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5 Things You Need to Know About Traveling to Cuba Now Senior Editor Sarah Schlichter's idea of a perfect trip includes spotting exotic animals, hiking through pristine landscapes, exploring new neighborhoods on foot, and soaking up as much art as she can. She often attempts to recreate recipes from her international travels after she gets home (which has twice resulted in accidental kitchen fires -- no humans or animals were harmed). Sarah joined the SmarterTravel team in 2017 after more than a decade at the helm of IndependentTraveler.com. Sarah's practical travel advice has been featured in dozens of news outlets including the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, USA Today, Budget Travel, and Peter Greenberg Worldwide Radio. Follow her on Twitter @TravelEditor. The Handy Item I Always Pack: "A journal. Even years later, reading my notes from a trip can bring back incredibly vivid memories." During a recent trip to Havana, Cuba, I discovered a country on the verge of potentially drastic changes. Now that it’s legal for Americans to visit Cuba under certain circumstances, interest in travel to the Caribbean’s largest island has skyrocketed. Fortunately, there are numerous tour operators offering opportunities to American travelers. I was part of a small group on a people-to-people itinerary arranged by New York-based smarTours. If you’re one of the thousands of Americans planning a trip in the coming months to see the country as it is today, here are five things you need to know. Bring plenty of cash. MasterCard has said it will allow its credit cards to be used in Cuba, but that’s not a reality yet because the banking system simply isn’t in place. This means you can’t withdraw money from ATMs either — so you’ll want to bring more cash than you expect to spend during your trip to allow for emergencies. (As a guideline, Cuba isn’t a bargain for travelers the way Southeast Asia is, but it’s generally more affordable than traveling in the U.S. or Europe.) If you can get a good exchange rate — or you have some left over from a previous trip — consider bringing euros, Canadian dollars or British pounds instead of U.S. dollars. When changing money from the greenback to the Cuban Convertible Peso (known locally as the CUC, which rhymes with “fluke”), you’ll have to pay an additional 10 percent fee that doesn’t apply to other currencies. The good news is that you don’t have to pay the fee when converting CUCs back to dollars at the end of your trip; if you turn in 40 CUCs, you’ll receive $40 in return. Note that many shops and other establishments will accept payment in U.S. dollars or euros, though you’ll get change in CUCs. And speaking of CUCs… Keep an eye on your change. The CUC is one of two currencies used in Cuba. The other one, the peso, is worth significantly less than the CUC, and the bills look similar. Someone in our group was given a three-peso note as change instead of a three-CUC note, which meant that she got only about 11 cents back instead of three dollars. Related: You won’t be able to call or text from an American phone in Cuba — though you can use Wi-Fi when it’s available. Internet is offered at some hotels, but it tends to be both slow and pricey. (I paid about $7 an hour at my hotel, Havana’s Melia Cohiba.) Eat at paladares. Cuba’s privately owned restaurants, known as paladares, tend to offer better food than those run by the government. Expect to see a lot of rice and beans, as well as fish, Caribbean lobster and ropa vieja (shredded flank steak). Vegetables and fruits vary based on what’s in season; due to the U.S. embargo, Cubans have trouble importing certain foods, so the menus won’t be as varied as those you might see back home. Keep small change on hand. If you want a photo with one of the colorfully costumed locals brandishing flowers or cigars in the major squares around Old Havana, prepare to hand over a CUC or two for the privilege. More importantly, you’ll also want to have anywhere from 25 cents to a CUC to give to the attendants at many bathrooms around the country. Yes, paying to pee can be annoying — and you won’t be barred from the restroom if you don’t offer a coin or two — but in a country that’s struggling economically, what seems like chump change to us can make a big difference to the locals. Trending on Smarter Travel SmarterTravel.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. SmarterTravel.com also participates in the SkimLinks and SkimWords affiliate programs.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
prettyinpixiedust: So one day a dwarf is talking to a human and finally realizes that when humans say woman, they generally mean “person who is theoretically capable of childbirth” because for whatever reason, humans assign social expectations based genital differences. (What a fucked up culture, the dwarf thinks.) But hey, better communication! So the next time the dwarf introduces theirself, they say, oh, by the way, I am what you call a “woman.” And the trade negotiations just stop. They just stop cold. The tall people insist on speaking to the man, they insist on talking to the lady dwarf about all sorts of irrelevant bullshit, like recipes and childrearing and perfume so the dwarf goes back home, enraged and is like “BTW guess what happened, we’re all just going to be men forever now as far as the tall ones are concerned” and everyone is justly horrified at this barbarism but they all agree to do whatever it takes to squeeze