been for twenty years now. Ben had never experienced it--- and of course it's not the best treat ever, but it's just exciting to try.
Candy corn! (Stuck in traffic, a favorite pastime for us DCers.)
See what I mean? Totally awesome.
I just thought this was a super cool clock.
I love the sweeping of the sand. Doesn't really make sense to me--- but it's the Major Leagues... so who knows?
Experiencing "the ice cream of the future."
The guy that took this has something against short people.
I got to wear Ben's old jacket. And I looked really cool while doing it.
This is the moment we realized there was no hope... and we were losing. But I said, "We look so sad."
So we took this photo.
I posted this because I'm making a very "Shayna" face and it made me laugh.
Ben was so happy to hang with the O's for a night.
Leaving the ball park at about 11pm. Eu-taw street :)
It was a great night. Baseball is so fascinating to me. If a baseball player hits 1 of every 3 balls, he is considered pro. Secondly, the whole "I-play-sports-for-a-living" thing kind of baffles me. I've been taught to work before play but these men get to do both at the same time. Inevitably, I'm sure the novelty wares off after awhile. Lastly, there are no timers in baseball. This makes it unpredictable. I believe my father-in-law once sat through a 15-inning game. Our game was still the traditional 9 innings... and even then we got home late--- so Ben carried me to bed :)
To finish this post, I turn to one of my two biggest fears: aging. (The other is spiders.) On Sunday morning I found two silvery white hairs on Ben's head. So I got the tweezers and got rid of the little traitors. I then went to the bathroom to shower and there on my head was my very own silvery white hair! AHH!! The only other white hair(s) I've found on my head was when I was 18. Perhaps it's only something that will happen to me every four years. At least I hope so. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles from Mesylated Amino Trifluoromethylpropargylic Alcohols.
A series of substituted 3-trifluoromethylpyrroles was obtained from trifluoromethylamino-ynol derivatives via a gold-catalyzed cyclization. Using fluorinated starting materials, after mesylation, allowed for the desired compounds to be obtained in good yields under mild conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
3 Cubans found on cargo ship in Port Everglades
MIAMI – Three people were caught hiding on a cargo ship coming from Cuba to South Florida.
Port Everglades spokesperson Ellen Kennedy said three Cuban nationals were found by U.S. Customs and Border Protection officials hiding in an auto carrier aboard a cargo ship Friday. The cargo ship was carrying movie equipment for the movie "Fast and Furious 8" from Cuba to Port Everglades.
Customs public information officer Migdalia Artega confirmed that three Cuban nationals were confirmed but did not identify them due to privacy laws. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
It wasn’t until Hurricane Katrina when the heckuva job done by the man of whom Ms. Noonan said, “if there’s a fire on the block, he’ll run out and help” revealed the true costs of obliviousness that the cult began to fade.
What’s more, the politics of stupidity didn’t just appeal to the poorly informed. Bear in mind that members of the political and media elites were more pro-war than the public at large in the fall of 2002, even though the flimsiness of the case for invading Iraq should have been even more obvious to those paying close attention to the issue than it was to the average voter.
Why were the elite so hawkish? Well, I heard a number of people express privately the argument that some influential commentators made publicly that the war was a good idea, not because Iraq posed a real threat, but because beating up someone in the Middle East, never mind who, would show Muslims that we mean business. In other words, even alleged wise men bought into the idea of macho posturing as policy.
All this is in the past. But the state of the energy debate shows that Republicans, despite Mr. Bush’s plunge into record unpopularity and their defeat in 2006, still think that know-nothing politics works. And they may be right.
Sad to say, the current drill-and-burn campaign is getting some political traction. According to one recent poll, 69 percent of Americans now favor expanded offshore drilling and 51 percent of them believe that removing restrictions on drilling would reduce gas prices within a year.
The headway Republicans are making on this issue won’t prevent Democrats from expanding their majority in Congress, but it might limit their gains and could conceivably swing the presidential election, where the polls show a much closer race.
In any case, remember this the next time someone calls for an end to partisanship, for working together to solve the country’s problems. It’s not going to happen not as long as one of America’s two great parties believes that when it comes to politics, stupidity is the best policy. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
/* ___DISCLAIMER___ */
/* clock.c: PLL, CCLK, PCLK controls */
#include <arm/NXP/LPC17xx/LPC17xx.h>
#include "config.h"
#include "clock.h"
#include "bits.h"
#include "uart.h"
void clock_disconnect() {
disconnectPLL0();
disablePLL0();
}
void clock_init() {
/* set flash access time to 5 clks (80<f<=100MHz) */
setFlashAccessTime(5);
/* setup PLL0 for 96MHz
First, disable and disconnect PLL0.
*/
clock_disconnect();
/* PLL is disabled and disconnected. setup PCLK NOW as it cannot be changed
reliably with PLL0 connected.
see:
http://ics.nxp.com/support/documents/microcontrollers/pdf/errata.lpc1754.pdf
*/
/* continue with PLL0 setup:
enable the xtal oscillator and wait for it to become stable
set the oscillator as clk source for PLL0
set PLL0 multiplier+predivider
enable PLL0
set CCLK divider
wait for PLL0 to lock
connect PLL0
done
*/
enableMainOsc();
setClkSrc(CLKSRC_MAINOSC);
setPLL0MultPrediv(CONFIG_CLK_MULT, CONFIG_CLK_PREDIV);
enablePLL0();
setCCLKDiv(CONFIG_CLK_CCLKDIV);
connectPLL0();
/* configure PLL1 for USB operation */
disconnectPLL1();
disablePLL1();
LPC_SC->PLL1CFG = 0x23;
enablePLL1();
connectPLL1();
}
void setFlashAccessTime(uint8_t clocks) {
LPC_SC->FLASHCFG=FLASHTIM(clocks);
}
void setPLL0MultPrediv(uint16_t mult, uint8_t prediv) {
LPC_SC->PLL0CFG=PLL_MULT(mult) | PLL_PREDIV(prediv);
PLL0feed();
}
void enablePLL0() {
LPC_SC->PLL0CON |= PLLE0;
PLL0feed();
}
void disablePLL0() {
LPC_SC->PLL0CON &= ~PLLE0;
PLL0feed();
}
void connectPLL0() {
while(!(LPC_SC->PLL0STAT & PLOCK0));
LPC_SC->PLL0CON |= PLLC0;
PLL0feed();
}
void disconnectPLL0() {
LPC_SC->PLL0CON &= ~PLLC0;
PLL0feed();
}
void setPLL1MultPrediv(uint16_t mult, uint8_t prediv) {
LPC_SC->PLL1CFG=PLL_MULT(mult) | PLL_PREDIV(prediv);
PLL1feed();
}
void enablePLL1() {
LPC_SC->PLL1CON |= PLLE1;
PLL1feed();
}
void disablePLL1() {
LPC_SC->PLL1CON &= ~PLLE1;
PLL1feed();
}
void connectPLL1() {
while(!(LPC_SC->PLL1STAT & PLOCK1));
LPC_SC->PLL1CON |= PLLC1;
PLL1feed();
}
void disconnectPLL1() {
LPC_SC->PLL1CON &= ~PLLC1;
PLL1feed();
}
void setCCLKDiv(uint8_t div) {
LPC_SC->CCLKCFG=CCLK_DIV(div);
}
void enableMainOsc() {
LPC_SC->SCS=OSCEN;
while(!(LPC_SC->SCS&OSCSTAT));
}
void disableMainOsc() {
LPC_SC->SCS=0;
}
void PLL0feed() {
LPC_SC->PLL0FEED=0xaa;
LPC_SC->PLL0FEED=0x55;
}
void PLL1feed() {
LPC_SC->PLL1FEED=0xaa;
LPC_SC->PLL1FEED=0x55;
}
void setClkSrc(uint8_t src) {
LPC_SC->CLKSRCSEL=src;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
// This module implements the QsciLexerVerilog class.
//
// Copyright (c) 2017 Riverbank Computing Limited <info@riverbankcomputing.com>
//
// This file is part of QScintilla.
//
// This file may be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License
// version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation and appearing in
// the file LICENSE included in the packaging of this file. Please review the
// following information to ensure the GNU General Public License version 3.0
// requirements will be met: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
//
// If you do not wish to use this file under the terms of the GPL version 3.0
// then you may purchase a commercial license. For more information contact
// info@riverbankcomputing.com.
//
// This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
// WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
#include "Qsci/qscilexerverilog.h"
#include <qcolor.h>
#include <qfont.h>
#include <qsettings.h>
// The ctor.
QsciLexerVerilog::QsciLexerVerilog(QObject *parent)
: QsciLexer(parent),
fold_atelse(false), fold_comments(false), fold_compact(true),
fold_preproc(false), fold_atmodule(false)
{
}
// The dtor.
QsciLexerVerilog::~QsciLexerVerilog()
{
}
// Returns the language name.
const char *QsciLexerVerilog::language() const
{
return "Verilog";
}
// Returns the lexer name.
const char *QsciLexerVerilog::lexer() const
{
return "verilog";
}
// Return the style used for braces.
int QsciLexerVerilog::braceStyle() const
{
return Operator;
}
// Returns the set of keywords.
const char *QsciLexerVerilog::keywords(int set) const
{
if (set == 1)
return
"always and assign automatic begin buf bufif0 bufif1 case casex "
"casez cell cmos config deassign default defparam design disable "
"edge else end endcase endconfig endfunction endgenerate "
"endmodule endprimitiveendspecify endtable endtask event for "
"force forever fork function generate genvar highz0 highz1 if "
"ifnone incdir include initial inout input instance integer join "
"large liblist library localparam macromodule medium module nand "
"negedge nmos nor noshowcancelled not notif0 notif1 or output "
"parameter pmos posedge primitive pull0 pull1 pulldown pullup "
"pulsestyle_ondetect pulsestyle_onevent rcmos real realtime reg "
"release repeat rnmos rpmos rtran rtranif0 rtranif1 scalared "
"showcancelled signed small specify specparam strong0 strong1 "
"supply0 supply1 table task time tran tranif0 tranif1 tri tri0 "
"tri1 triand trior trireg unsigned use vectored wait wand weak0 "
"weak1 while wire wor xnor xor";
if (set == 3)
return
"$async$and$array $async$and$plane $async$nand$array "
"$async$nand$plane $async$nor$array $async$nor$plane "
"$async$or$array $async$or$plane $bitstoreal $countdrivers "
"$display $displayb $displayh $displayo $dist_chi_square "
"$dist_erlang $dist_exponential $dist_normal $dist_poisson "
"$dist_t $dist_uniform $dumpall $dumpfile $dumpflush $dumplimit "
"$dumpoff $dumpon $dumpportsall $dumpportsflush $dumpportslimit "
"$dumpportsoff $dumpportson $dumpvars $fclose $fdisplayh "
"$fdisplay $fdisplayf $fdisplayb $ferror $fflush $fgetc $fgets "
"$finish $fmonitorb $fmonitor $fmonitorf $fmonitorh $fopen "
"$fread $fscanf $fseek $fsscanf $fstrobe $fstrobebb $fstrobef "
"$fstrobeh $ftel $fullskew $fwriteb $fwritef $fwriteh $fwrite "
"$getpattern $history $hold $incsave $input $itor $key $list "
"$log $monitorb $monitorh $monitoroff $monitoron $monitor "
"$monitoro $nochange $nokey $nolog $period $printtimescale "
"$q_add $q_exam $q_full $q_initialize $q_remove $random "
"$readmemb $readmemh $readmemh $realtime $realtobits $recovery "
"$recrem $removal $reset_count $reset $reset_value $restart "
"$rewind $rtoi $save $scale $scope $sdf_annotate $setup "
"$setuphold $sformat $showscopes $showvariables $showvars "
"$signed $skew $sreadmemb $sreadmemh $stime $stop $strobeb "
"$strobe $strobeh $strobeo $swriteb $swriteh $swriteo $swrite "
"$sync$and$array $sync$and$plane $sync$nand$array "
"$sync$nand$plane $sync$nor$array $sync$nor$plane $sync$or$array "
"$sync$or$plane $test$plusargs $time $timeformat $timeskew "
"$ungetc $unsigned $value$plusargs $width $writeb $writeh $write "
"$writeo";
return 0;
}
// Return the string of characters that comprise a word.
const char *QsciLexerVerilog::wordCharacters() const
{
return "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_$";
}
// Returns the foreground colour of the text for a style.
QColor QsciLexerVerilog::defaultColor(int style) const
{
switch (style)
{
case Default:
case InactiveComment:
case InactiveCommentLine:
case InactiveCommentBang:
case InactiveNumber:
case InactiveKeyword:
case InactiveString:
case InactiveKeywordSet2:
case InactiveSystemTask:
case InactivePreprocessor:
case InactiveOperator:
case InactiveIdentifier:
case InactiveUnclosedString:
case InactiveUserKeywordSet:
case InactiveCommentKeyword:
case InactiveDeclareInputPort:
case InactiveDeclareOutputPort:
case InactiveDeclareInputOutputPort:
case InactivePortConnection:
return QColor(0x80, 0x80, 0x80);
case Comment:
case CommentLine:
return QColor(0x00, 0x7f, 0x00);
case CommentBang:
return QColor(0x3f, 0x7f, 0x3f);
case Number:
case KeywordSet2:
return QColor(0x00, 0x7f, 0x7f);
case Keyword:
case DeclareOutputPort:
return QColor(0x00, 0x00, 0x7f);
case String:
return QColor(0x7f, 0x00, 0x7f);
case SystemTask:
return QColor(0x80, 0x40, 0x20);
case Preprocessor:
return QColor(0x7f, 0x7f, 0x00);
case Operator:
return QColor(0x00, 0x70, 0x70);
case UnclosedString:
return QColor(0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
case UserKeywordSet:
case CommentKeyword:
return QColor(0x2a, 0x00, 0xff);
case DeclareInputPort:
return QColor(0x7f, 0x00, 0x00);
case DeclareInputOutputPort:
return QColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xff);
case PortConnection:
return QColor(0x00, 0x50, 0x32);
}
return QsciLexer::defaultColor(style);
}
// Returns the end-of-line fill for a style.
bool QsciLexerVerilog::defaultEolFill(int style) const
{
switch (style)
{
case CommentBang:
case UnclosedString:
case InactiveDefault:
case InactiveComment:
case InactiveCommentLine:
case InactiveCommentBang:
case InactiveNumber:
case InactiveKeyword:
case InactiveString:
case InactiveKeywordSet2:
case InactiveSystemTask:
case InactivePreprocessor:
case InactiveOperator:
case InactiveIdentifier:
case InactiveUnclosedString:
case InactiveUserKeywordSet:
case InactiveCommentKeyword:
case InactiveDeclareInputPort:
case InactiveDeclareOutputPort:
case InactiveDeclareInputOutputPort:
case InactivePortConnection:
return true;
}
return QsciLexer::defaultEolFill(style);
}
// Returns the font of the text for a style.
QFont QsciLexerVerilog::defaultFont(int style) const
{
QFont f;
switch (style)
{
case Comment:
case CommentLine:
case CommentBang:
case UserKeywordSet:
#if defined(Q_OS_WIN)
f = QFont("Comic Sans MS",9);
#elif defined(Q_OS_MAC)
f = QFont("Comic Sans MS", 12);
#else
f = QFont("Bitstream Vera Serif",9);
#endif
break;
case Keyword:
case PortConnection:
f = QsciLexer::defaultFont(style);
f.setBold(true);
break;
case InactiveDefault:
case InactiveComment:
case InactiveCommentLine:
case InactiveCommentBang:
case InactiveNumber:
case InactiveKeyword:
case InactiveString:
case InactiveKeywordSet2:
case InactiveSystemTask:
case InactivePreprocessor:
case InactiveOperator:
case InactiveIdentifier:
case InactiveUnclosedString:
case InactiveUserKeywordSet:
case InactiveCommentKeyword:
case InactiveDeclareInputPort:
case InactiveDeclareOutputPort:
case InactiveDeclareInputOutputPort:
case InactivePortConnection:
f = QsciLexer::defaultFont(style);
f.setItalic(true);
break;
default:
f = QsciLexer::defaultFont(style);
}
return f;
}
// Returns the user name of a style.
QString QsciLexerVerilog::description(int style) const
{
switch (style)
{
case Default:
return tr("Default");
case Comment:
return tr("Comment");
case CommentLine:
return tr("Line comment");
case CommentBang:
return tr("Bang comment");
case Number:
return tr("Number");
case Keyword:
return tr("Primary keywords and identifiers");
case String:
return tr("String");
case KeywordSet2:
return tr("Secondary keywords and identifiers");
case SystemTask:
return tr("System task");
case Preprocessor:
return tr("Preprocessor block");
case Operator:
return tr("Operator");
case Identifier:
return tr("Identifier");
case UnclosedString:
return tr("Unclosed string");
case UserKeywordSet:
return tr("User defined tasks and identifiers");
case CommentKeyword:
return tr("Keyword comment");
case InactiveCommentKeyword:
return tr("Inactive keyword comment");
case DeclareInputPort:
return tr("Input port declaration");
case InactiveDeclareInputPort:
return tr("Inactive input port declaration");
case DeclareOutputPort:
return tr("Output port declaration");
case InactiveDeclareOutputPort:
return tr("Inactive output port declaration");
case DeclareInputOutputPort:
return tr("Input/output port declaration");
case InactiveDeclareInputOutputPort:
return tr("Inactive input/output port declaration");
case PortConnection:
return tr("Port connection");
case InactivePortConnection:
return tr("Inactive port connection");
}
return QString();
}
// Returns the background colour of the text for a style.
QColor QsciLexerVerilog::defaultPaper(int style) const
{
switch (style)
{
case CommentBang:
return QColor(0xe0, 0xf0, 0xff);
case UnclosedString:
return QColor(0xe0, 0xc0, 0xe0);
case InactiveDefault:
case InactiveComment:
case InactiveCommentLine:
case InactiveCommentBang:
case InactiveNumber:
case InactiveKeyword:
case InactiveString:
case InactiveKeywordSet2:
case InactiveSystemTask:
case InactivePreprocessor:
case InactiveOperator:
case InactiveIdentifier:
case InactiveUnclosedString:
case InactiveUserKeywordSet:
case InactiveCommentKeyword:
case InactiveDeclareInputPort:
case InactiveDeclareOutputPort:
case InactiveDeclareInputOutputPort:
case InactivePortConnection:
return QColor(0xe0, 0xe0, 0xe0);
}
return QsciLexer::defaultPaper(style);
}
// Refresh all properties.
void QsciLexerVerilog::refreshProperties()
{
setAtElseProp();
setCommentProp();
setCompactProp();
setPreprocProp();
// We don't provide options for these as there doesn't seem much point in
// disabling them.
emit propertyChanged("lexer.verilog.track.preprocessor", "1");
emit propertyChanged("lexer.verilog.update.preprocessor", "1");
emit propertyChanged("lexer.verilog.portstyling", "1");
emit propertyChanged("lexer.verilog.allupperkeywords", "1");
}
// Read properties from the settings.
bool QsciLexerVerilog::readProperties(QSettings &qs,const QString &prefix)
{
fold_atelse = qs.value(prefix + "foldatelse", false).toBool();
fold_comments = qs.value(prefix + "foldcomments", false).toBool();
fold_compact = qs.value(prefix + "foldcompact", true).toBool();
fold_preproc = qs.value(prefix + "foldpreprocessor", false).toBool();
fold_atmodule = qs.value(prefix + "foldverilogflags", false).toBool();
return true;
}
// Write properties to the settings.
bool QsciLexerVerilog::writeProperties(QSettings &qs,const QString &prefix) const
{
qs.setValue(prefix + "foldatelse", fold_atelse);
qs.setValue(prefix + "foldcomments", fold_comments);
qs.setValue(prefix + "foldcompact", fold_compact);
qs.setValue(prefix + "foldpreprocessor", fold_preproc);
qs.setValue(prefix + "foldverilogflags", fold_atmodule);
return true;
}
// Set if else can be folded.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setFoldAtElse(bool fold)
{
fold_atelse = fold;
setAtElseProp();
}
// Set the "fold.at.else" property.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setAtElseProp()
{
emit propertyChanged("fold.at.else", (fold_atelse ? "1" : "0"));
}
// Set if comments can be folded.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setFoldComments(bool fold)
{
fold_comments = fold;
setCommentProp();
}
// Set the "fold.comment" property.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setCommentProp()
{
emit propertyChanged("fold.comment", (fold_comments ? "1" : "0"));
}
// Set if folds are compact
void QsciLexerVerilog::setFoldCompact(bool fold)
{
fold_compact = fold;
setCompactProp();
}
// Set the "fold.compact" property.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setCompactProp()
{
emit propertyChanged("fold.compact", (fold_compact ? "1" : "0"));
}
// Set if preprocessor blocks can be folded.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setFoldPreprocessor(bool fold)
{
fold_preproc = fold;
setPreprocProp();
}
// Set the "fold.preprocessor" property.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setPreprocProp()
{
emit propertyChanged("fold.preprocessor", (fold_preproc ? "1" : "0"));
}
// Set if modules can be folded.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setFoldAtModule(bool fold)
{
fold_atmodule = fold;
setAtModuleProp();
}
// Set the "fold.verilog.flags" property.
void QsciLexerVerilog::setAtModuleProp()
{
emit propertyChanged("fold.verilog.flags", (fold_atmodule ? "1" : "0"));
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
A humorous view of politics, religion, human behavior, and insights toward everyday happenings by a single guy living in downtown Chicago.
Tuesday, February 09, 2010
I'm a Gerbil
Today begins a huge, life-altering experiment in my household.
I’m turning off the television for one week.
I’ve decided to do this for several reasons, the main one being that my lifestyle has gotten pretty boring lately. My typical day goes like this:
Wake up to CNN.
Look at the weather report on the internet, shower, take a vitamin, go to work.
Eat a salad combo for lunch.
Neglect going to the gym after work.
Neglect going to the ice rink after work.
Go home, crawl under the comforter like a gerbil and watch TV for several hours.
Go to sleep with CNN on.
On Thursday nights, I go to choir rehearsal which has been pretty much the only variant. Let’s face it: When taking a vitamin is the highlight of one’s day, it’s time to re-evaluate your weekly itinerary.
When you think about it, I’m a pretty lucky guy and have done pretty well at keeping my life simple. I have no kids who have kiddy-activities that would impinge on my time. No spouse or pri-mate to concern myself with. No second job. So, just think of all the productive things I could do, even in my own apartment, instead of watching TV.
I could:
Make some more homemade laundry detergent. I love doing that.
Make healthy things to eat rather than shoving a Tombstone pizza in the oven.
Go run on the treadmill in the new gym facility in my building.
Download some really cool music to listen to while running on the treadmill.
Practice on the piano. I’ve often lamented the fact that I never became as good of a pianist as I could have been. Well, duh! Not when I’m watching four episodes of Judge Judy or stupid documentaries every day!Let’s compare the intrinsic value of the following two endeavors:1) Watching documentaries about Bigfoot2) Learning Beethoven’s "Waldstein" Sonata.
Write that Great American Novel. I have a wonderful idea for a comedy about a middle-aged guy who learns the Dvorak keyboard and falls in love with his high school typing teacher. The title is “Qwerty” A Heartwarming Story of Love, Self-Discovery, and Typing. (A Basset hound will be in there somewhere.) Of course, it will be a best-seller and will also be made into a huge Broadway musical. Doesn’t that sound like the name of a Broadway musical?Qwerty!Fame, riches, and awards, both Pulitzer and Tony, await.
And outside of my apartment, even more exciting things are there.
I’ve never been to Chicago’s Lincoln Park Zoo and I love zoos. I’ve lived here almost ten years and don’t even know where it is. Probably in the Lincoln Park neighborhood is my guess.
Get my butt on the ice rink before winter is gone. I’ve only been once this season.
Go to one of Chicago’s museums – like the one with the artwork in it. Never been there.
Actually going to the gym. I belong to this very nice gym with a membership very nicely subsidized by my employer – and I don’t go. Working out hurts and I make it a point to avoid pain. Why can’t I find a means of exercise that I enjoy? I’m sure the gym has something I don't find revolting, but I won’t know that if I’m gerbilized in my apartment every evening. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
How Can I replace a cursor in sql server 2008
In the last years I have put lot of effort in c# and left sql server a bit .
My sql skills could be better.
I know cursors are slow etc... I have put together a noddy example that I seem to encounter quite a bit at work.
I need to migrate data from one flat table "Customer"
into many tables
"CustomerAddress" "CustomerPhone" etc..
If you were assigned this task how would you do it without using cursors?
Cursor to convert
BEGIN TRANSACTION
DECLARE @CustomerID int,
@Name nvarchar(50),
@Surname nvarchar(50),
@DateOfBirth datetime,
@Address nvarchar(200),
@City nvarchar(50),
@County nvarchar(50),
@Country nvarchar(50),
@HomePhone nvarchar(20)
DECLARE OldCustomerCursor CURSOR FAST_FORWARD
FOR
SELECT CustomerID,Name,Surname,DateOfBirth,Address,City,County,Country,HomePhone
FROM OldCustomer
OPEN OldCustomerCursor
FETCH NEXT FROM OldCustomerCursor INTO @CustomerID,
@Name ,
@Surname ,
@DateOfBirth ,
@Address ,
@City ,
@County ,
@Country ,
@HomePhone
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
INSERT [dbo].[Customer] ([CustomerID], [Name], [Surname], [DateOfBirth])
VALUES(@CustomerID,@Name,@Surname,@DateOfBirth)
INSERT [CustomerAddress]([AddressID],[CustomerID],[Country],[Address],[City],[County])
VALUES(@Count,@CustomerID,@County,@Address,@City,@Country)
INSERT [dbo].[CustomerTelephone]([TelephoneID],[CustomerID],[Number])
VALUES(@Count,@CustomerID, @HomePhone)
FETCH NEXT FROM OldCustomerCursor INTO @CustomerID,
@Name ,
@Surname ,
@DateOfBirth ,
@Address ,
@City ,
@County ,
@Country ,
@HomePhone
END
CLOSE OldCustomerCursor
DEALLOCATE OldCustomerCursor
SELECT * FROM Customer
SELECT * FROM CustomerAddress
SELECT * FROM CustomerTelephone
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
Thanks for any suggestions how to replace a cursor
A:
I don't see any reason to use cursors you can try it like this
SELECT CustomerID,Name,Surname,DateOfBirth,Address,City,County,Country,HomePhone
FROM OldCustomer
INSERT [dbo].[Customer] ([CustomerID], [Name], [Surname], [DateOfBirth])
SELCT CustomerID,Name,Surname,DateOfBirth
FROM OldCustomer
INSERT [CustomerAddress]([AddressID],[CustomerID],[Country],[Address],[City],[County])
SELECT Count,CustomerID,County,Address,City,Country
FROM OldCustomer
INSERT [dbo].[CustomerTelephone]([TelephoneID],[CustomerID],[Number])
SELECT Count,CustomerID, HomePhone
FROM OldCustomer
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Elixir + Absinthe + Ecto + Dataloader – filter by multiple fields
Using Elixir/Absinthe/Ecto/Dataloader, how do you query/filter a source by multiple fields?
Example:
Let's say you would want to filter a schema (and dataloader source) named User by two fields, one named is_admin (only true values) and one group_id that can be any value in a list, e.g [1, 5, 9]
How would this look using Dataloader ?
This is from the schema definition:
alias App.Data
# ...
object :app do
field :users, list_of(:user) do
resolve fn app, _args, %{context: %{loader: loader}} ->
params = [is_admin: true, group_id: [1,2,3]]
loader
|> Data.load_many(:users, params)
|> on_load(fn loader ->
{:ok, Data.get_many(loader, :user, params)}
end)
end
end
end
and this is the data source module:
defmodule App.Data do
alias App.User
def data do
Dataloader.Ecto.new(Repo, run_batch: &run_batch/5)
end
def load_many(loader, :users, [is_admin: is_admin, group_id: ids]) do
Dataloader.load(loader, __MODULE__, {:many, {User, is_admin: is_admin}}, group_id: ids)
end
def get_many(loader, :users, [is_admin: is_admin, group_id: ids]) do
Dataloader.load(loader, __MODULE__, {:many, {User, is_admin: is_admin}}, group_id: ids)
end
def run_batch(queryable, query, col, inputs, repo_opts) do
Dataloader.Ecto.run_batch(Repo, queryable, query, col, inputs, repo_opts)
end
end
A:
So to answer my own question, the solution that worked was to leverage the &query/2 of Dataloader so the resolver in GQL resolver would basically look like this:
loader
|> Data.load({:many, User, group_ids: ids}, is_admin: true)
|> on_load(fn loader ->
loader
|> Data.get({:many, User, group_ids: ids}, is_admin: true)
# ...
end)
... and the query/2 method in the App.Data module would look like this:
defp query(User, %{group_ids: ids}) do
from u in User, where: u.group_id in ^ids
end
This is explained here:
https://hexdocs.pm/lazyloader/Dataloader.Ecto.html#module-filtering-ordering
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
epsf.sty 220 mm 145 mm 0.5 mm 1 mm 8 mm
[M. Nieto-Vesperinas[^1] and J. R. Arias-González[^2]]{}
[*$^1$Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC*]{}
[*$^2$Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia*]{}
[*Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.*]{}
Introduction {#sec:introduction}
============
The purpose of this report is to present the theoretical foundations of the interaction of evanescent fields on an object. Evanescent electromagnetic waves are inhomogeneous components of the near field, bound to the surface of the scattering object. These modes travel along the illuminated sample surface and exponentially decrease outside it [@bornwolf99ch11; @nieto-vesperinas91; @mandel95], [*e.g.*]{}, either in the form of lateral waves [@tamir72a; @tamir72b] created by total internal reflection (TIR) at dielectric flat interfaces, whispering–gallery modes in dielectric tips and particles [@hill88; @owen81; @benincasa87; @collot93; @knight95; @weiss95; @nieto-vesperinas96] or of plasmon polaritons [@raether88] in metallic corrugated interfaces (see Section \[sec:PFM\]). The force exerted by these evanescent waves on particles near the surface is of interest for several reasons. On the one hand, evanescent waves convey high resolution of the scattered field signal, beyond the half wavelength limit. This is the essence of near–field scanning optical microscopy, abbreviated usually as NSOM [@pohl93; @paesler96]. These fields may present large concentrations and intensity enhancements in subwavelength regions near tips thus giving rise to large gradients that produce enhanced trapping forces that may enable one to handle particles within nanometric distances [@novotny97]. In addition, the large contribution of evanescent waves to the near field is the basis of the high resolution of signals obtained by transducing the force due to these waves on particles over surfaces when such particles are used as probes. On the other hand, evanescent waves have been used both to control the position of a particle above a surface and to estimate the interaction (colloidal force) between such a particle and the surface (see Chapter 6) [@sasaki97; @clapp99; @dogariu00].
The first experimental observation, demonstrating the mechanical action of a single evanescent wave ([*i.e*]{}., of the lateral wave produced by total internal reflection at a dielectric (saphire–water interface) on microspheres immersed in water over a dielectric surface) was made in [@kawata92]. Further experiments either over waveguides [@kawata96] or attaching the particle to the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM) [@vilfan98] aimed at estimating the magnitude of this force.
The scattering of an evanescent electromagnetic wave by a dielectric sphere has been investigated by several authors using Mie’s scattering theory (addressing scattering cross sections [@chew79] and electromagnetic forces [@almaas95]), as well as using ray optics [@prieve93; @walz99]. In particular, [@walz99] made a comparison with [@almaas95]. Although no direct evaluation of either theoretical work with any experimental result has been carried out yet, likely due to the yet lack of accurate well characterized and controlled experimental estimations of these TIR observed forces. In fact, to get an idea of the difficulties of getting accurate experimental data, we should consider the fluctuations of the particle position in its liquid environment, due to both Brownian movement and drift microcurrents, as well as the obliteration produced by the existence of the friction and van der Waals forces between particle and surface [@vilfan98; @almaas95]. This has led so far to discrepancies between experiment and theory.
In the next section we shall address the effect of these forces on particles from the point of view of the dipolar approximation, which is of considerable interpretative value to understand the contribution of horizontal and vertical forces. Then we shall show how the multiple scattering of waves between the surface and the particle introduces important modifications of the above mentioned forces, both for larger particles and when they are very close to substrates. Further, we shall investigate the interplay of these forces when there exists slight corrugation in the surface profile. Then the contribution of evanescent waves created under total internal reflection still being important, shares its effects with radiative propagating components that will exert scattering repulsive forces. Even so, the particle can be used in these cases as a scanning probe that transduces this force in a photonic force microscopy operation.
Force on a Small Particle: The Dipolar Approximation {#sec:dipapprox}
====================================================
Small polarizable particles, namely, those with radius $a\ll \lambda $, in the presence of an electromagnetic field experience a Lorentz force [@gordon73]:
$$\label{eq:lorentz}
{\bf F}=({\vec {\wp}} \cdot \nabla) {\vec{{\cal E}}}+ \frac{1}{c}\frac{
\partial {\vec \wp}}{\partial t} \times {\vec{{\cal B}}}.$$
In Equation (\[eq:lorentz\]) ${\vec{\wp}}$ is the induced dipole moment density of the particle, and ${\vec{{\cal E}}}$, ${\vec{{\cal B}}}$ are the electric and magnetic vectors, respectively.
At optical frequencies, used in most experiments, the observed magnitude of the electromagnetic force is the time–averaged value. Let the electromagnetic field be time–harmonic, so that ${\vec{{\cal E}}}({\bf r}
,t)=\Re e \{ {\bf E}({\bf r})\exp (-i\omega t) \}$, ${\vec{{\cal B}}}({\bf r
},t)=\Re e \{ {\bf B}({\bf r})\exp (-i\omega t) \}$, ${\vec{\wp}}({\bf r}
,t)=\Re e \{ {\bf p}({\bf r})\exp (-i\omega t) \}$; ${\bf E}({\bf r})$, $
{\bf B}({\bf r})$ and ${\bf p}({\bf r})$ being complex functions of position in the space, and $\Re e$ denoting the real part. Then, the time–averaged Lorentz force over a time interval $T$ large compared to $2\pi /\omega$ [@bornwolf99pp34] is
$$\langle {\bf F}({\bf r})\rangle =\frac{1}{4T}\int_{-T/2}^{T/2}dt\left[ {{{{{(
{\bf p}+{\bf p}^{\ast })\cdot \nabla ({\bf E}+{\bf E}^{\ast })+\frac{1}{c}
\left( \frac{\partial {\bf p}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\bf p}^{\ast }}{
\partial t}\right) \times ({\bf B}+{\bf B}^{\ast })}}}}}\right] ,
\label{eq:averaging}$$
where $\ast $ denotes complex conjugate. On substituting in Equation (\[eq:averaging\]) ${\bf E}$, ${\bf B}$, and ${\bf p}$ by their time harmonic expressions given above and performing the integral, one obtains for each $
i^{th}$–Cartesian component of the force
$$\langle F_{j}({\bf r})\rangle =\frac{1}{2}\Re e \left\{ p_{k}\frac{\partial
E_{j}^{\ast }({\bf r})}{\partial x_{k}}+\frac{1}{c}\epsilon _{jkl}\frac{
\partial p_{k}}{\partial t}B_{l}^{\ast }\right\} . \label{eq:chaumetinicio}$$
In Equation (\[eq:chaumetinicio\]) $j=1,2,3$, $\epsilon _{jkl}$ is the completely antisymmetric Levy–Civita tensor. On using the Maxwell equation ${\bf B}
=(c/i\omega )\nabla \times {\bf E}$ and the relationships ${\bf p}=\alpha
{\bf E}$ and $\partial {\bf p}/\partial t=-i\omega {\bf p}$, $\alpha $ being the particle polarizability, Equation (\[eq:chaumetinicio\]) transforms into
$$\langle F_{j}({\bf r})\rangle =\frac{1}{2}\Re e
\left\{ {{{{{\alpha \left( E_{k}
\frac{\partial E_{j}^{\ast }({\bf r})}{\partial x_{k}}+\epsilon
_{jkl}~\epsilon _{lmn}E_{k}\frac{\partial E_{n}^{\ast}}{\partial x_{m}}
\right) }}}}}\right\} . \label{eq:chaumetmedio}$$
Since $\epsilon _{jkl}\epsilon _{lmn}=\delta _{jm}\delta _{kn}-\delta
_{jn}\delta _{km}$, one can finally express the time–averaged Lorentz force on the small particle as [@chaumet00c]
$$\langle F_{j}({\bf r})\rangle =\frac{1}{2}\Re e \left\{ {{{{{\alpha E_{k}\frac{
\partial E_{k}^{\ast }({\bf r})}{\partial x_{j}}}}}}}\right\} .
\label{eq:chaumetfin}$$
Equation (\[eq:chaumetfin\]) constitutes the expression of the time–averaged force on a particle in an arbitrary time–harmonic electromagnetic field.
For a dipolar particle, the polarizability is [@draine88]
$$\alpha =\frac{\alpha _{0}}{1-\frac{2}{3}ik^{3}\alpha _{0}}. \label{eq:alfa}$$
In Equation (\[eq:alfa\]) $\alpha _{0}$ is given by: $\alpha
_{0}=a^{3}(\epsilon -1)/(\epsilon +2)$, $\epsilon=\epsilon_2/\epsilon_0$ being the dielectric permittivity contrast between the particle, $\epsilon_2$, and the surrounding medium, $\epsilon_0$; and $k=\sqrt{\epsilon_0} k_0$, $k_0=\omega /c$. For $ka\ll 1$, one can approximate $\alpha $ by: $\alpha =\alpha _{0}(1+\frac{2}{3}ik^{3}|\alpha _{0}|^{2})$. The imaginary part in this expression of $\alpha $ constitutes the radiation–reaction term.
The light field can be expressed by its paraxial form, [*e.g*]{}., it is a beam or a plane wave, either propagating or evanescent, so that it has a main propagation direction along ${\bf k}$, the light electric vector will then be described by
$${\bf E}({\bf r})={\bf E}_{0}({\bf r})\exp (i{\bf k}\cdot {\bf r}).
\label{eq:oplana}$$
Substituting Equation (\[eq:oplana\]) into Equation (\[eq:chaumetfin\]), one obtains for the force
$$\langle {\bf F}\rangle =\frac{1}{4}\Re e \{ \alpha \} \nabla |{\bf E}
_{0}|^{2}+\frac{1}{2}{\bf k}\Im m \{ \alpha \} |{\bf E}_{0}|^{2}-\frac{1}{2}
\Im m \{ \alpha \} \Im m \{ {\bf E}_{0}\cdot \nabla {\bf E}_{0}^{\ast }\},
\label{eq:finforce}$$
where $\Im m$ denotes imaginary part. The first term is the gradient force acting on the particle, whereas the second term represents the radiation pressure contribution to the scattering force that, on substituting the above approximation for $\alpha $, namely, $\alpha =\alpha _{0}(1+\frac{2}{3}
ik^{3}|\alpha _{0}|^{2})$, can also be expressed for a Rayleigh particle ($ka\ll 1$) as [@vandehulst81] $(|{\bf E}_{0}|^{2}/8\pi )C{\bf k}/k$, where $C$ is the particle scattering cross section given by $C=(8/3)\pi
k^{4}|\alpha _{0}|^{2}$. Notice that the last term of Equation (\[eq:finforce\]) is only zero when either $\alpha $ or ${\bf E}_{0}$ is real. (This is the case for a plane propagating or evanescent wave but not for a beam, in general.)
Force on a Dipolar Particle due to an Evanescent Wave {#sec:dipevanescent}
=====================================================
Let the small particle be exposed to the electromagnetic field of an evanescent wave, whose electric vector is ${\bf E}={\bf T}\exp (-qz)\exp (i
{\bf K}\cdot {\bf R})$, where we have written ${\bf r}=({\bf R},z)$ and ${\bf k}=({\bf K},k_{z})$, ${\bf K}$ and $k_{z}$ satisfying $K^{2}+k_{z}^{2}=k^{2}$, $k^{2}=\omega ^{2}\epsilon _{0}/c^{2}$, with $k_{z}=iq=i\sqrt{K^{2}-k_{0}^{2}}$. This field is created under total internal reflection at a flat interface ($z=$ constant, below the particle) between two media of dielectric permittivity ratio $\epsilon_0/\epsilon_1$ (see also inset of Figure \[fig:dielec\](a)). The incident wave, either $s$ or $p$ polarized, ([*i.e*]{}., with the electric vector either perpendicular or in the plane of incidence: the plane formed by the incident wavevector ${\bf k}
_{i}$ at the interface and the surface normal $\hat{z}$) enters from the denser medium at $z<0$. The particle is in the medium at $z>0$. Without loss of generality, we shall choose the incidence plane as $OXZ$, so that ${\bf K}
=(K,0)$. Let $T_{\perp }$ and $T_{\parallel }$ be the transmitted amplitudes into $z>0$ for $s$ and $p$ polarizations, respectively. The electric vector is:
$${\bf E}=(0,1,0){T_{\perp }}\exp (iKx)\exp (-qz), \label{eq:evanescent1}$$
for $s$ polarization, and
$${\bf E}=(-iq,0,K)\frac{T_{\parallel }}{k}\exp (iKx)\exp (-qz).
\label{eq:evanescent2}$$
for $p$ polarization
By introducing the above expressions for the electric vector ${\bf E}$ into Equation (\[eq:finforce\]), we readily obtain the average total force on the particle split into the scattering and gradient forces. The scattering force is contained in the $OXY$–plane (that is, the plane containing the propagation wavevector of the evanescent wave), namely,
$$\label{eq:evanescent3}
\langle F_x \rangle = \frac{|T|^2}{2} K \Im m \{ \alpha \} \exp(-2qz);$$
For the gradient force, which is purely directed along $OZ$, one has
$$\label{eq:evanescent4}
\langle F_z \rangle = -\frac{|T|^2}{2}q \Re e \{ \alpha \} \exp(-2qz).$$
In Equations (\[eq:evanescent3\]) and (\[eq:evanescent4\]) $T$ stands for either $T_{\perp }$ or $T_{\parallel }$, depending on whether the polarization is $s$ or $p$, respectively.
For an absorbing particle, on introducing Equation (\[eq:alfa\]) for $\alpha$ into Equations (\[eq:evanescent3\]) and (\[eq:evanescent4\]), one gets for the scattering force
$$\label{eq:fx1}
\langle F_x \rangle = \frac{|T|^2}{2} K \exp(-2qz)\frac{\Im m \{ \alpha_0 \}
+(2/3)k^3 |\alpha_0|^2}{1+(4/9)k^6|\alpha_0|^2},$$
and for the gradient force
$$\label{eq:fz1}
\langle F_z \rangle = -\frac{|T|^2}{2}q \frac{\Re e \{ \alpha_0 \} }{1+(4/9)k^6|
\alpha_0|^2} \exp(-2qz).$$
It should be remarked that, except near resonances, in general $\Im m \{ \alpha _{0} \}$ is a positive quantity and therefore the scattering force in Equation (\[eq:fx1\]) is positive in the propagation direction $K$ of the evanescent wave, thus pushing the particle parallel to the surface, whereas the gradient force Equation (\[eq:fz1\]) is negative or positive along $OZ$, therefore, attracting or repelling the particle towards the surface, respectively, according to whether $\Re e \{ \alpha \} > 0$ or $\Re e \{ \alpha \} < 0$. The magnitudes of these forces increase with the decrease of distance to the interface and it is larger for $p$ polarization since in this case the dipoles induced by the electric vector at both the particle and the surface are oriented parallel to each other, thus resulting in a smaller interaction than when these dipoles are induced in the $OXZ$–plane ($s$–polarization) [@alonsofinn68].
In particular, if $ka\ll 1$, Equation (\[eq:fx1\]) becomes
$$\label{eq:fx2}
\langle F_x \rangle = \frac{|T|^2}{2} K \exp(-2qz) \left[a^3 \Im m \left\{
\frac{\epsilon-1} {\epsilon+2}\right \} + \frac{2}{3}k^3 a^6 \left |\frac{
\epsilon-1}{\epsilon+2} \right|^2 \right];$$
The first term of Equation (\[eq:fx2\]) is the radiation pressure of the evanescent wave on the particle due to absorption, whereas the second term corresponds to scattering. This expression can be further expressed as
$$\label{eq:fx3}
\langle F_x \rangle = \frac{|T|^2}{8 \pi} \frac{K}{k} \exp(-2qz)~C_{ext}.$$
where the particle extinction cross section $C_{ext}$ has been introduced as
$$\label{eq:eficaz}
C_{ext}=4\pi k a^3 \Im m \left \{ \frac{\epsilon-1}{\epsilon+2} \right\}
+\frac{8
\pi}{3}k^4 a^6 \left |\frac{\epsilon-1}{\epsilon+2} \right|^2.$$
Notice that Equation (\[eq:eficaz\]) coincides with the value obtained from Mie’s theory for small particles in the low–order expansion of the size parameter $ka$ of the extinction cross section [@vandehulst81].
Although the above equations do not account either for multiple scattering as described by Mie’s theory for larger particles or for multiple interactions of the wave between the particle and the dielectric surface, they are useful to understand the fundametals of the force effects induced by a single evanescent wave on a particle. It should be remarked, however, that as shown at the end of this section, once Mie’s theory becomes necessary, multiple scattering with the surface demands that its contribution be taken into account.
