text stringlengths 0 7.84M | meta dict |
|---|---|
# coding=utf-8
"""Python Arlo setup script."""
from setuptools import setup
def readme():
with open('README.md') as desc:
return desc.read()
setup(
name='arlo',
py_modules=['arlo', 'request', 'eventstream'],
version='1.2.35',
description='Python Arlo is a library written in Python 2.7/3x ' +
'which exposes the Netgear Arlo cameras via the apis that are consumed by their website.',
long_description=readme(),
long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
author='Jeffrey D. Walter',
author_email='jeffreydwalter@gmail.com',
url='https://github.com/jeffreydwalter/arlo',
license='Apache Software License',
include_package_data=True,
install_requires=['monotonic', 'requests', 'sseclient==0.0.22', 'PySocks'],
keywords=[
'arlo',
'camera',
'home automation',
'netgear',
'python',
],
classifiers=[
'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
'Environment :: Other Environment',
'Intended Audience :: Developers',
'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
'Operating System :: OS Independent',
'Programming Language :: Python',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules'
],
)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an important source of morbidity and mortality among U.S. Military Veterans. The primary virulence factors are TcdA and TcdB, toxins that induce diarrhea, inflammation, and significant damage within the colon. This proposal is designed around the hypothesis that inhibition of toxin activity represents a therapeutic approach that can impact clinical treatment and outcome for individuals suffering from CDI. TcdA and TcdB are homologous glucosyltransferases that modify and inactivate Rho family GTPases. The glucosyltransferase activity of the toxins has been linked to a `cytopathic' disruption of the acti cytoskeleton and is important for systemic toxicity in a mouse intoxication model. The X-ray crystal structures of small molecule glucosyltransferase inhibitors bound to the TcdA and TcdB glucosyltransferase domains (Aim 1) will provide a foundation for structure-guided design of molecules with enhanced potency. In addition to the cytopathic effects, TcdB is a potent cytotoxin that causes necrotic damage in cells and tissue. The cytotoxicity results from TcdB-induced assembly of the epithelial cell NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex. The assembly results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause necrosis. Preliminary data indicate that a Nox1 knockout mouse is protected from CDI tissue damage and underscores the hypothesis that inhibition of the NOX1 pathway will protect against the colonic tissue damage observed in severe cases of CDI. A high-throughput screen has led to the identification of 176 small molecules that inhibit TcdB-induced necrosis. Experiments in Aim 2 will categorize these compounds according to their mechanism of action and result in the identification of lead compounds for further analysis. In Aim 3, the efficacy of N- acetylcysteine, an FDA-approved antioxidant, along with lead compounds from Aims 1 and 2 will be evaluated in a mouse model of CDI. Spore challenge with an epidemic M7404 strain and a panel of variants with defined mutations in one or both toxins will permit dissection of the specific effect each compound has on TcdA- and TcdB-mediated events. These are the key studies needed to advance small molecule inhibitors of the C. difficile toxins into clinical practice. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
A cloud based architecture to support Electronic Health Record.
We introduce a novel framework of electronic healthcare enabled by a Cloud platform able to host both Hospital Information Systems (HIS) and Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems and implement an innovative model of Electronic Health Record (EHR) that is not only patient-oriented but also supports a better governance of the whole healthcare system. The proposed EHR model adopts the state of the art of the Cloud technologies, being able to join the different clinical data of the patient stored within the HISs and EMRs either placed into a local Data Center or hosted into a Cloud Platform enabling new directions of data analysis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
A potentially dangerous Request.Form value was detected from the client in local server
I am getting this error when I click on ASP Button. Error: A potentially dangerous Request.Form value was detected from the client
I have read few question of stack over flow. The point here is the button is working fine when I live the website to our client server. But it is not working if I configure in my local IIS server.
Do I need to change any settings in my local IIS server?
Please suggest.
A:
By default, the application is prevented from processing unencoded HTML content submitted to the server.
If you set the the RequestValidationMode to 2.0 in your web.config, it will solve your issue.
<system.web>
<httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0" />
</system.web>
If you want to make the smallest change possible, you could define the requestValidationMode inside a location element to have it applied to a specific page (ex: Login page)
<location path="Login.aspx">
<system.web>
<httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0" />
</system.web>
</location>
Remarks (From MSDN)
The RequestValidationMode property specifies which ASP.NET approach to validation will be used. This can be the algorithm that is used in versions of ASP.NET earlier than version 4, or the version that is used in .NET Framework 4. The property can be set to the following values:
4.5 (the default). In this mode, values are lazily loaded, that is, they are not read until they are requested.
4.0 The HttpRequest object internally sets a flag that indicates that request validation should be triggered whenever any HTTP request data is accessed. This guarantees that the request validation is triggered before data such as cookies and URLs are accessed during the request. The request validation settings of the element (if any) in the configuration file or of the directive in an individual page are ignored.
2.0. Request validation is enabled only for pages, not for all HTTP requests. In addition, the request validation settings of the element (if any) in the configuration file or of the directive in an individual page are used to determine which page requests to validate.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The present invention relates generally to the field of polishing pads for chemical mechanical polishing. In particular, the present invention is directed to a chemical mechanical polishing pad having a polishing structure useful for chemical mechanical polishing magnetic, optical and semiconductor substrates.
In the fabrication of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, multiple layers of conducting, semiconducting and dielectric materials are deposited onto and removed from a surface of a semiconductor wafer. Thin layers of conducting, semiconducting and dielectric materials may be deposited using a number of deposition techniques. Common deposition techniques in modern wafer processing include physical vapor deposition (PVD), also known as sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and electrochemical plating, among others. Common removal techniques include wet and dry isotropic and anisotropic etching, among others.
As layers of materials are sequentially deposited and removed, the uppermost surface of the wafer becomes non-planar. Because subsequent semiconductor processing (e.g., metallization) requires the wafer to have a flat surface, the wafer needs to be planarized. Planarization is useful for removing undesired surface topography and surface defects, such as rough surfaces, agglomerated materials, crystal lattice damage, scratches and contaminated layers or materials.
Chemical mechanical planarization, or chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), is a common technique used to planarize or polish workpieces such as semiconductor wafers. In conventional CMP, a wafer carrier, or polishing head, is mounted on a carrier assembly. The polishing head holds the wafer and positions the wafer in contact with a polishing layer of a polishing pad that is mounted on a table or platen within a CMP apparatus. The carrier assembly provides a controllable pressure between the wafer and polishing pad. Simultaneously, a slurry or other polishing medium is dispensed onto the polishing pad and is drawn into the gap between the wafer and polishing layer. To effect polishing, the polishing pad and wafer typically rotate relative to one another. As the polishing pad rotates beneath the wafer, the wafer sweeps out a typically annular polishing track, or polishing region, wherein the wafer's surface directly confronts the polishing layer. The wafer surface is polished and made planar by chemical and mechanical action of the polishing layer and polishing medium on the surface.
The interaction among polishing layers, polishing media and wafer surfaces during CMP has been the subject of increasing study, analysis, and advanced numerical modeling in the past ten years in an effort to optimize polishing pad designs. Most of the polishing pad developments since the inception of CMP as a semiconductor manufacturing process have been empirical in nature, involving trials of many different porous and non-porous polymeric materials. Much of the design of polishing surfaces, or layers, has focused on providing these layers with various microstructures, or patterns of void areas and solid areas, and macrostructures, or arrangements of surface perforations or grooves, that are claimed to increase polishing rate, improve polishing uniformity, or reduce polishing defects (scratches, pits, delaminated regions, and other surface or sub-surface damage). Over the years, quite a few different microstructures and macrostructures have been proposed to enhance CMP performance.
For conventional polishing pads, pad surface “conditioning” or “dressing” is critical to maintaining a consistent polishing surface for stable polishing performance. Over time the polishing surface of the polishing pad wears down, smoothing over the microtexture of the polishing surface—a phenomenon called “glazing”. The origin of glazing is plastic flow of the polymeric material due to frictional heating and shear at the points of contact between the pad and the workpiece. Additionally, debris from the CMP process can clog the surface voids as well as the micro-channels through which slurry flows across the polishing surface. When this occurs, the polishing rate of the CMP process decreases, and this can result in non-uniform polishing between wafers or within a wafer. Conditioning creates a new texture on the polishing surface useful for maintaining the desired polishing rate and uniformity in the CMP process.
Conventional polishing pad conditioning is achieved by abrading the polishing surface mechanically with a conditioning disk. The conditioning disk has a rough conditioning surface typically comprised of imbedded diamond points. The conditioning disk is brought into contact with the polishing surface either during intermittent breaks in the CMP process when polishing is paused (“ex situ”), or while the CMP process is underway (“in situ”). Typically the conditioning disk is rotated in a position that is fixed with respect to the axis of rotation of the polishing pad, and sweeps out an annular conditioning region as the polishing pad is rotated. The conditioning process as described cuts microscopic furrows into the pad surface, both abrading and plowing the pad material and renewing the polishing texture.
Although pad designers have produced various microstructures and configurations of surface texture through both pad material preparation and surface conditioning, existing CMP pad polishing textures are less than optimal in two important aspects. First, the actual contact area between a conventional CMP pad and a typical workpiece under the applied pressures practiced in CMP is small—usually only a few percent of the total confronting area. This is a direct consequence of the inexactness of conventional surface conditioning that amounts to randomly tearing the solid regions of the structure into tatters, leaving a population of features, or asperities, of various shapes and heights of which only the tallest actually contact the workpiece. Second, the space available for slurry flow to convey away polish debris and heat occupies a thin layer at the pad surface such that polishing waste remains in close proximity with the workpiece until it passes completely out from under the workpiece. Slurry flow between the pad and workpiece must pass across the highly irregular surface and around any asperities that bridge the full vertical distance from the pad to the workpiece. This results in a high probability that the workpiece is re-exposed to both spent chemistry and material previously removed. Thus conventional pad microstructures are not optimal because contact mechanics and fluid mechanics within the surface texture are coupled: the height distribution of asperities favors neither good contact nor effective fluid flow and transport.
Defect formation in CMP has origins in both shortcomings of conventional pad microstructure. For example, Reinhardt et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,362, disclose the use of polymeric spheres to introduce texture into a polyurethane polishing pad. Although exact defect formation mechanisms are incompletely understood, it is generally clear that reducing defect formation requires minimizing extreme point stresses on the workpiece. Under a given applied load or polish pressure, the actual point contact pressure is inversely proportional to the true contact area. A CMP process running at 3 psi (20.7 kPa) polish pressure and having 2% real contact area across all asperity tips actually subjects the workpiece to normal stresses averaging 150 psi (1 MPa). Stresses of this magnitude are sufficient to cause surface and sub-surface damage. Being blunt and irregular in shape, asperities on conventional CMP pads also lead to unfavorable flow patterns: localized pressures of fluid impinging on asperities can be significant, and regions of stagnant or separated flow can lead to accumulation of polish debris and heat or create an environment for particle agglomeration.
Beyond providing potential defect formation sources, conventional polishing pad microtexture is not optimal because pad surface conditioning is typically not exactly reproducible. The diamonds on a conditioning disk become dulled with use such that the conditioner must be replaced after a period of time; during its life the effectiveness of the conditioner thus continually changes. Conditioning also contributes greatly to the wear rate of a CMP pad. It is common for about 95% of the wear of a pad to result from the abrasion of the diamond conditioner and only about 5% from contact with workpieces. Thus in addition to defect reduction, improved pad microstructure could eliminate the need for conditioning and allow longer pad life.
The key to eliminating pad conditioning is to devise a polishing surface that is self-renewing, that is, that retains the same essential geometry and configuration as it wears. Thus to be self-renewing, the polishing surface must be such that wear does not significantly reshape the solid regions. This in turn requires that the solid regions not be subjected to continuous shear and heating sufficient to cause a substantial degree of plastic flow, or that the solid regions be configured so that they respond to shear or heating in a way that distributes the shear and heating to other solid regions.
In addition to low defectivity, CMP pad polishing structures must achieve good planarization efficiency. Conventional pad materials require a trade-off between these two performance metrics because lower defectivity is achieved by making the material softer and more compliant, yet these same property changes compromise planarization efficiency. Ultimately, planarization requires a stiff flat material; while low defectivity requires a less stiff conformal material. It is thus difficult to surmount the essential trade-off between these metrics with a single material. Conventional pad structures approach this problem in a variety of ways, including the use of composite materials having hard and soft layers bonded to one another. While composites offer improvements over single-layer structures, no material has yet been developed that achieves ideal planarization efficiency and zero defect formation simultaneously.
Consequently, while pad microstructure and conditioning means exist for contemporary CMP applications, there is a need for CMP pad designs that achieve higher real contact area with the workpiece and more effective slurry flow patterns for removal of polish debris, as well as reducing or eliminating the need for re-texturing. In addition, there is a need for CMP pad structures that combine a rigid stiff structure needed for good planarization efficiency with a less stiff conformal structure needed for low defectivity. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Q:
Posicionamento de imagem
Estou com um problema no posicionamento de imagens em um site que estou desenvolvendo.
Algumas delas aparentemente não estão se encaixando em uma linha, no caso, posicionei 4 por linha.
Fiz algumas tentativas, criei um div que acomodou todo o conteúdo da imagem, ficando assim:
<div class="posicao">
<div class="produtos-wrapper">
<div class="produtos-conteudo one-fourth">
<a href="detalhes.php?produto=<?php echo $row_rsProdutos['id_produto']; ?>&dep=<?php echo $row_rsProdutos['id_departamento']; ?>&subdep=<?php echo $row_rsProdutos['id_subdepartamento']; ?>"><img class="photo" src="<?php echo $foto; ?>" /></a>
<div class="content">
<h3 class="name"><?php echo $row_rsProdutos['descricao']; ?> </h3>
<span class="job-title"> <?php echo $row_rsProdutos['codigo_msb']; ?> </span> </div>
</div>
</div>
<?php } while ($row_rsProdutos = mysql_fetch_assoc($rsProdutos)); ?>
</div>
E o css, assim:
.posicao {
float: right;
width:auto;
}
Mas as imagens ainda ficam com o espaços.
O site para verificação é esse Site para exibição
A:
Quando você trabalha com div, basicamente você tem vários quadrados de sustentação para inserção de conteúdo, sendo ele texto ou multimídia. No caso, esta havendo uma falta de padronização de altura e por isso as divs não encaixam.
Acrescente isso no CSS:
.produtos-conteudo{
height: 200px;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
possible to select multiple options with xpath?
/html/body/form/select/option[@val = '1' and @val = '3']
so that means select the first and third option in a select-multiple form ?
A:
Did you mean or?
/html/body/form/select/option[@val = '1' or @val = '3']
That should select both elements. By using and you're trying to select an element whose val is both 1 and 3, which isn't going to work. :-)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
In a transmitter of all modern wireless communication links, an output sequence of bits from an error correcting code can be mapped onto a sequence of complex modulation symbols. These symbols can be then used to create a waveform suitable for transmission across a wireless channel. Particularly as data rates increase, decoding performance on the receiver side can be a limiting factor to achievable data rates. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
A monitoring group has claimed there has been a 'large explosion' near Damascus International Airport early on Thursday morning.
A representantive from the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said there had been a blast powerful enough to be heard 25 kilometres away in the main city of Damascus.
There are no reported casualties from the incident, and the explosion is thought to have only caused damage to buildings in the area and resulted in fires.
While the cause is still unclear, local media has pinpointed it as the result of an Israeli airstrike.
An Israeli intelligence officer, Israel Katz, said in a radio interview the incident near Damascus would be "compatible" with Israel's policy to stop Iran's alleged illegal transfer of weapons through Syria. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Air Tamajeq language
Air Tamajeq (Tayiṛt) is a variety of Tamasheq, one of the Tuareg languages. It is spoken by the Tuareg people inhabiting the Aïr Mountains, in the Agadez Region of Niger.
Ethnologue lists two dialects: Air (Tayert) and Tanassfarwat (Tamagarast/Tamesgrest). Blench (2006) considers these two varieties to be distinct languages. He lists Ingal and Gofat as dialects of Air/Tayirt and Azerori as a dialect of Tamesgrest.
References
Category:Berbers in Niger
Category:Tuareg languages
Category:Languages of Niger | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Translate
Friday, August 30, 2013
THIS IS A VERY LENGTHY UPDATE TO "RIGHT TO REFUSE VACCINES, OUR RIGHT TO LIVE", MY BLOG OF April 20, 2013, http://havacuppahemlock1.blogspot.com/2013/04/right-to-refuse-vaccines-our-right-to.html, AND BEGINS WITH A VERY RECENT ARTICLE BY SAYER JI, FOUNDER OF GREENMEDINFO.COM, WHOSE WEBSITE IS ONE OF THOSE THAT CAME UNDER ASSAULT FROM UNICEF, THE UNITED NATIONS' "CHILDREN'S FUND".THE TEA ROOM IS MOST GRATEFUL FOR MR. JI APPROVING A FULL COPYING OF HIS ARTICLE TO THIS SITE.GREENMEDINFO IS PERHAPS THE MOST EXACTING, IMPECCABLY RESEARCHED AND TRUSTWORTHY WEBSITE ON THE INTERNET TODAY.PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES BACK UP WHAT YOU FIND THERE, AND YOU WILL FIND NO 'CONSPIRACY THEORY', NO 'MODIFIED' TRUTHS THERE, EVER.MR. JI INSISTS ON HONESTY AND INTEGRITY IN REPORTING.
AS YOU WILL SEE, THIS WAS MUCH TOO BIG AN UPDATE TO POST WITHIN MY OLDER BLOG, BUT IT IS AN UPDATE ONLY.
PLEASE, READ MR. JI'S ARTICLE CAREFULLY, AND PLEASE PASS IT ON TO AS MANY AS YOU LOVE OR EVEN CARE FOR.
<<A stunning new report reveals that the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF) has been monitoring independent health sites
and their users in an attempt to identify 'anti-vaccine influencers' and
their effect on lackluster vaccine uptake.
Opening
with the Mark Twain quote: "A lie can travel halfway around the world
while the truth is putting on its shoes," the report lists the following
'anti-vaccine influencers' shaping the online conversation:
UNICEF's
opening reference to the "lie" (misinformation) spread by the
above-mentioned web-based organizations indicates that while the
document purports to be analytical and descriptive, it has proscriptive
and defamatory undertones, and only thinly conceals an agenda to
discredit opposing views and voices.
The report's data-gathering methodology is described as follows:
"Researchers
have selected social media channels, languages and formulated key word
strings for online searches from 1 May till 30 June 2012. Messages from
over 22,300 participants using English, Russian, Romanian and Polish
were monitored by volume (using mentions, views, postings), by channels through which users exchange content, by engagement (how users respond, like, share) and by sentiment analysis to detect positive and negative attitudes."
The authors of the report note 'ethical considerations' in gathering
and analyzing the web usage behavior and data of 22,300 tracked users,
but claim that by not publishing the specific IP data in their report
that their work does not break any laws, even if it may violate 'moral'
codes of those who were subject to uninformed surveillance.
Their main findings are reported:
In all four languages, blogs are the most frequently used channel
followed by Facebook. Twitter is the second largest channel in Russian.
Most of the interactions are taking place in forums. While female
audiences tend to focus on issues such as developmental disabilities,
chemical and toxins, and side effects; men focus on arguments around
conspiracy theories and religious/ethical beliefs. Participants
discussing anti-vaccination sentiments are 56 % female and 44 % male.
During the observed time period, more messages in English are
recorded using key words stemming from conspiracy theories, distrusts
against governments and pharmaceutical industry. Religious and ethical
beliefs, distrust against U.S. and western governments drive the Russian
language discussions.
Anti-vaccination opinion leaders in
the online world show varying characteristics. Some have no college
education while others are in the medical field (such as nurses). Often
they appear well educated in alternative medicine and subscribe to
social channels of homeopaths and alternative medicine advocates.
According to the report: "The study reveals the urgent need to invest
further in analyzing vaccine hesitancy, and immunization partners to
develop joint strategies to tackle with this trend."
The report also makes the following recommendations:
"International
agencies and other partners will need to combine forces and support
governments to reverse this counterproductive trend and develop common
strategies to promote immunization, as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions known in the world." [emphasis added]
While
this report appears to have the objectivity and credibility long
associated with world governmental health agencies, UNICEF does little
to conceal its willingness to partner with, and accept money from,
corporations who may have a vested interest in discrediting valid
information about the unintended, adverse health effects of vaccines
and/or their lack of effectiveness, such as
According to the report: "The study reveals the urgent need to invest
further in analyzing vaccine hesitancy, and immunization partners to
develop joint strategies to tackle with this trend."
The report also makes the following recommendations:
"International
agencies and other partners will need to combine forces and support
governments to reverse this counterproductive trend and develop common
strategies to promote immunization, as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions known in the world." [emphasis added]
While
this report appears to have the objectivity and credibility long
associated with world governmental health agencies, UNICEF does little
to conceal its willingness to partner with, and accept money from,
corporations who may have a vested interest in discrediting valid
information about the unintended, adverse health effects of vaccines
and/or their lack of effectiveness, such as manufacturers of vaccines
themselves. They openly advertise their willingness
to support national- and multi-national corporation's "cause-marketing
initiatives," a marketing phenomenon widely criticized by public
interest groups, and which in the case of the breast cancer industry has
produced monstrosities such as the Smith and Wesson's Pink Handgun, and KFC's now defunct "Buckets for the Cure."
As
an example of UNICEF's lack of insulation from conflicts of interest,
in June of this year, they partnered with one of the world's largest
vaccine manufacturers, Merck & Co.,
who pledged $500 million "to decrease maternal
mortality, HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa." President
and CEO of the U.S. Fund for UNICEF Caryl Stern was quoted in a June
2012 Vaccine New Daily article as saying, "Merck is a valued
partner that is helping to bring us closer to a day when ZERO children
die of preventable causes."[1]
Merck, while being considered by UNICEF as a "valuable partner," can
hardly be claimed as a credible source of information on the safety and
effectivencess of its products, as exemplified by the 2011 decision by
the U.S. Justice Department that Merck would be forced to pay $950
million to resolve criminal charges and federal civil claims associated
with the fraudulent marketing of its deadly drug Vioxx. This is only
the tip of the iceberg of Merck's many legal problems. Learn more here
Another
organization UNICEF has partnered with and accepted substantial
financial contributions from is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
who has actively supported the online surveillance of so-called
"anti-vaccine" groups, as we documented in an Aug. 29th, 2012, report: "Gates Foundation Funds Surveillance of Anti-Vaccine Groups":
[A]$100K grant was recently disbursed to Seth C. Kalichman, professor at
the Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, for "Establishing an Anti-Vaccine Surveillance and Alert System," which intends to "establish an internet-based global monitoring and rapid alert system for finding, analyzing, and counteracting misinformation communication campaigns regarding vaccines to support global immunization efforts."
The Gates foundation is notorious for focusing its charitable contributions on Global Polio Eradication
initiatives, while neglecting to emphasize with equal fiscal enthusiasm
sustainable solutions to preventing morbidity and mortality associated
with infectious disease vectors, namely, improved nutrition, sanitation
and hygiene.
Ironically, UNICEF's own vaccine-based programs to combat child deaths from disease in West Africa appear to reduce survival relative to areas outside the reach of their programs. According to a 2010 BBC News report,
"Unicef spent $27m (£17m) rolling out vaccinations, vitamin A pills and
bed nets to protect against malaria from 2001 to 2005 in areas of 11
countries. The researchers studied parts of Ghana, Mali and Benin and
said children often survived better outside the UN scheme."
Indeed, the most well-known criticism of UNICEF is that it has done
very little to decrease child mortality (in sub-Saharan Africa it has
actually increased) underscoring why its focus on promoting vaccination,
and now monitoring and perhaps targeting "anti-vaccine" organizations, is profoundly misguided.
Ultimately,
UNICEF's new report is more than an objective analysis of so-called
"anti-vaccine" organizations, but a concerning bit of propaganda aimed
at dissuading the millions who visit alternative health sites daily from
obtaining information that was not underwritten and/or ghostwritten by
the very industries who stand to gain most by hiding the well-known
adverse health effects of their products, and who have managed to
transform many governmental health agencies – and we can see, even
global ones -- into their cheerleading, marketing, liability protection
and now surveillance divisions.
Sayer Ji is an author, researcher, lecturer, and advisory board member of the National Health Federation.
He founded Greenmedinfo.com in 2008 in order to provide the world an
open access, evidence-based resource supporting natural and integrative
modalities. It is widely recognized as the most widely referenced health
resource of its kind.
Disclaimer:
This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or
treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of
GreenMedInfo or its staff.]
<END SAYER JI ARTICLE>
I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO CALL ATTENTION TO TWO OTHER ARTICLES BY MR. JI:
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/has-drug-driven-medicine-become-form-human-sacrifice
"Has Drug-Driven Medicine Become A Form of Human Sacrifice?"
ANDhttp://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/why-law-forbids-medicinal-use-natural-substances"Why The Law Forbids The Medicinal Use of Natural Substances"
NOW PLEASE UNDERSTAND, UNICEF IS NOT THE CONCERNED, ALTRUISTIC ORGANIZATION IT CLAIMS TO BE, NEVER WAS, NEVER WILL BE!HERE'S PROOF...<<While
no one can argue with the fact that UNICEF does work to improve living
conditions for some children in need, their assistance goes to those who
already have families. Those without, not so much.This year, if the
spirit moves you to send holiday cards that will make a difference,
there are many other alternatives to supporting UNICEF, which has lost
its moral compass and has turned orphans into collateral damage in
service of a political agenda.>>[Read more:
http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/red-thread-adoptive-family-forum/2011/dec/5/why-i-wont-buy-unicef-holiday-cards/#ixzz2dQ3N489P
]
PHYSICIANS,
PEDIATRICIANS IN MANY OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE PROTESTED AGAINST UNICEF'S
VACCINATION POLICIES, AND ALSO SAID THAT CHILD MORTALITY RATES IN
VACCINE-PUSHED NATIONS HAVE DRASTICALLY INCREASED, BUT HAVE WE READ
ABOUT THAT IN OUR NEWS?http://www.whale.to/vaccines/bharati.html<<I
think we have to call for a boycott of the entire vaccination procedure
to make the political mandarins to sit up and take notice. It is a
dastardly and heinous act to continue with the vaccination process
without making provision for informed consent, introducing a physicians
warranty of vaccine safety, compensation in case of adverse effects and
without any long term studies on the effects of vaccines, specially when
the so called "misinformation" about vaccine dangers circulating
amongst dissenters, even within the medical community, is turning out to
be a fact rather than rumour. The issue of heavy metals in vaccines is
yet to be resolved. Countries putting the maximum emphasis on vaccines
have the highest rate of infant mortality. We also do not understand
how the voices of Indian doctors are not being heard and instead
"foreign experts" dictate terms in matters of vaccination policy in
India. Who are these "experts" and what influence do they yield to
dictate terms? What are these "experts" doing to ensure compensation and
treatment for the millions of vaccine damaged children? What are they
doing to educate the public about vaccine dangers?"'You cannot take
the "First do no harm" medical oath and push vaccines at the same time.
This is ludicrous. This is madness. This is utter stupidity.'"- Quoted from "Vaccination: Fact of the Matter" by Jagannath Chatterjee,
http://www.whale.to/v/vaccination89.html>>[SEE also: http://childhealthsafety.wordpress.com/2012/04/07/third-world-duped-on-polio-eradication/]
UNICEF DEVOTED TO POPULATION CONTROL/FEWER CHILDRENhttp://www.all.org/article/index/id/MjQyNg<<UNICEF
is, undoubtedly, the most well known and, probably, the most popular UN
agency among Americans. The organization received $282 million from the
United States alone in 2002. What is not well known, however, is
UNICEF's evolution from a life affirming, child saving and Nobel peace
prize-winning foundation to a contraceptive-distributing,
abortion-performing and sterilization-providing partner of some of the
world's most notorious "family planning" organizations.There was
major controversy in the UN - so much so that the organization's
structure was threatened. The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF
were reluctant to join in the debate. WHO was unsure about the health
effects of the pill and UNICEF did not want to act before WHO.
Controversy within UNICEF itself threatened to split the Executive Board
in the spring of 1966. It was proposed that UNICEF funds would be spent
on providing women with access to family planning in those countries
where the government requested it but that UNICEF would not offer any
advice nor provide supplies or equipment to make them. Opponents argued
"it would be wrong for UNICEF to depart from its original mandate of
saving children in order to engage in activities to prevent them from
being born". The proposal was withdrawn and the issue tabled for a
year.The Population Information Program was the responsibility of
George Washington University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. until
July 1, 1978 and then that of John Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland. These Reports clearly outline UNICEF's involvement with
population control throughout that time frame.>>
UNICEF'S DIRTY TRICKSA
Liberian actor has filed a $25 million lawsuit against UNICEF for
alleged child abuse over his starring role aged 13 in a fundraising film
as a murderous child soldier who tortures his victims.March 28 2013, http://www.africareview.com/News/Unicef+sued+for+child+abuse/-/979180/1733062/-/12n1vqjz/-/index.html<<Mike
James, now 28, says he and other cast members have been “stigmatised as
rebels, killers, cannibals and drug addicts” after being recruited for
the 1997 film Soldier Boy and made to act out eating human body
parts.>>UNICEF MADE MILLIONS OFF THAT "DOCUMENTARY, BUT PAID ITS 'STAR' A MEAGER $300!HE WAS AN ACTOR!
UNICEF-DRILLED WELLS HAVE CREATED ARSENIC POISONING PROBLEMUp to 75 million at risk from tainted water. 75 MILLION!<<The
arsenic crisis in Bangladesh was caused by the sinking of over one
million wells by foreign aid agencies and the Bangladeshi government
from the 1970s. The effort - intended to reduce the incidence of
water-borne disease in the region - has instead put millions of
Bangladeshis at risk of poisoning. "Bangladesh makes the Chernobyl
disaster look like a Sunday-school picnic," says Richard Wilson, a
Harvard University expert on arsenic poisoning.The problem was not
noticed until victims began showing external symptoms of arsenic
poisoning: calluses on the palms and soles of feet, leading to skin
cancers.Most of the wells were sunk by UNICEF, the United Nations
Children's Fund, in the 1970s and 1980s. The Bangladeshi government
considered suing UNICEF..."Most hydrogeologists worth their salt would
have known about it," claims John McArthur, a sedimentologist at
University College London, who points out that reports of chronic
arsenic poisoning started to emerge from neighbouring, and geologically
similar, West Bengal in the mid-1980s. >>http://www.nature.com/news/2001/011011/full/news011011-14.htmlUNICEF CLAIMS IT HAD NO IDEA...ETC, ETC.
UNICEF’s collusion with the Guatemalan government and media in their case against Intercountry Adoptions...THEY WON'T ALLOW ADOPTIONS BY "FOREIGNERS" EVEN THOUGH THIS MEANS CHILDREN LANGUISH AND EVEN DIE IN "ORPHANAGES" AND OTHER FACILITIES, OR GROW UP WITHOUT PARENTS OR A REAL HOME. WHEN NO ONE STEPS UP TO ADOPT WITHIN A NATION WHY NOT ALLOW ADOPTIONS BY OTHERS?http://illicittrafficking.wordpress.com/tag/unicef/
UNDER THE GUISE OF VACCINATING NIGERIANS, UNICEF ADMINISTERED CONTAMINATED VACCINE THAT CAUSES STERILIZATIONMarch
2004: <<The UNICEF campaign to vaccinate Nigeria's youth against
polio was found to be a front for sterilizing the nation. Dr. Haruna
Kaita, a pharmaceutical scientist and Dean of the Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, took
samples of the vaccine to labs in India for analysis where evidence was
found of serious contamination. The vaccines contained toxic substances
that have direct effects on the human reproductive system.UNICEF is no friend of children.>>[SOURCES:
"UNICEF Nigerian Polio Vaccine Contaminated with Sterilizing Agents
Scientist Finds", LifeSiteNews.com, Kaduna, Nigeria, March 11, 2004.ANDState
Secret:Thousands Secretly Sterilized, May16, 2005, http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/main-square/1280-state-secret-thousands-secretly-sterilized.html ]UNICEF WANTS TO LEGALIZE PROSTITUTIONJune 2003: A
high-ranking official with UNICEF called for the legalization of
prostitution and for UNICEF to make condoms available to "everybody,
everywhere and at all times". Urban Jonsson, UNICEF Eastern and Southern
African Regional Director urged that UNICEF take actions to
"de-criminalize sex-work and facilitate the organization of sex-workers
[since] when sex-workers are organized, they are in a stronger position
to negotiate safer sex with their clients." Mr. Jonsson also stated
"Abstinence is simply not a realistic option for most young people
today."[SOURCE: "Top UNICEF Official Calls for Legalized and Unionized Prostitution", C-Fam/LifeSiteNews.com, New York, June 5, 2003 ]
YEAH, THAT UNICEF!NICE FOLKS, YES?NO!!!SO NOW, THEY ATTACK CREDIBLE, DEDICATED NATURAL HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES THAT SIMPLY OFFER FACTUAL RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC DATA THAT SHOWS THE REAL DANGERS AND THE TRUTH OF VACCINES?WHY?THERE
IS AMPLE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PARENTS, OR SINGLE ADULTS, WHO DON'T WANT
VACCINES FOR THEIR CHILDREN OR THEMSELVES ON THE IMPECCABLY DOCUMENTED
GREENMEDINFO.COM WEBSITE. USE THEIR RESEARCH TOOLS AND SEARCH THEIR
ARTICLES, SUPPORT THEM ANY WAY YOU CAN.
ANOTHER PLACE TO TURN TO FOR FACTS IS...http://vactruth.com/2013/08/21/pharmaceutical-spy-tactics/THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE IS A MUST-READ ON THE ABOVE WEBSITE, I SINCERELY HOPE.<<Pharma Collects Data on Your Vaccine ConcernsAccording
to a recent news article, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) hired a text analytic
software company, called Luminoso, to find out what parents were most
concerned about with vaccines.The news article stated information on
two websites were collected, BabyCenter.com and WhattoExpect.com. In
similar NSA-like-fashion, neither the website owners nor parents were
aware of their information being anonymously collected.However, unlike
the NSA, GlaxoSmithKline and others are probably not doing anything
illegal – even though their behavior is still very chilling.[Reported
on:
http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2013/05/01/glaxo-mined-online-parent-discussion-boards-for-vaccine-worries/]
>>THINK, PLEASE!WHY, WHY DO PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES SPEND BILLIONS MORE ON ADS THAN ON RESEARCH?WHY THE HARD-SELL?
Are vaccines safe?Do they actually PREVENT people from contracting the diseases they claim to target?We've explored this before, so see my blog linked at the very beginning of this update,and be advised that the answer to both is, in too many cases, NO.
AND WHO IS COMPLICIT WITH BIG PHARMA AND UNSAFE DRUGS AND VACCINES?WHO APPROVES THESE FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ASSURING US ALL IS WELL?THE FDA, AND ONLY THE FDA CAN SIGN-OFF FOR THE RELEASE OF ANY AND ALL DRUGS HERE!WITHOUT THE FDA, THERE WOULD BE NO DRUGS ON THE MARKET, AND NO VACCINES!The
FDA has the supporting research, much done by nations which now BAN
some of the heavily-pushed 'vaccines', some by their OWN scientists,
research that has been peer-reviewed, that has shown to be
FACTUAL...vaccines can KILL, maim, destroy health, and have, and will
continue to.The lawsuits are too numerous for these attacks on
people's health to be "coincidence", to be 'scientifically unproven', to
be wrong!No, what is WRONG is that the FDA long ago subjugated
itself to the pharmaceutical industry, rolled-over for 'Big Pharma',
and even a presidential candidate saw that.I CAN FIND NO MAINSTREAM COVERAGE OF THIS SO...http://www.infowars.com/ron-paul-fda-and-big-pharma-are-in-bed-together/
A
2006 survey of 997 FDA scientists revealed that forty percent feared
"retaliation" for voicing safety concerns over prescription drugs in
public. These are ALL scientists CONNECTED to the FDA!Over one-third
of those SAME scientists didn't even feel comfortable expressing safety
concerns inside the agency with colleagues, behind closed doors!What should this tell us?It
has only been the daring courage of a FEW independent FDA scientists
over the years, taking a stand despite what they have described as
intense intimidation and censorship from the FDA's own top officials,
who have stood up and warned the American public about dangerous
prescription drugs... like Vioxx.<<Merck:With a long list of
deaths to its credit, and more than $5.5 billion in judgments and fines
levied against it, it was five years before Merck made its $30-billion
recall of the painkiller Vioxx. After the drug was withdrawn, and 60,000
had already died, Merck picked up the pieces painlessly by getting a
new drug fast-tracked and on the market.That drug is Gardasil, a
vaccine that so far has been linked to thousands of adverse events and
at least 49 unexplained deaths. It's a situation that the FDA and CDC
have been denying repeatedly, even as the adverse reports mount. [SEE MY BLOG: "PROVEN DANGERS OF HPV/GARDASIL AND HEPATITIS B VACCINES", http://havacuppahemlock1.blogspot.com/2013/05/proven-dangers-of-hpvgardasil-and.html]Baxter:
Dozens of recalls of products that caused deaths and injuries, at least
11 different guilty pleas to fraud and illegal sales activity, more
than 200 lawsuits – many of them stemming from selling AIDS-tainted
blood to hemophiliacs – and more than $1.3 billion in criminal fines and
civil penalties.REMEMBER BAXTER'S NAME WHEN THE FLU VACCINE HAD THE WHISTLE BLOWN ON IT?"Baxter To Develop Swine Flu Vaccine Despite Bird Flu
Scandal.
The fox has been given the duty of guarding the henhouse."April 27, 2009<<A
U.S. based pharmaceutical company that just weeks ago was involved
in a scandal involving vaccines tainted with deadly avian flu
virus has been chosen to head up efforts to produce a vaccine
for the Mexican swine flu that has seemingly migrated into the
U.S. and Europe.
Baxter confirmed over the weekend that it is working
with the World Health Organization on a potential vaccine to
curb the deadly swine flu virus that is blamed for scores of
deaths in Mexico and has emerged as a threat in the U.S., reports
the Chicago
Tribune.>>WORKING WITH THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION...SISTER AGENCY TO UNICEF!DARLING OF THE FDA!WE KNOW BAXTER HID FACTS BUT LET'S TRUST THEM AGAIN?INSANITY!
BUT ON THEY GO!
Pfizer: In the largest health care fraud settlement
in history, Pfizer was ordered to pay $2.3 billion to resolve criminal
and civil allegations that the company illegally promoted uses of four
of its drugs, including the painkiller Bextra, the antipsychotic Geodon,
the antibiotic Zyvox, and the anti-epileptic Lyrica. In a study
recently released by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMSHA), officials emphasized that people should not
assume there's no risk in prescribed medicines. The truth is, the only
way to avoid all risk, including death, from prescription drugs is to
not take them at all.>>http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/10/26/prescription-drugs-number-one-cause-preventable-death-in-us.aspx
Literally
tens of millions of Americans have been harmed by such obvious FDA negligence
over the last decade, and well over one million have been killed by
FDA-approved prescription drugs, some of which were later found to have
been approved based on FRAUDULENT 'scientific' data.The
FDA, like too much of mainstream medicine, or what we erroneously call
'medicine', seems to have abandoned public safety, ethics, and
scientific integrity in favor of MAKING MONEY for shareholders, and
getting more money from our own 'Federal Corporation', WHAT WE CALL our government. We
can sanely and honestly say, given the facts and consumer-won class action
lawsuits before us, that the FDA has become the single greatest threat
to the health and safety of the American people, a greater threat than
any so-called 'terrorist group'! NO 'terrorist organization' has yet
been complicit in the death of a MILLION American citizens, has it?A
shocking 18.4 % of the 997 FDA scientists in the 2006 survey report
that they "...have been asked, for non-scientific reasons, to
inappropriately exclude or alter technical information or their
conclusions in a FDA scientific document."61% of these surveyed
scientists reported that they knew of cases where "Department of Health
and Human Services or FDA political appointees have inappropriately
injected themselves into FDA determinations or actions."Can you imagine that? I can!POLITICIANS
in high places are influencing the FDA, making themselves almost the
same as a criminal gang of thugs, who strong-arm 'legislation', who
interfere with that agency every chance they get. Even when the FDA
has been found negligent, been caught cheating on research results,
their handlers, their pals in political circles have done little but
gently slap their hands with a wink and a nod, and NOTHING GETS
FIXED!If you or I did the SAME things that politicians and Big
Business/Big Pharma are doing to make the FDA their slave agency, we'd
be tried for treason, or for terrorist acts, no doubt about it!Read the entire BUSH2 "Patriot Act" or NDAA of this president's regime if you doubt that. It's IN BOTH! YOU CAN'T "BUY-OUT" A THING LIKE THE FDA, BUT SOME HAVE!53% of surveyed scientists think the FDA sometimes provides INACCURATE information on drugs to the American people! THIS IS JUST INFORMATION "FROM THE HORSES' MOUTHS", AMERICA.
<<Understand
this very clearly, no medical drug in America can be released for
public use until and unless the FDA states it is safe. The FDA is the
agency responsible for every such decision on every drug. The buck stops
there.The revelations of ongoing knowledge to be found at the FDA
website page stagger the mind. Here is yet another implication: what
about all the studies on drugs that are published in prestigious medical
journals, month after month? These studies unequivocally claim the
drugs are safe. What level of fraud must exist for such peer-reviewed
studies to attain the false status of medical fact?