those tall bastards for all the resources they are worth and the dwarves get surlier, and the trade agreements less generous and the tall people are all “what a miserable and greedy race” but really they’re just still nursing a grudge about how goddamn backwards and sexist the tall people are because their best negotiator, one of their sacred cave people, got snubbed the instant she said she was capable of childbirth - and a mortal insult like that can never be forgiven	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Introduction ============ Mussels of the genus Mytilus are widespread in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and are important components of coastal ecosystems ([@ref-79]; [@ref-68]; [@ref-51]). Mussels are a bivalve species of significant ecological and commercial value worldwide with annual production of 1.2M tonnes ([@ref-24]; [@ref-37]; [@ref-80]). Due to their filter-feeding abilities and sessility, they also play an important role as biosensors for pollution and other environmental changes (including ocean acidification) in coastal areas ([@ref-11]; [@ref-17]). Rising levels of atmospheric CO~2~ affects the ability of molluscs to incorporate calcium carbonate, which is essential for building and maintaining shells ([@ref-75]). In molluscs biocalcitic structures fulfil a wide range of functions such as protecting the inner soft body from predators and environmental damage, detoxification, and attachment of muscles ([@ref-52]). The shell is an exoskeleton made up of a mineral phase (calcium carbonate, CaCO~3~ ∼95%) and organic macromolecules: proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides and lipids ([@ref-52]). Despite being a minor component (\<5%), proteins in the shell, referred to as shell matrix proteins (SMPs), may play a key role in biomineralization including size regulation, nucleation, morphology and organization of the growing of CaCO~3~ crystals ([@ref-56]). Shells of bivalves differ in color, shape and marking, according to environmental conditions, for example the shell of the Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 in the intertidal zone is blue--black and heavy, while in the sublittoral region, where mussels are continuously immersed, it is thin and brown ([@ref-24]). Shell morphology and thickness of various mussels from the genus Mytilus have also been associated with variability of environmental conditions, such as sediment types, trophic conditions, wave impact ([@ref-69]; [@ref-60]; [@ref-71]). The mussel shell is formed by the heavy fold mantle tissue, which encloses the internal organs of the animal ([@ref-24]). The mantle is a complex structure underneath the shell, which consists of connective tissue with hemolymph, neural tissue, muscles and gonads ([@ref-24]). Moreover, it has a sensory function and plays a role in directing particles onto the gills and in deflecting heavier material, storage of nutrient reserves, in bioaccumulation of metals and other compounds and in shell repair and growth ([@ref-24]). To identify candidate biomineralization genes, over a dozen mantle transcriptomes have been assembled for mussels ([@ref-18]; [@ref-5]; [@ref-78]), clams ([@ref-9]; [@ref-3]; [@ref-66]), scallops ([@ref-65]; [@ref-70]) and oysters ([@ref-14]; [@ref-46]). However, there remains a lack of mantle tissue transcriptome from M. trossulus Gould, 1850 and M. chilensis Hupé, 1854 as well as candidate biomineralization transcripts, and their comparative analysis within the genus Mytilus. In this study, the mantle transcriptomes of the four mussel taxa: M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819---the Mediterranean Sea and Tasmania, M. trossulus, M. chilensis, were assembled and characterized using a Roche GS-FLX 454 pyrosequencing system. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to identify transcripts putatively involved in biomineralization and melanogenesis, and (2) to perform a comparative transcriptome analysis among different taxa of the genus Mytilus based on mantle tissue. A large number of proteins putatively involved in biomineralization and pigmentation processes were identified in different Mytilus taxa. This study is the first to present the mantle tissue transcriptome in M. trossulus and M. chilensis. The generated data (accession number [PRJNA419475](PRJNA419475)) add to the growing sequence database for mussels and provide the first comparison of the mantle tissue using mussel transcriptomes from different taxa. Materials and Methods ===================== RNA extraction and pyrosequencing --------------------------------- Five populations of mussels (Mytilus spp.) representing four taxa were collected from several localities: M. edulis (North Sea, EduN), M. trossulus (Vancouver, TroV), M. galloprovincialis (Mediterranean Sea, GalM), M. galloprovincialis (Tasmania, GalT), M. chilensis (Chile, Chil) ([Table 1](#table-1){ref-type="table"}). All taxa had been identified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping ([@ref-79]; [@ref-73]; [@ref-40]). Specimens chosen for RNA extraction were adults of indeterminate sex, spent. Tissue sampling was standardized across individuals: extraction of total RNA from the central and outer mantle tissue from right and left mussel side was performed using a GenElute Mammalian Total RNA Miniprep Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol, with minor modifications. Homogenization was carried out in a custom buffer composed of 100 mM Tris, 1.4M NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 