![ Forces in the $Z$ direction and in the $X$ direction (as insets) acting on a sphere with radius $a=60$ $nm$, in the dipolar approximation. The angle of incidence is $\protect\theta _0=42^o$, larger than the critical angle $\protect\theta _c=41.8^o$ (for the glass–air interface). $\protect
\lambda=632.8$ $nm$. Solid lines: $s$ polarization, dashed lines: $p$ polarization. The sphere material is: (a): glass, (b): silicon, (c): gold.[]{data-label="fig:dipolo"}](dipolo.eps){width="\linewidth"}
Figure \[fig:dipolo\] shows the evolution of the scattering and gradient forces on three kinds of particles, namely, glass ($\epsilon_2 =2.25$), silicon ($\epsilon_2 =15+i0.14$) and gold ($\epsilon_2 =-5.65+i0.75$), all of radius $a=60$ $nm,$ as functions of the gap distance $d$ between the particle and the surface at which the evanescent wave is created. The illuminating evanescent wave is due to refraction of an incident plane wave of power $P=\frac{c\sqrt{\epsilon_1 }}{8\pi }|A|^{2}=1.9\times 10^{-2}$ $mW/\mu m^{2}$, equivalent to $150$ $mW$ over a circular section of radius $50$ $\mu m$, on a glass–air interface at angle of incidence $\theta
_{0}=42^{o} $ and $\lambda =632.8$ $nm$ (the critical angle is $\theta
_{c}=41.8^{o}$), both at $s$ and $p$ polarization (electric vector perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the incidence plane at the glass–air interface, namely, $|T_{\perp }|^{2}=4\epsilon_1 \cos ^{2}\theta
_{0}|A|^{2}/(\epsilon_1 -1) $, $|T_{\parallel }|^{2}=4\epsilon_1 \cos ^{2}\theta
_{0}|A|^{2}/[(\epsilon_1 -1)((1+\epsilon_1 )\sin ^{2}\theta _{0}-1)]$).
These values of forces are consistent with the magnitudes obtained on similar particles by applying Maxwell’s stress tensor (to be discussed in Section \[sec:CDM\]) via Mie’s scattering theory [@almaas95]. However, as shown in the next section, as the size of the particle increases, the multiple interaction of the illuminating wave between the particle and the substrate cannot be neglected. Therefore, the above results, although of interpretative value, should be taken with care at distances smaller than $10$ $nm$, since in that case multiple scattering makes the force stronger. This will be seen next.
Influence of Interaction with the Substrate {#sec:substrate}
===========================================
Among the several studies on forces of evanescent waves over particles, there are several models which calculate the forces from Maxwell’s stress tensor on using Mie’s theory to determine the scattered field in and around the sphere, without, however, taking into account the multiple scattering between the interface at which the evanescent wave is created and the sphere [@almaas95; @chang94; @walz99]. We shall next see that, except at certain distances, this multiple interaction cannot be neglected.
The equations satisfied by the electric and magnetic vectors in a non–magnetic medium are
$$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf E}-k^{2}{\bf E} & = & 4\pi k^{2}{\bf P},
\label{eq:green1}
\\ [+3mm]
\nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf H}-k^{2}{\bf H} & = &
-i4\pi k\nabla \times {\bf P},
\label{eq:green2}\end{aligned}$$
where ${\bf P}$ is the polarization vector. The solutions to Equations (\[eq:green1\]) and (\[eq:green2\]) are written in integral form as
$$\begin{aligned}
{\bf E}({\bf r}) & = & k^{2}\int d^{3}r^{\prime }~{\bf P}({\bf r}^{\prime })
\cdot\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }),
\label{eq:green3}
\\ [+3mm]
{\bf H}({\bf r}) & = & -ik\int d^{3}r^{\prime }~\nabla \times {\bf P}({\bf r}
^{\prime })\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}
^{\prime }),
\label{eq:green4}\end{aligned}$$
In Equations (\[eq:green3\]) and (\[eq:green4\]) $\overset{
\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })$ is the outgoing Green’s dyadic or field created at ${\bf r}$ by a point dipole at ${\bf r}
^{\prime }$. It satisfies the equation
$$\nabla \times \nabla \times \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},
{\bf r}^{\prime })-k^{2}\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}
^{\prime })=4\pi \delta ({\bf r}-{\bf r}^{\prime })\overset{\leftrightarrow }
{{\cal I}}. \label{eq:green5}$$
Let’s introduce the electric displacement vector ${\bf D} = {\bf E} + 4 \pi {\bf P}$. Then,
$$\nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf E} = \nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf D} -
4 \pi \nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf P}. \label{eq:identity1}$$
Using the vectorial identity $\nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf D} =
\nabla (\nabla \cdot {\bf D}) - \nabla ^2 {\bf D}$, and the fact that in the absence of free charges, $\nabla \cdot {\bf D}=0$, it is easy to obtain
$$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf E} & = & - \nabla ^2 {\bf D} - 4 \pi
\left[ \nabla (\nabla \cdot {\bf P}) - \nabla ^2 {\bf P} \right] \\
[+3mm]
& = &
- \nabla ^2 {\bf E} - 4 \pi \nabla (\nabla \cdot {\bf P}),
\label{eq:identity2}\end{aligned}$$
which straightforwardly transforms Equation (\[eq:green1\]) into:
$$\nabla ^{2}{\bf E}+k^{2}{\bf E}=-4\pi \lbrack k^{2}{\bf P}+\nabla (\nabla
\cdot {\bf P})], \label{eq:green6}$$
whose solution is
$${\bf E}({\bf r})=k^{2}\int d^{3}r^{\prime }~[{\bf P}+\nabla (\nabla \cdot
{\bf P})]({\bf r}^{\prime })~G({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }) \, .
\label{eq:electrico}$$
In a homogenous infinite space the function $G$ of Equation (\[eq:electrico\]) is $G_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=\exp (ik|{\bf r}-{\bf r}
^{\prime }|)/|{\bf r}-{\bf r}^{\prime }|$, namely, a spherical wave, or scalar Green’s function, corresponding to radiation from a point source at ${\bf r}^{\prime }$.
To determine $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}$, we consider the case in which the radiation comes from a dipole of moment ${\bf p}$, situated at ${\bf r}_{0}$; the polarization vector ${\bf P}$ is expressed as
$${\bf P}({\bf r})={\bf p}\delta ({\bf r}-{\bf r}_{0}).
\label{eq:polarizacion}$$
Introducing Equation (\[eq:polarizacion\]) into Equation (\[eq:electrico\]) one obtains the well known expression for the electric field radiated by a dipole
$${\bf E}({\bf r})=k^{2}{\bf p}\nabla ({\bf p}\cdot \nabla )\frac{\exp (ik|
{\bf r}-{\bf r}^{\prime }|)}{|{\bf r}-{\bf r}^{\prime }|}.
\label{eq:dipole1}$$
On the other hand, if Equation (\[eq:polarizacion\]) is introduced into Equation (\[eq:green3\]) one obtains
$${\bf E}({\bf r})=k^{2}{\bf p}\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}(
{\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }). \label{eq:dipole2}$$
On comparing Equations (\[eq:dipole1\]) and (\[eq:dipole2\]), since both give identical value for ${\bf E}$, we get
$$k^{2}{\bf P}({\bf r}^{\prime })\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}
_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=[k^{2}{\bf p}\nabla ({\bf p}\cdot \nabla
)]G_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }), \label{eq:dyadic1}$$
[*i.e*]{}., the tensor Green’s function in a homogenous infinite space is
$$\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=\left(
\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal I}}+\frac{1}{k^{2}}\nabla \nabla \right)
G_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }). \label{eq:dyadic2}$$
A remark is in order here. When applying Equation (\[eq:dyadic2\]) in calculations one must take into account the singularity at ${\bf r}={\bf r}
^{\prime }$, this is accounted for by writing $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{
{\cal G}}_{0}$ as [@yaghjian80]:
$$\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })={\cal P}
\left[ {{{{{{{{\ \left( \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal I}}+\frac{1}{k^{2}}
\nabla \nabla \right) G_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })}}}}}}}}\right] -\frac{
1}{k^{2}}\delta ({\bf r}-{\bf r}^{\prime })\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf L}
}_{v}. \label{eq:dyadic3}$$
In Equation (\[eq:dyadic3\]) ${\cal P}$ represents the principal value and $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf L}}_{v}$ is a dyadic that describes the singularity and corresponds to an exclusion volume around ${\bf r}={\bf r}
^{\prime }$, on whose shape it depends [@yaghjian80].
The Coupled Dipole Method {#sec:CDM}
-------------------------
Among the several methods of calculating multiple scattering between bodies of arbitrary shape ([*e.g*]{}., transition matrix, finite–difference time domain, integral procedures, discrete dipole approximation, [*etc*]{}.) we shall next address the [*coupled dipole method*]{} (Purcell and Pennipacker [@purcell73]). This procedure is specially suitable for multiple scattering between a sphere and a flat interface.
Let us return to the problem of determining the interaction of the incident wave with the substrate and the sphere. The scattered electromagnetic field is obtained from the contribution of all polarizable elements of the system under the action of the illuminating wave. The electric vector above the interface is given by the sum of the incident field ${\bf E}_{i}$ and that expressed by Equation (\[eq:green3\]) with the dyadic Green function $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}$ being given by
$$\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=\overset{
\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })+\overset{
\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{s}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime }).
\label{eq:sumdyadic}$$
In Equation (\[eq:sumdyadic\]) $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}$ is given by Equation (\[eq:dyadic2\]) and, as such, it corresponds to the field created by a dipole in a homogeneous infinite space. On the other hand, $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{s}$ represents the field from the dipole after reflection at the interface.
![ Normalized force in the $Z$ direction acting on a glass sphere on a glass–vacuum interface. The angle of incidence $\protect\theta_ 0=42 ^o$ is larger than the critical angle $\protect\theta_ c=41.8 ^o$. $\protect
\lambda=632.8$ $nm$. Thin lines: $S$ polarization, Thick lines: $P$ polarization. (a): $a=10$ $nm$, full line: dipole approximation, dashed line: CDM–A, dotted line: CDM–B. The inset shows the scattering geometry. (b): $a=100$ $nm$, full line: calculation with CDM–B, dashed line: static approximation. (From Ref. [@chaumet00a]). []{data-label="fig:dielec"}](dielec.eps){width="\linewidth"}
The polarization vector ${\bf P}$ is represented by the collection of $N$ dipole moments ${\bf p}_j$ corresponding to the $N$ polarizable elements of all materials included in the illuminated system, namely,
$$\label{eq:sumpolarizacion}
{\bf P}({\bf r})=\sum_{j}^{N}{\bf p}_j\delta({\bf r}-{\bf r}_i).$$
The relationship between the $k^{{\rm th}}$ dipole moment ${\bf p}_{k}$ and the exciting electric field is, as before, given by ${\bf p}_{k}=\alpha _{k}
{\bf E}({\bf r}_{k})$, with $\alpha _{k}$ expressed by Equation (\[eq:alfa\]). Then, Equations (\[eq:electrico\]), (\[eq:sumdyadic\]) and (\[eq:sumpolarizacion\]) yield
$${\bf E}({\bf r}_{j})=k^{2}\sum_{k}^{N}\alpha _{k}[
\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}({\bf r}_{j},{\bf r}_{k})+\overset{
\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{s}({\bf r}_{j},{\bf r}_{k})]\cdot {\bf E}({\bf r
}_{k}). \label{eq:electricdip}$$
The determination of $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{s}$ either above or below the flat interface is discussed next (one can find more details in Ref. [@agarwal75a]). Let us summarize the derivation of its expression above the surface. The field ${\bf E}$ in the half–space $z>0$, from a dipole situated in this region, is the sum of that from the dipole in free space and the field ${\bf E}_{r}$ produced on reflection of the latter at the interface. Taking Equation (\[eq:dipole2\]) into account, this is therefore
$${\bf E}({\bf r})=k^{2}{\bf p}\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}(
{\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })+{\bf E}_{r}({\bf r}),\text{ \ \ \ }z>0 \, .
\label{eq:electricdipfin}$$
Both the spherical wave $G_{0}$ and ${\bf E}_{r}$ are expanded into plane waves. The former is, according to Weyl’s representation [@banios66ch; @nieto-vesperinas91],
$$G_{0}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=\frac{i}{2\pi }\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }
\frac{d^{2}K}{k_z ({\bf K})}\exp [i({\bf K}\cdot ({\bf R}-{\bf R}^{\prime
})+k_z |z-z^{\prime }|)] \, . \label{eq:weyl}$$
On the other hand, ${\bf E}_{r}$ is expanded as an angular spectrum of plane waves [@nieto-vesperinas91; @mandel95]
$${\bf E}_{r}({\bf r})=\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }d^{2}K~{\bf A}_{r}({\bf K}
)\exp [i({\bf K}\cdot {\bf R}+k_z z)]. \label{eq:angularspectrum}$$
Introducing Equation (\[eq:weyl\]) into Equation (\[eq:sumdyadic\]) one obtains a plane wave expansion for $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}_{0}$. This gives the plane wave components ${\bf A}_{h}({\bf K})$ of the first term of Equation (\[eq:electricdipfin\]). Then, the plane wave components ${\bf A}_{r}({\bf K})$ of the second term of Equation (\[eq:electricdipfin\]) are given by
$${\bf A}_{r}({\bf K})=r({\bf K}){\bf A}_{h}({\bf K}), \label{eq:amplitude}$$
In Equation (\[eq:amplitude\]) $r({\bf K})$ is the Fresnel reflection coefficient corresponding to the polarization of ${\bf A}_{h}$. The result is therefore that $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}$, Equation (\[eq:sumdyadic\]), is
$$\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })=\frac{1}{
4\pi ^{2}}\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }d^{2}K~{\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf S}
}}^{-1}({\bf K})\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf g}}({\bf K}
,z,z^{\prime })\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf S}}({\bf K})\exp [i{\bf
K}\cdot ({\bf R}-{\bf R}^{\prime })], \label{eq:CDMdyadic}$$
where [@agarwal75a; @agarwal75b; @keller93]
$$\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf S}}({\bf K})=\frac{1}{K}
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
k_{x} & k_{y} & 0 \\
-k_{y} & k_{x} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & K
\end{array}
\right) , \label{eq:Stensor}$$
and the dyadic $\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf g}}$ has the elements [@greffet97]
$$\begin{aligned}
g_{11} & = & \frac{-ik_z^{(0)}}{2\epsilon _{0}k_0^{2}}\left[ \frac{\epsilon
_{0}k_z^{(1)}-\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}
{\epsilon _{0}k_z^{(1)}+\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}\exp
[ik_z^{(0)}(z+z^{\prime })]+\exp (ik_z^{(0)}|z-z^{\prime }|)\right] ,
\label{eq:g11}
\\ [+3mm]
g_{22} & = & \frac{-i}{2k_z^{(0)}}\left[ {{{{{\frac{k_z^{(0)}-k_z^{(1)}}
{k_z^{(0)}+k_z^{(1)}}\exp
[ik_z^{(0)}(z+z^{\prime })]+\exp (ik_z^{(0)}|z-z^{\prime }|)}}}}}\right] ,
\label{eq:g22}
\\ [+3mm]
g_{33} & = & \frac{iK^{2}}{2\epsilon _{0}k_z^{(0)}k_0^{2}}\left[ \frac{\epsilon
_{0}k_z^{(1)}-\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}{\epsilon _{0}k_z^{(1)}+
\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}\exp
[ik_z^{(0)}(z+z^{\prime })]-\exp (ik_z^{(0)}|z-z^{\prime }|)\right]
\nonumber \\ [+3mm]
& + &
\frac{1}{\epsilon _{0}k_0^{2}}\delta (z-z^{\prime }),
\label{eq:g33}
\\ [+3mm]
g_{12} & = & 0, \label{eq:g12}
\\ [+3mm]
g_{13} & = & \frac{-iK}{2\epsilon _{0}k_0^{2}}\left[ \frac{\epsilon
_{0}k_z^{(1)}-\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}{\epsilon _{0}k_z^{(1)}+\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(
0)}}\exp
[ik_z^{(0)}(z+z^{\prime })]-\exp (ik_z^{(0)}|z-z^{\prime }|)\right] ,
\label{eq:g13}
\\ [+3mm]
g_{31} & = & \frac{iK}{2\epsilon _{0}k_0^{2}}\left[ \frac{\epsilon
_{0}k_z^{(1)}-\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}{\epsilon _{0}k_z^{(1)}+\epsilon _{1}k_z^{(0)}}\exp
[ik_z^{(0)}(z+z^{\prime })]+\exp (ik_z^{(0)}|z-z^{\prime }|)\right] .
\label{eq:g31}\end{aligned}$$
We have used $k_z^{(j)} = iq_j = (K^2- \epsilon_j k_0^2) ^{1/2}$, $j=0$ ,$1$, and $k_0=\omega/c$. To determine the force acting on the particle, we also need the magnetic field. This is found by the relationships ${\bf B}({\bf r})=-i/k\nabla
\times {\bf E}({\bf r})$. Then the time–averaged force obtained from Maxwell’s stress tensor $\overset{\leftrightarrow }
{{\bf T}}$ [@stratton41; @jackson75] is
$$\langle {\bf F}\rangle =\int_{S}d^{2}r~\left\langle \overset{\leftrightarrow }{
{\bf T}}({\bf r})\right\rangle \cdot {\bf n}. \label{eq:totalforce}$$
Equation (\[eq:totalforce\]) represents the flow of the time–average of Maxwell’s stress tensor $\langle \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\bf T}}\rangle$ across a surface $S$ enclosing the particle, ${\bf n}$ being the local outward normal. The elements $T_{\alpha \beta }$ are [@jackson75]
$$\left\langle T_{\alpha \beta }({\bf r})\right\rangle
=\frac{1}{8\pi }\left[ E_{\alpha
}E_{\beta }^{\ast }+B_{\alpha }B_{\beta }^{\ast }-\frac{1}{2}({\bf E}\cdot
{\bf E}^{\ast }+{\bf B}\cdot {\bf B}^{\ast })\delta _{\alpha \beta }\right]
,(\alpha ,\beta =1,2,3). \label{eq:maxwellstresstensor}$$
For dipolar particles, one can use instead of Maxwell’s stress tensor the expression given by Equation (\[eq:chaumetfin\]) directly. In fact, for dielectric spheres of radii smaller than $5\times 10^{-2}\lambda $ there is no appreciable difference between using Equation (\[eq:chaumetfin\]) or Equation (\[eq:maxwellstresstensor\]) except at distances from the flat substrate smaller than $10^{-3}\lambda $.
Figure \[fig:dielec\] shows the normalized $Z$–force for two glass particles ($\epsilon =2.25$) at $\lambda =632.8$ $nm$, one with $a=10$ $nm$ (Figure \[fig:dielec\](a)), and other with $a=100$ $nm$ (Figure \[fig:dielec\](b)), the flat interface is illuminated from the dielectric side at $\theta_0 =42^{o}$, (the critical angle is $\theta_c =41.8^{o}$). Two calculation procedures are shown: a multiple scattering evaluation of the field via Equations (\[eq:electricdip\])–(\[eq:g31\]) and then, either use of Equation (\[eq:chaumetfin\]), integrated over all induced dipoles (CDM–B), or Equation (\[eq:totalforce\]) (CDM–A). The normalization of the forces has been carried out by dividing them by $\exp (-2qz)$. Thus, as seen in these curves, the force tends, as $d$ increases, to the constant value given by Equation (\[eq:evanescent4\]): $-(|T|^{2}/2)q\Re e \{ \alpha \}$. The incident power is $1.19$ $mW$ distributed on a surface of $10$ $\mu
m^{2}$, then the force on a sphere of $a=10$ $nm$ is $2.7991\times 10^{-10}$ $pN$ [@chaumet00a]. We see, therefore, the effect on the vertical force of the multiple interaction of the scattered wave with the substrate: as the particle gets closer to the flat interface at which the evanescent wave is created, the magnitude of the attractive force increases beyond the value predicted by neglecting this interaction. As the distance to the surface grows, the force tends to its value given by Equation (\[eq:evanescent4\]) in which no multiple scattering with the substrate takes place. Also, due to the standing wave patterns that appear in the field intensity distribution between the sphere and the substrate, the magnitude of this force oscillates as $d$ varies. This is appreciated for larger particles (Figure \[fig:dielec\](b)) except for very small particles (Figure \[fig:dielec\](a)), whose scattering cross section is large enough to produce noticeable interferences. On the other hand, the horizontal force on the particle is of the form given by Equation (\[eq:evanescent3\]) and always has the characteristics of a scattering force.
![ (a): From top to bottom: the first three curves represent the polarizability of a silver sphere with radius $a=10$ $nm$ versus the wavelength. The fourth curve is the force on this particle in free space. Plain line: Mie calculation, dashed line: polarizability of Eq. (\[eq:alfa\]), symbol $+$: Dungey and Bohren’s polarizability [@dungey91]. (b): Force along the $Z$ direction on a silver sphere with $a=100$ $nm$ versus distance $d$ with $\protect\theta_0=50^o$ for the following wavelengths: Plain line: $\protect
\lambda=255$ $nm$, dashed line: $\protect\lambda=300$ $nm$, and dotted line: $\protect\lambda=340$ $nm$. Thin lines: $S$ polarization, thick lines: $P$ polarization. (From Ref. [@chaumet00b]). []{data-label="fig:metallic"}](metallic.eps){width="\linewidth"}
As regards a metallic particle, we notice that $\Re e \{ \alpha \}$ may have negative values near plasmon resonances (Figure \[fig:metallic\](a), where we have plotted two models: that of Draine [@draine88] and that of Ref. [@dungey91] (see also [@chaumet00c])) and thus the gradient force, or force along $OZ$, may now be repulsive, namely, positive (Figure \[fig:metallic\](b)) [@chaumet00c]. We also observe that this force is larger at the plasmon polariton resonance excitation ($\lambda =350$ $nm$). We shall later return to this fact (Section \[sec:resonances\]). We next illustrate how, no matter how small the particle is, the continuous approach to the surface makes the multiple scattering noticeable.
Corrugated Surfaces: Integral Equations for Light Scattering from Arbitrary Bodies {#sec:corrugated}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At corrugated interfaces, the phenomenon of TIR is weakened, and the contribution of propagating components to the transmitted field becomes important, either from conversion of evanescent waves into radiating waves, or due to the primary appearance of much propagating waves from scattering at the surface defects. The size of the asperities is important in this respect. However, TIR effects are still strong in slightly rough interfaces, namely, those for which the defect size is much smaller than the wavelength. Then the contribution of evanescent components is dominant on small particles ([*i.e*]{}., of radius no larger than $0.1$ wavelengths). On the other hand, the use of such particles as probes in near–field microscopy may allow high resolution of surface details as they scan above it. We shall next study the resulting force signal effects due to corrugation, as a model of photonic force microscopy under TIR conditions.
When the surface in front of the sphere is corrugated, finding the Green’s function components is not as straightforward as in the previous section. We shall instead employ an integral method that we summarize next.
Let an electromagnetic field, with electric and magnetic vectors ${\bf E}
^{(inc)}({\bf r})$ and ${\bf H}^{(inc)}({\bf r})$, respectively, be incident on a medium of permittivity $\epsilon $ occupying a volume $V$, constituted by two scattering volumes $V_{1}$ and $V_{2}$, each being limited by a surface $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$, respectively. Let ${\bf r}^{<}$ be the position vector of a generic point inside the volume $V_{j}$, and by ${\bf r}^{>}$ that of a generic point in the volume $\hat{V}$, which is outside all volumes $V_{j}$. The electric and magnetic vectors of a monochromatic field satisfy, respectively, the wave equations, [*i.e*]{}., Equations (\[eq:green1\]) and (\[eq:green2\]).
The vector form of Green’s theorem for two vectors ${\bf P}$ and ${\bf Q}$ well behaved in a volume $V$ surrounded by a surface $S$ reads [@morsefeshbach53]
$$\begin{aligned}
\int_{V}d^{3}r~({\bf Q}\cdot \nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf P}-{\bf P}
\cdot \nabla \times \nabla \times {\bf Q}) & = & \nonumber \\
\int_{S}d^{2}r~({\bf P}\times
\nabla \times {\bf Q}-{\bf Q}\times \nabla \times {\bf P})\cdot {\bf n},
\label{eq:greentheorem}\end{aligned}$$
with ${\bf n}$ being the unit outward normal.
Let us now apply Equation (\[eq:greentheorem\]) to the vectors ${\bf P}=
\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })\cdot {\bf C}$ , (${\bf C}$ being a constant vector) and ${\bf Q}={\bf E}({\bf r})$. Taking Equations (\[eq:green1\]) and (\[eq:green5\]) into account, we obtain
$$\int_{V}d^{3}r^{\prime }~{\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })\delta ({\bf r}-{\bf r}
^{\prime })=k^{2}\int_{V}d^{3}r^{\prime }~{\bf P}({\bf r}^{\prime })\cdot
\overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })-\frac{1}{
4\pi }{\bf S}_{e}({\bf r}), \label{eq:ET1}$$
where ${\bf S}_{e}$ is
$${\bf S}_{e}({\bf r})=\nabla \times \nabla \times \int_{S}d^{2}r^{\prime
}\left( {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial G({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })
}{\partial {\bf n}}-G({\bf r},{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}({\bf r
}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}\right) . \label{eq:ET2}$$
Equation (\[eq:ET2\]) adopts different forms depending on whether the points ${\bf r}$ and ${\bf r}^{\prime }$ are considered in $V$ or in $\hat{V}
$. By means of straightforward calculations one obtains the following:
- If ${\bf r}$ and ${\bf r}^{\prime }$ belong to any of the volumes $V_{j}$, $(j=1,2)$, namely, $V$ becomes either of the volumes $V_{j}$:
$${\bf E}({\bf r}^{<})=k^{2}\int_{V_{j}}d^{3}r^{\prime }~{\bf P}({\bf r}
^{\prime })\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}
^{\prime })-\frac{1}{4\pi }{\bf S}_{j}^{(in)}({\bf r}^{<}), \label{eq:ET3}$$
where
$$\begin{aligned}
{\bf S}_{j}^{(in)}({\bf r}^{<}) & = & \nabla \times \nabla \times
\nonumber \\ [+3mm]
& &
\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{
\partial G({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G({\bf r}^{<},
{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial
{\bf n}}\right) \, . \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \,
\label{eq:ET4}\end{aligned}$$
In Equation (\[eq:ET4\]) ${\bf E}_{in}$ represents the limiting value of the electric vector on the surface $S_{j}$ taken from inside the volume $V_{j}$. Equation (\[eq:ET3\]) shows that the field inside each of the scattering volumes $V_{j}$ does not depend on the sources generated in the other volumes.
- If ${\bf r}$ belongs to any of the volumes $V_{j}$, namely, $V$ becomes $V_{j}$, and ${\bf r}^{\prime }$ belongs to $\hat{V}$:
$$0={\bf S}_{ext}({\bf r}^{<}). \label{eq:ET5}$$
In Equation (\[eq:ET5\]) ${\bf S}_{ext}$ is
$${\bf S}_{ext}({\bf r}^{<})=\sum_{j}{\bf S}_{j}^{(out)}({\bf r}^{<})-{\bf S}
_{\infty }({\bf r}^{<}), \label{eq:ET6}$$
where
$$\begin{aligned}
{\bf S}_{j}^{(out)}({\bf r}^{<}) & = & \nabla \times \nabla \times
\nonumber \\ [+3mm]
& &
\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial
G({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}
^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}
\right) \, . \, \, \, \, \, \,
\label{eq:ET7}\end{aligned}$$
In Equation (\[eq:ET7\]) the surface values of the electric vector are taken from the volume $\hat{V}$. The normal ${\bf n}$ now points towards the interior of each of the volumes $V_{j}$.
Also, ${\bf S}_{\infty }$ has the same meaning as Equation (\[eq:ET7\]), the surface of integration now being a large sphere whose radius will eventually tend to infinity. It is not difficult to see that $-{\bf S}
_{\infty }$ in Equation (\[eq:ET6\]) is $4\pi $ times the incident field ${\bf E}^{(inc)}({\bf r}^{<})$ ([*cf*]{}. Refs. [@nieto-vesperinas91] and [@pattanayak76a; @pattanayak76b]). Therefore Equation (\[eq:ET5\]) finally becomes
$$0={\bf E}^{(inc)}({\bf r}^{<})+\frac{1}{4\pi }\sum_{j}{\bf S}_{j}^{(out)}({\bf
r}^{<}). \label{eq:ET8}$$
Note that when Equation (\[eq:ET8\]) is used as a non–local boundary condition, the unknown [*sources*]{} to be determined, given by the limiting values of ${\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })$ and $\partial {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime
})/\partial {\bf n}$ on each of the surfaces $S_{j}$, ([*cf*]{}. Equation (\[eq:ET7\])), appear coupled to those corresponding sources on the other surface $S_{k}$, $k\neq j$.
Following similar arguments, one obtains:
- For ${\bf r}$ belonging to $\hat{V}$ and ${\bf r}^{\prime }$ belonging to either volume $V_{j}$, $(j=1,2)$ namely, $V$ becoming $V_{j}$
$$0=k^2 \int_{V_{j}}d^{3}r^{\prime }~{\bf P}({\bf r}^{\prime
})\cdot \overset{\leftrightarrow }{{\cal G}}({\bf r}^{>},{\bf r}^{\prime })-
\frac{1}{4\pi }{\bf S}_{j}^{(in)}({\bf r}^{>}), \label{eq:ET9}$$
with ${\bf S}_{j}^{(in)}$ given by Equation (\[eq:ET4\]), this time evaluated at ${\bf r}^{>}$.
- For both ${\bf r}$ and ${\bf r}^{\prime }$ belonging to $\hat{V}$
$${\bf E}({\bf r}^{>})={\bf E}^{(inc)}({\bf r}^{>})+\frac{1}{4\pi }\sum_{j}{\bf S
}_{j}^{(out)}({\bf r}^{>}), \label{eq:ET10}$$
Hence, the exterior field is the sum of the fields emitted from each scattering surface $S_{j}$ $(j=1,2)$ with sources resulting from the coupling involved in Equation (\[eq:ET9\]).
One important case corresponds to a penetrable, optically homogeneous, isotropic, non–magnetic and spatially nondispersive medium (this applies for a real metal or a pure dielectric). In this case, Equations (\[eq:ET3\]) and (\[eq:ET9\]) become, respectively,
$$\begin{aligned}
{\bf E}({\bf r}^{<}) &=&-\frac{1}{4\pi k_{0}^{2}\epsilon }\nabla \times
\nabla \times \nonumber \\
&&\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{
\partial G^{(in)}({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G^{(in)}(
{\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })
}{\partial {\bf n}}\right) , \label{eq:ET11}\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
0 &=&{\bf E}^{(inc)}({\bf r}^{<})+\frac{1}{4\pi k_{0}^{2}}\nabla \times \nabla
\times \nonumber \label{eq:ET12} \\
&&\sum_{j}\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{
\partial G({\bf r}^{<},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G({\bf r}^{<},
{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}
}\right) ,\end{aligned}$$
whereas Equations (\[eq:ET5\]) and (\[eq:ET10\]) yield
$$\begin{aligned}
0 &=&\frac{1}{4\pi k_{0}^{2}}\nabla \times \nabla \times \nonumber
\label{eq:ET13} \\
&&\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{
\partial G^{(in)}({\bf r}^{>},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G^{(in)}(
{\bf r}^{>},{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{\prime })
}{\partial {\bf n}}\right) ,\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
{\bf E}({\bf r}^{>}) &=&{\bf E}^{(inc)}({\bf r}^{>})+\frac{1}{4\pi
k_{0}^{2}\epsilon }\nabla \times \nabla \times \nonumber \label{eq:ET14} \\
&&\sum_{j}\int_{S_{j}}d^{2}r^{\prime }\left( {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{
\partial G({\bf r}^{>},{\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}}-G({\bf r}^{>},
{\bf r}^{\prime })\frac{\partial {\bf E}({\bf r}^{\prime })}{\partial {\bf n}
}\right) .\end{aligned}$$
In Equations (\[eq:ET11\]) and (\[eq:ET13\]) $``in"$ means that the limiting values on the surface are taken from inside the volume $V_{j}$; note that this implies for both $G^{(in)}$ and ${\bf E}_{in}$ that $k=k_{0}
\sqrt{\epsilon }$.
The continuity conditions
$${\bf n}\times \lbrack {\bf E}_{in}({\bf r}^{<})-{\bf E}({\bf r}
^{>})]=0,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\bf n}\times \lbrack {\bf H}_{in}({\bf r}^{<})-{\bf H}(
{\bf r}^{>})]=0 \, , \label{eq:ET15}$$
and the use of Maxwell’s equations lead to (cf. Ref. [@jackson75], Section I.5, or Ref. [@bornwolf99], Section 1.1):
$$\begin{aligned}
\left. E _{in} ({\bf r}) \right| _{{\bf r} \in S_j^{(-)}} & = &
\left. E ({\bf r}) \right| _{{\bf r} \in S_j^{(+)}} \, ,
\label{eq:continuity1}
\\ [+5mm]
\left. \frac {\partial E _{in}({\bf r})} {\partial {\bf n}}
\right|
_{{\bf r} \in S_j^{(-)}} & = &
\left. \frac {\partial E ({\bf r})} {\partial {\bf n}}
\right|
_{{\bf r} \in S_j^{(+)}} \, ,
\label{eq:continuity2}\end{aligned}$$
where $S_j^{(+)}$ and $S_j^{(-)}$ denote the surface profile when approached from outside or inside the volume $V_j$, respectively. Equations (\[eq:continuity1\]) and (\[eq:continuity2\]) permit to find both ${\bf E}$ and $\partial {\bf E}/\partial {\bf n}$ from either the pair Equations (\[eq:ET13\]) and (\[eq:ET14\]), or, equivalently, from the pair Equations (\[eq:ET11\]) and (\[eq:ET12\]), as both ${\bf r}^{>}$ and ${\bf r}^{<}$ tend to a point in $S_{j}$. Then the scattered field outside the medium is given by the second term of Equation (\[eq:ET14\]).
In the next section, we apply this theory to finding the near–field distribution of light scattered from a small particle in front of a corrugated dielectric surface when illumination is done from the dielectric half–space at angles of incidence larger than the critical angle. The non–local boundary conditions that we shall use are Equations (\[eq:ET13\]) and (\[eq:ET14\]).
Photonic Force Microscopy of Surfaces with Defects {#sec:PFM}
==================================================
The [*Photonic Force Microscope*]{} (PFM) is a technique in which one uses a probe particle trapped by a tweezer trap to image soft surfaces. The PFM [@ghislain93; @florin96; @wada00] was conceived as a scanning probe device to measure ultrasmall forces, in the range from a few to several hundredths $pN/nm$ with laser powers of some $mW$, between colloidal particles [@crocker94], or in soft matter components such as cell membranes [@stout97] and protein or other macromolecule bonds [@smith96]. In such a system, a dielectric particle of a few hundred nanometers, held in an optical tweezer [@ashkin86; @clapp99; @sugiura93; @dogariu00], scans the object surface. The spring constant of the laser trap is three or four orders of magnitude smaller than that of AFM cantilevers, and the probe position can be measured with a resolution of a few nanometers within a range of some microseconds [@florin96]. As in AFM, surface topography imaging can be realized with a PFM by transducing the optical force induced by the near field on the probe [@horber01bookproc]. As in near–field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM[^3]) [@pohl93], the resolution is given by the size of the particle and its proximity to the surface. It is well known, however [@nieto-vesperinas91; @greffet97] that multiple scattering effects and artifacts, often hinder NSOM images so that they do not bear resemblance to the actual topography . This has constituted one of the leading basic problems in NSOM [@hecht96]. Numerical simulations [@yo01b; @yo01c; @yo99b; @yo00; @yo01bookproc] based on the theory of Section \[sec:corrugated\] show that detection of the optical force on the particle yields topographic images, and thus they provide a method of prediction and interpretation for monitoring the force signal variation with the topography, particle position and illumination conditions. This underlines the fundamentals of the PFM operation. An important feature is the signal enhancement effects arising from the excitation of [*Mie resonances*]{} of the particle, which we shall discuss next. This allows to decrease its size down to the nanometric scale, thus increasing resolution both of force magnitudes and spatial details.
Nanoparticle Resonances {#sec:resonances}
-----------------------
Electromagnetic eigenmodes of small particles are of importance in several areas of research. On the one hand, experiments on the linewidth of surface plasmons in metallic particles [@klar98] and on the evolution of their near fields, both in isolated particles and in arrays [@krenn99], seek a basic understanding and possible applications of their optical properties.
Mie resonances of particles are often called [*morphology–dependent resonances*]{} ([*MDR*]{}). They depend on the particle shape, permittivity, and the [*size parameter*]{}: $x=2\pi a/\lambda $. In dielectric particles, they are known as [*whispering–gallery modes*]{} ([*WGM*]{}) [@owen81; @barber82; @benincasa87; @hill88; @barber88; @barber90]. On the other hand, in metallic particles, they become [*surface plasmons*]{} ([*SPR*]{}), coming from electron plasma oscillations [@raether88]. All these resonances are associated to surface waves which exponentially decay away from the particle boundary.
Morphology–dependent resonances in dielectric particles are interpreted as waves propagating around the object, confined by total internal reflection, returning in phase to the starting point. A [*Quality factor*]{} is also defined as $Q=2\pi $ (Stored energy) $/$ (Energy lost per cycle) $=\omega
_{0}/\delta \omega $, where $\omega _{0}$ is the resonace frequency and $\delta \omega $ the resonance full width. The first theoretical studies of [*MDR*]{} were performed by Gustav Mie, in his well–known scattering theory for spheres. The scattered field, both outside and in the particle, is decomposed into a sum of partial waves. Each partial wave is weighted by a coefficient whose poles explain the existence of peaks at the scattering cross section. These poles correspond to complex frequencies, but true resonances ([*i.e*]{}.,the real values of frequency which produce a finite for the coefficient peaks) have a size parameter value close to the real part of the complex poles. The imaginary part of the complex frequency accounts for the width of the resonance peak. [*MDR*]{}’s are classified by three integer numbers: one related to the partial wave ([*order number*]{}), another one which accounts for the several poles that can be present in the same coefficient ([*mode number*]{}), and a third one accounting for the degeneration of a resonance ([*azimuthal mode number*]{}). In the first experimental check at optical frequencies, the variation of the radiation pressure (due to [*MDR*]{}) on highly transparent, low–vapor–pressure silicone oil drops (index $1.4-1.53$) was measured by Ashkin [@ashkin77]. The drops were levitated by optical techniques and the incident beam was focused at either the edge or the axis of the particles showing the creeping nature of the surface waves.
It is important to note, as regards resonances, the enhanced directional scattering effects such as the [*Glory*]{} [@bryant66; @fahlen68; @khare77] found in water droplets. The Glory theory accounts for the backscattering intensity enhancements found in water droplets. These enhancements are associated with rays grazing the surface of the droplet, involving hundreds of circumvolutions (surface effects). Axial rays (geometrical effects) also contribute. They have been observed in large particle sizes ($x>10^{2}$) and no Glory effects have been found for sizes in the range $x\sim 1$. These backscattering intensity enhancements cannot be associated to a unique partial wave, but to a superposition of several partial waves.
Distributions of Forces on Dielectric Particles Over Corrugated Surfaces Illuminated Under TIR {#sec:forcedielec}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We now model a rough interface separating a dielectric of permittivity $\epsilon _{1}=2.3104$, similar to that of glass, from air. We have addressed (Figure \[fig:ol1\], left) the profile consisting of two protrusions described by $z=h[\exp (-(x-X_{0})^{2}/\sigma ^{2})+\exp (-(x+X_{0})^{2}/\sigma ^{2})]$ on a plane surface $z=0$. (It should be noted that in actual experiments, the particle is immersed in water, which changes the particle’s relative refractive index weakly. But the phenomena shown here will remain, with the interesting features now occurring at slightly different wavelengths.) Illumination, linearly polarized, is done from the dielectric side under TIR (critical angle $\theta _{c}=41.14^{o}$) at $\theta
_{0}=60^{o}$ with a Gaussian beam of half–width at half–maximum $W=4000$ $nm$ at wavelength $\lambda $ (in air). For the sake of computing time and memory, the calculation is done in two dimensions (2D). This retains the main physical features of the full 3D configuration, as far as multiple interaction of the field with the surface and the probe is concerned [@lester99]. The particle is then a cylinder of radius $a$, permittivity $\epsilon _{2}$, and axis $OY$, whose center moves at constant height $z=d+a$. Maxwell’s stress tensor is used to calculate the force on the particle resulting from the scattered near–field distribution created by multiple interaction of light between the surface and the particle. Since the configuration is 2D, the incident power and the force are expressed in $mW/nm$ and in $pN/nm$, respectively, namely, as power and force magnitudes per unit length (in $nm$) in the transversal direction, [*i.e*]{}., that of the cylinder axis. We shall further discuss how these magnitudes are consistent with three–dimensional (3D) experiments.
), and at: $(191.4, 192.6)$ $nm$ (Fig. \[fig:ol1\](b)). The wavelength ($\protect\lambda=638$ $nm$) excites the $(n,l)$ Mie resonance. (From Ref. [@yo01b]). []{data-label="fig:ol1"}](ol1.eps){width="\linewidth"}
A silicon cylinder of radius $a=60$ $nm$ in front of a flat dielectric surface with the same value of $\epsilon _{1}$ as considered here, has a Mie resonance excited by the transmitted evanescent wave at $\lambda =638$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=14.99+i0.14$) [@yo00]. Those eigenmodes are characterized by $n=0$, $l=1$, for $p$ polarization, and $n=1$, $l=1$, for $s$ polarization. We consider the two protrusion interface (Figure \[fig:ol1\], left). Insets of Figures \[fig:ol1\](a) and \[fig:ol1\](b), corresponding to a $p$–polarized incident beam, show the electromagnetic force on the particle as it scans horizontally above the flat surface with two protrusions with parameters $\sigma =63.8$ $nm$, $h=127.6$ $nm$ and $X_{0}=191.4$ $nm$, both at resonant $\lambda $ and out of resonance ($\lambda =538$ $nm$). The particle scans at $d=132.6$ $nm$. Inset (a) shows the force along the $OX$ axis. As seen, the force is positive and, at resonance, it has two remarkable maxima corresponding to the two protrusions, even though they appear slightly shifted due to surface propagation of the evanescent waves transmitted under TIR, which produce the Goos–Hänchen shift of the reflected beam. The vertical force on the particle, on the other hand, is negative, namely attractive, ([*cf*]{}. Inset (b)), and it has two narrow peaks at $x$ just at the position of the protrusions. The signal being again remarkably stronger at resonant illumination. Similar force signal enhancements are observed for $s$–polarization. In this connection, it was recently found that this attractive force on such small dielectric particles monotonically increases as they approach a dielectric flat inteface [@chaumet00a].
), and at: $(638,
642)$ $nm$ (Fig. \[fig:ol2\](b)). The wavelength ($\protect\lambda=919$ $nm$) excites the $(n,l)$ Mie resonance. (From Ref. [@yo01b]). []{data-label="fig:ol2"}](ol2.eps){width="\linewidth"}
It should be remarked that, by contrast and as expected [@nieto-vesperinas91; @greffet97], the near field–intensity distribution for the magnetic field $H$, normalized to the incident one $H_{0}$, has many more components and interference fringes than the force signal, and thus, the resemblance of its image with the interface topography is worse. This is shown in Inset (b) (thin solid line), where we have plotted this distribution in the absence of particle at $z=d+a$ for the same illumination conditions and parameters as before. This is the one that ideally the particle scan should detect in NSOM.
It is also interesting to investigate the near–field intensity distribution map. Figures \[fig:ol1\](a) and \[fig:ol1\](b) show this for the magnetic field $H$ in $p$ polarization for resonant illumination, $\lambda =638$ $nm$, at two different positions of the cylinder, which correspond to $x=0$ and $191.4$ $nm$, respectively. We notice, first, the strong field concentration inside the particle, corresponding to the excitation of the $(n=0,l=1)$ –eigenmode. When the particle is over one bump, the variation of the near field intensity is larger in the region closer to it, this being responsible for the stronger force signal on the particle at this position. Similar results are observed for $s$–polarized waves, in this case, the $(n=1,l=1)$–eigenmode of the cylinder is excited and one can appreciate remarkable fringes along the whole interface due to interference of the surface wave, transmitted under TIR, with scattered waves from both the protrusions and the cylinder.