Perhaps this
quote from Marcia Angell, former editor of the New England Journal of
Medicine, will clarify that aspect of the scandal:“It is simply no
longer possible to believe much of the clinical research that is
published, or to rely on the judgment of trusted physicians or
authoritative medical guidelines. I take no pleasure in this conclusion,
which I reached slowly and reluctantly over my two decades as an editor
of The New England Journal of Medicine.”>>(Marcia Angell, MD, The New York Review of Books, January 15, 2009)http://jonrappoport.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/hidden-in-plain-view-fda-murder/
Remember how America responded after the attack on the Twin Towers, the Pentagon on 9/11?The
media whipped us into a frenzy after 9/11, made us demand retribution, got us to
agree to a war in TWO nations that had NOTHING to do with the attack on
America then. We were screaming for heads to roll, patriotism became a
good word once again.There were less than 3,000 lives lost on 9/11,
plus the just under 5,000 American military men and women killed in the 'war' that the
Department of Defense ADMITS to. I'm only mentioning American
citizens because so few care to know how many foreign CIVILIANS have
died, or how many of THEIR military members. The point is, we
SCREAMED for those responsible for the initial loss of the 2,996 to be
captured and killed. Though our government swore they'd get those
responsible, they never did, never will. The hijackers were, all but
four, Saudi nationals, we were told, remember? Have we attacked Saudi
Arabia, or any Saudi except for allegedly hunting for Bin Laden? The
other 4 were from Egypt, Lebanon, and 2 from the United Arab Emirates,
we were told, remember? NONE were from Iraq, Iran, or Afghanistan, not a
one.Yes, we screamed for justice over 9/11, but 9/11 is repeated
almost every week by those that die from drug "treatments" and
"vaccines" here in America!WHY, AMERICA, WHY DON'T YOU SCREAM FOR RETRIBUTION FOR A MILLION DEATHS OF YOUR OWN PEOPLE? IF ANOTHER NATION WAS DOING THIS AND IT WAS MADE KNOWN TO US, WE WOULD CALL IT GENOCIDE, AND HAVE!WHY DON'T WE CALL IT THAT ALOUD, JUST CALL IT WHAT IT IS?OUR MAINSTREAM MEDIA ALMOST NEVER COVER THE DAILY DEATHS BY PRESCRIPTIONS OR VACCINES!WHY
didn't we read more about little 8-weeks-old "Baby Stacy", a premature
twin who died after she was given NINE (9) vaccines in ONE day? Her twin
sister, Lesly, somehow survived.[SEE: "Christina England Vactruth
Baby Dies After 9 Vaccines in One Day" http://vactruth.com/2012/01/19/baby-dies-after-first-shots/ ]
WHY
didn't Americans read in OUR news what the Australian News reported in
August of 2012, that there had been 2,136 reports of adverse events and
ten (10) deaths reported following injection with CSL’s Fluvax and
Fluvax Junior, the vaccine that replaced Panvax in 2010?[The
Australian News: "10 Deaths linked to the anti flu vaccine"
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/deaths-linked-to-anti-flu-vaccines/story-e6frg8y6-1226441791947
]<<‘Fluvax is used for about half the nation’s estimated 6
million flu vaccinations each year. But the number of reported
side-effects for Fluvax is five times higher than the other three most
popular brands of flu vaccines together.’>>
<< In
February, Linda Morin reported that she was suing Merck, the
manufacturers of Gardasil, along with three doctors, pediatrician
Guylaine Larose, neurologist Amelie Nadeau and her family doctor, Lynne
Nadeau for the sum of $197,000. Ms. Morin stated that she had found her
14 year-old daughter Annabelle dead in the bathtub after she had
received her second Gardasil vaccination. [SEE: Thaddeus Baklinski
LifeSiteNews, " Parents sue after Quebec teen dies following Gardasil
vaccination", http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/parents-sue-after-quebec-teen-dies-following-gardasil-vaccination/
]
When people die by the thousands every week from prescription drugs/vaccines, why doesn't mainstream media cover it?The
discovery of a page, on the FDA’s own website from the year 2000, 13
years ago, proves the FDA is fully aware that the drugs it certifies as
safe have been killing Americans, at the rate of 100,000 per year, and
that they knew of OVER 2 MILLION "adverse drug reactions , ADRs, in that
same one year time frame![SEE:http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm114848.htm ]Don't these deaths matter?Maybe the stories of these senseless deaths just don't sell enough copies, or garner a big enough audience?Maybe they don't think pain, death, or suffering is valid except in combat, or some sort of disaster?I APPLAUD ONE RENSE.COM AUTHOR WHO ASKED:<<I
have to wonder: Would the people demand reform if the FDA actually
conducted nuclear bombing raids on U.S. cities? Would lawmakers finally
stand up and say the FDA should stop bombing our cities? Or would the
FDA brush off the critics and simply slap a black-box warning label on
the side of the B2 stealth bomber that said, "Warning: This bomb may
kill you," and then continue the bombing runs? Why isn't the FBI
conducting armed raids on the [FDA] agency right now and marching these
criminals away in handcuffs?>>In a June 2010 report in the
Journal of General Internal Medicine, study authors said that in looking
over records that spanned from 1979 to 2006 (the most recent year
available) they found that, of 62 million death certificates, almost a
quarter-million deaths were coded as having occurred IN A HOSPITAL
setting due to medication errors. THOSE ARE JUST HOSPITAL DEATHS!Adverse drug reactions cause injuries or death in 1 of 5 hospital patients. WHY NO WAR ON THIS? WE HAVE A WAR ON EVERYTHING ELSE![SEE:
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2010/06/03/are-hospitals-really-more-deadly-in-july-when-novice-doctors-arrive/#.Uh_9g3_hctI ]
"'Meanwhile, the FDA pursues an agenda of attacking
nutritional supplements, and the latest federal regulations classify
these supplements as “potentially dangerous”—despite the fact that
supplements have a record of safety that is astonishing.'" ~ Jon
Rappoport, candidate for a US Congressional seat in the 29th District of
California. Nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Worked as an investigative
reporter for 30 years, writing articles on politics, medicine, and
health for CBS Healthwatch, LA Weekly, Spin Magazine, Stern, and other
newspapers and magazines in the US and Europe.
I SAW THE QUESTION ASKED OVER AND OVER IN MANY ARTICLES, "WHO HAS EVER DIED FROM A LACK OF VIOXX, OR OTHER DRUG?"PEOPLE DIE FROM DISEASE, DRUGS ONLY TREAT SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE!
I GRADUATED FROM A SMALL-TOWN HIGH SCHOOL IN THE DEEP SOUTH, 78 IN THE SENIOR CLASS.WE WERE ALL GIVEN THOSE FIRST POLIO VACCINES, THEN A FINAL SUGAR CUBE DRENCHED IN THE VIRUS.ONCE I READ ABOUT THE CONTAMINATION OF THOSE EARLY VACCINES WITH CANCER-CAUSING AGENTS, I BEGAN TO INQUIRE OF THE CLASS HISTORIAN ABOUT THE HEALTH OF OUR CLASSMATES. AFTER 15 YEARS FROM THE START OF THAT INQUIRY, WE LEARNED THAT 56 OF US HAD FACED SOME FORM OF CANCER, 5 HAD DIED, MANY OF US HAD MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF CANCER, SOME WERE STILL BATTLING THAT KILLER.YOU TELL ME WHAT THE ODDS OF THAT ARE THAT OVER 3/4ths OF AN ENTIRE CLASS WOULD GET SOME FORM OF CANCER..MY ONLY SON HOVERED BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH FOR WEEKS FOLLOWING ONE TETANUS VACCINE, AS HAD HIS GREAT-GRANDFATHER AND GREAT-UNCLE.AFTER MORE THAN 20 YEARS OF LOOKING INTO THIS, I WILL NEVER AGREE TO BE VACCINATED FOR ANYTHING EVER AGAIN.WE HAVE THAT RIGHT, YOU HAVE THAT RIGHT...FOR NOW. | {
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// Copyright 2017 The Cockroach Authors.
//
// Use of this software is governed by the Business Source License
// included in the file licenses/BSL.txt.
//
// As of the Change Date specified in that file, in accordance with
// the Business Source License, use of this software will be governed
// by the Apache License, Version 2.0, included in the file
// licenses/APL.txt.
package tree
// Discard represents a DISCARD statement.
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Mode DiscardMode
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var _ Statement = &Discard{}
// DiscardMode is an enum of the various discard modes.
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// String implements the Statement interface.
func (node *Discard) String() string {
return AsString(node)
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Cardiac sarcoidosis and coronary artery disease: a two-hit mechanism to left ventricular dysfunction (or is it)?
This report describes a case of cardiac sarcoidosis in a 40-year-old man with minimal risk factors for coronary artery disease who was found to have a critical coronary lesion on angiography performed for declining left ventricular function. The case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic issues surrounding cardiac sarcoidosis and raises the question of a possible link between sarcoidosis and premature coronary artery disease. It also stresses the importance of ruling out ischemia in any patient with declining left ventricular function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Located in Nashville, Tennessee, and operating at a global crossroads of teaching, discovery and patient care, VUMC is a community of individuals who come to work each day with the simple aim of changing the world. It is a place where your expertise will be valued, your knowledge expanded and your abilities challenged. It is a place where your diversity — of culture, thinking, learning and leading — is sought and celebrated. It is a place where employees know they are part of something that is bigger than themselves, take exceptional pride in their work and never settle for what was good enough yesterday. Vanderbilt's mission is to advance health and wellness through preeminent programs in patient care, education, and research.
Supervises and participates in the cleaning, maintenance, and decontamination of cage wash facility and other assigned areas. Coordinates the microbiological monitoring of cages and equipment. Reports results to leadership.
Coordinates transportation and storage of equipment to new locations.
Assesses information in accordance with outlined procedures. Initiates action to resolve discrepancies in logs in consultation with leadership.
Takes inventory of necessary supplies for cage wash facility and other assigned areas. Makes recommendation for stock of supplies.
Operates equipment and ensures it is functioning properly and in accordance with equipment manuals. Coordinates equipment maintenance.
Coordinates caging and support equipment through wash room to meet departmental need.
Trains staff and functions as a resource for operational questions and minor problems, offering guidance for improving performance.
Ensures compliance with operating and regulatory requirements related to care of laboratory animals.
CUSTOMER SERVICE (ADVANCED): - A continuing focus on the needs and requirements of customers, anticipating their needs, remaining sensitive to customers while performing services for them, responsive to customer needs.
JUDGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING (ADVANCED): Able to make decisions effectively and accurately in an environment which may be fast-paced or changing. Considers a wide range of alternatives, including those which may fall outside of the scope of the task at hand, before making a decision.
PLANNING (ADVANCED): - Plans work to complete projects on time. Competently handles multiple assignments simultaneously. Able to be flexible to meet changing customer needs with minimal disruption and loss of productivity. Uses time efficiently.
MATERIAL PROCESSING (ADVANCED): Efficiency in working a series of steps to complete a process. Understanding what it takes to run machinery and the parameters for washing and sterilizing equipment.
QUALITY ASSURANCE (ADVANCED): - Understands the goal of increasing organizational productivity and individual performance by making the products and services within your work assignments more efficient and more effective.
Vanderbilt University Medical Center is home to Vanderbilt University Hospital, The Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, the Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital and the Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital. These hospitals experienced more than 61,000 inpatient admissions during fiscal year 2015. Vanderbilt’s adult and pediatric clinics treated nearly 2 million patients during this same period.Vanderbilt University Hospital and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt are recognized again this year by U.S. News & World Report’s Best Hospitals as among the nation’s best with 18 nationally ranked specialties. Vanderbilt University Medical Center is world renowned because of the innovation, work ethic and collegiality of its employees. From our health care advances to our compassionate care, Vanderbilt owes its accomplishments and reputation to staff and faculty who bring skill and drive and innovation to the medical center day after day. World-leading academic departments and comprehensive centers of excellence pursue scientific discoveries and transformational educational and clinical advances across the entire spectrum of health and disease.As th...e largest employer in middle Tennessee, we welcome those who are interested in ongoing development in a caring, culturally sensitive and professional atmosphere. Most of us spend so much of our lives at work, we want to be part of maintaining a workplace in which people support one another and encourage reaching for excellence. Many high-achieving employees stay at Vanderbilt because of the professional growth they experience and because of their appreciation of Vanderbilt’s benefits, public events and discussions, athletic opportunities, beautiful setting and, above all, sense of community and purpose.Vanderbilt and its employees share a set of mutual expectations that have been created with productivity, legality, fairness and safety always in mind. We believe that our investment in training and compensating employees multiplies in value when we enable individuals to deliver their best performance for the benefit of us all. | {
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Guest essay by Eric Worrall
More green jingoism – President Macron of France is apparently now leader of the global climate effort, but for some reason Macron doesn’t qualify as enough of a climate leader to make it to the title of the article.
Climate change is World War III, and we are leaderless
By David Shearman
Posted Tue at 5:05am
“World War III is well and truly underway. And we are losing,” writes environmental activist Bill McKibben, so when Malcolm Turnbull implied that the insurgency that demolished his government was based on climate ideology, what lessons are there for Scott Morrison?
As a child in Britain during WWII, I lived in a street of mothers and children. Every father was away fighting. Each house and garden was surrounded by a metal palisade fence.
One morning the fences were gone, mother was delighted. Then a horse and cart came and took away every metal cooking pot and pan, some treasured, but mother smiled at her sacrifice. It was difficult for me to understand.
She had responded to the call from Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production, for the women of Britain to: “Give us your aluminium. … We will turn your pots and pans into Spitfires and Hurricanes.”
…
Britain was a united and cohesive community. Young and old worked daily in small ways for the common cause. But most importantly, in the free world, two countries — Britain and the US — had leaders in Winston Churchill and Franklin D Roosevelt who could explain the need for duty and sacrifice.
Their like is yet to emerge today, and indeed the Western world is bereft, perhaps apart from French President Emmanuel Macron, who explained to Congress and the American people that secure borders are irrelevant to this threat, and all of us are world citizens needing to act in concert. “There is no Planet B,” he said.
…
Dr David Shearman is the honorary secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia and Emeritus Professor of Medicine at Adelaide University. | {
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Q:
X11 Forwarding for user without home directory
I have a privileged user without home folder with ssh access. I try to do X forwarding but I get the message /usr/bin/xauth: error in locking authority file /home/user/.Xauthority
If I don't have home folder logically .Xauthority doesn't exist.
Is there a way to replace the location or tell xauth to use a different file?
A:
You can change the location of this file by setting the XAUTHORITY environment variable.
$ export XAUTHORITY=/tmp/.Xauthority_$USER
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Introduction {#sec1-1}
============
Chicken is the cheapest source of protein available for human consumption, but it cannot tolerate a wide range of climatic variations which affects the production and reproduction. Climate change and animal production always are complementary to each other and its effect on livestock and poultry production is witnessed all over the world \[[@ref1]\]. India is more vulnerable due to demographic pressure on natural resources and poor coping up mechanisms. Models are there, which can predict effects of rising temperature, increased climatic variability, and extreme weather events on livestock and poultry production in coming decades. Each individual phenotype is the result of an interaction between the specific genotype and a particular environment. Therefore, genotype × environment interaction is used to describe the situation where, different genotypes (breeds, lines, strains) respond differently to different environments \[[@ref2]\]. Temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, etc., were related with fertility. The most potent environmental measures that affect fertility might vary depending on geographical locations. The levels of performance of poultry, does not depend only on inherited capacity but, also to a great extent upon the environment \[[@ref3]\].
Poultry production and reproduction are affected by various factors such as, feeding, management, disease control, stock density, housing, climate, sire effect, hatch effect, etc. Research has generated information and techniques to deal with most of these factors except the climate change in order to maximize production. All poultry farmers agree that poultry keeping is an excellent tool in poverty alleviation due to the quick turnover and low investment. Improvement in poultry production implies to create an opportunity for development of the poor section of the society \[[@ref4]\]. However, climate change is emerging as a great challenge for poultry industries to sustain the level of production. The worst effects of such climate change are experienced in tropical countries where, a common practice is to house the birds in the open side sheds.
Climate variation is one of the major threats to poultry production. Birds of different breeds/strains and of different age, sex, stage of production, and reproduction respond differently to climatic variations \[[@ref5]\]. It is highly desirable that data on such effects in different flocks should be generated and analyzed to develop strategies to deal with adverse effects of climate change.
Available literature on this aspect is scanty to develop a definite strategy and hence, the present study was an attempt to examine and find out important climatic variables affecting production and reproduction in a broiler breeder flock.
Materials and Methods {#sec1-2}
=====================
Ethical approval {#sec2-1}
----------------
Ethical approval was not necessary. However, the present research was carried out as per the standard procedures and guidelines of the institution.
Study period {#sec2-2}
------------
The study was carried out for a period of 1 year starting from January 2012 to December 2012.
Study area, population size and collection of data {#sec2-3}
--------------------------------------------------
Flock of colored synthetic female line broiler breeder birds of All India Co-ordinated Research Project on poultry improvement (AICRP on poultry) were maintained at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The birds were product of selection for 16 generations for their 5^th^ week, 11^th^ week, and 20^th^ week age body weights. The selection criteria for the progeny selected were individual selection based on 5^th^ week, 11^th^ week, and 20^th^ week age body weights. 630 female progenies and 194 male progenies from 69 sires and 552 dams produced in four consecutive hatches at an interval of 10 days were utilized for this study. The selection process was conducted for 69 sires and 552 dams, and all of them contributed to each hatch in order to produce the next generation progeny, although unequally, hence respective hatch correction was applied for all the individuals. Data on environmental variables were also collected from the observatory of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology located at Bhubaneswar, Odisha on a daily basis. Feeding, management, vaccination and disease control of the flock under trial were followed adopting a standard procedure. Traits considered for this study were: body weight of male at 5^th^-week of age (g), body weight of male at 20^th^-week of age (g), body weight of female at 5^th^-week of age (g), body weight of female at 20^th^-week of age, female age at sexual maturity (ASM) (days), egg number up to 40 weeks of age, and egg shape index. Egg shape index was equal to 100\* (width of egg/length of the egg). The width and length of eggs were calculated through an electronic slide caliper. Environmental variables such as climatic variables considered for this study were: Rainfall (mm), maximum temperature (°C), evaporation (mm), minimum temperature (°C), morning RH (%), afternoon RH (%), bright sunshine (hours), wind velocity (km/h), and rainy days (number). The daily environmental data recorded were totaled from the date of hatch to the date of measurement for production and reproduction traits of individual progeny.
Statistical analysis {#sec2-4}
--------------------
Since the chicks were hatched out in several hatches, all the production and reproduction data were corrected for hatch effect through BLUE estimates \[[@ref6]\]. The mathematical model for each trait was Y~ijk~=h~i~+s~j~+e~ijk~ or in matrix notations, Y=Xh+Zs+e
where, Y = observation data of production reproduction traits (n × 1 vector), n=number of observations,
h = p × 1 vector of hatch effect, p = number of levels of hatch effects,
s = q × 1 vector of sire effects, q = number of levels of sire effects,
e = n × 1 vector of random residual effects,
X = design matrix of order n × p, Z = design matrix of order n × q.
Under these assumptions, best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) equations were reduced to the form,
Where, G^−1^ = (1-h^2^)/h^2^; h^2^ is the prior known value of heritability for the trait from literature.
Now, 
*ĥ*= vector of all hatch effects; *ŝ*= vector of all sire effects.
Estimates for the effects of four hatches were obtained through MS-excel in computer and were subtracted from the production/reproduction data of the progeny belonging to the respective hatch. Then, analysis of variance was conducted using the hatch corrected data in MS-excel following a mathematical model for each trait as described below \[[@ref7]\].
Y~ijk~ = µ + s~i~ + d~ij~ + e~ijk;~ dams were nested in sire and
i = 1,2.,s sires; j= 1,2.,d dams per sire; k = 1,2.,n progeny per dam per sire.
Y~ijk~ = observation of k^th^ progeny of the j^th^ dam mated to i^th^ sire.
µ = overall mean; s~i~ = effect of i^th^ sire; d~ij~ = effect of j^th^ dam mated to i^th^ sire; e~ijk~ = the random error associated with Y~ijk~ which is assumed to be normally and independently distributed with mean zero and variance σ^2^.
F-test was carried out to know the significance of sire component. Those traits that were significant (p\<0.05) for sire component in the analysis of variance, were subjected to sire effect correction. The individual sire effects calculated through BLUE estimates were taken and were subtracted from the hatch corrected progeny data belonging to respective sires. The effect of climatic variables on each trait was then calculated through multiple linear regressions according using MS-excel data analysis-regression options in the computer \[[@ref8]\].
Results and Discussion {#sec1-3}
======================
Weekly mean ranges of several climatic variables during different experimental periods are considered because short-term climatic variations affect meat production and quality in livestock and poultry ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) \[[@ref9]\]. Mean square values through analysis of variance with nested classification with sire, dam, and error components as sources of variation having the sire component for 20 week age body weight of females and egg shape index were significant (p\<0.01), however, all other traits were non-significant for the same ([Table-2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
######
Weekly values (ranges) of climatic variables at different ages of the poultry flock.
Age groups
------------------------------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Weekly total rainfall (mm) 0-24.6 0-91.7 0-113.6 0-215.3 0-215.3
Mean maximum temperature (°C) 30.2-37.3 30.2-38.4 30.2-38.4 30.2-38.4 30.1-34.1
Mean evaporation (mm) 2.6-6.4 2.6-8.4 2-8.4 1.9-8.4 1.9-5
Mean minimum temperature (°C) 15.7-24.7 15.7-27.2 15.7-27.2 15.7-27.2 16-25.8
Mean morning RH (%) 87-96 84-96 84-96 84-97 84-97
Mean afternoon RH (%) 30-59 30-81 30-89 30-94 35-94
Total bright sunshine (hours) 263.2 929.3 1044.4 1607.93 563.5
Mean wind velocity (km/h) 2.2-13.2 2.2-13.2 2.2-13.2 2.1-13.2 2.1-7
Total rainy days 2 35 60 105 40
######
Mean square values of production and reproduction traits of broiler breeder poultry.
Traits
------- ----------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
Sire 37315.10 (64) 12561.28 (69) 177.43 (68) 191387.20 (66) 479.31 (69) 29.56[\*](#t2f1){ref-type="table-fn"} (67) 124886[\*](#t2f1){ref-type="table-fn"} (69)
Dam 3252076.76 (83) 9272.66 (264) 255.36 (203) 216402.20 (87) 382.54 (230) 24.56[\*](#t2f1){ref-type="table-fn"} (148) 110903.90[\*](#t2f1){ref-type="table-fn"}(233)
Error 16788.33 (10) 23427.41 (74) 203.40 (155) 184547.40 (40) 352.95 (212) 17.72 (92) 79453.38 (209)
Values in parenthesis indicate respective degrees of freedom.
Significance at P\<0.05, Traits: 1=5th week body weight of male (g); 2=5^th^ week body weight of female (g); 3=Egg number up to 40 week of age, 4=20^th^ week body weight (males); 5=Age at sexual maturity of females (days); 6=Egg shape index; 7=20^th^ week body weight (females)
Regression of different traits on environmental factors with coefficients (b values) along with R^2^ values and F ratio for the overall regression are presented in [Table-3](#T3){ref-type="table"}. The R^2^ value represents percent variation in the trait which could be explained by the linear regression of nine independent environmental variables. It is the multiple coefficient of determination for the collective effect of all of the independent variables (total rainfall, maximum temperature, evaporation, minimum temperature, morning RH, afternoon RH, bright sunshine hours, wind velocity, and rainy days). F ratio is the F value found in the Analysis of Variance for testing overall significance of the regression.
######
Multiple linear regressions on production and reproduction traits of environmental variables in broiler breeder poultry.
Coefficients 5^th^ week body weight (males) 5^th^ week body weight (females) 20^th^ week body weight (males) 20^th^ week body weight (females) Egg number up to 40 week age Egg shape index Age at sexual maturity (females)
----------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
a 545.06 −122.45 −69.63 173.99 −24.30 −356.05 −471
b~1~ 17.19 6.31 4.36[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.36[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.01[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.11 −0.05
b~2~ 0.15[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.11 −0.22 0.10 0.06[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.01[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.17
b~3~ 3.84 0.59[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.75 −0.29[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.67[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.02\* 2.07\*
b~4~ −0.69[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.94 0.05 0.17 -0.02 0.02 −0.26
b~5~ −0.22 0.15[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.15[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.15[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.01[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.003 0.004
b~6~ −1.14 −0.51 0.15[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.07[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.04[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.025[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.10[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"}
b~7~ 2.33[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.29 −0.31[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.19[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.17[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.132 −0.32
b~8~ 3.63 2.40 0.95 1.28[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.11[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.141 −0.18
b~9~ −88.66 −65.21 −22.69[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.09[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.33[\*](#t3f1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.69 0.80
R^2^ 0.50 0.12 0.29 0.003 0.08 0.30 0.90
SE (regression) 129.04 102.89 386.42 303.06 14.46 4.04 7.58
F (regression) 19.69[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.34[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.45[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.154 4.32[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"} 12.55[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"} 44.43[\*\*](#t3f2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Significant at *P*\<0.05;
Significant at *P*\<0.01,
Subscripts of coefficients: 1. Total rainfall (mm); 2. Maximum temperature (°C); 3. Evaporation (mm); 4. Minimum temperature (°C); 5. Morning RH (%); 6. Afternoon RH (%); 7. Bright sunshine hours; 8. Wind velocity (km/h); 9. Rainy days. F (regression) = F-value calculated through ANOVA for the regression, SE=Standard error
Unpredictable day-length pattern, increase in temperature, unexpected rainfall, high RH, excessive wind velocity, increase in sunshine hours is reported to have a detrimental effect on poultry production. It leads to reduced feed intake, reduced egg production, less body weight gain, small egg size, decreased egg weight, fragile egg shell quality, yolkless egg, reduced feed conversion efficiency \[[@ref10]\].
Climate and 5^th^-week body weight {#sec2-5}
----------------------------------
The result of the regression analysis for the effect of the climatic elements on the 5^th^-week body weight shows that R^2^ is 0.56 for males and 0.12 for females. The implication is that about 56% of the variance of the body weight in males and 12% of the variance in females has been explained by the climatic elements. The F-ratio values are 19.69 and 5.34 for males and females, respectively, and were highly significant at 1% level. This shows that there is a strong relationship between climatic variable selected and the 5^th^-week body weight in both the sexes. However, the difference in variation level between males and females may be due to sex linkage, resulting in higher rate of growth in males than those of the females. Testosterone promotes protein anabolism resulting in increased body size in male as compared to the female. The skeleton also responds to testosterone, with bones becoming larger and thicker \[[@ref11]\].
Of the nine climatic elements studied, only maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and bright sunshine hours had significant (p\<0.05) influence on 5^th^-week body weight of males. The maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours had a positive effect and minimum temperature had a negative effect on this trait. The chicks were hatched out in cold months of January-February and the atmospheric temperature was low during this time. Any temperature below the ideal brooding temperature (32°C) is likely to affect growth and performance of the birds \[[@ref12]\]. It is established that the 5^th^-week body weight is considered for initial selection of progenies. As during the period, the minimum environmental temperature ranged from 15.7°C to 24.7°C ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), this could be the reason for the negative relationship between minimum temperature and 5^th^-week body weight. The maximum temperature is positively correlated with bright sunshine hours as with an increase in bright sunshine hours, the maximum temperature is bound to increase. The positive relationship of 5^th^-week body weight with a maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours can be explained on the basis that the chicks needed more heat during this period \[[@ref13]\]. The lethal temperature for birds was about 47°C at which birds could not dissipate body temperature to atmosphere. Consequently, panting occurred and birds died. In hot weather, birds minimized heat production by less eating, mating, and more sitting. When air temperature was low, birds increased body heat production by increasing feed consumption and activity. Birds hatched in hot months (April-May) achieved lesser 5^th^ week body weight in the present study which is in close agreement with the earlier finding reporting that the day length influenced the body weight positively at all ages in broiler breeders \[[@ref14]\]
In contrast to the above, the morning RH and evaporation had significant (p\<0.05) and positive effect on 5^th^-week body weight of females. The morning RH was 87-96% and evaporation was 2.6-6.4 mm during this period ([Table-3](#T3){ref-type="table"}) which could be due to the fact that, cool climate in February- March was negated with high RH resulting in increased body weight of females.
Climate and 20^th^-week body weight {#sec2-6}
-----------------------------------
The result of the regression analysis on the effect of the climatic elements on the 20^th^-week body weight shows that R^2^ is 0.29 for males and 0.003 for females. The implication is that about 29% of the variance of the body weight in males and 0.3% of the variance in females has been explained by the climatic elements. The F-ratio values are 8.45 and 0.154, respectively, for males and females. However, the F-ratio for males were highly significant (p\<0.01) and in females it was non-significant. This shows that there is a strong relationship between climatic variable selected and the 20^th^-week body weight in males only and not in females. Furthermore, the difference in variation level between males and females may be due to sex linkage, resulting in higher rate of growth in males than the females \[[@ref13]\]
Of the nine climatic elements studied, only total rainfall and afternoon RH had significant (p\<0.05) and positive effect whereas morning RH, bright sunshine hours, and number of rainy days had significant (p\<0.05) but negative effect on 20^th^ week body weight of males ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Up to the period of 20 weeks, which included the summer months (March-June), there was more sunshine hours leading to high environmental temperature (30.2-38.4°C). As this temperature is higher than the comfort zone of the birds, the feed consumption might have been reduced leading to lower rate of growth \[[@ref10]\]. Feed intake decreased by 1.5 g a day for every degree centigrade rise in temperature above 30°C and the negative effect of the sun shine hours on the 20^th^-week body weight can be explained \[[@ref13]\]. The morning RH is always higher than the afternoon RH ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The more the number of rainy days, the more is the RH. Humidity more than 75% affect breathing, feed intake, and its utilization. The RH recorded in the present study ranged from 84-96 in the morning which is above 75% \[[@ref15]\]. The high morning RH might be attributed to affect the feed consumption and utilization resulting in a negative effect on growth and 20^th^-week body weight.
The positive relationship of 20^th^-week body weight in males with the total rainfall and afternoon RH can be explained on the basis that with more rainfall particularly in summer months, the environmental temperature goes down. Further, as the afternoon RH is always lower than or around the threshold value of 75%, it does not adversely affect the growth. Chickens regardless of age could not withstand high temperature and high humidity. When the surrounding air was moist, it could not absorb much moisture from respiratory tract and birds pant rapidly \[[@ref13]\]. Similarly, when high ambient temperature and humidity prevailed, birds might not be able to exchange enough air by panting to remove heat from the body. Ordinarily, sweating is not the method of heat removal in birds as seen in humans. That might be the probable reason that morning RH, bright sunshine hours, and rainy days had a negative impact on 20-week body weight of males. Opposite to this, afternoon RH and rainfall had a positive impact. Rainfall and wind in summer brings relief to heat stressed birds. Birds reared in hot and humid environment with detrimental heat stress were lighter at 9 weeks of age and birds grew faster in cooler environment of tropical climate and also resulted in reduced growth and egg production which supports the present findings \[[@ref16],[@ref17]\].
Climate and ASM {#sec2-7}
---------------
The result of the regression analysis on the effect of the climatic elements on the ASM shows that R^2^ is 0.90 ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). It implied that about 90% of the variance of the ASM in females has been explained by the climatic elements. The F-Ratio value was 44.43 and was highly significant at 1% level. This shows that there strong relationship exists between climatic variable selected and ASM. Among all the environmental elements, only evaporation and afternoon RH were regressed positively (p\<0.05) with ASM ([Figure-1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). During 15-20^th^ week of age, the afternoon RH was recorded to be the highest ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The RH coupled with high environmental temperature might have created an uncomfortable atmosphere delaying sexual maturity. Similar findings have been reported by several workers \[[@ref14],[@ref18]\]. A statistically significant sire family × temperature interaction for ASM confirmed the present finding \[[@ref19]\].
{#F1}
Climate and 40 weeks egg production {#sec2-8}
-----------------------------------
The result of the regression analysis on the effect of the climatic elements on the 40 weeks egg production shows that R^2^ is 0.08 ([Table-3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). The implication is that about 8% of the variance of the egg production up to 40 weeks has been explained by the climatic elements. The F-ratio value was 4.32 ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) and was highly significant (p\<0.01). This showed that a strong relationship exists between climatic variable selected and the 40 weeks egg production.
All environmental coefficients were significant (p\<0.05) for egg number up to 40 weeks of age except the evaporation. Egg number was negatively regressed with total rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning RH, and rainy days whereas it was positively regressed with afternoon RH, bright sunshine hours, and wind velocity ([Table-3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). The egg production started approximately at 25 week of age i.e., in July (rainy season) and continued till October-November (40 week of age), when the climate was relatively cool from scorching heat ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Hence, wind velocity and afternoon RH were conducive for comfort living of birds leading to more egg production. Moreover, longer bright sunshine hours having photo-stimulation effect on laying hens has resulted in higher egg production \[[@ref16]\]. On the contrary, rainfall, morning RH, temperature, and rainy days were more of uncomforting to the breeder hens during that period. Higher rainfall and RH have been reported to increase the disease incidences in the flock leading to low production \[[@ref20]\]. Temperature above 80°F was reported to depress egg production, egg size, and shell quality, which is also in agreement with the present findings \[[@ref21]\].
Climate and egg shape index {#sec2-9}
---------------------------
The result of the regression analysis on the effect of the climatic elements on the egg shape index shows that R^2^ is 0.30 ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The implication is that about 30% of the variance of the egg shape index has been explained by the climatic elements. The F-Ratio value was 12.55 ([Table-1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) and was highly significant (p\<0.01). This shows that there is a strong relationship exists between climatic variable selected and egg shape index. Egg shape index was regressed negatively (p\<0.05) with a maximum temperature indicating that higher the environmental temperature, poorer was the quality of eggshell \[[@ref20]\]. Temperature above 21°C decreased feed intake, weight gain, egg production, poor shell quality, and egg size, which supports the present finding \[[@ref13],[@ref22]\].
Conclusions {#sec1-4}
===========
Based on the present finding, it may be concluded that when the chicks are hatched during the months of January-February, environmental temperature, RH, sunshine hours, and number of rainy days are the prominent climatic factors affecting growth, production, and reproduction. The environmental temperature is positively related with growth and negatively related with egg production. Similarly, afternoon RH positively affects growth, ASM, egg number, and egg shape index whereas it negatively influences growth and egg production. Growth and egg production are positively related with Sunshine hours, but negatively influenced by number of rainy days. The findings of the present study can be used to develop models to reduce the influence of potent climatic factors adversely affecting growth, production, and reproduction in breeder poultry hatched during the winter months (January-February). Although the minimum temperature and wind velocity has very less effect on response parameters, but these have been recorded in the present study for further research.
Authors' Contributions {#sec1-5}
======================
GDN and NCB designed the experiment. GDN and PKM collected and analyzed the data. GDN, NCB, and KKS provided technical guidance and participated in the scientific investigation and discussion. GDN and NCB drafted the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The facilities provided by AICRP on poultry for meat (ICAR, New Delhi) at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for this study are duly acknowledged by the authors.
Competing Interests {#sec1-6}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
| {
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Rescue for River Runners 6: Rescue PFD Basics
Canoe & Kayak teamed up with open-boat badass Jim Coffey—founder of Quebec-based outfitter Esprit Whitewater Worldwide as well as R3: Rescue for River Runners—and Mike McKay from Five2Nine Productions for a series of whitewater rescue lesson videos we debuted exclusively on CanoeKayak.com a few years ago. The lessons Coffey covers here in Episode Six — principles to keep in mind when using a PFD outfitted with a safety harness — are as important today as ever. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
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Oil & gas
With the fluctuations in commodity pricing, the industry is looking for ways to improve operations, capital structures, and reduce costs as it navigates yet another inevitable cycle. Our clients range from National Oil Companies to middle market services firms venturing overseas for the first time, so the scope of our experience and insight is broad—yet very accessible through a partner-led service model and seamless global coordination across geographies and services.
BDO helps E&P, midstream, downstream, mine operators, and services clients around the world to thrive beyond simple compliance. In addition to traditional audit and tax compliance services, we advise companies and their investors on complex issues including mergers and acquisitions, cost management strategies, risk management, and business process improvement.
Beyond compliance, our partner-led approach can benefit clients in a number of ways: | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Respiratory distress syndrome.
Increasing knowledge of the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome has led to improvements in clinical management. Future advances in prevention and therapy, including administration of agents to prevent prematurity or to accelerate lung maturation, provision of surfactant replacement, and new techniques of mechanical ventilation, will further decrease mortality and morbidity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Readers will know that this is one of my favorite topics on this blog, how huge investments in showy rail projects that amp up the prestige of government officials tend to cannibalize lower cost bus service and, at the end of the day, actually reduce total transit ridership. The LA Times almost sortof recognizes this, and Randal O'Toole is on the case:
“Billions spent, but fewer people are using public transportation,” declares the Los Angeles Times. The headline might have been more accurate if it read, “Billions spent, so thereforefewer are using public transit,” as the billions were spent on the wrong things.
The L.A. Times article focuses on Los Angeles’ Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro), though the same story could be written for many other cities. In Los Angeles, ridership peaked in 1985, fell to 1995, then grew again, and now is falling again. Unmentioned in the story, 1985 is just before Los Angeles transit shifted emphasis from providing low-cost bus service to building expensive rail lines, while 1995 is just before an NAACP lawsuit led to a court order to restore bus service lost since 1985 for ten years.
...
Transit ridership is very sensitive to transit vehicle revenue miles. Metro’s predecessor, the Southern California Rapid Transit District, ran buses for 92.6 million revenue miles in 1985. By 1995, to help pay for rail cost overruns, this had fallen to 78.9 million. Thanks to the court order in the NAACP case, this climbed back up to 92.9 million in 2006. But after the court order lapsed, it declined to 75.7 million in 2014. The riders gained on the multi-billion-dollar rail lines don’t come close to making up for this loss in bus service.
...
Los Angeles ridership trends are not unusual: transit agencies building expensive rail infrastructure often can’t afford to keep running the buses that carry the bulk of their riders, so ridership declines.
Ridership in Houston peaked at 102.5 million trips in 2006, falling to 85.9 million in 2014 thanks to cuts in bus service necessitated by the high cost of light rail;
Despite huge job growth, Washington ridership peaked at 494.2 million in 2009 and has since fallen to 470.4 million due at least in part to Metro’s inability to maintain the rail lines;
Atlanta ridership peaked at 170.0 million trips in 2000 and has since fallen nearly 20 percent to 137.5 million and per capita ridership has fallen by two thirds since 1985;
San Francisco Bay Area ridership reached 490.9 million in 1982, but was only 457.0 million in 2014 as BART expansions forced cutbacks in bus service, a one-third decline in per capita ridership;
Pittsburgh transit regularly carried more than 85 million riders per year in the 1980s but is now down to some 65 million;
Austin transit carried 38 million riders in 2000, but after opening a rail line in 2010, ridership is now down to 34 million.
I will add that total transit ridership has been totally flat in Phoenix after construction of a major light rail project. The project's total cost is approaching $2 billion as they slowly add on short extensions, but this amount did nothing but cannibalize bus ridership. In fact, the situation is worse than this, since before light rail was built, Phoenix transit ridership was growing rapidly every single year, so in fact light rail actually likely reduced ridership by about 14 million. The whole story is here. (I will have an update in a moment but they have updated the chart from that article and ridership fell yet again in 2015).
A reader sent me this list at of salaries at BART (via here). The amazing thing is to sort the list by overtime. Pages and pages of people with $50-$100 thousand a year in overtime. This is just insane. Either put these guys on salary or, if it really is a job that is non-exempt and legitimately pays hourly, hire some more freaking people. I can't in my wildest dreams imagine such overtime being paid in my company year in and year out. If it is not for isolated cases, it is a sign of poor management.
Over 700 employees of San Francisco's BART transit agency make over $100,000 just in cash wages. This does not include lucrative benefits that probably add $30,000 or more to total compensation for most employees. (SF Chron, via Thin Green Line)
The Anti-Planner has more on the California high speed rail proposal I wrote about earlier. My guess was that the first $9 billion bond issue, on the ballot this fall, would not get the train out of the LA metro area. Well, I was right and wrong. The smart money thinks the line will start at the other end, in San Francisco. But the betting is that for $9 billion the line won't even get out of the San Francisco metro area, making it perhaps as far as San Jose.
But we have a second data point -- there is a proposal on the table to extend BART from Fremont to Santa Clara for $4.7 billion, a distance (as shown on the map below) about a third of that from San Francisco to San Jose.
I am not sure what high-speed rail technology that they are considering, but a true high-speed line requires special alignments, track, and signaling that should make it FAR more expensive per mile than a BART line (just as an example, a true high-speed line could take miles to make a 90 degree turn, eating up land and reducing alignment flexibility in a very congested and hilly area). And remember, the BART cost estimate is probably low.
No way these guys get to San Jose for $9 billion, much less to LA for $40 billion. Just what Californians need with their massive budget deficit: a brand new white elephant. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Hiromichi
Hiromichi (written: 煕通, 博通, 宏典, 弘道, 広道, 浩道, 寛道, 寛理 or 博達) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
, Japanese wrestler
, Japanese scholar, philosopher, writer and poet
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese volleyball player
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese scientist
, Japanese entomologist and anthropologist
, Japanese businessman
, Japanese motorcycle racer
, Japanese animation producer
, Japanese linguist
, Japanese World War II flying ace
, Japanese noble
, Japanese voice actor
, Japanese video game designer, director and producer
, Japanese politician
, Japanese Imperial Army officer
Surname
, Japanese Paralympic athlete
Category:Japanese-language surnames
Category:Japanese masculine given names | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Interlimb coordination in cat locomotion investigated with perturbation. I. Behavioral and electromyographic study on symmetric limbs of decerebrate and awake walking cats.
During locomotion of decerebrate and awake walking cats, perturbation (mechanical tap) was applied to the paw dorsum of the left forelimb (LF), and the responses of both forelimbs were recorded cinematographically and electromyographically (EMG). When the tap was applied during the LF stance phase, the duration of the ongoing LF stance was shortened by 10%; in the right forelimb (RF), the duration of the concomitant swing was shortened by 32%. A tap during the LF swing phase prolonged the duration of the ongoing LF swing phase and the concomitant RF stance phase by 55 and 15%, respectively. Analysis of RF joint angle excursions showed that the shortening of the RF swing phase was related mainly to acceleration of extension movement in the late swing phase; the prolongation of the RF stance phase was related to prolonged extension movement in the late stance phase. While EMG activities were relevant to these limb movements, a notable observation was that, by tapping the LF during the LF stance phase, EMG activity in the RF extensor started well before onset of the elbow extension movement to place down the limb; without the tap, the extensor activity started shortly after onset of the extension. Closely related to changes in phase durations of each forelimb, the period of bisupport phase where both forelimbs were in stance, was retained for more than 40% of that of unperturbed steps, even when the RF or LF made the first touchdown after the tap. The rostrocaudal level at RF touchdown after the tap was comparable to unperturbed steps. These findings on interlimb relation suggest that neural control ensures coordinated movements between symmetric limbs during locomotion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Description:
Compute MD4 checksum.