2% CTAB, proteinase K (20 mg/ml) and 0.03 mM 2-mercaptoethanol ([@ref-54]). Samples were stored at −20 °C. RNA samples from two to four individuals were pooled for each group in equal proportions to make a total of five libraries. The quantity and quality of total RNA was determined at 260 nm on microplate using an Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Incorporated, Winooski, VT, USA) and gel electrophoresis. RNA integrity was checked using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). cDNA libraries were prepared using a cDNA Rapid Library Preparation Kit (Roche Applied Science, Basel, Switzerland) and pyrosequencing was performed by Macrogen Incorporation (Seoul, Korea), using Roche GS-FLX sequencing system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) according to manufacturer's instructions. 10.7717/peerj.6245/table-1 ###### Information about mussel (Mytilus spp.) samples included in the present study. ![](peerj-07-6245-g005) Group/library name Species Location Year of sampling N -------------------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ----- EduN M. edulis The North Sea: The Oosterschelde estuary 2006 2 TroV M. trossulus Canada: Vancouver 2012 2 GalM M. galloprovincialis The Mediterranean Sea: Trieste and Chioggia and the Black Sea 2012 4 GalT M. galloprovincialis Australia: Tasmania, Spring Bay 2012 2 Chil M. chilensis Chile: Punta Arenas and Concepción 2012 2 Note: N, number of specimens. De novo assembly, annotation, SSR and SNP discovery --------------------------------------------------- All reads from the mantle tissue of five Mytilus groups were processed separately, through the same pipeline. Raw reads were pre-processed by removing adapters and low quality sequences (quality score = 0.05, discard reads \<50 bp) with CLC Genomics Workbench software (v.7.5.5, CLC Bio, Qiagen, Aarhus, Denmark). Quality reads were assembled into contigs using de-Bruijn graphs in CLC Genomics Workbench with default parameters ([@ref-53]; [@ref-54]). Contigs were first searched against proteins from the NCBI non-redundant (NR) database using a BLASTX tool implemented in BLAST+ (v.2.2.29) ([@ref-2]), with an E-value threshold of 10^−5^ and other default parameters. A list of the top BLAST hits was achieved by using bit score (12th column) and E-value values (11th column) with the code: sort -k1,1 -k12,12 nr -k11,11 g -k3,3 gr blastout.txt sort -u -k1,1--merge \> besthit. For functional annotation, gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were assigned to the transcripts using Blast2GO software ([@ref-10]) with E-value Hit-Filter = 1.0 E^−10^ (other default parameters) and the single directional best-hit method in the KEGG Automatic Annotation Server ([@ref-59]), respectively. The software, MSDB ([@ref-12]) was used to discover potential microsatellite markers. Di- to hexa- nucleotide motifs, with minimum thresholds of 6-5-4-4-4 repeats, respectively and 50 bp of flanking sequence length were identified. SNP analyses were carried out using CLC Genomics Workbench. For each transcriptome, clean reads were mapped back to corresponding contigs with an overlap criterion of 70% and a similarity of 90%. Candidate variants were called with the following minimum value parameters: neighborhood quality = 15; quality of central bases = 20; coverage = 20; count = 8; variant frequency = 35.0. Identification of potential biomineralization and melanogenesis-related contigs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate contigs related to biomineralization and melanogenesis were identified by searching top BLASTX hits with key words from a reference list of previously reported candidate biomineralization genes ([Table S1](#supp-10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Melanogenesis-related transcripts were identified based on KEGG pathways analysis. Several biomineralization proteins were selected for additional analysis: carbonic anhydrase (CA), chitinase (CHIT), tyrosinase (TYR), dermatopontin (DPT), arginine kinase (AK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Proteins of selected sequences were predicted using OrfPredictor ([@ref-57]). Functional domains and motifs were identified using Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) software, allowing identification and annotation of domain architectures (<http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de>) ([@ref-43]). To further scrutinize and compare selected contigs, representative reference bivalve databases were created. Protein sequences described as CA, CHIT, DPT, AK and GAPDH, available at the GenBank database ([www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)) were downloaded (217, 155, 8, 43, 24 sequences, respectively). Only sequences with annotated domains, were selected (199, 123, 8, 43, 24 sequences, respectively). Following this, mussel contigs from the present study were searched against the created databases with an E-value threshold of 10^−15^. For phylogenetic reconstruction of Mytilus spp. TYR proteins, contigs from this study, amino acid sequences from GenBank (Acc. No: [AKS48166](AKS48166), [ALA16023](ALA16023), [OPL3388](OPL3388)), and sequences from previous studies ([@ref-1]; [@ref-58]; [@ref-30]; [@ref-66]) were used. Homologous sequences were aligned using multiple alignment program MUSCLE ([@ref-13]) with default parameters, and trimmed using TrimAl ([@ref-8]) with an 80% threshold. Best substitution models were inferred using ModelFinder ([@ref-35]), as follow: CA---the Le Gascuel (LG) model ([@ref-41]), gamma distribution, four discrete rate categories (+G4); GH18---the Whelan and Goldman (WAG) model ([@ref-74]) + G4 with invariant sites (+I); AK and GAPDH---WAG+ G4; DPT---the Block substitution matrices (Blosum62) model ([@ref-26]) + G4, with frequencies (+F); TYR---Blosum62+F+I+G4 model. Three phylogenetic models were run for each alignment. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees were performed using MEGA X ([@ref-38]) and the Jones--Taylor--Thornton (JTT) substitution model ([@ref-34]). Maximum likelihood reconstructions were performed using IQ-TREE ([@ref-61]) with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian inferences were constructed using MrBayes v.3.2 ([@ref-64]) with parameters: ngen = 1,500,000; samplefreq = 100; printfreq = 100; nchain = 4; starttree = random. Trees were visualized and edited using MEGA X and manually combined to produce a consensus tree for each protein alignment. Comparative transcriptomic analysis ----------------------------------- Homologous transcripts present in all five groups were identified by using bi-directional tBLASTx analyses conducted between each transcriptome with an E-value cut-off of 10^−15^. A list of top BLAST hits was achieved by using bit score (12th column) and E-value values (11th column) with the code: sort -k1, 1 -k12, 12 nr -k11, 11 g -k3,3 gr blastout.txt \\| sort -u -k1,1--merge\>besthit. Further, results from this study were compared with available Mytilus spp. mantle sequences. The accession numbers are: for M. edulis: [PRJEB4516](PRJEB4516) ([@ref-18]), [PRJNA30561](PRJNA30561) ([@ref-78]); for M. galloprovincialis: [PRJNA230138](PRJNA230138) ([@ref-58]), [PRJNA295512](PRJNA295512) ([@ref-5]). For this purpose, a de novo transcriptome assembly was performed using the raw reads deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The Illumina HiSeq raw reads were filtered using Trimmomatic v.0.32 ([@ref-7]) and retained reads were assembled using Trinity program with default parameters ([@ref-25]). To find enriched GO terms between groups, Fisher's exact test was performed with Blast2GO software, applying a one-tailed test, removing double IDs, with a false discovery rate (FDR) cut-off of 0.05. As a test-set, list of contigs from each group was used. As a background (reference-set), a fusion of the five transcriptomes was used. To identify putative orthologs among the genus of Mytilus, transcripts from this study and from M. coruscus ([@ref-77]), M. californianus ([@ref-63]) were analyzed using OrthoMCL software with default settings ([@ref-45]). The putative orthologous clusters were aligned with a MUSCLE tool and then concatenated in CLC Genomics Workbench. A splits network was created with SplitsTree 4.13.1 ([@ref-31]), using the neighbor-net algorithm under pdistance model. A phylogenetic tree was inferred using a NJ model in MEGA X, with the JTT + G4 substitution model and 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Results ======= Assembly, annotation, SSR and SNP detection ------------------------------------------- A total of 753,135 raw reads with an average read length of 342 bp were generated from sequencing of the Mytilus spp. mantle transcriptomes. After filtering, 743,773 (98.75%) high-quality reads were used for de novo assembly. In total, 20,982 contigs with an average length of 529 bp were obtained ([Table S2](#supp-11){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Mussel raw sequences from this study were deposited in NCBI SRA under accession number [PRJNA419475](PRJNA419475). BLAST analysis against NCBI NR database showed that between 43.19% (TroV) and 52.18% (GalM) of transcripts had a significant hit ([Tables S2](#supp-11){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S3](#supp-12){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As expected, most of the annotated transcripts were homologous to proteins from the Mollusca phylum: Pacific oyster (C. gigas, av. 50%), Mytilus spp. (av. 10%) and owl limpet (L. gigantea, av. 5%) ([Fig. S1](#supp-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). KEGG analysis showed that a total of 3,679 (17.53%) transcripts were assigned to 271 biochemical pathways. The number of sequences assigned to each pathway was different across groups ([Table S2](#supp-11){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, the most represented pathways in all groups included focal adhesion, phagosome, ribosome and apoptosis ([Table S4](#supp-13){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The signal transduction, endocrine system, immune system and cellular community were the most represented KO (KEGG orthology) subcategories in all groups ([Fig. S2](#supp-2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In total, 35,383 GO terms were assigned to 7,824 (37.28%) contigs ([Table S2](#supp-11){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The main GO category distribution was similar in all Mytilus spp. groups, the dominant was the biological process category (BP), followed by cellular component and molecular function (MF) ([Fig. S3](#supp-3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In this study, 483 potential simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in 645 contigs (3.07% of the total number of contigs) ([Table S5A](#supp-14){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Among the identified putative markers, the most highly represented in the EduN, TroV, GalM and GalT groups were di-nucleotide