An increase of the particle size yields stronger force signals at the expense of losing some resolution. Figures \[fig:ol2\](a) and \[fig:ol2\](b) show the near electric field intensity distribution for $s$ polarization at two different positions of a cylinder with radius $a=200$ $nm$, the parameters of the topography now being $\sigma =212.7$ $nm$, $h=425.3$ $nm$ and $X_{0}=\pm 638$ $nm$. The distance is $d=442$ $nm$. The resonant wavelength is now $\lambda =919$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=13.90+i0.07$). Insets of Figures \[fig:ol2\](a) and \[fig:ol2\](b) illustrate the force distribution as the cylinder moves along $OX$. The force peaks, when the resonant wavelength is considered, are positive, because now, the scattering force on this particle of larger scattering cross section is greater than the gradient force. They also appear shifted with respect to the protrusion positions, once again due to surface travelling waves under TIR. There are weaker peaks, or absence of them at non–resonant $\lambda $. Similar results occur for a $p$–polarized beam at the resonant wavelength $\lambda =759$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=13.47+i0.04$). For both polarizations the $(n=3,l=1)$ Mie eigenmode of the cylinder is now excited. The field distribution is well–localized inside the particle and it has the characteristic standing wave structure resulting from interference between counterpropagating whispering–gallery modes circumnavegating the cylinder surface. It is remarkable that this structure appears as produced by the excitation of propagating waves incident on the particle [@yo00], these being due to the coupling of the incident and the TIR surface waves with radiating components of the transmitted field, which are created from scattering with the interface protrusions. Although not shown here, we should remark that illumination at non–resonant wavelengths do not produce such a field concentration within the particle, then the field is extended throughout the space, with maxima attached to the flat portions of the interface (evanescent wave) and along certain directions departing from the protrusions (radiating waves from scattering at these surface defects).
Evanescent components of the electromagnetic field and multiple scattering among several objects are often difficult to handle in an experiment. However, there are many physical situations that involve these phenomena. In this section we have seen that the use of the field inhomogeneity, combined with (and produced by) morphology–dependent resonances and multiple scattering, permit to imaging a surface with defects. Whispering–gallery modes in dielectric particles, on the other hand, produce also evanescent fields on the particle surface which enhance the strength of the force signal. The next section is aimed to study metallic particles under the same situation as previously discussed, exciting now plasmon resonances on the objects.
Distributions of Forces on Metallic Particles Over Corrugated Surfaces Illuminated Under TIR {#sec:forcemetal}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dielectric particles suffer intensity gradient forces under light illumination due to radiation pressure, which permit one to hold and manipulate them by means of optical tweezers [@ashkin77] in a variety of applications such as spectroscopy [@sasaki91; @misawa92; @misawa91], phase transitions in polymers [@hotta98], and light force microscopy of cells [@pralle99; @pralle98] and biomolecules [@smith96]. Metallic particles, however, were initially reported to suffer [*repulsive*]{} electromagnetic scattering forces due to their higher cross sections [@ashkin92], although later [@svoboda94] it was shown that nanometric metallic particles (with diameters smaller than $50$ $nm$) can be held in the focal region of a laser beam. Further, it was demonstrated in an experiment [@sasaki00] that metallic particles illuminated by an evanescent wave created under TIR at a substrate, experience a vertical attractive force towards the plate, while they are pushed horizontally in the direction of propagation of the evanescent wave along the surface. Forces in the $fN$ range were measured.
: $\protect\lambda =387$ $nm$ (on resonance), $\protect\theta_ o=0^o$. \[fig:prb3\](b): $\protect\lambda =387$ $nm$ (on resonance), $\protect\theta_o=66^o$. \[fig:prb3\](c): $\protect\lambda =316$ $nm$ (off resonance), $\protect\theta_o=66^o$. \[fig:prb3\](d): $\protect\lambda=387$ $nm$ (on resonance), $\protect\theta_o=66^o$. The cylinder center is placed at $(0, 192.6)$ nm in \[fig:prb3\](a), \[fig:prb3\](b) and \[fig:prb3\](c), and at $(191.4, 192.6)$ nm in \[fig:prb3\](d). (From Ref. [@yo01c]). []{data-label="fig:prb3"}](prb3.eps){width="9.5cm"}
Plasmon resonances in metallic particles are not so efficiently excited as mor-phology–dependent resonances in non–absorbing high–refractive–index dielectric particles ([*e.g*]{}., see Refs. [@yo01a; @yo00]) under incident evanescent waves. The distance from the particle to the surface must be very small to avoid the evanescent wave decay normal to the propagation direction along the surface. In this section we address the same configuration as before using water as the immersion medium. The critical angle for the glass–water interface is $\theta _{c}=61.28^{o}$. A silver cylinder of radius $a$ at distance $d+a$ from the flat portion of the surface is now studied.
In Figure \[fig:prb3\] we plot the near–field intensity distribution $|H/H_{0}|^{2}$ corresponding to the configuration of inset in Figure \[fig:ol1\]. A silver cylinder of radius $a=60$ $nm$ scans at constant distance $d=162.6$ $nm$ above the interface. The system is illuminated by a $p$–polarized Gaussian beam ($W=4000$ $nm$) at $\theta _{0}=0^{o}$ and $\lambda =387$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=-3.22+i0.70$). The surface protrusions are positioned at $X_{0}=\pm 191.4$ $nm$ with height $h=127.6$ $nm$ and $\sigma =63.8$ $nm$. Figure \[fig:prb3\](a) shows the aforementioned distribution when the particle is centered between the protrusions. The plasmon resonance is excited as manifested by the field enhancement on the cylinder surface, which is higher in its lower portion. At this resonant wavelength, the main Mie coefficient contributor is $n=2$, which can also be deduced from the interference pattern formed along the particle surface: the number of lobes must be $2n$ along this surface [@owen81]. Figure \[fig:prb3\](b) shows the same situation but with $\theta _{0}=66^{o}$. The field intensity close to the particle is higher in Figure \[fig:prb3\](a) because in Figure \[fig:prb3\](b) the distance $d$ is large enough to obliterate the resonance excitation due to the decay of the evanescent wave created by TIR [@yo01a]. However, the field intensity is markedly different from the one shown in Figure \[fig:prb3\](c), in which the wavelength has been changed to $\lambda =316$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=0.78+i1.07$) so that there is no particle resonance excitation at all. Figure \[fig:prb3\](d) shows the same situation as in Figure \[fig:prb3\](b) but at a different $X$–position of the particle. In Figure \[fig:prb3\](c), the interference in the scattered near–field due to the presence of the particle is rather weak; the field distribution is now seen to be mainly concentrated at low $z$ as an evanescent wave travelling along the interface, and this distribution does not substantially change as the particle moves over the surface at constant $z$. By contrast, in Figures \[fig:prb3\](b) and \[fig:prb3\](d) the intensity map is strongly perturbed by the presence of the particle. As we shall see, this is the main reason due to which optical force microscopy is possible at resonant conditions with such small metallic particles used as nanoprobes, and not so efficient at non–resonant wavelengths. In connection with these intensity maps ([*cf*]{}. Figures \[fig:prb3\](b) and \[fig:prb3\](d)), we should point out the interference pattern on the left side of the cylinder between the evanescent wave and the strongly reflected waves from the particle, that in resonant conditions behaves as a strongly radiating antenna [@yo01a; @yo00; @krenn99]. This can also be envisaged as due to the much larger scattering cross section of the particle on resonance, hence reflecting backwards higher intensity and thus enhancing the interference with the evanescent incident field. The fringe spacing is $\lambda /2$ ($\lambda $ being the corresponding wavelength in water). This is explained as follows: The interference pattern formed by the two evanescent waves travelling on the surface opposite to each other, with the same amplitude and no dephasing, is proportional to $\exp (-2\kappa z)\cos ^{2}(n_{1}k_{0}\sin \theta _{0}x)$, with $\kappa =(n_{1}^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta _{0}-n_{0}^{2})^{1/2}$. The distance between maxima is $\Delta x=\lambda /(2n_{1}\sin \theta _{0})$. For the angles of incidence used in this work under TIR ($\theta _{0}=66^{0}$ and $72^{0}$), $\sin \theta _{0}\approx 0.9$, and taking into account the refractive indices of water and glass, one can express this distance as $\Delta x\approx \lambda /2n_{0}$. The quantity $\Delta x$ is similar to the fringe period below the particle in Figure \[fig:prb3\](a), now attributted to the interference between two opposite travelling plane waves, namely, the one transmitted through the interface and the one reflected back from the particle.
: Horizontal force. \[fig:prb5\](b): Vertical force. Solid curves: $\protect\lambda=
387$ $nm$ (on resonance), broken curves: $\protect\lambda= 316$ $nm$ (off resonance). Thin lines in \[fig:prb5\](b) show $|H/H_0|^2$ (in arbitrary units), averaged on the perimeter of the cylinder cross section, while it scans the surface. The actual magnitude of the intensity in the resonant case is almost seven times larger than in the non–resonant one. (From Ref. [@yo01c]). []{data-label="fig:prb5"}](prb5.eps){width="\linewidth"}
: $\protect
\lambda =441$ $nm$ (on resonance), $\protect\theta_ o=0^o$ and the cylinder center placed at $(-1276, 642)$ $nm$. \[fig:prb8\](b): $\protect\lambda
=441$ $nm$ (on resonance), $\protect\theta_o=66^o$ and the cylinder center placed at $(1276, 642)$ $nm$. \[fig:prb8\](c): $\protect\lambda =316$ $nm$ (off resonance), $\protect\theta_o=66^o$ and the cylinder center placed at $(1276, 642)$ $nm$. (From Ref. [@yo01c]). []{data-label="fig:prb8"}](prb8.eps){width="11cm"}
Figure \[fig:prb5\] shows the variation of the Cartesian components of the electromagnetic force ($F_x$, Fig. \[fig:prb5\](a) and $F_z$, Fig. \[fig:prb5\](d)) on scanning the particle at constant distance $d$ above the interface, at either plasmon resonance excitation ($\lambda=387$ $nm$, solid lines), or off resonance ($\lambda=316$ $nm$, broken lines). The incident beam power (per unit length) on resonance is $3.9320 \times 10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$, and $3.9327\times 10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$ at $\lambda=316$ $nm$. The incidence is done with a $p$–polarized Gaussian beam of $W=4000$ $nm$ at $\theta_0=66^o$. It is seen from these curves that the force distributions resembles the surface topography on resonant conditions with a signal which is remarkably larger than off–resonance. This feature is specially manifested in the $Z$ component of the force, in which the two protrusions are clearly distinguished from the rest of interference ripples, as explained above. Figure \[fig:prb5\](b) also shows (thin lines) the scanning that conventional near field microscopy would measure in this configuration, namely, the normalized magnetic near field intensity, averaged on the cylinder cross section. These intensity curves are shown in arbitrary units, and in fact the curve corresponding to plasmon resonant conditions is almost seven times larger than the one off–resonance. The force curves show, on the one hand, that resonant conditions also enhance the contrast of the surface topography image. Thus, the images obtained from the electromagnetic force follows more faithfully the topography than that from the near field intensity. This is a fact also observed with other profiles, including surface–relief gratings. When parameter $h$ is inverted, namely, the interface profile on the left in Fig. \[fig:ol1\], then the vertical component of the force distribution presents inverted the contrast. On the whole, one observes from these results that both the positions and sign of the defect height can be distinguished by the optical force scanning.
: Horizontal force. \[fig:prb9\](b): Vertical force. Solid curves: $\protect\lambda= 441$ $nm$ (on resonance), broken curves: $\protect\lambda= 316$ $nm$ (off resonance). Thin solid curves: $\protect\lambda= 441$ $nm$ (on resonance) at $\protect\theta_
0=72^o $, thin broken curves: $\protect\lambda= 316$ $nm$ (off resonance) at $\protect\theta_ 0=72^o$. (From Ref. [@yo01c]). []{data-label="fig:prb9"}](prb9.eps){width="\linewidth"}
Figure \[fig:prb8\] displays near–field intensity maps for a larger particle ($a=200$ $nm$). Figure \[fig:prb8\](a) corresponds to $\theta _{0}=0^{o}$ and a resonant wavelength $\lambda =441$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=-5.65+i0.75$), with the particle being placed on the left of both protrusions. Figure \[fig:prb8\](b) corresponds to $\theta _{0}=66^{o}$ (TIR illumination conditions), at the same resonant wavelength, the particle now being on the right of the protrusions. Figure \[fig:prb8\](c) corresponds to $\theta _{0}=66^{o}$ (TIR incidence), at the no resonant wavelength $\lambda =316$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=0.78+i1.07$), the particle being placed at the right of the protrusions. The incident beam is $p$–polarized with $W=4000$ $nm$. The surface protrusions are positioned at $X_{0}=\pm 638$ $nm$ with height $h=425.3$ $nm$ and $\sigma =212.7$ $nm$. All the relevant size parameters are now comparable to the wavelength, and hence to the decay length of the evanescent wave. That is why now the plasmon resonance cannot be highly excited. When no resonant wavelength is used, the intensity interference fringes due to the presence of the particle are weaker. On the other hand, Figure \[fig:prb8\](a) shows the structure of the near–field scattered under $\theta _{0}=0^{o}$. There are three objects that scatter the field: the two protrusions and the particle. They create an inteference pattern with period $\lambda /2$ (with $\lambda $ being the wavelength in water). Besides, the particle shows an inteference pattern around its surface due to the two counterpropagating plasmon waves which circumnavegate it [@yo01a; @yo00]. The number of lobes along the surface is nine, which reflects that the contribution to the field enhancement at this resonant wavelength comes from Mie’s coefficients $n=5$ and $n=4$. Figure \[fig:prb8\](b) shows weaker excitation of the same plasmon resonance under TIR conditions. Now, the interference pattern at the incident side of the configuration is also evident. This pattern again has a period $\lambda /2$ ($\lambda $ being the wavelength in water). If non–resonant illumination conditions are used, the particle is too far from the surface to substantially perturb the transmitted evanescent field, then the intensity distribution of this field remains closely attached to the interface, and it is scattered by the surface protrusions. The field felt by the particle in this situation is not sufficient to yield a well–resolved image of the surface topography, as shown next for this same configuration.
Figure \[fig:prb9\] shows the components of the force ($F_{x}$, Figure \[fig:prb9\](a) and $F_{z}$, Figure \[fig:prb9\](b)) for either plasmon excitation conditions ($\lambda =441$ $nm$, solid lines), or off–resonance ($\lambda =316$ $nm$, broken lines), as the cylinder scans at constant distance $d$ above the surface. The incidence is done with a $p$–polarized Gaussian beam of $W=4000$ $nm$ at either $\theta _{0}=66^{o}$ (thick curves) or $\theta _{0}=72^{o}$ (thin curves). The incident beam power (per unit length) is $3.9313\times 10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$ on resonance and $3.9327\times
10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$ at $\lambda =316$ $nm$ when $\theta _{0}=66^{o}$, and $3.9290\times 10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$ on resonance and $3.9315\times 10^{-6}$ $mW/nm$ at $\lambda =316$ $nm$ when $\theta _{0}=72^{o}$. As before, resonant conditions provide a better image of the surface topography making the two protrusions distinguishable with a contrast higher than the one obtained without plasmon excitation. The surface image corresponding to the force distribution is better when the protrusions (not shown here) are inverted because then the particle can be kept closer to the interface. Again, the curve contrast yielded by protrusions and grooves is inverted from each other. The positions of the force distribution peaks corresponding to the protrusions now appear appreciably shifted with respect to the actual protrusions’ position. This shift is explained as due to the Goos–Hänchen effect of the evanescent wave [@yo01b]. We observe that the distance between these peaks in the $F_{z}$ curve is aproximately $2X_{0}$. This shift is more noticeable in the force distribution as the probe size increases[^4]. Again, the $F_{z}$ force distribution has a higher contrast at the (shifted) position of the protrusions. The force signal with these bigger particles is larger, but the probe has to be placed farther from the surface at constant height scanning. This affects the strength of the signal. Finally, it is important to state that the angle of incidence (supposed to be larger than the critical angle $\theta _{c}$) influences both the contrast and the strength of the force: the contrast decreases as the angle of incidence increases. At the same time, the strength of the force signal also diminishes.
As seen in the force figures for both sizes of particles, most curves contain tiny ripples. They are due to the field intensity interference pattern as shown in Figures \[fig:prb3\] and \[fig:prb8\], and discussed above. As the particle moves, the force on it is affected by this interference. As a matter of fact, it can be noted in the force curves that these tiny ripples are mainly present at the left side of the particle, which is the region where stronger interference takes place.
It is worth remarking, however, that these oscillations are less marked in the force distribution ([*cf*]{}. their tiny ripples), than in the near field intensity distribution, where the interference patterns present much higher contrast.
As stated in the previous section, evanescent fields and multiple scattering are fruitful to extracting information from a detection setup. The latter is, at the same time, somewhat troublesome as it cannot be neglected at will. This incovenient is well–known in NSOM, but it is diminished in PFM, as remarked before. The smoother signal provided by the force is underlined by two facts: one is the averaging process on the particle surface, quantitatively interpreted from the field surface integration involved in Maxwell’s stress tensor. Other is the local character of the force acting at each point of the particle surface. Metallic particles are better candidates as probes of PFM in comparison to dielectric particles, since the force signal is not only enhanced at resonance conditions, but it is also bigger and presents better resolution. However, dielectric particles are preferred when the distance to the interface is large, since then the weak evanescent field present at these distances presents better coupling to the whispering–gallery modes than to the plasmon surface waves of metallic particles.
On the Attractive and Repulsive Nature of Vertical Forces and Their Orders of Magnitude {#sec:discussion}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The horizontal forces acting on the particle are scattering forces due to radiation pressure of both the incident evanescent wave and the field scattered by the protrusions, thus the forces are positive in all the cases studied. As for the vertical forces, two effects compete in determining their sign. First, is the influence of the polarizability [@chaumet00b; @chaumet00a], which depends on the polarization of the illumination. On the other hand, it is well known that an evanescent wave produces only gradient forces in the vertical direction. For silver cylinders, the force at wavelength $\lambda =387$ ($\epsilon
_{2}=-3.22+i0.70 $) and at $\lambda =441$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=-5.65+i0.75$) must be attractive, while at $\lambda =316$ $nm$ ($\epsilon _{2}=0.78+i1.07$), the real part of the polarizability changes its sign, and so does the gradient force, thus becoming repulsive (on cylinders of not very large sizes, as here). However, in the cases studied here, not only the multiple scattering of light between the cylinder and the flat portion of the interface, but also the surface defects, produce scattered waves both propagating (into $z>0$) and evanescent under TIR conditions. Thus, the scattering forces also contribute to the $z$–component of the force. This affects the sign of the forces, but it is more significant as the size of the objects increases. In larger cylinders and defects ([*cf*]{}. Figure \[fig:prb9\]), the gradient force is weaker than the scattering force thus making $F_{z}$ to become repulsive on scanning at $\lambda =441$ $nm$ (plasmon excited). On the other hand, for the smaller silver cylinders studied ([*cf*]{}. Figure \[fig:prb5\]), the gradient force is greater than the scattering force at $\lambda =387$ $nm$ (plasmon excited), and thus the force is attractive in this scanning. Also, as the distance between the particle and the surface decreases, the gradient force becomes more attractive [@chaumet00b; @chaumet00a]. This explains the dips and change of contrast in the vertical force distribution on scanning both protrusions and grooves. At $\lambda =316$ $nm$ (no plasmon excited), both scattering and gradient forces act cooperatively in the vertical direction making the force repulsive, no matter the size of the cylinder. For the silicon cylinder, as shown, the vertical forces acting under TIR conditions are attractive in absence of surface interaction (for both polarizations and the wavelengths used). However, this interaction is able to turn into repulsive the vertical force for $S$ polarization at $\lambda =538$ $nm$, due to the scattering force.
This study also reveals the dependence of the attractive or repulsive nature of the forces on the size of the objects (probe and defects of the surface), apart from the polarizability of the probe and the distance to the interface, when illumination under total internal reflection is considered. The competition between the strength of the scattering and the gradient force determines this nature.
The order of magnitude of the forces obtained in the preceding 2D calculations is consistent with that of forces in experiments and 3D calculations of Refs. [@pohl93; @guntherodt95; @depasse92; @sugiura93; @kawata92; @dereux94; @girard94; @almaas95; @novotny97; @hecht96; @okamoto99; @chaumet00b] and [@chaumet00a]. Suppose a truncated cylinder with axial length $L=10$ $\mu m$, and a Gaussian beam with $2W\sim 10$ $\mu m$. Then, a rectangular section of $L\times 2W=10^{2}$ $\mu m^{2}$ is illuminated on the interface. For an incident power $P_{0}\sim 1$ $mW$, spread over this rectangular section, the incident intensity is $I_{0}\sim 10^{-2}$ $mW/\mu m^{2}$, and the force range from our calculations is $F\sim 10^{-2}-10^{-1}$ $pN$. Thus, the forces obtained in Figures \[fig:prb9\](b) and \[fig:prb9\](d) are consistent with those presented, for example, in Ref. [@kawata92].
Concluding Remarks & Future Prospects {#sec:concluding}
=====================================
The forces exerted by both propagating and evanescent fields on small particles are the basis to understand estructural characteristics of time–harmonic fields. The simplest evanescent field that can be built is the one that we have illustrated on transmission at a dielectric interface when TIR conditions occur. Both dielectric and metallic particles are pushed along the direction of propagation of the evanescent field, independently of the size (scattering and absorption forces). By contrast, forces behave differently along the decay direction (gradient forces) on either dielectric and metallic particles, as studied for dipolar–sized particles, Section \[sec:dipapprox\]. The analysis done in presence of a rough interface, and with particles able to interact with it show that scattering, absorption and gradient forces act both in the amplitude and phase directions, when multiple scattering takes place. Moreover, the excitation of particle resonances enhances this interaction, and, at the same time, generates evanescent fields (surface waves) on their surface, which makes even more complex this mixing among force components. Thus, an analysis based on a small particle isolated is not feasible due to the high inhomogeneity of the field.
It is, however, this inhomogeneity what provides a way to imaging a surface with structural features, such as topography. The possibility offered by the combination of evanescent fields and Mie resonances is however not unique. As inhomgeneous fields (which can be analitically decomposed into propagating and evanescent fields [@nieto-vesperinas91]) play an important role in the mechanical action of the electromagnetic wave on dielectric particles (either on or out of resonance), they can be used to operate at the nanometric scale on such entities, to assist the formation of ordered particle structures as for example [@burns89; @burns90; @antonoyiannakis97; @antonoyiannakis99; @malley98; @bayer98; @barnes02], with help of these resonances. Forces created by evanescent fields on particles and morphology–dependent resonances are the keys to control the optical binding and the formation of photonic molecules. Also, when a particle is used as a nanodetector, these forces are the signal in a scheme of photonic force microscopy as modeled in this article. It has been shown that the evanescent field forces and plasmon resonance excitations permit to manipulate metallic particles [@novotny97; @chaumet01; @chaumet02], as well as to make such microscopy [@yo01c]. Nevertheless, controlled experiments on force magnitudes, both due to evanescent and propagating waves, are yet scarce and thus desirable to be fostered.
The concepts released in this article open an ample window to investigate on soft matter components like in cells and molecules in biology. Most folding processes require small forces to detect and control in order not to alter them and be capable of actuating and extracting information from them.
General Annotated References {#sec:references .unnumbered}
============================
Complementary information and sources for some of the contents treated in this report can be found in next bibliography:
- Electromagnetic optics: there are many books where to find the basis of the electromagnetic theory and optics. We cite here the most common: [@jackson75; @bornwolf99]. The Maxwell’s Stress Tensor is analysed in [@jackson75; @stratton41]. The mathematical level of these textbooks is similar to the one in this report.
- Mie theory can be found in [@vandehulst81; @kerker69; @bohren83]. In these textbooks, Optics of particles is develop with little mathematics and all of them are comparable in contents.
- Resonances can be understood from the textbooks before, but a more detailed information, with applications and the implications in many topics can be found in the following references: [@yophd; @hill88; @barber90]. The last two references are preferently centred in dielectric particles. The first one compiles some of the information in these two references and some other from scientific papers. Surface plasmons, on the other hand, are studied in depth in [@raether88]. They are easy to understand from general physics.
- Integral equations in scattering theory and angular spectrum representation (for the decomposition of time–harmonic fields in propagating and evanescent components) are treated in [@nieto-vesperinas91]. The mathematical level is similar to the one in this report.
- The Coupled Dipole Method can be found in the scientific papers cited in Section \[sec:CDM\]. A More didactical reference is [@chaumetphd; @rahmaniphd]. The information shed in this report on the CDM is extended in these references.
- The dipolar approximation, in the context of optical forces and evanescent fields, can be complemented in scientific papers: [@gordon73; @chaumet00c; @yo02b] and in the monograph: [@novotny00].
- A more detailed discussion on the sign of optical forces for dipolar particles, as well as larger elongated particles, can be found in the scientific papers [@yo02a; @yo02b; @chaumet00b].
- Monographs on NSOM and tweezers: [@nieto-vesperinas96; @sheetz97].
We thank P. C. Chaumet and M. Lester for work that we have shared through the years. Grants from DGICYT and European Union, as well as a fellowship of J. R. Arias-González from Comunidad de Madrid, are also acknowledged.
[Ba[ñ]{}os 66a]{}
G. S. Agarwal. .Phys. Rev. A, 11, pages 230–242, 1975.
G. S. Agarwal. .Phys. Rev. A, 12, pages 1475–1497, 1975.
M. Allegrini, N. García and O. Marti, editors.Nanometer scale science and technology, Amsterdam, 2001. Società Italiana di Fisica, IOS PRESS.in [*Proc. Int. Sch. E. Fermi, Varenna*]{}.
E. Almaas and I. Brevik. . J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 12, pages 2429–2438, 1995.
M. Alonso and E. J. Finn. .Addison–Wesley Series in Physics, Addison–Wesley, Reading, MA, 1968.
M. I. Antonoyiannakis and J. B. Pendry. . Europhys. Lett., 40, pages 613–618, 1997.
M. I. Antonoyiannakis and J. B. Pendry. . Phys. Rev. B, 60, pages 2363–2374, 1999.
J. R. Arias-González, M. Nieto-Vesperinas and A. Madrazo. .J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 16, pages 2928–2934, 1999.
J. R. Arias-González and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .Opt. Lett., 25, pages 782–784, 2000.
J. R. Arias-González, P. C. Chaumet and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .In Nanometer Scale Science and Technology, 2001. [@allegrinigarciamarti01].
J. R. Arias-González and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 18, pages 657–665, 2001.
J. R. Arias-González, M. Nieto-Vesperinas and M. Lester.. Phys. Rev. B, 65, page 115402, 2002.
J. R. Arias-González and M. Nieto-Vesperinas.. Opt. Lett., submitted, 2002.
J. R. Arias-González and M. Nieto-Vesperinas.. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, submitted, 2002.
J. R. Arias-González . Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, 2002.
A. Ashkin and J. M. Dziedzic. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, pages 1351–1354, 1977.
A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu. .Opt. Lett., 11, pages 288–290, 1986.
A. Ashkin and J. M. Dziedzic. .Appl. Phys. Lett., 24, pages 586–589, 1992.
A. Ba[ñ]{}os.1966.in [@banios66], chapter 2.
A. Ba[ñ]{}os. .Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.
P. W. Barber, J. F. Owen and R. K. Chang. .IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 30, pages 168–172, 1982.
P. W. Barber and R. K. Chang, editors. .World Scientific, Singapore, 1988.
P. W. Barber and S. C. Hill. .World Scientific, Singapore, 1990.
M. D. Barnes, S. M. Mahurin, A. Mehta, B. G. Sumpter and D. W. Noid. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, page 015508, 2002.
M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin and V. D. Kulakovskii. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, pages 2582–2585 , 1998.
D.S. Benincasa, P.W. Barber, J-Z. Zhang, W-F. Hsieh and R.K. Chang. .Appl. Opt., 26, pages 1348–1356, 1987.
C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman. . Wiley–Interscience Publication, New York, 1983.
M. Born and E. Wolf.1999. in [@bornwolf99], section 11.4.2.
M. Born and E. Wolf.1999. in [@bornwolf99], pp 34.
M. Born and E. Wolf. .Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 7nd edition, 1999.
H. C. Bryant and A. J. Cox. .J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 56, pages 1529–1532, 1966.
M. M. Burns, J.-M. Fournier and J. A. Golovchenco. . Science, 249, pages 749–754, 1990.
M. M. Burns, J.-M. Fournier and J. A. Golovchenco. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, pages 1233-1236, 1989.
S. Chang, J. H. Jo and S. S. Lee. .Opt. Commun., 108, pages 133–143, 1994.
P. C. Chaumet and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .Phys. Rev. B, 61, pages 14119–14127, 2000.
P. C. Chaumet and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .Phys. Rev. B, 62, pages 11185–11191, 2000.
P. C. Chaumet and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .Opt. Lett., 25, pages 1065–1067, 2000.
P. C. Chaumet and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. . Phys. Rev. B, 64, page 035422, 2001.
P. C. Chaumet, A. Rahmani and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, page 123601, 2002.
P. C. Chaumet. . Université de Bourgogne, France, 1998.
H. W. Chew, D.-S. Wang and M. Kerker.. Appl. Opt., 18, 2679, 1979.
A. R. Clapp, A. G. Ruta and R. B. Dickinson. .Rev. Sci. Instr., 70, pages 2627–2636, 1999.
L. Collot, V. Lefèvre-Seguin, M. Brune, J.M. Raimond and S. Haroche. .Europhys. Lett., 23, pages 327–334, 1993.
J. C. Crocker and D. G. Grier. .Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, pages 352–355, 1994.
F. Depasse and D. Courjon.Opt. Commun., 87, 79, 1992.
A. Dereux, C. Girard, O. J. F. Martin and M. Devel. .Europhys. Lett., 26, pages 37–42, 1994.
A. C. Dogariu and R. Rajagopalan..Langmuir, 16, pages 2770–2778, 2000.
B. T. Draine. .Astrophys. J., 333, pages 848–872, 1988.
C. E. Dungey and C. F. Bohren. .J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 8, pages 81–87, 1991.
T. S. Fahlen and H. C. Bryant. .J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58, pages 304–310, 1968.
E.-L. Florin, J. K. H. Hörber and E. H. K. Stelzer. . Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, pages 446–448, 1996.
L. P. Ghislain and W. W. Webb..Opt. Lett., 18, pages 1678–1680, 1993.
C. Girard, A. Dereux and O. J. F. Martin. .Phys. Rev. B, 49, pages 13872–13881, 1994.
J. P. Gordon. .Phys. Rev. A, 8, pages 14–21, 1973.
J. J. Greffet and R. Carminati..Prog. Surf. Sci., 56, pages 133–235, 1997.
H.-J. Güntherodt, D. Anselmetti and E. Meyer, editors., Dordrecht, 1995. NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishing.
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye and D. W. Pohl. .Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, pages 1889–1892, 1996.
S. C. Hill and R. E. Benner. Morphology–dependent resonances, chapitre 1.World Scientific, 1988. [@barber88].
J. K. H. Hörber. .In Nanometer Scale Science and Technology, 2001. [@allegrinigarciamarti01].
J. Hotta, K. Sasaki, H. Masuhara and Y. Morishima. .J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, pages 7687–7690, 1998.
J. D. Jackson. .Wiley–Interscience Publication, New York, 2nd edition, 1975.
S. Kawata and T. Sugiura. .Opt. Lett., 17, pages 772–774, 1992.
S. Kawata and T. Tani. . Opt. Lett., 21, pages 1768–1770, 1996.
S. Kawata, editor. Near-field Optics and Surface Plasmon Polaritons, Topics in Applied Physics, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
O. Keller, M. Xiao and S. Bozhevolnyi. .Surf. Sci., 280, pages 217–230, 1993.
M. Kerker. . Academic Press, New York, 1969.
V. Khare and H. M. Nussenzveig. .Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, pages 1279–1282, 1968.
T. Klar, M. Perner, S. Grosse, G.V. Plessen, W. Spirkl and J. Feldmann. .Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, pages 4249–4252, 1988.
J.C. Knight, N. Dubreuil, V. Sandoghdar, J. Hare, V. Lefèvre-Seguin, J.M. Raimond and S. Haroche. . Opt. Lett., 20, pages 1515–1517, 1995.
J. R. Krenn, A. Dereux, J. C. Weeber, E. Bourillot, Y. Lacroute, J. P. Goudonnet, G. Schider, W. Gotschy, A. Leitner, F. R. Aussenegg and C. Girard. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, pages 2590–2593, 1999.
M. Lester and M. Nieto-Vesperinas.. Opt. Lett., 24, pages 936–938, 1999.
M. Lester, J. R. Arias-González and M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .Opt. Lett., 26, pages 707–709, 2001.
L. E. Malley, D. A. Pommet and M. A. Fiddy. . J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 15, pages 1590–1595, 1998.
L. Mandel and E. Wolf. .Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
H. Misawa, M. Koshioka, K. Sasaki, N. Kitamura and H. Masuhara. .J. Appl. Phys., 70, pages 3829–3836, 1991.
H. Misawa, K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, N. Kitamura and H. Masuhara. .Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, pages 310–312, 1992.
P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach..McGraw–Hill, New York, 1953.
M. Nieto-Vesperinas. .John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1991.
M. Nieto-Vesperinas and N. García, editors., Dordrecht, 1996. NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishing.
L. Novotny, R. X. Bian and X. S. Xie. .Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, pages 645–648, 1997.
L. Novotny. . In Near-field Optics and Surface Plasmon Polaritons, Topics in Applied Physics, 81, pages 123–141, 2000. [@kawata00].
K. Okamoto and S. Kawata. . Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, pages 4534–4537, 1999.
J. F. Owen, R. K. Chang and P. W. Barber..Opt. Lett., 6, pages 540–542, 1981.
M. A. Paesler and P. J. Moyer. .John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1996.
D. N. Pattanayak and E. Wolf. .Phys. Rev. E, 13, pages 2287–2290, 1976.
D. N. Pattanayak and E. Wolf. .Phys. Rev. E, 13, pages 913–923, 1976.
D. W. Pohl and D. Courjon, editors., Dordrecht, 1993. NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishing.
A. Pralle, E.-L. Florin, E. H. K. Stelzer and J. K. H. Hörber. .Appl. Phys. A, 66, pages S71–S73, 1998.
A. Pralle, M. Prummer, E.-L. Florin, E. H. K. Stelzer and J. K. H. Hörber. .Microsc. Res. Tech., 44, pages 378–386, 1999.
D. C. Prieve and J. Y. Walz. .Appl. Opt.-LP, 32, 1629, 1993.
E. M. Purcell and C. R. Pennypacker. .Astrophys. J., 186, pages 705–714, 1973.
H. Raether.. Springer–Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.
A. Rahmani and F. de Fornel. . Eyrolles and France Télécom-CNET, Paris, 2000.
K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura and H. Masuhara. .Opt. Lett., 16, pages 1463–1465, 1991.
K. Sasaki, M. Tsukima and H. Masuhara. .Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, pages 37–39, 1997.
K. Sasaki, J. Hotta, K. Wada and H. Masuhara. .Opt. Lett., 25, pages 1385–1387, 2000.
M. P. Sheetz, editor. .Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1997.
S. B. Smith, Y. Cui and C. Bustamante..Science, 271, pages 795–799, 1996.
A. L. Stout and W. W. Webb. .Methods Cell Biol., 55, 99, 1997. in [@sheetz97].
J. A. Stratton. .McGraw–Hill, New York, 1941.
T. Sugiura and S. Kawata. .Bioimaging, 1, pages 1–5, 1993.
K. Svoboda and S. M. Block. .Opt. Lett., 19, pages 13–15, 1994.
T. Tamir. .Optik, 36, pages 209–232, 1972.
T. Tamir. .Optik, 37, pages 204–228, 1972.
H. C. van de Hulst. .Dover, New York, 1981.
M. Vilfan, I. Mus[ě]{}vi[č]{} and M. [Č]{} opi[č]{}. .Europhys. Lett., 43, pages 41–46, 1998.
K. Wada, K. Sasaki and H. Masuhara. .Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, pages 2815–2817, 2000.
J. Y. Walz. .Appl. Opt., 38, pages 5319–5330, 1999.
D. S. Weiss, V. Sandoghdar, J. Hare, V. Lefè vre-Seguin, J.M. Raimond and S. Haroche. .Opt. Lett., 20, pages 1835–1837, 1995.
A. D. Yaghjian. .Proc. IEEE, 68, pages 248–263, 1980.
[^1]: mnieto@@icmm.csic.es
[^2]: ricardo.arias@@imdea.org
[^3]: NSOM is also called SNOM, abbreviation for scanning near–field optical microscopy.
[^4]: For a better picture of this shift, see the grating case in Ref. [@yo01b].
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
THE DIRTY ARMY: Nik, I wanted to make everyone aware of Devin Wall in Terrace BC. This guy is one of the most disgusting men in this town. He is known around here as someone who has on numerous occasions, had sexual relations with boys under the age of 16 and tried to pursue others. When these young kids deny his advances he will stalk and harass them. The scariest part is that he now currently runs an lgbt group here, which many young people attend that are easily impressionable. It’s blatantly obvious he is using this group as a way to prey on these young people that may be insecure with their sexuality. Ask around, he has tried to sleep with numerous boys under the age of consent. I pray that parents do not allow their kids near this man because he is a predator. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/*
Package logrus is a structured logger for Go, completely API compatible with the standard library logger.
The simplest way to use Logrus is simply the package-level exported logger:
package main
import (
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)
func main() {
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"animal": "walrus",
"number": 1,
"size": 10,
}).Info("A walrus appears")
}
Output:
time="2015-09-07T08:48:33Z" level=info msg="A walrus appears" animal=walrus number=1 size=10
For a full guide visit https://github.com/sirupsen/logrus
*/
package logrus
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
[Effect of TNF-alpha and MMP-9 in the infiltration of eosinophil granulocyte in nasal polyps].
To study the expression and significance of TNF-alpha, MMP-9 and their relationship with the infiltration of eosinophil granulocyte in nasal polyps. The expression of TNF-alpha and MMP-9 was determined in tissues of nasal polyps from 30 patients(nasal polyps group) and in inferior turbinate mucosa tissues from 10 patients(control group) by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical technique, and the number of eosinophil granulocyte was counted in the same tissue by HE staining. Their correlations with each other were also analyzed in the tissue of nasal polyps. The number of TNF-alpha and MMP-9 positive cells and TNF-alpha positive blood vessels in nasal polyps were more than that in control group (P < 0.05). The number of both TNF-alpha positive cells and blood vessels had positive relationships with the number of eosinophil granulocyte, but there was only positive relationship between the number of MMP-9 positive cells and eosinophil granulocyte (P < 0.05). At the same time there was a positive relationship between the number of TNF-alpha and MMP-9 positive cells (P < 0.05). TNF-alpha and MMP-9 may play an important role in the pathological mechanism of nasal polyps. TNF-alpha may induce the expression of MMP-9 and promote the migration of eosinophil granulocyte. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Esta mañana, el autobús transfobo de la asociación de ultras católicos «Hazte oír» ha visitado Sevilla dentro de la gira que está haciendo para difundir el odio hacia las personas transexuales. Centenares de activistas se han dado cita para recordarles a los ultras que no son bienvenidos.
La Policía nacional ha hecho acto de presencia para proteger a los ultras católicos, y ha cargado a caballo contra los manifestantes a la altura de San Telmo. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
We use cookies to deliver our online services. Details of the cookies we use and instructions on how to disable them are set out in our Cookies Policy. By using this website you agree to our use of cookies. To close this message click close.
Michaël Lévy
Michaël Lévy advises on all aspects of real estate law. He has developed a seasoned experience in real estate investments, especially in the acquisition and sale of real estate assets, real estate portfolios and real estate companies relating to all types of assets such as offices, hotels, warehouses or shopping centres.
He has also acquired a strong expertise in creating real estate investment funds and setting up joint-ventures.
He specializes in commercial leases and advises on real estate management and more specifically on the drafting and negotiation of asset and property management agreements and management mandates. His activity also includes construction and development projects.
Finally, his expertise also includes real estate litigation and in particular commercial lease litigation.
Before joining Hogan Lovells in April 2017, as a partner , Michaël was a partner at Bersay & Associés law firm from 2014 to 2017. He was also a co-founding partner of Lawington law firm (2010). Before that, he practiced in the Clifford Chance's Paris real estate department for nine years and for two years as a senior broker with Keops (1999-2001). | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
In space, microgravity affects the central circulation in humans and induces a number of adaptive changes within the cardiovascular system. Previous investigations showed that the baroreflex sensitivity fluctuates along with altered blood volume distribution \[[@bib0005], [@bib0010], [@bib0015]\], which affects neural mechanisms involved in dynamic cardiovascular coordination. Several reports indicate that heart rate is maintained at preflight values \[[@bib0020], [@bib0025], [@bib0030]\] and that parasympathetic activity is reduced [@bib0020] in space. Cardiac output and stroke volume are reportedly increased in space as a result of an increase in preload to the heart induced by upper body fluid shift from the lower body segments with no major difference in sympathetic nerve activity [@bib0030]. However, high sympathetic nervous activity, measured invasively by microneurography in peroneal nerves, has been simultaneously detected in space in three astronauts [@bib0035] compared to the ground-based supine posture. Physiologic acclimation to space flight is a complex process involving multiple systems [@bib0040]. How the neural cardiovascular coordination adapts to the space environment is still poorly understood in humans.
When faced with a new environment, humans must first acclimate to it in order to survive. This includes the cardiovascular system. Adjustment to the new environment to improve quality of life follows, involving the autonomic, endocrine and immune systems, among others. But, as we reported previously [@bib0045], the "intrinsic" cardiovascular regulatory system, reflected by the fractal scaling of HRV \[[@bib0045], [@bib0050], [@bib0055]\], did not adapt to the new microgravity environment in space during long-duration (about 6-month) spaceflights. By contrast, after 6 months in space, the circadian rhythm of heart rate had adapted to the new microgravity environment in space [@bib0060], an important observation since disruption of circadian rhythms adversely affects human health \[[@bib0065], [@bib0070]\]. As humans plan for long-term space exploration, it is critical to ascertain that the regulatory system can function well in a microgravity environment.
The power-law fractal scaling of heart rate variability (HRV) relates to the autonomic [@bib0075], endocrine [@bib0075], immune, inflammatiory \[[@bib0080], [@bib0085]\], mental, cognitive [@bib0090], and behavioral systems, which operate at multiple frequency ranges, from the 1 Hz cardiac cycle to circadian and even secular variations, as part of a broad time structure, the chronome [@bib0095]. Herein, we examine how the space environment affects HRV in specific frequency regions, broken down into 8 different frequency ranges. We focus on the basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC), well known since Kleitman [@bib0100], who showed regularly occurring alternations between non-REM and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. The BRAC is involved in the functioning of the central nervous system and manifests time-dependent changes in human performance, including oral activity cycles (e.g., eating, drinking, smoking).
2. Methods {#sec0010}
==========
2.1. Subjects {#sec0015}
-------------
Ten healthy astronauts (8 men, 2 women) participated in this study. Their mean (± SD) age was 49.1 ± 4.2 years. Their mean stay in space was 171.8 ± 14.4 days. On the average, astronauts had already experienced spaceflight 0.9 ± 0.7 times and had passed class III physical examinations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This study obtained consent from all subjects and gained approval from the ethics committee jointly established by the Johnson Space Center and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). A detailed explanation of the study protocol was given to the subjects before they gave written, informed consent, according to the Declaration of Helsinki Principles.
2.2. Experimental protocols {#sec0020}
---------------------------
Ambulatory around-the-clock 24-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) records were obtained by using a two-channel Holter recorder (FM-180; Fukuda Denshi). Measurements were made five times: once before flight (Control), three times during flight (International Space Station (ISS) 01, ISS02, and ISS03), and once after return to Earth (After flight). The before-flight measurement session (Control) was conducted on days 234.4 ± 138.4 (63 to 469) before launch in all but one astronaut who had technical problems with his before-flight record. In his case, a replacement control record was obtained 3.5 years after return to Earth. The three measurement sessions during flight were taken on days 20.8 ± 2.9 (18 to 28, ISS01), 72.5 ± 3.9 (67 to 78, ISS02) and 152.8 ± 16.1 (139 to 188, ISS03) after launch, the latter corresponding to 19.1 ± 4.1 days (11 to 27) before return (ISS03). The last measurement session was performed on days 77.2 ± 14.4 (37 to 127 days) after return to Earth (After flight).
2.3. Analysis of heart rate variability and measurement of 1/f fluctuations in HR dynamics {#sec0025}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The measurement procedures and data collection were conducted as previously reported \[[@bib0045], [@bib0060]\]. Briefly, for HRV measurements, QRS waveforms were read from continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) records. The RR intervals between normal QRS waveforms were extracted as the normal-to-normal (NN) intervals. The measured NN intervals were A/D converted (125-Hz) with 8-ms time resolution. After the authors confirmed that all artifacts were actually removed and that the data excluded supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmia, frequency-domain measures [@bib0075] were obtained with the MemCalc/CHIRAM (Suwa Trust GMS, Tokyo, Japan) software [@bib0105].
Time series of NN intervals covering 5-min intervals were processed consecutively, and the spectral power in different frequency regions was computed, namely in the "high frequency (HF)" (0.15--0.40 Hz; spectral power centered around 3.6 sec), "low frequency (LF)" (0.04--0.15 Hz; spectral power centered around 10.5 sec), and "very low frequency (VLF)" (0.003--0.04 Hz; 25 sec to 5 min) regions of the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) spectrum. VLF power was further broken down into "VLF band-1" (0.005--0.02 Hz; 50 sec to 3.3 min), "VLF band-2" (0.02--0.03 Hz; 33 to 50 sec) and "VLF band-3" (0.03--0.15 Hz; 6.7 to 33 sec).