Files:
lib/md4.h
lib/md4.c
m4/md4.m4
Depends-on:
byteswap
stdalign
stdint
configure.ac:
AC_REQUIRE([AC_C_RESTRICT])
gl_MD4
Makefile.am:
lib_SOURCES += md4.c
Include:
"md4.h"
License:
LGPLv2+
Maintainer:
Simon Josefsson
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
City of Glasgow College
City of Glasgow College (Scottish Gaelic: Colaiste Baile Glaschu, Scots: Ceety o Glesga College) is a further and higher education college in Glasgow, Scotland. It was established when Central College, Glasgow Metropolitan College, and the Glasgow College of Nautical Studies merged in 2010 to establish the largest college in Scotland.
History
On 30 August 2010, the Scottish Government voted to merge the Central College, Glasgow, Glasgow Metropolitan College and the Glasgow College of Nautical Studies into one institution.
Presently, City of Glasgow College is the largest college and technical institution in Scotland. The college offers up to 2,000 professional and technical courses annually from access level to masters level.
Campuses
The twin-site campus of the college cost £228 million to construct.
The Riverside Campus, originally opened in 1969, was extensively rebuilt and officially opened by Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland, on 26 October 2015. It offers courses in nautical science and engineering, and is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde. It also offers Merchant Navy officer training up to Chief Engineer and Master Mariner level. Up to 3,000 cadets study at the nautical faculty which is celebrating its 50th anniversary since opening in 2019.
The City Campus, situated on Cathedral Street in Glasgow, was officially opened by Sophie, Countess of Wessex in 2016. The main contractor on both developments was Sir Robert McAlpine with architects Michael Laird and Reiach & Hall.
Both campuses were shortlisted for the RIBA Stirling Prize.
Student association
The City of Glasgow College Students Association is commonly known as CitySA. It has one sabbatical president with three part-time Vice Presidents of Social & Activities, Learning & Teaching and Diversity and Wellbeing. They are governed by a Student Executive Committee, consisting of the Presidential Team as well as 12 student volunteers. They are currently affiliated with the National Union of Students (NUS) Scotland. CitySA won the "College Student Association of the Year Award" in 2012 from NUS Scotland.
References
External links
New Campus Glasgow project details - Clyde Waterfront Regeneration
Marine Skills Centre project details - Clyde Waterfront Regeneration
Category:Further education colleges in Glasgow
Category:Educational institutions established in 2010
Category:2010 establishments in Scotland
Category:Gorbals | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
How do I set up two monitors on two very different graphics cards?
I have two video cards, one running each of two identical monitors. My main card is an Nvidia GeForce 750 Ti, and the secondary is a Radeon HD5500. When I boot from live USB, the monitor attached to the HD5500 displays the desktop, and the other displays a gray screen with a flashing cursor (but doesn't do anything else). After installing, the desktop shows up on the GeForce, and the Radeon monitor is blank.
I followed this guide to attempt to install proprietary Nvidia drivers, but it didn't work. So I tried downloading the package straight from Nvidia. I think that worked, but I'm not sure (I'm completely new to this). I then tried to select a different driver for the Radeon from the list on the Additional Drivers settings tab. Now when I boot Ubuntu, the Radeon monitor gets no signal, and the GeForce monitor displays black.
What did I do wrong, and how do I fix it?
Ubuntu 14.04 dual boot with Windows 8.1 U1
A:
You didn't do anything wrong. What you're trying to do is "impossible". Both graphics cards have their own discrete memory and you need a shared frame buffer between the two to make this work...
The BumbleBee project is doing this for Intel and NVidia cards, but they don't support AMD/ATI cards, so unless you start programming this yourself for AMD, it's "impossible"... (for a certain definition of impossible. Look up Charles De Gaulle)
Sorry to be the harbinger of bad news...
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
---
abstract: 'In three-dimensional turbulent flows, the flux of energy from large to small scales breaks time symmetry. We show here that this irreversibility can be quantified by following the relative motion of several Lagrangian tracers. We find by analytical calculation, numerical analysis and experimental observation that the existence of the energy flux implies that, at short times, two particles separate temporally slower forwards than backwards, and the difference between forward and backward dispersion grows as $t^3$. We also find the geometric deformation of material volumes, surrogated by four points spanning an initially regular tetrahedron, to show sensitivity to the time-reversal with an effect growing linearly in $t$. We associate this with the structure of the strain rate in the flow.'
author:
- Jennifer Jucha
- Haitao Xu
- Alain Pumir
- Eberhard Bodenschatz
title: 'Time-symmetry breaking in turbulence'
---
In turbulent flows, far from boundaries, energy flows from the scale at which it is injected, $l_I$, to the scale where it is dissipated, $l_D$. For intense three-dimensional turbulence, $l_D \ll l_I$, and the energy flux, ${\epsilon}$, is from large to small scales [@frisch95]. As a consequence, time symmetry is broken, since the time reversal $t \rightarrow -t$ would also reverse the direction of the energy flux. Exploring the implications of this time asymmetry on the relative motion between fluid particles is the aim of this Letter.
The simplest problem in this context concerns the dispersion of two particles whose positions, $\mathbf{r}_1(t)$ and $\mathbf{r}_2(t)$, are separated by $\mathbf{R}(t) = \mathbf{r}_2(t) - \mathbf{r}_1(t)$. The growth of the mean squared separation, $\langle \mathbf{R}^2 (t) \rangle$, forwards ($t>0$) and backwards in time ($t<0$) is a fundamental question in turbulence research [@R26] and is also related to important problems such as turbulent diffusion and mixing [@S01; @SC09]. At long times, both for $t > 0$ and $t < 0$, it is expected that the distance between particles increases according to the Richardson prediction as $ \langle \mathbf{R}^2 (t) \rangle \approx g_{f,b} {\epsilon}|t|^3$ [@SC09], with two constants, $g_f$ and $g_b$, for forward and backward dispersion, respectively. The lack of direct evidence for the Richardson $t^3$ regime in well-controlled laboratory flows [@B06a] or in Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) [@SC09; @BIC14] makes the determination of the constants $g_f$ and $g_b$ elusive, although it is expected that $g_b > g_f$ [@SC09; @SYB05; @B06].
In this Letter we show that [for short times]{} the flow irreversibility imposes a quantitative relation between forward and backward particle dispersion. For particle pairs, the energy flux through scales is captured by $$\left\langle \frac{d}{dt} \left[\mathbf{v}_2(t) - \mathbf{v}_1(t) \right]^2 \Big|_0 \right\rangle = - 4 {\epsilon},
\label{eq:flux_lag}$$ where $\mathbf{v}_{1}(t) $ and $\mathbf{v}_{2}(t)$ are the Lagrangian velocities of the particles and the average is taken over all particle pairs with the same initial separation, $ | \mathbf{R}(0) | =R_0$, in the inertial subrange ($l_D \ll R_0 \ll l_I$). Equation (\[eq:flux\_lag\]) is exact in the limit of very large Reynolds number [@MOA99; @FGV01; @PSC01] and can be seen as the Lagrangian version of the Kolmogorov 4/5-law [@frisch95]. For short times, Eq. (\[eq:flux\_lag\]) implies that backward particle dispersion is faster than the forward case, with $$\langle \mathbf{R}^2(-t) \rangle - \langle \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle = 4 {\epsilon}t^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^5).
\label{eq:diff_bac_for}$$ The $t^3$ power in Eq. (\[eq:diff\_bac\_for\]) is strongly reminiscent of the Richardson prediction, with the expectation that $g_b > g_f$ at longer times. The relation between the irreversibility predicted by Eq. (\[eq:diff\_bac\_for\]) and the one expected at longer times ($g_b > g_f$), however, remains to be established.
Whereas the difference between backward and forward pair dispersion at short times is weak ($\propto t^3$), we found a strong manifestation of the time asymmetry when investigating multi-particle dispersion. The analysis of the deformation of an initially regular tetrahedron consisting of four tracer particles [@PSC00; @XOB08] reveals a stronger flattening of the shape forwards in time, but a stronger elongation backwards in time. We relate the observed time asymmetry in the shape deformation to a fundamental property of the flow [@Betchov56; @Siggia81; @Ashurst87; @Pumir13] by investigating the structure of the perceived rate of strain tensor based on the velocities of the four Lagrangian particles [@XPB11].
Our finding relies on analytical calculation, DNS, and data from 3D Lagrangian particle tracking in a laboratory flow. The experiments were conducted with a von Kármán swirling water flow. The setup consisted of a cylindrical tank with a diameter of $\unit{48.3}{\centi\meter}$ and a height of $\unit{60.5}{\centi\meter}$, with counterrotating impellers installed at the top and bottom. Its geometry is very similar to the one described in Ref. [@O06], but with a slightly different design of the impellers to weaken the global structure of the flow. At the center of the tank, where the measurements were performed, the flow is nearly homogeneous and isotropic. As tracers for the fluid motion, we used polystyrene microspheres of density $\rho=1.06\, \rho_{\text{water}} $ and a diameter close to the Kolmogorov length scale, $\eta$. We measured the trajectories of these tracers using Lagrangian particle tracking with sampling rates exceeding 20 frames per Kolmogorov time scale, $\tau_\eta$ [@O06a; @X08]. We obtained three data sets at $R_\lambda=270$, $350$ and $690$, with corresponding Kolmogorov scales $\eta=\unit{105}{\micro\meter}$, $\unit{66}{\micro\meter}$, and $\unit{30}{\micro\meter}$ and $\tau_\eta=\unit{11.1}{\milli\second}$, $\unit{4.3}{\milli\second}$, and $\unit{0.90}{\milli\second}$, respectively. The integral length scales of $L\approx\unit{5.5}{\centi\meter}$ for the first two and $L\approx\unit{7.0}{\centi\meter}$ for the last data set are both smaller than the size of the measurement volume, which is approximately $(\unit{8}{\centi\meter})^3$. Many independent, one-second recordings of $\sim 100$ particles where combined to generate sufficient statistics. For example, the $R_\lambda = 690$ dataset contains 555,479 particle trajectories lasting at least $20 \tau_\eta$. Our experimental results are compared to DNS data obtained from pseudo-spectral codes [@vosskuhle:2013; @li2008; @Y12].
To study the dispersion between two particles, it is more convenient to analyze the change in separation, $\delta \mathbf{R}(t) = \mathbf{R}(t) - \mathbf{R}(0)$, than the separation $\mathbf{R}(t)$ itself [@B50; @O06; @SC09]. We expand $\delta \mathbf{R}(t)$ in a Taylor series and average over many particle pairs with a fixed initial separation $ | \mathbf{R}(0)|=R_0$ to obtain $$\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle}{R_0^2} =
\frac{\langle \mathbf{u}(0)^2\rangle}{R_0^2} t^2
+ \frac{\left\langle \mathbf{u}(0) \cdot \mathbf{a}(0) \right\rangle}{R_0^2} t^3
+ {\mathcal{O}}(t^4) ,
\label{eq:evol_dR2}$$ where $\mathbf{u}(0)$ and $\mathbf{a}(0)$ are the relative velocity and acceleration between the two particles at time $t=0$. Using Eq. reduces the $t^3$ term in Eq. to $-2 (t/t_0)^3$, where $t_0 = (R_0^2/{\epsilon})^{1/3}$ is the (Kolmogorov) time scale characteristic of the motion of eddies of size $R_0$ [@frisch95]. Eq. can thus be expressed as $$\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle}{R_0^2} = \frac{\langle \mathbf{u}(0)^2\rangle}{({\epsilon}R_0)^{2/3}} \Bigl( \frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^2 - 2 \Bigl(\frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^4).
\label{eq:evol_dR2_nodim}$$ For short times, the dominant behavior is given by the $t^2$ term in Eq. [@B50], which is even in $t$, and thus reveals no asymmetry in time. The odd $t^3$ term is the first to break the $ t \rightarrow -t$ symmetry. This is better seen from the difference between the forward and backward dispersion, $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(-t)^2- \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle}{R_0^2}
& = -2 \frac{\left\langle \mathbf{u}(0) \cdot \mathbf{a}(0) \right\rangle}{R_0^2} t^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^5) \nonumber \\
&= 4 ({t}/{t_0})^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^5),
\label{eq:Rb_Rf}\end{aligned}$$ which is equivalent to Eq. . We note that the simple form of Eq. , which suggests that the evolution of $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle$ depends on $(t/t_0)$ alone, is accurate only up to ${\mathcal{O}}(t/t_0)^3$. Not all higher-order terms in the Taylor expansion can be reduced to functions of $(t/t_0)$ [@F13].
To test Eq. , we identified particle pairs from our large set of experimental and numerical trajectories with a given initial separation $R_0$ and studied the evolution of $\delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2$, both forwards and backwards in time. One of the difficulties of reliably measuring $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2 \rangle$ in experiments comes from the finite size of the measurement volume in which particles are tracked. The residence time of particle pairs in the measurement volume decreases with the separation velocity, inducing a bias. We analyze how this affects the results in the Appendix and show that the effect is weak. The very good agreement between experiments and DNS convinces us that the finite-volume bias does not alter our results.
![(color online). The difference between the backward and forward mean squared relative separation, $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(-t)^2 - \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2 \rangle$, compensated using Eq. . The symbols correspond to experiments: circles for $R_\lambda = 690$ ($R_0/\eta = 267,\,333,\,400$), stars for $R_\lambda = 350$ ($R_0/\eta = 152,\,182,\,212$), and squares for $R_\lambda = 270$ ($R_0/\eta = 95,\,114,\,133$). The lines correspond to DNS at $R_\lambda=300$ ($R_0/\eta=19,\,38,\,58,\,77,\,92,\,123$).[]{data-label="figThirdOrder"}](./figure1.eps){height="\picheight"}
Fig. \[figThirdOrder\] shows the difference, $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}^2(-t) - \delta \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle$, compensated by $- \frac{\left\langle \mathbf{u}(0) \cdot \mathbf{a}(0) \right\rangle}{2 R_0^2} t^3 $, using Eq. , obtained from both experiments and DNS at 4 different Reynolds numbers. The DNS, $R_\lambda = 300$ data consisted of $32,768$ particle trajectories in a statistically stationary turbulent flow [@vosskuhle:2013] over $\sim 4.5$ large-eddy turnover times, allowing particle pairs with a prescribed size to be followed for a long period of time. The data all show a clear plateau up to $t\approx t_0/10$, in complete agreement with Eq. . At longer times, both experimental and DNS data decrease rapidly towards zero without any sign of the plateau expected from the Richardson prediction, $$\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(-t)^2- \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle }{R_0^2} =(g_b - g_f) \Bigl(\frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^3 .
\label{eqRichardson}$$ While the slightly faster decay of the experimental data for $t \gtrsim t_0$ could be due to a residual finite-volume bias, this should not affect the DNS data. Previous experiments at $R_\lambda = 172$ with initial separations in the range $4 \le R_0/\eta \le 28$ suggested a value of the difference of $(g_b - g_f) = 0.6 \pm 0.1$ [@B06]. Fig. \[figThirdOrder\] does not provide evidence for this value, although it does not rule out the existence of a plateau at a lower value of $(g_b - g_f)$. Note that Eq. predicts the time irreversibility caused by the energy flux to persist into the inertial range and remarkably to grow as $t^3$ as well. It is therefore tempting to draw an analogy between Eq. , which is exact and valid at short times, and the expected Richardson regime at longer times [@B12]. The fact that a plateau corresponding to $(g_b - g_f)$ would be substantially lower than the value of $4$ given by Eq. indicates that the connection between the short-time behavior, Eq. , and the longer-time behavior, Eq. , requires a deeper understanding.
The time irreversibility predicted by Eq. for particle pair separations grows slowly at small times, $\propto t^3$. We discuss below a stronger ($\propto t$) manifestation of the time irreversibility by analyzing the evolution of four particles initially forming a regular tetrahedron. Additionally, the motion of tetrahedra provides insight into the structure of a flow [@CPS99; @PSC00; @XOB08; @XPB11; @Pumir13] and in fact into the origin of the irreversibility observed in particle pair separation.
The geometry of a set of four points $({\mathbf}{x}_1, ... {\mathbf}{x}_4)$, i.e., a tetrahedron, can be effectively described by three vectors. The position of the tetrahedron is immaterial in a homogeneous flow. The shape tensor, $G_{ij} = \sum_a (x_{a,i} - x_{C,i})(x_{a,j} - x_{C,j})$, where $x_{a,i}$ is the $i^{th}$ component of ${\mathbf}{x}_a$, provides an effective description of the tetrahedron geometry. The radius of gyration of the tetrahedron, $R^2(t) = \text{tr}(\mathbf{G})=\frac14 \sum_{a<b} |{\mathbf}{x}_a(t) - {\mathbf}{x}_b(t)|^2$, is simply given by the trace of $\mathbf{G}$. The shape is described by the three eigenvalues $g_i$ of $G$, with $g_1\geq g_2 \geq g_3$. For a regular tetrahedron, where all edges have the same length, all three eigenvalues are equal. For $g_1 \gg g_2\approx g_3$, the tetrahedron is needle-like, while $g_1\approx g_2 \gg g_3$ represents a pancake-like shape.
![(color online). Eigenvalues of the perceived rate-of-strain tensor, $\lambda_{0,i} t_0$, $(i=1,\,2,\,3)$, defined on tetrahedra with different sizes $R_0 /\eta$. Open symbols are from experiments at $R_\lambda= 690$ and $350$ and filled symbols from DNS at $R_\lambda=300$. The solid lines are the corresponding averages for $i=1$ (top), $2$ (middle), and $3$ (bottom).[]{data-label="figStrain"}](./figure2.eps){height="\picheight"}
The evolution of $\mathbf{G}$ can be conveniently written in the compact form [@Pumir13] $$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}\mathbf{G}(t) = \mathbf{M}(t) \mathbf{G}(t) + \mathbf{G}(t) \mathbf{M}^T(t) ,
\label{eq:dG_dt}$$ where $\mathbf{M}(t)$ is the perceived velocity gradient tensor that describes the turbulent flow field seen by the 4 points [@CPS99; @XPB11]. The perceived velocity gradient reduces to the usual velocity gradient when the tetrahedron becomes smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, $\eta$ [@Pumir13]. We solve Eq. for short times using a Taylor expansion around $t=0$ and taking $G_{ij}(0) = (R_0^2/2) \delta_{ij}$ as the initial condition, i.e., the tetrahedra are initially regular with edge lengths $R_0$. The solutions for the average size and shape are $$\begin{aligned}
\langle R^2(t) \rangle & = \frac{R_0^2}{2} \bigg[3 + 2 \text{tr} \langle \mathbf{S}_0^2\rangle t^2 \nonumber\\
& \quad + 2 \text{tr}\left( \frac23 \langle \mathbf{S}_0^3 \rangle +\langle\mathbf{S}_0 \mathbf{\dot{S}}_0 \rangle \right) t^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^4) \bigg]
\label{eqRadius}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\langle g_i \rangle &= \frac{R_0^2}{2} \bigg[1 + 2 \langle \lambda_{0,i} \rangle t \nonumber\\
& \quad + \left( 2 \langle \lambda_{0,i}^2 \rangle + \langle \mathbf{\dot{S}}_{0,ii} \rangle \right) t^2 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^3) \bigg].
\label{eqEigen}\end{aligned}$$ At the orders considered, the evolution of the tetrahedron geometry depends only on the perceived rate-of-strain tensor, $\mathbf{S}_0 = \mathbf{S}(0) = \frac12 [ \mathbf{M}(0) +\mathbf{M}(0)^T]$, whose eigenvalues, $\lambda_{0,i}$, are sorted in decreasing order ($\lambda_{0,1} \ge \lambda_{0,2} \ge \lambda_{0,3}$), and on its time-derivative, $\mathbf{\dot{S}}_0 = \frac{{\mathrm{d}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t} \mathbf{S}(t)\big|_0$. In Eq. , all terms are in fact expressed in the eigenbasis of $\mathbf{S}_0$.
{height="\picheight"} {height="\picheight"}
We first note that the radius of gyration, $R^2(t)$, can also be expressed as an average over the squares of the edge lengths of the tetrahedron. Thus, Eq. must be consistent with Eq. . This implies that $\text{tr} \langle \mathbf{S}_0^2\rangle = \frac{3}{2 R_0^2} \langle \mathbf{u}(0)^2\rangle$ and $\text{tr}\big( \frac23 \langle \mathbf{S}_0^3 \rangle _t+\langle\mathbf{S}_0 \mathbf{\dot{S}}_0 \rangle \big) = \frac32 \left\langle \mathbf{u}(0)\cdot\mathbf{a}(0) \right\rangle$, which we explicitly confirmed with our data. Furthermore, the incompressibility of the flow imposes that $\mathbf{M}$ (and hence $\mathbf{S}$) is traceless [on average]{}, which means that $\langle \lambda_{0,1} \rangle \geq 0$ and $\langle \lambda_{0,3} \rangle \leq 0$. The generation of small scales by turbulent flows, which plays a key role in the energy cascade, implies that the intermediate eigenvalue of the rate of strain tensor is positive [@Betchov56]. This property also applies to the [perceived]{} velocity gradient tensor in the inertial range [@Pumir13] (Fig. \[figStrain\]). Remarkably, our data suggest that $\langle \lambda_{0,i} \rangle t_0 \approx \text{const}$ over the range of Reynolds numbers and inertial scales covered here. For initially regular tetrahedra of edge length $R_0$, Eq. predicts that $\langle g_i (t) \rangle = \frac12 R_0^2$ at $t=0$ and that $\langle g_i (t) \rangle$ grows [linearly]{} as $R_0^2 \langle \lambda_{0,i} \rangle t$ for small $t$. The tetrahedra obtained experimentally and numerically at $R_\lambda=300$, however, are not strictly regular, but correspond to a set of 4 points whose relative distances are equal to within a fixed relative tolerance in the range $2.5 - 10 \%$. Fig. \[figShape\](a) shows that the linear behavior predicted by Eq. is observed when the tetrahedra are regular, as obtained using the Johns Hopkins University database [@li2008; @Y12] ($R_\lambda = 430$), or when the tolerance is reduced. The time asymmetry in this shape evolution, seen from the eigenvalues of $\mathbf{G}$ in Fig. \[figShape\], originates from the positive value of $\langle \lambda_{0,2} \rangle $. For regular tetrahedra, Eq. shows that in the eigenbasis of $\mathbf{S}_0$, the largest eigenvalue of $\mathbf{G}$ is $g_1$ for $t > 0$, and $g_3$ for $t < 0$. The difference between the largest eigenvalues at $t > 0$ (forwards in time) and at $t<0$ (backwards in time) is thus $R_0^2 \langle (\lambda_{0,1} + \lambda_{0,3}) t \rangle = - R_0^2 \langle \lambda_{0,2} t \rangle$. In fact, the difference between the backward and forward growth rates of the intermediate eigenvalue, $\langle g_2 \rangle$, shows an even stronger asymmetry: $$\langle g_{2}(t) - g_{2}(-t) \rangle /[R_0^2 (t/t_0)] = 2 \langle \lambda_{0,2} \rangle t_0 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^2).
\label{eq:g2diff}$$ The expected plateau of $2 \langle \lambda_{0,2} \rangle t_0$ is seen in Fig. \[figShape\](b) when the tetrads are regular, or when the tolerance on the initial edge lengths is reduced.
In summary, we have shown that the relative motion between several Lagrangian particles reveals the fundamental irreversibility of turbulent flows. At short times, the time asymmetry of two-particle dispersion grows as $t^3$, which is deduced from an identity derived from the Navier-Stokes equations in the large $R_\lambda$ limit that expresses the existence of a downscale energy cascade. Our study, however, leaves open the question of the existence of two different constants governing the dispersion forwards and backwards in time in the Richardson regime [@SYB05; @B06]. A stronger manifestation of the time asymmetry, $\propto t$, was observed by studying the shape deformation of sets of four points. This asymmetry can be understood from another fundamental property of turbulence, namely the existence of a positive intermediate eigenvalue of the rate-of-strain tensor [@Betchov56; @Pumir13]. Thus, remarkably, the manifestations of irreversibility are related to fundamental properties of the turbulent flow field.
The time-symmetry breaking revealed by multi-particle statistics is a direct consequence of the energy flux through spatial scales (see also [@FF13]). The very recently observed manifestation of irreversibility [@XPFB14] when following only a single fluid particle, where an intrinsic length scale is lacking, thus presents an interesting challenge to extend the analysis presented here. We expect that further insights into the physics of turbulence can be gained by analyzing the motion of tracer particles.
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appendix
========
The measurement volume in our experiment is finite and particles are thus only tracked for a finite time. The larger the relative velocity between two particles, $| \mathbf{u}(0)|$, the shorter they reside in the measurement volume [@B06; @LBOM07]. The experimentally measured mean squared displacement, $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle_m$, determined by particle pairs which could be tracked up to time $t$, is smaller than the true value $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle$ (see Fig. \[figBiasSketch\]).
To quantitatively analyze this effect, we parametrize the bias in $\langle \delta \mathbf{R}^2(t) \rangle_m$ due to the loss of particles with large relative motions by generalizing Eq. to $$\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle_m}{R_0^2} =
\frac{\langle \mathbf{u}(0)^2\rangle}{({\epsilon}R_0)^{2/3}} f_1(t) \Bigl( \frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^2 -
2 f_2(t) \Bigl(\frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^3 + {\mathcal{O}}(t^4).
\label{eqBias1}$$ In Eq. , the functions $f_1(t)$ and $f_2(t)$ express that the values of the relative velocities of particles staying in the measurement volume for a time $t$ is [*smaller*]{} than the relative velocity of all particle pairs (see Fig. \[figBiasSketch\]). From our experimental data, we find that $f_i(t)>0.9$ for $t/t_0 <0.2$. Additionally, we restrict ourselves to particle pairs that can be tracked in the interval $[-t , t]$, ensuring that $f_i(t) = f_i(-t)$. We thus find that the time asymmetry between backward and forward dispersion is $$\frac{\langle \delta \mathbf{R}(-t)^2- \delta \mathbf{R}(t)^2\rangle_m}{R_0^2} =4 f_2(t) \Bigl( \frac{t}{t_0} \Bigr)^3 +{\mathcal{O}}(t^5).
\label{eqBias2}$$ The bias in Eq. is due only to the $f_2(t)$ term, and not to the leading term in Eq. . Over the short time interval where Fig. \[figThirdOrder\] shows a plateau, the error due to $f_2(t)$ is smaller than $\sim 10\%$.
![(color online). The blue curve shows the ensemble average for an infinite volume, the red curve the average over a time dependent ensemble for a finite volume. Black curves show examples of single events from these ensembles, with the dashed part not accessible in the case of a finite measurement volume.[]{data-label="figBiasSketch"}](./figure4.eps){width="46.00000%"}
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
Thomas Oliver (physician)
Sir Thomas Oliver, (1853–1942) was a Scottish physician and expert on industrial hygiene, particularly in the mining industry and antimony workers. He was President of the College of Medicine 1926 to 1934 and President of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene from 1937 to 1942.
Life
He was born in St Quivox in Ayrshire on 2 March 1853 the son of James Oliver and his wife, Margaret McMurtrie. He was educated at Ayr Academy then studied medicine at Glasgow University graduating MB ChM in 1874. He undertook some practical experience at Glasgow Royal Infirmary then went tom Paris to undertake further postgraduate studies.
Returning to Britain he worked in Preston Hospital 1875 to 1879. In 1880 he began lecturing at the Medical School of Durham University. In 1889 he was created Professor of Medicine. In 1892 he became a member of the White Lead Commission and was instrumental in banning females from being employed in its production.
In 1895 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Alexander Russell, John Gray McKendrick, Diarmid Noel Paton and George Alexander Gibson, He was knighted by King Edward VII in 1908.
In the First World War he was instrumental in the creation of the Tyneside Scottish battalion, gathering Bedlington miners to join the war effort and was given the rank of Honorary Colonel.
He retired in 1927.
He died aged 89 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 15 May 1942.
Publications
Lead Poisoning in its Acute and Chronic Forms (1891)
Dangerous Trades; the Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts (1902)
Diseases of Occupation (1908)
Family
In 1881 he married Edith Rosina Jenkins, daughter of William Jenkins of Consett Hall. Following her death, in 1888, in 1893 he married Emma Octavia Woods (d. 1912), daughter of John Woods of Benton Hall in Newcastle.
He had two sons and three daughters.
References
Category:1853 births
Category:1946 deaths
Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Category:People from Ayrshire
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Category:Scottish non-fiction writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
What happened to the Future Flash?
In The Flash, the Flash from the future traveled back in time to stop the Reverse-Flash from killing his mother. He failed, but where did he go? The Reverse-Flash was stuck in past, so he killed and took the appearance of Doctor Harrison Wells. In his hidden room we see holograms of newspapers from the year 2024 with article about the Flash gone missing. So he didn't travel back to the future. Where is the future Flash?
A:
We don't know. 2 seasons in, they haven't brought it up.
We don't know the extent of Eobard Thawne's supercomputer Gideon's ability to scan the timelines.
We do know is that while the Reverse-Flash is faster than the Flash most of the time, the Flash does not have his issues with time travel. Eobard, in the multiple times we see him time-travel regardless of how, seems to loose his connection to the Speed-Force. Flash, the multiple times we see him time-travel, can do it without any loss of powers.
And due to the constant inconsistencies in how the show handles time-travel (See Why wasn't the timeline affected any further from the events in the season 1 finale?) we don't really know how the show attempts to handle it.
We do know that comic Barry Allen, prior to the DC Crisis of Infinite Earths, during the "Trial of the Flash" in the 80's, essentially leaves the current time and ends up living in the 30th Century, with a reincarnated Iris.
So possibly, after saving his 10 year old self, Future Barry gets sent forward significantly into the future to the 25th or 30th century, Or he returns in 2024 and Gideon simply doesn't know.
Since we only have Eobard's word that he created the particle accelerator explosion 15 years earlier then it normally happened, turning Barry into the Flash much earlier, or if any of the events that shaped Barry into the future Barry that disappeared in 2024, we don't know if that timeline exists as that Barry knew it. The future Flash could be a Timeline Remnant of some sort that disappeared.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
import _plotly_utils.basevalidators
class XaxisValidator(_plotly_utils.basevalidators.SubplotidValidator):
def __init__(self, plotly_name="xaxis", parent_name="histogram2d", **kwargs):
super(XaxisValidator, self).__init__(
plotly_name=plotly_name,
parent_name=parent_name,
dflt=kwargs.pop("dflt", "x"),
edit_type=kwargs.pop("edit_type", "calc+clearAxisTypes"),
role=kwargs.pop("role", "info"),
**kwargs
)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Парсинг JSON в shell
Есть JSON такого типа
{"response":{"upload_url":"url"}}
Как мне забрать url средствами только shell? В JSON.awk не разобрался, jq не поддерживается в моем случае
A:
Для разбора JSON в командной строке воспользуйтесь утилитой Jshon, она позволяет легко извлекать поля из объекта произвольной сложности с автоматическим раскодировыванием строк (при необходимости). Программа написана на чистом Си и из зависимостей требует только библиотеку Jansson (не считая стандартной libc).
Для вашего случая вызов будет таким:
echo '{"response":{"upload_url":"url"}}' | jshon -e response -e upload_url -u
Её можно найти в архиве Debian в одноимённом пакете.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Caffè crema
Caffè crema (Italian: "cream coffee") refers to two different coffee drinks:
An old name for espresso (1940s and 1950s).
A long espresso drink served primarily in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and northern Italy (1980s onwards), along the Italian/Swiss and Italian/Austrian border. In Germany it is generally known as a "Café Crème" or just "Kaffee" and is generally the default type of black coffee served, unless there is a filter machine.
As a colorful term it generally means "espresso", while in technical discussions, referring to the long drink, it may more narrowly be referred to as Swiss caffè crema. In addition, there's also Italian iced crema caffè.
Variant terms include "crema caffè" and the hyperforeignism "café crema" – "café" is French, while "caffè" and "crema" are Italian, thus "café crema" mixes French and Italian.
Synonym for espresso
"Caffè crema", and the English calque "cream coffee", was the original term for modern espresso, produced by hot water under pressure, coined in 1948 by Gaggia to describe the light brown foam (crema) on espresso. The term has fallen out of use in favor of "espresso".
As a colorful synonym for "espresso", the term and variants find occasional use in coffee branding, as in "Jacobs Caffè Crema" and "Kenco Café Crema".
In Italy caffè crema is sometimes used for a crema rich espresso.
Swiss drink
The term "caffè crema" also refers to a long espresso drink, popular since the 1980s in Switzerland and northern Italy. It is generally served as the standard "café traditionnel" in Belgium. It is produced by running of water when brewing an espresso, primarily by using a coarser grind. It is similar to a caffè Americano or a long black, except that these latter are diluted espresso, and consist of making ("pulling") a normal (short) espresso shot and combining it with unbrewed hot water. By contrast, a caffè crema extracts differently, and thus has a different flavor profile.
As a long, brewed rather than diluted, espresso, caffè crema is the long end of the ristretto – normale – lungo – caffè crema range, and is significantly longer than a lungo, generally twice as long. Rough brewing ratios of ristretto, normale, lungo, and caffè crema are 1:2:3:6 – a doppio ristretto will be approximately 1 oz/30 ml (crema increases the volume), normale 2 oz/60 ml, lungo 3 oz/90 ml, and caffè crema 6 oz/180 ml. However, volumes of caffè crema can vary significantly, from 4–8 oz (120 ml–240 ml) for a double shot, depending on how it is brewed and taste, and there is no widely agreed standard measure in the English-speaking world. In terms of solubles concentration, a caffè crema is approximately midway between a lungo and non-pressure brewed coffee, such as drip or press.
The motivation for the caffè crema is that it produces a traditional large cup of coffee, just as brewed coffee does: the small size of espresso is due to the original Gaggia lever espresso machine of 1948 requiring manual pressure, and thus a single (solo) espresso of was the maximum that could practically be extracted. The development of pump-driven espresso in the 1961 Faema removed this restriction, but by then a taste had developed for the short espresso, and these continued to be produced on the new machines, long caffè crema only emerging in the 1980s.
The caffè crema is not a common drink in the English-speaking world and is virtually never available in cafés because of the need to significantly change the grind compared to standard espresso. Cafés instead serve Americanos or long blacks. The caffè crema was briefly used in Australia in the 1980s, but was replaced by the long black.
Brewing method
As the caffè crema is very uncommon in the English-speaking world, and not widely available outside of home brewing, there are few English-language resources on how to brew it, nor consistency in what precisely is understood by this. What is generally done is to coarsen the grind, but otherwise extract in much the same way as espresso, stopping the shot when it blonds, as is usual for espresso – the coarser grind resulting in greater volume, but the extraction taking approximately the same time (25–30 seconds). Some variants include tamping less or extracting for slightly longer (35–40 seconds), and coarser grinds generally result in less mass of grinds fitting into a given filter basket, leading some to prefer using triple-shot baskets to allow sufficient coffee.
One can make a caffè crema in a commercial setting by using the existing filter grind, which is approximately correct, in the espresso machine and otherwise brewing normally, but this would be a very unusual request.
Crema caffè
In Italy, during the summer, traditional cafés (called bar, without final s, in Italian) commonly serve an iced, creamy variant of espresso called crema caffè, crema fredda di caffè and so on. This requires a special spinning apparatus making it constantly creamy, without ice scales. It can be served straight or with panna (milk cream).
See also
Caffè Americano – hot water added to espresso
List of coffee drinks
List of hot beverages
Long black – famous in Australia
Lungo – a shorter version of long espresso
References
Category:Coffee drinks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Overview
In the days when everyone smoked and women always wore aprons – and rode side-saddle on the back of motorbikes – Joe Ivor Davies of Craig-cefn-parc took his camera out and about, recording his community from men at dangerous work in the local colliery (Clydach Merthyr, aka Nixon's) to children in the schoolyard, a woman washing a shop doorstep and a farmer with dog. A very cute kitten and the postman also feature, and a curious incident involving two men and a Christmas cake!
Clydach Merthyr Colliery (known locally as Nixon's), located at Craig-cefn-parc, was unusual for its almost total absence of gas, its underground blacksmithy and the boilers that were used to raise steam for haulage engines. In 1945, it employed almost 600 people. 16 years later, however, coal production ceased but the colliery was kept open until 1978 to provide ventilation and pumping for the nearby Graig Merthyr Colliery. The schoolyard scenes include shots of Alan Jones (b.1938) as a boy – he went on to play for Glamorgan County Cricket Club (1957-83), achieving renown as a phenomenal run-scorer and, later, an excellent coach.
Who could deny these advertising claims: "Attractive hair is the ambition of every woman", and "Your family will enjoy Lincoln potatoes"?
About the archive
National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales preserves and celebrates the sound and moving image heritage of Wales, making it accessible to a wide range of users for enjoyment and learning. Its film collection reflects every aspect of the nation’s social, cultural and working life across the 20th century, giving a fascinating insight into Welsh filmmaking, both amateur and professional. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Assessment of DNA strand breakage by the alkaline COMET assay in dialysis patients and the role of Vitamin E supplementation.
Although the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chronic renal failure (CRF) is not definitely demonstrated, a consistent number of observations has provided evidence for the presence of oxidative stress in uremic patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. In order to investigate this hypothesis further and to understand the role of antioxidant supplementation, peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 36 dialysis patients before and after Vitamin E supplementation in a dosage of 600 mg per day (2x300 mg) for 14 weeks and examined in the alkaline Comet assay for DNA strand breakage. The results were also compared with those of 36 controls with comparable age, sex, and smoking habits, and with no history of renal disease. The DNA breakage observed in the lymphocytes of patients before Vitamin E supplementation was significantly higher than in the controls (P<0.001) but a clear protective effect of Vitamin E supplementation were observed after 14 weeks of therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Trans-Sahelian Highway
The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway project to pave, improve and ease border formalities on a highway route through the southern fringes of the Sahel region in West Africa between Dakar, Senegal in the west and Ndjamena, Chad, in the east. Alternative names for the highway are the Dakar-Ndjamena Highway or Ndjamena-Dakar Highway and it is Trans-African Highway 5 in the Trans-African Highway network.
The highway passes though seven countries and five national capitals, and links regions of similar climate and environment which have cultural and trade links going back centuries. It is one of two east-west transnational links in West Africa and runs inland from and, for most of its length, roughly parallel to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway with a separation of about .
Route and status
Overall features, length and condition
The Trans-Sahelian Highway has a length of about running through Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and the far northern tip of Cameroon, ending at Ndjamena just inside the western border of Chad. All but about , mostly in western Mali, has been paved, but extensive sections elsewhere require rehabilitation or are currently under reconstruction. Most of the route uses existing national highways, but an optional route requires construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali.
Detail of sections
The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east):
In Senegal, Dakar to Tambacounda, , paved, in poor condition; this road has been paved for several decades.
Linking Senegal and Mali between Tambacounda and Bamako, two options were proposed in the 2005 consultants' report
a shorter more direct southern route via Saraya and Kita, about , using about of road paved in the 1990s of which most was in good condition, and requiring construction of of new road and the paving of of earth road;
a longer northern route of about via Kayes, Diéma and Didjeni, utilising national roads of Mali which are paved.
In south-eastern Mail, Bamako to Sikasso via Bougouni, , paved before 1990 and in fair condition.
Sikasso to Koloko at the Burkina Faso border, paved and in fair condition.
Burkina Faso section: via Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Koupéla, and Fada Ngourma, paved and in good condition except for paved section before the Niger border, due to be rehabilitated in 2003-5;
Niger section: of which was in poor condition, via Niamey, Dosso, Dogondoutchi, Birnin-Konni and Maradi to the Nigerian border at Jibiya.
Nigeria section: , all paved and in fair condition, via Katsina, Kano, Kari, Maiduguri and Dikwa.
The short Cameroon section consists of an unpaved gravel road from the Nigerian border to Maltam which is impassable in the wet season; as this road is not used by local traffic to any extent, Cameroon has no plans to upgrade it. The section from Maltam to Kousseri at the Chad border is paved and is used mainly by Chadian traffic.
Chad: the highway is fairly complete except for the last 150km from Abeche to the Sudanese border town of Adre and a small gap within the city limits of Mongo. It is in need of some maintenance in some areas as the surface has become broken up. There is regular bus service from the capital NDjamena to Abeche every day.
Alternative routes at the eastern end:
the alternative to the unpaved section through Cameroon is a route which adds about on paved roads via Bama in Nigeria and Mora and Waza in Cameroon.
an alternative route of about between Niger and Chad, by-passing Nigeria, will be possible when a proposed new road around the north and east of Lake Chad is built connecting Ndjamena to Nguigmi which is about inside Niger. Nguigmi is connected by a paved road via Zinder to Maradi where it meets the Trans-Sahelian Highway.
Links to other transnational highways
The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways:
=Cairo-Dakar Highway}} in Dakar
in Dakar
in Kano, Nigeria
in Ndjamena, with which it will form a complete east-west crossing of the continent of .
The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through
Côte d'Ivoire (Sikassa or Bobo-Dioulasso to Yamoussoukro)
Ghana (Ouagadougou to Accra)
Togo (Koupela to Lomé)
Benin (Dosso to Cotonou)
Nigeria (Birnin-Konni or Kano to Lagos).
See also
Trans–West African Coastal Highway
Trans-Sahara Highway
Trans-African Highway network
References
African Development Bank/United Nations Economic Commission For Africa: "Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links: Volume 2: Description of Corridors". August 14, 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
Michelin Motoring and Tourist Map: "Africa North and West". Michelin Travel Publications, Paris, 2000.
5 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
170 S.W.3d 26 (2005)
Conrad STROMBERG, et al., Respondents/Cross-Appellants,
v.
Kevin J. MOORE, et al., Cross/Respondent, and State Bank of Jefferson County, Appellant, and UMB Bank, n.a., and American Family Insurance Company, Respondent.
No. ED 83912.
Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District, Division Two.
June 28, 2005.
Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer Denied August 4, 2005.
Application for Transfer Denied September 20, 2005.
*27 Michael A. Campbell, Dawn Ann M. Johnson, St. Louis, MO, for Appellant.
Gregory D. O'Shea, St. Louis, MO, Nicholas G. Gasaway, Jr., Hillsboro, MO, for Respondent.
Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied August 4, 2005.
ROBERT G. DOWD, JR., Judge.