repeats, and tri-nucleotide in Chil. AT was the dominating motif in all groups ([Table S5B](#supp-14){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In addition, a total of 1,497 putative SNPs were detected in all groups. The A/G variation type was dominant in EduN and TroV groups, whereas in other groups the C/T was dominant ([Fig. S4](#supp-4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Contigs potentially involved in biomineralization and melanogenesis ------------------------------------------------------------------- BLASTx searching revealed 1,292 contigs with significant sequence similarity to candidate biomineralization proteins ([Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). SMPs such as, nacrein, calmodulin, collagens, perlucin, perlustrin, PIF were found among identified contigs (see [Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Transcripts involved in ion and acid-base regulation, protein homeostasis and anti-oxidation were also found including V-type proton ATPases, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPases, heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP70) and glutathione peroxidase. Other annotations included C1q-domain-containing protein, cAMP-response element-binding protein and cold-shock protein (CSP) ([Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Of annotated biomineralization contigs, 68.65% had domains, including chitin binding, EF hand, sushi, Von Willebrand factor A ([Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Several biomineralization proteins were selected for more comprehensive analyses. In M. galloprovincialis, M. edulis and M. trossulus groups, five contigs (GalT_1066, GalT_1436, EduN_2761, GalM_2384, TroV_1436) were identified as DPT with DERM domain. A phylogenetic analysis of DPT proteins in Bivalvia generated a separate, well-supported clade of Mytiloida members, suggesting that these contigs are Mytilus spp. orthologues of DPT ([Fig. 1A](#fig-1){ref-type="fig"}). Contigs with 81--95% sequence identity to AK were identified in all groups. The phylogenetic analysis showed two separate clades of Pterimorphia and Heteroconchia subclasses ([Fig. 1B](#fig-1){ref-type="fig"}). Contigs Chil_958, EduN_492, GalM_470 and TroV_123 encoded proteins with similarity to GAPDH and possessed the Gp_dh_C domain. Alignment with other known GAPDHs from Ostreoida, Pectinoida and Pterioida members revealed many conserved regions among these species ([Fig. S5](#supp-5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, a phylogenetic analysis showed two well-supported separate clades of Mytiloida and Ostreoida with Pectinoida orders ([Fig. 1C](#fig-1){ref-type="fig"}). TYR amino acid sequences derived were aligned with available molluscan TYR sequences. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that mussel TYR, in this study, created two separate clades: clade A and clade B ([Fig. 2](#fig-2){ref-type="fig"}), described earlier as ancestral and bivalve-specific ([@ref-1]). It is possible that there were two small expansions within Mytilus, which is a common feature in bivalves. In M. galloprovincialis there were TyrA2, TyrA3 orthologues shared with the genera Crassostrea and Pinctada, indicating gene duplication before the divergence of lineages A and B. Searches in mussel transcriptomes revealed five contigs (in EduN, TroV and GalT groups) that pertain to the CA gene family and 10 contigs (in all transcriptomes) that showed similarity to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) CHIT members ([Table 2](#table-2){ref-type="table"}). A SMART analysis revealed CA domains in annotated CA sequences, and GH18_CHIT-like superfamily domain in GH18 sequences. The chitin binding peritrophin-A domain (CBM_14 superfamily) was found in transcripts recognized as acidic mammalian CHIT (GalT_650, GalT_649 and TroV_158). The phylogenetic analysis of CA in the Bivalvia class revealed three major clusters: α-carbonic anhydrases related proteins (α-CARPs), cytosolic/extracellular α-carbonic anhydrases (α-CAs) and membrane-bound α-CAs. There were two visible sub-clusters: CA2 and CA14 ([Fig. 3A](#fig-3){ref-type="fig"}). Two major clades, A and B were resolved in the GH18 CHIT family phylogenetic tree. The A cluster consisted of CHIT domain-containing proteins (CHIDs, with GH18_SI-CLP domain), and Di-N-acetylchitobiases. In contrast to A, cluster B contained genes involved in chitin degradation (CHIT and CHIT-like proteins), creating three sub-clades (B1, B2, B3) ([Fig. 3B](#fig-3){ref-type="fig"}). Presented phylogenetic reconstructions were supported by the high values of the nodes. ![Molecular phylogenetic analysis of dermatopontin (A), arginine kinase (B) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (C) protein sequences in Bivalvia class.\ A consensus tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) topology. The numbers of the nodes show the bootstrap values (BV) \>50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) \>0.50, as follows: ML BV/NJ BV/BIs BPP. A black dot at the node represents BV \>90% and BPP \>0.90.](peerj-07-6245-g001){#fig-1} ![Molecular phylogenetic analysis of tyrosinase (TYR) protein sequences in Bivalvia class.