Time series of NN intervals were also processed consecutively in 180-min intervals, progressively displaced by 5 min, to estimate the "ultra-low frequency" (ULF) component (0.0001--0.003 Hz; periods of 2.8 hours to 5 min), further broken down into: "ULF band-1" (0.0001--0.0003 Hz; 166.7 to 55.5 min), "ULF band-2" (0.0003--0.001 Hz; 55.5 to 16.6 min), and "ULF band-3" (0.001--0.005 Hz; 16.6 to 3.3 min). Thus, 8 different frequency regions were examined: "HF", "LF", "VLF01", "VLF02", "VLF03", "ULF01", "ULF02", and "ULF03". Results representing each HRV component were averaged over the entire 24-hour.
To evaluate the 1/f^β^-type scaling in HRV, the log~10~\[power\] (ordinate) was plotted against log~10~\[frequency\] (abscissa) and a regression line fitted to estimate the slope β, as reported earlier [@bib0045]. Focus was placed on the frequency range of 0.0001--0.01 Hz (periods of 2.8 hours to 1.6 minutes), as previously reported [@bib0045].
2.4. Fit of 4-component cosine model {#sec0030}
------------------------------------
A multiple-component model consisting of cosine curves with anticipated periods of 24, 12, 8 and 1.5 hours was fitted to various HRV endpoints by cosinor [@bib0110] to assess their time structure and to determine how the latter may have been modified in space. The model includes the usually prominent circadian rhythm (24-hour period) and its first two harmonic terms with periods of 12 (circasemidian) and 8 (circaoctohoran) hours, as well as the BRAC (with a period of about 90-min). Using a (least squares) regression approach, the cosinor does not require the data to be equidistant, and can thus handle missing values in cases when artifacts prevented the computation of HRV endpoints in some of the 5-min or 180-min intervals. Analyses considered primarily the Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm (MESOR, a rhythm-adjusted mean) and the amplitude of each of the 4 components, as a measure of the extent of predictable change within each cycle. The 4-component model was fitted to 24-hour records of NN intervals, total power (TF), and power in the ULF (separately also in the ULF01, ULF02, and ULF03), VLF, LF, and HF regions of the MEM spectrum.
2.5. Inter-individual differences in HRV response to microgravity {#sec0035}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Consistent differences in various HRV endpoints were noted in the way astronauts responded to microgravity. Examination of the inter-individual differences prompted the classification of the 10 astronauts into 2 clearly distinct groups. Hence, the influence of the space environment was also assessed separately in each group.
2.6. Statistical analyses {#sec0040}
-------------------------
Since we previously showed that the fractal scaling of HRV did remain altered in space as compared to Earth during long-term (∼ 6-month) spaceflights, this study specifically examines the behavior of HRV in 8 different frequency regions of the spectrum (ULF01, ULF02, ULF03, VLF01, VLF02, VLF03, LF, and HF), which can be considered to provide independent information. Adjustment for multiple testing thus uses a P-value of 0.05/8 to indicate statistical significance, using Bonferroni\'s inequality to adjust for multiple testing. The same correction is applied to other HRV endpoints shown for the sake of completeness, noting the high degree of correlation existing among different indices. We test whether HRV endpoints differ between space and Earth while showing no change among the 3 records obtained in space.
In order to do so, estimates of HRV endpoints averaged over 24 hours were expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation). To minimize inter-individual differences in HR and HRV among the 10 astronauts that may obscure an effect of the space environment, 24-hour mean values of each variable were expressed as a percentage of mean, computed across the 5 sessions (before flight, ISS01, ISS02, ISS03, and after return to Earth) contributed by each astronaut. In this way, astronauts serve as their own longitudinal control. The two-sided paired-t and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures were applied on these relative values for the space vs. Earth difference and for comparing the 3 records in space, respectively.
Estimates of the MESOR and of the relative amplitude of each of the 4 anticipated components (with periods of 24, 12, 8, and 1.5 hours, expressed as a percentage of MESOR) of the selected HRV endpoints were considered as imputations for a comparison of HRV endpoints obtained during ISS03 versus before-flight. The statistical significance of change between the two sessions was determined using the 2-tailed paired t test. Inter-group differences were determined using the two-tailed Student t-test. P-values less than 0.05, adjusted for multiple testing according to Bonferroni\'s inequality, were considered to indicate statistical significance. The Stat Flex (Ver. 6) software (Artec Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was used.
3. Results {#sec0045}
==========
3.1. Change in time structure of heart rate variability during long-duration spaceflight {#sec0050}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average HRV endpoints during each of the 5 sessions are shown in [Table 1A](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}. Results from a comparison of their relative values between space and Earth and across the 3 sessions on the ISS are summarized in [Table 1B](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}. On average, among the 10 astronauts, no differences were found in HR (or NN) or in SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals. As reported earlier, the fractal scaling of HRV (slope β) was statistically significantly less steep in space than on Earth, while no changes were observed across the 3 records obtained in space, [Table 1A](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}, [Table 1B](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}. This result may be accounted for by the large space-Earth difference observed in the ULF frequency region of the spectrum, which is statistically significant for ULF02 and ULF03, as well as for ULF01 once it is normalized by the total spectral power (TF). These HRV endpoints did not differ among the 3 sessions recorded on the ISS, [Table 1A](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}, [Table 1B](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}. Of all the HRV endpoints considered herein, apart from β and the spectral power in the 3 ULF bands, only SDmean5 and SDmean30 show a lasting difference in space as compared to Earth, [Table 1A](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}, [Table 1B](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}.
Differences in β and the spectral power in the 3 ULF bands may stem from changes occurring around a frequency of one cycle in about 90 min. Indeed, β is computed over a frequency range centered around one cycle in about 90 min (1.7--166 min). Its absolute value decreased from 1.087 ± 0.130 (control, before flight) to 0.924 ± 0.095 (ISS03) (p \< 0.01). Correspondingly, ULF01/TF, also centered around 90 min, increased from 0.207 ± 0.053 to 0.310 ± 0.090, whereas ULF02/TF and ULF03/TF decreased from 0.189 ± 0.037 to 0.136 ± 0.030 and from 0.219 ± 0.035 to 0.151 ± 0.034, respectively.
3.2. Individual HRV response to microgravity associated with change in parasympathetic nerve activity {#sec0055}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individual 24-hour records of NN intervals (and hence instantaneous HR values) showed striking differences among the 10 astronauts. In 7 of them (Group 1), the 24-hour standard deviation (SD) of NN intervals was much lower (74.7--105.4 msec) than in the other 3 (Group 2) (171.7--196.0 msec) (Student t = 10.462, p \< 0.001). The two groups also differed in their average NN intervals (820. 8 ± 44.6 vs. 1023.2 ± 54.2, Student t = 2.610, p = 0.031). The inter-group difference in SD (NN) persisted during ISS01 (t = 3.451, p = 0.009), ISS02 (t = 4.615, p = 0.002), and ISS03 (t = 3.430, p = 0.009), as well as after return to Earth (t = 3.287, p = 0.011), when a difference in average NN intervals was also observed (t = 2.610, p = 0.031). Moreover, astronauts in Group 1 tended to respond to the space environment by increasing their average NN interval (decreasing their HR). The inter-group difference in response was statistically significant during ISS02 (t = 2.814, p = 0.023) and ISS03 (t = 3.515, p = 0.008), when the average NN intervals of all 7 astronauts of Group 1 was increased (on average by 85.4 ± 59.0 msec, t = 3.825, p = 0.009) and that of all 3 astronauts of Group 2 was decreased (on average by 41.9 ± 23.6 msec, t = 3.072, p = 0.092). [Table 2](#tbl0015){ref-type="table"} lists individual results during each of the 5 recordings, illustrating strong inter-individual differences in the HRV response to the space environment.
3.3. Power-law scaling β and ULF component of astronauts whose heart rate decreased in space {#sec0060}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As seen for all 10 astronauts, the absolute value of β was also statistically significantly decreased in space (ISS03: 0.944 ± 0.097) as compared to preflight (1.144 ± 0.102) for the 7 astronauts of Group 1. Their ULF02 and ULF03 power was statistically significantly decreased from 915.0 ± 320.4 msec^2^ to 673.6 ± 275.3 msec^2^ and from 1017.4 ± 268.1 msec^2^ to 647.6 ± 192.5 msec^2^, respectively. In Group 2, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the HRV endpoints.
3.4. Change in chronome components (notably the basic rest-activity cycle) of heart rate variability during long-duration exposure to microgravity in space {#sec0065}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Changes during the 6-month spaceflight in the relative amplitudes of the 24-, 12-, 8-, and 1.5-hour components, expressed as a percentage of the MESOR, are shown in [Table 3](#tbl0020){ref-type="table"} for NN intervals, β, TF, and the different frequency ranges of the spectrum. On the average, the 90-min amplitude of TF, ULF and ULF01 increased 2- to 3-fold in space in astronauts of Group 1, whereas it decreased in those of Group 2, [Table 3](#tbl0020){ref-type="table"}. During ISS03 as compared to preflight, the BRAC amplitude of TF increased from 154.9 ± 105.0 to 532.7 ± 301.3 msec^2^, or from 3.2 to 11.3% of MESOR (n = 7), that of ULF increased from 117.9 ± 57.5 to 442.4 ± 202.9 msec^2^, or from 4.1 to 15.8% of MESOR (n = 7) and that of ULF01 increased from 124.3 ± 82.8 to 427.6 ± 214.8 msec^2^, or from 8.9 to 31.2% of MESOR (n = 7). In astronauts of Group 2, the 90-min amplitude of ULF01 decreased from 801.6 ± 155.6 before flight to 452.0 ± 239.9 during ISS02, or from 30.8 to less than 20% of the MESOR in space (n = 3), [Table 3](#tbl0020){ref-type="table"}.
Two examples of the fitted model to the TF data are shown in [Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}, comparing the record during ISS03 (right) with the preflight record (left). In one case ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}A), the 90-min amplitude increased from 59.5 to 684.5 msec^2^, with practically no change in the circadian amplitude. In another case ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}B), the 90-min amplitude also increased from 71.4 to 754.5 msec^2^, but it was accompanied by an increase in the 24-hour amplitude from 529.8 to 3196.4 msec^2^.
3.5. Implications of heart rate response to space environment for adaptation to microgravity {#sec0070}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To better understand the meaning of a difference in HRV response to the space environment, we compared the characteristics of the 4-component model fitted to some HRV endpoints before flight and during ISS03 between Groups 1 and 2. Before flight, the MESOR of TF, ULF and VLF spectral power was statistically significantly lower, on average, in astronauts of Group 1 as compared to those of Group 2, [Table 4](#tbl0025){ref-type="table"}. These differences became smaller during ISS03, to the point of no longer reaching statistical significance, except for TF and VLF spectral power, [Table 4](#tbl0025){ref-type="table"}. In other words, the two groups differed less in space (ISS03) than before flight.
Before flight, the BRAC amplitude was found to be much smaller in Group 1 as compared to Group 2, the difference being statistically significant for all considered HRV endpoints, except for LF, [Table 4](#tbl0025){ref-type="table"} (left). During ISS03, the 90-min amplitude increased in Group 1 and mostly decreased in Group 2 (except for LF), so that differences between the two groups were no longer statistically significant after spending several months in space, [Table 4](#tbl0025){ref-type="table"} (right). Similar results were observed for the 24-hour amplitude, and to a lesser extent for the 12-hour and 8-hour amplitudes of these HRV endpoints. These results suggest that the HRV of astronauts in Group 2, but not in Group 1, may have been sufficiently large to be exposed to the space environment.
4. Discussion {#sec0075}
=============
Spaceflight dramatically alters cardiovascular dynamics, as illustrated by changes in HRV [@bib0060] and a less negative slope β of the fractal scaling [@bib0045] confirmed herein. Kleitman\'s about 90-min BRAC [@bib0100] was found to be amplified about 3-fold in space, notably among astronauts of Group 1, in keeping with a corresponding increase in ULF01/TF (0.0001--0.0003 Hz, i.e., 55--166 min) and corresponding decreases in ULF02/TF and ULF03/TF. Major changes observed in space all relate to the same frequency range centered around one cycle in about 90 min, including β.
Beyond the partly built-in circadian rhythms [@bib0115], there are many other oscillations of different frequencies, including the BRAC, observed in the sleep-wake (REM/NREM) cycle and also in heart rate variability. Some neuropeptides can have more prominent ultradian (with a frequency higher than one cycle per day; e.g., 8-hour periodicity) than circadian changes [@bib0120]. We previously showed that the circadian rhythm persisted in space in HR and β \[[@bib0045], [@bib0060]\]. Herein, we confirm the presence in space of 24-, 12-, and 8-hour components in several HRV endpoints by the fit of a model including 4 anticipated components.
The question may be raised, however, whether different daily routines before and during flight (including higher or lower frequency of physical activities) as well as different sleep patterns in space may have contributed to the findings [@bib0125]. Whereas further work is needed to address this question, it should be noted that the space environment had a different effect on astronauts from the 2 groups. Amplitudes of all 4 anticipated components were markedly increased in astronauts of Group 1, whereas they were mostly decreased in astronauts of Group 2. It thus seems unlikely that the daily routine on the ISS fully accounts for the results observed in this study.
Unlike short-term (\<24 h) analysis of HRV \[[@bib0125], [@bib0130], [@bib0135]\], transient changes of body movement related to the daily routine were not associated with measurements of long HRV signals, including the ULF and VLF components and the slope β. Aoyagi et al. \[[@bib0050], [@bib0055]\] reported that during both usual daily-routine and constant-routine protocols in healthy men, HRV at frequencies between 0.0033 Hz and 10^−3.5^ Hz (25 sec to 57 min periods) was behavior-independent, possibly reflecting intrinsic mechanisms of the regulatory system. Amaral LAN et al. [@bib0140] also reported that the complexity of heartbeat dynamics showed behavioral-independent features during a constant-routine protocol. As reported previously \[[@bib0125], [@bib0130], [@bib0135]\], however, body movement was lower and the HF component of HRV was higher during sleep than during wakefulness. The less negative slope β in space versus Earth was also seen more prominently during the awake span [@bib0045]. Future studies are thus needed to examine how different daily routines before and during flight, including different sleep patterns in space, may contribute to our findings herein.
The presence of the BRAC in HRV endpoints observed herein is supported by different studies in a number of physiological systems. Based on 24-hour polygraphic tracings, Othmer E et al. [@bib0145] inferred that the so-called sleep-dream cycle of human sleep is a general activity pattern of the brain. Bailey D et al. [@bib0150] found regular oscillations with periods of 1--2 hours in their subjects\' oxygen consumption. Orr WC et al. [@bib0155] noted that their subjects\' heart rate showed the same about 90-min periodicity in performance of a complex vigilance task. Hiatt JF and Kripke DF [@bib0160] reported on 90- to 120-min ultradian rhythms in gastric motility. Lavie P and Kripke DF [@bib0165] discerned a cycle of 80--133 min in urine flow of awake subjects. The rhythm in urine flow was, however, clearly out of phase with those of electrolyte concentrations and osmolarity. Lavie P and Scherson A [@bib0170] observed rhythmic variations in subjects\' ability to fall asleep throughout the day. Conversely, an expected variation in vigilance was reported by Okawa M et al., [@bib0175]; the ultradian rhythms in vigilance had periods of 90--120 min.
The BRAC may play an important and unique role in keeping the quality of life in space independently of or in conjunction with the circadian rhythm. It is involved in the functioning of the central nervous system which integrates many somatic, visceral, and neurobehavioral functions and manifests itself in the alternation of non-REM and REM sleep. Ultradians may be the basic signature of life [@bib0180].
Effects of space weather are enormous, which have acted as selective forces in humans on Earth and shaped human life as we know it today. Using 61 worldwide populations, Hancock AM et al. [@bib0185] elucidated the genetic basis for adaptation to the climate-mediated selection in a scan of the human genome. They identified genes that are key to the differentiation of brown adipocytes, and genes whose regulation makes a difference in response to ultraviolet radiation [@bib0185]. Among the circadian clock components, cryptochrome may have played a pivotal role in evolution because it coordinates light-induced effects and protects from hazards of ultraviolet radiation [@bib0190]. Brown adipocytes and their cryptochromes may not only be relevant to survival and adaptation, but they may also be targeted by natural selection [@bib0195]. Circadian clocks in brown adipocytes are relevant to mammalian adaptation and the cryptochromes in particular are of key importance because of their evolutionary roots of circadian clocks.
Brown adipose tissue expressing BRAC may be an active pacemaker tissue, participating in the arrangement of ultradian [@bib0200] to infradian [@bib0205] oscillations. Circadian clocks may thus be built on properties generating metabolic oscillations in the ultradian range [@bib0190]. Brown adipose tissue may be a site of interaction between metabolic and circadian systems. A non-transcriptional pathway for the metabolic cycle engages the circadian clock, thereby enhancing clock performance [@bib0210]. As cryptochromes are key components of the core of the transcription-translation feedback loops on which circadian clocks are built, the question may thus be raised whether the amplification of the BRAC in space observed herein is a sign of early adaptation to microgravity.
5. Conclusion {#sec0080}
=============
Whether the increase in space of the BRAC amplitude is a sign that the intrinsic autonomic regulatory system may start to adapt requires further investigation, as β remains disturbed throughout the 6-month spaceflight. Whether some features of the HRV may indicate suitability for space travel also deserves further work as the BRAC amplification in space was only observed in some but not all astronauts. Most HRV changes observed in space relate to a frequency window centered around one cycle in about 90 min, although astronauts follow regular 24-hour rest-activity and feeding schedules on the ISS. Since the BRAC component is amplified in space for only specific HRV endpoints, it is likely to represent a physiologic response rather than an artifact from the ISS orbit. If so, it may offer a way to help adaptation to microgravity during long-duration spaceflight.
Declarations {#sec0085}
============
Author contribution statement {#sec0090}
-----------------------------
Kuniaki Otsuka: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.
Germaine Cornelissen, Yutaka Kubo, Mitsutoshi Hayashi, Koichi Shibata, Koh Mizuno: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.
Satoshi Furukawa, Tatsuya Aiba, Hiroshi Ohshima, Chiaki Mukai: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Wrote the paper.
Competing interest statement {#sec0095}
----------------------------
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information {#sec0100}
----------------------
No additional information is available for this paper.
Funding statement {#sec0105}
-----------------
The JAXA Chronobiology Project was supported by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (KO, YK, MH, NY, KS, TA, SF, HO, CM), Halberg Chronobiology Fund (GC).
The authors thank Dr. I. Tayama and S. Ishida from the Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), for cooperation in our study. The authors also acknowledge the cooperation of the astronauts, the engineers, staff and managers of JAXA and NASA.
{ref-type="fig"}A), it is also amplified in another case ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}B). A fixed model is used, considering only anticipated periodicities. As such, the model is not optimal for any given record, even if on a group basis it conveys the behavior of components that are the most commonly detected in such records. Because it is a fixed model, the residual variance may exhibit lack of fit. Nevertheless, the amplitude of the about 90-min component is increased during ISS03 in astronauts of Group 1, when it resembles that of astronauts of Group 2.](gr1){#fig0005}
######
Change in characteristics of heart rate variability associated with 6-month mission in space: Numerical results.^\*^
Table 1A
Variable Units Target period (range) n Control (Before flight) ISS01 ISS02 ISS03 After flight
---------------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
Time- domain measures HR (beats/min) 24 hours 10 69.9 10.9 66.7 8.5 66.9 7.0 66.6 7.4 69.2 8.9
NN-interval (msec) 24 hours 10 878.2 146.7 914.1 126.4 906.4 97.6 911.9 104.3 880.5 120.9
SDNN (msec) 24 hours 10 132.5 45.2 148.4 29.5 140.1 52.6 151.0 43.2 144.7 43.5
SDANN (5 min) (msec) 24 hours 10 115.8 43.6 129.0 27.0 121.4 46.0 130.0 39.3 125.1 43.2
SDANN (30 min) (msec) 24 hours 10 109.3 44.2 125.2 27.1 117.9 44.7 129.1 38.5 116.8 44.6
TINN (msec) 24 hours 10 571.5 178.9 638.0 144.9 523.5 186.7 552.7 128.7 612.3 146.9
HRVI (--) 24 hours 10 35.7 11.2 39.9 9.1 32.7 11.7 34.5 8.0 38.3 9.2
Triangular Index (TI) (--) 24 hours 10 34.2 10.4 38.3 9.2 30.8 10.8 31.8 7.2 36.8 9.0
Lorenz Plot Length (msec) 24 hours 10 627.9 228.3 690.7 160.7 659.0 284.5 745.0 252.2 707.1 234.9
Lorenz Plot Width (msec) 24 hours 10 54.9 16.5 50.9 15.6 51.5 13.7 61.7 15.9 58.9 15.8
Length/Width ratio (--) 24 hours 10 11.5 2.5 14.5 4.2 13.0 4.9 12.5 4.2 12.5 4.8
SDNN index (30 min) (msec) 30 min 10 72.3 19.1 66.6 16.7 63.9 15.1 68.0 17.6 76.6 17.4
SDNN index (5 min) (msec) 5 min 10 56.5 14.8 53.1 13.2 50.9 11.3 55.1 13.4 58.8 13.4
CVNN (%) 5 min 10 16.3 5.1 17.5 4.9 16.0 4.6 17.3 3.6 17.7 5.9
r-MSSD (msec) 5 min 10 23.9 5.9 23.1 5.9 22.6 5.2 26.4 5.8 24.7 6.6
NN50 (number) 5 min 10 4048.2 2841.3 3603.4 2514.5 3142.4 2605.1 4442.1 2610.0 4226.3 2616.1
pNN50 (%) 5 min 10 4.360 3.536 4.050 3.143 3.430 2.819 5.820 3.594 5.090 4.260
Frequency- domain measures \|β\| (log(msec^2^)/log(Hz)) 90 min (1.7--166 min) 10 1.087 0.130 0.977 0.098 0.910 0.130 0.924 0.095 1.135 0.147
TF-component msec^2^ 90 min (2 sec--166 min) 10 6417.1 3238.0 5932.1 2453.4 5297.5 2806.2 6530.9 3562.3 6897.6 2823.3
ULF-component msec^2^ 90 min (5--166 min) 10 3479.8 1636.4 3255.5 1295.1 2857.4 1982.5 3624.3 2362.4 3815.4 1605.2
ULF01 msec^2^ 90 min (55--166 min) 10 1361.2 775.7 1788.0 747.4 1450.9 1146.7 2080.8 1399.7 1389.3 640.7
ULF02 msec^2^ 36 min (17--55 min) 10 1190.3 561.6 885.2 433.2 849.6 561.5 878.2 520.4 1378.1 548.7
ULF03 msec^2^ 10 min (3--17 min) 10 1360.3 596.7 920.2 522.1 868.0 488.2 1034.7 764.3 1533.5 860.7
VLF-component msec^2^ 5 min (25 sec--5 min) 10 2113.7 1361.6 1928.7 1034.7 1741.5 827.4 2105.8 1211.2 2210.5 1127.5
VLF01 msec^2^ 2 min (50 sec-3.3 min) 10 1177.2 834.2 1114.4 605.5 1002.5 464.8 1245.3 758.5 1209.6 666.5
VLF02 msec^2^ 42 sec (33--50 sec) 10 291.9 185.9 275.2 151.7 250.3 132.3 287.6 147.5 297.8 134.0
VLF03 msec^2^ 20 sec (6.7--33 sec) 10 911.3 425.2 836.9 416.2 773.5 367.4 864.6 389.8 960.4 391.9
LF-component msec^2^ 15 sec (6--25 sec) 10 698.8 316.1 635.8 329.3 595.8 296.1 661.1 306.0 742.9 310.6
HF-component msec^2^ 4.3 sec (2.5--6 sec) 10 116.5 55.1 104.6 60.2 94.9 45.9 127.6 63.7 120.1 52.2
LF/HF ratio (--) 10 6.428 2.711 6.398 1.760 6.305 0.744 5.606 1.761 6.506 2.129
ULF/TF (--) 90 min (5--166 min) 10 0.549 0.079 0.556 0.071 0.511 0.123 0.542 0.091 0.557 0.092
ULF01/TF (--) 90 min (55--166 min) 10 0.207 0.053 0.314 0.078 0.251 0.095 0.310 0.090 0.202 0.070
ULF02/TF (--) 36 min (17--55 min) 10 0.189 0.037 0.145 0.025 0.154 0.051 0.136 0.030 0.204 0.045
ULF03/TF (--) 10 min (3--17 min) 10 0.219 0.035 0.151 0.034 0.164 0.024 0.151 0.034 0.219 0.047
VLF-/TF (--) 5 min (25 sec--5 min) 10 0.316 0.057 0.319 0.064 0.347 0.088 0.323 0.055 0.312 0.065
VLF01/TF (--) 2 min (50 sec-3.3 min) 10 0.173 0.041 0.186 0.043 0.200 0.050 0.189 0.039 0.169 0.042
VLF02/TF (--) 42 sec (33--50 sec) 10 0.044 0.010 0.045 0.013 0.051 0.021 0.045 0.011 0.043 0.013
VLF03/TF (--) 20 sec (6.7--33 sec) 10 0.147 0.045 0.139 0.038 0.159 0.055 0.143 0.055 0.143 0.047
LF-/TF (--) 15 sec (6--25 sec) 10 0.114 0.039 0.106 0.034 0.122 0.044 0.110 0.047 0.111 0.040
HF-/TF (--) 4.3 sec (2.5--6 sec) 10 0.019 0.009 0.018 0.007 0.020 0.008 0.023 0.014 0.018 0.008
^\*^For definition of HRV endpoints, see [@bib0075].
######
Comparison of relative HRV endpoints in Space and on Earth.[\*](#tblfn0005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Table 1B
*Means (10 astronauts)* Space vs. Earth ISS01-03
----------- ------------------------- -------- -------- ----------------- ---------- -------- -------- ------- ---------- ------- -------
Primary endpoints
ULF01 83.36 121.19 81.97 124.52 88.95 86.16 109.23 1.933 NS 3.106 NS
ULF02 115.85 85.24 76.54 85.12 137.25 126.55 82.30 6.265 0.001 0.431 NS
ULF03 123.56 80.66 75.23 84.86 135.70 129.63 80.25 7.344 \< 0.001 0.924 NS
VLF01 97.16 99.97 91.02 107.01 104.83 101.00 99.34 0.250 NS 2.135 NS
VLF02 100.69 97.34 90.57 103.60 107.80 104.24 97.17 1.354 NS 2.141 NS
VLF03 104.67 94.54 90.20 99.38 111.21 107.94 94.71 2.345 NS 1.327 NS
LF 105.48 93.15 90.01 98.99 112.37 108.92 94.05 2.160 NS 1.153 NS
HF 103.99 90.11 85.09 112.54 108.27 106.13 95.91 1.121 NS 4.582 NS
Secondary endpoints
TF 102.32 97.44 83.44 103.19 113.61 107.96 94.69 2.482 NS 3.778 NS
ULF 102.95 99.96 78.42 103.52 115.15 109.05 93.97 1.910 NS 2.621 NS
VLF 100.96 96.99 88.87 103.20 109.98 105.47 96.36 1.630 NS 2.321 NS
ULF/TF 101.16 103.07 93.37 99.96 102.44 101.80 98.80 0.906 NS 1.214 NS
ULF01/TF 81.13 124.29 96.43 119.89 78.25 79.69 113.54 4.376 0.014 2.416 NS
ULF02/TF 114.49 88.38 91.39 82.87 122.87 118.68 87.55 6.199 0.001 0.562 NS
ULF03/TF 121.54 83.79 91.27 83.26 120.15 120.84 86.11 6.945 0.001 1.100 NS
VLF/TF 97.60 99.31 107.00 100.06 96.03 96.81 102.12 1.145 NS 0.555 NS
VLF01/TF 93.69 101.89 109.48 103.35 91.59 92.64 104.91 2.137 NS 0.397 NS
VLF02/TF 96.91 100.07 108.81 100.47 93.74 95.32 103.12 1.530 NS 0.621 NS
VLF03/TF 101.92 96.84 107.65 97.09 96.50 99.21 100.53 0.175 NS 1.169 NS
LF/TF 102.99 95.35 107.26 96.97 97.42 100.21 99.86 0.038 NS 1.189 NS
HF/TF 101.09 92.76 102.21 109.37 94.58 97.83 101.45 0.436 NS 1.312 NS
LF/HF 100.55 102.16 103.28 89.54 104.47 102.51 98.33 0.484 NS 1.974 NS
HR 102.68 98.28 98.82 98.22 102.00 102.34 98.44 1.793 NS 0.043 NS
NN 97.40 101.77 101.19 101.64 98.00 97.70 101.53 1.788 NS 0.035 NS
CVRR 94.98 103.46 94.89 102.43 104.23 99.61 100.26 0.119 NS 0.613 NS
SDNN 91.44 106.14 96.17 105.38 100.86 96.15 102.57 1.139 NS 1.053 NS
r-MSSD 98.74 95.33 93.78 110.11 102.04 100.39 99.74 0.161 NS 4.545 NS
NN 105.87 100.09 97.18 96.38 100.48 103.17 97.88 1.544 NS 0.698 NS
NN50 104.53 92.78 79.83 113.64 110.59 107.56 94.28 1.093 NS 1.980 NS
NN50+ 96.13 92.98 78.64 126.63 105.63 100.88 99.42 0.113 NS 2.541 NS
NN50- 95.24 82.15 75.63 137.51 109.47 102.36 98.43 0.257 NS 4.117 NS
pNN50 90.37 87.90 77.29 135.50 108.94 99.65 100.23 0.035 NS 3.388 NS
pNN50+ 87.99 93.91 79.83 130.65 107.61 97.80 101.46 0.233 NS 2.578 NS
pNN50− 90.21 86.15 73.10 140.81 109.74 99.97 100.02 0.002 NS 4.296 NS
SDANN5 92.10 107.08 95.96 104.85 100.01 96.05 102.63 1.046 NS 1.187 NS
SDANN30 90.01 107.93 96.77 108.65 96.63 93.32 104.45 1.537 NS 1.339 NS
SDmean5 102.51 96.81 93.19 100.27 107.22 104.87 96.76 4.004 0.025 3.693 NS
SDmean30 103.63 95.80 92.12 97.68 110.77 107.20 95.20 6.551 0.001 1.954 NS
N 94.98 99.95 106.92 107.43 90.72 92.85 104.77 2.359 NS 1.181 NS
X 98.29 100.10 100.54 98.89 102.18 100.24 99.84 0.184 NS 0.237 NS
M 96.69 105.11 98.51 101.23 98.46 97.58 101.61 2.598 NS 3.447 NS
TINN 97.65 111.12 88.84 95.94 106.45 102.05 98.63 0.898 NS 6.227 0.048
HRVI 97.64 111.14 88.83 95.95 106.44 102.04 98.64 0.891 NS 6.241 0.047
TI 98.60 112.06 88.28 93.14 107.92 103.26 97.83 1.374 NS 7.098 0.027
Length 90.65 103.84 94.15 108.23 103.14 96.89 102.07 0.823 NS 1.231 NS
Width 97.90 91.20 92.98 111.42 106.50 102.20 98.53 0.766 NS 4.756 NS
Len/Wid 91.94 113.80 101.01 96.52 96.73 94.34 103.78 1.606 NS 1.371 NS
Trend (β) 108.03 97.23 90.33 91.80 112.61 110.32 93.12 4.298 0.016 1.958 NS
P-values adjusted for multiple testing, using Bonferroni\'s inequality, considering that 8 different tests were conducted (in 8 independent frequency regions).
Secondary endpoints also used the same correcting factor, considering the large correlation among different endpoints, shown here for sake of completeness only (rather than for testing per se).
For definition of HRV endpoints, see [@bib0075].
24-hour mean HRV endpoints expressed as a percentage of 5-session average for each astronaut, then averaged during each session across the 10 astronauts.
######
Individual HRV responses of astronauts.[\*](#tblfn0010){ref-type="table-fn"}
Table 2
Subjects Variables units Control (Before flight) ISS01 ISS02 ISS03 After flight
-------------- ------------ ------------ ------------------------- ------- ------- ------- -------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------ ------
Group 1 Case 1 Heart Rate (b/min) 74.8 10.6 81.5 16.1 75.5 7.3 71.6 12.2 73.5 16.9
r-MSSD (msec) 23.1 8.2 22.6 5.7 23.3 5.3 27.0 7.1 28.9 9.3
pNN50 (%) 3.9 5.9 3.2 2.8 3.4 2.5 5.4 3.8 8.0 6.2
HF-component msec^2^ 127.5 112.9 92.1 54.3 100.4 49.7 127.5 61.1 193.1 103.4
LF/HF ratio (--) 6.0 3.4 6.6 3.0 7.1 2.7 7.3 3.7 4.9 2.5
Case 2 Heart Rate (b/min) 78.8 13.5 67.0 9.2 77.7 9.8 74.8 7.1 78.1 10.0
r-MSSD (msec) 23.3 7.6 29.5 6.7 23.6 6.3 26.1 6.6 23.8 7.4
pNN50 (%) 4.5 4.8 8.4 5.2 4.4 3.8 6.0 5.9 4.8 4.7
HF-component msec^2^ 169.1 114.7 235.0 106.9 162.5 101.9 239.4 170.0 165.1 123.1
LF/HF ratio (--) 6.0 4.1 6.0 3.0 6.5 3.5 5.4 3.1 6.3 4.4
Case 3 Heart Rate (b/min) 89.9 11.9 72.2 14.4 70.9 8.0 78.5 12.5 82.3 7.5
r-MSSD (msec) 22.9 3.9 20.3 6.6 18.2 4.5 32.9 13.7 19.2 4.7
pNN50 (%) 3.0 2.5 2.4 3.7 1.4 2.2 13.1 13.8 1.5 2.0
HF-component msec^2^ 105.3 48.0 86.0 49.3 71.3 34.3 180.1 153.0 98.0 64.0
LF/HF ratio (--) 5.8 2.8 5.8 3.6 6.2 3.8 3.3 2.6 6.2 3.2
Case 4 Heart Rate (b/min) 77.3 10.0 70.3 15.0 64.9 6.2 66.4 14.6 66.9 6.1
r-MSSD (msec) 16.8 4.9 17.8 3.9 19.7 3.7 20.2 4.4 23.0 6.2
pNN50 (%) 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.8 3.8 3.8
HF-component msec^2^ 55.7 33.2 56.3 27.7 74.0 30.1 69.2 29.3 102.7 66.9
LF/HF ratio (--) 13.4 7.2 10.7 6.1 7.4 3.2 9.2 5.5 8.1 4.6
Case 5 Heart Rate (b/min) 61.6 5.1 59.9 6.7 56.5 9.0 57.2 6.7 62.1 10.6
r-MSSD (msec) 15.9 2.9 11.9 2.2 15.1 3.7 15.2 3.6 13.1 3.8
pNN50 (%) 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.7
HF-component msec^2^ 37.9 15.7 22.0 10.3 31.5 15.3 31.8 17.1 26.2 19.2
LF/HF ratio (--) 4.6 2.7 7.5 4.6 7.5 4.6 6.6 4.7 7.4 4.8
Case 6 Heart Rate (b/min) 69.0 7.4 62.4 6.7 67.7 12.9 63.4 12.4 71.7 12.0
r-MSSD (msec) 19.0 4.4 22.3 7.1 20.4 5.7 31.1 8.5 23.4 5.6
pNN50 (%) 1.8 1.8 3.5 4.1 2.3 2.6 10.2 6.8 4.0 3.6
HF msec^2^ 69.1 38.6 90.6 54.7 84.7 62.6 144.5 88.9 110.2 55.0
LF/HF ratio (--) 10.8 6.4 8.7 5.4 8.9 5.2 5.7 3.3 12.2 7.3
Case 7 Heart Rate (b/min) 64.6 5.4 66.2 10.4 64.5 5.9 62.9 5.6 66.6 6.4
r-MSSD (msec) 21.3 3.8 25.2 7.1 18.1 5.5 22.6 4.6 18.8 3.5
pNN50 (%) 2.2 1.8 5.7 5.4 1.5 2.1 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.3
HF-component msec^2^ 79.1 32.9 85.6 42.3 50.4 25.2 78.2 30.6 62.6 25.5
LF/HF ratio (--) 5.9 3.8 4.7 3.0 6.1 3.7 4.8 2.7 7.5 4.7
Group 2 Case 8 Heart Rate (b/min) 65.8 13.5 65.5 11.2 69.4 15.8 67.7 14.4 64.5 7.2
r-MSSD (msec) 28.8 9.7 21.0 4.8 28.1 4.7 25.2 6.3 36.8 6.0
pNN50 (%) 8.4 9.1 2.4 2.4 6.5 3.7 4.8 4.8 15.3 6.2
HF-component msec^2^ 160.9 129.4 73.4 39.9 91.7 39.5 90.7 48.2 163.1 65.9
LF/HF ratio (--) 8.6 6.9 10.3 7.3 6.7 3.3 8.4 4.9 5.9 2.7
Case 9 Heart Rate (b/min) 67.8 16.5 71.8 19.0 65.2 10.5 66.4 13.0 76.6 23.0
r-MSSD (msec) 33.6 12.5 27.6 8.4 32.9 8.0 32.7 10.6 27.7 10.3
pNN50 (%) 12.2 11.3 7.0 6.4 11.1 8.0 10.9 9.7 7.3 8.8
HF-component msec^2^ 200.7 137.5 147.7 80.0 179.8 92.5 201.3 135.5 123.1 90.0
LF/HF ratio (--) 7.8 4.2 7.5 3.7 7.2 3.1 6.3 2.7 8.9 4.5
Case 10 Heart Rate (b/min) 51.6 8.5 49.8 7.0 57.1 17.9 54.4 13.5 53.1 7.4
r-MSSD (msec) 35.3 8.8 32.9 6.5 26.5 6.3 31.6 7.7 31.7 6.6
pNN50 (%) 13.2 8.8 10.9 6.4 5.0 4.3 9.7 6.7 9.7 6.2
HF-component msec^2^ 161.7 78.7 157.7 55.6 102.4 42.6 119.9 45.2 139.8 60.2
LF/HF ratio (--) 6.7 4.7 5.7 3.6 6.0 3.6 6.3 3.6 6.9 4.7
r-MSSD: square root of mean squared differences of successive NN intervals; pNN50: fraction of consecutive NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms; HF-component: spectral power centered around 3.6 sec; LF/HF ratio: ratio of low-frequency (LF, centered around 10.5 sec) and high-frequency (HF) spectral power; all indices obtained from 5-min segments, averaged over the entire 24-hour span.
Astronauts were grouped in terms of their NN records (see text). Each record contains 254 to 286 values, except for case 8 after return to Earth (N = 70 or 71).