State Bank of Jefferson County (State Bank) appeals from the judgment awarding Conrad Stromberg (Stromberg) $80,000 in damages for negligence and conversion in connection with an $80,000 draft (Draft) issued by American Family Mutual Insurance Company (American Family) in connection with a fire insurance claim. On appeal, State Bank argues the trial court *28 erred in granting judgment in favor of Stromberg because (1) under the election of remedies doctrine, Stromberg is precluded from claiming an interest in the Draft, (2) under Section 400.3-420, RSMo 2000,[1] liability for conversion is limited to the plaintiff's interest in the instrument, and (3) the doctrine of unavoidable consequences and the doctrine of laches prevent Stromberg from making a claim against State Bank. On cross-appeal, Stromberg argues the trial court erred in denying him damages by way of interest in its application of Section 408.040. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, the following facts were adduced at trial. Stromberg owned a plot of ground with buildings located in DeSoto, Missouri. In 1997, Stromberg sold this property to Kevin and Lucinda Moore (collectively referred to as the Moores) for a purchase price of $100,000, receiving $7,000 at closing and taking back a note and Deed of Trust for $93,000. Named as beneficiaries on the Deed of Trust were Stromberg, Mary Stromberg, his wife, Shawn Stromberg, his son, and Margaret Stromberg, his daughter (collectively referred to as the Strombergs). The note secured by the Deed of Trust was payable over twenty years with monthly payments of $807.08. Also at the closing, a policy of fire insurance in the amount of $80,000 was issued on the property naming Complete Auto Repair, the Moore's company, as the insured and Stromberg as the mortgagee.[2]
On June 7, 1998, the buildings on the mortgaged property were completely destroyed by fire. On June 8, 1998, American Family received a telephone proof of loss from its insured, the Moores d/b/a Complete Auto Repair. On July 13, 1998, American Family issued the Draft in the amount of $80,000 which was the total amount of coverage under its policy and made the draft payable to Complete Auto Repair and Stromberg. Kevin Moore received the draft by mail. Stromberg and the Moores met in late July or early August to discuss division of the Draft without reaching any agreement as to its division because the amount the Moores owed Stromberg on the Deed of Trust on the date of the fire was approximately $92,000.[3]
On August 11, 1998, Kevin Moore presented the Draft, purportedly endorsed by both payees, for deposit into his business account at State Bank. Stromberg testified he did not endorse the Draft nor did he authorize Kevin Moore or Complete Auto Repair to endorse the Draft for him.
Linda Tucker, teller for State Bank, testified relating to the deposit of the Draft by Kevin Moore. She testified that Kevin Moore came into the bank with the Draft but was not accompanied by Stromberg. Kevin Moore told Linda Tucker that Stromberg was his partner. Linda Tucker testified that she did not know Stromberg and, at the time of deposit, she did not require identification or verification that Stromberg's signature was correct and genuine. She further testified that there was a partnership resolution on file for *29 Complete Auto Repair showing the signature of Kevin Moore but not that of Stromberg. In fact, Stromberg was never a part of the partnership resolution nor was his signature on record anywhere at State Bank.
Richard Francis, president of State Bank, testified that Stromberg was not a customer of the bank and that he would not have received any notice of account activity. Richard Francis also testified that the bank had no relationship with Stromberg nor did he know of or did the bank have a financial interest in the transaction between Stromberg and Kevin Moore. Additionally, Richard Francis testified the teller is required to know the endorser. There was no signature card on file bearing Stromberg's signature.
Handwriting expert, William Storer, testified that it was his opinion the signature of Stromberg was not genuine.
Before discovering the Draft had been deposited, Stromberg foreclosed on the mortgaged property on November 10, 1998. At the time of foreclosure, he was not aware that Kevin Moore had deposited the Draft into State Bank over the forgery of his signature. Stromberg took back the real estate at the foreclosure sale. Stromberg testified he did not know that the Draft was deposited until after the foreclosure. Stromberg was never a customer of State Bank, nor did he have access to any financial information that he could have reviewed to know of the deposit.
After discovering the Draft had been deposited without his consent, Stromberg notified State Bank sometime in November of 1998 of the forgery and later received a phone call from Richard Francis asking why the forgery had not been reported sooner. Stromberg replied that he reported the forgery as soon as he found out about it.[4] Stromberg sent a letter to State Bank after it had been confirmed the Draft was forged. Stromberg demanded return of the Draft proceeds. State Bank, through Richard Francis, denied Stromberg's demand.
This case was presented for trial. After trial, the trial court entered a judgment granting damages for conversion in favor of Stromberg, but denying Stromberg damages by way of interest from the date of conversion. This appeal follows.
On appeal, State Bank argues the trial court erred in granting judgment in favor of Stromberg because under the election of remedies doctrine, Stromberg is precluded from claiming an interest in the Draft. Specifically, State Bank contends that because Stromberg foreclosed on the property as a means of recovering his damages, rather than pursuing a claim against State Bank on the Draft, Stromberg elected his remedy and now cannot pursue a claim for conversion against State Bank. In related points, State Bank argues that liability for conversion is limited to a plaintiff's interest in the instrument, and that the doctrine of unavoidable consequences and the doctrine of laches prevent Stromberg from making a claim against State Bank. We disagree.
In a court-tried case, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed on appeal unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). Id. We accept all evidence and inferences favorable to the judgment, and disregard all *30 contrary inferences. P & K Heating and Air Conditioning, Inc. v. Tusten Townhomes Redevelopment Corp., 877 S.W.2d 121, 123 (Mo.App. E.D.1994). We are bound by the trial court's factual findings if supported by substantial evidence in the record. Id.
The election of remedies doctrine, a doctrine of estoppel, originates from the theory that "where a party has the right to pursue one of two inconsistent remedies and he makes his election, institutes suit, and prosecutes it to final judgment, he cannot thereafter pursue another and inconsistent remedy." Whittom v. Alexander-Richardson Partnership, 851 S.W.2d 504, 506 (Mo. banc 1993)(quoting Tooker, et al., v. Missouri Power & Light Co., 336 Mo. 592, 80 S.W.2d 691, 695 (1935)). The purpose of the election of remedies doctrine is to prevent double redress for a single wrong. Twellman v. Lindell Trust Co., 534 S.W.2d 83, 94 (Mo. App.1976). "Where one elects to pursue one or two or more inconsistent remedies, with full knowledge of all facts, and receives full satisfaction therefrom, he can no longer assert his cause of action." Skandia America Reinsurance Corp. v. Financial Guardian Group, 857 S.W.2d 843, 846 (Mo.App. W.D.1993)(quoting U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Fidelity Nat. Bank & Trust Co., 232 Mo.App. 412, 109 S.W.2d 47 (1937)). To determine whether remedies are inconsistent, we look at whether one theory alleges what the other denies or whether one theory is repugnant to another. Ellsworth Breihan Bldg. Co. v. Teha Inc., 48 S.W.3d 80, 82 (Mo.App. E.D.2001).
Here, based on the record, there is no election of remedies problem. First, Stromberg did not recover full satisfaction for his losses. While Stromberg recovered his property through foreclosure at a value of $80,000, he was still deprived of the insurance proceeds because of State Bank's conversion. Second, rather than suffering a single wrong, Stromberg suffered a double wrong. The Moores defaulted on their mortgage obligations under the Deed of Trust and, in addition, State Bank negligently accepted a forged endorsement. Stromberg's theory for recovery against the Moores is not repugnant to his theory for recovery against State Bank. Therefore, as a matter of law, Stromberg's foreclosure action against the Moores is not inconsistent with his claim for conversion against State Bank. See Twellman, 534 S.W.2d at 94 (holding that remedy of purchaser of treasurer's check against person who forged the endorsement on the check and remedy against the bank which issued the check and paid it over the forged endorsement were not inconsistent); see also Davis v. Hauschild, 243 S.W.2d 956, 960 (Mo. banc 1951)(holding that claim by plaintiff against defendants for deficiency judgment after foreclosure on the Deed of Trust was not barred by the pursuit in an earlier case of a remedy for breach of covenant in the Deed of Trust because remedies were consistent).
Under the facts of this case, Stromberg had no choice of remedies against State Bank. The only remedy Stromberg had against State Bank was for conversion pursuant to Section 400.3-420. At trial, Stromberg testified he had no way of knowing the Draft had been deposited until he was informed of the deposit by American Family and that information was received in November of 1998 after foreclosure. Stromberg had no choice of remedies because he had no knowledge of the fraud until several months after the act took place in August of 1998. Therefore, at the time of the foreclosure, Stromberg did not have "full knowledge of all facts," as the election of remedies doctrine requires. *31 See Skandia America Reinsurance Corp., 857 S.W.2d at 846.
Similarly, State Bank's argument that Stromberg would receive a "double benefit" by receiving the property by foreclosure in addition to $80,000 resulting from the conversion is unpersuasive.[5] As mentioned earlier, Stromberg suffered two separate wrongs and had a separate remedy for each wrong. Stromberg foreclosed on the property as a result of the Moore's default and, in a separate action, Stromberg pursued State Bank for conversion because State Bank allowed Moore to wrongfully receive payment of the Draft.
Section 400.3-420(a) provides in pertinent part as follows:
An instrument is . . . converted if it is taken by transfer, other than a negotiation, from a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or a bank makes or obtains payment with respect to the instrument for a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or receive payment. [Emphasis added.]
Here, State Bank's acceptance of the Draft outside of Stromberg's presence and without requiring verification that Stromberg's signature was genuine violated the provisions of Section 400.3-420(a). Therefore, under Section 400.3-420(b), which states that "the measure of liability is presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument," Stromberg was entitled to receive the face value of the Draft.
Finally, State Bank's argument that Stromberg's claims against State Bank should be precluded under Section 400.3-406, the doctrine of unavoidable consequences and the doctrine of laches, is equally without merit.[6] Because Stromberg was unaware of the forgery until November, he cannot be charged with failing to take reasonable steps to timely notify State Bank of the wrong. The record reveals Stromberg reported the forgery to State Bank within a day of its discovery. The trial court correctly applied the law. Under the facts of this case, we find there was no election of remedies problem, Stromberg was entitled to the face value of *32 the Draft, and the doctrine of laches and the doctrine of unavoidable consequences are inapplicable. Points one, two, and three are denied.
On cross-appeal, Stromberg argues the trial court erred in denying him an award of damages by way of interest in its application of Section 408.040. Stromberg argues that instead of applying Section 408.040, the trial court should have applied Section Sections 408.020 and 537.520 in awarding damages by way of interest. We agree.
In general, "in actions of trover, or actions in the nature of trover, for the conversion of property, interest or the equivalent of interest on the value of the property converted may be recovered." Independence Flying Service, Inc. v. Ailshire, 409 S.W.2d 628, 632 (Mo.1966). Similarly, "in actions for conversion, in order to give the injured party full indemnity, interest is allowed on the value of the property from the date of its conversion." Id. The rate of interest allowable is that prescribed by Section 408.020. Id.; Southern Missouri Bank v. Fogle, 738 S.W.2d 153, 158 (Mo.App.S.D.1987).
Here, Stromberg challenges that part of the trial court's judgment which states as follows:
No prejudgment interest is awarded since the Plaintiffs did not comply with § 408.040 R.S.Mo. and Uniform Commercial Code does not provide for payment of interest. See §§ 400.3-112(4); 400.3-420. Moreover, there is no evidence that State Bank received a benefit from its conduct.
The seminal case relating to conversion damages is Independence Flying Service v. Ailshire, 409 S.W.2d 628 (Mo.1966). The Independence Flying Service case involved an action for conversion of certain buildings. Id. at 629. As in the present case, the matter was tried without a jury on the issue of damages and the trial court denied interest to the plaintiffs. Id. at 631. In Independence Flying Service, the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the trial court's denial of interest by stating that in actions for conversion, in order to give the injured party full indemnity, interest is allowed from the date of conversion under Section 408.020. Id. at 632.
Moreover, Section 537.520 allows for damages "in the nature of interest, over and above the value of goods at the time of conversion or seizure." Therefore, in a case for conversion, the allowance of interest from the date of conversion is part of the damages element of the case. See Commercial Credit Corp. v. Joplin Auto. Auction Co., 430 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Mo.App. 1968) (holding that award under Section 537.520 in "nature of interest in trover for wrongful conversion is a measurement of damages by the ruling rate of interest, not as interest, but by way of compensatory damages").
State Bank's contention that it received no benefit from the deposits is not relevant to the issue of damages. The loss to Stromberg is the gravamen of the offense and as in Independence Flying Service, good faith or lack of malice is not a sufficient reason for denying the claim for interest. Independence Flying Service, Inc., 409 S.W.2d at 631.
Moreover, we find the trial court misapplied Sections 400.3-112 and 400.3-420[7] in the denial of interest. Section 400.3-112(a) states in part that "[u]nless otherwise provided in the instrument, . . . an *33 instrument is not payable with interest." Here, the trial court improperly relied on Section 400.3-112 in ruling as it did, because the Draft in this case did not provide for interest. Moreover, Section 400.3-112 does not provide for the event of a wrongdoing. When the Draft was presented, there was no interest noted, therefore no interest was paid. However, once the Draft was converted, the law of trover and conversion was applicable because of the language contained in Section 400.3-420, which states that the law of conversion applies to instruments. The law of conversion allows interest from the date of conversion in cases, such as here, where a bank's negligence results in a forged endorsement of an instrument. Hoppe v. First Midwest Bank of Poplar Bluff, 899 S.W.2d 879, 884 (Mo.App. S.D.1995). Therefore, Stromberg is entitled to interest as of the date of conversion under Sections 408.020 and 537.520.
The final issue Stromberg challenges is State Bank's assertion that the trial court properly denied "prejudgment interest" because the notice provision of Section 408.040 was not complied with by Stromberg. Section 408.040 states that if a demand for settlement at a stated figure is made, subject to the notice requirements, and it goes unanswered and the judgment award exceeds that amount demanded, the plaintiff is entitled to prejudgment interest. Section 408.040.2. Section 408.040 does not apply in the instant case because interest is a part of the damages in a conversion case. Stromberg did not seek "prejudgment interest" as defined by Section 408.040, but sought damages for his loss under the law of trover and conversion, Section 400.3-420, which includes interest for the loss of draft proceeds.
The trial court erred in applying the provisions of Section 408.040. Interest in the amount of 9 percent, pursuant to Section 408.020, should be added to the judgment relating back to August 11, 1998, the date of forgery and conversion. The trial court's judgment is affirmed with respect to the award of $80,000 and reversed and remanded for the trial court to add interest pursuant to Sections 408.020 and 537.520.
BOOKER T. SHAW, P.J. and KATHIANNE KNAUP CRANE, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] The U.C.C. has been adopted by the Missouri legislature and is incorporated into the Missouri statutes. See Chapter 400 of the Missouri Statutes. Unless otherwise indicated, all further references are to RSMo 2000.
[2] Originally the fire policy was issued through Custom Insurance but coverage was later changed to American Family for the same amount and with the same loss payees.
[3] The record reveals the last payment Stromberg received from the Moores was in May 1998.
[4] Stromberg testified that he had called American Family after the foreclosure sale on November 10, 1998 and at that time American Family informed him, for the first time, the Draft had been negotiated.
[5] Travers v. Universal Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 34 S.W.3d 156 (Mo.App. W.D.2000), Fire Ins. Exchange v. Bowers, 994 S.W.2d 110 (Mo. App. S.D.1999), Economy Preferred Ins. v. Schomaker, 900 S.W.2d 249 (Mo.App. E.D. 1995) cited by State Bank are factually distinguishable from the case at bar. As State Bank admits, these cases dealt with a mortgagee's cause of action against the insurance company under the policy following foreclosure and not, as here, against a third-party bank for conversion under the U.C.C. Moreover, in the cases cited by State Bank, when the debt was extinguished following foreclosure, so was the mortgagee's interest. Here, after foreclosure, the amount owed by the Moores was approximately $92,000, $12,000 more than the assessed value of the recovered property. Therefore, Stromberg's debt was not extinguished by the foreclosure.
[6] Section 400.3-406 states as follows:
(a) A person whose failure to exercise ordinary care substantially contributes to an alteration of an instrument or to the making of a forged signature on an instrument is precluded from asserting the alteration or the forgery against a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.
(b) Under subsection (a), if the person asserting the preclusion fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss, the loss is allocated between the person precluded and the person asserting the preclusion according to the extent to which the failure of each to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.
(c) Under subsection (a), the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person asserting the preclusion. Under subsection (b), the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person precluded.
[7] Section 400-3.420(a) states the law applicable to conversion also applies to instruments. Section 400-3.420(b) states the measure of liability is presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument, not to exceed the amount of the plaintiff's interest in the instrument.
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
American serial killer Joel Rifkin killed 17 women in the 1990s before the police pulled him over for a missing license plate and discovered his latest victim in his trunk.
Who Is Joel Rifkin? Joel Rifkin is a serial killer who went on a string of murders in New York in the 1990s. In 1989, he killed his first woman. He discarded the bodies of his victims so they could not be identified. His reign of terror came to an end in June 1993, when Rifkin was pulled over by the police who discovered a corpse in his car. He was convicted of murder the following year and later pleaded guilty to additional counts of murders.
Troubled Childhood Joel David Rifkin was born on January 20, 1959, to two unwed college students. New York couple Bernard and Jeanne Rifkin adopted Joel three weeks after his birth. Three years later, they also adopted a daughter, Jan. In 1965, the family moved to East Meadow, Long Island, where Rifkin enrolled in Prospect Avenue Elementary School. Rifkin had difficulty fitting in with his peers and became a frequent target of school bullies. He was excluded from team sports and neighborhood games because of his sloping posture and slow gait. Suffering from undiagnosed dyslexia, he also struggled academically despite his 128 IQ. As Rifkin entered his teens, he desperately tried to fit in. He joined the track team with hopes of making friends, but his teammates frequently tormented him. Frustrated with athletics, Rifkin joined the yearbook staff. His camera was immediately stolen, and he was excluded from the wrap party at the end of the year.
Targeting Prostitutes The mistreatment and isolation eventually wore on Rifkin, who began retreating to his own disturbed world. He started having daydreams about raping and stabbing women. In 1972, inspired by the Alfred Hitchcock film Frenzy, Rifkin became fixated on the idea of strangling prostitutes. Around this same time, his parents gave him a car. He started using the vehicle to troll for prostitutes in nearby Hempstead, and later Manhattan. His passion for prostitutes would increase as he entered Nassau Community College in 1977. He frequently skipped his classes and rarely showed up to his part-time jobs, preferring to spend his time with prostitutes instead. His obsession drained Rifkin of what little money he had, causing him to move in and out of his parents' house throughout the 1980s. He also bounced from school to school, earning poor grades, until he finally dropped out in 1984. By March 1989, Rifkin could no longer fight the violent mental fantasies. Rifkin waited for his mother to leave on a business trip, and then picked up a young prostitute named Susie. He brought the woman back to his Long Island home, where he bludgeoned her with a Howitzer artillery shell. When she continued to struggle, he strangled her to death. He then dismembered the corpse with an X-acto knife, removing her identity by severing her fingertips and removing her teeth with pliers. He hid her severed head in an old paint can, and stashed the rest of her body into garbage bags. Rifkin dumped Susie's head and legs in the woods in Hopewell, New Jersey, and tossed the arms and torso into the East River back in New York. Despite Rifkin's elaborate attempts to conceal the murder, a member of the Hopewell Valley Golf Club found the can containing Susie's head several days later. Police were unable to uncover the victim's identity, or who was responsible for the murder.
Rising Body Count A year later, Rifkin claimed his second victim, prostitute Julie Blackbird. Again waiting until his mother was out of town, Rifkin drove Blackbird to his Long Island home. The next morning, Rifkin beat his victim‚ this time with a table leg‚ before strangling her. He dismembered the corpse as before, but this time he placed the body parts in buckets weighted with concrete and tossed the remains into the East River and a Brooklyn canal. Rifkin started his own landscaping business in 1991, and he began using the rented job site to stash corpses until he could properly dispose of them. Among his victims during this year were prostitutes Barbara Jacobs, Mary Ellen DeLuca and Yun Lee. Rifkin would go on to strangle 17 women, most of whom were drug addicts or prostitutes. The Police were rarely able to identify the victims, much less the perpetrator of the crimes. In June 1993, Rifkin strangled hooker Tiffany Bresciani and drove her back to his mother's home, stopping at stores along the way for rope and tarp, while Bresciani's corpse lay in the backseat of his mother's car. By the time he got home, she was wrapped in tarp and concealed in the trunk. Rifkin moved Bresciani into the garage, leaving her body in a wheelbarrow in the summer heat for three days. He was on his way to dump the corpse about 15 miles north of his home, when police troopers noted he was missing a rear license plate on his truck. When police attempted to pull Rifkin over, he began a high-speed chase instead. Panicked, he crashed his car into a utility pole in front of the local court house. As troopers came up to the car, they detected a strong odor from the back of the truck. It came from Bresciani's rotting corpse. Police took Rifkin into custody. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Everyone
Everyone may refer to:
Everyone (Olympics song), official theme song of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics held in Singapore
Everyone (Van Morrison song), a 1970 song by Van Morrison
Everyone, a rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board for video games
Everyone (film), a 2004 Canadian film directed by Bill Marchant
"Everyone", a song by Adema from the album Adema
"Everyone" (Skins series 1), episode 9 of series 1 of Skins
"Everyone", episode 1 of series 3 of Skins
"Everyone", episode 8 of series 4 of Skins
"Everyone" (Skins series 5), episode 8 of series 5 of Skins
"Everyone", episode 1 of series 6 of Skins
See also
Everybody (disambiguation)
Indefinite pronoun | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
This invention relates to a device for receiving and displaying television images comprising buffer means for storing television images. The invention also relates to a television apparatus provided with such a device.
A device of the type described in the opening paragraph is known from EP-B-0 375 764. The known device is intended for rapidly skipping commercials. If a user wants to watch a television program in such a way that he can skip the commercials in the television program, a number of minutes of the television program corresponding approximately to the expected total period of time of the commercials must first be stored in the buffer means. Subsequently, the device can be switched to a combined recording and display state at which the television images are read at the xe2x80x9cnormalxe2x80x9d rate so that the user can only then watch the television program. When the user watches a commercial during display, he can switch the device to a state at which the television images are read from the buffer means in an accelerated way. At the end of the commercials, the user can again switch the device to the previously mentioned combined recording and display state. By watching the commercials in an accelerated way, the period of time of an interruption in a program comprising commercials will be reduced.
It is an object of the invention to provide a device having a more user-friendly facility of rapidly skipping the commercials in a television program.
To this end, the device according to the invention is characterized in that the buffer means are adapted to receive television images at a first frame frequency and to supply television images at a second frame frequency, a quantity X being defined as being X equal to the number of consecutive television images, stored in the buffer means, between an image read from the buffer means at a given instant and an image written at substantially the same instant, in that X increases with time in the first state and decreases with time in the second state, and in that the device comprises control means for generating a first control signal for bringing the device from the first to the second state, and a second control signal for bringing the device from the second to the first state.
The invention provides a device in which it is no longer necessary to store a number of minutes of the television program corresponding to the period of time of the commercials to be expected in the television program into the buffer means and subsequently start watching the television program. The invention provides the possibility of watching these commercials simultaneously with the reception of the beginning of the television program. To be able to skip the expected commercials rapidly, a slightly larger number of television images are stored in the buffer means per unit of time in a first state as compared with the number of television images read, so that at the instant when a block of commercials in a program is displayed and watched by the user, this block is approximately entirely stored in the buffer means. The user can now switch the device to a second state so that the block of commercials is skipped in an accelerated way. In order that the user can continue watching the program, he will then switch the device to the first state again.
The device according to the invention has the extra advantage that the buffer means may be smaller because it need only be approximately the size of one inserted block of commercials.
A first embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that the buffer means are adapted to store television images received at the input of the buffer means at the first frame frequency and to read television images stored in the buffer means at the second frame frequency and supply said images at the output, wherein the first frame frequency is larger than the second frame frequency, the buffer means, in the first state, being adapted as a FIFO and, in the second state, being adapted to supply each time N television images of successive groups of M consecutive television images stored in the buffer means at the output of said buffer means, N and M being positive integers and chosen to be such that X decreases with time. In this embodiment, the value of the first frame frequency at the input of the buffer means in the first state is equal to the value of the first frame frequency in the second state. The values of the second frame frequency at the output of the buffer means are equal to each other in the first and the second state. This has the advantage that the device does not need to be further adapted as far as possible pre-processing and post-processing means for switching from the first to the second state, or vice versa, are concerned. In the first state, all received television images are displayed at the output in the same order. In the second state, a part of the received television images is displayed at the output of the buffer means. Normally, the first frame frequency will be 25 Hz. This means that, in this embodiment, the display tube connected to the output must be capable of displaying television images at the lower, second frame frequency which is, for example 22 Hz.
A second embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that the buffer means are of the FIFO type and are adapted to store television images received at the input of the buffer means at the first frame frequency, and to read television images stored in the buffer means at the second frame frequency and supply them at the output, the second frame frequency in the first state being smaller than the first frame frequency, and the second frame frequency in the second state being larger than the first frame frequency. In this embodiment, all received and stored television images are supplied at the output of the buffer means in the first and the second state. In this embodiment, the frame frequency at the output of the buffer means is, for example, 25 Hz in the first state and, for example, 100 Hz in the second state. In this embodiment, the image-processing means in the device subsequent to the buffer means should be capable of processing television images at both frame frequencies.
A third embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that the buffer means are adapted to receive and supply television images at the first frame frequency at their input and output, respectively, said buffer means, in the first state, being adapted to supply each received television image at least once and a part of the received television images more than once at the output of said buffer means. In this embodiment, the frame frequencies at the input and output of the buffer means are equal and do not differ in the first and the second state. This has the advantage that the device in accordance with the third embodiment can be used in a standard television apparatus in which no costly adaptations are necessary. In the first state, all received television images are displayed at the output once or several times in the same sequence. The television images can be stored in, or read from the buffer means several times and supplied from the output. In the second state, a part of the received and stored television images is displayed at the output of the buffer means.
Further embodiments and advantages of the device according to the invention are described in the dependent claims. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
#[doc = "Reader of register CHINTENCLR"]
pub type R = crate::R<u8, super::CHINTENCLR>;
#[doc = "Writer for register CHINTENCLR"]
pub type W = crate::W<u8, super::CHINTENCLR>;
#[doc = "Register CHINTENCLR `reset()`'s with value 0"]
impl crate::ResetValue for super::CHINTENCLR {
type Type = u8;
#[inline(always)]
fn reset_value() -> Self::Type {
0
}
}
#[doc = "Reader of field `OVR`"]
pub type OVR_R = crate::R<bool, bool>;
#[doc = "Write proxy for field `OVR`"]
pub struct OVR_W<'a> {
w: &'a mut W,
}
impl<'a> OVR_W<'a> {
#[doc = r"Sets the field bit"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn set_bit(self) -> &'a mut W {
self.bit(true)
}
#[doc = r"Clears the field bit"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn clear_bit(self) -> &'a mut W {
self.bit(false)
}
#[doc = r"Writes raw bits to the field"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn bit(self, value: bool) -> &'a mut W {
self.w.bits = (self.w.bits & !0x01) | ((value as u8) & 0x01);
self.w
}
}
#[doc = "Reader of field `EVD`"]
pub type EVD_R = crate::R<bool, bool>;
#[doc = "Write proxy for field `EVD`"]
pub struct EVD_W<'a> {
w: &'a mut W,
}
impl<'a> EVD_W<'a> {
#[doc = r"Sets the field bit"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn set_bit(self) -> &'a mut W {
self.bit(true)
}
#[doc = r"Clears the field bit"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn clear_bit(self) -> &'a mut W {
self.bit(false)
}
#[doc = r"Writes raw bits to the field"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn bit(self, value: bool) -> &'a mut W {
self.w.bits = (self.w.bits & !(0x01 << 1)) | (((value as u8) & 0x01) << 1);
self.w
}
}
impl R {
#[doc = "Bit 0 - Channel Overrun Interrupt Disable"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn ovr(&self) -> OVR_R {
OVR_R::new((self.bits & 0x01) != 0)
}
#[doc = "Bit 1 - Channel Event Detected Interrupt Disable"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn evd(&self) -> EVD_R {
EVD_R::new(((self.bits >> 1) & 0x01) != 0)
}
}
impl W {
#[doc = "Bit 0 - Channel Overrun Interrupt Disable"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn ovr(&mut self) -> OVR_W {
OVR_W { w: self }
}
#[doc = "Bit 1 - Channel Event Detected Interrupt Disable"]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn evd(&mut self) -> EVD_W {
EVD_W { w: self }
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
XSL transform to include css
I'm attempting to duplicate an xml via XSLT and the CSS from the source XML is being placed in the body of the xhtml xml file and the head element appears to be empty. How do I get the CSS reference in the correct place so that it formats the newly created XML file.
Source XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?DOCTYPE album SYSTEM "music_inventory.dtd"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="music_inventory.css"?>
<music_inventory>
<album id="LEDZEP" type="full_length" albumart="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Led_Zeppelin_-_Mothership.jpg">
<artist>Led Zepplin</artist>
<name>Mothership</name>
<year>1968</year>
<label>Atlantic</label>
<disc>1</disc>
<totaldiscs>1</totaldiscs>
<tracklist>
<track id="1">Good Times Bad Times</track>
<track id="2">Communication Breakdown</track>
<track id="3">Dazed and Confused</track>
<track id="4">Babe I'm gonna Leave You</track>
<track id="5">Whole Lotta Love</track>
<track id="6">Ramble On</track>
<track id="7">Heartbreaker</track>
<track id="8">Immigrant Song</track>
<track id="9">Since I've Been Loving You</track>
<track id="10">Rock and Roll</track>
<track id="11">Black Dog</track>
<track id="12">When the Levee Breaks</track>
<track id="13">Stairway to Heaven</track>
</tracklist>
</album>
<album id="SUBL" type="full_length" albumart="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Sublime_Self-Titled.jpg/220px-Sublime_Self-Titled.jpg">
<artist>Sublime</artist>
<name>Sublime</name>
<year>1996</year>
<label>MCA</label>
<disc>1</disc>
<totaldiscs>1</totaldiscs>
<tracklist>
<track id="1">Garden Grove</track>
<track id="2">What I Got</track>
<track id="3">Wrong Way</track>
<track id="4">Same in the End</track>
<track id="5">April 29, 1992 (Miami)</track>
<track id="6">Santeria</track>
<track id="7">Seed</track>
<track id="8">Jailhouse</track>
<track id="9">Pawn Shop</track>
<track id="10">Paddle Out</track>
<track id="11">The Ballad of Johnny Butt</track>
<track id="12">Burritos</track>
<track id="13">Under My Voodoo</track>
<track id="14">Get Ready</track>
<track id="15">Caress Me Down</track>
<track id="16">What I Got (Reprise)</track>
<track id="17">Doin' Time</track>
</tracklist>
</album>
</music_inventory>
XSL
<xsl:stylesheet
version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
>
<xsl:output method="xml" />
<xsl:template match="* | @* | processing-instruction()">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:apply-templates select="* | @* | text() | processing-instruction()"/>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:param name="albumid">SUBL</xsl:param>
<xsl:template match="/">
<html>
<body>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="music_inventory">
<xsl:apply-templates select="album[@id=$albumid]"/>
</xsl:template>
<!--creates hyperlink-->
<xsl:template match="album/name">
<id>
<a xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
href="{../@id}.xhtml">
<xsl:value-of select="."/>
</a>
</id>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
Resulting XML (note the placement of the stylesheet reference)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<body><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="music_inventory.css"?><album xmlns="" id="SUBL" type="full_length" albumart="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Sublime_Self-Titled.jpg/220px-Sublime_Self-Titled.jpg">
<artist>Sublime</artist>
<id xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a href="SUBL.xhtml">Sublime</a></id>
<year>1996</year>
<label>MCA</label>
<disc>1</disc>
<totaldiscs>1</totaldiscs>
<tracklist>
<track id="1">Garden Grove</track>
<track id="2">What I Got</track>
<track id="3">Wrong Way</track>
<track id="4">Same in the End</track>
<track id="5">April 29, 1992 (Miami)</track>
<track id="6">Santeria</track>
<track id="7">Seed</track>
<track id="8">Jailhouse</track>
<track id="9">Pawn Shop</track>
<track id="10">Paddle Out</track>
<track id="11">The Ballad of Johnny Butt</track>
<track id="12">Burritos</track>
<track id="13">Under My Voodoo</track>
<track id="14">Get Ready</track>
<track id="15">Caress Me Down</track>
<track id="16">What I Got (Reprise)</track>
<track id="17">Doin' Time</track>
</tracklist>
</album></body></html>
A:
The template matching / has the problem. You may use this stylesheet:
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<xsl:output method="xml" />
<xsl:template match="node() | @*">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:apply-templates select="node() | @*"/>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:param name="albumid">SUBL</xsl:param>
<xsl:template match="/">
<xsl:apply-templates select="processing-instruction()"/>
<html>
<body>
<xsl:apply-templates select="*"/>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="music_inventory">
<xsl:apply-templates select="album[@id=$albumid]"/>
</xsl:template>
<!--creates hyperlink-->
<xsl:template match="album/name">
<id>
<a xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" href="{../@id}.xhtml">
<xsl:value-of select="."/>
</a>
</id>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Their digestive system just didn't evolve to handle grain or grain-based food like bread. Dogs can't eat grain either; despite being omnivores, they can't digest it properly, and even if they could, they can't convert it into sugars and store it for later use. (Cats, of course, can't eat grain because they're obligate carnivores.)
For that matter, HUMANS aren't really designed for grain either... grains have lectins, which are a type of protein that we can't digest. We normally digest proteins into amino acids where they are absorbed by our intestines. Since we can’t digest lectins, they pass through the wall of our gut undigested as complete proteins. This damages the gut, inflames our bodies, and makes them unable to absorb many of the good proteins that we get from other foods.
But that’s not all. The worst part is that our body’s immune system is at a high state of readiness around our gut. Now, when lectins pass through the gut as a complete, undigested protein, our body mistakes them for foreign invaders and attacks with the immune system. After repeated attacks from lectins, your body gets smart and makes antibodies to automatically attack these nasty proteins. It builds immunity. Problem is that sometimes, the lectin looks like normal body tissue, and you end up with an autoimmune disorder that attacks proteins that have a segment that looks like lectin. Some examples of proteins that your immune system might start attacking: Insulin (hello, diabetes) and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) in your brain (hello, multiple sclerosis).
I could go on, but the TL;DR is that too much grain is bad for you. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
export enum NotificationAnimationType {
Fade = 'fade',
FromTop = 'fromTop',
FromRight = 'fromRight',
FromBottom = 'fromBottom',
FromLeft = 'fromLeft',
Scale = 'scale',
Rotate = 'rotate'
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
/*
* The Clear BSD License
* Copyright (c) 2016, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
* Copyright 2016-2017 NXP
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
* are permitted (subject to the limitations in the disclaimer below) provided
* that the following conditions are met:
*
* o Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list
* of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* o Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
* list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
* other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* o Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
* software without specific prior written permission.
*
* NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED LICENSES TO ANY PARTY'S PATENT RIGHTS ARE GRANTED BY THIS LICENSE.
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
* ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#ifndef _PIN_MUX_H_
#define _PIN_MUX_H_
/*******************************************************************************
* Definitions
******************************************************************************/
/*! @brief Direction type */
typedef enum _pin_mux_direction
{
kPIN_MUX_DirectionInput = 0U, /* Input direction */
kPIN_MUX_DirectionOutput = 1U, /* Output direction */
kPIN_MUX_DirectionInputOrOutput = 2U /* Input or output direction */
} pin_mux_direction_t;
/*!
* @addtogroup pin_mux
* @{
*/
/*******************************************************************************
* API
******************************************************************************/
#if defined(__cplusplus)
extern "C" {
#endif
/* FC0_RXD_SDA_MOSI (number 31), U18[4]/TO_MUX_P0_0-ISP_RX */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_RX_PERIPHERAL FLEXCOMM0 /*!< Device name: FLEXCOMM0 */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_RX_SIGNAL RXD_SDA_MOSI /*!< FLEXCOMM0 signal: RXD_SDA_MOSI */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_RX_PIN_NAME FC0_RXD_SDA_MOSI /*!< Pin name */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_RX_LABEL "U18[4]/TO_MUX_P0_0-ISP_RX" /*!< Label */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_RX_NAME "DEBUG_UART_RX" /*!< Identifier name */
/* FC0_TXD_SCL_MISO (number 32), U6[4]/U22[3]/P0_1-ISP_TX */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_TX_PERIPHERAL FLEXCOMM0 /*!< Device name: FLEXCOMM0 */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_TX_SIGNAL TXD_SCL_MISO /*!< FLEXCOMM0 signal: TXD_SCL_MISO */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_TX_PIN_NAME FC0_TXD_SCL_MISO /*!< Pin name */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_TX_LABEL "U6[4]/U22[3]/P0_1-ISP_TX" /*!< Label */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_UART_TX_NAME "DEBUG_UART_TX" /*!< Identifier name */
/* SWO (number 50), J2[10]/JS30/U4[12]/TDO-SWO_TRGT-SPIFI_IO2 */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_SWD_SWO_PERIPHERAL SWD /*!< Device name: SWD */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_SWD_SWO_SIGNAL SWO /*!< SWD signal: SWO */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_SWD_SWO_PIN_NAME SWO /*!< Pin name */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_SWD_SWO_LABEL "J2[10]/JS30/U4[12]/TDO-SWO_TRGT-SPIFI_IO2" /*!< Label */
#define BOARD_INITPINS_DEBUG_SWD_SWO_NAME "DEBUG_SWD_SWO" /*!< Identifier name */
/*!
* @brief Configures pin routing and optionally pin electrical features.
*
*/
void BOARD_InitPins(void); /* Function assigned for the Cortex-M0P */
#if defined(__cplusplus)
}
#endif
/*!
* @}
*/
#endif /* _PIN_MUX_H_ */
/*******************************************************************************
* EOF
******************************************************************************/
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
In a direct response to the novel coronavirus pandemic, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid on Monday revealed more temporary expansions of telehealth services for Medicare recipients.
“Today, we're announcing that we're going to go even further and we're going to be paying doctors to make phone calls with their patients and provide care over the phone,” CMS Administrator Seema Verma announced at a COVID-19 Task Force press briefing Monday afternoon. “And we're getting rid of long-standing barriers to telehealth in the Medicare program, allowing emergency rooms to use telehealth and eliminating requirements that some visits be provided face-to-face.”
In a larger announcement around new regulatory changes to combat the pandemic, also published Monday, CMS officials said the agency will “now allow for more than 80 additional services to be furnished via telehealth.” The agency also noted that under the expansion “new as well as established patients now may stay at home and have a telehealth visit with their provider,” and providers will have the ability to bill for telehealth visits at the same rate as in-person visits.
On top of several other additions, CMS also said physicians can supervise their clinical staff “using virtual technologies when appropriate, instead of requiring in-person presence.”
The news comes several days after the agency initially announced plans to broaden reimbursements for telehealth services and extend telehealth benefits for Medicare recipients. Further information on the agency's waivers and rule changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic can be found online.
Help us understand the situation better. Are you a federal employee or contractor with information about how your agency is handling the coronavirus? Email us at newstips@nextgov.com. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Obesity may fall under ADA scrutiny
Published
8:00 pm EDT, Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Inquiry: I am having trouble finding a job as a bank teller. It may be because I am way overweight. Although I could do the job, I would need some accommodation from the employer...but no one has offered a job. Do I have any legal rights?
-- Sally, Norwalk
Response: Your legal rights will largely depend on whether your obesity condition will be considered to be a "disability" or not. There are state laws and federal laws (ADA) that prohibit disability discrimination.
The letters "ADA" stand for a federal law: Americans with Disabilities Act. This law took effect on July 26, 1992. It applies to employers with at least fifteen employees. Connecticut state law also prohibits disability discrimination by employers with at least three employees. Its law is similar to the ADA.
Prohibited
As with the other employment discrimination statutes which prohibit age, race, sex, religious and national origin discrimination, the ADA and the state disability laws outlaw discrimination against the handicapped in all employment practices ---- including recruiting, hiring, placement, training, promotion, transfer, benefits and discharge (among others).
Who Is Protected?
The ADA protects applicants or employees who are "qualified individuals with disabilities." Note the word "qualified" ---- just having a disability doesn't mean you are protected by the law. One has a disability under the ADA if he/she is:
1. a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, or
2. a person who has a record of such impairment, or
3. a person who is regarded as having such an impairment.
Individuals with substantial, chronic (on-going) impairments that limit major life activities such as speaking, walking, talking, hearing, seeing, breathing, etc. are individuals with a disability. Various medical conditions such as the following would usually be considered to be a disability: diabetes, epilepsy, AIDS, paralysis, mental retardation, M.S., substantial loss of hearing or vision, etc.
Even individuals who are currently healthy but who have a history of a disabling condition would be considered to be covered by the ADA. An example would be an employee who is currently in remission after having had cancer.
Those employees who are regarded as having a disability by their employer -- but aren't actually disabled -- are also considered to be protected under the statute!
Qualified?
In order to be protected by the ADA one needs to be both disabled (as discussed above) and qualified.
One is qualified if one has the skills, experience and education for the job in question and can perform the "essential functions" of that job with or without reasonable accommodation.
Such essential functions will vary from job to job but should not include marginal job duties. For example, an "essential function" for a secretary would normally include typing but may not include filing ---- depending on the job in question.
A temporary disability, such as pregnancy or a broken leg, are normally not considered to be covered by the ADA because such conditions are generally short in duration as compared to a chronic condition.
Reasonable Accommodation
Reasonable accommodation means any modification or change to a job or work environment that enables a qualified individual with a disability to perform the essential job functions, such as:
* modifying equipment
* restructuring a job
* enabling access to facilities
* purchasing new equipment
Exception
No accommodation is required if it would impose an "undue hardship" on the employer.
"Undue hardship" means substantial expense or difficulty for the employer. Each employer's claim of such an exception is considered in light of the expense or difficulty involved in relation to the employer's size and overall ability to make such reasonable accommodation.
Current Drug Users
Individuals who are now using illegal drugs are not protected by ADA.
Employers' Obligations
Employers are obligated to make employment decisions without regard to whether one has a disability (assuming the person is qualified) ---- just like employers are not supposed to consider one's sex, age, race, national origin or religion in making such employment decisions.
Employers can ask applicants if they can perform certain job functions but should not ask if the applicant has any disabilities until after the employee has been offered and accepted the job. If all new employees are given a physical, the employer can condition the job offer on passing the physical.
Lastly, employers are permitted to hire the most qualified candidate ---- as long as one's disability is not considered; this again assumes that the employee with the disability is qualified as defined above.
Obesity
If one's weight fulfills the definition of a disability, as referenced above, and accommodating such condition would not constitute an "undue hardship", then he/she would usually , in my opinion, have the legal rights provided by the ADA and by state disability laws.