\ A consensus tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) topology. The numbers of the nodes show the bootstrap values (BV) \>50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) \>0.50, as follows: ML BV/NJ BV/BIs BPP. A black dot at the node represents BV \>90% and BPP \>0.90. Bivalve TyrA ortholog groups are annotated as A1--A3, Pinctada spp. TyrB ortholog groups are annotated as B1--B5. Color code: green and yellow---two possible Mytilus expansions; orange---Crassostrea, Mya, Pinctada expansions, described in previous studies ([@ref-1]; [@ref-66]).](peerj-07-6245-g002){#fig-2} 10.7717/peerj.6245/table-2 ###### α-CA and GH18 proteins identified in mantle transcriptomes, according to BLASTX searches. ![](peerj-07-6245-g006) Contig Size (nt) Acc. number (NCBI) Homology in NCBI (NR) database ----------- ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------- EduN_1982 697 [MG827120](MG827120) M. coruscus carbonic anhydrase-like protein [AKS48148.1](AKS48148.1) 1E-46 EduN_2638 1,264 [MG827121](MG827121) C. virginica carbonic anhydrase 14-like isoform X3 [XP_022339697.1](XP_022339697.1) 8E-81 EduN_4714 404 [MG827122](MG827122) M. galloprovincialis carbonic anhydrase II [ALF62133.1](ALF62133.1) 3E-65 TroV_766 1,475 [MG827123](MG827123) C. gigas carbonic anhydrase 14-like isoform X2 [XP_011435377.1](XP_011435377.1) 2E-59 GalT_2236 347 [MG827124](MG827124) C. gigas carbonic anhydrase 2-like [XP_011429671.1](XP_011429671.1) 5E-40 EduN_7774 362 [MG827131](MG827131) M. yessoensis chitinase 3 [OWF51745.1](OWF51745.1) 7E-37 EduN_2068 1,194 [MG827125](MG827125) M. yessoensis Acidic mammalian chitinase [OWF47140.1](OWF47140.1) 1E-52 TroV_279 1,678 [MG827132](MG827132) M. yessoensis Acidic mammalian chitinase [OWF47140.1](OWF47140.1) 4E-62 TroV_158 1,647 [MG827133](MG827133) M. coruscus mytchitin 5 [AIF74559.1](AIF74559.1) 0.00 GalM_153 195 [MG827126](MG827126) M. coruscus mytchitin 4 [AIF74558.1](AIF74558.1) 2E-25 Chil_296 1,026 [MG827134](MG827134) M. coruscus chitinase-like protein-1 [AKS48165.1](AKS48165.1) 8E-157 Chil_188 500 [MG827127](MG827127) M. galloprovincialis chitinase-like protein-3 [AKS48199.1](AKS48199.1) 9E-88 GalT_650 2,725 [MG827128](MG827128) M. yessoensis Acidic mammalian chitinase [OWF47140.1](OWF47140.1) 3E-122 GalT_649 705 [MG827129](MG827129) M. yessoensis Acidic mammalian chitinase [OWF47140.1](OWF47140.1) 1E-36 GalT_1838 847 [MG827130](MG827130) M. yessoensis probable chitinase 10 [XP_021358847.1](XP_021358847.1) 2E-33 ![Molecular phylogenetic analysis of α-carbonic anhydrase (A) and glycoside hydrolase family 18 (B) protein sequences in Bivalvia class.\ A consensus tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) topology. The numbers of the nodes show the bootstrap values (BV) \>50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) \>0.50, as follows: ML BV/NJ BV/BIs BPP. A black dot at the node represents BV \>90% and BPP \>0.90. Abbreviations: CARPs, carbonic anhydrase related proteins; C/E, cytosolic/extracellular; M-B, membrane-bound.](peerj-07-6245-g003){#fig-3} A total of 42, 99, 19 and 62 contigs from the mussel mantle transcriptomes were assigned to 13, 40, 8 and 15 KO terms in melanogenesis, endocytosis, TYR and calcium signaling KEGG pathways, respectively ([Table S7](#supp-16){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Comparative transcriptomics --------------------------- Bi-directional Best Hit (BBH) method was used to identify 6,130 homologous pairs between transcriptomes of which 552 were shared between all five groups ([Fig. S6](#supp-6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The highest number of homologs were found between pairs: EduN_TroV, EduN_GalT and EduN_GalM (1,029, 946, 818, respectively). Putative homologous pairs were ordered according to sequence similarity of BLAST alignments ([Fig. S6](#supp-6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In general most homologous pairs exhibited a sequence similarity of 90--100%. The highest similarity per no. of homologs was found between EduN_GalM (85.45%), followed by EduN_Chil (84.89%), GalM_Chil (84.55%), GalM_GalT (84.12%). The lowest similarity to other groups was shown by TroV. Transcriptomes obtained from this study were compared to available mantle sequences for M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis using tBLASTx. In total, 18,456 (87.96%) contigs from this study were homologous with one of the four created mantle transcriptomes, but 12.04% might represent new sequence information. Additionally, between 47.8% and 81.5% of homologous contigs had high similarity (\>90%; [Fig. S7](#supp-7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). For more accurate analysis, Fisher's exact test was applied to discover significantly over-represented GO terms in each group. The most interesting GO enrichments associated with BP and MF were identified only in EduN and GalM groups. The results were reduced to the most specific terms (FDR = 0.01) ([Figs. S8](#supp-8){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S9](#supp-9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). A total of 25 GO terms were enriched in the M. edulis from the North Sea including cellular response to chemical stimulus (<GO:0070887>), positive regulation of cellular process (<GO:0048522>) in the BP category, ATP binding (<GO:0005524>), calcium ion binding (<GO:0005509>) in the MF category ([Fig. S8](#supp-8){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). A total of 46 terms were enriched in the M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea such as organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process (<GO:1901566>), regulation of biological quality (<GO:0065008>) in the BP category, metal ion binding (<GO:0046872>), purine ribonucleotide binding (<GO:0032555>) in the MF category ([Fig. S9](#supp-9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Both the neighbor-net splits network ([Fig. 4A](#fig-4){ref-type="fig"}) and NJ phylogenetic tree ([Fig. 4B](#fig-4){ref-type="fig"}) showed that M. chilensis was the most similar to the M. edulis taxon, followed by M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus. A separate clade was identified containing M. californianus Conrad, 1837 and M. coruscus Gould, 1861 (presently accepted as M. unguiculatus Valenciennes, 1858) mussels ([Fig. 4](#fig-4){ref-type="fig"}). ![The splits network (A) and phylogeny (B) of six mussels taxa.