######
Change in relative amplitude of 24-, 12-, 8-, and 1.5-hour components of some HRV endpoints during 6-month mission in space.[\*](#tblfn0015){ref-type="table-fn"}
Table 3
Group 1 (N = 7)
---------- ----------------- -------- ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------------- ------- -----------
NN
24h-A 8.07 12.52 9.80 12.51 9.85 8.96 11.61 1.940 NS 2.332 NS
12h-A 5.14 5.95 6.26 6.70 6.70 5.92 6.30 0.399 NS 1.749 NS
8h-A 3.74 4.42 3.03 4.31 3.66 3.70 3.92 0.219 NS 0.831 NS
1.5h-A 0.94 1.16 0.99 1.61 1.42 1.18 1.25 0.294 NS 1.977 NS
β
24h-A 18.35 20.67 20.86 20.48 19.60 18.98 20.67 0.275 NS 0.250 NS
12h-A 13.31 19.97 20.67 19.06 12.45 12.88 19.90 1.195 NS 0.843 NS
8h-A 13.67 13.35 12.31 12.07 12.25 12.96 12.58 0.380 NS 0.581 NS
1.5h-A 2.07 1.68 1.76 1.99 1.33 1.70 1.81 0.326 NS 0.222 NS
TF
24h-A 24.59 56.39 53.79 62.60 33.99 29.29 57.59 3.978 **0.044** 2.326 NS
12h-A 23.94 43.43 44.11 49.68 28.03 25.98 45.74 2.531 NS 1.916 NS
8h-A 18.99 38.89 39.86 41.00 19.76 19.38 39.92 5.149 **0.013** 2.877 0.169
1.5h-A 3.17 8.14 7.76 11.29 4.93 4.05 9.06 3.367 ***0.091*** 3.240 0.106
ULF
24h-A 37.33 97.94 72.79 104.14 49.16 43.25 91.62 3.686 ***0.062*** 2.382 NS
12h-A 33.64 84.49 66.30 88.82 37.76 35.70 79.87 3.417 ***0.085*** 2.644 NS
8h-A 30.91 63.26 54.71 60.19 32.81 31.86 59.39 3.484 ***0.078*** 2.278 NS
1.5h-A 4.06 11.14 8.47 15.80 5.71 4.88 11.80 7.485 **0.002** 4.923 **0.016**
ULF01
24h-A 42.91 158.90 95.59 166.67 43.62 43.26 140.39 4.465 **0.026** 2.601 NS
12h-A 41.33 144.99 92.88 145.30 43.58 42.46 127.72 3.302 ***0.098*** 2.188 NS
8h-A 39.90 110.80 74.42 105.45 40.78 40.34 96.89 3.014 0.141 2.145 NS
1.5h-A 8.87 22.71 16.30 31.32 11.55 10.21 23.44 4.706 **0.020** 4.052 **0.040**
ULF02
24h-A 44.92 61.12 70.78 51.16 71.49 58.20 61.02 0.549 NS 0.742 NS
12h-A 44.73 55.49 58.22 48.84 49.83 47.28 54.18 0.778 NS 0.426 NS
8h-A 34.01 32.05 47.92 35.97 51.07 42.54 38.65 0.655 NS 0.183 NS
1.5h-A 4.44 4.71 4.79 6.13 4.76 4.60 5.21 0.917 NS 1.647 NS
ULF03
24h-A 62.70 36.69 40.41 49.54 67.57 65.13 42.22 2.574 NS 0.772 NS
12h-A 41.72 32.60 26.97 28.96 34.97 38.35 29.51 1.480 NS 1.653 NS
8h-A 29.02 19.52 26.48 33.48 26.66 27.84 26.49 0.178 NS 0.529 NS
1.5h-A 3.01 2.01 2.38 3.01 2.50 2.75 2.47 0.621 NS 0.008 NS
ULF/TF
24h-A 17.86 28.05 20.27 18.86 14.31 16.09 22.39 1.938 NS 0.228 NS
12h-A 16.58 25.73 20.24 22.24 15.18 15.88 22.74 1.659 NS 1.168 NS
8h-A 16.19 15.74 15.62 13.76 11.14 13.67 15.04 0.514 NS 0.557 NS
1.5h-A 3.97 4.83 4.87 5.28 3.75 3.86 4.99 1.753 NS 0.869 NS
ULF01/TF
24h-A 45.30 68.04 31.24 71.25 88.99 67.14 56.84 0.507 NS 1.408 NS
12h-A 32.19 67.20 41.99 59.94 27.71 29.95 56.38 2.437 NS 1.721 NS
8h-A 34.96 41.44 30.34 47.92 29.27 32.11 39.90 0.950 NS 1.299 NS
1.5h-A 10.25 10.52 11.04 14.97 7.09 8.67 12.18 2.771 NS 1.772 NS
ULF02/TF
24h-A 35.43 29.49 33.98 18.14 30.42 32.93 27.20 1.266 NS 3.291 0.100
12h-A 33.34 30.88 26.52 28.13 27.31 30.32 28.51 0.319 NS 0.646 NS
8h-A 15.88 15.95 18.20 27.22 33.30 24.59 20.45 0.963 NS 1.769 NS
1.5h-A 6.22 6.01 5.94 6.98 7.83 7.02 6.31 0.658 NS 0.424 NS
ULF03/TF
24h-A 53.53 24.10 26.26 41.43 39.95 46.74 30.60 3.376 **0.090** 1.266 NS
12h-A 26.80 22.56 13.09 16.51 18.06 22.43 17.39 1.215 NS 1.599 NS
8h-A 16.01 13.82 14.19 17.23 23.01 19.51 15.08 1.052 NS 0.363 NS
1.5h-A 5.33 4.07 5.23 6.62 4.51 4.92 5.31 0.491 NS 1.837 NS
VLF
24h-A 29.89 41.13 38.29 42.63 34.64 32.27 40.68 0.859 NS 1.013 NS
12h-A 20.71 24.11 20.84 29.59 21.58 21.15 24.85 0.964 NS 1.102 NS
8h-A 17.50 26.51 25.08 33.56 10.67 14.08 28.38 2.857 NS 1.621 NS
1.5h-A 9.68 17.06 14.18 17.14 11.36 10.52 16.13 1.717 NS 1.436 NS
LF
24h-A 18.12 15.07 18.21 24.30 27.81 22.97 19.19 1.267 NS 0.760 NS
12h-A 14.30 18.91 13.14 17.69 24.28 19.29 16.58 0.729 NS 0.639 NS
8h-A 19.79 14.11 11.82 17.08 22.48 21.14 14.34 1.485 NS 0.524 NS
1.5h-A 7.24 7.96 5.75 8.92 5.88 6.56 7.54 0.802 NS 0.952 NS
HF
24h-A 26.30 27.31 26.59 55.76 36.39 31.35 36.56 0.482 NS 1.266 NS
12h-A 18.17 17.89 20.99 38.32 30.69 24.43 25.73 0.152 NS 1.794 NS
8h-A 16.34 17.95 16.92 25.72 18.22 17.28 20.20 0.635 NS 1.502 NS
1.5h-A 6.79 6.77 6.85 10.87 12.54 9.67 8.16 0.647 NS 1.358 NS
LF/HF
24h-A 24.67 24.76 14.48 26.18 23.65 24.16 21.81 0.564 NS 0.289 NS
12h-A 11.93 15.23 10.84 15.63 12.33 12.13 13.90 0.596 NS 1.087 NS
8h-A 10.44 13.20 13.98 10.21 8.82 9.63 12.46 1.959 NS 0.054 NS
1.5h-A 9.06 11.16 5.31 11.39 11.76 10.41 9.29 1.775 NS 0.875 NS
Group 2 (N = 3)
---------- ----------------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------------- ------- -------------
NN
24h-A 19.82 15.86 17.48 18.32 17.99 18.91 17.22 0.621 NS 0.499 NS
12h-A 5.80 8.78 9.45 8.40 8.80 7.30 8.88 1.113 NS 0.777 NS
8h-A 3.61 4.28 4.35 3.83 4.14 3.88 4.15 0.271 NS 0.129 NS
1.5h-A 1.06 1.62 1.90 2.40 1.90 1.48 1.97 1.907 NS 2.546 NS
β
24h-A 37.55 24.94 30.95 35.59 31.28 34.42 30.49 0.406 NS 0.210 NS
12h-A 23.78 29.58 30.72 27.21 17.56 20.67 29.17 1.394 NS 0.486 NS
8h-A 19.68 17.39 15.66 16.70 18.84 19.26 16.58 0.455 NS 1.043 NS
1.5h-A 2.24 2.11 1.86 1.67 1.75 1.99 1.88 0.317 NS 0.557 NS
TF
24h-A 60.22 31.50 51.61 39.07 35.60 47.91 40.73 0.760 NS 1.368 NS
12h-A 48.94 17.76 45.86 50.37 33.90 41.42 38.00 0.338 NS 0.043 NS
8h-A 47.92 26.41 35.01 33.84 18.12 33.02 31.75 0.916 NS 7.198 **0.002**
1.5h-A 9.80 3.28 5.68 7.49 4.73 7.27 5.48 2.802 0.186 0.732 NS
ULF
24h-A 87.09 53.23 73.05 58.51 45.77 66.43 61.60 0.283 NS 0.861 NS
12h-A 75.45 44.29 65.30 71.00 38.67 57.06 60.20 0.238 NS 0.128 NS
8h-A 76.57 46.30 55.71 63.55 35.12 55.85 55.19 0.085 NS 2.082 NS
1.5h-A 13.05 8.83 8.23 5.60 6.02 9.54 7.55 1.275 NS 3.629 ***0.066***
ULF01
24h-A 108.64 71.78 88.03 96.08 32.58 70.61 85.30 0.967 NS 0.375 NS
12h-A 120.47 64.16 92.57 121.20 57.76 89.12 92.64 0.269 NS 0.050 NS
8h-A 114.42 72.49 91.25 107.47 59.20 86.81 90.40 0.182 NS 0.339 NS
1.5h-A 30.75 17.55 16.54 12.27 12.29 21.52 15.45 2.639 NS 6.623 **0.003**
ULF02
24h-A 115.88 41.77 77.19 41.78 79.06 97.47 53.58 3.810 ***0.053*** 4.063 **0.040**
12h-A 103.51 39.62 54.65 41.31 47.27 75.39 45.19 4.227 **0.033** 3.225 0.108
8h-A 64.38 33.04 41.18 37.45 36.76 50.57 37.22 2.777 NS 2.236 NS
1.5h-A 10.37 5.16 7.12 3.82 5.24 7.81 5.37 1.047 NS 2.217 NS
ULF03
24h-A 65.84 32.72 48.60 36.56 44.94 55.39 39.29 0.675 NS 0.810 NS
12h-A 79.34 15.71 44.70 43.96 26.36 52.85 34.79 1.003 NS 0.886 NS
8h-A 55.65 21.07 21.60 35.66 26.79 41.22 26.11 1.023 NS 0.677 NS
1.5h-A 2.73 3.12 1.96 2.71 2.02 2.37 2.60 0.483 NS 0.008 NS
ULF/TF
24h-A 24.97 22.74 29.37 31.76 29.00 26.99 27.96 0.107 NS 0.958 NS
12h-A 23.48 26.92 26.49 26.60 15.56 19.52 26.67 3.320 ***0.096*** 0.328 NS
8h-A 23.18 20.18 17.73 17.54 19.29 21.23 18.48 0.726 NS 1.441 NS
1.5h-A 3.93 4.16 8.16 5.99 6.37 5.15 6.11 0.615 NS 0.676 NS
ULF01/TF
24h-A 42.32 44.30 48.37 50.48 31.22 36.77 47.72 0.776 NS 1.437 NS
12h-A 47.50 46.01 42.67 58.27 39.76 43.63 48.98 0.904 NS 1.354 NS
8h-A 50.49 55.09 50.52 49.11 49.18 49.83 51.57 0.267 NS 0.354 NS
1.5h-A 9.85 11.57 18.14 11.70 9.94 9.90 13.81 1.159 NS 0.450 NS
ULF02/TF
24h-A 30.10 29.26 41.42 27.29 54.72 42.41 32.66 1.034 NS 0.825 NS
12h-A 56.17 26.10 26.97 25.47 35.02 45.60 26.18 2.146 NS 2.269 NS
8h-A 22.72 13.42 10.26 17.50 42.38 32.55 13.73 13.648 **\<0.001** 1.159 NS
1.5h-A 8.32 4.50 5.87 7.41 5.46 6.89 5.93 0.276 NS 0.167 NS
ULF03/TF
24h-A 28.57 13.69 19.92 8.49 36.54 32.55 14.03 2.902 NS 2.763 NS
12h-A 24.10 13.50 16.68 19.87 24.19 24.14 16.69 1.471 NS 0.489 NS
8h-A 16.60 21.78 19.32 18.71 16.52 16.56 19.94 1.459 NS 0.378 NS
1.5h-A 8.47 3.22 5.00 8.68 5.01 6.74 5.63 1.081 NS 0.192 NS
VLF
24h-A 67.35 36.26 43.68 58.98 44.16 55.76 46.31 0.654 NS 0.982 NS
12h-A 43.61 25.58 22.78 46.55 33.76 38.68 31.64 0.948 NS 0.219 NS
8h-A 22.40 23.38 11.35 30.15 20.26 21.33 21.63 0.052 NS 1.717 NS
1.5h-A 15.94 8.09 13.54 13.61 14.55 15.25 11.75 3.172 0.116 2.117 NS
LF
24h-A 31.02 20.76 29.00 38.00 29.65 30.34 29.25 1.026 NS 1.241 NS
12h-A 23.15 14.79 15.99 23.03 23.85 23.50 17.94 2.142 NS 0.018 NS
8h-A 24.38 11.74 11.28 15.81 18.18 21.28 12.95 2.199 NS 2.031 NS
1.5h-A 9.27 6.77 12.33 10.12 6.35 7.81 9.74 1.401 NS 0.185 NS
HF
24h-A 62.47 24.21 30.45 42.66 35.59 49.03 32.44 1.170 NS 1.314 NS
12h-A 38.30 20.22 16.52 21.89 34.08 36.19 19.55 3.440 ***0.083*** 1.211 NS
8h-A 22.78 16.29 13.50 11.87 14.90 18.84 13.89 1.065 NS 1.861 NS
1.5h-A 13.45 5.53 3.74 8.55 4.95 9.20 5.94 2.947 0.154 3.345 ***0.093***
LF/HF
24h-A 32.88 14.76 11.37 7.33 15.48 24.18 11.15 4.222 **0.033** 9.487 **\<0.001**
12h-A 15.90 24.65 7.34 8.31 10.68 13.29 13.43 0.079 NS 1.407 NS
8h-A 11.69 9.97 12.10 6.25 19.31 15.50 9.44 1.242 NS 1.233 NS
1.5h-A 10.80 10.41 12.23 6.91 9.03 9.91 9.85 0.018 NS 0.535 NS
Amplitudes expressed as a percentage of MESOR, P-values adjusted for multiple testing, considering 6 different frequency regions (ULF01, ULF02, ULF03, VLF, LF, and HF). Based on results from [Tables 1A, 1B and 2](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}, significant results were anticipated to be found in the ULF rather than in other spectral regions. NN: normal-to-normal intervals; β: slope of fractal scaling; TF: total spectral power; ULF, VLF, LF and HF: spectral power in ultra-low, very low, low, and high frequency regions of the spectrum. Non-sinusoidal waveform may occasionally be associated with overfit (A \> 100%).
######
Characteristics of model of 4 anticipated components fitted to some HRV endpoints compared between astronauts whose HR did or did not decrease in space.[\*](#tblfn0020){ref-type="table-fn"}
Table 4
Control (Before flight) ISS03
------------------- ------------- ------------------------- --------- -------- -------- ------------ ------------ -------- --------- -------- -------- ------------ ----
MESOR NN-interval 837.1 102.1 1021.9 143.6 −2.35 NS 904.1 97.6 1002.0 134.5 −1.31 NS
TF 4674.1 1216.8 12924.0 2750.1 −6.90 **0.0005** 5040.0 1631.2 10287.5 3043.6 −3.66 **0.0320**
ULF 2686.4 798.7 7229.4 1661.5 −6.09 **0.0015** 2893.6 1138.2 5478.2 2099.0 −2.60 NS
ULF01 971.8 443.0 2161.8 632.8 −3.47 **0.0425** 1744.5 1054.8 2889.3 1064.6 −1.57 NS
VLF 1337.1 337.0 4536.4 1425.1 −6.02 **0.0015** 1431.4 348.7 3687.2 894.7 −6.06 **0.0015**
LF 572.7 220.4 1067.8 268.3 −3.08 0.0760 575.4 291.2 853.1 302.4 −1.37 NS
HF 92.4 45.4 174.6 23.4 −2.91 0.0985 122.7 70.5 137.3 56.9 −0.31 NS
24-hour Amplitude TF 1182.7 493.5 6430.0 2363.0 −6.05 **0.0015** 3120.4 2248.0 4525.0 3652.8 −0.76 NS
ULF 1066.3 570.5 5055.7 1652.0 −6.01 **0.0015** 2947.5 1944.6 3891.7 3382.3 −0.57 NS
ULF01 566.9 444.9 2885.1 974.0 −5.41 **0.0030** 2322.2 1631.2 2698.9 2172.9 −0.31 NS
VLF 407.2 220.1 2514.0 1794.6 −3.33 0.0520 580.3 385.9 2149.4 1842.9 −2.32 NS
LF 116.7 84.9 297.9 209.0 −2.05 NS 126.6 93.9 377.4 329.6 −1.98 NS
HF 30.8 34.3 88.8 41.3 −2.32 NS 61.5 63.7 65.0 58.0 −0.08 NS
12-hour Amplitude TF 1255.5 1006.9 6072.5 7806.4 −1.75 NS 2558.4 1965.8 5357.6 1545.4 −2.17 NS
ULF 1006.0 784.8 5433.8 6761.2 −1.86 NS 2601.2 1900.6 4454.7 2538.6 −1.29 NS
ULF01 575.4 512.8 3333.7 2524.9 −2.99 0.0870 2054.6 1686.9 3336.2 2088.9 −1.03 NS
VLF 287.0 219.6 1662.6 964.5 −3.85 **0.0246** 385.1 184.9 1731.1 1259.6 −3.00 0.0851
LF 73.6 59.9 214.6 110.8 −2.69 NS 86.3 56.3 231.2 209.1 −1.82 NS
HF 20.2 25.2 53.7 21.8 −1.99 NS 42.3 33.2 34.0 32.3 0.37 NS
8-hour Amplitude TF 924.6 503.4 5448.3 4121.8 −3.11 0.0720 2105.5 1417.6 3907.8 3526.6 −1.22 NS
ULF 898.5 423.2 4904.8 3394.5 −3.34 0.0510 1834.5 1428.1 4036.8 2549.7 −1.80 NS
ULF01 545.8 258.6 3025.5 1192.0 −5.64 **0.0025** 1507.4 1222.9 2962.5 1889.2 −1.49 NS
VLF 251.7 164.4 847.5 445.7 −3.27 0.0570 455.0 247.3 1133.0 633.0 −2.57 NS
LF 111.0 72.6 229.6 150.4 −1.75 NS 87.4 29.8 150.0 93.6 −1.70 NS
HF 16.3 16.9 32.1 7.5 −1.53 NS 28.9 23.8 18.4 17.8 0.67 NS
90-min Amplitude TF 154.9 105.0 1063.1 549.0 −4.55 **0.0095** 532.7 301.3 872.3 738.1 −1.09 NS
ULF 117.9 57.5 790.4 292.0 −6.32 **0.0010** 442.4 202.9 303.2 84.7 1.12 NS
ULF01 124.3 82.8 801.6 155.6 −9.28 **0.0001** 427.6 214.8 303.0 74.2 0.95 NS
VLF 126.0 77.2 629.5 554.7 −2.56 NS 236.3 121.3 544.1 565.3 −1.48 NS
LF 38.6 31.7 73.2 33.1 −1.57 NS 48.3 28.6 86.4 63.8 −1.36 NS
HF 6.0 3.7 19.4 9.1 −3.39 **0.0470** 12.9 14.8 12.8 9.6 0.04 NS
NN: Normal-to-normal inter-beat interval; TF: Total spectral power; ULF: Ultra low frequency spectral power (0.0001--0.003 Hz).
ULF01: ULF band-1 (0.0001--0.0003 Hz); VLF: very low frequency spectral power (0.005--0.02 Hz).
LF: low frequency spectral power (0.04--0.15 Hz); HF: high frequency spectral power (0.15--0.40 Hz).
P-values adjusted for multiple testing, using Bonferroni inequality (considering 5 tests per endpoint: MESOR, amplitude of each of 4 anticipated components).
MESOR: Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm, a rhythm-adjusted mean.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases mRNA transcripts in the bronchial secretions of asthmatics.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by profound extracellular matrix changes referred to as bronchial remodelling. In this study, we evaluated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) mRNA expression in bronchial secretions of asthmatics and correlated MMPs modulations with the lung function as a reflection of the bronchial extracellular matrix remodelling. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cell pellets obtained from induced sputum in order to detect the mRNAs for MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, -9, -12, -13 TIMP-1, -2, while semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of MMP-7, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)). The mRNA transcripts for MMP-1, TIMP-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were increased in cell pellets of induced sputum from asthmatics when compared to controls (P<0.05), and the intensity of MMP-1 mRNA expression inversely correlated with the FEV(1) in asthmatics (r=-0.49, P<0.05). The MMP-1 mRNA/TIMP-1 mRNA ratio correlated with the levels of MCP-1 mRNA in asthmatics (r=0.47, P<0.05). There were no differences between the groups with respect to mRNA coding for MMP-2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, -14, TIMP-2 and TGF-beta(1). We conclude that cells contained in the bronchial secretions from asthmatics express higher amounts of mRNA for MMP-1 and TIMP-1, perhaps related to an increased expression of MCP-1, which might contribute to the extracellular matrix changes observed during airway remodelling. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A synthetic route that provides access to chlorin building blocks bearing substituents at the meso- and/or β-positions has recently been described (Strachan, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:3160-3172; Balasubramanian, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:7919-7929). In addition to selected patterns of functional group handles at the perimeter of the macrocycle, each chlorin bears a geminal dimethyl group to lock in the hydrogenation level yet lacks steric congestion or other unwanted fumctionality around the reduced ring. The synthesis involves the construction of an Eastern half and a Western half, which are joined to form the chlorin macrocycle in the final step (Scheme 1). This convergent coupling of the Eastern half and Western half is performed in a two-flask procedure involving acid-catalyzed condensation to give a dihydrobilene-α, followed by metal-mediated oxidative cyclization to give the chlorin. The Eastern half, a bromodipyrromethane-monocarbinol, is readily available by the acylation and bromination of a dipyrromethane at the 1- and 9-positions, respectively, followed by reduction. The Western half is a dihydrodipyrrin (1). The Western half has liminted stability and generally must be prepared from the stable nitro-hexanone pyrrole precursor and used within a few days.
In our initial search for routes to a suitable Western half, we investigated the synthesis of a tetrahydrodipyrrin via an intermediate tetrahydrodipyrrin N-oxide (comprised of a pyrrole and a pyrroline N-oxide)(Strachan, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:3160-3172). The formation of N-oxides by cyclization followed by deoxygenation affords a convenient entry to a number of heterocycles (Katritzky and Lagowski, Chemistry of the Heterocyclic N-Oxides, Academic Press: London and New York, 1971, pp. 166-231; Ochiai, E. Aromatic Amine Oxides, Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1967, pp. 184-209; Albini, A.; Pietra, S. Heterocyclic N-Oxides, CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1991, pp. 120-134). Indeed, pyrroline N-oxides played a central role throughout Todd's studies related to the synthesis of vitamin B12 (Bonnett, et al. (1959) J. Chem. Soc. 2094-2102; Bonnett et al. (1959) J. Chem. Soc. 2102-2104; Bonnett, et al. (1959) J. Chem. Soc. 2105-2108; Brown et al. (1959) J. Chem Soc. 2109-2116; Brown et al. (1959) J. Chem. Soc. 2116-2122; Clark, et al. (1959) J. Chem. Soc. 2123-2127; Bowering et al. (1963) Annalen 669:106-113; Brown, et al. (1965) J. Chem. Soc. 2337-2340; Brown et al. (1966) Tetrahedron, Suppl. 8, Part 1:15-26; Black, et al. (1976) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I (18):1942-1943; Black, et al. (1976) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I (18):1944-1950; Black, et al. (1976) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I (18):1951-1954; Alderson et al. (1976) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I (18):1955-1960). Battersby synthesized a tetrahydrodipyrrin N-oxide, converted it to the corresponding tetrahydrodipyrrin, and upon reaction with a 1-bromo-9-bromomethyldipyrrin in the presence of copper acetate obtained the copper chlorin in 6.9% yield (2.8 mg) (Battersby, et al. (1984) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I (12):2725-2732). Though Battersby's pyrrole component was substituted with one ester and two alkyl groups, the route employed also proved suitable for our synthesis of a tetrahydrodipyrrin N-oxide incorporating an unsubstituted pyrrole unit (Strachan, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:3160-3172). Thus, cyclization of a nitro-hexanone pyrrole (2) afforded the corresponding tetrahydrodipyrrin N-oxide (3), but we were unable to deoxygenate the cyclic nitrone and form the tetrahydrodipyrrin Western half (4) (Strachan, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:3160-3172). We resorted to the cyclization of the nitro-hexanone pyrrole 2 with NaOMe/THF followed by TiCl3 in NH4OAc-buffered solution, forming the dihydrodipyrrin 1 directly (without isolating the N-oxide) in yields of 20-30% (Strachan, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:3160-3172; Balasubramanian, et al. (2000) J. Org. Chem 65:7919-7929). | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
The long-term project objective is the commercialization of a safe, effective, easy to use, and painless polynucleotide vaccine delivery system that can be used in polynucleotide vaccines for biodefense against NIAID Category A, B and C Pathogens. Polynucleotide vaccines are on the forefront of vaccine BIOHAZARD development. They are important because of the fast development times possible and because cell mediated immune responses can be induced. The delivery system proposed here would be effective for most polynucleotide vaccines. This delivery system specifically addresses the requirement as presented in the NIAID Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research, February 2002, page 8. In addition to Biodefense, this system will provide effective polynucleotide vaccine delivery for less lethal viruses, some cancers and some third world diseases. The defense and commercial applications are extensive. The polynucleotide vaccine delivery system described here uses a microneedle array with the polynucleotide coated right on the needle in the array. There are hundreds of needles each about 0.15 mm long. This array is inserted into the skin with the needle penetrating to about the basal lamina. After insertion the polynucleotide leaves the needle surface and an electric field is used to permeabilize dendritic and epithelial cell membranes to permit the polynucleotide to enter the cell. The system will be tested with the WRAIR/Cyto Pulse dengue DNA vaccine, which will be used as a model for hemorrhagic fever viruses. The specific aims of this project are to design and develop to FDA QSR Standards the vaccine delivery system prototype, test for safety and efficacy in mice, and to test for safety in a Phase I human trial. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Minimally invasive robotically assisted repair of atrial perforation from a pacemaker lead.
We present the first reported case of robotic-assisted right atrial perforation repair and pacemaker lead extraction. A 75-year-old female with symptomatic sinus node dysfunction underwent atrial single chamber permanent pacemaker insertion via a persistent left superior vena cava approach. At one week follow-up a chest radiograph and a computerized dynamic tomography demonstrated that the right atrial lead had perforated the right atrial free wall. The patient remained asymptomatic without signs of pericardial tamponade, however urgent repair was warranted. Utilizing the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA), the pacer lead perforation was visualized, the lead retracted, and the right atrium repaired. The existing atrial lead was repositioned in the right atrial appendage. The patient's postoperative convalescence was uneventful, and she was discharged home on the third post-operative day. This case demonstrates the increasing clinical utilization of robotic-assisted technology in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Maximal static respiratory pressures in adults: normal values and their relationship to determinants of respiratory function.
Assessment of respiratory muscle strength is done most directly by measuring maximal static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures (MIPS and MEPS, respectively). The available studies that report reference values of MIPS and MEPS, however, show ill-explained wide variability, not only between individuals but also between studies. This study of 106 normal white adults (60 women and 46 males, aged 16 to 79 yr) attempts to identify the anthropometric factors which best predict MIPS and MEPS. It was found that: 1) smoking does not affect MIPS and MEPS; 2) sex is a major determinant of MIPS and MEPS, as women reached 68 and 63%, respectively, of the male values; 3) within each sex, age is the major determinant of MIPS and MEPS, since body size factors such as height, weight and percent ideal body weight do not significantly improve the relationship between age and MIPS or MEPS. In both sexes, the pattern of change in pressures with age is different for MIPS and MEPS, suggesting different maturation processes for MIPS and MEPS. While MIPS is an inverse linear function of age (i.e. MIPS decreases with advancing age from early adulthood on), the relationship between MEPS and age is best described by a second degree polynomial (i.e. MEPS increases towards a peak in mid-life, after which it also decreases with age).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Conventional MRI cannot predict survival in childhood diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) of childhood has a dismal prognosis. Clinical trials of new agents are vital and it is essential that the correct endpoints and disease assessments are chosen. A retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in a pure population of DIPG was undertaken. Baseline diagnostic MRI findings included; local tumour extension in upper medulla (74%) or midbrain (62%), metastatic disease (3%), basilar artery encasement (82%), necrosis (33%), intratumoural haemorrhage (26%), hydrocephalus (23%) and dorsal exophytic component (18%). Post-treatment MRI scans demonstrated increases in; leptomeningeal metastatic disease (16%), cystic change/necrosis (48%), enhancement (72%) and intratumoural haemorrhage (32%). Response rates were calculated according to both RECIST (4%) and WHO (24%) criteria. No MRI parameter in either the diagnostic or response scans had prognostic significance. We recommend that currently primary endpoints for DIPG clinical trials should be overall or possibly progression free survival and that new advanced functional imaging techniques should be explored as possible surrogate markers for novel therapy activity rather than conventional MRI response criteria. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
If you couldn't make the Weight of the Nation conference in Washington DC this week, don't worry, HBO has a fear-mongering mini-series starting on the 14th. The trailer alone almost brought me to tears, seeing all the awful stereotypes of fat people. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Term for "find, remove and return an element" in a set?
Title says it mostly. I want to add a simple extension method to the base Dictionary class in C#. At first I was going to name it Pop(TKey key), kind of like the Stack method, but it accepts a key to use for lookup.
Then I was going to do Take(TKey key), but it coincides with the LINQ method of the same name...and although C# 3.0 lets you do it, I don't like it.
So, what do you think, just stick with Pop or is there a better term for "find and remove an element"?
(I feel kind of embarrassed to ask this question, it seems like such a trivial matter... but I like to use standards and I don't have wide experience with many languages/environments.)
EDIT: Sorry, should have explained more.... In this instance I can't use the term Remove since it's already defined by the class that I'm extending with a new method.
EDIT 2: Okay, here's what I have so far, inspired by the wisdom of the crowd as it were:
public static TValue Extract<TKey, TValue>
(
this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict,
TKey key
)
{
TValue value = dict[key];
dict.Remove(key);
return value;
}
public static bool TryExtract<TKey, TValue>
(
this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict,
TKey key,
out TValue value
)
{
if( !dict.TryGetValue(key, out value) )
{
return false;
}
dict.Remove(key);
return true;
}
A:
I reckon Extract, like when archaeologists Find a mummy in the ground, Remove it and then Return it to a museum :)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Case: 11-30209 Document: 00511890671 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/18/2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 18, 2012
No. 11-30209
Summary Calendar Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
SEAN C. WALKER,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
JEFFREY TRAVIS, Warden, Rayburn Correctional Center; BESSIE CARTER,
Director of Nursing at B.B. Sixty Rayburn Correctional Center; LOUISIANA
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND CORRECTIONS, Secretary,
Defendants-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:09-CV-4361
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, GARZA, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Sean C. Walker, Louisiana prisoner # 126912, appeals the dismissal of his
42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint against numerous defendants, including the head of
administration of B.B. Sixty Rayburn Correctional Center (the head of
administration). Walker asserted that the defendants were deliberately
indifferent to his safety and to his medical needs after he was attacked and
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
Case: 11-30209 Document: 00511890671 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/18/2012
No. 11-30209
injured by his cellmate. The district court dismissed Walker’s complaint as
frivolous and/or for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted;
however, the judgment failed to mention Walker’s claims against the head of
administration, although it specifically dismissed Walker’s claims against the
other defendants.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, federal appellate courts have jurisdiction to hear
appeals from “‘final decisions’” of district courts. Witherspoon v. White, 111 F.3d
399, 401 (5th Cir. 1997). Generally, a judgment adjudicating the rights of fewer
than all of the parties is not a final decision in the absence of a Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 54(b) certification directing entry of final judgment as to those
parties. Federal Sav. & Loan Ins. Corp. v. Tullos-Pierremont, 894 F.2d 1469,
1471 (5th Cir. 1990). In circumstances in which a court order is ambiguous as
to what parties and claims are being disposed of and “the district court clearly
intend[ed] to effect a final dismissal of a claim, we will construe [the district
court’s] order accordingly, despite ambiguous language that might indicate
otherwise.” Picco v. Global Marine Drilling Co., 900 F.2d 846, 849 n. 4 (5th
Cir.1990).
The head of administration was served with Walker’s complaint and
amended complaint; thus, he was a party to the suit. See Nagle v. Lee, 807 F.2d
435, 440 (5th Cir. 1987). Although the district court’s judgment was silent
regarding Walker’s claims against the head of administration, the court might
have intended that the judgment be final in light of the fact that the district
court also denied Walker’s motion for leave to amend the complaint to substitute
Robert C. Tanner as the head of administration because Walker had failed to
state a claim against Tanner. See Picco, 900 F.2d at 849 n. 4. We conclude that
we should order a limited remand to allow the district court to indicate whether
the judgment of February 2, 2011, was intended to be the final judgment in this
case, and if not, for the court to determine whether or not it now will enter a
final judgment.
2
Case: 11-30209 Document: 00511890671 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/18/2012
No. 11-30209
IT IS ORDERED that a limited remand occur for the district court to enter
an order or judgment as indicated. Proceedings on this appeal are stayed
pending the receipt of the district court’s order or other response.
3
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Q:
PHP group certain results from foreach on array into another array
I have an array that looks something like this:
$array = array( [0] => FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf
[1] => FILE-F01-E1-S02.pdf
[2] => FILE-F01-E1-S03.pdf
[3] => FILE-F01-E1-S04.pdf
[4] => FILE-F01-E1-S05.pdf
[5] => FILE-F02-E1-S01.pdf
[6] => FILE-F02-E1-S02.pdf
[7] => FILE-F02-E1-S03.pdf );
Basically, I need to look at the first file and then get all the other files that have the same beginning ('FILE-F01-E1', for example) and put them into an array. I don't need to do anything with the other ones at this point.
I've been trying to use a foreach loop finding the previous value to do this, but am not having any luck.
Like this:
$previousFile = null;
foreach($array as $file)
{
if(substr_replace($previousFile, "", -8) == substr_replace($file, "", -8))
{
$secondArray[] = $file;
}
$previousFile = $file;
}
So then $secondArray would look like this:
Array ( [0] => FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf [1] => FILE-F01-E1-S02.pdf
[2] => FILE-F01-E1-S03.pdf [3] => FILE-F01-E1-S04.pdf
[4] => FILE-F01-E1-S05.pdf)
As my result.
Thank you!
A:
Are you sure this will be the naming format? That is crucial information to have to construct a regexp or something to check for being a substring of the following strings.
If we can assume this and that the "base" name is always at index 0 then you could do something like.
<?php
$myArr = [
'FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S03.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S04.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S05.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S03.pdf'
];
$baseName = '';
$allSimilarNames = [];
foreach($myArr as $index => &$name) {
if($index == 0) {
$baseName = substr($name, 0, strrpos($name, '-'));
$allSimilarNames[] = $name;
}
else {
if(strpos($name, $baseName) === 0) {
$allSimilarNames[] = $name;
}
}
}
var_dump($allSimilarNames);
This will
Check at index one to get the base name to compare against
Loop all items in the array and match all items, no matter where in the array they are, that are similar according to your naming convention
So if you next time have an array that is
$myArr = [
'FILE-F02-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S03.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S04.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S05.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S03.pdf'
];
this will return all the items that match FILE-F02-E1*.
You could also make a small function of it for easier use and not have to rely on the element at index 0 having to be the "base" name.
<?php
function findMatches($baseName, &$names) {
$matches = [];
$baseName = substr($baseName, 0, strrpos($baseName, '-'));
foreach($names as &$name) {
if(strpos($name, $baseName) === 0) {
$matches[] = $name;
}
}
return $matches;
}
$myArr = [
'FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S03.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S04.pdf',
'FILE-F01-E1-S05.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S01.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S02.pdf',
'FILE-F02-E1-S03.pdf'
];
$allSimilarNames = findMatches('FILE-F01-E1-S01.pdf', $myArr);
var_dump($allSimilarNames);
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Counting on food with fake fats to help you slip into last year’s bathing suit? Better count again. Because a new study with rats shows that low-cal fat substitutes can actually promote weight gain. The work appears in the journal Behavioral Neuroscience. [Susan Swithers, Sean Ogden and Terry Davidson, "Fat Substitutes Promote Weight Gain in Rats Consuming High-Fat Diets"]
Dieters can choose from an array of snacktackular options in which sugars and fats are replaced by artificial, low-calorie substitutes. That sleight of hand seems ingenious. You can let your body think it’s getting the sweets and fats it craves while keeping the calorie count to a minimum.
But the new study suggests that this strategy is likely to backfire. Rats that consumed a mix of full-fat chips and chips with olestra wound up eating more and got fatter than rats that noshed on regular chips alone.
Their bodies were apparently getting mixed messages. A mouthful of fat is usually a signal that calories are coming, and the body reacts by getting ready to burn fuel. But olestra, which tastes like fat, carries no calories at all. So the body soon learns to stand down in the face of fat. All fat. Even real fat. Because as Shakespeare almost said, a chip by any other name still swells your seat.
—Karen Hopkin
[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast.] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
TRACEY BENDINGER | Culture | Contact
Cailyn Burton, an aspiring French-Japanese fusion chef from Betoota Hills, was eager to show her family the final dish she prepared for Master Chef’s elimination round, however, she is tonight realising that her entire storyline has been cut from the show.
At the beginning of tonight’s episode, celebrity chef George Calombaris made an untruthful announcement saying that Cailyn had to leave the show due to the tragic death of her pet budgerigar, Boris, who had been with her family for years.
The Advocate sat down with Cailyn and her family to see if they had any idea why the producers would cut short her storyline, especially as they knew she was getting eliminated at the end of the episode.
“I have no idea, we didn’t leave on bad terms…George even said he would offer me a job!” said a confused and teary Cailyn.
“A paid one too apparently.”
While it may seem like a mystery to poor Cailyn, after reaching out to the show’s producers The Advocate can confirm that she was cut for being too normal.
“Yeah, she had to go” said one of the shows representatives.
“We need contestants to say how the show has helped them, make it seem like we empowered them.”
“You know, all that ‘have the confidence to do my own thing now’ shit each contestant spins after they get the boot?”
“It’s all bullshit, we force them to say that” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
How to call generic method with stronger constraint?
namespace Test
{
#region Not my code
public interface IAdditional
{
}
public interface ISome
{
ISomeOther<T> GetSomeother<T>() where T : class;
}
public interface ISomeOther<T> where T : class
{
void DoFoo(T obj);
}
public class AnotherClass<T> where T : class
{
}
public static class StaticClass
{
public static void DoBar<T>(AnotherClass<T> anotherClass, T obj) where T : class, IAdditional
{
}
}
#endregion
#region MyCode
public class SomeOtherImp<T> : ISomeOther<T> where T : class, IAdditional //Have to add IAdditional constraint to call StaticClass.DoBar
{
private AnotherClass<T> _anotherClass;
public void DoFoo(T obj)
{
StaticClass.DoBar<T>(_anotherClass, obj); //I do need to call StaticClass.DoBar here....
}
}
public class ISomeImp : ISome
{
public ISomeOther<T> GetSomeother<T>() where T : class
{
return new SomeOtherImp<T>(); //Can't do this no IAdditional constraint on T
}
}
#endregion
}
I was forced to add IAdditional to SomeOtherImp to be able to call StaticClass.DoBar.
And now I can't implement ISome with SomeOtherImp<T>.
A:
Do you mean that you want to be able to call the Get method? If you can edit the interface ISome, try this:
public interface ISome
{
T Get<T>() where T:class, ISomeInterface
}
...otherwise you're going to have to use reflection:
public class Foo : ISome
{
public T Get<T>() where T:class
{
if (!typeof(ISomeInterface).IsAssignableFrom(typeof(T))) throw new Exception();
return (T)typeof(SomeStaticClass).GetMethod("Create").MakeGenericMethod(new [] {typeof(T)}).Invoke();
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
搜索
喜欢本站，那就分享给朋友吧:
'The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky' by Stephen Crane, Part Two
Our story is called “The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky.” It was written by Stephen Crane. Today, we will hear the second and final part of the story.
“Don’t know whether there will be a fight or not,” answered one man firmly, “but there’ll be some shooting -- some good shooting.”
The young man who had warned them waved his hand. “Oh, there’ll be a fight fast enough, if anyone wants it. Anybody can get in a fight out there in the street. There’s a fight just waiting.”
The salesman seemed to be realizing the possibility of personal danger.
“What did you say his name was?” he asked.
“Scratchy Wilson,” voices answered together.
“And will he kill anybody? What are you going to do? Does this happen often? Can he break in that door?”
“No, he can’t break in that door,” replied the saloon-keeper. “He’s tried it three times. But when he comes you’d better lie down on the floor, stranger. He’s sure to shoot at the door, and a bullet may come through.”
After that, the salesman watched the door steadily. The time had not yet come for him to drop to the floor, but he carefully moved near the wall.
“Will he kill anybody?” he asked again. The men laughed, without humor, at the question.
“He’s here to shoot, and he’s here for trouble. I don’t see any good in experimenting with him.”
“But what do you do in a situation like this? What can you do?”
A man answered, “Well, he and Jack Potter -- ”
“But,” the other men interrupted together, “Jack Potter’s in San Antonio.”
“Well, who is he? What’s he got to do with this?” “Oh, he’s the town policeman. He goes out and fights Scratchy when he starts acting this way.”
A nervous, waiting silence was upon them. The salesman saw that the saloon-keeper, without a sound, had taken a gun from a hiding place. Then he saw the man signal to him, so he moved across the room.
“You’d better come with me behind this table.”
“No, thanks,” said the salesman. “I’d rather be where I can get out the back door.”
At that, the saloon-keeper made a kindly but forceful motion. The salesman obeyed, and found himself seated on a box with his head below the level of the table. The saloon-keeper sat comfortably upon a box nearby.
“You see,” he whispered, “Scratchy Wilson is a wonder with a gun -- a perfect wonder. And when he gets excited, everyone gets out of his path. He’s a terror when he’s drunk. When he’s not drinking he’s all right -- wouldn’t hurt anything—nicest fellow in town. But when he’s drunk -- be careful!”
There were periods of stillness. “I wish Jack Potter were back from San Antonio,” said the saloon-keeper. “He shot Wilson once, in the leg. He’d come in and take care of this thing.
”Soon they heard from a distance the sound of a shot, followed by three wild screams. The men looked at each other.
“Here he comes,” they said. A man in a red shirt turned a corner and walked into the middle of the main street of Yellow Sky.
In each hand the man held a long, heavy, blue black gun. Often he screamed, and these cries rang through the seemingly deserted village.
The screams sounded sharply over the roofs with a power that seemed to have no relation to the ordinary strength of a man’s voice. These fierce cries rang against walls of silence.
The man’s face flamed in a hot anger born of whiskey. His eyes rolling but watchful, hunted the still doorways and windows. He walked with the movement of a midnight cat. As the thoughts came to him, he roared threatening information.
The long guns hung from his hands like feathers, they were moved with electric speed. The muscles of his neck straightened and sank, straightened and sank, as passion moved him.
The only sounds were his terrible invitations to battle. The calm houses preserved their dignity at the passing of this small thing in the middle of the street.
There was no offer of fight -- no offer of fight. The man called to the sky. There were no answers. He screamed and shouted and waved his guns here and everywhere.
Finally, the man was at the closed door of the saloon. He went to it, and beating upon it with his gun, demanded drink. The door remained closed.
He picked up a bit of paper from the street and nailed it to the frame of the door with a knife. He then turned his back upon this place and walked to the opposite side of the street. Turning quickly and easily, he fired the guns at the bit of paper. He missed it by a half an inch.
He cursed at himself, and went away. Later, he comfortably shot out all the windows of the house of his best friend. Scratchy was playing with this town. It was a toy for him.
But still there was no offer of fight. The name of Jack Potter, his ancient enemy, entered his mind. He decided that it would be a good thing if he went to Potter’s house, and by shooting at it make him come out and fight. He moved in the direction of his desire, singing some sort of war song.
When he arrived at it, Potter’s house presented the same still front as had the other homes. Taking a good position, the man screamed an invitation to battle.
But this house regarded him as a great, stone god might have done. It gave no sign. After a little wait, the man screamed more invitations, mixing them with wonderful curses.
After a while came the sight of a man working himself into deepest anger over the stillness of a house. He screamed at it. He shot again and again. He paused only for breath or to reload his guns.
Potter and his bride walked rapidly. Sometimes they laughed together, quietly and a little foolishly.
“Next corner, dear,” he said finally.
They put forth the efforts of a pair walking against a strong wind. Potter was ready to point the first appearance of the new home. Then, as they turned the corner, they came face to face with the man in the red shirt, who was feverishly loading a large gun.
Immediately the man dropped his empty gun to the ground and, like lightning, pulled out another. The second gun was aimed at Potter’s chest.
There was a silence. Potter couldn’t open his mouth. Quickly he loosened his arm from the woman’s grasp, and dropped the bag to the sand.
As for the bride, her face had become the color of an old cloth. She was motionless. The two men faced each other at a distance of nine feet.
Behind the gun, Wilson smiled with a new and quiet cruelty.
“Tried to surprise me,” he said. “Tried to surprise me!” His eyes grew more evil. As Potter made a slight movement, the man pushed his gun sharply forward.
“No, don’t you do it, Jack Potter. Don’t you move a finger toward a gun yet. Don’t you move a muscle. The time has come for me to settle with you, and I’m going to do it my own way -- slowly, with no interruption. So just listen to what I tell you.”
Potter looked at his enemy. “I haven’t got a gun with me, Scratchy,” he said. “Honest, I haven’t.” He was stiffening and steadying, but at the back of his mind floated a picture of the beautiful car on the train. He thought of the glory of the wedding, the spirit of his new life.
“You know I fight when I have to fight, Scratchy Wilson. But I haven’t got a gun with me. You’ll have to do all the shooting yourself.”
His enemy’s face turned pale with anger. He stepped forward and whipped his gun back and forth before Potter’s chest.
“Don’t you tell me you haven’t got a gun with you, you dog. Don’t tell me a lie like that. There isn’t a man in Texas who ever saw you without a gun. Don’t think I’m a kid.” His eyes burned with anger and his breath came heavily.
“I don’t think you’re a kid,” answered Potter. His feet had not moved an inch backward. “I think you’re a complete fool. I tell you I haven’t got a gun, and I haven’t. If you’re going to shoot me, you’d better begin now; you’ll never get a chance like this again.”
So much enforced reasoning had weakened Wilson’s anger. He was calmer. “If you haven’t got a gun, why haven’t you got a gun?,” he asked. “Been to church?”
“I haven’t got a gun because I’ve just come from San Antonio with my wife. I’m married,” said Potter. “And if I had thought there’d be a fool like you here when I brought my wife home, I would have had a gun, and don’t you forget it.”
“Married!” said Scratchy, not at all understanding.
“Yes, married. I’m married,” said Potter, clearly.
“Married?” said Scratchy. Seemingly for the first time, he saw the pale, frightened woman at the other side. “No!” he said.
He was like a creature allowed a glance at another world. He moved a pace backward, and his arm, with the gun, dropped to his side.
“Is this the lady?” he asked.
“Yes, this is the lady,” answered Potter.
There was another period of silence.
“Well,” said Wilson at last, slowly. “I suppose we won’t fight now.”
“We won’t if you say so, Scratchy. You know I didn’t make the trouble.”
Potter lifted the bag.
“Well, I guess we won’t fight, Jack,” said Wilson. He was looking at the ground.
“Married!”
He was not a student of good manners. It was merely that in the presence of this foreign condition he was a simple child of the wildlands. He picked up his fallen gun, and he went away. His feet made deep tracks in the heavy sand. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
MDQueryGetResultAtIndex and UnsafeRawPointer in Swift 3
I'm having trouble exploring the results of a Spotlight search in Swift 3 using MDQuery. I expect MDQueryGetResultAtIndex to yield an MDItem, and in C/Objective-C, that assumption works, and I can call MDItemCopyAttribute on it to explore the item. Here, for example, I successfully get the pathname of a found item:
MDItemRef item = (MDItemRef)MDQueryGetResultAtIndex(q,i);
CFStringRef path = MDItemCopyAttribute(item,kMDItemPath);
But in Swift 3, MDQueryGetResultAtIndex returns an UnsafeRawPointer! (it's a pointer-to-void in C). To get past that, I've tried, for example:
if let item = MDQueryGetResultAtIndex(q, 0) {
let ptr = item.bindMemory(to: MDItem.self, capacity: 1)
let path = MDItemCopyAttribute(ptr.pointee, kMDItemPath)
}
but that crashes, and logging shows that ptr.pointee is an NSAtom. It is quite evident that my personal UnsafeRawPointer mojo is not working (and to be frank I've always found this confusing).
How would I transform this UnsafeRawPointer into something I can successfully call MDItemCopyAttribute on?
Alternatives
I can get over this hump by putting my Objective-C code into an Objective-C helper object and calling it from Swift; but I'd like to write a pure Swift solution.
Similarly, I could probably rewrite my code to use the higher-level NSMetadataQuery, and I may well do so; but my original Objective-C code using the lower-level MDQueryRef works fine, so now I'm curious how to turn it directly into Swift.
Complete code for those who would like to try this at home:
let s = "kMDItemDisplayName == \"test\"" // you probably have one somewhere
let q = MDQueryCreate(nil, s as CFString, nil, nil)
MDQueryExecute(q, CFOptionFlags(kMDQuerySynchronous.rawValue))
let ct = MDQueryGetResultCount(q)
if ct > 0 {
if let item = MDQueryGetResultAtIndex(q, 0) {
// ...
}
}
A:
The problem in your code
if let item = MDQueryGetResultAtIndex(q, 0) {
let ptr = item.bindMemory(to: MDItem.self, capacity: 1)
let path = MDItemCopyAttribute(ptr.pointee, kMDItemPath)
}
is that the UnsafeRawPointer is interpreted as a pointer to an
MDItem reference and then dereferenced in ptr.pointee, but
the raw pointer is the MDItem reference, so it is dereferenced
once too often.
The "shortest" method to convert the raw pointer to an MDItem reference
is unsafeBitCast:
let item = unsafeBitCast(rawPtr, to: MDItem.self)
which is the direct analogue of an (Objective-)C cast.
You can also use the Unmanaged methods
to convert the raw pointer to an unmanaged reference and from there
to a managed reference (compare How to cast self to UnsafeMutablePointer<Void> type in swift):
let item = Unmanaged<MDItem>.fromOpaque(rawPtr).takeUnretainedValue()
This looks a bit more complicated but perhaps expresses the intention
more clearly. The latter approach works also with (+1) retained
references (using takeRetainedValue()).