Currently, the court decisions have come down on both sides of the question as to whether such condition is a disability or not.
Stephen P. Horner is an attorney who practices employment and labor law with the Darien firm of Rucci Burnham. Questions for this column may be submitted at shorner@horner-law.com | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Pulmonary stenosis and severe biventricular dysfunction: improvement following percutaneous valvuloplasty.
A 15-year-old boy with severe pulmonary stenosis associated with severe right and left ventricular systolic dysfunction is reported. After successful percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty, there was an initial and early improvement in right ventricular (RV) function, followed by a delayed and more gradual improvement in left ventricular (LV) function. At long-term follow up, both RV and LV systolic functions were nearly normalized. Several mechanisms may be implicated, including ventricular interdependence, geometric factors, altered compliance and intrinsic alteration in the LV muscle. A delayed, but sustained, improvement in LV systolic function following relief of RV pressure overload suggests that the latter mechanism must have played an important role in the genesis of the LV dysfunction. Pulmonary stenosis associated with severe biventricular dysfunction may be treated primarily by percutaneous pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty with near-total recovery of the ventricular function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Fundamentals and results of cytostatic chemotherapy in some of the most common solid tumors].
In this review we discuss established cytostatic chemotherapies as well as developments and perspectives for the three most common tumour entities. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy models for primary breast cancer are discussed, established and newer concepts in palliative care presented and open questions about high dose chemotherapy raised, which need to be settled before their routine use. Developments in the field of lung cancer therapy such as adjuvant and neoadjuvant approaches are pointed out and the importance of multimodal and interdisciplinary treatment modalities is underlined. Newer cytostatic drugs are compared with established agents. In the field of colorectal cancer several new thymidilatsynthase-inhibitors as well as drugs with different mode of action are available. With these new agents, [table: see text] cytostatic therapy of advanced stages and most probably also in the adjuvant setting could markedly be improved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Second meal effect: modified sham feeding does not provoke the release of stored triacylglycerol from a previous high-fat meal.
The present study was carried out to determine whether cephalic stimulation, associated with eating a meal, was sufficient stimulus to provoke the release of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) from a previous high-fat meal. Ten subjects were studied on three separate occasions. Following a 12 h overnight fast, subjects were given a standard mixed test meal which contained 56 g fat. Blood samples were taken before the meal and for 5 h after the meal when the subjects were randomly allocated to receive either water (control) or were modified sham fed a low-fat (6 g fat) or moderate-fat (38 g fat) meal. Blood samples were collected for a further 3 h. Compared with the control, modified sham feeding a low- or moderate-fat meal did not provoke an early entry of TAG, analysed in either plasma or TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction (density <1.006 kg/l). The TRL-retinyl ester data showed similar findings. A cephalic phase secretion of pancreatic polypeptide, without a significant increase in cholecystokinin levels, was observed on modified sham feeding. Although these data indicate that modified sham feeding was carried out successfully, analysis of the fat content of the expectorant showed that our subjects may have accidentally ingested a small amount of fat (0.7 g for the low-fat meal and 2.4 g for the moderate-fat meal). Nevertheless, an early TAG peak following modified sham feeding was not demonstrated in the present study, suggesting that significant ingestion of food, and not just oro-sensory stimulation, is necessary to provoke the release of any TAG stored from a previous meal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Research, review, and buy Sv40 Nb Non Power. Ergotron SV40-6100-0 SV4061000 is available for $948.10. More information on this item is available below. Click the button below for details and specifications.
Note: These specifications are provided by a third party as a courtesy and should not be relied upon to accurately describe an item. BLT is not responsible for any information appearing in this section of the website. Consult the manufacturer's website for complete information on an item before purchasing. This is all the information we have for this item. If you need more, please contact the manufacturer.
Incredibly lightweight! This innovative, truly ergonomic and easy-to-maneuver healthcare cart features sit-to-stand height adjustment and an adjustable back-tilt keyboard tray.Our years of experience and collaboration in point-of-care computing have enabled us to design a cart that nurses, IT and procurement will all love! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Three suspected ISIS militants have been sentenced to death by firing squad for beheading two Scandinavian hikers in Morocco last year.
Suspected ringleader Abdessamad Ejjoud and two others - believed to be Jounes Ouzayed and Rashid Afatti - were handed the maximum sentence on Thursday after begging Allah for forgiveness.
The men had filmed themselves beheading Norwegian Maren Ueland, 28, and 24-year-old Louisa Vesterager Jespersen, from Denmark, in Morocco's High Atlas Mountains in December.
Abdessamad Ejjoud (right) was handed the death penalty for beheading two Scandinavian hikers on Thursday, while two others - believed to be Rachid Afatti (left) and Ouziad Younes (centre) - were also sentenced to death
The suspected ISIS militants were handed the penalty for killing Maren Ueland, 28 (left), and Louisa Vesterager Jespersen, 24 (right), in December last year
The footage was later circulated in Islamist circles online. In the video the men can be heard branding the women 'enemies of God'.
A separate video showed four of the men pledging allegiance to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in front of a black and white ISIS flag.
All 23 defendants addressed the court on Thursday, most pleaded with Allah for mercy, before the judges retired to decide their fate.
In his closing arguments in June, the prosecutor described the three as 'human beasts' and asked for death sentences.
Thursday's sentencing marks the first time since 1993 that Morocco has handed out the death penalty.
The verdicts were given at a final court session of the 11-week trial in Sale, near the capital Rabat.
Journalists gathered outside the anti-terrorist court ahead of verdicts expected to be announced later Thursday in the case that has shocked the North African country.
'We expect sentences that match the cruelty of the crime,' lawyer Khaled El Fataoui, speaking for the family of Danish victim Louisa Vesterager Jespersen, told AFP.
Helle Petersen, her mother, in a letter read out in court last week, said: 'The most just thing would be to give these beasts the death penalty they deserve.'
Petitions on social media have likewise called for their execution.
Lawyers for the 23 accused men were in court for the sentencing on Thursday (pictured), where most begged for forgiveness from Allah
The three admitted to killing Jespersen, 24, and 28-year-old Norwegian Maren Ueland, whose family has declined to take part in the trial.
The prosecution has called for jail terms of between 15 years and life for the 21 other defendants on trial since May 2.
A life sentence has been sought for Abderrahim Khayali, a 33-year-old plumber, who had accompanied the three alleged assailants but left the scene before the murders.
The prosecution called for 20 years in jail for Kevin Zoller Guervos, a Spanish-Swiss convert to Islam.
The only non-Moroccan in the group, Guervos is accused of having taught the main suspects how to use an encrypted messaging service and to use weapons.
His lawyer, Saad Sahli, said Guervos had cut all ties with the other suspects 'once he knew they had extremist ideas' more than 18 months ago.
Members of the Moroccan security forces stand guard as a vehicle transporting jihadist suspects charged over the brutal murder of two Scandinavian women hiking in Morocco
All but three of those on trial had said they were supporters of the Islamic State group, according to the prosecution, although IS itself has never claimed responsibility for the murders.
The three killers of the women were 'bloodthirsty monsters', the prosecution said, pointing out that an autopsy report had found 23 injuries on Jespersen's decapitated body and seven on that of Ueland.
Ejjoud, an underground imam, had confessed at a previous hearing to beheading one of the women and Younes Ouaziyad, a 27-year-old carpenter, the other, while Rachid Afatti, 33, had videoed the murders on his mobile phone.
The defence team argued there were 'mitigating circumstances on account of their precarious social conditions and psychological disequilibrium'.
Coming from modest backgrounds, with a 'very low' level of education, the defendants lived for the most part in low-income areas of Marrakesh.
Jespersen's lawyers have accused authorities of having failed to monitor the activities of some of the suspects before the murders. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
He
Hi, I'm Dr. Jackie, a communication specialist and relationship expert. I would like to try to help, but I am unsure of your question. I'll wait here in chat to see if you come back online and if you want to talk. :-)
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
Hi, m
Customer:
Hi
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
That was something of an accidental question but I do have one that relates to a recent relationship break down. Do you think you could help?
Customer:
I can certainly try and would be happy to
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
It's rather long so my apologies for that
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
I have recently experienced the ending of an extremely intense 6 month relationship.
My now ex-girlfriend, 20, and I were involved for 6 months. The relationship was very intense, particularly in the last few months - we went on an amazing holiday, lived together for a few weeks and spent almost every night and many days together.
After around 3 months, she told me that she loved me. I felt a deep connection to her but was unsure that it was love. She would refer to me as her “soulmate", tell me that she wanted to spend her life with me (during particularly emotional times i.e. after sex), wishfully discussed our future lives and said, in all seriousness, that she would want to move to Australia with me after university. She even stated that she would be uncertain about an abortion if she were to become pregnant. She discussed our Christmas together later in the year and our children in ten years.
Now, I was concerned about her suitability for a long-term relationship, given that she cheated on her ex-bf – she explained that they didn’t see one another frequently enough due to university separation and that, after a year of only once monthly visits, she got bored and fell out of love with, and cheated on him.
What compounded my doubts was her saying that she hadn’t felt guilty about this ending because she didn't love him anymore, despite her knowledge that he loved her still. She also said that she often wondered whether he had been the love of her life, but later on in our relationship said that she had never had a connection with him such as we had.
She adored sex (and was highly promiscuous when younger), is a middle adult child of divorce – her father cheated on several partners including her mother – and has gone to university to study drama, with the aim of becoming an actress (not that this is indicative of anything necessarily but could be symptomatic of a need for attention in certain cases).
After 6 incredible months together, we both departed for university. We discussed ending things but agreed that we wanted to try a distance relationship as we couldn’t bear the thought. She did, however, say that she was “terrified of messing things up” and recreating past “self-sabotaging behaviours” but couldn’t imagine doing that to me. She said that she was afraid that I might meet someone, a medic (my course) with whom she could not compete, but trusted me “with her life”.
During our time apart, she initially spoke of her excitement over seeing me in the coming weeks, seeing me for Christmas and passionately expressed her love – “I don’t think you’ll ever understand how much I love you”, “you’re my world”, “I miss your mind, body and soul” – although I think she was made more emotional by alcohol on several of these occasions. I received several drunken phone calls during which she stated that she was desperate for things to work, that she wanted/felt she needed me to be there to reassure her, that she missed me a great deal and loved me intensely. However, when I called during the day, I received the same luke-warm reactions I would upon initial face-to-face encounter. Within days of this, by around 3 weeks of separation, she had stopped making any effort to contact me and I would not receive responses to messages/phone calls for 24 hours.
I visited her days later. She became slightly teary upon seeing me but then proceeded to more or less ignore me, to show next to no enthusiasm for my presence (almost annoyance), to text her new friends in front of me and to say that she didn't have the “emotional capacity” to make our relationship work alongside her time-demanding course. She was largely dispassionate the entire time we discussed this – showing almost no emotion as she suggested a break. After me asking whether something had happened, she admitted that she had been invited back to another guy's house and had slept in his bed, cuddling all night, but swore in an impassioned manner that nothing more intimate had happened. Whether I believe her, I have no idea.
It turned out that she had been flirtatiously texting this guy in front of me the entire time I was there – suggesting she would visit him during the Summer and telling him how awkward things had become with us. Even as we ended things she picked up the phone to text him. Furthermore, the only enthusiasm she showed was when he responded to a message.
She made me promise that we could revisit things at Christmas or at some stage in the near future, we had sex and then I mentioned some of my most treasured memories of our time together, resulting in a great many tears on her part. She couldn’t bring herself to say “goodbye” to me and closed with “I’ll see you soon”. It seemed so odd considering her cold and unconcerned attitude just hours earlier.
During our relationship, she would rarely show great enthusiasm and was extremely laid back, like myself. A typical evening might involve a luke-warm reception (no smile or hug unless instigated by me) and somewhat difficult conversation to which I would contribute the majority of the impetus. Gradually, the level of intimacy and affection would increase – a kiss, cuddling on the sofa, sex and then intimate conversation. If we parted in the morning, the next visit would proceed similarly. We never fought and she rarely showed any anger, hating confrontation. She would show annoyance and impatience but denied ever feeling jealousy.
She seemed to be very loving and affectionate during the right moments i.e. watching a movie/in bed/after sex (particularly during the latter stages) but could also be disinterested and condescending. She could also be quite selfish - "forgetting her wallet", buying expensive items despite owing me money that I was in need of etc.
She said that before she met me she found it very difficult to open up to people emotionally, even to her previous boyfriend of 2 years, and had never discussed her previous issues surrounding eating disorders, her parents’ divorce and her issues with self-image (she was very conscious of her weight and looks and had previously suffered from an eating disorder).
She often said that she thought of herself as an individual, not needing to be part of a group and not wanting to depend on people and made a fierce show of being independent.
She frequently said that she wished we had met after university/that she wanted a future with me, due to her propensity to engage in "self-sabotaging behaviours" – cheating, promiscuity in younger days, drug taking and going out drinking - and was scared of ruining our relationship. She also frequently said that she was afraid that I was going to meet someone at university.
But at the same time, she said that, since being at university, she rarely thought of me. She immediately started “seeing” the guy she shared a bed with after we parted.
How is it that she could have moved on (new partner & seeming so happy)/given up on a relationship of such apparent intensity so quickly?When I received midnight phone calls saying how she "so wanted it to work" and how she was "so afraid" I was going to meet someone, was this an indication that she was grieving for the relationship, subconsciously knowing it wouldn't work, hence her apparent quick recovery?Or is she just finding it very easy to ignore the situation (hence the emotion shown when I was actually present) - she said she rarely thinks of home and doesn't miss it, wouldn't rather be anywhere else than her dream current university etc. – drama, leading to a career in acting.
I’m not sure whether she feels love to a limited extent, hence the quick recovery/loss of interest, or has an ability to just “go cold” on partners? Neither of these seems to explain how she stayed with, and stayed faithful to, her last bf (who she apparently had nothing near the same connection with and doubted her love for) for a year, despite only seeing one another once a month. I believe that we would still be together had it not been for her going to university (even if I had) so could it just be the lack of a familiar support network – new environment, new people, new challenges, new stresses etc. meaning a heightened desire for a new partner?
Does she just like the novel? Is this a grass is greener situation? Or was our relationship just a honeymoon situation? Did she ever actually love me – to a normal extent or to her own capacity for such a feeling?
Customer:
No problem--can you give me a few minutes to read it? Thanks!
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
Yes, please take as much time as necessary
Customer:
I am pretty sure that I responded to this before but am unsure you responded. Did something happen last time you posted this?`
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
I didnt receive a message or notificaiton unfortunately so i'm not sure if it didn't get through or some such
Customer:
Ok. That is fine. I just remember being familiar with this. And I am so sorry you are going through this
Customer:
It sounds like she may have detachment disorder. Are you familiar with that? I would never begin to diagnose someone who was not seeing me and with whom I never met and never did an intake on. But my gut is telling me that she may have this or something very similar.
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
Could you explain detachment disorder to an extent?
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
Things have also developed somewhat since - I received a phone call from her last night. I told her that I have been struck and hurt by the sudden ending, by the manner of it. She agreed that she had handled it poorly but didn't do it due to losing her love for me. She told me that she hasn't been seeing anyone and that we would still be together if it wasn't for the considerable time demands of her course. Finally that she felt as though she had succeeded in ignoring what had happened, how she felt until the last month when it had hit her, and that things had consequently been tough for her - missing meetc
Customer:
Sure. It basically means that at an early age -- infancy through young toddler age -- that someone just did not properly bond with the mom/dad/primary care giver. Often times this occurs with orphaned children or children taken away from parents if the parents are incompetent to take care of the child. If a child is shifted from one family guardian to another to another or if the government intercedes and places them in foster care and the child moves from home to home or even if the child does not receive adequate affection from the caregiver(s), this can happen. The child never forms close, emotional bonds. And because of this experience, the child grows into an adult who is incapable of true feelings of affection for a long period of time--because stemming from childhood, affection "comes and goes" and after a period of time, it's off to the next home (or for an adult--the next relationship).
Customer:
I hope that makes sense. I'll now read what you just added.
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
As I see it presently, we went away and either she acted the way that she did (lack of communication, favouring someone else, ignoring my presence) either due to a condition such as BPD (out of sight out of mind mentaility) or because she summised that things wouldn't work given the nature of her course. Perhaps to avoid the pain of this she acted in the way that she did - to distract. How she could be so selfish towards someone she claims to have loved, how she can still fail to see how it must have hurt me is still confusing, as is why she wasn't even willing to give it a longer try.
Customer:
I can sense your pain and frustration--I know this is hard. And I agree, she could have BPD. I am sensing at least someone that she has some type of detachment disorder because it seems like she can't stick with a commitment long-term. I am just going by what you have shared about her past as well as her behaviors during your relationship. Obviously again I can't be sure because I haven't met with her. But regardless, the bot***** *****ne (despite what the cause/disorder) is that there is something going on in her mind that has caused these back and forth emotions. It may even be bipolar disorder--medical researchers STILL don't understand everything about that. But again, regardless of the causes of her behaviors, behaviors that we may NEVER truly understand, we have to try to "deal with" what is in front of us. What I mean is...
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
In terms of bonding with care givers - she's close to her mum and sisters but dad left under suspicions of cheating at a young age
Customer:
It does seem that her actions are very selfish and hurtful. And maybe "seem" is not strong enough--let's SAY that her actions are such. My response is that what is important is her intent. There is a difference between someone who INTENDS to "play games" and cause her and knows that it is unethical, hurtful, and wrong. We label people like this as sociopaths because on the surface, they seem very likable and even affectionate. But deep down, they truly are incapable of real feelings. They know this is wrong, but they really don't care. Then there are others who suffer from some type of emotional disorder and they really do not INTEND or mean to act in ways that are hurtful to others--they just have no coping strategies and really need some help via counseling/therapy and/or medication perhaps to help replace say a chemical imbalance.
Customer:
So what I am trying to do is answer your questions about "Why?" she is like this.
Customer:
Without talking with her, I can't begin to know what is inside her mind. So I am throwing out some plausible causes and explanations.
Customer:
The bot***** *****ne--
Customer:
If you truly care about her and feel she truly cares about you (trust your gut on this--usually your instincts are right; not always but usually you can sense if she truly has real feelings), then you are going to need some help dealing with whatever is going on with her.
Customer:
And she will need counseling/therapy to explore what causes these behavioral changes so that she can overcome and try to cope with stress of school, relationship stress, etc. She can't be healthy for YOU in a relationship until she is HEALTHY on her own. Make sense?
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
I feel that her feelings were real when we were together, although now she is convinced that she cannot have a relationship in general due to the demands of her college course. I suppose what I am struggling with is, despite the knowledge that she likely has some elements of a peronality disorder or felt that the relationship would be impossible alongside her course, how is it that she doesn't recognise that her actions were hurtful?
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
I am still in love with her but I know that it can't work
Customer:
I wish I could answer that. Like I said, I'm sorry but it would be unfair for me to label her behaviors or "diagnose" her without talking to her. So I don't know 100% WHY she does not seem to know her behaviors are hurtful. I can only speculate at this point. Given my opinion that she does likely have some type of personality disorder, one of which I mentioned, maybe she just CAN'T understand why her behaviors are hurtful. Our brains are very complex. And due to genetics and many other factors--scientists now think hormones in our food are causing all kinds of things to go "haywire" in our brains--she could have a chemical imbalance or even something else physiological that affects her frontal lobe and/or other parts. So the best I can do (unfortunately) is give you my best guess. Since you are the one with whom I am chatting, helping you be healthy is MY goal.
Customer:
If you "know that it can't work," like you have said, then you will have to figure out some ways to get emotionally healthy again. It must hurt terribly, and I can only imagine that hurt is affecting your studies.
Customer:
But you have to work through this.
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
If she does have a personality disorder, why do you think she is contacting me again? Is it genuinely missing me or is it more the way that I make her feel or somesuch?
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
And do you think I can believe her when she says that she hasn't been seeing anyone? The thought of this really bothers me
Customer:
Well, to answer your first question, she may have genuine feelings. She just may not know how to express them the way most other people do--I mean consistently and not seem to shut them off and on again. This of course would indicate a disorder.
JACUSTOMER-29g2cvk7- :
You're right, the pain is tremendous. This was my first love, the only person I'd ever opened up to about my years of major depression. And it seemed as though I was tossed aside despite these incredible experiences, protestations of affection, and apparent future plans. I'm doing a medicine degree and it's made it an incredibly difficult experience
Customer:
I truly don't know if you can believe her or not. She admitted to cheating before. So of course, there are "red flags" that she may do it again.
Customer:
I don't want to mislead you--but she could "get better" if she would seek therapy. A psychiatrist would be able to better give her an accurate diagnosis and medicine if needed. Then if she became "healthy" emotionally, it may be possible to have a real relationship some day. But right now it doesn't sound like that is a good option because you will be dealing with extreme feelings/lack of feelings like you have experienced. Disorders just do not go away and people just "get rid of disorders" like one gets rid of a cold.
Customer:
So what are your thoughts?
Customer:
I am not sure if this has helped but I hope it has.
Customer:
I am not sure what happened but I'm going to go because I have another customer waiting for me. I'm happy to chat again if you want.
Customer:
Can you rate our conversation when you log off so that I know I am helping? Please let me know if you want to talk again. Best, *****
My apologies for stepping away. I wonder if you might be able to explain the symptoms/consequences of dissociative disorder a little more? And also whether you think it could be the case that she simply acted out due to wanting to avoid feeling the pain of losing me & due to conviction that things wouldn't work? She said at the time that she still loved me, was in fits of tears when we broke up and said again on the phone yesterday that she had loved me when we broke up. But she also said that she had ignored her feelings following the break upuntil about a month ago & clearly her actions were not suggestive of love - do you think this is a fair conclusion - she stopped texting me, although that could have been due to cowardice, spent the night with another guy (platonic apparently) so could have simply been for comfort, then ignored me on my visit (again cowardice?) + she wasn't willing to try for longer than 3 weeks! Those intense feelings which seemed to have vanished whilst we were apart, except for a few occasions, reappeared when I was present
Dissociative disorder is actually a "class" of disorders usually stemming from the main idea of "separating" from oneself. Ex: Dissociative Identity Disorder is what experts used to call "Multiple Personality Disorder." Other types of dissociation include amnesia or partial memory loss due to a traumatic experience--mental or physical or both.I was suggesting Reactive Attachment Disorder where like I mentioned, a child does not form the proper bonds between him/herself and the primary caregiver(s). This absolutely affects healthy mental and emotional development and ultimately causes the inability for the grown adult to form healthy attachments with friends, romantic partners, etc.Only a professional who interacts with the client and who conducts a thorough assessment can diagnose what your partner/ex-partner has. The good news is that any of the above disorders can be treated through therapy and usually medicine to help correct a chemical imbalance. There is definitely hope thanks to advances in medicine. :-)I hope that helps! Please let me know if/when you want to chat again. And if you are satisfied, would you mind rating our chat? I'm here for several more hours this evening and probably off and on tomorrow.Best,--Dr. Jackie
I suppose the way I see it at present is that this situation has resulted form one of two possibilities:
1) PD of some description, although difficult to say which.
2) Our relationship was not based upon love but infatuation, at least on her end. Misinterpreted for love due to strength of feeling elicited. Having arrived at uni, the feelings gradually dissipated/changed for her. She realised that she wanted independence to succeed on her course and enjoy university, without being beholden to anyone else. To distract herself from the situation/prevent any heartache she showed attention to another guy and ignored the situation with me. protestations of love then and now amounted to feelings conjured up in the moment as she remembered the good times. Despite our 6 months together, perhaps it simply takes her a longer time than this to form a lasting connection? Secondly, being an adult child of divorce, she was afraid that I would leave her, as she often said, so, on some level, wanted to end things before this happened.
Conclusion: Regardless of cause, her behaviour was hurtful and selfish. The end was probably inevitable, however. It likely did not reflect upon me as an individual and we would likely have remained together if not for university. She misses me now, as evidenced by phone call etc, and will probably feel that way on occasion for some time to come/will look back with fond memories. Managing to elicit those feelings in her should be taken as a compliment.
Hi there,I had to step away myself last evening--so sorry I couldn't respond sooner.I must say that you have tremendous insight into your own relationship, which is uncommon to the extent you seem to. Are you studying human behavior/psychology or some related field? I commend you on approaching your relationship not just from emotions (we always have our emotions involved in personal relationships) but from a logical/analytic perspective.I also was thinking that you may be interested in what research shows about three types of relationships with regard to how they progress. (There are probably more than 3 categories, but we tend to categorize by 3's to make it easier.) First is the relationship that progresses VERY QUICKLY; the second is the relationship that tends to progress "normally," or what society would typify as normally--not too fast, not too slowly; and the third is the relationship that drags on and on initially and seems to not get off the ground at first.When we look at yours, I think the first category would be appropriate; with the fast progression comes intensity of passion, intimacy, etc. As you may guess, out of the three categories, the group who boasts the highest satisfaction is the group in the middle. It is healthier to go slowly (not so slowly though that it drags on) and really get to know each other; what I find interesting is that those couples reported the highest levels of satisfaction.That said, I definitely agree that the divorce affected her. Obviously divorce affects all children, grown or otherwise. While some people find coping skills to get through it, others let it affect their own romantic relationships, usually via being afraid of being abandoned. So in turn, they often sabotage anything good so that THEY are not rejected (better to be the person doing the rejecting than the person getting rejected).I am so sorry you are grieving now. Do you want to chat? I will send you the info if you want to talk on the phone or via SKYPE. Most importantly, I think you have an amazing capacity to understand this from various angles--certainly through analysis. To me that indicates that despite the pain you are going through now, you will work through this and you will be OK. :-)Let me know if you want to continue.Best,--Dr. Jackie
I agree wholeheartedly with the impact of the divorce and subsequent avoidance of rejection. However, this in my eyes only accounts for her self-sabotaging behaviours and not her apparent withdrawal of interest/affection.
Is it possible that she was simply ignoring the way she felt? Getting lost in all of the new experiences and then it hit her some time later? Can some individuals just turn off their feelings in this way and if so could you explain it to me as I think I would have just missed her too greatly if the situation was reversed.
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Disclaimer: Information in questions, answers, and other posts on this site ("Posts") comes from individual users, not JustAnswer; JustAnswer is not responsible for Posts. Posts are for general information, are not intended to substitute for informed professional advice (medical, legal, veterinary, financial, etc.), or to establish a professional-client relationship. The site and services are provided "as is" with no warranty or representations by JustAnswer regarding the qualifications of Experts. To see what credentials have been verified by a third-party service, please click on the "Verified" symbol in some Experts' profiles. JustAnswer is not intended or designed for EMERGENCY questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. | {
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The Higgs Boson at Last?
Evidence for a new particle that was detected at the Large Hadron Collider was confirmed in 2012 to be the fabled Higgs. The particle's namesake and another theorist have now received the 2013 Nobel in physics
On December 13, CERN will release the results of a new data analysis in the search for the Higgs boson. at the LHC. As I was reporting my article, which appeared today, on December 7 I spoke on the phone with Joe Lykken, a Fermilab staff theoretical physicist.
Lyn Evans led the design and construction of CERN's Large Hadron Collider They call it “the machine.”Thousands of physicists working at the LHC are looking for the Higgs boson and other new particles, and many of them have contributed to building the gigantic detectors that are taking most of the media limelight these days.But humming 100 meters under the Franco-Swiss border is the apparatus that makes it all possible.
A particle, which might be a Higgs boson, decaying into muons in the ATLAS detector. Credit: ATLAS Experiment/CERN If you've read anything about the Higgs boson, you probably know that this particle is special because it can explain how fundamental particles acquire mass.
So it's finally, probably, maybe, happened. Although they are still hedging a bit, physicists at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, announced this morning that they had found the long-sought Higgs boson.
SSC site “Europe Overtakes U.S. in Physics Pursuing God Particle,” the headline blared.The Bloomberg News story declared that the home of Galileo and Newton has recaptured the lead in physics with its pursuit of the Higgs boson, a place in the scientific firmament that was once indisputably owned by the birthplace of Benjamin Franklin.
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to François Englert and Peter Higgs for the theory of how particles acquire mass, requiring the existence of the Higgs Boson, experimentally confirmed to exist in 2012
October 8, 2013 — Steve Mirsky
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Evidence for a new particle that was detected at the Large Hadron Collider was confirmed in 2012 to be the fabled Higgs. The particle's namesake and another theorist have now received the 2013 Nobel in physics
Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. | {
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Delayed visual maturation in otherwise normal infants.
Children may present in early infancy for evaluation of decreased visual responsiveness. Most such infants have systemic or ocular abnormalities that explain their poor fixation and tracking. Some infants, however, have no other medical or ocular problems. This study evaluated prognostic factors in this latter group of otherwise normal infants with decreased visual responsiveness. This was a retrospective cohort study in which medical records of infants evaluated for decreased visual responsiveness were reviewed to identify children who had no history of premature birth or systemic problems associated with developmental delay. Examination findings that were predicted to indicate a good prognosis included: the presence of some reaction to light, normal pupil responses, no nystagmus, and no structural ocular abnormalities. Follow-up information was obtained from office visits and telephone interviews. Main outcome measures were visual acuity and developmental status. Thirty-two children met the criteria noted above. Six were excluded due to lack of follow-up. Four were normal by the time of their initial examination. Follow-up for the remaining patients ranged from 3 months to 11 years (mean 2.94 years). One patient developed strabismus and required surgery. The remaining patients all had normal vision and development. Otherwise normal infants who present for evaluation of decreased visual responsiveness have a good prognosis if they have some reaction to light, normal pupil responses, absence of nystagmus, and no structural ocular abnormalities. The developmental prognosis for these infants appears to be good. Additional testing at the time of initial evaluation is not indicated. | {
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Q:
Bool? not nullable
I have following field in my class:
public bool? EitherObject1OrObject2Exists => ((Object1 != null || Object2 != null) && !(Object1 != null && Object2 != null)) ? true : null;
But in Visual Studio I get an IntelliSense error that there cannot be a conversion between "bool" and "NULL" even though the field is nullable.
What do I do wrong?
And is there a cleaner way to check if either one of two objects is not null but one of them must be null?
A:
try
? (bool?) true : null;
the problem is that default bool (true) is not nullable so the case statement are returning different types as far as the compiler is concerned
And you can remove the redundancy as pointed out by Servy
Object1 != null ^ Object2 != null
| {
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UnderTheGunn
Tommy Gunn & Kasey Storm
HELLO THIS IS THE ORIGINAL TOMMY GUNN WELCOME TO
UNDER THE GUNN STUDIOS
KASEY STORM & I HAVE COME TOGETHER TO CREATE A CLIPS STORE THAT
WILL FULFILL OUR COLLECTIVE FANTASIES AND DESIRES AS WELL AS THE FANTASIES AND DESIRES OF ALL OUR FANS. PLEASE FOLLOW IS AND WE ALWAYS LOVE TO HEAR FROM OUR FANS.. | {
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Benjamin Fulford 10-24-16… “Mass arrests and extrajudicial killings going on as part of cabal takedown”
New weekly report from Ben. Wow… extremely fascinating news. I don’t know about anyone else, but I am holding Benjamin (and the planet) strongly in the Light at this time.
“There is serious fighting going on as 43 different national militaries begin a coordinated take-down of the Khazarian mafia, Pentagon sources say. Meanwhile, a source in one of the families that owns the Federal Reserve Board says that all fund “blockages we are experiencing in the USA are due to the Bush/Clinton & Rothchilds & Rockefeller crime families. We were told that they issued a firm threat that the ‘entire family’ would be killed of ANYONE who releases or receives any of the RV, redemption bonds or currency exchanges funds.”
“The fight is also getting personal for this writer. This morning 9 goons from the Tokyo Tax office burst into my home and began seizing property. They work for Yuriko Koike, the Tokyo Governor and Khazarian mafia stooge who was fraudulently elected recently… Gangsters from both factions of the Yamaguchi Gumi yakuza syndicate have also informed me that Rothschild Japan agent Michael Greenberg is trying to hire hitmen to have me killed… The reason for this is because this blog has exposed the Khazarian mafia’s crimes, especially their privately owned central bank fraud scheme.
“There have also been at least 3 honey traps (beautiful women who unnaturally try to make themselves available to me) sent my way in the past week. Other honest journalists and whistleblowers are experiencing similar things and the best advice is to avoid regular hang outs and new friends until this all blows over, presumably by November 8th.
“The battle is expected to intensify over the coming two weeks as the US Presidential election approaches.
“…Pentagon sources keep saying it will be none of the above. Head of US Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford met with Korean and Japanese top military brass on October 14th and the military chiefs of 43 nations on October 17th to discuss “the final takedown of the cabal on all continents,” Pentagon sources says… “The Cabal sealed their fate with multiple assassination attempts on Dunford, which in turn sped up mass arrests”
There is serious fighting going on as 43 different national militaries begin a coordinated take-down of the Khazarian mafia, Pentagon sources say. Meanwhile, a source in one of the families that owns the Federal Reserve Board says that all fund “blockages we are experiencing in the USA are due to the Bush/Clinton & Rothchilds & Rockefeller crime families. We were told that they issued a firm threat that the ‘entire family’ would be killed of ANYONE who releases or receives any of the RV, redemption bonds or currency exchanges funds.” The fight is also getting personal for this writer. This morning 9 goons from the Tokyo Tax office burst into my home and began seizing property. They work for Yuriko Koike, the Tokyo Governor and Khazarian mafia stooge who was fraudulently elected recently. All the money in my bank accounts, including that earned from this blog, has also been seized. Anybody with even a remote connection to me is being subjected to similar harassment including whistleblowing lawyers having their law licenses revoked. Gangsters from both factions of the Yamaguchi Gumi yakuza syndicate have also informed me that Rothschild Japan agent Michael Greenberg is trying to hire hitmen to have me killed. My webmaster has also been hit with a cancer causing poison by these same murderous gangsters.
The reason for this is because this blog has exposed the Khazarian mafia’s crimes, especially their privately owned central bank fraud scheme.
There have also been at least 3 honey traps (beautiful women who unnaturally try to make themselves available to me) sent my way in the past week. Other honest journalists and whistleblowers are experiencing similar things and the best advice is to avoid regular hang outs and new friends until this all blows over, presumably by November 8th.
The battle is expected to intensify over the coming two weeks as the US Presidential election approaches. Here NSA and other agency whistleblowers have revealed that Hillary Clinton (or whatever look-alike or clone who is pretending to be her) reports to Evelyn de Rothschild. Donald Trump, for his part, reports to Israeli gangster Roy Cohen, according to CIA and NSA sources. “I would rather have the Israeli Mafia in power than the Bush/Clinton/Rockefeller crime family,” was how one (Jewish) CIA source described the Presidential election battle.
In either case, the fact the US government is threatening to arrest Russian diplomats if they try to verify the upcoming election is free and fair is a clear indication the whole election campaign is a giant fraud.
In any case, Pentagon sources keep saying it will be none of the above. Head of US Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford met with Korean and Japanese top military brass on October 14th and the military chiefs of 43 nations on October 17th to discuss “the final takedown of the cabal on all continents,” Pentagon sources says. This is how Pentagon sources describe the situation: “The Cabal sealed their fate with multiple assassination attempts on Dunford, which in turn sped up mass arrests, extrajudicials, GCR [Global Currency Reset] and a new financial system based on… | {
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Q:
No. of grid walks not going through four points
Given a $11\times11$ grid, and a grid walk is starts at point $(0,0)$ and finishes at the point $(10,10)$. The coordinates of each move are non-decreasing (i.e., you can either move right or up only). How many paths are possible if points $(3,3), (7,2), (3,7),(7,7)$ must not be crossed?
I already know that the total number of possible paths without any restrictions are ${10+10\choose 10}$. So, I need to figure out the no. of bad paths that need to get subtracted from ${10+10\choose 10}$. It is fairly straightforward to calculate the paths that need to avoid any of the four points by finding the complement of the paths that pass through one of the points. For example, $(3,3)$ can be visited in ${3+3\choose 3}{10+10-(3+3)\choose 9-3}$ ways.
However, I am facing troubles calculating the bad paths crossing through a combination of points simultaneously. How would I do that?
A:
An alternative to inclusion-exclusion is to use recursion. Let $p(x,y)$ be the number of such paths from $(0,0)$ to $(x,y)$. By considering the last step into $(x,y)$, we find that $$p(x,y)=p(x-1,y)+p(x,y-1),$$ where $p(x,y)=0$ if $x<0$, $y<0$, or $(x,y)$ is blocked. The boundary condition is $p(0,0)=1$, and you want to compute $p(10,10)$.
\begin{matrix}
1 &11 &66 &166 &441 &1283 &3608 &7416 &14410 &29078 &\color{red}{60256} \\
1 &10 &55 &100 &275 &842 &2325 &3808 &6994 &14668 &31178 \\
1 &9 &45 &45 &175 &567 &1483 &1483 &3186 &7674 &16510 \\
1 &8 &36 &0 &130 &392 &916 &0 &1703 &4488 &8836 \\
1 &7 &28 &64 &130 &262 &524 &980 &1703 &2785 &4348 \\
1 &6 &21 &36 &66 &132 &262 &456 &723 &1082 &1563 \\
1 &5 &15 &15 &30 &66 &130 &194 &267 &359 &481 \\
1 &4 &10 &0 &15 &36 &64 &64 &73 &92 &122 \\
1 &3 &6 &10 &15 &21 &28 &0 &9 &19 &30 \\
1 &2 &3 &4 &5 &6 &7 &8 &9 &10 &11 \\
1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 &1 \\
\end{matrix}
A:
You are right : without restrictions, the answer is $\binom{20}{10}$.
Now, we wish to count the bad paths, those that pass through at least one of $P=(3,3), Q=(7,2),R=(3,7), S=(7,7)$. Let us call $B$ as the set of bad paths, which pass through at least one of these points.
Let us call $B_P,B_Q,B_R,B_S$ to be the sets of paths passing through $P,Q,R,S$ respectively. Note that $B = B_P \cup B_Q \cup B_R \cup B_S$.The inclusion-exclusion principle tells us that :
$$
|B| = |B_P| + |B_Q| + |B_R| + |B_S| \\
- |B_P \cap B_Q| - |B_P \cap B_R| - |B_R \cap B_S| - |B_Q \cap B_R| - |B_Q \cap B_S| - |B_R \cap B_S| \\
+ |B_P \cap B_Q \cap B_R| + |B_P \cap B_Q \cap B_S| + |B_P\cap B_R\cap B_S| + |B_Q \cap B_R \cap B_S| \\ - |B_P \cap B_Q \cap B_R \cap B_S|
$$
therefore, we must calculate each of these. They feel like a lot of terms, but in truth there are not too many of them. Why? Because a lot of them are zero.
Let us see this. take $Q$ and $R$. Any path passing through both $Q$ and $R$ must either hit $Q$ or $R$ first. If it hits $Q$ first, then it has to go left to hit $R$, impossible. Similarly, any path hitting $R$ first go down to hit $Q$ , impossible.
Thus, no path can cross both $Q$ and $R$. In short, $|B_Q \cap B_R| = 0$. Similarly, any intersection containing both these terms is $0$.
That now gives us :
$$
|B| = |B_P| + |B_Q| + |B_R| + |B_S| \\
- |B_P \cap B_Q| - |B_P \cap B_R| - |B_R \cap B_S| - |B_Q \cap B_S| - |B_R \cap B_S| \\
+ |B_P \cap B_Q \cap B_S| + |B_P\cap B_R\cap B_S|
$$
However, something similar holds with $P$ and $Q$ (I leave you to see this, in the same manner as above). Then, $|B_P \cap B_Q| = 0$, and terms containing it.
We get to:
$$
|B| = |B_P| + |B_Q| + |B_R| + |B_S| \\
- |B_P \cap B_R| - |B_R \cap B_S| - |B_Q \cap B_S| - |B_R \cap B_S| \\
+ |B_P\cap B_R\cap B_S|
$$
Each of $|B_P|,|B_Q|,|B_R|,|B_S|$ is calculable in the manner you mention.
However, what we realize, is that the intersection probabilities can also be computed in the iterative fashion in which we computed these ones above.
For example, take $|B_P \cap B_R|$. This is counting all paths that go through $P$ and $R$. We see that $P$ must come before $R$. Now, the task is simple, and breaks into three independent tasks.
Find the up-right paths from $0$ to $P$.
Find the up-right paths from $P$ to $Q$.
Find the up-right paths from $Q$ to $(10,10)$.
The first and third of these is easy. For the second, imagine such a path from $P = (3,3)$ to $Q= (3,7)$. Translate such a path down by $3$, and left by $3$ : it becomes an up-right path from $(0,0)$ to $(0,4)$, whence the formula applies. So, by a shift, you can count these , and multiplying the three quantities above, you are done.
Something similar happens for all the other intersections.
For $|B_P \cap B_R \cap B_S|$, any path going through each of these first goes to $P$, then $R$ , then $S$. Break up(into four parts), and multiply!
Finally, you can put everything together to finish.
| {
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774 F.2d 456
Helen PASSARO, Individually and as Executrix of the Estateof Ramon Passaro, Appellee,v.The UNITED STATES, Appellant.
Appeal No. 85-927.
United States Court of Appeals,Federal Circuit.
Sept. 25, 1985.
Richard F. Silber, Commercial Litigation Branch, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., argued, for appellant. With him on brief were Richard K. Willard, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., David M. Cohen, Director, and Sandra P. Spooner.
Major Thomas G. Bowe, Major Emmett L. Battles, Office of The Judge Advocate Gen., Dept. of the Army, Washington, D.C., of counsel.
Robert T. Seiwell, Media, Pa., argued, for appellee.
Before DAVIS, BENNETT, and BISSELL, Circuit Judges.
BENNETT, Circuit Judge.
1
The government appeals a judgment entered against it on October 23, 1984, by the United States Claims Court following its opinions in Passaro v. United States, 4 Cl.Ct. 395 (1984), and 5 Cl.Ct. 754 (1984). The judgment awarded the widow of a military retiree an accrued annuity and future benefits under the Armed Forces Survivor Benefit Plan, Pub.L. No. 92-425, 86 Stat. 706-713 (1972).1 The appeal presents narrow but significant issues of Claims Court jurisdiction and statutory interpretation. We vacate and remand.I
2
The Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP) was enacted on September 21, 1972, to establish a new system of benefits for the survivors of military retirees, replacing the Retired Serviceman's Family Protection Plan (RSFPP). The latter, a self-financing program permitting a service member to provide a percentage of his retired pay as an annuity for his survivors, had proved inadequate, being invoked by only 15 percent of the eligible military personnel.