\ A black dot at the node represents BV \>90%.](peerj-07-6245-g004){#fig-4} Discussion ========== The mollusc shell, formed by calcium carbonate deposition (secreted by the mantle tissue), forms the first barrier against marine predators, mechanical or toxic damage and protects the soft body. This calcified structure is sensitive to environmental conditions: CO~2~ level, temperature, humidity. Moreover, mussels have adapted to different environments that affect the shell formation process and the stability of the secreted composite biomineral ([@ref-55]). The sequencing of mantle transcriptome from multiple taxa of Mytilus spp. has added to the growing transcriptome resources for mussels and has provided contigs putatively involved in biomineralization. High-quality reads were assembled totaling 20,982 contigs, 9,773 (46.57%) of them were annotated by BLAST searches against NCBI NR protein database ([Tables S2](#supp-11){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S3](#supp-12){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The top hits showed homology with other bivalves and most annotations were extracted from C. gigas Thunberg, 1793 ([Fig. S1](#supp-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), as expected due to the availability of an oyster fully sequenced genome. Transcriptome-based markers are a valuable resource for determining functional genetic variation ([@ref-54]). In this study, 483 potential SSRs and 1,497 putative mantle-related SNPs were identified. SSRs ([@ref-76]) and SNPs ([@ref-75]) have previously been developed in mussels using the transcriptome approach, however, this study aimed to identify molecular markers in mantle tissue from several Mytilus taxa. These results might be a resource for molecular marker studies associating candidate biomineralization genes with different environmental conditions and/or taxa. Both GO and KEGG analyses showed a wide array of categories and pathways potentially involved in biomineralization and pigmentation mechanisms ([Tables S4](#supp-13){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S7](#supp-16){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In all groups, cellular processes: focal adhesion, tight junction, adherens junction and signaling pathways: insulin, calcium, chemokine, ErbR, MAPK and VEGF were identified ([Table S4](#supp-13){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The importance of these pathways in shell formation has been proposed by [@ref-72] and [@ref-50]. Tyrosine metabolism and melanogenesis pathways detected in the mantle transcriptomes presented here might play a fundamental role in the shell pigmentation process. Numerous genes in those pathways were identified such as calmodulin, protein kinase, TYR, β-catenin ([Table S7](#supp-16){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Moreover, it seems that the Wnt signaling pathway regulation of the transcription factor essential for melanocyte development (MITF) might play a crucial role in melanogenesis (melanocyte development) in bivalves. Another important pathway may be endocytosis, a mechanism for cells to remove nutrients, ligands and to influence pigment granule formation ([@ref-16]). [@ref-16] further suggested, that, endocytosis and genes VPS or Rab might have an effect on shell coloration in Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793). These results are in line with previous studies in scallop ([@ref-70]) and oysters ([@ref-46]). A total of 1,292 contigs putatively involved in the biomineralization mechanism were also identified. Although most of these transcripts have been reported in M. edulis ([@ref-30]) and M. galloprovincialis ([@ref-20]; [@ref-58]) mantle transcriptomes, new transcripts were identified for M. trossulus and M. chilensis. This data may contribute to future comparison between different localities of the same taxon, to assess the influence of environment on the shell formation. All presented contigs should be considered as candidate biomineralization proteins since their functions were hypothesized mainly based on expression data, but were not validated ([@ref-27]). In mussels, the shell is composed of two polymorph forms of calcium carbonate (calcite and aragonite) ([@ref-48]). Some matrix proteins, potentially related to the formation of calcite (e.g., TYR) as well as aragonite crystals (e.g., Pif, nacrein) and a number of enzymes metabolizing chitin protein, including CHIT (may be responsible for chitin degradation) and chitin synthase (may be active in construction of the chitin framework) ([@ref-15]) were identified in the presented transcriptomes. Perlucin (nucleates growth of CaCO~3~ crystals) ([@ref-6]) and calponin (calcium binding protein, may ensure shell elasticity) ([@ref-66]) were also confirmed in the transcriptomes of Mytilus spp. by this study ([Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In EduN, TroV, GalM and