Self-contained example:
import CoreServices
let queryString = "kMDItemContentType = com.apple.application-bundle"
if let query = MDQueryCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, queryString as CFString, nil, nil) {
MDQueryExecute(query, CFOptionFlags(kMDQuerySynchronous.rawValue))
for i in 0..<MDQueryGetResultCount(query) {
if let rawPtr = MDQueryGetResultAtIndex(query, i) {
let item = Unmanaged<MDItem>.fromOpaque(rawPtr).takeUnretainedValue()
if let path = MDItemCopyAttribute(item, kMDItemPath) as? String {
print(path)
}
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Hot Brook
Hot Brook is a stream in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
Hot Brook is fed by a hot spring, hence the name.
See also
List of rivers of South Dakota
References
Category:Rivers of Fall River County, South Dakota
Category:Rivers of South Dakota | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan.
This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad <or=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
How to create dynamic substring with awk
Let say i have file like below.
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249_8.CSV
I want to cut to be like this below.
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249_
I use this awk command to do that like below.
ls -lrt | grep -i .CSV | tail -1 | awk -F ' ' '{print $8}' | cut -c 1-18
Question is, if the number 1, is growing, how to make the substring is dynamic
example like below...
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249_
....
ABC_DEF_G-10_P-249_
ABC_DEF_G-11_P-249_
...
ABC_DEF_G-1000_P-249_
A:
To display the file names of all .CSV without everything after the last underscore, you can do this:
for fname in *.CSV; do echo "${fname%_*}_"; done
This removes the last underscore and evertyhing that follows it (${fname%_*}), and then appends an underscore again. You can assign that, for example, to another variable.
For an example file list of
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249_9.CSV
ABC_DEF_G-10_P-249_8.CSV
ABC_DEF_G-1000_P-249_4.CSV
ABC_DEF_G-11_P-249_7.CSV
ABC_DEF_G-11_P-249_7.txt
this results in
$ for fname in *.CSV; do echo "${fname%_*}_"; done
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249_
ABC_DEF_G-10_P-249_
ABC_DEF_G-1000_P-249_
ABC_DEF_G-11_P-249_
A:
You can do this with just ls and grep
ls -1rt | grep -oP ".*(?=_\d{1,}\.CSV)"
If you are concerned about the output of ls -1, as mentioned in the comments you can use find as well
find -type f -printf "%f\n" | grep -oP ".*(?=_\d{1,}\.CSV)"
Outputs:
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249
ABC_DEF_G-1000_P-249_
This assumes you want everything except the _number.CSV, if it needs to be case insensitive then you can the -i flag to the grep. The \d{1,} allows for the number between _ and .CSV to grow from one to many digits. Also doing it this way you don't have to worry about if the number 1 in your example increases:
ABC_DEF_G-1_P-249
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Boehner: These conservative groups who are objecting to the budget deal are “ridiculous”
posted at 1:54 pm on December 11, 2013 by Allahpundit
Via Mediaite, between this and Mitch McConnell’s allies trying to blacklist allies of the Senate Conservatives Fund, I’d say the battle between the GOP leadership and righty PACs is now fully joined.
I think it’s silly to try to analyze whether a deal that would reduce the deficit by just $28 billion — over 10 years — is “good” or “bad.” When the stakes are that small, heated arguments over whether it’s a step in the right or wrong direction are like challenging the spot on a one-yard run when it’s third and long and you’re pinned at your own 10-yard line. Who cares? Every inch matters, I guess, but the odds of scoring on the drive will barely change if the spot’s three inches one way or the other. What this deal really is for leadership is the Shutdown Prevention Act of 2013. They’re terrified that if there’s another budget standoff next month and the government goes unfunded again, all of the anti-ObamaCare momentum that the GOP has built up against Democrats right now will disintegrate. Avoiding that is their top priority, so they agreed to swap policy gains for political ones: In return for the GOP agreeing to undo some sequester cuts and accept certain “user fees” (a.k.a. taxes), Democrats agreed to some very modest entitlement savings in the distant future and, more importantly, to funding the government so that Republicans can’t be demagogued during another shutdown.
If you want a more thoughtful take than that, try Yuval Levin, who thinks this was a not-entirely-terrible bargain by Republicans under unfavorable circumstances, or Phil Klein, who thinks it was indeed pretty terrible. Levin’s argument, boiled down, is simple: You’re not going to get anything meaningful done with Democrats in power so make sure at least to avoid a shutdown and bank whatever mandatory spending cuts you can, if only to set a precedent. Klein’s argument is also simple: If it’s setting precedents we’re worried about, how about the precedent of undoing sequester cuts now for vaporous entitlement cuts circa 2022 that might never happen? Fair points in both cases, but again, it’s because the stakes are so small that the deal needs to be analyzed in terms of its symbolic value. E.g., would GOP leaders rather agree to a bad deal on spending that takes the shutdown option away from tea partiers or hold out for a better deal on spending that leaves tea partiers with leverage? Whom do they fear most?
Which raises another question, as framed by Ben Domenech on Twitter this afternoon: If you’re Boehner and you know your base is going to dislike the terms here, why antagonize them by sneering at how “ridiculous” conservative PAC opposition is? Noah Rothman from Mediaite countered that maybe that’s deliberate by Boehner, to signal to independents who have warmed to the GOP in the aftermath of the O-Care meltdown that the party hasn’t been captured by tea partiers. Could be, but the nastier leadership gets, the greater the risk that tea-party conservatives in the House will revolt against the deal. (They already seem to be leaning that way.) That’s not fatal to Boehner — obviously, a bipartisan compromise is designed to pass with Democratic votes too — but some liberals will walk here because of the mandatory spending cuts later. The more upset there is in the GOP caucus, the greater the risk that the whole thing implodes. Where that leaves Boehner — and Paul Ryan — if it does, I don’t know.
Exit question via Matt Lewis: Did the failure of the “defund” effort make this deal possible? You only get one shot at a shutdown, realistically, before centrist Republicans decide they’re not going to be dragged along on another wild ride that risks further damaging the party’s brand. Between their weariness at the thought of another shutdown next month and everyone wanting to get home for Christmas, Boehner will probably have more support than we think.
Blowback
Note from Hot Air management: This section is for comments from Hot Air's community of registered readers. Please don't assume that Hot Air management agrees with or otherwise endorses any particular comment just because we let it stand. A reminder: Anyone who fails to comply with our terms of use may lose their posting privilege.
It’s pretty simple, really. Propose a real budget, significant cuts, etc. The dem’s of course will fly off the handle. So offer a week long continuing resolution until they agree. They won’t. So then offer another weeklong one at 95. Then at 90, Then 80, and so forth. Eventually they will cave. And if they try to blame the republicans, say that they offered them the chance to avoid it. How can they quibble about a 5 % cut, when Obamacare is a wasteful disaster, and the people know it?
But then, that would take a party with brains and a desire to cut spending. Too bad we don’t have one.
The budget agreement announced yesterday increases spending, raises taxes, and funds Obamacare for two years. It has the support of President Obama, Harry Reid, and countless Democrats in Washington.
What is Mitch McConnell doing to stop it? Nothing. In fact, McConnell was completely silent on the deal yesterday.
Mitch McConnell may vote against the deal so he can pretend to be a conservative, but don’t be fooled. He wants the deal to pass. He made it clear that he won’t fight the Democrats on spending and he forced his party to surrender.
It’s so disappointing because now is the perfect time for Republicans to take a stand against Obamacare. The law is very unpopular and Democrats are running for cover. In fact, Senator Mary Landrieu (D-LA) just started a new TV ad distancing herself from Obamacare.
Thanks to your willingness to fight this terrible law, we’re winning the debate. But the law isn’t going to repeal itself. That will only happen if Republicans take a principled and courageous stand to stop it.
Ted Cruz and millions of Americans were right when they called on Congress to defund the law earlier this year.
Boehner-get this straight.You pander to everybody except the people that give you money,time and votes.Conservatives have taken enough of your crap.You are now our public enemy #1 and we will do everything we can to destroy your political career!
I don’t like the deal either but I don’t know what kind of a deal you guys think we are going to get when the dems control the senate and the white house. As for the commentor who said to offer CR’s every week until the dems cave and the repubs won’t be blamed I wonder where you were during the shutdown when the repubs kept making offes that were automatically refused by the senate and the white house and the repubs still got he blame for it. How do you suppose it would turn out differant now?
What this deal really is for leadership is the Shutdown Prevention Act of 2013. They’re terrified that if there’s another budget standoff next month and the government goes unfunded again, all of the anti-ObamaCare momentum that the GOP has built up against Democrats right now will disintegrate. Avoiding that is their top priority, so they agreed to swap policy gains for political ones
You know what? I’m pragmatic enough(in spite of my status as a Tea Partier) to be down with that strategery. Obviously the GOP has to retake the Senate in order to have any chance of meaningful reforms and spending cuts. After all, they’re faced with the kind of rigid ideologue in Harry Reid who has a meltdown on the Senate floor when someone proposes cutting funding for cowboy poetry festivals.
But here’s where Boehner loses me. Let’s say the polls don’t improve for the Dems over the next 11 months(which is a likely prospect). And the Republicans win back the Senate(and obviously hold onto the House). Hell, let’s be optimistic and say they pick up 9 or 10 seats and basically reverse the current makeup of that chamber. Then what? Obama is still President and the GOP is a dozen seats shy of a veto-proof majority in the Senate. What are they prepared to do at that point to cut spending, roll back Obamacare, reform entitlements, curb the abuse of executive power, limit the appointment of radical judges, and so on and so forth?
If the Republicans had given me anything over the last 3 years, I’d feel a lot better about this budget agreement. Instead, they’ve taken the one concession in spending from the Dems in recent memory(the sequester) and given it away, while raising taxes(under the euphemism of “user fees”), and are trying to sell it to a weary distrustful base by having the Speaker publicly trash conservative groups. Sorry, but color me skeptical.
All of this wailing and gnashing of teeth over such a minor deal. Can’t we be happy that so little damage was done at a time when 1) the GOP controls only 1 house and 2) the GOP has made themselves so extraordinarily non-grata with the public after that stupid shut down?
Well, it won’t but that doesn’t make it a good deal. We should not be lifting Paul Ryan on our shoulders and handing him the MVP trophy. We should not be silent in our “criticism” when the GOP elite pass these edicts as if they came from God.
Apparently Boehner has at least one primary challenger. I don’t know anything about him yet. The best thing we can do for the American people, not to mention the Republican Party, is to send McConnell, Boehner, Cantor, Paul Ryan and others packing.
Which raises another question, as framed by Ben Domenech on Twitter this afternoon: If you’re Boehner and you know your base is going to dislike the terms here, why antagonize them by sneering at how “ridiculous” conservative PAC opposition is?
Also, I think he’s assuming Obamacare is so bad that Republicans will have no choice but to support him no matter what he does to us, including amnesty. I think we’re looking at a full blanket amnesty come January.
All of this wailing and gnashing of teeth over such a minor deal. Can’t we be happy that so little damage was done at a time when 1) the GOP controls only 1 house and 2) the GOP has made themselves so extraordinarily non-grata with the public after that stupid shut down?
Be content that it wasn’t a whole lot worse.
MJBrutus on December 11, 2013 at 2:15 PM
So the GOP is “extraordinarily non-grata” over the shutdown but Dems aren’t after the ObamaCare flameout?
All of this wailing and gnashing of teeth over such a minor deal. Can’t we be happy that so little damage was done at a time when 1) the GOP controls only 1 house and 2) the GOP has made themselves so extraordinarily non-grata with the public after that stupid shut down?
I hope Rush sides with the tea party on this, but his show today doesn’t seem promising. He seems to be mostly avoiding the topic altogether, talking about selfies and time-magazine MOTY instead, and what little he said made it sound like the GOP establishment had a boo boo and accidentally made a mistake because they’re afraid. No mention at all that the true cause is that the GOP is corrupt and is serving their cronies.
If you’re Boehner and you know your base is going to dislike the terms here, why antagonize them by sneering at how “ridiculous” conservative PAC opposition is?
The Weeping Boner has been doing exactly this since he was first handed control of the House by the Tea Party in 2011. Why should he stop now? He was a total douchebag failure, attacked the Tea Party and colluded with Barky and the America-hating dems … and was re-elected Weeper in 2013, anyway.
Being a moronic, traitorous, backstabbing douchebag has worked well for the Crybaby moron.
The main problem here is if you are willing to forgo the hard won sequester cuts then how is there any credibility that any reductions will ever occur? This plan calls for reductions in the future but we know as the time gets near, just like with the sequester cuts, they will be pushed further down the road, over and over. The bottom line is that it’s painfully clear that Washington is completely unable to cut anything or even reduce the increases.
All the squeaky wheels. What about the “silent majority?” If Boehner does something like pushes amnesty, we would have to burn the house down to get him out of there. But I was really hoping to keep the spotlight on Obamacare, so we can win big in 2014 and 2016 so we can repeal Obamacare and make real significant libertarian style changes to the nature of bloated federal beast. Not another extended episode that makes Republicans look terrible. Not all kinds of undue primarying of Repubs that puts in poorly screened and inexperienced extremist candidates that will lose.. especially in the senate that we have to win! No more Bucks, O’Donnells, Akins, Murdochs etc. So I was kind of hoping somehow we’d get beyond the budget issue now, beyond shutdowns and squeaky squabbling. I don’t even know what the budget deal is, but I know that there are squeaky wheels and there’s a much bigger silent majority that at some point is going to be fatigued by this constant never ending budget fighting and infighting. Pick our battles, don’t overfight the small battles that are going to make us lose the war. Win the elections, so we can make our own budgets and big reforms. No more. No mas. Maybe I’m wrong. Maybe this deal is just so horrible that it’s worth risking it all. I don’t know.
What a load of hooey. The GOP leadership and GOP centrists never wanted to use the shutdown as a bargaining chip. They whined about it being done at all. They whined it distracted from the ObamaCare meltdown. That’s still the case.
I don’t think fighting over small changes in this or that will mean much, because even the sequester did not accomplish very much in term of fixing the country’s economic problems. So keeping it or not keeping it really means very little in that struggle. I dislike Weeping John because he is weak, and Paul Ryan is not exactly the best negotiator either. He could have gotten a better deal, but is it worth taking the eye of ObamaCare to get into another big shutdown battle now over small time stuff, none of which will solve anything significant?
Right now I would say no and I was and still am a big supporter of the first shutdown. Why? Because it was about ObamaCare. Now if we want to shutdown government over ObamaCare again, I might be for that. I am sure mods and RINOs would disagree with that.
My view is as long as whatever we do is about ObamaCare, keep doing it. As for the moderates and RINOs…same goes for immigration reform. Don’t do it. Stay focus…
“They’re using the American people for their own purposes. This is ridiculous.” – Boehner
Boehner, Boehner, Boehner… no one can “use” the American people. Your statement is what’s ridiculous.
No one can “use” the American people more than the current administration and their press lackeys. If they had really been able to “use” the American people, the Dems would not have lost the House in 2010 and you would not be speaker.
Agree with Doomberg. The surrender weasels demanded a complete cave to end the shutdown. I believe the phrase from Ed was “live to fight another day.” Well the defund/delay camp was proven right. Yet, the very issue where promises were made that the GOP would fight for conservative principles arrived with Boehner sneering at anybody that objects to a deal that has been enthusiastically embraced by Obama and Reid.
MJBrutus- Go join the Dems or STFU if you refuse to fight the enemy. Some hills are worth dying on. Shutdown was one of those and this secondary cave proves that your camp doesn’t want to fight for conservative principles ever.
There is a pox on everyone’s house. Sadly the GOP screwed up so badly, thanks to the shutdown among other blunders, that they are unable to exploit the Donkey’s failures the way they should.
Sorry, but until the R’s win elections they are doomed to playing defense and this deal is an example. I congratulate Ryan on limiting the harm to a mere $200 million/per year.
Here’s a thought. Rather than focusing on purifying the party and pushing away all but the fanatical faithful, why don’t we think about, you know, broadening the party’s appeal? Elections are won, after all, by those who get the most votes not those who get fewer but more enthusiastic votes.
MJBrutus- Go join the Dems or STFU if you refuse to fight the enemy. Some hills are worth dying on. Shutdown was one of those and this secondary cave proves that your camp doesn’t want to fight for conservative principles ever.
Happy Nomad on December 11, 2013 at 2:27 PM
Ain’t gonna happen. I’m not shutting up and I’m not going anywhere.
You may find a glorious, futile, last act of defiance suits you. It doesn’t do a thing for me. I find winning to be much more to my liking.
Correct me if I’m wrong but as I recall you are a big fan of the progressive War on Drugs and want to double down on it. Does this bill increase funding to anti-drug cronies as it does to warfare and welfare cronies?
It’s not the least bit surprising that authoritarian, progressive, big-gov Republicans are happy with this deal. America is being ruled by an extremist minority on the far-left and far-right and the tea party still has a lot of work ahead.
I don’t like the deal either but I don’t know what kind of a deal you guys think we are going to get when the dems control the senate and the white house.
Why did they have to do anything? We already had the sequester level spending in place that capped spending at the ridiculously high level of $967 billion. That is still 50% higher than when Obama came onto the scene and all budgeting stopped and spending was set by authorizing CRs the bloated rate. A compromise would not have had spending go up, it would have been negotiating what to spend at that level or less.
Who was the guy around here that voted for Obama to hasten the fall? HondaV65? He may have been onto something.
By all means, I would love to correct you. I am STRONGLY opposed to the stupid war on drugs. It takes a back seat to nothing, aside from the wars on poverty and terror perhaps, for compromising our rights and justifying an explosion of government scope and intrusion on our lives.
I don’t like the deal either but I don’t know what kind of a deal you guys think we are going to get when the dems control the senate and the white house. As for the commentor who said to offer CR’s every week until the dems cave and the repubs won’t be blamed I wonder where you were during the shutdown when the repubs kept making offes that were automatically refused by the senate and the white house and the repubs still got he blame for it. How do you suppose it would turn out differant now?
paulrtaylor on December 11, 2013 at 2:11 PM
CRs are better than this piece of human excrement disguised as a “compromise.” Plus sequestration has actually be shown to be an effective budge cutting tool.
But thank you for outing yourself as another liberal Socialist Surrender Monkey disguised as a RINO.
One congress cannot bind its own hands, let alone bind the hands of a future congress.
This means that there is no $85 Billion in future cuts to offset the immediate and certain $65 Billion in extra spending.
By increasing spending by $65 Billion, leaving out unemployment insurance and a few other items they likely will tag an extra hundred billion to, they are in fact increasing the deficit by $414.6 Billion over ten years.
We all know how these games are being played, and here we have our own Hot Air, supposedly CONSERVATIVE blog, eating the horse manure whole and arguing it is pure Kobe Beef with certificates.
I hope Rush sides with the tea party on this, but his show today doesn’t seem promising. He seems to be mostly avoiding the topic altogether, talking about selfies and time-magazine MOTY instead, and what little he said made it sound like the GOP establishment had a boo boo and accidentally made a mistake because they’re afraid. No mention at all that the true cause is that the GOP is corrupt and is serving their cronies.
MJBrutus- Go join the Dems or STFU if you refuse to fight the enemy. Some hills are worth dying on. Shutdown was one of those and this secondary cave proves that your camp doesn’t want to fight for conservative principles ever.
There is a pox on everyone’s house. Sadly the GOP screwed up so badly, thanks to the shutdown among other blunders, that they are unable to exploit the Donkey’s failures the way they should.
No one even remembers the shutdown now except the political media. It had the same impact that Newtown did – a short term drop in the bucket which panicked our “representatives” into nearly giving Obama a big gun control victory. Less than a year later the Democrats have begun losing seats in Colorado over it.
The shutdown is just an excuse from tax & spenders like yourself who want to be rid of the sequester, and need a convenient excuse to do so.
Sorry, but until the R’s win elections they are doomed to playing defense and this deal is an example. I congratulate Ryan on limiting the harm to a mere $200 million/per year.
We won in 2010. Nothing happened. I wager the new excuse will be “Obama is just too powerful” or “we don’t have a supermajority” if the Republicans win the Senate.
Here’s a thought. Rather than focusing on purifying the party and pushing away all but the fanatical faithful, why don’t we think about, you know, broadening the party’s appeal? Elections are won, after all, by those who get the most votes not those who get fewer but more enthusiastic votes.
MJBrutus on December 11, 2013 at 2:27 PM
Here’s a thought. The Republicans should focus on blocking the Obama agenda like they were elected to do – you know, the reason they won the 2010 elections – instead of stampeding off the cliff like mooing cattle every time a Democrat makes a frowny face in their general direction.
Here’s a thought. Rather than focusing on purifying the party and pushing away all but the fanatical faithful, why don’t we think about, you know, broadening the party’s appeal? Elections are won, after all, by those who get the most votes not those who get fewer but more enthusiastic votes.
MJBrutus on December 11, 2013 at 2:27 PM
Code for “expanding government, but just smarter than the Dems do it”. Worked so well for Bush, didn’t it?
Besides, the party’s appeal is supposed to be about keeping government limited and people getting to keep more of their hard-earned money. All I see of our party “betters” is more spending and, now, tax increases (oh, that’s right, they’re just “user fees”).
And here I thought all the conservative idiots had agreed that last month’s shutdown did NOTHING for the cause. Now they want to court another one?
Republicans certainly are consistent. You can’t fix STUPID!
GarandFan on December 11, 2013 at 2:35 PM
Well what if we shut down the government over ObamaCare again…
DO you think the Dems would want Round II focusing on something American people now have seen and don’t like? Be careful libs, the people have turned against ObamaCare and Obama, your not fighting from a position of strength on that issue anymore.
See this is where the GOP does mess up. Ryan should have made a bigger deal about ObamaCare and a possible shut down in negations. Dems might not be hot for another round of the ObamaCare Wars right now.
The premise is so patently stupid, idiotic, paternalistic, and another swindle by the BOP (Bankrupt Ol’ Party), establishment:
We will raise taxes and revenue now by $68B in exchange for unknown cuts and deficit reduction of $28B in 10 years.
Throw them all out. Anyone who votes for this. No ethics, no values, no economics, no balls. Cowed into acquiescence by a hard-core leftist when you have the power of the purse.
Starlink on December 11, 2013 at 2:06 PM
Some of you people are too hilarious. It’s been obvious that many Tea Partiers lack an adequate education, but the low information voter now reigns supreme?
You can’t embrace austerity spending cuts in the wake of a massive, once in a generation financial crisis when the economy is still trying to recover from a historic collapse in asset prices. For hose who lack an understanding of basic economics, the policy of spending cuts as a response to sluggish growth has never had a pleasant ending. Most Wall Street economists pegged a 1% to 1.5% cut in GDP as a result of the sequester, which correlates to millions of jobs suppressed and never created.
The time to balance the budget is when the job market has recovered and GDP growth is back on track. At that time, the deficit will naturally start to fall as a simple consequence of higher tax revenues. And perhaps the GOP will actually have the political muscle to force spending cuts, as opposed to control of only the Congress.
Apparently Boehner has at least one primary challenger. I don’t know anything about him yet. The best thing we can do for the American people, not to mention the Republican Party, is to send McConnell, Boehner, Cantor, Paul Ryan and others packing.
I live in the district just south of Boehner’s district. SW Ohio seems to have a fair number of tea party groups, and two or three of them are in Boehner’s district. They hate him, and I think two or three people are lining up to run in a primary against him. I don’t know who they are. I wish the sheriff in the most populous county in his district would run. Salty guy in his late 50s who’s the Midwest version of Joe Arpaio. He’s tried to give Boehner an earful on illegal immigration–and this is a county in SW Ohio for crying out loud. In that county (Butler), illegals really drain the local governments of a lot of resources. It’s a pretty conservative district, and they hate paying taxes up there–school levies often lose up there. If a good GOP candidate along the lines of Brad Wenstrup, who primaried Jean Schmidt (yes, a weak Congresswoman), surfaces, Boehner could be in trouble. I don’t know who likes Boehner in his district, but I think they’re finally tired of him.
The time to balance the budget is when the job market has recovered and GDP growth is back on track. At that time, the deficit will naturally start to fall as a simple consequence of higher tax revenues. And perhaps the GOP will actually have the political muscle to force spending cuts, as opposed to control of only the Congress.
bayam on December 11, 2013 at 2:41 PM
And, of course, you will tell us that when GDB growth is on track, and the Job Market is supporting 3.5% unemployment that the time to balance the budget is when the GDP is sluggish and unemployment is high. (like you did in the ’90s)
See this is where the GOP does mess up. Ryan should have made a bigger deal about ObamaCare and a possible shut down in negations. Dems might not be hot for another round of the ObamaCare Wars right now.
William Eaton on December 11, 2013 at 2:40 PM
I’d love to see the Dems fight defund/delay after all that has transpired since they defended it during the shutdown.
The democrats march in lockstep. Even during this obamacare mess, they never come off their talking points.
I see Boehner’s issue with the conservatives. They are principled, they were sent to Washington to fight the scourge of democrat socialism, and they are doing that job.
Mitch too. They both need to be out on their ears.
Many GOP members — including deficit hawks — are livid with the conservative groups demanding they walk one plank too many in October. And I concur. We were in a hole and they demanded we kept digging. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Story highlights Pepper Schwartz: Graphic sex in "Blue Is the Warmest Color" causing controversy
She says Times critic said film is relevant for young teens; his 14-year-old saw it
She says: You kidding? Most kids very unprepared for film's level of raw sexuality
Schwartz: Not advisable for a parent to introduce this kind of sex to a youngster
The film "Blue Is the Warmest Color," a French import, has kicked up a storm of controversy, mostly because of its extraordinarily long, detailed and explicit lesbian sexual and romantic scenes. So graphic was a roughly six-minute coupling, that the Motion Picture Association of America gave the movie an NC-17 rating, that is, no one under 17 admitted.
But there was additional controversy when a prominent film critic suggested it could be a good movie to introduce one's teenage daughter to. In a blog post on The New York Times website about a theater in New York that chose to flout the MPAA rating, critic A.O. Scott said that "in some ways, because of its tone and subject matter, 'Blue' is a movie that may be best appreciated by viewers under the NC-17 age cutoff." His 14-year-old daughter had seen it twice at the Telluride Film Festival.
My take on his comment -- as a sex researcher, a university professor and a mom who has seen the film -- is: "Are you kidding?!" I would not recommend anything so vivid portrayed by a same-sex or opposite sex couple to any young person, particularly one who was not already sexually experienced.
Pepper Schwartz
Furthermore, while my family is hardly shy about sharing information and opinions on all kinds of sex, it would be awkward and inappropriate to be the one introducing either my daughter or son to three highly-detailed sex scenes (even simulated, which these are). We may have frank conversations about sex, but they're not fully illustrated, and that makes a difference!
If you have not yet sat down with your kids to look through pictures of sexual positions and intercourse, having them watch this movie would be a strange place to start. "Blue Is the Warmest Color" is not family entertainment. Its athletic, rough and tumble sexuality can look aggressive, even frightening, to an inexperienced young person, and it is hard to explain to many teens why that might also be loving.
In a perfect world, one would want one's child to go through stages of experiencing sex, from kissing to fondling to an intimate connection with a first lover. Perhaps this is idealistic, but at least their exposure to vivid images of sexuality might occur over time, graduated according to what they are ready to see and understand.
In any case, it's certainly not something they'd want to watch with their parents, although it's not clear whether Scott actually accompanied his 14-year-old to the Telluride screenings. I am also mystified that Scott talks about the movie as a realistic depiction of young love that teens will identify with. Huh? This is not a realistic depiction for most teenagers. Approximately 40% to 50% of them will not have had intercourse until they have graduated high school. Very few of them will have had a relationship of this caliber or impact.
How sexually explicit films affect kids is debated among health professionals and sex researchers. Some maintain that they can encourage sexual experimentation and a change in values in young people, while others disagree -- but as a parent, why go there? Why consciously risk flipping youngsters ahead of their own experience by introducing information before they are more erotically mature?
JUST WATCHED Discussion around students and sexting Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Discussion around students and sexting 06:13
One other reservation about taking a teen to this movie? I love a love story; gay, straight, bisexual or undecided. The chilling part of this film is that it's basically the story of an adult woman (she's 5 or 6 years older) poaching on a high-schooler. The issue is glossed over in the movie. But parents should be wary of taking their kids to see a movie that glamorizes sexual relationships between a sexy older person and a teen. Yes, it's only a movie. But it is one that can deliver a message.
Of course, there should be lots of conversations between parent and child on all these topics -- lesbian love affairs, affairs with older lovers, sexual desire when you are young -- before a child is launched into the adult world. But a parent exposing a child to deeply intimate sexuality -- people having oral sex together, slapping and grabbing each others' butts and bringing each other to orgasm -- is neither necessary nor desirable.
We can have, as sex educators call it, "a teachable moment" other ways. If your child does go see this film, by all means, discuss it. But I am pretty sure this kind of field trip would make parent and child feel they'd had an exceptionally squeamish, and highly regrettable, experience. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Plant cell walls are a terrifically important source of raw material for food, fuel, and industrially chemicals ([@B8]). In addition, they are responsible for not only conferring a definitive shape to the cell and enabling overall growth, but it also provides material transportation and protection of the cells\' inner contents. Plant cell walls are rich in complex biopolymers carbohydrates that comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin ([@B12]) as well as lignin ([@B45]). Cellulose, the linear (1→4)-β-D-glucan, is an important structural and functional component of both primary and secondary cell walls ([@B14]). Plant primary wall surrounds growing and dividing plant cells while the secondary wall provides structural support to the xylem and the plant body ([@B42]; [@B55]).
In most terrestrial plants, cellulose is thought to be synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette cellulose synthase complexes which consist of cellulose synthase proteins (CESA) ([@B26]). The *CesA* genes belong to membrane-bound glycosyltransferase family II (GT-2) enzymes ([@B43]). These enzymes are characterized by two domains (A and B domains) which possess the D, D, and D, QxxRW motif, respectively ([@B40]). The first plant *CesA* gene was successfully identified from cotton, by screening its expressed sequence tags ([@B35]). In *Arabidopsis*, at least three CesA subunits encoded by the *AtCesA1*, *AtCesA3*, and one of the *AtCesA6*-related genes (*AtCesA2*, *AtCesA5*, *AtCesA6*, or *AtCesA9*) are required for cellulose biosynthesis in primary cell walls, while *AtCesA4*, *AtCesA7*, and *AtCesA8* are required for secondary cell walls formation ([@B48]; [@B28]). In aspen (*Populus tremuloides*), the three *PtrCesA1*, *PtrCesA2*, and *PtrCesA3* are highly expressed during secondary cell wall enriched xylem tissues ([@B18]). *GhCesA* gene identification revealed that *CesA2* was a predominant gene for secondary cell wall formation ([@B23]). [@B33] have shown that the phylogenetic and expression analysis of three loblolly pine *CesA* genes representing they are orthologous to the *CesA* genes in angiosperms which is responsible for cellulose synthesis in the secondary cell walls. These data suggested that these three genes *PtCesA1*, *PtCesA2*, and *PtCesA3* have been linked to secondary xylem development in gymnosperms *Pinus taeda*. [@B11] observed that the knockout of *AtCesA2* caused severe defects in cell wall formation and microtubule orientation that led to abnormal plant growth and development. Furthermore, [@B11] concluded that cellulose biosynthesis was needed for the microtubule orientation. It is noteworthy that microtubule orientation plays a critical role in controlling cell expansion and elongation. Correspondingly, mutations in *CesA* genes are known to loss of impair cellulose synthesis. For example, *cesa5/cesa6* double mutants were seedling lethal ([@B13]), a mutation in *CesA6* -related genes (*CesA2*, *CesA5*, and *CesA9)* revealed only a mild phenotype ([@B41]; [@B7]) and *cesa2/cesa6/cesa9* triple mutants showed pollen lethality ([@B36]).
*Populus* plants are versatile and semi-evergreen forest trees with a wide distribution in northern China ([@B24]). Their ease and simplicity of clonal propagation, rapid growth, and small genome size have made *Populus* tree species a well-established model organism for woody plant research ([@B3]; [@B6]; [@B52]). Although the functions of CesA proteins are well studied in plants ([@B2]), their genetic manipulation to enhance cellulose production, especially in timber trees, has remained demanding. For example, earlier overexpression of *CesA* genes has not resulted in improved plant growth in *Arabidopsis*, barley, and poplar ([@B54]; [@B19]; [@B47]). In this work, the *pBI121:CesA2* binary vector was constructed and introduced to the poplar hybrid clone "Nanlin895" (*Populus deltoides* × *Populus euramericana*) *via* the *Agrobacterium-*mediated transformation system. We found that *PmCesA2* overexpression in *Populus* influenced its secondary cell wall thickening as well as morphological and physiological traits. Analysis of molecular and morphological data and chemical composition of cell walls in transgenic poplars indicated a significantly increased *PmCesA2* transcript abundance along with cell wall thickening.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Source Plant {#s2_1}
------------
The biennial *Pinus massoniana* tree was propagated in the greenhouse of Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), in Jiangsu Province, China. Different tissues samples were directly frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at -80°C before the RNA extraction. Total RNA was isolated from each sample using RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Polysaccharides & Polyphenolics-rich) (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) by following the manufacturer\'s instructions.
Cloning of the *PmCesA2* Open Reading Frame {#s2_2}
-------------------------------------------
*PmCesA2* was cloned from a cDNA library constructed of RNA isolated from the needle tissue of *P. massoniana* using the Prime Script 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara, Dalian, China). A pair of primers was designed according to the full-length coding region of the *CesA2* gene sequence of *P. taeda* (GenBank: AY789651.1). The PCR products were cloned into the pEASY-T1 (Transgen, Beijing, China) vector and transformed into *E. coli* DH5α, and then sequenced. All of the primers used in these assays are listed in [**Supplementary Table S2**](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Sequence and Phylogenetic Analyses {#s2_3}
----------------------------------
A total of 60 putative CesA protein sequences from various plant species were aligned using the ClustalW2 (<http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html>). A phylogenetic tree of CesAs protein family members of (*Arabidopsis thaliana*), (*Zea mays*), (*Oryza sativa*), (*Eucalyptus grandis*), (*Betula luminifera*), (*Populus trichocarpa*), (*P. taeda*), (*Pinus radiata*), (*Cunninghamia lanceolata*), and (*Picea glauca*) was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA7 with 1,000 replicates for the bootstrap analysis, and a 50% cutoff value ([@B21]).
*Agrobacterium*-Mediated Transformation of (P. Deltoides × P. Euramericana 'Nanlin895') {#s2_4}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The binary vector pBI121 plasmid harboring the desired *CesA2* gene, where *PmCesA2* is under the control of the CaMV 35S constitutive promoter, was introduced into *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* strain EHA105 using the freeze--thaw method ([@B16]). The *P. deltoides × P. euramericana* 'Nanlin895' leaf disks were inoculated with an infective suspension (OD~600~ = 0.7) of regenerated *A. tumefaciens*, under gentle shaking of 200 rpm for 1 h. Then, the leaf disks were dried using sterile paper towels and co-cultivated on MS medium ([@B32]) with 0.5 mg/L N-6-benzyladenine (6-BA), 0.004 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ), 6 g/L agar, 25 g/L sucrose, 200 μM acetosyringone (AS), pH 5, and incubated in the dark at 28°C for 2 days ([@B30]). This was followed by transferring the leaf disks to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA, 0.004 mg/L TDZ, 6 g/L agar, 25 g/L sucrose, 400 mg/L cefotaxime, and 50 mg/L kanamycin, pH 5.8, under 16/8 h light/dark conditions at 23 ± 1°C in a phytotron to screen for the putative transformant explants. Afterward, the selected shoots were transferred to half-strength MS rooting medium; then, transferred to soil and propagated for complementary experiments. All the transgenic and wild type plants were acclimated and grown in the greenhouse at 18--23°C, 60% humidity, and with 18 h of light and 6 h of dark daily at the NFU.
Plant Height and Biomass Measurements {#s2_5}
-------------------------------------
Height from the basal stem to the peaks and stem diameter from 5 cm above the soil of 3-month‐old poplars were measured from each transgenic and WT lines. Fresh weight was immediately measured after sample collection. Then, the dry weight of the same plant material was determined after drying at 80°C for 48 h.
Extraction of Chlorophyll Pigments {#s2_6}
----------------------------------
Total chlorophyll (TChl) content from the leaves of WT and transgenic plants was measured spectrophotometrically, by using 0.1 g of tissue ground in a pre-chilled mortar and pestle and extracted with 80% acetone (10 ml). After centrifugation at 10,000×*g*, the absorbance of a given extract was recorded at 663.8, 646.8, and 470.0 nm. The concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, and of total chlorophyll, were calculated following [@B25].
Determination of Cell Wall Composition {#s2_7}
--------------------------------------
The 10th to 13th internodes of 3-month-old WT and transgenic plants used for cell wall composition analysis. To determine the cellulose content, 100-mg dried samples were degraded with a mixture of nitric and acetic acid (1:8, v/v, 30 min, 100°C) and centrifuged followed by dilution with 60% H~2~SO~4~. Cellulose levels were measured using a cold anthrone reagent at 620 nm ([@B17]) and the determination of lignin content carried out as previously described ([@B53]). The percentages of cellulose and lignin content were then averaged for three biological and technical replicates experiments. To determine the monosaccharide composition, 5 mg of the extract-free samples were extracted with 50 μl of sulfuric acid (72% w/w) at 37°C for 60 min, diluted with 4% H~2~SO~4~, autoclaved for 60 min, then allowed to cool to room temperature and an aliquot was neutralized with CaCO~3~. Analysis of monosaccharide composition was done using high performance liquid chromatography ([@B44]).
PCR and Real-Time Quantitative PCR {#s2_8}
----------------------------------
Leaf tissues of all transgenic lines were collected for genomic DNA extraction from 1-month-old transgenic plants, by using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) following the manufacturer\'s instructions. The ensuing genomic DNA from each line was then used for PCR to confirm the integration of *PmCesA2*.
RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Polysaccharides & Polyphenolics-rich) (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used to extract RNA from the stem segment of WT and transgenic plant lines. The RNA was then used as a template in a reverse transcription reaction to produce cDNA, following the instructions of the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time) (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China). QRT-PCR was used to assess the copy number and relative expression level of the *PmCesA2* gene (2^−ΔΔCT^) in the transgenic and WT lines using an ABI quantitative real-time RT-PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA) and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix according to the manufacturer\'s instruction. The relative expression levels of related *PmCesA2* genes were determined by same method. For the standard curve method cDNA was diluted (1,000-, 500-, 250-, 125-, and 62.5-fold) and two *PmCesA2* primers were used to amplify a product of 130 bp, and expression of the housekeeping gene *β-actin* primers was used for normalization expression to verify the real-time quantitative PCR reaction. All of the primers are listed in [**Supplementary Table S2**](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Southern Blot Analysis {#s2_9}
----------------------
Genomic DNA was extracted using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method from WT plants and three transgenic poplar lines ([@B37]). Approximately 10 μg of total genomic DNA was digested with EcoRI restriction enzyme, separated on a 0.8% agarose gel at 25 V overnight, and transferred onto Hybond N+ membrane. A 404-bp digoxin-labeled CaMV 35S was used as a probe for hybridization according to the instruction manual (DIG High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit I, Roche). Primers used for DIG labeling of CaMV 35S are listed in [**Supplementary Table S2**](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Scanning Electron Microscopy {#s2_10}
----------------------------
The *Populus* stem (10th internode) of 3‐month‐old transgenic plants and the wild type were used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), according to the previously described protocol by [@B100] and the image analysis software IMAGEJ (<https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/>) was employed for quantifying morphological parameters of xylem cells (μm) and wall thickness.
Statistical Analysis {#s2_11}
--------------------
All data for measured height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content, cellulose, and lignin content were analyzed using the Student\'s *t*-test calculated in Microsoft Excel. Three biological replications with three technical replicates were performed each experiment. A one-way analysis of variance was applied to determine the significance of differences at *p* \< 0.05.
Results {#s3}
=======
Cloning and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis {#s3_1}
--------------------------------------
A 3,147 bp cDNA fragment was obtained by RT-PCR using the primers derived from the *CesA2* gene of *P. taeda*, encoding a protein of 1,057 amino acid residues, and having a molecular weight of 119.767 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.4. Sequence analysis showed 98% similarity between the reported *CesA2* gene (AY789651.1) of *P. taeda* and *P. massoniana*.
We used the 60 CESA protein sequences from plant species, *A. thaliana*, *P. trichocarp*a, *P. taeda*, and *Z. mays* to generate a phylogenetic tree ([**Figure 1**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Protein sequence information was collected from NCBI database. To identify the species of origin for each CESA, the corresponding species name was included before each sequence name: *At*, *A. thaliana*; *Zm*, *Z. mays*, *Pt*, *P. trichocarpa*; *Pta*, *P. taeda*; *Pr*, *P. radiata*; *Cl*, *C. lanceolata*; *Pg*, *P. glauca*; *Eug*, *E. grandis*; *Os*, *O. sativa*; *Pm*, *P. massoniana*; and *Bl*, *B. luminifera.* Phylogenetic tree shows that *PmCesA2* in pine is ortholog of *PtCesA2* in poplar related secondary wall and the results confirmed the same function of these genes. All information about plant species and gene accession number are placed in [**Supplementary Table S1**](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
{#f1}
Tissue-Specific Expression Analysis of *PmCesA2* {#s3_2}
------------------------------------------------
The quantitative real-time expression analyses of RNAs were performed to investigate the *PmCesA2* gene expression patterns in various tissues of *P. massoniana*. These RT-PCR results demonstrated that *PmCesA2* gene was expressed in all examined plant tissues ([**Figure 2A**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the quantitative PCR ([**Figure 2B**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) analysis showed a high level of expression of *PmCesA2* in the stem and root than in the needle.
{#f2}
Analysis of Expression and Integration of *PmCesA2 in* Nanlin895 Poplars {#s3_3}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ten transgenic poplar lines were verified by PCR analysis using the *PmCesA2*-specific primers. This indicated that the *PmCesA2* gene had been integrated into the genomes of 10 independent transgenic plant lines ([**Figure 3A**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Relative expression levels of the *PmCesA2* gene were analyzed in 2-month-old stems of these verified transgenic lines, for which the quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed notable variation ([**Figure 3B**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Specifically, *PmCesA2* expression levels in the L15 and L7 were relatively higher than in the other transgenic line and the wild type. The transgene copy numbers of *PmCesA2* were determined *via* Real time PCR based on formula *X* = *Y* -- intercept/slope degrees (*X* = copy number, *Y* = Ct) ([@B31]). The results revealed that the average gene copy number of *PmCesA2* in transgenic plants is 7.45 with a slope of −3.36 and efficiency 0.994. Southern blot hybridization confirmed the stable integration of the *PmCesA2* into the genome of transgenic lines. Southern blotting analysis ([**Supplementary Figure S1**](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) revealed that the transgene had integrated into the genome stably at two to three copies per genome. No bands were detected in the WT lanes.
{#f3}
Growth and Morphological Characteristics in *PmCesA2* Transgenic Poplars {#s3_4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
To investigate whether overexpression of *PmCesA2* could improve plant growth, we monitored the individual growth of three transgenic plants from each line and untransformed controls. Three months after planting into the soil, significant growth phenotype differences were observed between plants overexpressing *PmCesA2* and the wild type (WT). The former showed a fast‐growing phenotype with increased plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number ([**Figure 4A**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Height measurements of the 10 lines clearly indicated that both L15 and L3 were significantly taller than WT ([**Figure 4B**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). With the exception of L2, which had a smaller stem diameter than WT, transgenic lines had a significantly greater stem diameter (31.83%) than did WT ([**Figure 4C**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, concerning the number of leaves of the poplars, overexpression lines produced more leaves (48%) than did WT ([**Figure 4D**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Generally, lines overexpressing the *CesA2* gene showed altered growth characteristics, demonstrating significantly increased height, stem diameter, and number of leaves.
{#f4}
As [**Figure 5A**](#f5){ref-type="fig"} clearly shows, compared with WT, the transgenic lines 15 and 12 both displayed high levels of fresh weight while lines 12 and 19 had the largest dry weight increase ([**Figure 5B**](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). Both the fresh and dry weights of the transgenic plants exceeded those of WT plants which were 45% and 36% higher than WT, respectively. Apart from L21, which had lower chlorophyll content than the WT, the transgenic plants maintained higher chlorophyll contents (34.3%) than did WT ([**Figure 5C**](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). The changes in the chlorophyll contents could increase photosynthesis and hence increase plant growth.
{#f5}
Changes in Secondary Cell Wall Composition {#s3_5}
------------------------------------------
SEM observations clearly showed a thickened secondary cell wall in transgenic line when compared with the WT. To investigate how the cell wall changed due to *PmCesA2* overexpression, the content of the cell wall\'s monosaccharide composition was analyzed in transgenic and wild-type plants. As [**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type="table"} shows, all transgenic lines showed significantly higher (up to 48%) xylose content with variations of other monosaccharides, compared to WT.
######
Cell wall monosaccharide composition (mg g ^-1^) from stem of the control and *PmCesA2* transgenic plants.