3
The SBP employed a new concept which made automatic the rights of survivors of military members who retired on or after September 21, 1972, unless the member affirmatively chose not to participate in the plan. If the member elected not to participate in the plan the statute required that his spouse be notified of the decision. Section 1448(a). This section also made an election not to participate in the plan irrevocable if not revoked before the date on which the member first became entitled to retired pay.
4
Major Ramon Passaro, appellee's husband, retired from the United States Army on November 1, 1968. He elected not to participate in the RSFPP, choosing instead to receive full retirement pay. Those who, like Major Passaro, had retired before the SBP became law were not, however, left out altogether. While it was provided in section 1455(3)(a) that the SBP applies "to any person who initially becomes entitled to retired or retainer pay on or after the effective date of this Act," it was further provided in section 1455(3)(b) that "[a]ny person who is entitled to retired or retainer pay on the effective date of this Act may elect to participate in the Survivor Benefit Plan ... before the first anniversary of that date."
5
The Department of the Army contacted all service members who had previously retired and explained to them the benefits and procedures provided by the Survivor Benefit Plan. This was done on several occasions. A bulletin was first sent out describing the SBP. The bulletin was followed by a circular and then by a letter which included a form, which when filled out and returned would extend the benefits of the SBP to those who were already retired. A "final notice" provided a "box" to check on a postal card indicating the retiree's intention. Major Passaro received these communications and affirmatively elected not to participate in the SBP by checking the box indicating his intention. He signed and dated the card on September 4, 1973, which was within the then-existing time limit for a binding answer.
6
Four years after Major Passaro's death, his widow inquired about survivor benefits and was told by the Army that her husband had elected to receive his full retirement pay rather than to provide her with a survivor's annuity through reduced retirement pay. Her successful suit in the Claims Court and this appeal by the government followed.
II
7
The Claims Court agreed with Mrs. Passaro that the requirement that the spouse be notified of a nonelection of SBP benefits applies to service members who retired both before and after the effective date of the 1972 Act. The court, thus, assuming jurisdiction of a claim for money damages believed to be due, undertook to fashion an equitable remedy for Mrs. Passaro by deeming her late husband to be a member of the SBP. We think that the court exceeded its jurisdiction and misread the statute.
8
The Claims Court reached its judgment by writing into the Act a notice requirement it does not have. Congress knew how to say whether a spouse should be notified of a nonelection of survivor benefits by the military member. Section 1448(a) required notification but section 1455(3)(a) specified that it applied to "any person who initially becomes entitled to retired or retainer pay on or after the effective date of this Act." In other words, section 1448(a) applies to a service member who is automatically enrolled in the SBP because he retires on or after the effective date of the Act, September 21, 1972. Section 1448(a) reads in pertinent part:
9
(a) The Plan applies to a person who is married or has a dependent child when he becomes entitled to retired or retainer pay unless he elects not to participate in the Plan before the first day for which he is eligible for that pay. If a person who is married elects not to participate in the Plan at the maximum level, that person's spouse shall be notified of the decision.
10
Thus, only a service member automatically enrolled by the Act could make an election not to participate before the first day for which he is eligible for retired or retainer pay. Those entitled to pay before September 21, 1972, were permitted by Congress to elect to participate rather than not to participate. The notice provision, therefore, does not apply to a service member who is already entitled to retired or retainer pay. No principle of statutory construction permits such a notice provision to be implied where it was excluded by Congress.
11
Our views coincide with the administrative interpretation made and consistently applied in the 13 years since enactment of the SBA in 1972. Importantly, it agrees also with the intent of Congress which has amended the SBP five times and has never seen fit to alter the interpretation given administratively to the spousal notice provisions with respect to pre-SBP retirees.2 This is persuasive evidence to support our interpretation of congressional intent in the matter. NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co., 416 U.S. 267, 274-75, 94 S.Ct. 1757, 1761-62, 40 L.Ed.2d 134 (1974).
12
The Claims Court has given weight to tangential remarks of two congressmen to support its interpretation of legislative history. We have carefully examined the entire legislative history including the statements alluded to and reach a contrary conclusion from the court below. There is no support for concluding that Congress meant to treat alike, for spousal notice purposes, those who retired both before and after enactment of the SBP. There is no statement in the hearings and congressional reports on this legislation suggesting that the United States would be liable to suit in money damages with respect to a claim by a widow of a pre-SBP retiree whose husband failed to enroll in the plan. Pertinent language of other committee members and the House and Senate Reports clearly differentiate between the pre-SBP retiree, and the service member yet to retire, on the points about spousal notice and election in and election out of the plan. Respectfully, the Claims Court has misread the record and the statute itself. We hold that the administrative interpretation has been both reasonable and correct. The court should have taken a less expansive view of the claim by inquiring whether the administrative interpretation of the law was reasonable rather than whether it was the interpretation the court would have desired.
III
13
The judgment below was premised on jurisdiction which did not exist. It was held that the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1491 (1982), provided the necessary jurisdiction here and reliance was placed on the holding in Barber v. United States, 676 F.2d 651, 230 Ct.Cl. 287 (1982). That case does not help Mrs. Passaro. In Barber, the claimant was the widow of a service member who, unlike Mrs. Passaro's husband, retired after the enactment of the SBP and, therefore, was automatically enrolled in the plan. Sergeant Barber elected out of the plan on the eve of his retirement and no notice was given to his spouse as required by the statute. The Court of Claims held that Mrs. Barber thus had a Tucker Act claim for money due under a substantive right created by the SBA statute, as clarified by legislative history. Here, however, only an affirmative decision by Major Passaro to participate in the plan would create a vested interest in his widow upon his death. The factual and legal situations in the two cases are obviously dissimilar. Absent a presently due money claim, therefore, the Claims Court had no jurisdiction in the present case to fashion what it described as equitable relief. Equity, to the extent that it can be administered by the Claims Court, exists as an incident of general jurisdiction under the Tucker Act when that Act is invoked, as it has been here. Pauley Petroleum, Inc. v. United States, 591 F.2d 1308, 1315-17, 219 Ct.Cl. 24 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 898, 100 S.Ct. 206, 62 L.Ed.2d 133 (1979).
14
We hold that nothing in the SBP statute expressly, or by implication, mandates that money damages are available as a remedy for the interpretation by the Army or other military departments that the SBP statute does not require notification of the spouses of pre-SBP retirees who failed or refused to participate in the plan.
CONCLUSION
15
The judgment of the Claims Court is vacated and the case is remanded to that court with the instruction that it dismiss this suit for lack of jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.
16
VACATED and REMANDED.
1
All section references herein are to the 1972 Act
2
See Pub.L. No. 94-496, 90 Stat. 2375 (1976); Pub.L. No. 95-397, 92 Stat. 843 (1978); Pub.L. No. 96-402, 94 Stat. 1705 (1980); Pub.L. No. 97-35, 95 Stat. 383 (1981); Pub.L. No. 97-252, 96 Stat. 718 (1982)
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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03)?
-6
Let x(p) = p**2 + 257*p - 19404. What is x(61)?
-6
Let c(j) = 19*j - 229. Determine c(17).
94
Let t(i) = -1140*i + 410400. Determine t(360).
0
Let s(w) = -30*w**2 - 368*w - 134. Determine s(-12).
-38
Let c(r) = 30*r - 41. Give c(8).
199
Let t(p) = -15*p**2 + 60*p - 188. Calculate t(4).
-188
Let z(s) = -s**2 - 408*s + 1243. What is z(3)?
10
Let t(m) = -567*m + 4533. Determine t(8).
-3
Let o(c) = 6*c**3 + 79*c**2 + 209*c + 190. Calculate o(-10).
0
Let w(j) = -4*j - 65. Determine w(-28).
47
Let n(o) = 2*o**3 - 54*o**2 + 2*o - 64. What is n(27)?
-10
Let r(w) = -55*w + 1039. What is r(19)?
-6
Let o(u) = -2*u**3 + 109*u**2 - 209*u - 2. Determine o(2).
0
Let o(f) = -45*f - 4164. Give o(-93).
21
Let q(y) = -27*y + 863. Calculate q(18).
377
Let k(q) = -q**3 - 6*q**2 - 402*q - 1986. Determine k(-5).
-1
Let j(g) = 2*g**2 - 44*g + 31. What is j(21)?
-11
Let z(w) = -w**3 + 99*w**2 - 6*w + 598. Give z(99).
4
Let f(g) = -6*g**3 - 91*g**2 - 19*g + 22. Calculate f(-15).
82
Let j(t) = -302*t - 9357. Give j(-31).
5
Let z(h) = -h**3 - 9*h**2 - 25*h + 48. Calculate z(-6).
90
Let x(i) = -31*i - 14. What is x(4)?
-138
Let j(z) = -z**3 - 11*z**2 - 8*z - 6. Determine j(-9).
-96
Let z(j) = -j**3 + 180*j**2 - 7660*j + 63. Calculate z(69).
-6
Let b(g) = -2*g**3 + 7*g**2 + 8*g + 7. What is b(5)?
-28
Let h(q) = -29*q**2 - 2*q + 24. Determine h(0).
24
Let k(j) = -5*j**2 - 2*j. Give k(2).
-24
Let l(h) = -h**3 + 94*h**2 + 136*h - 12782. Give l(94).
2
Let z(m) = -4*m**3 - 2*m**2 - 5*m - 57. Calculate z(-5).
418
Let y(p) = -12*p**3 + 170*p**2 - 8*p + 8. Give y(14).
288
Let n(k) = -95*k**2 - 2088*k + 48. Calculate n(-22).
4
Let v(a) = a**3 - 3*a**2 - 479*a + 970. Calculate v(2).
8
Let j(d) = -d**2 + 150*d + 5613. Determine j(-31).
2
Let m(c) = -3*c**2 - 159*c - 165. Give m(-52).
-9
Let u(n) = -n**3 - 15*n**2 + 15*n + 473. Determine u(-14).
67
Let r(o) = o**3 - 2*o**2 - 98*o + 2. Calculate r(-9).
-7
Let n(q) = -q**2 - 44*q + 122. Determine n(-41).
245
Let g(u) = u**2 - 10*u + 86. Give g(10).
86
Let o(w) = 5*w**2 - 22*w + 23. Determine o(3).
2
Let l(o) = 63*o + 38. Determine l(-1).
-25
Let f(m) = -3*m**2 - 237*m + 254. Calculate f(-80).
14
Let u(w) = 77*w**2 + 970*w - 970. What is u(1)?
77
Let o(x) = -x**2 - 3*x + 43. Determine o(-13).
-87
Let j(h) = 4*h + 23. Give j(-17).
-45
Let o(a) = 502*a - 1026. Give o(2).
-22
Let d(w) = -w**3 - 106*w**2 - 964*w - 390. Determine d(-96).
-6
Let m(f) = 5981*f + 29912. Give m(-5).
7
Let v(l) = -l**3 + 11*l + 20. Give v(9).
-610
Let n(f) = -f - 22. What is n(35)?
-57
Let v(m) = 10*m**2 - 152*m + 46. Determine v(15).
16
Let g(y) = -2*y**3 + 29*y**2 + 490*y - 7. Determine g(-10).
-7
Let m(l) = 4*l**3 - 6401*l**2 + 12800*l - 2. Determine m(2).
26
Let q(l) = -l**2 + 27*l + 3934. Calculate q(-51).
-44
Let o(i) = -207*i**3 - 7*i**2 + i + 7. Calculate o(-1).
206
Let n(l) = l**3 + 7*l**2 + 1684*l + 11791. Give n(-7).
3
Let p(u) = -4*u**3 - 10*u**2 - 46*u - 84. Calculate p(-2).
0
Let o(z) = -3*z**3 + 3*z**2 - 17*z + 79. Calculate o(4).
-133
Let z(t) = t**3 - 5*t**2 - 140*t + 1208. Calculate z(-13).
-14
Let i(w) = -w**3 - 127*w**2 - w + 12. Determine i(0).
12
Let q(z) = -z**2 - 32*z - 187. Give q(-10).
33
Let w(y) = -4*y**3 - 13*y**2 - 10*y - 14. Calculate w(-5).
211
Let v(z) = 2*z**3 + 21*z**2 + 16*z + 5. Calculate v(-4).
149
Let x(r) = -6*r**2 + 12*r + 97. Determine x(-4).
-47
Let o(i) = -5*i**2 + 4*i + 3. Determine o(-4).
-93
Let o(q) = -q**3 - 5*q**2 + 39*q + 180. Give o(-5).
-15
Let x(z) = z**3 + 3*z**2 - 208*z - 425. Determine x(-2).
-5
Let z(b) = -b**3 - 65*b**2 + 505*b - 17. Calculate z(-72).
-89
Let l(b) = b**3 + 14*b**2 + 24*b - 4. Give l(-11).
95
Let m(w) = -55*w**3 - w**2 + w + 3. Calculate m(-1).
56
Let a(g) = g**2 + 32*g + 89. Calculate a(-8).
-103
Let n(b) = 2*b**2 - 12*b - 161. Determine n(-6).
-17
Let v(o) = 2*o**3 + 11*o**2 + 42*o - 11. What is v(-4)?
-131
Let n(h) = 2*h**2 + 146*h + 3. Give n(-73).
3
Let g(y) = 236*y + 46722. Give g(-198).
-6
Let p(t) = 16*t + 98. Give p(-10).
-62
Let p(x) = -924*x - 4606. Determine p(-5).
14
Let o(z) = 11415*z - 342448. Give o(30).
2
Let w(g) = -20*g - 81. Determine w(-2).
-41
Let j(q) = -q**2 + 101*q + 2575. Give j(-21).
13
Let c(u) = -584*u + 2944. What is c(5)?
24
Let j(h) = 32*h + 428. What is j(-6)?
236
Let r(u) = u**2 - 48*u + 62. What is r(48)?
62
Let w(y) = -y**3 + 11*y**2 - 26*y + 78. Calculate w(9).
6
Let g(q) = -216*q**3 + q**2 + q. Determine g(-1).
216
Let l(b) = 20*b - 77. What is l(11)?
143
Let o(s) = -s**2 + 10*s + 187. Calculate o(-7).
68
Let t(h) = h**2 - 67*h + 71. What is t(60)?
-349
Let m(f) = 2*f**3 + 68*f**2 + 191*f + 40. What is m(-31)?
-115
Let u(g) = -2*g**2 + 36*g - 65. Determine u(13).
65
Let y(w) = w**2 + 33*w - 686. Give y(-47).
-28
Let d(a) = -a**3 + 17*a**2 - 6*a - 10. Give d(16).
150
Let w(p) = 3*p**3 + 34*p**2 + 10*p - 29. Give w(-11).
-18
Let b(v) = -2*v - 1288. Give b(-22).
-1244
Let y(u) = 2*u**3 - 14*u**2 + 29*u - 22. Determine y(4).
-2
Let f(h) = h**3 + 26*h**2 + 58*h + 330. Determine f(-24).
90
Let i(n) = n**3 + 9*n**2 - n - 25. What is i(-9)?
-16
Let r(x) = -4991*x + 74871. Determine r(15).
6
Let n(u) = -u**3 + 26*u**2 - 85*u + 10. What is n(3)?
-38
Let k(z) = 3*z**2 + 484*z - 2883. Determine k(6).
129
Let s(x) = 3*x**2 + 116*x + 1098. Calculate s(-17).
-7
Let d(i) = i**2 + 34*i + 114. Determine d(-33).
81
Let i(o) = 12*o**2 + 350*o + 32. Give i(-29).
-26
Let d(h) = h**3 - 171*h**2 + 1441*h + 2757. Calculate d(162).
3
Let g(j) = 2*j**2 - 129*j - 14213. Calculate g(-58).
-3
Let w(k) = 140*k + 97. Calculate w(2).
377
Let q(u) = -u**2 + 247*u + 2548. Calculate q(-10).
-22
Let o(c) = c**2 - 16*c + 36. Give o(7).
-27
Let t(z) = 34*z - 437. Give t(15).
73
Let y(h) = 2*h**3 - 108*h**2 + 109*h - 75. Calculate y(53).
84
Let a(p) = 512*p - 2045. What is a(4)?
3
Let d(c) = -2*c**2 + 56*c + 326. Give d(33).
-4
Let x(z) = 13*z**3 - 3*z**2 + 3*z - 9. What is x(1)?
4
Let m(q) = 46*q + 23. What is m(5)?
253
Let d(m) = 2*m**3 - m**2 - 7*m - 8. Calculate d(5).
182
Let y(r) = -r**2 - 9*r + 366. What is y(14)?
44
Let i(d) = -72*d**2 + 5*d + 5. Calculate i(-1).
-72
Let f(g) = -57*g - 5. Calculate f(0).
-5
Let y(w) = -39*w + 133. Give y(1).
94
Let b(j) = -5*j**3 - 27*j**2 + 18*j + 22. Calculate b(-6).
22
Let c(r) = -6*r**2 + 43*r - 8. Give c(7).
-1
Let t(i) = -i**3 + 76*i**2 + 9*i - 698. Calculate t(76).
-14
Let g(b) = b**2 - 156*b + 4557. Give g(39).
-6
Let x(y) = -216*y + 19. What is x(0)?
19
Let p(v) = 3*v**3 - 22*v**2 - 2*v + 6. Calculate p(7).
-57
Let q(m) = -2*m**3 - 47*m**2 - 248*m - 6. Calculate q(-8).
-6
Let l(z) = z**3 - 45*z**2 - 207*z - 2155. Determine l(50).
-5
Let j(g) = 242*g - 1711. Give j(7).
-17
Let s(c) = 915*c + 4581. Determine s(-5).
6
Let d(i) = -i**2 + 67*i - 256. Calculate d(63).
-4
Let a(m) = 7*m**3 - 112*m**2 + 9*m - 140. Determine a(16).
4
Let u(l) = -31*l**2 - 1339*l - 219. Calculate u(-43).
39
Let b(s) = -33*s + 3210. Give b(100).
-90
Let t(l) = 19*l**2 + 50*l - 29. Determine t(-3).
-8
Let i(g) = g**3 + 20*g**2 + 9*g + 195. Give i(-20).
15
Let i(u) = -25*u + 664. Calculate i(24).
64
Let d(u) = 2*u**2 - 14*u + 69. Determine d(12).
189
Let z(w) = -w**2 + 138*w - 1015. Determine z(8).
25
Let p(s) = 13*s - 508. Calculate p(39).
-1
Let q(l) = 39*l - 313. Calculate q(8).
-1
Let u(o) = -133*o**3 - 3*o - 3. Give u(-1).
133
Let y(g) = g**3 - 22*g**2 - 89*g + 1967. Calculate y(22).
9
Let z(i) = 2*i**2 + 14*i - 10. Give z(-9).
26
Let h(r) = -4*r**2 - 523*r + 105. Give h(-131).
-26
Let v(w) = -1533*w + 13790. Determine v(9).
-7
Let m(o) = -o**3 - 6*o - 1. Determine m(0).
-1
Let x(b) = -b**3 + 2*b**2 + 9*b - 13. Determine x(-3).
5
Let g(w) = w + 87. Determine g(-83).
4
Let f(p) = -56*p + 301. What is f(4)?
77
Let r(h) = h**3 - 35*h**2 - 48*h + 307. What is r(36)?
-125
Let q(v) = 3*v**2 + 179*v - 607. What is q(-63)?
23
Let o(f) = 3*f**2 + 216*f - 215. Give o(1).
4
Let t(x) = -4*x**3 + 219*x**2 + 53*x + 100. Calculate t(55).
-10
Let y(k) = -13705*k - 27419. Calculate y(-2).
-9
Let l(q) = 705*q**2 - 4229*q - 8. Calculate l(6).
-2
Let i(z) = 2*z**2 - 2*z + 19. Determine i(7).
103
Let j(g) = -g**2 + 43*g - 304. Give j(33).
26
Let l(c) = 545*c + 3811. Calculate l(-7).
-4
Let n(t) = t**3 - 34*t**2 - 75*t + 97. Determine n(36).
-11
Let c(l) = -11*l**3 - 16*l**2 + | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
A company may partner with another company to offer services for their mutual benefit. For example, a first company that has many customers (users of the first company's services) may work with a second company to provide discounted or free services or products from the second company to the first company's customers. In doing so, the first company provides a benefit to its customers while the second company expands its reach to new customers. There are various problems associated with such an arrangement. For example, the customers of the first company would need to subsequently re-authenticate themselves with the second company to access the discounted or free services or products.
For example, FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a sequence of displays on a user device to provision a third-party service over a telecommunications network. As shown, a web browser of a user device on a telecommunications network is utilized to access AMAZON PRIME, which is a paid subscription service offered by AMAZON. The user device displays a web or mobile application (“app”) form for the customer to input authenticating information to access the third-party service on the user device. Once the authenticating information is complete, submitted, and processed, the customer can access the third-party service at the user device.
Moreover, when a first company offers a service of the second company as a bonus service, a customer is typically given a passcode to redeem the bonus service. The additional burden of remembering and entering a passcode leads the customer to forego redeeming the bonus service. Moreover, oftentimes there are delays between when a customer becomes eligible for a benefit and when the customer is apprised that the benefit is available. As a result, the customer is less likely to redeem the bonus service because the passcode was lost, misplaced, or the customer simply chooses to avoid the burdensome process of registering for the bonus service. These and other drawbacks obviate the benefits that should flow from the partnership when providing bonus services to customers.
The drawings have not necessarily been drawn to scale. Similarly, some components and/or operations may be separated into different blocks or combined into a single block for the purposes of discussion of some of the embodiments of the present technology. Moreover, while the technology is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail below. The intention, however, is not to limit the technology to the particular embodiments described herein. On the contrary, the technology is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the technology as defined by the appended claims. | {
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Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula
Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula or Virgin and Child with Saints Magdalene and Ursula is an oil on panel painting by Giovanni Bellini that belongs to the sacra conversazione genre and dates to 1490. The painting is also referred to as Sacred Conversation. It was previously in the collection of the painter Carlo Maratta, and is now in the Prado Museum in Madrid.
It is very similar to the same artist's Madonna and Child with Saint Catherine and Saint Mary Magdalene in the Gallerie dell'Accademia; they both formed part of a group of paintings which show the popularity of the genre, with several replicas, mostly from Bellini's studio or only partly by his own hand, including those in Urbino and the Pierrepont Morgan Library in New York. The Madrid example shows saint Mary Magdalene and saint Ursula.
References
Category:Giovanni Bellini Madonnas
Category:Paintings of the Museo del Prado by Italian artists
Category:1490 paintings
category:Paintings of Saint Ursula
category:Paintings depicting Mary Magdalene | {
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Okay, so the last time I tried using Air Canada’s paperless mobile check-in I got a message that my Nokia S60 handset, the world’s most popular mobile OS running on the world’s bestselling handset, wasn’t supported.
This time I actually got an SMS from AC, actually two — one with a helpful reminder of my flight number and departure time and the other with a link to the 2D barcode you see above.
You should have seen the look of abject terror on the counter agent’s face when I giddily showed her this at the airport. She made a feeble attempt to scan it with a reader she had then promptly asked me for my passport and printed up the usual paper boarding document.
Maybe I’ll have a better experience in Tokyo in a couple of weeks… | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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BOSTON — Harvard graduate Jeff Bridich didn’t get a chance to visit his storied alma mater last week. He was too busy evaluating the Rockies’ performance against the Red Sox. He also took a day to fly down to the Southeast to evaluate talent for next month’s major-league draft.
Bridich, 38, is in his second season as Rockies’ general manager. He played catcher and outfield for Harvard and earned a degree in psychology. The team he’s trying to transform from perennial loser into a viable contender entered the weekend with a 22-24 record, 6 1/2 games behind San Francisco in the National League West.
Bridich sat down with The Denver Post to discuss his job and the state of his baseball team:
DP: When you attended Harvard, did you have any idea you would work in a baseball front office and then end up as a general manager?
Bridich: Not really. I was focused on playing baseball and attending school. There were no grand designs from an early age to do this job.
DP: How did Harvard prepare you for this job?
Bridich: One of the things that was most impressive about the university was the people I went to school with. You certainly learn a lot from the people around you at Harvard, because there was some much talent in so many different ways. That transfers to a job like this, where it’s too big a job to do everything yourself. It’s too big an operation and too big a job to try to micromanage and try to do it all yourself. Harvard helped teach me to learn to value and trust the people you have around you.
DP: Most outsiders are likely surprised that the Rockies have been playing at about .500 as we approach June. What are you pleased with so far this season?
Bridich: There are definitely things to be pleased about. I think we played very well in April. I think we played more complete games in April. Over the last month, I think we’ve been going through stretches where we get good pitching, then bad pitching. We get good offense, then bad offense. Sometimes they have not meshed very well. That makes it tough to go on long streaks of winning.
At the same time, we have maintained competitiveness, and so we have managed to be in and around .500 for the first two months of the season. So there are things to be happy about.
DP: What has not gone well?
Bridich: Some of the things we were focused on early, and especially during spring training, we have not done as well. Executing innings, winning innings and putting ourselves in a position to score runs in different ways, has really been a struggle for us lately.
We were doing it well early. But especially on the road, when you face tough pitching, and when you don’t do those little things, you are most likely going to pay for it. We know we can do it, we have shown that, but we need to get back to doing that. It has to be a team effort, it’s not just one guy.
DP: Meaning what, exactly?
Bridich: The ability to generate offense has to show up when you have guys in the middle of the order, like CarGo (Carlos Gonzalez), who was struggling. He knew it, everybody knew, and if we, as a team, don’t do the things we need to, especially offensively, it makes it really difficult to score runs.
It takes commitment from the players, yes. But it’s a full, organizational thing. It’s the players in our system, it’s the players up here. It’s the coaches in our system, it’s the coaches up here. It’s who we have to be, but we have gotten away from it lately.
DP: Jose Reyes is eligible to begin playing games in June when he returns from suspension for violating the league’s domestic violence policy. Do you have a game plan for when he returns?
Bridich: It’s a day-by-day (situation). Part of the agreement was getting him ready for June 1 and knowing that a two-week (minor-league) rehab stint is a probability. That’s part of the agreement. For his sake, for his health, we are focused on every day now, until the end of this month. That gets him into games in extended (spring) and so he’s ready to go.
DP: If there are interested partners, would you try to trade Reyes, even with his big contract? (Reyes is owed about $15 million this season, $22 million next season and also gets a $4 million buyout.)
Bridich: It is a big contract. But anything is possible. It’s very much like what I say in our wintertime situation. Is there anything that’s off the table? No. But this situation is what it is. We will see what comes of it, and handle it day by day.
DP: Fans are very eager to see starting pitcher Jeff Hoffman — the centerpiece of last summer’s Troy Tulowitzki trade — make his big-league debut. What is the game plan for him? Is there a timeline for his debut?
Bridich: For the most part, he has pitched very well. For his first stint in Triple-A, he’s done a nice job. There are very specific things — not large, general things — but very specific things, that he needs to continue to work on. But that’s actually a good thing. So we are not going to rush him.
DP: If you are still in the race around the all-star break, would that expedite any of your decisions, on Hoffman or anybody else who could give you that boost in the second half of the season?
Bridich: I think one of the things we are very focused on — in terms of what we do from a timing perspective — is that we want to put the player in the best position to succeed.
It’s like the Jon Gray decision. Everybody wanted Jon Gray called up, like, yesterday. But there were things he needed to work through, as we’ve all seen. The same goes for Eddie Butler. Now we are seeing better results. For most guys, it doesn’t just click and happen overnight.
So Jeff and some of the other players we think about as quality depth still are being challenged at Triple-A, and they have to meet those challenges to be ready for this level. But we are thrilled where Jeff is at. And remember, he’s not that far removed from Tommy John surgery (in 2014). So there is a lot that goes into it.
DP: How do you feel about your current rotation?
Bridich: Fortunately, right now we have five guys who are very competitive in our rotation. There are going to be little dips and bumps like Jon Gray had in St. Louis, where he wasn’t on his game. But to this point, with the five guys we have in our rotation now, that has not been the norm, it’s been the exception. So I feel good about it. | {
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Revisiting Incentive-Based Contracts.
Incentive-based pay is rational, intuitive, and popular. Agency theory tells us that a principal seeking to align its incentives with an agent's should be able to simply pay the agent to achieve the principal's desired results. Indeed, this strategy has long been used across diverse industries-from executive compensation to education, professional sports to public service-but with mixed results. Now a new convert to incentive compensation has appeared on the scene: the United States' behemoth health-care industry. In many ways, the incentive mismatch story is the same. Insurance companies and employers are concerned about constraining the cost of care, and patients are concerned about quality of care. Physicians lack an adequate financial incentive to pay attention to either. Health care's recent move away from the traditional fee-for-service compensation model to incentive pay is perhaps unsurprising. But there is a problem: mixed preliminary evidence and potential mal-effects on vulnerable third-party patients. This Article employs a new lens-the legal and behavioral literature on optimal contract specificity-to suggest why incentive pay is problematic and why the health-care experience will be no different than other industries. The use of incentive pay is a change in contractdrafting strategy, a decision to write a more detailed, control-based contract rather than one that relies on discretion. The contracts literature suggests that this strategy will only work well where simple compliance is the goal rather than creativity or innovation. The health industry will not succeed in implementing incentive pay better than other industries have. What it needs is to recognize the limits of incentive pay and implement it sparingly. The new Trump Administration may be particularly primed to heed this call. | {
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221 Cal.App.2d 187 (1963)
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondents,
v.
JOE KESSLER, Defendant and Appellant.
Crim. No. 8905.
California Court of Appeals. Second Dist., Div. Four.
Oct. 14, 1963.
Zeman & Fischer and B. D. Fischer for Defendant and Appellant.
Stanley Mosk, Attorney General, William E. James, Assistant Attorney General, and H. Warren Siegel, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
BURKE, P. J.
[1a] After trial by jury, defendant was found guilty of rape as to one victim and not guilty of *188 assault with intent to commit rape as to another person. Thereafter, the court granted defendant a new trial on the rape charge. At the second trial before a jury defendant was again convicted. A motion for new trial was denied and probation granted conditioned on imprisonment for the first six months in the county jail. Defendant appeals from such judgment.
[2] The evidence for the prosecution was as follows: On April 3, 1962, while her husband was at work, the prosecutrix was washing her baby's diapers on the service porch. She testified someone seized her from behind, held her arms and placed one hand over her mouth. During the struggle she noted it was defendant who had been a family friend. He forced her into the adjoining bedroom and disrobed her. She attempted to get free and to scratch him but could not. He pushed her on the bed and forcibly committed an act of sexual intercourse. A neighbor testified the prosecutrix came to her house, visibly upset and with a bleeding lip, and related the incident. The neighbor suggested calling the police which was done.
Defendant, who is an instructor in auto mechanics, testified that he had been asked to come to prosecutrix' home to assist in starting her car. He denied having had intercourse, contending that he was invited into the victim's bedroom and that they merely caressed and kissed each other.
The record discloses substantial evidence to support the verdict of the jury and as to that point our inquiry rests here. (People v. Newland, 15 Cal.2d 678, 681 [104 P.2d 778].)
Defendant complains of several specifications of misconduct on the part of the prosecutor which he contends constituted prejudicial error. With but one exception, these concerned matters of minor importance which would not warrant a reversal under the application of section 4 1/2 of article VI of the Constitution and do not merit discussion. However, as to one specification, prejudice to defendant undoubtedly resulted and necessitates reversal.
[1b] During the voir dire examination the prosecutor stated:
"There is one other possible witness who is not in court. I can only mention his name and ask if any of you are acquainted with him in any way. Are any of you acquainted in any way with a Jack White, of the Probation Department of Los Angeles County? Is the name familiar to any of you? *189"
"Now, this case involves, as has been discussed, charges of a sexual nature. Do any of you feel that because of that fact you would rather not sit on a jury?"
The probation officer was not called by the prosecutor during its case in chief, but only belatedly near the end of the trial, on rebuttal. His testimony in no way tended to prove the commission of the crime but related only to the reason defendant had given for his visit to the home of the prosecutrix the day of the offense. As we have said, at his trial, defendant had stated he had been asked to come to the victim's home to see if he could get her car started. The probation officer testified that defendant had told him in July that the reason for such visit was that the prosecutrix and her husband were interested in buying another automobile. Both reasons could have been valid; the one does not preclude the other. Since the prosecutor stated, when objection was made during the examination of the probation officer, that the testimony was not offered for impeachment purposes, there does not appear to have been any proper purpose related to any disputed issue justifying the introduction of such testimony.
A portion of the direct examination of the probation officer by the prosecutor is as follows:
"Q. What is your business or occupation, sir?"
"A. I am a Deputy Probation Officer with the Los Angeles County Probation Department."
"Q. Mr. White, calling your attention to the date of July 20th of this year, on that date did you have occasion to have a conversation with this defendant here, Mr. Kessler, concerning at least partially the charges that are presently pending here?"
"A. I had several conversations with Mr. Kessler. I cannot say the particular date unless I would see my report."
"Mr. Light: I believe you have seen this, counsel."
"Q. By Mr. Light: I show you--does this appear to be a copy of your report?"
"A. It is."
"Q. And does this make reference to a conversation with the defendant on the date of July 20?"
"A. No. This is the date that this report was due in court. This would mean that I had to talk with this man at least five days prior to that date."
"Q. Sometime in that period of time then, shortly before July 20th, did you speak with him? *190"
"A. Yes, I did."
"Q. And did portions of that conversation concern the charges that are presently pending here?"
"A. They did."
"Q. In other words, this alleged rape on a Harriett Cole?"
"A. That's correct."
"Q. About how long did you talk with the defendant concerning these charges, that is the one involving Harriett Cole?"
"A. Well, indirectly I talked with Mr. Kessler approximately five times. To the best of my knowledge I talked with him in person on two occasions; roughly three hours, approximately one hour on the initial interview and in his home approximately two hours."
"Q. Now, during the course of that conversation, with reference to his own evaluation of himself, did Mr. Kessler make the statement that in his opinion he may need some help, referring to psychiatric help?"
"Mr. Zeman: Now, at this time I am going to make certain objections, your Honor, and I would like to make them in the absence of the jury."
Objections and a motion for mistrial were thereupon made and denied by the court. This was error. Not only did the questions infer that defendant had been found guilty of the particular charges but there was a direct implication that defendant had been involved in other charges.
Defendant's counsel cross-examined the probation officer, no doubt in an attempt to counteract the unfavorable effect of the probation officer's very presence on the stand, but with disastrous results to his cause. Likewise, answers volunteered by the probation officer, which were not responsive to the questions asked, were very prejudicial:
"Q. By Mr. Zeman: Did you ask the defendant at any time if he was guilty; do you recall?"
"A. No, I do not recall. This would not be a normal practice. It is not a probation officer's responsibility to determine one's guilt. We assume they are guilty when they come to us. I may have discussed the essence of this, but I would not say 'Are you guilty?'"
"Q. You assume it?"
"A. This is my responsibility to assume it unless it is a pretrial report that I am doing. Then the man has not been found guilty."
"Q. As far as your office is concerned, at this time he *191 stands innocent of any conviction; at this time as far as your office is concerned?"
"A. I am not at liberty to speak for the office of the Probation Department. For the report I submitted to the court, the man was guilty, and I had a job to do, and that was to submit a report for the court. I don't know the status of this defendant at this time. On July 20, 1962 when I submitted that report he was."
"Mr. Zeman: I think at this time I should renew my motions that I previously made at the bench."
"The Court: You are the one that is asking the questions."
"Mr. Zeman: I didn't ask him that question."
"The Court: You sure did."
"Mr. Zeman: I asked him as far as the status of the probation at this particular time."
"The Court: Motion denied."
Defendant contends that such conduct of the prosecution was prejudicial in that it constituted a calculated method of unfairly alluding to a former trial in which the defendant was involved and in which the jury could infer defendant was found guilty.
In People v. Solis, 193 Cal.App.2d 68, 77 [13 Cal.Rptr. 813], the court stated: "While the use of the probation officer as a witness under the circumstances was extraordinary and involved a practice not to be encouraged, it cannot be said that it constituted prejudicial error." In the Solis case an effect of the testimony of a probation officer was to disclose to the jury that the defendant had been convicted of the charged offense in a prior trial, but the court held that it was properly received because otherwise admissible in that it tended to prove knowledge of the character of marijuana, an essential element in the proof of guilt. The defendant had testified in substance that he was unfamiliar with marijuana cigarettes. "Any evidence which is necessary, pertinent, and material to proof of the crime charged, or which logically and by reasonable inference tends to establish any fact material to the prosecution, is not inadmissible merely because it may prejudice the accused by proof of his guilt of other crimes." (People v. Castellanos, 157 Cal.App.2d 36, 39 [320 P.2d 152].)
Here, however, the respondent admits, commendably, that the testimony of the probation officer was unnecessary, stating in its brief, "In the Solis case, as here, the probation *192 officer's testimony was not essential to the People's case." The use of a witness, such as a probation officer, with all of the dangers involved by virtue of his previous contacts with defendant in his official capacity, was accordingly unjustified as the jury could have misused such evidence without good cause to defendant's disadvantage. "The rule is one of necessity and the risk of misuse should not be incurred if the evidence is not directed to a disputed issue in the case." (People v. Spencer, 140 Cal.App.2d 97, 105 [294 P.2d 997].)
Section 1180 of the Penal Code provides: "The granting of a new trial places the parties in the same position as if no trial had been had. All the testimony must be produced anew, and the former verdict or finding cannot be used or referred to, either in evidence or in argument, or be pleaded in bar of any conviction which might have been had under the accusatory pleading." Such mandate applies here. The unnecessary calling and identifying of the probation officer as a witness was an indirect method of using and referring to defendant's former trial; implying prior criminality, it could not have failed to prejudice defendant in the eyes of the jury. Unquestionably, it denied him a fair trial.
The judgment is reversed.
Jefferson, J., and Kingsley, J., concurred.
| {
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SO whose idea was it to play twister in the vineyards on a Sunday afternoon?
Certainly not the staff and visitors at Keith Tulloch Wine in Pokolbin in the Hunter Valley yesterday, who were caught unawares when a tornado descended on the vines about 4.30pm.
Cellar door saleswoman Jackie Goodman said the sun was out and everything appeared normal when the twister touched down and started to wreak havoc.
“We didn’t even see it coming. It was so sunny outside and then a huge dark cloud came over the top with this enormous twister coming out of it down to the ground,” she said.
media_camera An image from a video which captured the moment a weak tornado struck a winery in the Hunter Valley.
“It lasted maybe half an hour. There was stuff flying through the air everywhere. It tore down one of our sheds so there were massive bits of roof flying around, there were sheets of metal, there were branches – it was crazy.”
The vineyard lost a shed and about 100 vines, but no-one was injured.
media_camera The aftermath following a tornado which hit Keith Tulloch winery at Pokolbin on Sunday. Photo courtesy of www.emmajanepitschphotography.com.au
media_camera Metal from a shed roof at Keith Tulloch Wine at Pokolbin in Hunter Valley after a weak tornado ripped through the site on Sunday afternoon. Picture: Keith Tulloch Wine
Weather Watch meteorologist Don White said tornadoes were rare but not unheard of in NSW.
“Just don’t call it a mini-tornado. There’s no such thing as a mini-tornado, except maybe what you get when you stir a cup of tea with a spoon,” he said.
Instead, Mr White described it as a “weak” tornado.
“Tornadoes are rated on a scale of zero to five and this one would barely be a zero,” he said.
“But it still did some damage.”
media_camera Pictured is the Keith Tulloch winery at Cessnock which yesterday was severely damaged by a tornado. Photo courtesy of www.emmajanepitschphotography.com.au
He explained that, in very basic terms, tornadoes formed when updrafts and downdrafts from a storm opposed each other to such an extent that they started to rotate.
Yesterday’s was the result of a single severe storm cell passing over Pokolbin, dropping more than 20mm of rain on the area, while the nearby town of Cessnock got just 1mm.
Tornado hits Pokolbin | {
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to current limiting fuses and more particularly to current limiting fuses having fuse elements in contact with a ceramic core evolving an electro-negative gas that provides superior fault interruption characteristics.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of arc induced gas evolution as an aid to fault current interruption is well known in current limiting fuse design. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,437,971, entitled "Current Limiting Fuse", issued by H. W. Mikulecky on Apr. 8, 1969, a fuse element is helically wound about an organic gas evolving support. The fuse element and support are embedded in an inert granular material encased in an insulating housing. The fuse element is in contact with the gas evolving support so that when an arc is drawn, upon fusion of the element, gas is evolved directly into the arc, cooling it and improving current interruption.
Organic cores used in existing fuses have an upper limit determined by how much energy they can absorb before they are damaged to the point where electrical breakdown and hence fuse failure occurs. This deficiency serves to restrict the current and voltage ratings possible with a given design. Typical stratagems employed over the years to minimize the problem are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,849,754; 3,868,619; and 3,925,745, issued to D. D. Blewitt et al. The use of localized gas evolving suppressors on a core is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,745. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
$TTL 1
; KO
$ORIGIN .. ; Missing label between dots
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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Millions of Americans stuck in winter’s deep freeze
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
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NIAGRA FALLS, NY – Sparkling ice and feathery snow banks may look like a fairy tale, but it may seem more like a “grim” fairy tale for the millions of Americans living in the nation’s deep freeze.
Six winter storms have hit the Northeast since January 25, bringing with them the usual winter woes, and more.
Broken water pipes forced residents to evacuate an apartment complex in Bellingham, MA, while in Baltimore, cars parked on the streets became ice sculptures when water mains broke all over the city.
In Cambridge, Massachusetts, two people ended up in the hospital after being buried under five feet of snow that fell from the roof of a skating rink.
In New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, a man was digging out his driveway when he noticed something crawling in the snow down the road. He thought it was a seal in trouble. It turned out to be his former banker who was lost and had been wandering in the snow for more than an hour.
And in Boston, some people have started to jump out of windows. No, they’re not victims of cabin fever. More likely victims of Boston brew.
It’s called the Boston Blizzard Challenge, where people take photos or videos of themselves leaping out of windows, off of porches, from the top of cars into piles of snow.
Boston’s mayor wants them to stop because snow piles can hide cars, fences and other hidden deadly dangers that can break bones while bustin’ moves. | {
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ST. LOUIS — Justice was a recurring theme as thousands of mourners packed the mammoth Friendly Temple Missionary Baptist Church on Monday for the funeral of Michael Brown, a black teen whose fatal shooting in a confrontation with a white police officer set off weeks of sometimes violent protests.
Al Sharpton, among the speakers, called for a "fair and impartial investigation" into the shooting.