Plant Glucose Xylose Mannose Galactose Rhamnose Arabinose
------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
WT 35.16 ± 1.10 15.45 ± 0.36 2.83 ± 1.40 1.48 ± 0.19 0.67 ± 0.07 0.76 ± 0.18
L-2 36.05 ± 0.9 21.49 ± 0.78 2.19 ± 0.46 1.18 ± 0.09 0.66 ± 0.05 0.6 ± 0.03
L-3 35.59 ± 1.39 23.43 ± 0.60^\*^ 2.49 ± 0.53 1.33 ± 0.28 0.53 ± 0.11 0.61 ± 0.21
L-7 38.24 ± 1.22 22.56 ± 0.55 2.44 ± 0.29 1.16 ± 0.07 0.53 ± 0.13 0.71 ± 0.09
L-8 39.79 ± 2.16^\*^ 24.72 ± 2.63^\*^ 2.23 ± 0.78 1.19 ± 0.11 0.5 ± 0.05 0.58 ± 0.04
L-9 38.06 ± 1.20 24.4 ± 1.51^\*^ 2.53 ± 0.55 1.25 ± 0.17 0.6 ± 0.14 0.63 ± 0.06
L-12 39.71 ± 1.35^\*^ 25.61 ± 0.39^\*^ 2.83 ± 1.18 1.34 ± 0.10 0.65 ± 0.09 0.68 ± 0.23
L-15 37.19 ± 1.0 25.03 ± 1.01^\*^ 2.63 ± 0.74 1.35 ± 0.13 0.64 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.03
L-19 36.81 ± 1.25 22.64 ± 1.62 2.32 ± 0.51 1.17 ± 0.14 0.54 ± 0.08 0.6 ± 0.09
L-21 38.04 ± 1.20 22.63 ± 0.60 2.27 ± 0.43 1.2 ± 0.11 0.48 ± 0.12 0.57 ± 0.19
L-23 36.23 ± 1.40 22.79 ± 0.69 2.03 ± 0.15 1.09 ± 0.08 0.57 ± 0.07 0.6 ± 0.11
Data are the mean value ± SD of three biological replicates. \*Denotes significance at p \< 0.05.
Cellulose production is correlated with the level of cellulose synthesis activity of *CesA* ([@B4]; [@B39]). To assess which cell wall components drove the increased thickness of the secondary cell wall, cellulose and lignin content of transgenic stems were measured. The overexpressing lines contained more cellulose ([**Figure 6A**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}) and lignin levels ([**Figure 6B**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}) compared with the control plants. These results showed *PmCesA2* could enhance biomass yields in the transgenic plants due to high cellulose and lignin content.
{#f6}
Changes in the Thickness of the Secondary Cell Walls in Transgenic *Populus* {#s3_6}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cell wall thickness arises from increased deposition levels of xylose and cellulose ([@B46]). To better understand the contribution of *PmCesA2* overexpression to secondary cell wall biosynthesis, microscopic analyses were conducted to measure the thicknesses with the stems of WT and transgenic plants. Notably, SEM images showed the entire cell wall had increased, including the secondary cell wall (at least twofold more), in the overexpressing lines when compared with that of WT ([**Figure 7**](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). The xylem width of poplar transgenic lines had significantly increased compared to the wild-type plants ([**Supplementary Table S3**](#SM5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These results showed that overexpression of *PmCesA2* positively regulated the secondary cell wall formation in transgenic poplars.
{#f7}
Alternation of Gene Expression in *PmCesA2* Transgenic Poplars {#s3_7}
--------------------------------------------------------------
To determine whether *PmCesA2* impacts the expression of other genes involved in cellulose or lignin biosynthesis, we performed quantification analysis of the expression of cellulose and lignin biosynthetic genes in the stems of transgenic lines. Transcript abundance of *CesA5*, *CesA6* (two primary *CesA* genes), *Susy2* (key enzyme for secondary growth), and *PAL1*, *4CL1* (lignin biosynthesis genes) were up‐regulated in overexpressing lines compared to those in WT. Overexpression of *PmCesA2* gene could increase the expression levels of other primary wall *CesAs*, *Susy2* and lignin biosynthetic genes ([**Supplementary Figure S2**](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The cell wall in plant cells provides structural support, underpinning plant growth and development ([@B22]). Cellulose, a major load-bearing structure of growing cell walls, has drawn much research attention for its various industrial applications. Therefore, researchers have tried to alter the process of cellulose biosynthesis to improve the growth, biomass production, and wood quality of plants. Here, we reported on the molecular and physiological behavior of transgenic poplar overexpressing *PmCesA2* under natural conditions. Over-expression of *PmCesA2* resulted in improved cellulose synthesis, plant growth, and biomass production in transgenic poplar lines compared to WT control plants, together with increased secondary wall thickening and width of the xylem. Although in plants, cellulose synthesis (*CesA*) genes have been shown to be fundamental for growth and development ([@B36]), in the last three decades, much effort has been met with limited success for improving cellulose synthesis through the overexpression of various the secondary *CesA~S~* ([@B5]). Attempts to overexpress a secondary wall-associated *CesA* gene (*CesA7*) in *Arabidopsis*, (*CesA8*) in *Populus*, and (*CesA4*) in barley did not show any improvement in plant growth and plant biomass production ([@B54]; [@B19]; [@B47]). A recent study of *Panicum virgatum* highlighted that both *CesA4* and *CesA6* overexpression and knock-down to extreme levels in the transgenic lines resulted in decreased biomass production ([@B27]). In the present study, hybrid poplars overexpressing the structural *PmCesA2* gene from the source pine tree displayed considerable improvements in biomass production. In terms of cell wall composition, the overexpressing transgenic plants also showed higher cellulose and lignin levels. The present work therefore suggests that increases in cellulose and lignin led to enhanced biomass yields in these plants. In order to verify whether overexpression of *CesA2* could influence the transcription of carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose production, monosaccharide composition in the stem was studied. This observation showed that glucose and xylose were the most abundant sugars in all samples as expected and suggested that increased glucose content in the cell walls of transgenic lines compared with the corresponding wild-type could be ascribed to increases in the cellulose content. Compared with WT, we observed that the chlorophyll contents of all transgenic mature lines except one were significantly increased. The greatly increased chlorophyll contents would be expected to augment the photosynthetic capacity of plants which could potentially increase the biomass of the transgenic plants.
*EgCesA1,2,3* which are orthologous to *PtrCesAl*, *PtrCesA3*, and *PtrCesA2*, respectively, and *ZmCesA10*, *11*, *12* which are orthologous to *AtCesA4*, *AtCesA8*, and *AtCesA7*, respectively, all presented high expression in stem or stalk, tissues that undergo secondary cell wall biosynthesis in xylems ([@B1]; [@B38]). Expression patterns of *PtaCesA1*, *PtaCesA2*, and *PtaCesA3* in loblolly pine are consistent with functional roles to their orthologous of secondary cell wall *CesA* genes in angiosperms which are highly expressed in developing xylem. *PtrCesA2* was isolated from a xylem cDNA library that exhibited a high degree of identity 82% with *AtCesA7* cDNA that has been associated with xylem development in *Arabidopsis* ([@B50]), concluded that *PtrCesA2* from aspen is orthologous to *Arabidopsis AtCesA7*. Multiple alignments of full-length CesA protein sequences showed that secondary *CesAs* in pine are orthologs of *Arabidopsis* and poplar secondary wall CesAs ([@B33]). *PmCesA2* cDNA shows a high degree of similarity 98% with *PtaCesA2* cDNA that has been associated with secondary cell wall development in *P. taeda*. This indicates *PmCesA2* could be involved in secondary cell wall synthesis.
In this respect, it seems that growth improvement and biomass production were achieved *via* genetic manipulation, at least for poplar trees. Cellulose biosynthesis and secondary wall thickness of *Arabidopsis* are affected by mutations in each of the secondary *CesAs* (*CESA4/IRX5*,*CESA7/IRX3*,and *CESA8/IRX1*), leading to collapsed xylem phenotype ([@B51]; [@B50]; [@B49]; [@B48]). Mutations in each of the primary *CesAs* can lead to reduced organ growth, which has been interpreted as the consequence of growth anisotropy being lost ([@B34]; [@B15]; [@B10]). *CesA5* and *CesA2* are responsible for secondary wall cellulose biosynthesis in *Arabidopsis* seed coat epidermis ([@B29]). Using various methods, both *in vitro* and *in planta*, it was shown that the primary wall *CesAs* interacts with other secondary wall *CesAs*, thus raising the possibility that mixed complexes of primary and secondary wall structure *CesAs* could occur at particular times ([@B9]). Overexpression *PmCesA2* gene enhances the expression of other primary wall *CesAs* as well as changes in expression of gene related to cell growth, cellulose (*Susy2*) or lignin (*PAL1* and *4CL1*) production.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate the overexpressing of the *PmCesA2* gene is directly relevant to plant growth and development in poplar due to enhanced cellulose synthesis which led to a thickened secondary cell wall. Based on our results, we propose that the *CesA2* genes\' overexpression may cause to enhance the expression of other genes linked to cell growth and cellulose production in transgenic plants. Our approach could serve as an efficient biotechnological modification tool for producing enhanced plant biomass.
Data Availability Statement {#s5}
===========================
This article contains previously unpublished data. The name of the repository and accession number(s) are not available.
Author Contributions {#s6}
====================
SM and KM designed and directed the project. SM, KM, and AM performed the experiments. SM and FW processed the experimental data. SM and KM wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. KJ supervised the project. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest {#s7}
====================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We acknowledge the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0600304) and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Supplementary Material {#s8}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.00110/full#supplementary-material>
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: Edited by: Agnieszka Ludwików, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
[^2]: Reviewed by: Guohua Chai, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (CAS), China; Bo Yang, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB), Germany; Changjun Ding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China; Chaofeng Li, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Bingyu Zhang, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China
[^3]: †These authors have contributed equally to this work
[^4]: This article was submitted to Plant Biotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
It looks like Padmé Amidala wants to meet her son!
When Mark Hamill recently tweeted that he and Natalie Portman have never met, there was a great disturbance in the Force as many Star Wars fans just had their minds blown.
FUN FACT: I've never met this woman. https://t.co/YYIFku1CVQ — Mark Hamill (@HamillHimself) June 9, 2018
However, maybe there'll be a family get together now, especially after the Oscar-winning actress revealed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert that she would very much like to meet Hamill.
"It's such a shame, I would love to meet him," Portman said before turning to the camera, "Mark, I would like to meet you, come over!"
Colbert, a self-admitted uber-nerd (and very much so), took a moment to bask in the fact that he has met both and spent time with the two Star Wars actors. He also reveled in the fact they haven't met, claiming - in a rather funny moment - that he was the, "center of the Star Wars universe."
Then, he went on to jokingly point out that Mark Hamill never even wished her a "Happy Birthday," something which Hamill was quick to amend.
SHAMEFUL FACT: "Center of the #StarWars Universe" Stephen Colbert @StephenAtHome revealed I neglected to wish Natalie a #HBD- Please forgive me Ms Portman.❤️ from your thoughtless, ungrateful son, mh #AGoodFirstStep https://t.co/vqpim0klc3 — Mark Hamill (@HamillHimself) June 15, 2018
Now, what we're all waiting for is when they finally meet! | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Sunday, January 27, 2013
Anticipation...of a kiss...of a touch...
Anticipation.....
The party is crowded with beautiful people; the lights are low, allowing you to watch others as they interact. She laughs at a comment someone makes during their conversation across the room while others converse around her. The neckline of her gown plunges low yet contains the voluptuous breasts to taunt those who care to peek. Dark hair cascades over her shoulders and you can almost feel the silken strands between your fingers. Tipping her champagne glass, her lips touch the rim as she takes in the wine and you know how it tingles on her tongue as you wonder about the softness of her lips.
Wondering what her kisses would taste like does more to the body than we can imagine. The sensors kick in not just in the tongue as we wonder how hers would interact with ours but our inner muscles contract low in our bodies. Our heart beats a bit faster as we wet our lips in anticipation of tasting her.
You guess as to whether she's open to a menage and would your husband be shocked at your suggestion? Would she let you touch her after you told her to clasp her fingers behind her back while you teasingly explore with your fingers? Ever so lightly you'd trail a fingertip down the slender column of her neck and hear her take in a breath as she tries to resist a visible reaction. The warmth of her body flows through your fingers as they move over the mound of her breast and slip beneath the plunging neckline of her gown.
Again, your body betrays you as the fluids begin to seep at imagining her in your bed, displayed for your pleasure as you play out a scene before your husband. She wouldn't be allowed to touch either of you yet, only enjoy what you let her experience. Her outstretched arms must stay there, her eyes must remain open and connected with yours; she's not yet allowed to show any reaction to your touch until you give her permission.
A warm, moist breath touches your neck as your hair is moved to the side. "A penny for your thoughts..."
You gaze into sultry eyes. It's your husband and his eyes beg to know what you're thinking.
$10 Gift Card up for grabs...Drawing will be Friday night!
Thank you for stopping in. I love visitors and love sharing. Leave a comment of how this short story made you feel and on Friday night, Feb 1st, I'll pick one commenter for a $10 gift card! Please share with the buttons below, then comment, leave your choice of GC and your email addy.
My NEW Adult Book Store!
BTSemag
DirtyBitPodCast Erotic Stories
Excessica Online
IndieAuthorLand
My Page at TRR!
The Romance Studio
Stop over to my page & then check out all of the erotic books you've been looking for.
Tonya's FB Fan Page
Naughty Readers Blog
Cassandre Dayne
More BDSM Books!
We Love Kink!
One Hot Blog
Bookin' It Reviews
After Dark Online
Erotica For All
Sam's Awesomeness!
Night Owl Reviews-Erotica
Sex - Press Blog List
Award from Charlene
Contact Tonya
Contact Tonya
Goodie Bag Promos!
AUTHORS - get FREE promo
Authors, send your book marks and author promo items so you can get them into reader goodie bags. This is a great way to get your info into readers hands. We have a list of authors who give these away to readers so don't miss out. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Two hours and 45 minutes of 70 mm film means The Dark Knight Rises is, literally, a big movie. Christopher Nolan‘s choice to shoot his new Batman film in full IMAX means that the IMAX film prints will weigh up to 600 pounds when fully assembled (and people wonder why theaters are switching to digital). In a new video posted from the Liberty Science Center in New Jersey, which has the largest IMAX screen in North America, you can see the incredible lengths some theaters will have to go to in preparation to show the epic conclusion of Nolan’s series.
Thanks to The Black Zebra on YouTube (via Comic Book Movie) for posting this video.
Here are some of the crazy numbers revealed in the video.
The film is two hours and 45 minutes long and will be delivered on roughly 50 reels. Those 50 reels will take about 10-12 hours to splice together and then six hours to move and string up to be screened. When complete, it’ll weight about 600 pounds. The gentleman from the Liberty Science Center said he hopes Warner Bros. delivers the film by July 13 otherwise it’s going to be a mad rush to get it ready for early test screenings prior to opening.
The film will also be screening in digital IMAX formats but, as has been well-covered on this site in the past, the film IMAX’s are the biggest and best. Over a third of the film will be presented IMAX while the rest will just be larger.
If you want to see The Dark Knight Rises in IMAX at the Liberty Science Center, the biggest IMAX in the country, head to this site.
A little technical but, still, very cool. Are you going to see The Dark Knight Rises in IMAX? | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
This is a limitation imposed by jetty server where the HTTP response header is hard coded to 64kb in PHD 1.0.1 and 64kb is the default setting for PHD 1.1.0 and later. When PXF query attempts to read a table with a large number of columns, the http response header will be larger then 64kb and jetty server will return HTTP status code 413.
Fix
The fix will be to increase the http.header.size for the namenode http jetty server to a value higher then the default of 64.
PXF will send a http request json request to the namenode. The payload will include all of the column names and data types. The data will look as followed.
The "X-GP-ATTR" prefixes in the the three variables sent in the json packet will always be the same. However the TYPENAMEx and NAMEx values will vary depending on the tables column name and data type and how many columns are in the table. We can safely estimate PXF will need about 80 bytes for the meta data including TYPECODEx and TYPENAMEx. So when determining what the value should be for the http header size you need to include 80 bytes plus the number bytes in the column name times the number of columns. Here is an example to help make sense of this.
Assume you have 1000 columns with names like col1, col2, col3, col4...
1000 columns with names like col1, col2, col3, col4...
The largest column name is col1000 = 7 characters
We can then calculate the size of the json payload given the following estimates plus size of largest column | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
We will use your email address only for sending you newsletters. Please see our Privacy Notice for details of your data protection rights.
Sign up fornow and never miss the top politics stories again.
North Korea has this year repeatedly provoked worldwide outrage with a series of nuclear tests and missile launches, prompting condemnation and threats from despot Kim Jong-un’s Western rivals.
And it has now been revealed the campaign of terror is partly thanks to China, who have been supplying North Korea with a key ingredient.
Beijing is believed to send Kim’s blood-thirsty Pyongyang administration rocket fuel dubbed “Devil’s Venom” - with fears growing the hermit state have already figured out how to manufacture the material itself.
The fuel, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH), is extremely tricky to create and is suspected to be supplies to the rogue state by China. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
"use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
var chars = require("./chars");
var CssTokenType;
(function (CssTokenType) {
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["EOF"] = 0] = "EOF";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["String"] = 1] = "String";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Comment"] = 2] = "Comment";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Identifier"] = 3] = "Identifier";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Number"] = 4] = "Number";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["IdentifierOrNumber"] = 5] = "IdentifierOrNumber";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["AtKeyword"] = 6] = "AtKeyword";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Character"] = 7] = "Character";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Whitespace"] = 8] = "Whitespace";
CssTokenType[CssTokenType["Invalid"] = 9] = "Invalid";
})(CssTokenType = exports.CssTokenType || (exports.CssTokenType = {}));
var CssLexerMode;
(function (CssLexerMode) {
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["ALL"] = 0] = "ALL";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["ALL_TRACK_WS"] = 1] = "ALL_TRACK_WS";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["SELECTOR"] = 2] = "SELECTOR";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["PSEUDO_SELECTOR"] = 3] = "PSEUDO_SELECTOR";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["PSEUDO_SELECTOR_WITH_ARGUMENTS"] = 4] = "PSEUDO_SELECTOR_WITH_ARGUMENTS";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["ATTRIBUTE_SELECTOR"] = 5] = "ATTRIBUTE_SELECTOR";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["AT_RULE_QUERY"] = 6] = "AT_RULE_QUERY";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["MEDIA_QUERY"] = 7] = "MEDIA_QUERY";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["BLOCK"] = 8] = "BLOCK";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["KEYFRAME_BLOCK"] = 9] = "KEYFRAME_BLOCK";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["STYLE_BLOCK"] = 10] = "STYLE_BLOCK";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["STYLE_VALUE"] = 11] = "STYLE_VALUE";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["STYLE_VALUE_FUNCTION"] = 12] = "STYLE_VALUE_FUNCTION";
CssLexerMode[CssLexerMode["STYLE_CALC_FUNCTION"] = 13] = "STYLE_CALC_FUNCTION";
})(CssLexerMode = exports.CssLexerMode || (exports.CssLexerMode = {}));
var LexedCssResult = (function () {
function LexedCssResult(error, token) {
this.error = error;
this.token = token;
}
return LexedCssResult;
}());
exports.LexedCssResult = LexedCssResult;
function generateErrorMessage(input, message, errorValue, index, row, column) {
return message + " at column " + row + ":" + column + " in expression [" +
findProblemCode(input, errorValue, index, column) + ']';
}
exports.generateErrorMessage = generateErrorMessage;
function findProblemCode(input, errorValue, index, column) {
var endOfProblemLine = index;
var current = charCode(input, index);
while (current > 0 && !isNewline(current)) {
current = charCode(input, ++endOfProblemLine);
}
var choppedString = input.substring(0, endOfProblemLine);
var pointerPadding = '';
for (var i = 0; i < column; i++) {
pointerPadding += ' ';
}
var pointerString = '';
for (var i = 0; i < errorValue.length; i++) {
pointerString += '^';
}
return choppedString + '\n' + pointerPadding + pointerString + '\n';
}
exports.findProblemCode = findProblemCode;
var CssToken = (function () {
function CssToken(index, column, line, type, strValue) {
this.index = index;
this.column = column;
this.line = line;
this.type = type;
this.strValue = strValue;
this.numValue = charCode(strValue, 0);
}
return CssToken;
}());
exports.CssToken = CssToken;
var CssLexer = (function () {
function CssLexer() {
}
CssLexer.prototype.scan = function (text, trackComments) {
if (trackComments === void 0) { trackComments = false; }
return new CssScanner(text, trackComments);
};
return CssLexer;
}());
exports.CssLexer = CssLexer;
var CssScannerError = (function () {
function CssScannerError(token, message) {
this.token = token;
this.rawMessage = message;
}
CssScannerError.prototype.toString = function () { return this.message; };
return CssScannerError;
}());
exports.CssScannerError = CssScannerError;
function _trackWhitespace(mode) {
switch (mode) {
case CssLexerMode.SELECTOR:
case CssLexerMode.PSEUDO_SELECTOR:
case CssLexerMode.ALL_TRACK_WS:
case CssLexerMode.STYLE_VALUE:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
var CssScanner = (function () {
function CssScanner(input, _trackComments) {
if (_trackComments === void 0) { _trackComments = false; }
this.input = input;
this._trackComments = _trackComments;
this.length = 0;
this.index = -1;
this.column = -1;
this.line = 0;
this._currentMode = CssLexerMode.BLOCK;
this._currentError = null;
this.length = this.input.length;
this.peekPeek = this.peekAt(0);
this.advance();
}
CssScanner.prototype.getMode = function () { return this._currentMode; };
CssScanner.prototype.setMode = function (mode) {
if (this._currentMode != mode) {
if (_trackWhitespace(this._currentMode) && !_trackWhitespace(mode)) {
this.consumeWhitespace();
}
this._currentMode = mode;
}
};
CssScanner.prototype.advance = function () {
if (isNewline(this.peek)) {
this.column = 0;
this.line++;
}
else {
this.column++;
}
this.index++;
this.peek = this.peekPeek;
this.peekPeek = this.peekAt(this.index + 1);
};
CssScanner.prototype.peekAt = function (index) {
return index >= this.length ? chars.$EOF : this.input.charCodeAt(index);
};
CssScanner.prototype.consumeEmptyStatements = function () {
this.consumeWhitespace();
while (this.peek == chars.$SEMICOLON) {
this.advance();
this.consumeWhitespace();
}
};
CssScanner.prototype.consumeWhitespace = function () {
while (chars.isWhitespace(this.peek) || isNewline(this.peek)) {
this.advance();
if (!this._trackComments && isCommentStart(this.peek, this.peekPeek)) {
this.advance();
this.advance();
while (!isCommentEnd(this.peek, this.peekPeek)) {
if (this.peek == chars.$EOF) {
this.error('Unterminated comment');
}
this.advance();
}
this.advance();
this.advance();
}
}
};
CssScanner.prototype.consume = function (type, value) {
if (value === void 0) { value = null; }
var mode = this._currentMode;
this.setMode(_trackWhitespace(mode) ? CssLexerMode.ALL_TRACK_WS : CssLexerMode.ALL);
var previousIndex = this.index;
var previousLine = this.line;
var previousColumn = this.column;
var next;
var output = this.scan();
if (output) {
if (output.error) {
this.setMode(mode);
return output;
}
next = output.token;
}
if (!next) {
next = new CssToken(this.index, this.column, this.line, CssTokenType.EOF, 'end of file');
}
var isMatchingType = false;
if (type == CssTokenType.IdentifierOrNumber) {
isMatchingType = next.type == CssTokenType.Number || next.type == CssTokenType.Identifier;
}
else {
isMatchingType = next.type == type;
}
this.setMode(mode);
var error = null;
if (!isMatchingType || (value && value != next.strValue)) {
var errorMessage = CssTokenType[next.type] + ' does not match expected ' +
CssTokenType[type] + ' value';
if (value) {
errorMessage += ' ("' + next.strValue + '" should match "' + value + '")';
}
error = new CssScannerError(next, generateErrorMessage(this.input, errorMessage, next.strValue, previousIndex, previousLine, previousColumn));
}
return new LexedCssResult(error, next);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scan = function () {
var trackWS = _trackWhitespace(this._currentMode);
if (this.index == 0 && !trackWS) {
this.consumeWhitespace();
}
var token = this._scan();
if (token == null)
return null;
var error = this._currentError;
this._currentError = null;
if (!trackWS) {
this.consumeWhitespace();
}
return new LexedCssResult(error, token);
};
CssScanner.prototype._scan = function () {
var peek = this.peek;
var peekPeek = this.peekPeek;
if (peek == chars.$EOF)
return null;
if (isCommentStart(peek, peekPeek)) {
var commentToken = this.scanComment();
if (this._trackComments) {
return commentToken;
}
}
if (_trackWhitespace(this._currentMode) && (chars.isWhitespace(peek) || isNewline(peek))) {
return this.scanWhitespace();
}
peek = this.peek;
peekPeek = this.peekPeek;
if (peek == chars.$EOF)
return null;
if (isStringStart(peek, peekPeek)) {
return this.scanString();
}
if (this._currentMode == CssLexerMode.STYLE_VALUE_FUNCTION) {
return this.scanCssValueFunction();
}
var isModifier = peek == chars.$PLUS || peek == chars.$MINUS;
var digitA = isModifier ? false : chars.isDigit(peek);
var digitB = chars.isDigit(peekPeek);
if (digitA || (isModifier && (peekPeek == chars.$PERIOD || digitB)) ||
(peek == chars.$PERIOD && digitB)) {
return this.scanNumber();
}
if (peek == chars.$AT) {
return this.scanAtExpression();
}
if (isIdentifierStart(peek, peekPeek)) {
return this.scanIdentifier();
}
if (isValidCssCharacter(peek, this._currentMode)) {
return this.scanCharacter();
}
return this.error("Unexpected character [" + String.fromCharCode(peek) + "]");
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanComment = function () {
if (this.assertCondition(isCommentStart(this.peek, this.peekPeek), 'Expected comment start value')) {
return null;
}
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
var startingLine = this.line;
this.advance();
this.advance();
while (!isCommentEnd(this.peek, this.peekPeek)) {
if (this.peek == chars.$EOF) {
this.error('Unterminated comment');
}
this.advance();
}
this.advance();
this.advance();
var str = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, startingLine, CssTokenType.Comment, str);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanWhitespace = function () {
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
var startingLine = this.line;
while (chars.isWhitespace(this.peek) && this.peek != chars.$EOF) {
this.advance();
}
var str = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, startingLine, CssTokenType.Whitespace, str);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanString = function () {
if (this.assertCondition(isStringStart(this.peek, this.peekPeek), 'Unexpected non-string starting value')) {
return null;
}
var target = this.peek;
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
var startingLine = this.line;
var previous = target;
this.advance();
while (!isCharMatch(target, previous, this.peek)) {
if (this.peek == chars.$EOF || isNewline(this.peek)) {
this.error('Unterminated quote');
}
previous = this.peek;
this.advance();
}
if (this.assertCondition(this.peek == target, 'Unterminated quote')) {
return null;
}
this.advance();
var str = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, startingLine, CssTokenType.String, str);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanNumber = function () {
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
if (this.peek == chars.$PLUS || this.peek == chars.$MINUS) {
this.advance();
}
var periodUsed = false;
while (chars.isDigit(this.peek) || this.peek == chars.$PERIOD) {
if (this.peek == chars.$PERIOD) {
if (periodUsed) {
this.error('Unexpected use of a second period value');
}
periodUsed = true;
}
this.advance();
}
var strValue = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, this.line, CssTokenType.Number, strValue);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanIdentifier = function () {
if (this.assertCondition(isIdentifierStart(this.peek, this.peekPeek), 'Expected identifier starting value')) {
return null;
}
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
while (isIdentifierPart(this.peek)) {
this.advance();
}
var strValue = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, this.line, CssTokenType.Identifier, strValue);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanCssValueFunction = function () {
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
var parenBalance = 1;
while (this.peek != chars.$EOF && parenBalance > 0) {
this.advance();
if (this.peek == chars.$LPAREN) {
parenBalance++;
}
else if (this.peek == chars.$RPAREN) {
parenBalance--;
}
}
var strValue = this.input.substring(start, this.index);
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, this.line, CssTokenType.Identifier, strValue);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanCharacter = function () {
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
if (this.assertCondition(isValidCssCharacter(this.peek, this._currentMode), charStr(this.peek) + ' is not a valid CSS character')) {
return null;
}
var c = this.input.substring(start, start + 1);
this.advance();
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, this.line, CssTokenType.Character, c);
};
CssScanner.prototype.scanAtExpression = function () {
if (this.assertCondition(this.peek == chars.$AT, 'Expected @ value')) {
return null;
}
var start = this.index;
var startingColumn = this.column;
this.advance();
if (isIdentifierStart(this.peek, this.peekPeek)) {
var ident = this.scanIdentifier();
var strValue = '@' + ident.strValue;
return new CssToken(start, startingColumn, this.line, CssTokenType.AtKeyword, strValue);
}
else {
return this.scanCharacter();
}
};
CssScanner.prototype.assertCondition = function (status, errorMessage) {
if (!status) {
this.error(errorMessage);
return true;
}
return false;
};
CssScanner.prototype.error = function (message, errorTokenValue, doNotAdvance) {
if (errorTokenValue === void 0) { errorTokenValue = null; }
if (doNotAdvance === void 0) { doNotAdvance = false; }
var index = this.index;
var column = this.column;
var line = this.line;
errorTokenValue =
errorTokenValue ? errorTokenValue : String.fromCharCode(this.peek);
var invalidToken = new CssToken(index, column, line, CssTokenType.Invalid, errorTokenValue);
var errorMessage = generateErrorMessage(this.input, message, errorTokenValue, index, line, column);
if (!doNotAdvance) {
this.advance();
}
this._currentError = new CssScannerError(invalidToken, errorMessage);
return invalidToken;
};
return CssScanner;
}());
exports.CssScanner = CssScanner;
function isCharMatch(target, previous, code) {
return code == target && previous != chars.$BACKSLASH;
}
function isCommentStart(code, next) {
return code == chars.$SLASH && next == chars.$STAR;
}
function isCommentEnd(code, next) {
return code == chars.$STAR && next == chars.$SLASH;
}
function isStringStart(code, next) {
var target = code;
if (target == chars.$BACKSLASH) {
target = next;
}
return target == chars.$DQ || target == chars.$SQ;
}
function isIdentifierStart(code, next) {
var target = code;
if (target == chars.$MINUS) {
target = next;
}
return chars.isAsciiLetter(target) || target == chars.$BACKSLASH || target == chars.$MINUS ||
target == chars.$_;
}
function isIdentifierPart(target) {
return chars.isAsciiLetter(target) || target == chars.$BACKSLASH || target == chars.$MINUS ||
target == chars.$_ || chars.isDigit(target);
}
function isValidPseudoSelectorCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$LPAREN:
case chars.$RPAREN:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidKeyframeBlockCharacter(code) {
return code == chars.$PERCENT;
}
function isValidAttributeSelectorCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$$:
case chars.$PIPE:
case chars.$CARET:
case chars.$TILDA:
case chars.$STAR:
case chars.$EQ:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidSelectorCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$HASH:
case chars.$PERIOD:
case chars.$TILDA:
case chars.$STAR:
case chars.$PLUS:
case chars.$GT:
case chars.$COLON:
case chars.$PIPE:
case chars.$COMMA:
case chars.$LBRACKET:
case chars.$RBRACKET:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidStyleBlockCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$HASH:
case chars.$SEMICOLON:
case chars.$COLON:
case chars.$PERCENT:
case chars.$SLASH:
case chars.$BACKSLASH:
case chars.$BANG:
case chars.$PERIOD:
case chars.$LPAREN:
case chars.$RPAREN:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidMediaQueryRuleCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$LPAREN:
case chars.$RPAREN:
case chars.$COLON:
case chars.$PERCENT:
case chars.$PERIOD:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidAtRuleCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$LPAREN:
case chars.$RPAREN:
case chars.$COLON:
case chars.$PERCENT:
case chars.$PERIOD:
case chars.$SLASH:
case chars.$BACKSLASH:
case chars.$HASH:
case chars.$EQ:
case chars.$QUESTION:
case chars.$AMPERSAND:
case chars.$STAR:
case chars.$COMMA:
case chars.$MINUS:
case chars.$PLUS:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidStyleFunctionCharacter(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$PERIOD:
case chars.$MINUS:
case chars.$PLUS:
case chars.$STAR:
case chars.$SLASH:
case chars.$LPAREN:
case chars.$RPAREN:
case chars.$COMMA:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
function isValidBlockCharacter(code) {
return code == chars.$AT;
}
function isValidCssCharacter(code, mode) {
switch (mode) {
case CssLexerMode.ALL:
case CssLexerMode.ALL_TRACK_WS:
return true;
case CssLexerMode.SELECTOR:
return isValidSelectorCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.PSEUDO_SELECTOR_WITH_ARGUMENTS:
return isValidPseudoSelectorCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.ATTRIBUTE_SELECTOR:
return isValidAttributeSelectorCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.MEDIA_QUERY:
return isValidMediaQueryRuleCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.AT_RULE_QUERY:
return isValidAtRuleCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.KEYFRAME_BLOCK:
return isValidKeyframeBlockCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.STYLE_BLOCK:
case CssLexerMode.STYLE_VALUE:
return isValidStyleBlockCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.STYLE_CALC_FUNCTION:
return isValidStyleFunctionCharacter(code);
case CssLexerMode.BLOCK:
return isValidBlockCharacter(code);
default:
return false;
}
}
function charCode(input, index) {
return index >= input.length ? chars.$EOF : input.charCodeAt(index);
}
function charStr(code) {
return String.fromCharCode(code);
}
function isNewline(code) {
switch (code) {
case chars.$FF:
case chars.$CR:
case chars.$LF:
case chars.$VTAB:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
exports.isNewline = isNewline;
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Cryopreservation of the model alga Ectocarpus (Phaeophyceae).
The brown alga Ectocarpus has recently become the first fully sequenced multicellular alga and is an important biological model. Due to the large and growing number of Ectocarpus strains isolated and maintained by the research community, including increasing numbers of mutants, there is an urgent need for developing reliable, cost-effective long-term maintenance techniques. We report here that cryopreservation constitutes an attractive option in this respect, using a simple two-step protocol employing combined DMSO 10 percent (v/v) and sorbitol 9 percent (w/v) as cryoprotectants. This model organism appears to be remarkably robust and post-cryo recovery has been observed in all strains tested in this study. Cultures can be regenerated by the germination of cryopreserved zooids (spores), or the recovery of vegetative cells. In the latter case, dividing surviving cells may grow into the cell lumen of a neighbouring dead cell, eventually regenerating a phenotypically normal thalloidal structure. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alpha 1-antitrypsin gene polymorphism related to respiratory system disease.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene region was studied in relation to chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) and pneumoconiosis. Genomic DNA of 122 studied subjects was digested with Hind III restriction endonuclease and hybridized with the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene probe. In eight patients with COAD an unusual 10-kb restriction fragment was found hybridizing with the probe. Three of 70 patients were homozygotes for this variant allele and 5 were heterozygotes, showing the presence of two fragments, 2.7 kb and 10 kb. The presence of 10-kb restriction fragment seems to be related to the early development of COAD in studied subjects and therefore might be used as a genetic marker of the disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Facebook Inc. shares are on pace to post their largest percentage decline in four years, as the company comes under fire from regulators for allowing a third-party group to access user information without those people’s permission.
The social-networking giant is facing its latest bout of scrutiny over the role third-party groups played in using Facebook’s FB, -1.73% platform during the 2016 presidential election. Regulators in the U.S. and U.K. have criticized the company for allowing Cambridge Analytica, a data firm that helped the Trump campaign, to access data on users without their express permission and hold that data for years despite saying that it had destroyed those records.
The stock plunged 6.8% in midday trading Monday. That would be the biggest one-day percentage decline since it tumbled 6.9% on march 26, 2014. The price decline of $12.53 would be the biggest since Facebook went public in May 2012.
Monday’s rout has wiped away almost $40 billion in market value from Friday’s close of $537.67 billion. The stock closed right at its 200-day moving average, a closely watched trend tracker that currently extends to $172.54, according to FactSet.
Many analysts acknowledged that the latest episode represents a public relations and regulatory risk to Facebook, though they were divided on the company’s ability to weather such challenges.
“It appears that data access by the original app developer was properly permissioned (i.e., this was not a ‘breach’ per se) and we note that Facebook has since upgraded its user privacy functionality and app review process to prevent similar abuse,” wrote Wells Fargo analysts led by Peter Stabler. “Nonetheless, this episode appears likely to create another and potentially more serious public relations ‘black eye’ for the company and could lead to additional regulatory scrutiny.”
Wells Fargo has a buy rating on the stock and a $230 price target.
GBH Insights analyst Daniel Ives commented that this new wave of scrutiny could prompt Facebook to make additional tweaks to its news feed and broader platform. “It’s clear with more ‘heat in the kitchen from the Beltway’ that further modest changes to their business model around advertising and news feeds/content could be in store over the next 12 to 18 months,” he wrote.
Facebook announced at the start of the year that it would begin to prioritize content from friends and family members over content from publishers, and the company said on its latest earnings call that changes intended to de-emphasize viral videos had resulted in users spending 50 million fewer hours per day on the platform. Facebook has been able to overcome such issues so far, posting strong growth despite significant increases in ad prices.
Ives believes that Facebook “can keep regulators at bay” through investments in security, screening, and artificial intelligence but thinks that the next few weeks will require Facebook to “hand hold and assure its users and regulators around tighter content standards and platform security.” Ives rates Facebook stock “highly attractive” and has a $225 price target.
Pivotal Research Group analyst Brian Wieser, one of just two analysts with a sell rating on the stock, said he does not expect the latest revelations to pose a near-term risk for Facebook.
“This episode is another indication of systemic problems at Facebook, although the company’s business won’t likely be meaningfully impacted for now because we don’t think advertisers will suddenly change the trajectory of their spending growth on the platform,” Wieser wrote. The company may face “enhanced” risk now, from a regulatory perspective and in terms of what it allows third-parties to measure, according to Wieser. He thinks advertisers may grow frustrated if Facebook begins restricting various types of measurements.
Stifel analyst Scott Devitt said Facebook hasn’t moved swiftly enough to address security concerns about its platform and that the company has been too quick to brush off concerns from critics. He believes the changes Facebook needs to make to restore user trust and tackle these security issues could “ultimately lead to lower engagement and negative monetization implications.” Devitt rates the stock at hold with a $195 target.
Facebook’s debacle helped push the broader tech sector XLK, +0.83% lower. Shares of Twitter Inc. TWTR, -0.62% were down 1.7%, while shares of Snap Inc. have lost 3.4% SNAP, +0.25% and shares of Alphabet Inc. GOOGL, -1.44% were off 3%.
The Nasdaq Composite Index COMP, -0.13% fell 1.8%, posting steeper losses than the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, -1.84% and S&P 500 SPX, -1.15% , each off 1.4%. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Live Imaging of Pathological Tau Protein and Tau Antibodies in a Neuron-Like Cellular Model.
Several tau antibody therapies are now in clinical trials and numerous other tau antibodies are in various stages of preclinical development to treat Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. This involves long-term studies in mouse models that are necessary but time consuming and typically provide only a limited mechanistic understanding of how the antibodies work and why some are not effective. Live cellular imaging with fluorescently tagged pathological tau proteins and tau antibodies provides a valuable insight into their dynamic interaction outside or within the cell. Furthermore, this acute technique may have predictive validity to assess the potential efficacy of different tau antibodies in neutralizing and/or clearing tau aggregates, and can likely be applied to other amyloid diseases. Overall, it should facilitate identifying candidate antibodies for more detailed long-term validation. Due to the human origin of the model, it may be particularly useful to characterize humanized antibodies that utilize receptor-mediated uptake to reach their intracellular target. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Brandon L. Comer
Brandon L. Comer is Founder and Managing Partner of Comer Capital Group, LLC where he oversees the firm’s strategy and financial services operations. This includes the execution of Municipal Bonds, RANs, TIFs, Tax Exempt Municipal Leases, Public Utility Acquisitions, and Public Private Partnerships. Under Mr. Comer’s leadership, CCG has represented more than 40 municipalities across the country, and since 2012 has been financial advisory lead on more than $1.3B in municipal bond transactions.
As principal of one of the largest minority owned and independently registered municipal advisory firms, Mr. Comer is passionate about helping distressed municipalities strengthen their fiscal positions and gain cost-effective access to capital markets. He recently led the fiscal turnaround of Compton, CA, and has done the same for several cities and counties across the “Black Belt” of Alabama.
In addition to his CCG responsibilities, Mr. Comer serves as CEO of CCG Asset Management, LLC, an affiliate SEC-registered investment advisory firm that manages and invests operating funds and bond proceeds for municipalities and corporations. Since starting this company in 2013, Mr. Comer has grown its assets to more than $1 billion under management and advisement.
As a public finance expert, Mr. Comer has advised members of Congress and such national municipal associations as the National Association of Black County Officials, NBC-LEO (League of Cities), and World Conference of Mayors on the effects of proposed changes to the tax exemption of municipal bonds on municipalities. He has also been a speaker and panelist at past Congressional Black Caucus Leadership Conferences covering public and corporate finance topics.
Prior to CCG, Mr. Comer was a director at Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi who oversaw Finance & Pricing and Corporate Quality. Before Blue Cross & Blue Shield, he served as an officer at top 10 banking institution, Regions Financial Corporation. While at Regions as Assistant Vice President of Corporate Banking, Mr. Comer managed complex and large business relationships with middle-market companies, governments and non-profit entities. His team analyzed financial statements, developed financing proposals, and negotiated terms and conditions for loans, notes, lines of credit, capital leases, and more. While in this role, he also managed real estate development and corporate acquisition transactions, and leveraged buyouts.
Before Regions, Mr. Comer was an associate at a boutique investment bank in Atlanta. While there, he earned Series 7 and Series 63 securities licenses. He also oversaw the bank’s Public Financial Advisory Services while growing its book of business in the Municipal Financial Advisory Market segment.
Mr. Comer studied Finance at Xavier University of Louisiana, and obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration from Mississippi College. He is currently a candidate for a Master of Liberal Arts in Finance (Extension Studies) at Harvard University.
Mr. Comer sits on the Advisory Board for Mississippi College’s School of Business, Advisory Board for Carver Development CDE (Carver State Bank), Board of Directors of Central Mississippi Planning & Development District (appointed and confirmed by the City of Jackson), and Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Central Community Church of God. He is a member of the National Association of Securities Professionals and Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. Mr. Comer has served as a Commissioner of the Morehouse Parish Sales & Use Tax Commission, and on the Board of Directors for the Northeast Louisiana Economic Alliance. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Woman’s Massive Alabama Gator Could Be New World Record
Some family outings consist of a picnic basket and a rousing game of wiffle ball, while others involve a 20-gauge shotgun and a half-ton Alabama alligator.
Mandy and John Stokes, accompanied by her brother-in-law Kevin Jenkins and his two children, Savannah and Parker, landed a 15-foot, 1,011.5-pound alligator in the early hours of Saturday morning in a creek 80 miles west of Montgomery.
When Stokes was lucky enough to be issued one of the state’s coveted tags for the six-day season, she couldn’t have anticipated that she’d wind up killing what would become a new Alabama state record.
Not only did Stokes’ gator crush the standing record, a 14-foot, 2-inch, 838-pound monster caught by Keith Fancher in 2011, her prize has the potential to become a world record for the species. The standing world record is an 880-pound gator killed in Texas that was 14 feet, 8 inches long.
The fight lasted a total of 10 hours and the first attempt to weigh the beast at a Roland Cooper State Park check-in station resulted in a broken wench. The crew needed a backhoe to hoist the alligator for official weighing.
Though it was her first Alabama gator hunt and hopes it won’t be her last, Mandy Stokes has her reservations about going through an ordeal of that magnitude again.
“Right now the fairest way for me to say it is that we’ll apply again, but I can assure you, I have no desire to hook into anything like this again. I truly don’t,” she said.
Next Up: Sexiest Meateaters
Maryellen Mara-Christian killed a 1,025 pound gator in South Carolina in 2010. The gator was 13-feet, 5 inches long, which may be a record but game officials in South Carolina do not keep records of killed gators.
Tom Grant killed his Mississippi state record gator in September of 2012, weighing in at 697.5 pounds and stretching out to 13 feet, 1.5 inches. Grant and three other men killed the gator in Issaquena County, which is where the previous state record (690.5 pounds) came from.
This Arkansas behemoth weighed in at 1,380 pounds and was 13 feet, 3 inches long. It is the current state record holder. Mike Cottingham had to have several other men help him hoist the state record gator on shore.
It took Tres Ammerman of Orlando, Fla., nearly two hours to reel in this mammoth gator, which weighed 654 pounds and broke the state record in length at 14 feet, 3.5 inches. The Florida record for weight belongs to the 1989 hunter who killed a 1,043 pound gator at Orange Lake.
Tim Stroh, 19, from Florida, killed this 12-foot, 3-inch, 800 pound gator in 2011. He reported that he hauled it up near his boat with a standard bass fishing rod and then shot it. He showed off his gator with his girlfriend. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
and
my point of view how coming who
each
you know just leave a comment
even make their books how amazing I mean
leaving a comment
they do not even reply back to you only
replied back to rate comments really
don't know one thing you have to review
all comments just leads reply me you
know like
I
and I and II
| {
"pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles"
} |
five decimal places.
0.00154
What is 0.00000792624997 rounded to seven dps?
0.0000079
Round 257288055.8 to the nearest 1000000.
257000000
Round -86.570915 to 2 decimal places.