"We are not anti-police, we respect police," Sharpton said. "But those police that are wrong need to be dealt with just like those in our community who are wrong need to be dealt with."
Benjamin Crump, a lawyer representing Brown's family, alluded to the "three-fifths" clause in the Constitution for counting slaves (which actually was not a pro-slavery clause) and demanded that Brown get "full justice, not three-fifths justice."
Brown's body was being laid to rest, but the controversy surrounding the shooting Aug. 9 was far from over. Prosecutors have not determined whether Ferguson police Officer Darren Wilson, 28, will face charges in Brown's death.
The service began with energy, including songs from a church choir and Scripture readings. A line from the Bible — "If God be for us, who can be against us?" — drew loud applause.
Brown's casket was taken to St. Peter's Cemetery in a white, horse-drawn carriage. As his casket was lowered, family members sobbed loudly. The Rev. Charles Ewing, Brown's great-uncle, led the Lord's Prayer. Brown's father released a single white dove, followed by the release of five more doves.
Ron Davis, father of Jordan Davis, 17, who was gunned down in a Jacksonville gas station two years ago, visited with Brown's parents.
"Don't use a shoot-first mentality," said Davis, who had a button with the photo of his son pinned to the lapel of his dark suit. "We have to start going around the country and having seminars with police departments."
At the funeral, several family members shared stories of Brown, telling how the 18-year-old had promised to make something of himself.
Brown "stated to the family that one day the world would know his name. He did not know he was offering up a divine prophecy," Brown's cousin, Eric Davis, told the crowd. "But we are here today remembering the name of Michael Brown."
Davis encouraged people to express their anger by voting. Brown was shot in Ferguson, Mo., where the population is two-thirds African American, but the mayor and five of the six City Council members are white. The 53-member police force has three African-American officers.
"Every time change has come, it's come through the youth and the young generation," Davis said. "This generation is saying we have had enough of this senseless killing. We have had enough of this."
Michael Brown's family sat at the front of the church as thousands of people who turned out for his funeral filed in, including several civil rights leaders and celebrities. (Aug. 25)
AP
Michael Brown's stepmother, Cal Brown, shared memories of "Mike-Mike," as he was called. She said he had promised to "shake the world."
He told her he had been dreaming of death and bloody sheets days before he died.
"He pretty much prophesied his own death and didn't realize it," she said. "Mike-Mike is an awesome man. He just wanted to go to college. He wanted to have a family ... but God had different plans."
Brown Sr. urged supporters not to protest Monday out of respect for his son. Sharpton discouraged violent protest, saying people involved in such activity must do so in their own name, not Michael Brown's.
Family members of slain teenager Michael Brown touch the vault containing his casket during his funeral on Aug. 25 in Normandy, Mo. Hundreds of people attended Brown's funeral. The teen was shot and killed by a Ferguson, Mo., police officer on Aug. 9. (Photo: Robert Cohen, St. Louis Post Dispatch, via AP)
People attend the funeral of slain teenager Michael Brown on Aug. 25 at the Friendly Temple Missionary Baptist Church in St. Louis. Brown was shot and killed on Aug. 9 by a police officer in Ferguson, Mo. (Photo: Pool photo by Robert Cohen)
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The request was a hard sell outside the church, where members of the New Black Panther Party and Panthers for Justice started brief "Black Power" chants, fists punching the air.
Bila Mohammad of Panthers for Justice said he wished Michael Brown's family hadn't discouraged protests. "This is the day," he said. "The community needs to come together in a non-violent way."
He said, "There will be more protests. ... In the words of Malcolm X, 'When you tell your people to put their guns down, we'll put ours down, too.' "
At the start of the day, mourners lined up under a blistering sun more than three hours before the funeral.
When the church reached its 2,500-person capacity, police directed visitors to an adjacent auditorium that seats 1,000 people and was set up with giant screens. Soon that room was overflowing. A 300-seat annex also filled quickly.
A few hundred visitors unable to get into the service milled around cordially outside. One woman passed out small green and purple ribbons that people pinned to their shirts.
Anger simmered under the surface.
Quincy Harts, 40, of St. Louis was outside the church wearing a T-shirt with Brown's picture and the words "No Justice, No Peace."
He said he'll respect the family's wishes of no protests — for now.
"Ain't nobody too happy about this," Harts said. "You're going to see more protests until (Wilson) goes to jail."
Still, the atmosphere outside the church was subdued. Johnnie Shegog, 57, of St. Louis knew Brown since he was 4 years old and has known the family for two decades.
"I'm hoping this day lifts us up, turns things around," she said. "Not just for St. Louis but the entire nation."
Angela Jones-Peaks, 43, of nearby Jennings asked her supervisor for a few hours off Monday morning to attend the service. Having two sons of her own motivated her to attend, she said.
"It's scary every time they leave home," Jones-Peaks said. "I wanted to support this family, let them know we're here for them." | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
RESORT FEATURE: Breathless Resorts
RESORT FEATURE: Breathless Resorts
Okay, seriously. These resorts have perfected a concept we were all in desperate need of. Do you want a lively resort that isn’t filled with 18 year old spring breakers? Maybe you don’t necessarily want a “party” resort but some resorts are so relaxed they make you feel like you are 75 years old. Maybe you are looking for a great resort for a bachelor/bachelorette party or maybe you are planning for a solo trip but want to meet people and not feel like you are at a super romantic couples resort. Breathless resorts are what you have been looking for!
First things first, are you thinking about a destination wedding? Take a second to download my 9 Step Guide for Canadians here:
First Name
Email address:
Leave this field empty if you're human:
Here is the Elevator Pitch:
Breathless Resorts & Spas are the ideal adult-only escapes in spectacular beachfront settings for sophisticated and social singles, couples and friends. Our resorts are luxe, modernist and chic, and with Unlimited-Luxury® , the best of everything is included from delectable gourmet cuisine at specialty themed restaurants and curated cocktails at trendsetting lounges to excellent pool and beach wait service, 24-hour room service, & more! Live Big with endless entertainment like DJ hosted pool parties and vibrant nightly club scenes. Breathe Deep with a treatment at the world-class spa or a euphoric yoga class on the pier. Experience the perfect balance of excitement and relaxation only at Breathless Resorts & Spas!
My Experience
The view from the rooftop infinity pool – YES that IS the Los Cabos Arch!
Can I level with you? I am pretty spoiled. Being a travel agent, I have been lucky enough to tour many, many luxury resorts. Even though I love them all (even the 4 stars, honest), it can be a little hard to WOW me. That being said, when I stayed at Breathless Cabo San Lucas, I had not other words than WOW! I will totally admit that I was worried this would be a little bit too much of a “party” resort for me but it was really amazing. The food is the best I have ever had in Mexico – I ate at Bites for lunch (Tacos and Calamari – a la carte lunch over buffet wins everyday in my books), Fishnets for dinner (Steak and Shrimp), and ordered room service for breakfast (Caboless eggs with avocado). I can’t even tell you what my favorite meal was.
Breakfast on the balcony
Now, these resorts are not cheap! Depending on the resort, you can expect to pay about $2000-$3000 per person out of Edmonton depending which location you are looking at and the time of year. But that is part of the reason they keep the young spring breakers out. I was worried when I stayed it would be too wild but what I actually found was a ton of people exactly like me – we like to have fun and socialize but don’t like to get black out drunk. A happy medium!
The view from my Balcony
If I had to chose one thing that made Cabo San Lucas Resort extra impressive, it would be the location. The resort is actually made of two buildings, right on the marina and the resort is home to one of the only swimmable beaches in Los Cabos. One is the relaxing building: with the spa, a relaxing pool and the rooms. One is the lively building with the nightclub, rooftop Sky pool and view of the Los Cabos Arch. In order to leave one building and get to the next (about ten steps) you are actually in the middle of downtown Cabo San Lucas. I have already talked MANY times about the vibe of Cabo and why it is one of my favorite places in the world so honestly I was obsessed.
BACHELOR/BACHELORETTE PARTIES
LAST FLING BEFORE THE RING PACKAGE
This package includes:
• Welcome bottle of sparkling wine in room upon arrival
• Spa day – inclusive of mani/pedi, 25 minute massage and access to the spa’s hydrotherapy and relaxation areas
• In-room party – tapas and desserts and sparkling wine will be delivered to the room (one night of stay)
• Group photo shoot – each person will receive a printed copy of the group’s selected photo (additional photos will be available for purchase)
• Reserved table and bottle service at Purple Rooftop Lounge (one night of stay)
• Festive Bachelorette Door Banner on the bride-to-be’s door
• Group dinner arranged at choice of restaurants (reserved table one night of stay)
• Reserved spot on the beach (chairs and palapas, reservation must be made with the concierge)
• Breathless Bachelorette Scavenger Hunt
2018/2019 Selling Price: $135 USD per person
Does this package look like something the bride or groom-to be would love? Email me to chat about group rates and payment plans for your group!
EAT, DRINK AND BE MARRIED WEDDING PACKAGE
• Dedicated wedding coordinator
• Symbolic Ceremony*
• Preparation of the couple’s wedding day attire
• Makeup and hair styling for one member of the wedding party the day of the wedding
• Bouquet(s) and/or boutonniere(s) for the wedding couple
• 2 corsages and 2 boutonnieres for the wedding party
• 1 floral centerpiece arrangement for the ceremonial table
• Ceremony décor — 25 chairs with white covers, ceremonial table and aisle runner
• Wedding cake for up to 25 guests
• Sparkling wine toast for up to 25 guests
• Edited Video of the ceremony (up to 30-minute edited DVD)
• Photo package (24 color photographs taken during the ceremony) and wedding album
• Private Cocktail Hour with hors d’oeuvres for up to 25 guests (Platinum menu)
• Couple’s designed Specialty Cocktail served during cocktail hour (to be planned in advance with wedding coordinator, based on a set selection)
• Private Dinner Reception for up to 25 guests (Platinum menu)
• Seductive Wedding Night Turndown Service
• Breakfast in bed morning after ceremony with Mimosas
• Private dinner on the beach (one evening during stay)
• Reserved table and bottle service for wedding party (up to 10) at Purple Rooftop Lounge one evening of stay
• Couples massage treatment (50 minutes)
• Complimentary access to the spa’s wet areas for the bride(s), maid of honor, mother(s) of bride(s) and/or mother(s) of groom(s) (one day of stay, days may vary)
• Complimentary room upgrade (based on availability)
• Late checkout for the couple (upon request and availability)
• 20% off spa treatments (boutique purchases not included)
• Free Anniversary Nights (stay a minimum of 5 paid nights over first anniversary date and receive 2 additional nights free or stay 4 paid nights over first anniversary date and receive 1 additional night free)
BEYOND MEMORABLE WEDDING PACKAGE
This resort participates in the Beyond Memorable weddings hosted by AMResorts which is the most inclusive all inclusive package I have ever seen! I won’t list all the inclusions but you can read them here. As you can see, it includes A LOT!
What Next?
These are some great packages, right? If these resorts seem like they would be a great fit, whether for a bachelor or bachelorette party, your destination wedding or your honeymoon, schedule an appointment below and let’s chat!
Recent Posts
Schedule an Appointment
Have a few questions? Want to schedule some time to chat on the phone? Use the scheduler below so we can have some uninterrupted time to chat. Prefer to meet for coffee? Put that in the scheduler comments and we will reach out to confirm location details. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
ZX Spectrum - Brought Back to Life
December 2nd, 2014, 14:02
Perhaps not really RPG news, but it is capable of playing quite a bit of RPGs. If you are old enough to have known and used the ZX Spectrum, this might be an opportunity to play some of the 14.000 games again, that were created in the time, by participating in the Indiegogo campaign, which has been started featuring the ZX Spectrum Vega.
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The Vega has been developed by Chris Smith, a former ZX Spectrum games developer who is the world's leading expert on Sinclair Spectrum technology and author of the definitive technical book "The ZX Spectrum ULA: How to design a microcomputer".
Retro Computers Ltd is making arrangements with the owners of the software rights to Spectrum games to donate a combined software royalty to a charity – Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. The company’s Chairman, Dr David Levy, had his life saved by the hospital when he was diagnosed with meningitis as a 3-year-old.
The development of the Sinclair Spectrum Vega is complete, and we have a fully working prototype waiting to go into production within the UK. We are making contact with thousands of the original Spectrum game developers in order to secure their permission to use their games on the Vega, for which a combined software royalty will be donated to charity ‒ Great Ormond Street Hospital for children.
Once the first 1,000 Limited Edition Vegas have been manufactured and shipped, and we move on to the next 3,000 units and thereafter to batches of 10,000 or more, the retail price of the Vega will reduce. But even at £100 the cost of the limited edition Vega, with its 1,000 games built-in, represents a huge saving over the cost of the original product plus the cost of 1,000 of the original Spectrum games. What cost thousands of pounds back in the 1980s is now available for around 1 per cent of that amount.
-- "Mystery is important. To know everything, to know the whole truth, is dull. There is no magic in that. Magic is not knowing, magic is wondering about what and how and where." ~ Cortez, from The Longest Journey
Originally Posted by Arhu
Count yourselves lucky, at the time I didn't even know RPGs existed.
If I recall properly, I don't think they really did; certainly not in the form they do today. It wasn't until I got a Commodore Amiga and played titles like Eye of the Beholder and the first Elder Scrolls game that everything changed.
Originally Posted by Kyrer
If I recall properly, I don't think they really did; certainly not in the form they do today. It wasn't until I got a Commodore Amiga and played titles like Eye of the Beholder and the first Elder Scrolls game that everything changed.
In the early days of ZX Spectrum they didn't, but by the mid 80s SSI strarted to launch a series of AD&D games. I wouldn't call them really RPGs, but they were adaptations of pen & paper games, so…
Originally Posted by MigRib
In the early days of ZX Spectrum they didn't, but by the mid 80s SSI strarted to launch a series of AD&D games. I wouldn't call them really RPGs, but they were adaptations of pen & paper games, so…
The Bard's Tale was on the Speccy. That was a pretty fully fledged RPG. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Effect of haloperidol and risperidone on amyloid precursor protein levels in vivo.
The neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease is formed from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is a member of an evolutionarily highly conserved gene family with significant functional importance. Because behavioral and psychiatric symptoms treated with antipsychotics may influence the course of the disease, we have investigated traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs, administered through the intraperitoneal route, for their effects on rat cortical APP. Western-immunoblotting was utilized for semi-quantitative evaluation of APP levels. Treatment with haloperidol resulted in an acute elevation of cortical APP both in therapeutic and toxic doses, however, it had no significant chronic impact on APP. Atypical antipsychotic risperidone did not change cortical APP concentration. These results indicate that both haloperidol and risperidone are considered to be relatively safe with respect to APP metabolism. Possible mechanisms, including involvement of calcium and APP itself as a receptor, are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Args with Spring MVC
I need help to pars args in a method inside my controller.
i have a form for sending my parameter to function
<form method="post" action="/">
<input type="text" id="query" placeholder="file to search ...">
<input type="submit" id="submit" value="fetch!">
</form>
and in my controller :
@RestController
public class mainController {
@RequestMapping(value = "/index", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String index(Model model) throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
DriveQuickstart drive = new DriveQuickstart("c:/temp/credentials.json");
model.addAttribute("query");
String res = drive.checkFile("query");
return res;
the query is a string send via the form. and return res in the same view.
Do you have any tips?
thanks you very mutch
A:
In Spring MVC It will be like this:
@Controller
public class mainController {
@PostMapping( "/index")
public String index(@ModelAttribute FormDataObjectClass object) throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
DriveQuickstart drive = new DriveQuickstart("c:/temp/credentials.json");
//model.addAttribute("query");
String name = object.getName();
String address = object.getAddress();
String res = drive.checkFile("query");
return res;
}
Here no need of passing Model as argument as we need a custom Object(FormDataObjectClass) to be used.
Create a class FormDataObjectClass as per you data in HTML form/JQuery post method
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Tag Archives: lips
This site contains affiliate links, which means I receive a small commission if you make a purchase using a link.
We're very grateful if you make a purchase through a link, as that is how we pay the bills and keep this site running.
Suitcases often look boring and the same as everyone else’s but you can change that with a suitcase cover.
This suitcase cover is black and is covered in white polka dots and to make it even more fun they added some red lips to the bottom.
You can get this stretchy suitcase cover in 4 different sizes so that it fits your suitcase perfectly.
The cover is made from a stretchy material so that it fits snug around you suitcase while keeping wheels and handles accessible. A suitcase cover also makes it more difficult for a person to quickly steal things from your luggage and it also makes it so much easier to spot at the luggage carousel at the airport. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Recently, I had the good fortune of speaking with Maysoon and I’m so proud to share our discussion with you!
Our discussion runs the gamut, from our experience growing-up “different” to the struggle for “disabled” actors in Hollywood and what can be done to change the landscape, to Maysoon’s work with children in Palestine and her adoration for Michael J. Fox on The Good Wife.
I hope you enjoy this fascinating interview with an amazing woman!
And if I may be so bold, I’d love for you to subscribe on iTunes and leave a 5-star review if you like the podcast, too.
(Also, toward the end the sound was getting a little wonky…sorry about that!) | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Reviews
“These performers’ sense of timing and rhythm, focus on building believable, genuine characters and creating an effective ensemble on stage could teach some of the region’s leading Equity actors a thing or two about stage veracity.” | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Image copyright Getty Images/BBC Image caption The new venue will hope to attract major artists and events like Adele, the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, and the world gymnastics championships
A 15,000-capacity indoor arena looks set to be built in Cardiff Bay on the site of the Red Dragon Centre.
With the Motorpoint Arena holding 7,000 people and Principality Stadium 74,000, city planners wanted a venue with a capacity between the two.
Various sites were mooted with an arena suggested as part of a £150m redevelopment of Cardiff Arms Park.
But Atlantic Wharf was chosen - and the Red Dragon Centre will be demolished to make way.
The centre opened in 1997 and is home to radio stations Capital FM and Heart FM, a casino, restaurants and cinema.
Before demolition work can begin, a new leisure complex will be built next door.
"We want to re-energise Cardiff Bay boosting its profile as a leisure-based destination," said Coun Russell Goodway.
"This new development can help to reinvigorate the area."
Cabinet members are set to grant permission for detailed work to begin next week with a planning application expected to be submitted in July 2019.
Image copyright Cardiff Council Image caption An artist's impression drawn up earlier this year of what the new arena could look like
The new arena would face Lloyd George Avenue and the Oval Basin outside the Senedd and Millennium Centre.
But work would be completed in stages - starting with a multi-storey car park on the Red Dragon Centre's overflow car park.
The new leisure complex would then be built on the main car park, with the existing one knocked down.
Economy Minister Ken Skates said the development was "crucially important".
Image copyright John Lord/ Geograph Image caption The Red Dragon Centre leisure complex has been a feature of Cardiff Bay for 20 years
Cardiff's and Bristol's councils have been trying to create a venue that would attract major acts and fans from south Wales and the south west of England for a long time.
A scheme next to Temple Meads station was first mooted in 2003, but was scrapped in September, with Bristol's mayor calling the £150m project "too risky".
Coun Goodway said there had been "significant interest" from arena operators wanting to run the new Cardiff venture, including Live Nation, who manage the city's Motorpoint venue.
"The additional footfall that the arena and new leisure and retail site will generate will also increase the demand for better transport links between the city centre and the bay," he added.
"This should only help to drive the need for the new metro system and putting an arena in the bay could also help speed up the completion of the Eastern Bay Link Road." | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Robert Aaron Gordon
Robert Aaron Gordon (born Aaron Goldstein; July 26, 1908 – April 7, 1978) was an American economist. He was a Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley from 1938 to 1976. In 1975, he served as President of the American Economic Association.
Both of his sons, Robert J. Gordon and David M. Gordon, became notable economists as well.
References
External links
Category:1908 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:People from Washington, D.C.
Category:20th-century American economists
Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty
Category:Presidents of the American Economic Association
Category:Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Father of 13 charged after 21-lbs ganja bust
A father of 13 was remanded to prison yesterday after being charged with possession of over 20 pounds of cannabis, which police found in a taxi on Sheriff Street, in Georgetown.
Vendor Rudy Cort, of 327 Kuru Kururu, Soesdyke-Linden High-way, was brought to the Georgetown Magistrates’ Courts, where he was charged with possession of narcotics for trafficking.
The charge against Cort stated that on May 3rd, he along with taxi driver Lindon Humphrey were caught at Sheriff Street with 9.590 kilogrammes of cannabis, equivalent to 21.1 pounds, in the trunk of a vehicle. The vehicle, HC 9353, is the property of Humphrey.
Prosecutor Sanj Singh said Cort claimed ownership of the cannabis after he and Humphrey were arrested and taken to the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headquarters, where statements were given. However, Cort pleaded not guilty yesterday.
Cort’s attorney, Siand Dhurjon, informed the court that his client was on his way to Stabroek Market, where he is a vendor, when the drugs were found and that his client was merely a passenger sitting in the front seat of the vehicle.
Dhurjon further described Cort as a hard working father of 13 and a God fearing man and member of the Assemblies of God church. He also stated that if the marijuana had belonged to Cort, his other possessions might have been in the trunk with it. However, he said Cort was found with a bag of hats and other items, which he sells.
After both the prosecutor and the attorney made their submissions, Senior Magistrate Leron Daly adjourned the matter until Friday and remanded Cort to prison until then. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Corrugated Plastic will protect floors from damage from any type of
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l Temporary clean-room protection , floor protection
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l Waterproofing Membranes
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We manufacture a complete range of Fresh Produce Packaging for the
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Qingdao Deals Trading Co., Ltd. is a young aspiring trading
company established on April , 2014. It acts as principal in
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intended to add value to its clients’ business.
Deals has also developed a role, representing the commercial
interests of many independent companies, producers and traders who
are interested in competitive global sourcing,
Based out of Qingdao, Qingdao Deals Trading Company is
strategically located at the crossroads of the major trade routes
between the East and the West.
Deals has demonstrated vision, commitment and true entrepreneurial
spirit being one of the China’s most innovative and enterprising
startups.
Now Deals is concentrating in newly-design, development,
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products and plastic extrusion machines.
We guarantee that we always provide the qualified products with
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looking forward to establishing our longterm business with you in
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Deals is the Chinese leading supplier of corrugated
plastic products, injection products and realterd machines
, it has been acting as an aggressive participant and
pioneer in the international marketplace of twin wall
plastics and general-purpose plastics.
As the business grows, many customers normally have needs of
consolidating other products in one container or same lot,
they trust us and would ask us to purchase for them, therefore we
specially opened a buying office in downtown.
No matter whatever you want to buy, we can find it for you, good
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We kept wide and good relationships with many suppliers, so we
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customers. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
You can't do it exactly without a scale but a pretty good approximation is to get the washer legs set and level the washer, then apply my proprietary technique called "rocking the washer along the diagonals." Looking down at the top panel of the washer, place your hands at the ends of one set of diagonals and try to rock the washer. If you get any movement at all, you have a weight distribution problem. Repeat for the other diagonal. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Wifi problems with rtl8723be in Ubuntu 14.04
I have dual booted my Windows 8 laptop with Ubuntu 14.04. The wifi driver is Realtek rtl8723be. It didn't use to work but I updated the kernel to 3.18 and reinstalled the driver and that seemed to solve the problem for a few hours. Then it would be connected for around 30 minutes and then the connection would stop, even though the icon on the system tray would still indicate it's connected. The only thing that works is restarting the computer but then, again, after 30 minutes the connection stops.
A:
I was having these problem with rtl8723be on linux mint 17, and mint17.1. The same procedure should work on ubuntu 14.04 and derivates.
I had to install new module for realtek wifi cards where they solved the constant disconnects:
install required packages
sudo apt-get install build-essential git
git clone new realtek wifi modules
git clone https://github.com/lwfinger/rtlwifi_new/
enter the directory
cd rtlwifi_new
build it
make
install
sudo make install
Now you can reboot or unload/load modules
unload modules
sudo modprobe -r rtl8723be
load new module
sudo modprobe rtl8723be
if it still doesn't work, try the solution from this post
echo "options rtl8723be fwlps=0" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/rtl8723be.conf
Note: After each kernel update, you need to rebuild the modules. That is,
After every kernel update:
cd rtlwifi_new
Clean previous builds
make clean
Update git repository
git pull
Compile
make clean && make
Install
sudo make install
reboot or unload/load modules
EDIT: It seems as of kernel 4.17 kernel APIs have changed:
Note: If your kernel is 4.17 or newer, AND your card is not an RTL8723DE, then you should NOT be using the external driver. The built-in one is the same.
source: https://github.com/lwfinger/rtlwifi_new/
A:
My friend's HP laptop wouldn't display the available Wi-Fi networks.
So I followed the steps from Miodrag Prelec's answer till echo "options rtl8723be fwlps=0" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/rtl8723be.conf
Then, I did
sudo modprobe -r rtl8723be
Then either of:
sudo modprobe rtl8723be ant_sel=1
sudo modprobe rtl8723be ant_sel=2
(whichever works)
After doing this it would list the Wi-Fi signals in the menu.
So I added these lines to /etc/rc.local (above exit 0) so that it would run each time my laptop boots up.
sleep 10
sudo modprobe -r rtl8723be
sudo modprobe rtl8723be ant_sel=1
Note: change ant_sel=1 to ant_sel=2 if required.
source
A:
Run the following command in terminal
echo "options rtl8723be fwlps=N ips=N" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/rtl8723be.conf
as this will disable some of the power management of the card and usually helps.
And then you need to reboot or manually reload the driver
sudo modprobe -rv rtl8723be
sudo modprobe -v rtl8723be
This was found in ubuntuforums. Varunendra is very good troubleshooting the realtek cards.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
I've been successfully using XAMPP on Windows XP SP2 to run a local WordPress "Sandbox" since the 1.4.x series. I've recently upgraded from version 1.6.5 to 1.6.6a (full uninstall of 1.6.5 without removing the database or htdocs folder and then ran xampp-win32-1.6.6a-installer) and although everything appears to work fine as always I noticed that 1.6.6a, when starting MySQL and Apache, invokes a second "explorer.exe" process which continues running even after stopping both MySQL and Apache and exiting the XAMPP Control Panel. I have to use the Task Manager to kill the second "explorer.exe" process manually. The 2nd "explorer.exe" process usually is running at approximately half the memory of the actual OS's "explorer.exe.
I'm not that versed in the actual workings of XAMPP but isn't shutting down Apache and MySQL supposed to automatically kill the 2nd "explorer.exe" process? | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
ok.
slafontaine@globalp.com on 02/05/2001 08:18:35 PM
To: John.Arnold@enron.com
cc:
Subject: Re: diff topic
thats my approach-i know youre doing well but i have no idea how well. let me
put it to you this way completely between you and me. i have every expectation
of making myself about a a myn this year(dont want to jinx myself). ive herd
suggestions that this new deal cud be better cuz of the guarantees + bonus. i
dont know yet, hasnt been offered or even discussed directly. but if it does
and
its very good they gonna need a ngas guy in houston. i think we could put
together a hell of a us team. ill let you know if/when i find out more if that
interests you. wouldnt be alot different from the job role you are currently
in.. | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} |
Q:
cross combine two RDDs using pyspark
How can I cross combine (is this the correct way to describe?) the two RDDS?
input:
rdd1 = [a, b]
rdd2 = [c, d]
output:
rdd3 = [(a, c), (a, d), (b, c), (b, d)]
I tried rdd3 = rdd1.flatMap(lambda x: rdd2.map(lambda y: (x, y)), it complains that It appears that you are attempting to broadcast an RDD or reference an RDD from an action or transformation.. I guess that means you can not nest action as in the list comprehension, and one statement can only do one action.
A:
So as you have noticed you can't perform a transformation inside another transformation (note that flatMap & map are transformations rather than actions since they return RDDs). Thankfully, what your trying to accomplish is directly supported by another transformation in the Spark API - namely cartesian (see http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD ).
So you would want to do rdd1.cartesian(rdd2).
| {
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Head-shaking nystagmus (HSN): the theoretical explanation and the experimental proof.
Head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) is induced by oscillating the head at high frequency in the horizontal plane. This test is used in the clinic to detect the presence of a unilateral loss of vestibular function. HSN has been described as monophasic with fast-phase direction towards either side, or biphasic with the direction of fast phases reversing after a few seconds. Loss of vestibular function amplifies existing non-linearities in the vestibular system, so that imposed sinusoids can induce biases which are the source of HSN. Fifty-one patients suffering from loss of peripheral vestibular function (43 partial, 11 total unilateral tests) were exposed to whole-body sinusoidal stimulation, with increasing head velocities (90-220 degrees/s) at 1/6Hz, to explore the consistency of per-rotatory induced biases. A bias was induced in all cases, but it wandered on either side, healthy or pathologic, unless test head velocities were larger than approximately 180 degrees/s. Given this condition, the slow-phase bias was located towards the pathologic side for all patients with significant bias ( > 5 degrees/s). These observations demonstrate that the sign and amplitude of the bias is variable and is not correlated with the lesioned side, unless high head velocities are imposed. This explains why the direction of the initial phase of HSN in the clinic seems so labile. Subsequent monophasic or biphasic characteristics of HSN are simply the reflection of interactions between two main time constants associated with "velocity storage" and "gaze holding" in the vestibular central processes. | {
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A cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression in rural American Indian middle school students.
Rural American Indian (AI) middle school students with depressive symptoms who participated in a culturally modified version of the Adolescent Coping with Depression (CWD-A) course (n = 8) reported significant improvement in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. There was also a nonsignificant but clinically relevant decrease in participants' anxiety symptoms. Students reported satisfaction with the intervention, and it was potentially more cost-effective and less stigmatizing than the individualized treatment-as-usual interventions to which it was compared. These results suggest the CWD-A is a promising approach for reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in rural AI students and should be further evaluated with a larger sample of students. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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19‐335‐cr
United States v. Gary Jacques
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ).
A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 14th day of February, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT:
JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
DENNY CHIN,
STEVEN J. MENASHI,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
‐v‐ 19‐335‐cr
ROBERT ALEXANDER GUERRERO, aka Al,
aka Alex, CESAR POLANCO, aka Peechon,
aka ʺPatrone,ʺ aka Pachong, aka ʺPetion,ʺ
JEFFREY JACQUES, ANSEY GUERRIER, aka
Lucky, aka Andre,
Defendants,
GARY JACQUES,
Defendant‐Appellant.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR APPELLEE: Jo Ann M. Navickas, Ryan C. Harris,
Assistant United States Attorneys, for
Richard P. Donaghue, United States
Attorney for the Eastern District of New
York, Brooklyn, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: Gary Jacques, pro se, Danbury, CT.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Gershon, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant‐appellant Gary Jacques, proceeding pro se, appeals an order
entered January 18, 2019, denying his motion for reduction of his sentence. We assume
the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and
the issues on appeal.
In 2010, following a jury trial, Jacques was convicted on multiple drug
trafficking counts and, in a separate criminal proceeding the same year, pled guilty to
wire fraud. In a combined sentencing proceeding, the district court sentenced Jacques
principally to 228 monthsʹ imprisonment on all counts. In 2014, Jacques moved under
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for a reduction in his sentence pursuant to Amendment 782 to the
United States Sentencing Guidelines. The district court granted the motion in 2015,
reducing Jacquesʹs sentence to 216 monthsʹ imprisonment.
2
In 2017, Jacques moved for a second reduction under Amendment 782. The district
court denied the motion, concluding that Jacques had not offered an additional ground
for reduction. In 2018, Jacques moved again for what he characterized as either a
further motion for reduction of his sentence or a motion for reconsideration of the
district courtʹs decision on his prior motion, relying on a Ninth Circuit decision, United
States v. Pimentel‐Lopez, 859 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2016). The district court denied the
motion on January 18, 2019, holding that Jacques had not presented any additional
ground for reduction of his sentence and, alternatively, if the motion were considered a
motion for reconsideration, the motion was untimely and meritless because an out‐of‐
Circuit case decided after the district courtʹs 2015 decision reducing Jacquesʹs sentence
was not binding. Jacques appeals.
We review de novo a district courtʹs determination as to whether a
defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction. See United States v. Christie, 736 F.3d 191,
195 (2d Cir. 2013). Section 3582(c)(2) provides that a sentencing court may reduce a
defendantʹs term of imprisonment if he is eligible for a reduction, that is, if he has been
sentenced based on a guidelines range that was subsequently lowered by the Sentencing
Commission. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). While we have not decided the standard of
3
review for appeals from motions to reconsider denials of § 3582(c)(2) rulings, we need
not do so here because Jacquesʹs appeal fails even on de novo review.1
The district court did not err by denying Jacquesʹs motion to reduce his
sentence. Jacques had already received a reduction pursuant to Amendment 782, and
he was not eligible for a second reduction because the applicable guidelines range had
not been subsequently lowered by any other amendment. See United States v. Derry, 824
F.3d 299, 304‐07 (2d Cir. 2016) (determining that defendant was not eligible for second
sentence reduction where no subsequent amendment lowered guidelines range from
first reduction).
Jacques argues that the district court erred by failing to construe his motion
as a motion for reconsideration of the 2015 decision reducing his sentence. While
Jacques correctly notes that he asked the district court to ʺreconsider whether the
sentence imposed (216 months) resulted in a sentence disparity,ʺ Govʹt Appʹx at 239, he
also characterized the motion as a subsequent motion for a sentence reduction (rather
than one seeking reconsideration), sought to apply the legal standards applicable to
resentencing under § 3582 rather than the standards for reconsideration, and raised new
1 See United States v. Delva, 704 Fed. Appʹx 8, 9 (2d Cir. 2017) (ʺThis court has not decided
what standard of review applies to appeals from motions to reconsider denials of § 3582(c)(2)
rulings.ʺ).
4
arguments. Hence, Jacques viewed the motion as a new motion for a reduction of
sentence.
Moreover, even assuming the motion was a motion for reconsideration, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying it. First, the motion was untimely:
the Eastern Districtʹs local criminal rules require that any motion for reconsideration be
filed within 14 days. E.D.N.Y. Local Crim. R. 49.1(d). The district court decided
Jacquesʹs first sentence reduction motion in September 2015, and Jacques did not make
his third motion ‐‐ the subject of this appeal ‐‐ until June 2018, nearly three years later.
Jacques argues that the Government waived any objection to the timeliness of his motion
by failing to argue it in its response. But given that Jacquesʹs motion did not clearly
argue for reconsideration, the Governmentʹs failure to address the timeliness of the
motion did not constitute waiver. See United States v. Spruill, 808 F.3d 585, 597 (2d Cir.
2015) (ʺ[W]aiver can result only from a [litigantʹs] intentional decision not to assert a
right.ʺ).
Second, Jacques argues that the district court erred by not considering the
effect of Pimentel‐Lopez, 859 F.3d 1134, on his sentence because courts are permitted to
consider intervening changes in the law on a motion for reconsideration. He is partially
correct. While courts may consider ʺan intervening change in controlling lawʺ on a
5
motion for reconsideration, United States v. Carr, 557 F.3d 93, 102 (2d Cir. 2009), Pimentel‐
Lopez is not controlling. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse
its discretion by determining that the case did not warrant reconsideration of its prior
decision.
* * *
We have reviewed the remainder of Jacquesʹs arguments and conclude
they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
6
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Q:
Can the brain detect the passage of a neutrino?
On a few occasions either in bed or sitting around a fire, with my eyes closed, I rarely but sometimes see a very quick fast flash of white and then, with my eyes still closed, the flash disappears immediately. It happens so fast that I sit up and rethink if it was even real. But I know it is real because I have had it happen to me many times in my life. I have also asked other people if it happens to them and 4/5 replied back saying that they had experienced the flash before.
Is it possible for a neutrino to pass the brain and in response produce the white flash? After all the brain is made of 73% water and neutrino detectors are predominantly water.
I tried submitting this question on biology.stackexchange and I was told that questions like these belonged on the physics.stackexhange site.
A:
The cross-section for neutrino interactions is energy dependent.
For solar neutrinos at $\sim 0.4$ MeV, which would likely dominate any neutrinos likely to interact (the cosmic background neutrinos have way low energies) , the cross-sections are $\sigma \sim 10^{-48}$ m$^2$, for both leptonic processes (elastic scattering from electrons) and neutrino-nucleon interactions.
The mean free path of a neutrino will be given by $l \sim (n\sigma)^{-1}$, where $n$ is number of interacting target particles per cubic metre and $\sigma$ is the cross-section.
If your head is basically water with a density of 1000 kg/m$^3$, then there are $n_e = 3.3\times10^{29}\ m^{-3}$ of electrons and about $6 \times 10^{29} m^{-3}$ of nuclei.
Including both nucleonic and leptonic processes, the mean free path is $\sim 10^{18}\ m$.
So unless your head is 100 light years wide, there is little chance of any individual neutrino interacting with it.
This is only one part of the calculation though - we need to know how many neutrinos are passing through your head per second. The neutrino flux from the Sun is about $7\times 10^{14}$ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. If your head has an area of about 400 cm$^2$, then there are $3\times 10^{13}$ neutrinos zipping through your brain every second.
Thus is we take $x=20$ cm as the path length through your head, there is a chance $\sim x/l$ of any neutrino interacting, where $l$ was the mean free path calculated earlier.
This probability multiplied by the neutrino flux through your head indicates there are $6\times 10^{-6}$ s$^{-1}$ neutrino interactions in your head, or roughly one every two days.
Whether that would produce any perceptible effect in your brain needs to be shunted back to Biology SE. If we require it (or rather scattered electrons) to produce Cherenkov radiation in the eyeball, then this needs $>5$ MeV neutrinos and so the rate would reduce to 1 per 100 days or even lower due to the smaller number of neutrinos at these energies and the smaller volume of water in the eyeball.
EDIT:
In fact my original answer may be over-optimistic by an order of magnitude since water only acts as a good detector (via Cherenkov radiation) for neutrinos above energies of 5 MeV. Solar neutrinos are predominantly lower energy than this. My calculation ignored atmospheric neutrinos which are produced in far fewer numbers (but at higher energies $\sim 0.1-10$ GeV). The cross-section for these is 4-6 orders of magnitude higher, but I think they are produced in so much lower numbers that they don't contribute.
Conclusion It doesn't have anything to do with neutrinos. The rate would be too low, even if they could be perceived.
A:
If you are that fast in detecting light, you are seeing cosmic ray muons. They are charged and leave an ionizing track in anything they cross and Cerenkov light. in liquid, and the eye is mainly liquid.
They are the most numerous energetic particles arriving at sea level, with a flux of about 1 muon per square centimeter per minute. This can be compared to a solar neutrino flux of about 5 x 10^6 per square centimeter per second.
Even though there are a lot more neutrinos they do not generate photons to first order so as to be detectable in bubble and spark etc chambers, and therefore not even to the eye.
The easy creation of cloud chambers showing muon tracks is recorded on several YouTube videos .
With such a chamber, you could have your eye under the cup and have a friend check for coincidence with one of the tracks coming in, to verify the sharpness of your light detection. :)
Edit after googling:
It is proposed that the primary cosmic radiation is responsible for the light flashes observed by astronauts in translunar flight. Cherenkov radiation may be an important or even the dominant mechanism. An alternative mechanism is the direct excitation of the retina by cosmic ray particles.
And then I remembered a story told me by an oldtimer physicist at those early times of high energy physics experiments where physicists controlled the beams: he would center the beam to his detector by the cerenkov light in his eye. Possibly no connection was made with radiation and cancer at those times, and the beam fluxes were not as strong as the beams we currently have. (just recalled that I asked about it and he did the centering with a very weak beam.)
The retina excitation part cannot hold for one off cosmic muons. One would not see a flash, just a point would be excited by the ionization which only travels microns.
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| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
AP
Tight end Jermaine Gresham visited with the Saints on Wednesday and it sounds like he could be in line for a longer stay in New Orleans.
Gresham’s been out of the spotlight for the last couple of months while recovering from surgery to repair a herniated disc in his back, but Saints coach Sean Payton said Thursday that the team has had him on the radar for a while.
“He’s a player we were obviously well aware of coming out of Oklahoma five years ago,” Payton said, via the New Orleans Advocate. “He’s recovering from an offseason surgery, and I thought the visit went pretty good. It would be about the fit. I think there’s a fit for us if it works out, and he’s a guy that we’ve studied quite a bit now in the last couple of months.”
If Gresham agrees about the fit, it may wind up eating into Benjamin Watson’s role in the offense. The team has talked up Josh Hill quite a bit this offseason as a receiving option at tight end since trading Jimmy Graham, which would leave an in-line role for Gresham that Watson is currently slated to fill in New Orleans. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Delineation of a cellular hierarchy in lung cancer reveals an oncofetal antigen expressed on tumor-initiating cells.
Poorly differentiated tumors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been associated with shorter patient survival and shorter time to recurrence following treatment. Here, we integrate multiple experimental models with clinicopathologic analysis of patient tumors to delineate a cellular hierarchy in NSCLC. We show that the oncofetal protein 5T4 is expressed on tumor-initiating cells and associated with worse clinical outcome in NSCLC. Coexpression of 5T4 and factors involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition were observed in undifferentiated but not in differentiated tumor cells. Despite heterogeneous expression of 5T4 in NSCLC patient-derived xenografts, treatment with an anti-5T4 antibody-drug conjugate resulted in complete and sustained tumor regression. Thus, the aggressive growth of heterogeneous solid tumors can be blocked by therapeutic agents that target a subpopulation of cells near the top of the cellular hierarchy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Map
from Simon Tatham's Portable Puzzle Collection
Game... Enter game ID Enter random seed Download save file Upload save file
Type...
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Solve game Link to this puzzle: by game ID by random seed
Sorry, this Javascript puzzle doesn't seem to work in your web browser. Perhaps you have Javascript disabled, or perhaps your browser doesn't provide a feature that the puzzle code requires (such as typed arrays ). These puzzles have been successfully run in Firefox 19, Chrome 26, Internet Explorer 10 and Safari 6.
Colour the map with four colours, so that no two adjacent regions have the same colour. (Regions touching at only one corner do not count as adjacent.) There is a unique colouring consistent with the coloured regions you are already given.
Drag from a coloured region to a blank one to colour the latter the same colour as the former. Drag from outside the grid into a region to erase its colour. (You cannot change the colours of the regions you are given at the start of the game.)
Right-drag from a coloured region to a blank one to add dots marking the latter region as possibly the same colour as the former, or to remove those dots again.
Full instructions | Back to main puzzles page | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
We are starting WebKit modularization - robin_reala
http://markmail.org/thread/fkiibwrwv3xporxx
======
dhx
_> We hope this will make it much easier to develop vendor-specific features._
DRM[1]? Flash/"ActiveX 2012"[2]?