-86.57
Round -405896.05 to the nearest 10.
-405900
What is 0.001349069604 rounded to 5 decimal places?
0.00135
Round 0.00080861227 to 4 decimal places.
0.0008
What is -864112.47 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-860000
What is 103.224213 rounded to the nearest integer?
103
Round 0.00018860007 to seven dps.
0.0001886
What is -838.300967 rounded to one dp?
-838.3
What is -1173722.04 rounded to the nearest 100?
-1173700
What is -409843663.1 rounded to the nearest 100000?
-409800000
Round 266.4766877 to the nearest ten.
270
Round 0.001679984555 to seven dps.
0.00168
Round -0.0000174255586 to 7 decimal places.
-0.0000174
Round -1262201572.7 to the nearest 100000.
-1262200000
Round 2954.987919 to one dp.
2955
Round 0.003264251651 to 4 dps.
0.0033
What is -5128.9584 rounded to 0 dps?
-5129
Round -314614.7312 to the nearest one hundred.
-314600
What is 46976.9874 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
47000
Round 0.67203265 to 3 decimal places.
0.672
What is -0.1078767247 rounded to 5 decimal places?
-0.10788
What is -2011256 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
-2000000
Round -675.0932088 to 2 dps.
-675.09
Round -0.000003019282518 to six dps.
-0.000003
Round 266826292.3 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
266800000
Round 0.132228765 to 3 dps.
0.132
What is 0.036221244 rounded to 4 decimal places?
0.0362
What is 119.5476794 rounded to the nearest 10?
120
Round 0.00067240063 to six decimal places.
0.000672
What is -490578.6318 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
-500000
What is 0.00003730308 rounded to five decimal places?
0.00004
What is -0.654006456 rounded to the nearest integer?
-1
What is 933179196.1 rounded to the nearest 1000000?
933000000
What is -0.046193803 rounded to 3 decimal places?
-0.046
Round 163.896023 to the nearest integer.
164
What is -764.28901 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
-800
What is -3293670785 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
-3293700000
Round 7371735400 to the nearest one million.
7372000000
What is -556723.03 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
-556700
What is 0.3744888367 rounded to four dps?
0.3745
What is -0.53058051 rounded to 2 dps?
-0.53
Round -0.02015875937 to four decimal places.
-0.0202
Round -2.973281555 to one decimal place.
-3
Round -0.29004761 to two decimal places.
-0.29
What is 0.00048418818 rounded to 4 decimal places?
0.0005
Round -0.00000526529519 to six decimal places.
-0.000005
Round -0.000000172229324 to seven decimal places.
-0.0000002
What is 0.0045873602 rounded to four decimal places?
0.0046
Round 0.0155667342 to 4 dps.
0.0156
Round 0.001140213006 to 7 decimal places.
0.0011402
What is -954.75388 rounded to zero dps?
-955
What is 0.00474348041 rounded to 3 decimal places?
0.005
What is 0.0000529491168 rounded to 7 decimal places?
0.0000529
Round 939575428 to the nearest 1000000.
940000000
What is -8172014.289 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-8172000
What is 67.1460111 rounded to 2 dps?
67.15
Round 2225266.161 to the nearest 100000.
2200000
Round 0.03245930611 to 4 decimal places.
0.0325
Round 0.5383375427 to 1 dp.
0.5
Round 14816.3204 to 0 decimal places.
14816
Round -0.0000126953934 to 5 dps.
-0.00001
What is -0.00001917488 rounded to six decimal places?
-0.000019
What is 7757489.72 rounded to the nearest 100000?
7800000
Round 0.00275117791 to seven dps.
0.0027512
What is 82935590 rounded to the nearest 1000000?
83000000
What is -608830.5 rounded to the nearest one million?
-1000000
Round -2723335150 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
-2723300000
Round -32289.349 to the nearest 100.
-32300
Round -15040.9319 to the nearest 100.
-15000
What is -0.000289196191 rounded to 6 dps?
-0.000289
Round 372273.105 to the nearest ten thousand.
370000
What is -0.00000708608915 rounded to six dps?
-0.000007
Round -220713.807 to the nearest 100000.
-200000
Round 136149.828 to the nearest 100.
136100
Round 33257.4807 to the nearest 100.
33300
Round 10832.581 to the nearest 100.
10800
What is -145350.6735 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-145000
Round -9.1040652 to three decimal places.
-9.104
What is 34.5043996 rounded to one decimal place?
34.5
Round -0.004829987152 to seven decimal places.
-0.00483
What is -53215.98154 rounded to the nearest integer?
-53216
Round 24236.382 to the nearest 10.
24240
What is 74845.26919 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
74800
Round -36387368180 to the nearest 1000000.
-36387000000
Round -2.95150479 to four dps.
-2.9515
What is 0.00124371264 rounded to four dps?
0.0012
Round 48.32041226 to three decimal places.
48.32
What is 0.202657161 rounded to three dps?
0.203
What is -3.34927 rounded to two dps?
-3.35
Round -0.039027664 to three dps.
-0.039
What is 32819.5864 rounded to the nearest 1000?
33000
Round -12.03498912 to 3 decimal places.
-12.035
Round 2602.09498 to the nearest one hundred.
2600
What is -0.02211134739 rounded to 4 dps?
-0.0221
Round 10655248500 to the nearest one million.
10655000000
What is -199102.9684 rounded to the nearest 1000?
-199000
Round -0.0000246696811 to 6 decimal places.
-0.000025
Round 4184.233626 to the nearest one thousand.
4000
What is 56798152.37 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
56800000
Round 82527405 to the nearest 100000.
82500000
What is 299781.94 rounded to the nearest 10000?
300000
What is -0.1279045754 rounded to two dps?
-0.13
What is 14327343.25 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
14330000
What is 0.000001885605697 rounded to 7 dps?
0.0000019
Round -0.0002691452 to 3 decimal places.
0
What is 48961.2208 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
49000
What is 35899479.41 rounded to the nearest 10000?
35900000
What is -4630.6586 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-5000
Round 0.00000603699215 to seven decimal places.
0.000006
Round 0.01552909737 to seven decimal places.
0.0155291
What is -0.238044925 rounded to two decimal places?
-0.24
What is -0.006429567822 rounded to 7 decimal places?
-0.0064296
Round -0.000028723715 to five decimal places.
-0.00003
Round 271255554.11 to the nearest ten thousand.
271260000
What is 0.302672518 rounded to 4 decimal places?
0.3027
What is -303909.17 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-300000
What is 0.126789961 rounded to four decimal places?
0.1268
What is -0.05440111166 rounded to six dps?
-0.054401
Round 4.738035169 to 3 dps.
4.738
What is 588.6073 rounded to the nearest 100?
600
What is 0.00009725461 rounded to 6 dps?
0.000097
What is -1815.081443 rounded to the nearest 10?
-1820
Round -0.0000201586121 to six decimal places.
-0.00002
What is -0.0000658641282 rounded to six dps?
-0.000066
Round -3132428.1 to the nearest 1000.
-3132000
What is 0.00000990334371 rounded to seven decimal places?
0.0000099
Round -0.169227243 to five decimal places.
-0.16923
What is 3394580.55 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
3395000
What is 0.001239031417 rounded to six decimal places?
0.001239
Round -6.896349814 to 1 decimal place.
-6.9
What is -2162752.785 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
-2162800
What is -775529.773 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-780000
Round 3895.213934 to the nearest 100.
3900
What is 0.0000221516366 rounded to 7 dps?
0.0000222
Round -21266542.89 to the nearest 1000.
-21267000
Round -0.031499532 to one decimal place.
0
Round 0.00000238210143 to seven decimal places.
0.0000024
Round 8.7752265 to three dps.
8.775
What is 186300.381 rounded to the nearest 100?
186300
Round -113476.291 to the nearest ten thousand.
-110000
Round 16760.42945 to the nearest integer.
16760
Round -956042.1 to the nearest 1000000.
-1000000
Round 29060689 to the nearest 1000000.
29000000
What is 2075858.746 rounded to the nearest 10000?
2080000
What is 957283600 rounded to the nearest one million?
957000000
What is -45.9612656 rounded to the nearest 10?
-50
What is 258467.92236 rounded to zero dps?
258468
What is -3.4435683 rounded to 3 dps?
-3.444
What is -156081997.6 rounded to the nearest one million?
-156000000
What is 0.00292519569 rounded to 5 dps?
0.00293
What is 0.000143419394 rounded to 7 decimal places?
0.0001434
What is 0.00014924189749 rounded to 6 dps?
0.000149
Round 74426.698 | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
610 Legend a serious fishing machine
With deep sides, masses of space and a huge range of options to choose from, this is the ultimate sports anglers’ boat.
The re-released 610 legend features the new Millennium Blade Hull, which has been implemented on all Quintrex boats above 6 meters.
The New Millennium Blade Hull has been created to improve the riding of the bigger boats in the range to emulate that of the smaller models.
With and increased dead rise, relaxed stem line and new gunnel shape the 610 has an excellent ride.
The Legend range also features a universal casting platform, with optional interchangeable storage bins or sectioned live bait tank.
You can also easily add aftermarket options such as eskys or and ingle fridge.
Quintrex National Account Manager Jason Boal comments on the changes and new features of the 610 Legend.
“The 610 has gone back to basic wide aluminium side pockets, we decided to do this as the legend is a tough offshore fishing boat that does not need the fancy internals but rather tough conventional features.”
“The 610 features the large 2 piece fold down centre console with hydraulic steering and windscreen as standard, this allows 360 degree vision and manoeuvrability around the boat.”
The 610 also features a 120lt fuel tank and an impressive 175hp rating which should get you wherever you want to go in no time.
For more information on the 610 Legend or any of the other boats in the Quintrex range please visit the website on www.quintrex.com.au | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
In the construction of window and door assemblies, it is common to use insulated glass panel units of the general type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,003,747 and 6,675,537 which issued to or are owned by the assignee of the present invention. Usually, the insulated glass units include two parallel spaced rectangular glass panels having peripheral edge portions which receive a rectangular spacer frame. The edge portions and spacer frame are bonded and sealed together by a bonding compound such as a butyl rubber compound or a similar bonding material surrounding the spacer frame. The insulated glass panel unit is assembled into a surrounding rectangular sash frame and is retained by glazing members or beads. Preferably the sash frame and glazing beads are formed from extrusions of plastics material such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such insulated glass panel units are commonly used in fixed window assemblies such as picture windows, single hung windows, sliding windows, bow and bay windows and sliding and swinging patio door assemblies such as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,318,036 which issued to the assignee of the present invention.
In insulated glass panel units as described above, it is common for the outer edges of the glass panels to be exposed and unprotected during handling and shipping or be covered by a thin layer of the bonding and sealing compound. When the outer edges of the glass panels are relatively unprotected, insulated glass panel units must be carefully handled and carefully protected during shipping. Also, when the edge surfaces of the glass panels are exposed, the personnel handling the insulated glass panel units need to wear gloves in order to avoid cutting their fingers or receiving glass splinters. It is also desirable for a fixed window assembly, such as a picture window assembly, to provide for conveniently removing the insulated glass panel unit in the event of glass breakage or damage or moisture seeps into the space between the glass panels and results in etching the inner surfaces of the glass panels. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
…building civilizations with my space elves in space.
Post navigation
The MBTI Lens
It occurred to me that I hadn’t posted on this specifically before, and it might be interesting to those of you who might be interested in the construction equipment behind the curtain.
Are you familiar with the Myers-Briggspersonality types? Well, if not, you might want to become familiar with them before you continue with this post, ’cause otherwise it will make no sense.
Take a look at this table which shows the frequencies with which the various personality types appear in the (human, Earthling, American) population:
Now, consider that we live in a world built by the standards of and for, to a large extent, the majorities of Sensing types (73%) and Feeling types (60%). And specifically that the rarest group, the iNtuitive Thinking (“Rationals”) make up no more than 10% of the population.
Now invert it, and consider what a world would be like in which it’s the NT Rationals whose corner dominates the chart, and where the Intuitives and Thinkers are the more common functions seen in the other types, too1.
If it seems familiar to you after spending time reading here, that’s because this exercise was part of my original worldbuilding process.
(Disclaimer: the author is an INT[J|p].)
1. The world also caters more to Is than our very much built-for-Es in many ways, *there*, although that’s a subtler effect and one less reflected in the raw numbers.
One thing that would be as interesting to study as it is impossible, I have long thought, is whether most of the worldbuilding I particularly enjoy is done by people with a strong N – i.e., people who are used to/skilled at systematizing large patterns in their heads, and who are therefore better at putting together a big and internally coherent world lacking the inconsistencies that lead me to throw t’book at t’wall. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
With all the talk about companies becoming more “agile” and outsourcing their IT operations to service providers, there's an interesting counter-trend starting to develop. While technology companies appear to be holding off on hiring because of economic fears, companies in sectors like healthcare and retail are moving to build their IT teams, in some cases reversing course on a strategy of outsourcing as much of their IT operations as possible.
Earlier this month, Best Buy announced that it would triple the size of the company's in-house IT staff by hiring 200 more tech professionals over the next year. Best Buy had largely outsourced IT operations, but the company's recently-hired CIO Jody Davis has reversed course. Davis told Retail Info System News, "We now want [to hire] talent as Best Buy employees. We need to develop a strategy of what we're going to build. We like to take control of our destiny."
Yes, many companies have shed services like e-mail, data center operations, and even desktop support to managed service providers, and have moved toward hiring IT contractors to handle application development and maintenance tasks—opting to focus on their “differentiators” to be more competitive. But over the past year, competition for IT skills has become increasingly fierce, and many companies are realizing that IT isn't just a support service—it's core to their business' future. And to take control of that future, HR professionals and recruiters say, more companies are looking to lock in IT professionals with the golden handcuffs of statutory employment.
Dheeraj Bharadwaj , human resources vice president at Atlanta-based IT solutions provider NIIT Technologies, told Ars that more companies are building up their internal IT staff and insourcing projects because they're looking for a more reliable and predictable pool of talent. Having a stronger internal IT team to lead projects “drives a high percentage of predictability in success,” he said, because “dependability, understanding of organization in quick judgments and knowledge of where to tap for resources are big advantages.”
For companies that have outsourced new projects or deferred projects entirely during the recession, the core IT staff “get hit by a feeling of saturation or stagnation due to repetitive work,” Bharadwaj said. “Due to the economy, very few organization have invested in new technology and projects, which are a great internal opportunity and tool to develop and retain talent.” By insourcing new projects instead of handing them off to contractors, companies can boost internal skills and avoid losing staff to the increasingly hot IT jobs market.
Scott Gordon, a partner at Vaco LLC, a Nashville-based tech recruiting firm, told Ars that there's a lot less discussion about outsourcing among his clients, and much more of a focus on internal hiring. He says he has seen an threefold increase in positions to be filled over the last 18 months. While he works primarily in developer recruitment, he says his firm has seen the same trend both with developers and with infrastructure IT positions.
“It wasn't this busy during the dot-com boom,” Gordon said. “The demand now is at the point where the candidates are more in command of the process than they know. They hear that the economy is about to tank, and assume there are hundreds available for their position, when it's exactly the opposite. I have candidates who've gotten seven to ten phone calls in the same day.”
Scott Swift, an IT recruitung consultant for IT recruiting firm TriNet, echoed Gordon's experience. He told Ars that finding IT talent "has become much more difficult over the last 6 months, as the demand for these candidates is high and competition is fierce among employers." That's good news for IT job seekers, but it's also a problem for companies that used to be able to rely on contract talent to fill in the gaps.
With talent in high demand, Gordon says most of the companies he deals with are now opting for permanent hires or contract-to-hire arrangements rather than looking for fixed-term contracts. And the companies looking to do contract hires are having trouble filling them. “It's much more difficult to find people for those because people not looking at short term opportunities because of fear over the economy,” Gordon said. “And the interview process for those is much longer.” He also says that some companies aren't moving fast enough to make hires and losing candidates as fast as he can deliver them. “Some clients are interviewing four or five times, not understanding the market. It's like putting rabbits in a box—I can put five in, and four will jump out.”
Gordon said that the shift from outsourcing has even led to overseas outsourcers sending him candidates for full-time positions in the US. “They call me, wanting to send me candidates from India and Ukraine,” he said. “It may be an indicator of how their business is doing offshore.”
Much of the insourcing growth is happening at small and medium businesses. According to market research data from SpiceWorks, a professional social networking site for IT professionals, 31 percent of SMBs planned to add to their IT staff this year. Finding that talent locally, however, is increasingly hard for small companies.
"SMBs are facing tough competition from companies such as Google, Facebook and LinkedIn who are aggressively hiring the best IT people available," said Swift, and the efforts to fill positions are taking longer and longer—and costing companies much more money to fill, regardless of the salary.
So to get the stability of dedicated staff without fighting the local market, some SMBs have shifted how they work with overseas IT, according to Rick Ramos, CEO of TeamLauncher, a company that specializes in hiring offshore talent for SMBs. TeamLauncher does traditional outsourcing arrangements, but it also acts as an agent for small and medium companies looking to hire overseas developers and designers—what Ramos calls “insourcing overseas”.
“We're getting a lot of midsized companies coming to us because they can't find labor locally, and want to have control over what people do,” Ramos told Ars. While TeamLauncher's business used to be mostly outsourcing, “the numbers have flipped” recently, he said, with 60 to 70 percent of the company's business now being remote staffing. “What we do is we allow people to develop teams within our office—we set up the space, and do everything to manage the hiring, but it's their employees.” With offices in the Philippines and India, Ramos says his company now helps manage about 460 overseas employees, mostly in small teams for small and midsized clients. “Our largest team is about 20,” he said. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Competition tends to select for large size of individual offspring, balanced by a relatively smaller total number of offspring^[@CR1]--[@CR8]^. The competitive advantage of large offspring size is generally thought to occur during dominance interactions, such as during interference competition, in which organisms defend a resource and thus directly interfere with conspecifics^[@CR2],\ [@CR9]^. Interference competition can create a non-linear disparity between size and resource acquisition^[@CR2]^, which has been shown to favor the evolution of larger offspring, with more developed weapons^[@CR10]^. In contrast, exploitative competition^[@CR11],\ [@CR12]^, in which organisms indirectly compete over limited available resources, is not predicted to result in the evolution of size disparity among offspring; an organism's effectiveness at obtaining limited resources should be proportional to its size alone^[@CR2],\ [@CR13]^. Despite this, the Trinidadian guppy (*Poecilia reticulata*) has shown repeated convergence of large offspring size in environments where individuals indirectly compete over limited trophic resources (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"})^[@CR3],\ [@CR14],\ [@CR15]^.Figure 1Geographic locations and average neonatal size among five Trinidadian guppy populations in the Northern Range Mountains. Repeated evolution of large offspring size has occurred in low-predation (LP) localities on both the northern (Yarra drainage) and the southern slopes (Caroni and Aripo drainages). The Caroni HHP exhibit an extremely high-predation (HHP) phenotype relative to Aripo HP. Standard length (SL) is defined as a straight line drawn from the tip of the lower jaw (mouth closed) to the base of the tail (caudal peduncle). Adobe Illustrator CS6 (Version 16.0.4; http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html) was used to generate the map.
The guppy is a species of live-bearing fish (Poeciliidae) that inhabits freshwater streams flowing from the Northern Range Mountains of Trinidad (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Guppies have repeatedly invaded and subsequently evolved within environments above waterfall barriers, which preclude large piscivorous fish from establishing^[@CR14],\ [@CR16]^. These low-predation (LP) environments are characterized by high guppy biomass and low invertebrate abundance, which force LP guppies to feed on encrusting algae and diatoms from the benthos^[@CR17]^. Primary production within LP environments has been shown to constrain guppy population size, indicating that individuals indirectly compete over a limited supply of available food^[@CR18]^. In such environments, large guppy offspring have higher fitness than their smaller high-predation (HP) counterparts^[@CR19]^. It is likely that increased ability to exploit these limited resources, by more effectively or efficiently removing the encrusting food source, leads to an increased fitness advantage among larger offspring at birth.
Poeciliids as a group are specialized scrapers, possessing jaws adapted for removal of encrusting food items from the benthos^[@CR20]--[@CR22]^. The lower jaw of most ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), is comprised of two bones (angular and dentary) that have been shown to allow some torsion along the long axis of the mandible during suction feeding^[@CR23]^. In poeciliids, however, this joint, termed the intramandibular joint (IMJ), allows for rotation about the medio-lateral axis of the lower jaw and adult poeciliids produce up to 90° of IMJ rotation (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"})^[@CR21]^. The fitness advantages of mobility at the IMJ have been demonstrated through increased benthic scraping performance across several unrelated groups of fishes that all have highly mobile IMJs and feed by scraping^[@CR24],\ [@CR25]^. The IMJ allows for greater gape, enhanced bite force and the ability to close the mouth even while the oral jaws are protruded^[@CR20],\ [@CR21],\ [@CR24]--[@CR27]^. Among poeciliids, mobility at the IMJ correlates with reliance on encrusting food sources^[@CR21],\ [@CR22]^. It is not fully understood, however, the degree to which the joint functions in early life stages, particularly within the ecological context of newborn guppies competing over limited benthic resources.Figure 2Schematic of the jaw while closed (**a**) and while applied to the substrate to scrape food (**b**). Close-up of the jaws (**c**) illustrates that upon full mouth opening much of the gape is due to rotation about the intramandibular joint (IMJ). The IMJ sits at the intersection of the angular and dentary bones, which are connected via Meckel's cartilage (gray band running deep to the lower jaw). The IMJ is known to be mobile, with up to 90° of rotation, among adult poeciliids^[@CR21]^. Abbreviations: pmx, premaxilla; max, maxilla; pal, palantine; dent, dentary; ang, angular.
The effect of offspring size on fitness (growth rate, time to first reproduction, etc.) in the guppy depends on the availability of resources. When resources are unlimited, smaller HP offspring experience catch up growth, where higher growth rates increase HP size to meet LP juvenile size by one month post natal^[@CR28],\ [@CR29]^. When guppy densities are high and resources are limiting, however, larger juveniles experience higher growth rates than their smaller counterparts, maintaining their size advantage throughout ontogeny^[@CR19]^. The finding that larger offspring grow faster than smaller offspring when resources are limiting suggests a non-linear disparity between size and resource acquisition. It is possible that this disparity is the product of morphological features that confer a competitive advantage to the LP offspring. Since increased mobility at the IMJ among poeciliids correlates with improved performance when scraping encrusting food, we predict that LP offspring are born with greater mobility at the IMJ.
From high-speed video of offspring feeding from the benthos, we will measure jaw joint kinematics among five populations of Trinidadian guppies. We predict that LP offspring will exhibit increased function of their feeding apparatus, as evidenced by increases in intramandibular joint rotation, quadratomandibular joint rotation and total gape. By applying immunohistochemical and traditional histological staining techniques to visualize the musculoskeletal system, we will quantify morphological development among neonatal guppy head skeletons. To distinguish between size and population effects, we will collect data at two time points for each population: first at birth, where size is predicted to vary among populations; and second at later stages, where juvenile size ranges overlap. This functional and morphological investigation of neonates will offer insights into the advantage of large offspring size and will provide a better understanding of how size and maturity influence organismal growth and development, and how evolution shapes these parameters at the population level.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
A total of 45 neonatal offspring (n = 3 per brood, 3 broods per population, 5 populations) were filmed with high-speed video (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) in their brood groups feeding on an encrusting food source (5--6 feeding events per brood). Following the feeding trials, neonates were euthanized and fixed for morphological analysis. Juveniles (n = 45) were reared for 10--20 days postnatal to obtain overlapping size ranges for all populations and the same filming and fixing procedures were followed. All kinematic data are reported as brood averages.Figure 3Feeding kinematics in neonates from HP and LP populations. Standard length of the two individuals is shown at top. (**a**,**b**) Intramandibular (IMJ) rotation angle between high-predation (**a**) and low-predation (**b**) neonates. (**c**,**d**) Quadratomandibular (QMJ) rotation between high (**c**) and low (**d**) predation neonates. Rotation at the IMJ, but not at the QMJ, increases with neonatal size.
As expected from previous studies on guppy life histories^[@CR30]--[@CR33]^, standard length (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) of guppy neonates was significantly different among populations (ANOVA: F (4, 40) = 394.73; p \< 0.0001). Low-predation (LP) neonates were significantly larger than their high-predation (HP) counterparts across drainages (Tukey HSD: p \< 0.0001).
Feeding kinematics: neonates {#Sec3}
----------------------------
Guppy neonates showed substantial differences in IMJ rotation among populations (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). There was a significant effect of population on intramandibular joint (IMJ) rotation (ANOVA: F (4, 10) = 12.23; p = 0.0007; Figs [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Post-hoc Tukey-HSD indicates that the two LP populations have greater IMJ mobility than their HP counterparts. The neonates from the LP populations are also significantly longer at birth (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Quadratomandibular joint (QMJ) rotation showed no significant difference among population (ANOVA: F (4, 10) = 2.81; p = 0.085).Figure 4Mean intramandibular joint (IMJ) rotation among neonates for each population. Low-predation offspring exhibit nearly twice the IMJ mobility during feeding on encrusting food sources compared to their high-predation counterparts (asterisk indicates significance: p = 0.0007; error bars indicate standard error). Mean neonatal standard length (±standard error) indicated for each population. HHP, high-high-predation; HP, high-predation; LP, low-predation.
Feeding kinematics: neonates and juveniles {#Sec4}
------------------------------------------
Among neonates and juveniles examined herein, size explained a significant amount of variation in jaw kinematics (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Mobility at the IMJ is significantly and positively correlated with standard length (Linear regression: R^2^ = 0.82; F (1, 28) = 126.36; p \< 0.0001). This trend continues to increase with size where 12 mm juveniles produce upwards of 50 degrees of rotation and adults (\>20 mm) produce upwards of 90 degrees of rotation (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 5Intramandibular and quadratomandibular joint rotation in relation to body length in neonates and juveniles. Intramandibular joint rotation (**a**) increases with size among neonates and throughout ontogeny, but quadratomandibular joint rotation (**b**) does not change with size. Five populations and two age classes are presented (neonates indicated by closed symbols; juveniles indicated by open triangles; one adult indicated by open square for reference). Each data point shows mean brood joint rotation and mean standard length [+]{.ul} standard error for 5--6 scraping events per brood. Regression lines in A are distinct from linear mixed model reported in Results.
Regression analyses for individual populations indicate that within each population, IMJ rotation increases with increasing standard length (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}): Aripo HP: R^2^ = 0.88; F (1, 5) = 30.52; p \< 0.0052; Aripo LP: R^2^ = 0.92; F (1, 5) = 43.20; p \< 0.0028; Caroni HHP: R^2^ = 0.85; F (1, 5) = 24.01; p \< 0.0080; Yarra HP: R^2^ = 0.90; F (1, 5) = 35.04; p \< 0.0041; Yarra LP: R^2^ = 0.67; F (1, 5) = 8.10; p \< 0.0466.
To determine the effect of population on the data, an ANCOVA with standard length as the covariate was performed. Prior to conducting the ANCOVA, we found no interaction between our independent variable (population) and covariate (standard length; p = 0.5573). ANCOVA results indicate that population was not a significant predictor of IMJ mobility when taking size into account (p = 0.7189), therefore we modeled population as a random effect with size as a fixed effect and ran a linear mixed model to determine the significance of size in predicting IMJ rotation. Linear mixed effects model with population as the random effect indicated that standard length accounts for a significant amount of variation in IMJ rotation (p \< 0.0001).
Quadratomandibular joint rotation does not change with size throughout the ontogenetic series examined herein (Linear regression: R^2^ = 0.01; F (1, 28) = 0.25; p = 0.62; Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Population does not explain variation in QJR across the size series examined herein (ANCOVA (F (5, 24) = 1.8828; p = 0.1349; interaction pop\*SL p = 0.1868). Linear mixed effects model with population as the random effect and size as the fixed effect indicated that standard length does not account for a significant amount of variation in QMJ rotation (p = 0.707).
Maximum gape {#Sec5}
------------
Maximum gape while feeding increases with positive allometry among guppy neonates, scaling on a log-transformed plot with a slope of 1.20 ± 0.12 (R^2^ = 0.80; F (1, 52) = 101.5; p \< 0.0001; Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). A scaling exponent significantly greater than 1 indicates that the linear distance between the oral jaws during maximum gape is relatively greater in larger offspring. The scaling of gape size among guppy offspring (SL^1.2^) indicates larger offspring not only take larger absolute bites, but they also take relatively larger bites.Figure 6Positive allometric scaling of maximum gape among guppy offspring. Neonates are shown in open circles, postnatal juveniles shown in closed circles. If gape increased isometrically with body length, the points would fall along the dotted line with a slope of 1. Positive allometry indicates maximum gape is relatively and absolutely greater in larger fish. Each data point indicates mean brood gape (n = 5--6 scraping events per brood) and standard length [+]{.ul} standard error.
Head ossification {#Sec6}
-----------------
The degree of cranial ossification observed in neonatal guppies varied substantially among neonates (Fig. [7a](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The smallest neonates (Caroni HHP and Yarra HP) are born with fewer than 20% of the bones in their head skeleton showing evidence of ossification (red staining), whereas the larger, low-predation neonates (Aripo LP and Yarra LP) are born with over 90% of their head skeleton ossified (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The increase in neonatal head ossification is steep among populations, such that a 20% increase in size yields over four-fold increase in skeletal ossification (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Ossification of the following skeletal elements distinguishes LP neonates from their HP counterparts: angular, hyomandibula, quadrate, ceratohyal and autopalatines. Caroni HHP and Yarra HP neonates lack ossification of these key elements, whereas Aripo LP and Yarra LP neonates possess full ossification of these elements. The largest juvenile guppies cleared and stained (10 mm) show that head ossification plateaus around 95% (the hypohyal and basihyal elements remain cartilaginous into adulthood).Figure 7(**a**) Guppy neonates exhibit substantial variation in ossification of the head skeleton at birth. Cleared and stained neonatal specimens indicate cartilage (blue stain) and bone (red), from each of the five populations studied, aligned by standard length. North and South slope of the Northern Range Mountains in Trinidad indicated. Scale bar = 1 mm. All images to scale. (**b**) Development of the skull (as assessed by cranial ossification) increases rapidly with size among neonates. Of 18 skeletal elements examined within the head, the smallest neonates are born with fewer than 20% of these elements ossified. Neonates from LP environments are born \~20% larger, but with 400% greater ossification within the head skeleton. Populations are coded by color.
Adductor mandibulae scaling {#Sec7}
---------------------------
The surface area of the guppy adductor mandibulae scales with significant positive allometry (Fig. [8](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}), such that larger guppy offspring possess relatively larger jaw-closing musculature. Adductor mandibulae area among neonatal individuals and juveniles increases with positive allometry throughout the first month of guppy postnatal development (up to 13 mm SL). The regression line of log adductor mandibulae area against log standard length yields a slope of 2.72 ± 0.10 (R^2^ = 0.94; F (1, 52) = 750.97; p \< 0.0001), which is significantly higher than the scaling value expected for geometric similarity (isometry = 2).Figure 8Positive allometric scaling of surface area of the adductor mandibulae relative to body length. Inset shows adductor mandibulae muscle area outlined in black (scale bar = 1 mm). If area of the adductor mandibulae increased isometrically, the points would fall along the dotted line with a slope of 2, which indicates isometry of surface area relative to standard length. Positive allometry indicates that growth of the adductor mandibulae outpaces growth of the body.
Discussion {#Sec8}
==========
We predicted that rotation at both the intramandibular and quadratomandibular joints would increase with neonatal size, but the data show that guppy offspring only exhibit a positive relationship between joint mobility and standard length at the intramandibular joint (IMJ; Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Intramandibular joint rotation is positively allometric among neonates and postnatal juveniles, such that larger offspring employ greater movement at the IMJ while feeding (Figs [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). This increase in joint rotation with size is correlated with a relative increase in maximal gape (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). In other fishes, IMJ mobility has been shown to increase maximal gape as well as contact area of oral jaws with the substrate and force production^[@CR21],\ [@CR24],\ [@CR27]^. In the guppy, the advantages associated with increased IMJ mobility might lead to the increase in scraping performance observed among larger offspring^[@CR19]^.
An increase in mobility at the IMJ is unlikely due to changes of size per se. Joint rotation should not change with organismal size, because the degree of rotation about any given joint depends on the potential excursion afforded by the joint itself, and not the length of the elements involved^[@CR34],\ [@CR35]^. The observed increase in IMJ mobility with size among guppy offspring (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}) suggests that the morphology of the lower jaw is different among neonates. The observed increase in IMJ mobility occurs concurrent with increases in ossification pattern and muscular development, two separate measures of maturity that indicate guppies are born at varying stages of morphological maturity.
Throughout ontogeny the guppy skeleton is ossified in a regular pattern^[@CR36]^, and we find that populations of Trinidadian guppies are born at varying points along this developmental trajectory, with the largest neonates possessing the greatest degree of cranial ossification (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Over the size range of guppy neonates investigated in this study (5.5 mm -- 7.2 mm), we observe a four-fold increase in the number of cranial elements that are ossified at birth (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The cranial skeleton is nearly fully ossified among the largest offspring, and only a few additional elements ossify during postnatal development. Growth of the muscles responsible for scraping behaviors provides secondary evidence that guppy neonates are born at different stages of morphological maturity. Adductor mandibulae area scales with significant positive allometry among guppy neonates and among postnatal juveniles (Fig. [8](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}). The positive allometric scaling of adductor mandibulae size indicates that the growth of this muscle outpaces the growth of the entire organism, a pattern consistent with the development of early stage morphologies among larval fishes^[@CR37]^. These profound differences in degree of ossification and muscular growth provide evidence that guppy neonates are born at varying levels of morphological maturity, and we hypothesize that maturation of the mouth opening mechanism explains the observed positive allometry of IMJ rotation among neonates.
The mouth opening mechanism (i.e., jaw depression) in fishes continues to develop even after first feeding has initiated^[@CR38]^. Several jaw depression mechanisms are thought to actuate the lower jaw, and in all cases, mouth opening is the product of morphological maturation of jaw depression musculature^[@CR39],\ [@CR40]^. One of the last jaw opening muscles to develop and become functional is the geniohyoideus (=protractor hyoideus), which extends from the hyoid apparatus (ceratohyals) to the tip of the lower jaw (dentary symphysis)^[@CR38]^. This muscle is the most likely candidate for causing IMJ rotation in the guppy^[@CR38]^ and we propose that its function in causing IMJ rotation develops over the range of neonates investigated in this study. We hypothesize that the geniohyoideus muscle is not fully developed in the smallest HP neonates; indeed, the certatohyals are not ossified until later stages. We suggest that guppy offspring are born across a range of developmental stages where maturation of the jaw opening system varies widely and influences jaw function and competitive ability of neonates.
The positive effects of size on musculoskeletal development and feeding kinematics suggests that larger guppy neonates in low-predation (LP) environments are better equipped to compete within the resource limited environments into which they are born. Competition experiments have shown that when resources are limiting, large guppy juveniles exhibit higher growth rates than their smaller counterparts^[@CR19]^. The current finding that larger offspring are both more mature and possess increased IMJ mobility provides a potential mechanism underlying this competitive advantage. The advantage of producing larger offspring in low resource, high competition environments, where these larger and more developed offspring can more efficiently obtain^[@CR19]^ and utilize^[@CR41]^ limited resources, might help to maintain selection for the LP phenotype.
In the environmental context of limited resources, the LP, high competition guppy phenotype has evolved repeatedly and rapidly^[@CR16]^. Female guppies are selected to provision more yolk per ova, gestate for a greater period of time and ultimately produce larger offspring, among other life history traits^[@CR42]^. Here, we provide evidence that associated with these life history features are morphological and functional traits important for exploitative competition. Low-predation guppy offspring are born not only larger, but also more mature and with more jaw mobility than their smaller counterparts. The observed disparity between size and resource acquisition among guppy offspring competing over limited resources is perhaps the product of the additive effects of maturation and size. We suggest that size per se may not be the only adaptive benefit of producing larger offspring in highly competitive environments; large size may instead be of secondary importance to the maturation of morphological features that allow for enhanced foraging ability at birth.
Methods {#Sec9}
=======
Collection and housing {#Sec10}
----------------------
Pregnant female guppies were collected from five populations throughout Trinidad's Northern Range Mountains (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Three populations were collected from the Caroni drainage, the major southern confluence draining westward into the Atlantic: Aripo low-predation (LP); Aripo high-predation (HP); and Caroni extreme high-predation (HHP). Two additional populations were collected from the Yarra River on the north slope of the mountain range: Yarra LP and Yarra HP. The predator communities differ between northern and southern slopes; the former contain mainly gobiid predators, while the latter contain a dominant cichlid (*Crenicichla alta*)^[@CR16],\ [@CR43]^. The selective pressures have been shown to be similar between slopes: high predation selects for accelerated life histories, while high competition in LP sites selects for prolonged life histories (i.e., larger offspring, longer gestation times, longer inter-brood intervals, later age of first reproduction, less overall investment in reproduction)^[@CR3],\ [@CR14],\ [@CR16],\ [@CR31]^.
Pregnant female guppies were housed within a field lab in isolated 2-liter tanks, where they later gave birth. Upon parturition, each mother was promptly removed to mitigate potential cannibalism and loss of the litter. Litter sizes were separated into five or fewer individuals per tank to standardize feeding amounts and other density effects. Fish were fed twice daily on a diet of *Artemia* nauplii in the morning and algae flakes in the evening. Tanks were housed within an open-air laboratory facility and exposed to ambient light, which maintained light:dark schedule at approximately 12:12 hours.
All procedures were approved by the Brown University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol \#: 1211035 to E. L. Brainerd). All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
High-speed video {#Sec11}
----------------
Filming of offspring while feeding was staged within a separate arena, equipped with lights, camera, and small chamber. The tank itself was constructed of acrylic (32 × 121 mm base) and filled with stock water to 50 mm height. Individuals were allowed a minimum of 30 minutes acclimation time prior to filming. All individuals were fasted the night prior to the feeding trial to facilitate feeding. Fish were fed a gelatin substance composed of dried brine shrimp, fruit, calcium and gelatin powder (hereafter referred to as 'gel'). A small bolus of gel (approx. 0.1 g) was pressed onto a small, flat rock, and allowed to adhere for 5 minutes before being placed at the edge of the acrylic panel closest to the camera.
Video sequences were captured using a Photron FASTCAM 1024PCI (Photron USA, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) fitted with a Nikon 105 mm, f/2.8 macro lens (Nikon Inc., Melville, NY, USA). Video was captured at 500 frames per second, at 1/1000 s shutter speed. The filming setup was illuminated with two LED lights (2.0 amp, 28 volt; Visual Instrumentation Corp., Lancaster, CA, USA).
Each filming event consisted of three individuals from each brood feeding concurrently upon the encrusting substrate (individual fish did not readily feed when isolated within the filming chamber). Filming sessions lasted on average between 30--60 minutes, which allowed 5--6 scraping events to be captured per brood. Data was collected from three broods per population, five populations and at two time points. This resulted in a total of n = 45 neonates, n = 45 juveniles and n = 5 adult females. Individuals were sacrificed at the end of each trial.
Following the feeding trials, guppies were sacrificed by overdose of tricaine methanesulfonate (Tricaine-S, Western Chemical Inc., Ferndale, WA, USA). Specimens were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) overnight and transferred to 70% EtOH for long-term storage.
Staining {#Sec12}
--------
Skeletons of the guppy offspring were differentially stained and the bodies cleared to enable us to characterize and quantify degree of head skeletal ossification. The use of this technique stains cartilage blue and bone red. Bone and cartilage stains were performed by dehydrating specimens in 100% EtOH for 30 minutes prior to transfer into alcian blue solution (80% ethanol, 20% acetic acid) overnight. Specimens were rehydrated through a graded series of ethanol solutions (30 minutes in each) and were then placed overnight in a neutralizing solution of saturated sodium borate. They were bleached in a 30--35% H~2~O~2~ per 50 ml of 0.5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) for 1 hour, and then digested in a trypsin solution of 3 parts saturated sodium borate solution to 7 parts distilled H~2~O (10 g trypsin per liter) for 1 hour. Specimens were transferred to a solution of alizarin red and 0.5% KOH overnight, and finally cleared through a graded series (1:3, 1:1, 3:1) of glycerol:KOH before being imaged in 3:1 glycerol:KOH. Specimens were visualized using a Nikon dissecting microscope (Nikon SMZ800 dissecting scope and Nikon DXM1200C digital camera).
To determine the degree of muscle development during ontogeny, neonates were immunostained with the muscle-specific antibody MF-20, visualized after performing HRP color reaction and the perimeter of the adductor mandibulae traced from a lateral view. Specimens were skinned to promote penetration of the antibodies, were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) + tween (PBST) and then bleached overnight in 2:1 Dent's fixative:H~2~O~2~ (Dent's fixative = 4 parts methanol to 1 part dimethyl sulfoxide). Specimens were washed in PBST and then treated with Proteinase K (10 μl/ml PBS) for 20 min, washed again in PBST and blocked in PBST/bovine albumin/goat serum (PBN) for two hours before being incubated in MF-20 primary antibody (DSHB, Iowa, USA) overnight at 20 °C. Specimens were washed a third time in PBST and blocked in PBN (2 hours) prior to application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) secondary antibody (1:200 dilution; Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA) overnight. Color reaction was performed using 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB chromogen kit, Biocare Medical, Concord, CA, USA) and specimens were imaged in 1:1 glycerol:PBS solution under a dissecting microscope (Nikon SMZ800 dissecting scope and Nikon DXM1200C digital camera).
Analysis {#Sec13}
--------
Quantification of ossification within the cranial skeleton was performed by identifying (and assigning a value) to the presence (1), partial presence (0.5) or absence (0) of alizarin red uptake within each of the following feeding-associated skeletal elements: pharyngeal jaws, premaxillae, acrodont teeth, dentaries, hyomandibula, opercles, angulars, maxillae, prevomer, quadrate, urohyal, epihyal, ceratohyal, frontal, prefrontal-lateral ethmoids, autopalatines, hypohyal, basihyal. Ossification of cranial elements is presented as % of total head skeleton ossified, which was quantified by determining the mean of the values for presence (1), partial presence (0.5) or absence (0) of red coloration in all 18 elements measured in the head skeleton. This type of averaging yields, for example, a skeleton with 9 elements fully ossified (9 × 1 = 9) and 9 elements partially ossified (9 × 0.5 = 4.5) a % ossification of 75% (13.5/18 \* 100).
The surface area of the superficial adductor mandibulae muscles was measured using IMAGEJ v.1.42 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The stained muscle was outlined for each specimen to determine area. These values were log-transformed and regressed against log standard length to yield scaling relationships.
Kinematic variables during scraping of the gel substrate were quantified using IMAGEJ v.1.42 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Linear gape distance was defined as a straight line connecting the rostral-most tip of the premaxillary and dentary bones. Quadratomandibular joint (QMJ) rotation was defined as a line extending rostrally from the ventral margin of the orbit to the QMJ, a line drawn down the length of the angular-articular bone complex and a vertex where these two lines intersect. Intramandibular joint (IMJ) rotation was defined as a line extending rostrally from the QMJ along the angular-articular bone complex, a line extending rostrally from the IMJ along the dentary to the point of lower jaw contact with the substrate and a vertex where these two lines intersect (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Quadratomandibular joint rotation was referenced to the closed position of the jaw (defined as a line extending rostrally from the ventral-most position of the orbit to the QMJ, a line drawn along the ventral margin of the lower jaw from the QMJ rostrally to the tip of the dentary during closed mouth and a vertex where these two lines intersect; Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). IMJ rotation was referenced to the closed jaw position of the lower jaw (i.e., a straight line, equaling 180°). Kinematic analysis was performed on several feeding trials per filming event and joint angles were each measured five separate times and averaged to yield the reported joint angle (standard error of five measures did not exceed ± 1 degree).
Statistical analysis {#Sec14}
--------------------
To determine scaling relationships morphological variables were log-transformed and regression lines (reduced major axis) fit against log standard length. The resultant scaling coefficients were compared against expected isometric scaling values for each variable. Kinematic data were presented as brood averages. Regression analyses were performed on kinematic variables, fitted against standard length. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed on kinematic variables with population as the factor. Where relevant, Tukey HSD post hoc tests were performed to identify means that are significantly different from each other. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analyses were used to control for the effect of size among populations (an interaction analysis was first performed to determine homogeneity of slopes). Linear mixed effects models were performed to account for random effects of population. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP v.11 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Data accessibility {#Sec15}
------------------
Cranial morphology and kinematic data among populations of neonatal guppies will be deposited in the Dryad Digital Repository. Videos will be available on the Zoological Motion Analysis (ZMA) Portal.
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors are grateful for conceptual and editorial contributions provided by D.N. Reznick. Natalie Dial assisted in the capture, care and filming of guppies in Trinidad. We thank M. Rosario for statistical advice. We also thank C. Anderson, E. Tavares, T. Martin and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. This work was funded in part by the US National Science Foundation (grant nos 1655756, 1601377 and 1025845) and by the Bushnell Research and Education fund.
T.D. and E.B. designed the experiment. T.D. gathered and analyzed all the data. P.H. assisted with immunohistochemistry methods and prepared Figure. 2. T.D. wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript.
Competing Interests {#FPar1}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.