We've seen a great deal of recent discussion about the harm vendor-specific
CSS properties[3] and X- prefixed application protocol header fields[4] are
causing. No two parties can agree on proposals for the HTML specification.
Microsoft, Google, Apple and Mozilla all tend to disagree and we're stuck with
vendor-specific browser features.
These are not good signs for the health of the Web.
[1] <http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3620432>
[2] <http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3620537>
[3] [http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-
style/2012Feb/0998.h...](http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-
style/2012Feb/0998.html)
[4] <http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-xdash-03>
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
Metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma 13 years after curative resection for pancreatic cancer: report of a case and review of Japanese literature.
For the majority of patients, ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas remains a lethal disease. Currently, surgical extirpation for localized disease offers the only chance for long-term survival. We report a patient who underwent successful resection of isolated lung metastasis occurring 13 years after pancreatic cancer resection. A 59-year-old woman underwent distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer 13 years previously, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, and was followed-up at the outpatient clinic of a local hospital. From around June 2010, she noticed bloody sputum, so she visited a local hospital. Since her chest X-ray and CT revealed a 1.5 cm mass shadow in the segment 10 of her right lung and she was referred to the Respiratory Disease Center of our hospital. As a result of through examinations, she was strongly suspected of having lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer, and underwent partial pneumonectomy. Postoperative histopathological examination of the resected specimen was consistent with lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer. She is still alive and currently receives third line of chemotherapy. Patients who have achieved long-term survival after pancreatic cancer resection and can tolerate surgery may benefit from resection of a lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer in terms of survival, if it controls the metastasis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The focus of the proposed research is on structural plasticity and large-scale dynamics as determinants of protein function. Detailed and highly specific characterization of functionally important transient non-native protein states will rely on development of experimental strategies combining hydrogen/deuterium exchange in solution (HDX), electrospray ipnization (ESI MS) and gas phase protein ion fragmentation. The new strategies will provide conformer-specific structural and dynamic information by using HDX in combination with (i) simultaneous fragmentation of several ionic species representing a single protein state and (ii) covalent trapping of native and non-native protein states. A new method to probe stability of protein cores by monitoring HDX selectively at polar side chains will also be developed. Multi-stage protein ion fragmentation in both positive and negative ion modes in combination with solution-phase HDX will be evaluated as a means of characterizing local dynamics within large (>30 kDa) proteins with multiple disulfide bonds. These new strategies will be used to further our understanding of transient disorder in cellular retinoic acid binding proteins I and II (CRABP I and II) as a critical factor controlling binding and release of retinoic acid (RA). Structural characterization of non-native protein states through which ligand binding occurs will be completed, followed by investigation of the dynamic events within CRABP II induced by its binding to a retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which facilitate ligand transfer from the transport protein to the receptor. The new experimental strategies will also be applied to further our understanding of metal delivery to cells via the transferrin cycle by examining dynamics and metal-binding properties of serum transferrin (Tf) and their modulation by transferrin receptor (TfR). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of RAR/CRABP and Tf/TfR interactions will be invaluable for the enhancing of a variety of therapeutic strategies exploiting the pleiotropic properties of retinoic acid and the ability of Tf to deliver cytotoxic ligands to malignant cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Transforming simple achiral molecules into stereochemically complex molecules remains a central challenge in organic synthesis. Asymmetric metal catalysis provides an avenue to meet this challenge. However, the majority of asymmetric organometallic catalysts mediates one type of reaction and allows one transformation. Therefore, traditionally complex organic molecules are often built transformation by transformation. This process is tedious and expensive. This proposal describes an innovative approach to asymmetric catalysis, asymmetric tandem organocatalysis, which uses one catalyst to mediate multiple transformations. The utility of tandem organocatalysis will be demonstrated in a very concise synthesis of Eiseniachloride A, a molecule of potential great medicinal interest. The completion of this proposed research would show the concept of tandem organocatalysis is valid and superior to the traditional one catalyst-one transformation organometallic catalysis. More importantly, the realization of asymmetric tandem organocatalysis would provide large quantities of potential drug candidates that can not be obtained otherwise. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-sensors-15-26039}
===============
A variety of devices have been developed to extract energy from the environment through piezoelectric, electromagnetic and thermoelectric energy conversion \[[@B1-sensors-15-26039],[@B2-sensors-15-26039],[@B3-sensors-15-26039],[@B4-sensors-15-26039],[@B5-sensors-15-26039],[@B6-sensors-15-26039]\]. We are interested in energy harvesting to power systems deep in an oil well where ambient pressures of 200 MPa and temperatures higher than 160 °C can occur. Among various transduction mechanisms, vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting is attractive for such an application due to the availability of piezoelectric materials with Curie temperatures in the appropriate range as well as their high electromechanical coupling constants. A piezoelectric energy harvester allows many distinct vibration modes to be used to generate electrical power \[[@B7-sensors-15-26039]\], and can be operated with limited strain and wear to promote longevity.
A variety of studies have assessed methods to convert flow energy into vibration. These include vortex shedding \[[@B8-sensors-15-26039],[@B9-sensors-15-26039],[@B10-sensors-15-26039],[@B11-sensors-15-26039],[@B12-sensors-15-26039]\], flapping motions \[[@B13-sensors-15-26039]\], hydraulic pressure \[[@B14-sensors-15-26039]\], and impeller structures \[[@B15-sensors-15-26039],[@B16-sensors-15-26039]\]. The approach we are investigating consists of a cantilever mounted in an internal flow channel where either the cantilever itself is a piezoelectric bimorph, or a non-piezoelectric cantilever drives a transducer \[[@B17-sensors-15-26039],[@B18-sensors-15-26039]\]. The internal flow passage is a spline-shaped nozzle-diffuser. [Figure 1](#sensors-15-26039-f001){ref-type="fig"} shows the concept design for an array of piezoelectric energy harvester segments that may be combined in series and/or parallel flow paths (and electrically) to generate power levels required by devices down in an oil well. In a standard well with a flow-control valve, the flow enters an annulus between the formation (reservoir rock) and an internal metal pipe (completion tubing), flows through an annular valve, enters the center tubing, and is carried to surface. The illustration makes use of the fluid flow to generate electricity in this annular section.
{#sensors-15-26039-f001}
Clearly, a piezoelectric energy harvester segment with high energy-conversion efficiency from fluid flow to electricity is beneficial, as it reduces both the complexity of system design electronics and the pressure loss in an internal flow environment. Bimorph cantilever-type piezoelectric harvesters are typically used in existing vibration-induced energy harvesting devices \[[@B19-sensors-15-26039],[@B20-sensors-15-26039],[@B21-sensors-15-26039]\]. Since power output is linked to internal stresses generated within the piezoelectric material, the advantage of this type of harvester is its low transverse bending stiffness, which can create large stresses with small amplitude forces relative to other piezoelectric actuators. A maximum output power can be achieved when the harvesting device vibrates at its resonant frequency; thus, a low resonant frequency harvester (\<1 kHz) is generally preferred for both robustness to fatigue (less cycles per total lifetime) and ease of coupling to a mechanical system (resonances usually \<1 kHz). However, a major drawback is its brittle nature, precipitating short lifetimes due to low fatigue limits. These problems can be mitigated with ruggedized designs, which include the addition of both passive and active mechanisms for limiting the maximum vibration stress/strain levels.
A different approach that improves on the robustness of a bimorph-type piezoelectric harvester is the implementation of a flextensional as the transduction actuator. A flextensional actuator is generally comprised of a multilayer piezoelectric stack inside a metal frame. Since the stack is kept under a compressive load during operation, its design offers a high fatigue limit and a high energy density transducing structure: a lifetime test of piezoelectric stacks revealed no catastrophic failures or degradation after 100 billion cycles \[[@B22-sensors-15-26039]\]; another reported that piezoelectric stacks are capable of producing high electrical power, specifically in the order of 200--300 mW \[[@B23-sensors-15-26039]\].
Our flextensional-based flow energy harvester uses a non-piezoelectric cantilever in a converging-diverging flow channel. The cantilever is mounted between two flextensional actuators at its clamped end, with its free end extending downstream of the channel throat. The channel geometry, fluid and flow properties, along with cantilever geometry and material properties dictate the fluid-structure force amplitude and driving frequency at the cantilever's clamped end. The flextensional resonant frequencies must match those driven by the mounted cantilever, which couples to the fluid flow and provides the forcing function to the actuators. The dimension of the flextensional metal frame governs its resonant frequencies; thus, a frequency-matched flextensional system can be designed and fabricated by controlling the frame's length and thickness. The integration of flextensional actuators facilitates a design where the piezoelectrics are completely isolated from the working/producing fluids, reducing the effects of corrosion/degradation on the piezoelectric material.
The emphasis of this work is to design a robust system, such as a highly efficient, piezoelectric harvester that is capable of generating suitable electrical power for sensors and actuators through a range of well production flow rates. This paper presents the preliminary results of experimental and simulation data for various designed, modeled, and prototyped flow energy harvesters.
2. Theoretical Background {#sec2-sensors-15-26039}
=========================
A cantilever beam with two piezoelectric layers in parallel connection (bimorph), where the two piezoelectric layers have the same polarization directions, has been used to design the initial prototype set of energy harvesting devices. The voltage is generated between the intermediate electrode and the top/bottom electrodes. The constitutive equations describing the behavior of the cantilever type piezoelectric bimorph were first derived by Smits *et al.* \[[@B24-sensors-15-26039],[@B25-sensors-15-26039]\], where the deflection at the free end, $\delta$, and the charge on the electrode, $Q$, are related to an applied force at the free end, $F$ and an applied voltage over the electrodes, $V$ through a 2 × 2 matrix. The matrix equation under static conditions can be written: $$\begin{pmatrix}
\delta \\
Q \\
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}
\frac{s_{11}^{E}L^{3}}{2wh^{3}} & {- \frac{3d_{31}L^{2}}{4h^{2}}} \\
{- \frac{3d_{31}L^{2}}{4h^{2}}} & {\frac{2\varepsilon_{33}^{T}wL}{h}(1 - \frac{k_{31}^{2}}{4})} \\
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
F \\
V \\
\end{pmatrix}$$ where $d_{31}$, $k_{31}$, and $s_{11}^{E}$ are the piezoelectric strain coefficient, electromechanical coupling, and elastic compliance in matrix notation, respectively. $\varepsilon_{33}^{T}$ is the dielectric permittivity. $L$, $w$, and $h$ are length, width, and thickness of a piezoelectric plate, respectively.
If an external force $F$ is acting at the bimorph tip (free end), and no voltage is present at the deflected end, (*i.e.*, closed circuit), the generated electrical charge can be expressed as follows: $$Q_{b} = - \frac{3d_{31}L^{2}}{4h^{2}}F$$
The generated open circuit voltage can be obtained by using the following relation: $$V_{\text{OC,b}} = \frac{Q}{C_{p}} = \frac{3}{8}(\frac{L}{wh})\frac{d_{31}}{\varepsilon_{33}^{T}}F$$ where $C_{p}$ is the static capacitance of a piezoelectric plate, $$C_{p} = \frac{\varepsilon_{33}^{T}A}{t}$$ where A is the surface area of a piezoelectric plate, $t$ is the thickness of the composite beam (*t* = 2 h).
From the constitutive equation, Equation (1), the stiffness of bimorph, defined as $k = \frac{F}{\delta}$, under closed circuit condition ($V = 0$) is given by: $$k = (\frac{s_{11}^{E}L^{3}}{2wh^{3}})^{- 1}$$
Since the bimorph is generally composed of several protective layers, the beam stiffness can be expressed as a function of effective Young's modulus ($Y_{b}$) of composite beam: $$k_{eq} = \frac{Y_{b}wt^{3}}{4L^{3}}$$
Considering the bimorph in a short-circuit condition as a single degree of freedom spring-mass system, a natural resonant frequency arises as $\omega = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$; thus, the natural frequency of the undamped composite beam ($\omega_{b}$) is given by: $$\omega_{b} = \sqrt{\frac{Y_{b}wt^{3}}{4m_{eq}L^{3}}} \approx \frac{t}{L^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{Y_{b}}{\rho}}$$ where m~eq~ is an equivalent mass placed at the free end of the cantilever beam and $\rho$ is the density of the composite bimorph.
For a piezoelectric bar operating in a 33 mode, the stress is parallel to the polarization direction, and the generated voltage can be obtained using the piezoelectric constitutive equation: $$E_{3} = - \mathbf{g}_{\mathbf{33}}T_{3} + \beta_{33}^{T}D_{3}$$ where $T_{3}$ and $D_{3}$ are the stress on the element in the direction of polarization and dielectric displacement, $E_{3}$ is electric field $( = V/t$), $\beta_{33}^{T}$ is free dielectric impermeability constant. For the piezoelectric voltage coefficient $g_{33}$, the following equation can be used: $$g_{33} = \frac{d_{33}}{\varepsilon_{33}^{T}}$$
Under open-circuit condition ($D_{3} = 0$), Equation (8) reduces to: $$|V_{OC,l}| = \frac{d_{33}}{\varepsilon_{33}^{T}}tT_{3}\operatorname{~~}\text{=}~\frac{d_{33}}{C_{p}}F_{3}$$
The generated electrical charge of a longitudinal bar is linearly proportional to the piezoelectric charge coefficient under an applied force, and is expressed as $Q_{l} = d_{33}F_{3}$.
The natural frequency of a longitudinal piezoelectric bar ($\omega_{l}$) is given by: $$\omega_{l} = \sqrt{\frac{Y_{l}}{\rho}}$$ where $Y_{l}$ is the Young's modulus of the poled piezoelectric bar, which is the reciprical of $s_{33}^{E}$.
For the case of multilayer piezoelectric stack, where a number of thin alternately poled piezoelectric layers are connected mechanically in series and electrically in parallel, the effective piezoelectric strain coefficient and capacitance is proportional to the number of the piezoelectric layers given by: $$d_{33}^{*} = nd_{33}$$ $$\varepsilon_{33}^{T*} = \frac{nL\varepsilon_{33,piezo}^{T}}{t_{p}} \approx n^{2}\varepsilon_{33,piezo}^{T}$$ where $n$ is a number of a piezoelectric layers, $L$ and $t_{p}$ are the total length of the piezoelectric stack and the thickness of a single piezoelectric layer, respectively.
{#sensors-15-26039-f002}
When an external resistive load ($R_{L}$) is connected to the piezoelectric harvester, as shown in [Figure 2](#sensors-15-26039-f002){ref-type="fig"}, the voltage across the resistive load is maximum when the load resistance ($R_{L}$) is matched to the source impedance ($Z_{p}$). If the piezoelectric material is an ideal capacitor and the dielectric loss of the piezoelectric structure is infinitely small, the voltage across the resistive load can be obtained as follows: $$V_{\text{L}} = V_{\text{OC}}\left| \frac{R_{\text{L}}}{Z_{p} + R_{\text{L}}} \right|$$ where $Z_{p} \approx \left( {\omega C_{p}} \right)^{- 1}$, and the maximum electrical voltage to a resistive load is half of the open circuit voltage, (*i.e.*, $V_{L,max}~ = ~V_{OC}/2$). Under dynamic conditions (simple sinusoid), the RMS power delivered to the resistive load is given by: $$P_{\text{rms}} = \frac{V_{\text{L}}^{2}}{2R_{\text{L}}}$$
The RMS voltage for a time dependent signal can be calculated directly from the following equation: $$V_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}V{(t)}^{2}\mspace{2mu} dt}$$
3. Flow Loop Experimental Setup {#sec3-sensors-15-26039}
===============================
A schematic of the flow loop used in experiments is shown in [Figure 3](#sensors-15-26039-f003){ref-type="fig"}. The loop contains a motor/pump and a reservoir, and has digital pressure gauges (G1 Pressure transducers manufactured by ASHCROFT, Stratford, CT, USA) on the inlet and outlet of the flow energy harvester test section. For the measurement of flow rate, a digital flow meter (Stainless Steel Flowmeter with 4--20 mA module, GPI, Wichita, KS, USA) is used and is located at the reservoir inlet. A safety relief valve is positioned between the pump and the accumulator. Accumulator is used to reduce vibration and noise from the pump. Pressure regulators are placed before and after the flow energy harvester. The pump speed and flow rate are adjusted dictating the harvester test section inlet and outlet pressures. A filter between the reservoir and the pump is used to catch particles in the flow. The tubing is made of copper and the joints are connected with AN fittings. The back-pressure on the flow energy harvester test section can be maintained above a critical level to suppress cavitation via a needle valve.
![Schematic of the flow loop that is currently being used to measure the performance of the harvesters (reprinted with permission from \[[@B18-sensors-15-26039]\]; copyright 2014 SPIE Publications).](sensors-15-26039-g003){#sensors-15-26039-f003}
Once the test section is fitted accordingly, the pump motor rotating speed was set and the flow rate, inlet, and outlet pressures were recorded. For power output measurements, the load resistance across the electrical output of the harvester and corresponding voltage $V$ were measured using an oscilloscope (TDS 2024B, Beaverton, OR, USA). The waveform of $V$ in time was downloaded to the computer and the instantaneous power was time averaged to find the average maximum recoverable power generated.
Nozzle-diffusers, the housing, and mechanical cantilever designs for one set of tests are shown in [Figure 4](#sensors-15-26039-f004){ref-type="fig"}. Different spline-shaped nozzle-diffuser configurations were designed with varying throat sizes. In order to accommodate the maximum flow loop pressure (1.7 MPa), the harvester housings were made of aluminum and the flow profiles (nozzle-diffuser inserts) were mounted with dowel pins and screws. An o-ring was inserted into a groove at the front face of the housing, and a Plexiglass cover was then screwed-in against the o-ring to seal the surface.
{#sensors-15-26039-f004}
4. Bimorph Harvester {#sec4-sensors-15-26039}
====================
A piezoelectric bimorph connected in parallel (QP21B produced by Mide Technology Corporation, Medford, MA, USA \[[@B26-sensors-15-26039]\]) was used to demonstrate power generation in our first flow energy harvester design. This bimorph consists of two thin 0.008 inch (0.2032 mm) of PZT5A type piezoelectric elements (3195HD) that are 1.33 inch (33.782 mm) long and 0.56 inch (14.224 mm) wide. They are covered with thin 0.001 inch (0.0254 mm) polyimide layers to protect and electrically isolate the electrodes.
A 0.002 inch (0.0508 mm) stainless steel shim was added to either side of the commercially available QP21B bimorph actuator in order to increase its fatigue life and erosion resistance (armored QP21B). An exploded view of the armored QP21B actuator is shown in [Figure 5](#sensors-15-26039-f005){ref-type="fig"}, where the total length and width are 1.63 inch (42.418 mm) and 0.67 inch (17.018 mm), respectively. The total thickness is 0.031 inch (0.7874 mm). A photograph and schematic illustration of our typical bimorph flow energy harvester are shown in [Figure 6](#sensors-15-26039-f006){ref-type="fig"}.
{#sensors-15-26039-f005}
{#sensors-15-26039-f006}
[Figure 7](#sensors-15-26039-f007){ref-type="fig"} shows the electrical impedance and phase spectra of armored QP21B in air and in water as a function of frequency, measured using an HP4294A impedance/gain-phase analyzer (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA). This impedance analysis determines the target resonant frequency to be excited by the flow as well as the optimum resistance of the load resistor. Note that the first resonant frequency of the armored QP21B is located at around 400 Hz in air, but decreases to around 140 Hz in water. Its optimal electrical resistance at 140 Hz in water is between 7 and 10 kOhm.
For power output measurements of the bimorph, the harvester system is placed in the flow loop described. An example snapshot showing the deflection of piezoelectric bimorph at its maximum can be found in [Figure 8](#sensors-15-26039-f008){ref-type="fig"}. This frame was taken at a flow rate of 15 L/min with a nozzle throat size of 1.25 mm, using a high speed (1200 frame per second) camera (Nikon 1 J4, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan). As shown, the max deflection of this bimorph is found to be on the order of 2 mm.
{#sensors-15-26039-f007}
{#sensors-15-26039-f008}
The measured power from the armored QP21B for different nozzle throat sizes is shown in [Figure 9](#sensors-15-26039-f009){ref-type="fig"}. Note that the output power with all tested nozzle-diffuser inserts showed the same maximum of 25 mW albeit at different flow rates (ranging from 10 to 20 L/min). Notice that the data clearly shows a critical flow rate exists at which power generation increases rapidly ("turns on"), then appears to further increase linearly with increasing flow rate. The larger the throat size the larger this critical flow rate. Another trend in the data is an increase in throat size leads to a decrease in the average pressure drop across the test section; for example, at large nozzle throat size of 3.5 mm one could only generate non-negligible amounts of power near the maximum flow rate of 20 L/min. Yet the pressure drop is much smaller than the subsequent runs with smaller nozzle throat sizes (35--70 kPa for the larger throat).
{#sensors-15-26039-f009}
[Figure 10](#sensors-15-26039-f010){ref-type="fig"} shows the armored QP21B voltage waveforms for multiple flow rates and a nozzle throat size of 1.25 mm.
{#sensors-15-26039-f010}
The frequency-domain signal of the voltage waveforms were also obtained by taking their respective fast Fourier transform (FFT). Notice that the dominant frequency at 15 L/min corresponds to the first mode, located between 140 and 150 Hz; however, as the flow rate is increased, the voltage signal shows multifrequency response peaks, exhibiting first (140 Hz) and second (1 kHz) resonance mode vibrations. Although not shown in [Figure 9](#sensors-15-26039-f009){ref-type="fig"}, by further increasing the flow rate to 20 L/min power levels up to 35 mW could be generated, yet the life of the device, as expected, was found to be short. Testing at reduced flow rates, under 10 L/min, produced 5--6 mW and was shown to run for 9 h without failure (3,888,000 cycles); however after 9 hours a crack in the metal shim developed where the actuator was clamped. The photograph of the armored QP21B after the 9 h life test, shown in [Figure 11](#sensors-15-26039-f011){ref-type="fig"}, suggests that the cause of the failure was that the actuator was being driven past its metal shim fatigue limits.
{#sensors-15-26039-f011}
The crack location suggests that the rigid fixture and the right angle joint clamping the bimorph may have been responsible for stress concentrations that caused the fatigue failures observed. In order to investigate the effect of mounting on the fatigue of the piezoelectric cantilever, a stress analysis was performed using the finite element method. Note that the fatigue strengths of the strainless steel and piezoelectric material in the bimorph actuators are around 210 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively, below which fatigue failure is not expected \[[@B27-sensors-15-26039],[@B28-sensors-15-26039]\]. Hence, the fatigue failure of the bimorph harvester can be eliminated with a design that ensures cyclic stresses are sufficiently lower than these limits.
To develop the finite element model of the multilayered, armored QP21B, the commercial finite element software package ABAQUS was used. A geometric model of the armored QP21B was created using Siemens PLM Software NX software, and then imported into ABAQUS for the stress analysis. [Figure 12](#sensors-15-26039-f012){ref-type="fig"} shows the geometry of the model with applied the load and fixed boundary conditions. The FEA model includes epoxy layers, Espanex polyimide layers, stainless steel shims and the piezoelectric layers, whose properties are summarized in [Table 1](#sensors-15-26039-t001){ref-type="table"} and [Table 2](#sensors-15-26039-t002){ref-type="table"}. Hexahedral (brick) elements with reduced integration are used for both piezoelectric elements (C3D8E) and non-piezoelectric layers (C3D8R). All the layers are meshed with an element size of 0.4 mm in length and width, and four elements along the thickness direction. A finer mesh, 0.2 mm in element size, was used in the region where the actuator was mechanically clamped in order to improve the accuracy of localized stress concentrations.
{#sensors-15-26039-f012}
sensors-15-26039-t001_Table 1
######
Material parameters of non-piezoelectric layer.
Property Epoxy Polyimide Stainless Steel
----------------------- ------- ----------- -----------------
Density (kg/m^3^) 0.73 1.42 7800
Young's Modulus (GPa) 3.5 2.5 200
Poisson's ratio 0.35 0.34 0.3
sensors-15-26039-t002_Table 2
######
Piezoelectric properties (CTS-3195HD) from Mide Technology Corporation.
Property Symbol Value
--------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
Density (kg/m^3^) ρ 7800
Relative permittivity $\varepsilon_{11}^{s}/\varepsilon_{0}\,,\,\varepsilon_{33}^{s}/\varepsilon_{0}$ 916, 830
Compliance (pm^2^/N) $\text{s}_{11}^{D}$, $\text{s}_{12}^{D}$, $\text{s}_{13}^{D}$, $\text{s}_{33}^{D}$, $\text{s}_{44}^{D}$ 14.4, −4.24, −2.98, 9.43, 25.2
Piezoelectric charge constants (pC/N) d~33~, d~31~, d~15~ 390, −190, 585
[Figure 13](#sensors-15-26039-f013){ref-type="fig"}a,b show the static analysis results exposing the stress concentrations at the clamped joint of the armored QP21B. A load of 1 N is applied at the tip of the beam and causes a tip deflection of around 0.18 mm. The stainless steel layer shows the highest stress level (50 MPa), in part due to the higher Young's modulus of stainless steel compared to other layers. The piezoelectric layer exhibits a maximum von Mises stress level of around 15 MPa. The electric potential (open circuit voltage), maximum bending stress, and tip displacement of the piezoelectric layer as a function of position along the actuator length are shown in [Figure 13](#sensors-15-26039-f013){ref-type="fig"}c, with an open circuit voltage of 20 V at a tip deflection of 0.18 mm. The electrical RMS power output can be estimated at 5 mW from Equation (15), assuming that the bimorph is vibrating at 150 Hz, that the matched electrical impedance is 10 kOhm, $R \approx \left( {\omega C_{p}} \right)^{- 1}$, and $V_{L} = 10~V$. The stiffness can be estimated from these results using its definition, $k = \frac{F}{\delta}$, and the effective Young's modulus of the armored QP21B struture can be calculated according to Equation (6). The former and latter values are 5.55 N/mm and 205 GPa, respectively.
{#sensors-15-26039-f013}
Under an unsteady fluid flow driving force, the armored QP21B tip deflection reaches an approximate maximum of 2 mm (see [Figure 8](#sensors-15-26039-f008){ref-type="fig"}), meaning that the bending stresses on the structure are about 10 times higher than those predicted in the previous analysis. For example, the stress on the stainless steel layer would be on the order of 500 MPa, which is above the fatique limit of the material. A variety of methods to reduce the stress concentration has been investigated, including adding a fillet or a glue bond line that extends along the mounting edge line of the bimorph. The stepped joint mounting design is found to be simple and effective in reducing these stress concentrations without affecting the bending stiffness of the structure. [Figure 14](#sensors-15-26039-f014){ref-type="fig"} shows the stress analysis results of armored QP21B with a stepped joint (0.0508 mm in thick) under a 2 mm tip displacement. For comparison, the stress analysis result of armored QP21B without a stepped joint under a 2 mm tip displacement is also shown in the figure. Note that as expected, extending the mount and stepping it can have a 26% reduction in the stress field at the mounting line.
{#sensors-15-26039-f014}
An alternate means of calculating power output and a first order approximation of the stress profile along the length of different layers of the bimorph actuator used video data that mapped the beam shape. Although the method needs refinement, this section aims at discussing its details and preliminary results as compared to the finite element simulations and experimentally measured power output. The analysis considers the cantilever as a forced Euler-Bernoulli beam with clamped- and free-end boundary conditions. This implies that bending stresses are dominant over shear stresses, and that small strain and small beam displacement relative to the beam length$~L$ exist. The shape of the beam was approximated by an eigenfunction expansion that satisfies the above boundary conditions for the eigenvalue problem of the biharmonic operator \[[@B29-sensors-15-26039]\]: $$\phi_{n}(x) = \cosh(\beta_{n}x) - \cos(\beta_{n}x) + a_{1}(\sin(\beta_{n}x) - \sinh(\beta_{n}x))$$ where the wave number $\beta_{n}$ satisfies the constraint: $$\cos(\beta_{n}L)\cosh(\beta_{n}L) = - 1$$ and the constants are: $$a_{1} = \frac{(\cos(\beta_{n}L) + \cosh(\beta_{n}L))}{(\sin(\beta_{n}L) + \sinh(\beta_{n}L))}$$ with $x$ as the coordinate along the beam length. The displacement $\delta$ is: $$\delta(x,t) = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{\infty}\xi_{n}}(t)\phi_{n}(t)$$ where $\xi_{n}\left( t \right)$ is a periodic function of time.
[Figure 15](#sensors-15-26039-f015){ref-type="fig"} shows the beam deflection $\delta$ as a function of $x$ and time $t$.
![Illustration of deformed beam represented by $\delta\left( {x,t} \right)$ with coordinate system (reprinted with permission from \[[@B18-sensors-15-26039]\]; copyright 2014 SPIE Publications.)](sensors-15-26039-g015){#sensors-15-26039-f015}
Camera data taken as slow motion video (Nikon 1 J4, 1200 frame per second) was processed frame by frame and the edges of the vibrating cantilever were mapped in the x-y plane, shown in [Figure 15](#sensors-15-26039-f015){ref-type="fig"}, using the Canny edge filter implementation in MATLAB \[[@B30-sensors-15-26039]\]. The filter parameters were chosen as necessary to consistently capture the edges near the same location (±1 pixel) for each video file. The actuator experiments chosen for the initial processing consisted of vibration almost entirely in actuator's fundamental mode. Hence, only the $n = 1$ solution to Equation (17) is considered for the cases shown. At each frame, the x-y actuator edge data is least squares fitted to Equation (16), yielding a constant coefficient for $\xi_{1}\left( t_{i} \right)$, where index $i$ is the frame number. $\xi_{1}\left( t \right)$ is a sinusoid fit to the time series $\xi_{1}\left( t_{i} \right)$ with the appropriate frequency and phase parameters.
As shown by Sodano *et al.* \[[@B31-sensors-15-26039]\], the power output can be calculated from $\delta\left( {x,t} \right)$. The piezoelectric constituent equations applied to the bimorph actuator geometry yields a first order ODE for the charge $q\left( t \right)$ as: $$R\overset{˙}{q}(t) - C_{p}^{- 1}\Theta_{i}\xi_{i}(t) + C_{p}^{- 1}q(t) = 0$$ where $R$ is the circuit resistance and the dot represents the derivative in time. The capacitance is: $$C_{p} = {\iiint_{V_{p}}\psi^{2}}(y)\varepsilon dV$$ with $V_{p}$ as the bounds to the piezoelectric volume. The electromechanical coupling constant is: $$\Theta_{1} = - {\iiint_{V_{p}}y}e\phi_{1}^{\prime\prime}(x)\psi(y)dV$$ where $e$ is the piezoelectric coupling coefficient, $y$ is the coordinate variable defined from the neutral plane of the beam, and the function: $$\psi(y) = \left\{ \begin{matrix}
{- \frac{1}{t_{p}},} & {\frac{t}{2} < y < \frac{t}{2} + t_{p}} \\
{0,} & {- \frac{t}{2} < y < \frac{t}{2}} \\
{\frac{1}{t_{p}},} & {- \frac{t}{2} - t_{p} < y < - \frac{t}{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right.$$ for $y$ values shown in [Figure 16](#sensors-15-26039-f016){ref-type="fig"}b.
![Illustration of (**a**) bimorph and (**b**) cross-section. Blue represents the piezoelectric material layer, grey the polyimide coating, and red the 301 stainless steel layer for the geometry of the armored QP21B actuator (reprinted with permission from \[[@B18-sensors-15-26039]\]; copyright 2014 SPIE Publications).](sensors-15-26039-g016){#sensors-15-26039-f016}
Variation of parameters yields the steady state solution to Equation (21): $$q_{ss} = {\int_{0}^{t}\exp}\lbrack{(RC_{p})}^{- 1}(t - \tau)\rbrack{(RC_{p})}^{- 1}\Theta_{1}\xi_{1}(\tau)d\tau$$ and the instantaneous power output $P$: $$P(t) = {\overset{˙}{q}}_{ss}^{2}R$$
Video for the armored QP21B was analyzed for the experiments with a nozzle throat size of 1.25 mm and flow rates of 9.5 L/min, 12.4 L/min, 15.3 L/min, and 18 L/min. The power generated is shown in [Figure 17](#sensors-15-26039-f017){ref-type="fig"}. The piezoelectric coupling coefficient is $e = 1.5052\text{E} - 08\text{~m}/\text{V}$ and resistance is $R = 10$ kOhms. The figure shows the results of the analysis, plotting the predicted power output with an error bound of ±1 pixel and the time average of RMS oscilloscope measured voltage and derived power (error ranges from ±1.4 mW at the lowest flow rate to ±7.1 mW at the highest).
![Video processed power data (x) and oscilloscope measurement (dots) (reprinted with permission from \[[@B18-sensors-15-26039]\]; copyright 2014 SPIE Publications).](sensors-15-26039-g017){#sensors-15-26039-f017}
Although the model is limited to assumptions of the Euler-Bernoulli beam and the boundary conditions mentioned, it seems to do a reasonable job at predicting the measured RMS power. Consequently, stresses in the stainless steel can be estimated from the fitted eigenfunction as: $$\sigma_{ss} = \frac{My}{I}$$ where is the $M$ is the bending moment: $$M = EI\frac{\partial^{2}\delta}{\partial x^{2}}$$ and $I$ is the area moment of inertia for each section shown in [Figure 16](#sensors-15-26039-f016){ref-type="fig"}. For the flow rates tested, [Figure 18](#sensors-15-26039-f018){ref-type="fig"} shows the maximum bending stresses in the stainless steel section. The corresponding tip displacements from the processed video data are shown in [Figure 19](#sensors-15-26039-f019){ref-type="fig"}. From the FEA results shown in [Figure 14](#sensors-15-26039-f014){ref-type="fig"}, the stress level magnitudes of contours outside of the stress concentration zone are within the ballpark of the surface stresses calculated using the video data. For example, with a tip displacement of \~1.68 mm, the maximum surface bending stress of the stainless-steel element is \~238 MPa.
{#sensors-15-26039-f018}
{#sensors-15-26039-f019}
5. Double Flextensional-Cantilever Harvester {#sec5-sensors-15-26039}
============================================
A second promising prototype is the Double Flextensional Cantilever Harvester (Double- FCH). A schematic representation of the Double- FCH is shown in [Figure 20](#sensors-15-26039-f020){ref-type="fig"}, where the metal cantilever is mounted and coupled between two flextensional actuators. The principle of operation is the flow-induced vibration onto the non-piezoelectric cantilever transfers forces into the flextensional frame along the y axis (minor axis). The frame, in turn, amplifies the forces along its x axis (major axis). The force amplification is related to the ratio of the long axis length to the short axis height, which can be approximated as shown in [Figure 20](#sensors-15-26039-f020){ref-type="fig"}, (*i.e.*, $F_{x} = F_{y}\cot\theta$).
{#sensors-15-26039-f020}
Commercially available APA 400M flextensional actuators (Cedrat Technologies S.A., Meylan, France) were selected due to their resonant frequency of \~350 Hz under a blocked-free boundary condition. This resonant frequency can be tuned further with an added mass at either support point of the flextensional actuators. In order to use these flextensional actuators in water, the piezoelectric stacks were replaced with water resistant stacks purchased from American Piezoelectric Ceramic (Mackeyville, PA, USA) APC − 30 × 45 − 1130 Pst150/5 × 5/20. The stack has the cross section 5 mm × 5 mm and a length of 18 mm.
Finite element analysis of the Double-FCH was performed using ABAQUS in order to predict its performance. An assumption for the model consisted of the stack as an isotropic material, with effective Young's modulus and dielectric permittivity derived based on the measured and reported dimensions, stiffnesses, piezoelectric strain coefficients and capacitances of stacks \[[@B32-sensors-15-26039]\] (shown in [Table 3](#sensors-15-26039-t003){ref-type="table"}). Piezoelectric materials were meshed with a global element size of 0.5 mm, generating 14400 hexahedral linear elements (C3D8E), while non-piezoelectric materials were meshed with total 53064 hexahedral linear elements, which have a global element size of 0.5 mm with finer elements in the thickness of flextensional frame and cantilever beam.
sensors-15-26039-t003_Table 3
######
Material parameters of piezoelectric multlayer stack (APC − 30 × 45 − 1130 Pst150/5 × 5/20).
Materials l/w/h k C ε~33~^T\*^ d~33~\* Y~l~
----------------- -------- -------- ------ ------------ ---------- -------
\(mm\) (N/um) (µF) (F/m) (m/V) (Gpa)
Pst150/5 × 5/20 5/5/18 60 1.63 0.00117 8.41E−08 43
A modal analysis was performed in order to identify the mode shapes, the resonant frequencies and electromechanical coupling of the Double-FCH structure. [Figure 21](#sensors-15-26039-f021){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the deformed shapes of the double-FCH at resonance (374.9 Hz) in a short circuit condition. The undeformed shape is superimposed on the deformed shape. An open circuit modal analysis was also performed by removing the voltage boundary condition, and its first natural frequency in resonance found to be 385.5 Hz. Note that the resonance frequency $f_{r}$ represents the mechanical resonance vibrating under short-circuit conditions, while the anti-resonance frequency $f_{a}$ represents the mechanical resonance vibrating under an open-circuit condition, indicating that *f~r~* and *f~a~* are 374.9 Hz and 385.5 Hz, respectively. The effective electromechanical coupling factor can be calculated using Equation (29), and found to be 0.23. Note that higher electromechanical coupling factor implies better mechanical coupling between flextensional actuators and cantilever beam, allowing for effective vibration transfer from the cantilever beam to the flextensional actuators, and to piezoelectric stacks: $$k_{eff} = \sqrt{1 - {(\frac{f_{r}}{f_{a}})}^{2}}$$
{#sensors-15-26039-f021}
[Figure 22](#sensors-15-26039-f022){ref-type="fig"} shows the static analysis results, exhibiting the open circuit voltage from the piezoelectric stacks when a load of 1 N is applied at the free end of the beam. The reaction forces at the piezoelectric stack are found to be 0.8 N along the y direction, but are amplified to 10 N along the x direction due to the frame lever arm magnification of the applied force. Note that the open circuit voltage can be analytically calculated using the Equation (10), where $d_{33}$, $C_{p}$ and $F_{x}$ are 0.0841 µm/V, 1.63 µF and 10 N, respectively, yielding around 0.7 V. An estimate of power output can be made assuming that the structure is vibrating at its natural resonant frequency of 374 Hz and has a matched resistance $R_{L}$) of 235 Ohm based on $R_{L} = \left( {\omega C_{p}} \right)^{- 1}$. The generated instantaneous power output per a stack would be around 0.2 mW, and since the FCH is composed of 4 stacks, the FCH yields a total of around 0.8 mW. This is a factor of 5--6 smaller than when compared to that of the armored QP21B harvester. The lower power with respect to applied force is due to the stack's higher stiffness (60 N/um) as compared to the armored QP21B (5.5 N/um). Note, however, that this design can survive higher stress levels than the bimorph actuator and thus produce higher power when an appropriate flow passage and cantilever design provides a frequency-matched, high amplitude (\~10 N) fluid-structure forcing function. Another method to further increase output power is to use a lower stack stiffness. Since capacitance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the stack, the use of a stack with smaller cross-sectional area allows for higher output power under the same boundary conditions assuming that the applied force and piezoelectric charge coefficient are kept constant (see Equation (30)): $$P = \frac{\omega d_{33}^{2}}{2C_{p}}F^{2}$$
{#sensors-15-26039-f022}
The Double-FCH performance was determined experimentally in both air and water. The generated output voltages were investigated as a function of the load resistance at the various pressure levels in air first. [Figure 23](#sensors-15-26039-f023){ref-type="fig"} shows the corresponding power output from a single flextensional actuator as a function of the resistance. The power shows a flat peak of about 35 mW at about 200--350 Ohms at the maximum inlet pressure of 410 kPa, and was decreased above 350 Ohm. A flat peak in the range of 200--350 Ohm, rather than a sharp peak at a matched resistance (\~235 Ohm), is believed to be due to combined resonance effects from both cantilever and flextensional actuators. This induces multi-frequency harmonic excitations on piezoelectric materials, resulting in a flat peak in the range of 200--350 Ohm. Note that since this power is from a single flextensional actuator equipped with two stacks, the flow energy harvesting device is technically capable of generating 70 mW (four stacks per flow energy harvester).
The Double-FCH was then tested in the flow loop system described. The measured power and pressure drop as a function of the flow rate are shown in [Figure 24](#sensors-15-26039-f024){ref-type="fig"}. The maximum power corresponds to about 25 mW across a 100 Ohm resistor at a flow rate of 20 L/min and a pressure drop of 165 kPa. It should be noted that to achieve this power level, the cantilever was shortened to 90 mm from the original 100 mm tested in air. The voltage waveform and corresponding frequency content across a 100 Ohm resistor at a flow rate of 20 L/min are shown in [Figure 25](#sensors-15-26039-f025){ref-type="fig"}, where the dominant frequency excited for this harvester is found to be about 305 Hz with \~1.5 of RMS voltage.
{#sensors-15-26039-f023}
{#sensors-15-26039-f024}
{#sensors-15-26039-f025}
6. Conclusions and Future Work {#sec6-sensors-15-26039}
==============================
Two designs of piezoelectric transducers were investigated in this study. Both the bimorph- and flextensional-based flow energy harvesters rely on fluid motion coupled to structural vibration via a cantilever placed in a converging-diverging flow channel. The bimorph is the cantilever itself, while the flextensional clamps a non-piezoelectric cantilever that provides the forces it converts into electricity. The two designs experimentally generated power at a level of 20 mW and above, with the bimorph type harvester specifically prone to fatigue failure caused by stress concentrations at its mounting point. A stepped joint mounting design was shown via FEA to ameliorate this issue, with a reduction of 26% in stress concentration without a reduction in power output.
The flextensional actuator based harvester was found to be a viable alternative to the bimorph, with a power generation of \~20 mW from a single flextensional actuator. Greater robustness (unexposed piezoelectric to flow) and more design flexibility (cantilever can be designed independently of piezoelectric fatigue limits) are advantages the flextensional type harvester (FCH) provides. These results have prompted further investigation into different designs using this type of actuator. For example, the ability to tune the resonance frequency of the actuator by adding mass to the flextensional bodies may allow another design parameter that can be optimized to maximize power output. Further research is currently underway in order to increase fluid-structure coupling efficiency and further ruggedize harvesters.
The research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA). Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
All authors contributed to the design of the experiment and discussed the results. H.J.L. and L.P.T. co-wrote the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the refinement of the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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