GalT groups, 15 contigs were identified rich in immunoglobulin domains with homology from 34% to 69% sequence identity to hemicentin from M. yessonis Jay, 1857, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791 and C. gigas. Hemicentin is an extracellular ion-binding protein with an unclear function in shell formation, however, it was previously found in the coral skeletal organic matrix ([@ref-62]). Another significant protein is chorion peroxidase (TroV_3244) with an unknown role in biomineralization, though it has been suggested that it might be involved in melanogenesis in S. officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 ([@ref-22]). In this study, several candidate biomineralization proteins were selected for more comprehensive analysis: DPT, AK and GAPDH, since they were represented in at least four of the five Mytilus groups. DPT is an extracellular matrix protein and may participate in nacre formation ([@ref-32]). GAPDH is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which catalyze the formation of 1,3-bisphospho glycerate from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and might be involved in the shell growth process ([@ref-3]). AK is a protein with ATP-guanido phosphotransferases domain, which may play a role in buffering intracellular pH, important in the extrapallial space with the supersaturation of shell matrix components, including calcium ions ([@ref-9]). A phylogenetic reconstruction of these proteins showed a well-supported, separate clade of Mytiloida order in a sister relationship to other Bivalves ([Fig. 1](#fig-1){ref-type="fig"}). However, the trees presented did not support relationships between the four orders: Mytiloida, Ostreoida, Pterioida and Pectinoida. Only AK phylogeny clearly pictures the relationships among major bivalve lineages Pterimorphia and Heteroconchia, although it should be noted that there is a lack of sequences for DPT and GAPDH proteins. In the case of AK and GAPDH high conservation was observed between M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus taxa, suggesting the importance of these candidate biomineralization genes in mussels. Only DPT phylogeny confirmed the expected evolutionary relationships of M. trossulus, M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis. Rising atmospheric CO~2~ emissions and the direct consequences of it, ocean acidification and ocean warming, have the potential to limit the ability of calcifying marine organisms to produce their protective exoskeleton and shell, and lead to decalcification ([@ref-17]; [@ref-23]). Changes in the structural order potentially impact on mussel shell strength, limiting protection from predators and the environment. In order to project the future implications of ocean acidification on marine calcifying organisms the biomineralization mechanism need to be fully understood. Previous studies have explored the impact of acidification on shell formation and on the activity of candidate biomineralization molecules: α-CA, CHIT and TYR in mussels ([@ref-29]; [@ref-17]). The evolutionary relationships of these genes in metazoan have been previously studied ([@ref-1]; [@ref-42]; [@ref-66]; [@ref-15]), however, there has still been a lack of sequence resources especially from mussels. Given the importance of these genes in biomineralization process, phylogenetic reconstructions using contigs obtained from this study were performed. α-CAs are metalloenzymes which catalyze the reversible hydration of CO~2~ to form bicarbonate ion and proton ([@ref-42]). In mammals the α-CA family is characterized by 13 different enzymatically active isoforms and three CARPs which appear to lack CA activity ([@ref-4]). CHIT is hydrolyzing β-1,4-linkages in chitin, which is a major component of the organic matrix in the shell. TYR is a type-3 copper protein superfamily, a multifunctional, shell associated protein, melanocyte-specific marker, potentially involved in pigmentation and essential for the varied coloration of shell in bivalves ([@ref-16]; [@ref-70]). It has been suggested that TYR represents a protective mechanism against external shell corrosion ([@ref-17]). This study identified several copies (isoforms) of α-CA, CHIT and TYR proteins in the genus Mytilus, which might have been a result of several duplication events and diversification resulting in multiple functionality: immune response, potentially biomineralization and pigmentation ([Figs. 2](#fig-2){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#fig-3){ref-type="fig"}). This diversity might be also correlated with wide geographical distribution, adaptation to different environments and different selection pressures driving evolution of these specific genes. The contigs identified in this study have provided a new resource for future studies on α-CAs, CHIT and TYR, however, the phylogeny reveals a complex evolutionary history of these genes that requires more data. To identify homologs and similarity of mantle transcriptomes between different taxa and localizations, BBH method was used. The highest similarity (\>80%), was observed between M. edulis (EduN), M. galloprovincialis (GalM, GalT) and M. chilensis (Chil) taxa ([Fig. S6](#supp-6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Respectively, 848, 488, 549, 343 and 298 contigs in EduN, TroV, GalM, Chil, GalT groups, did not show homology (E-value cut-off 10^−15^) to mantle transcriptomes from previous studies in mussels ([Fig. S7](#supp-7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These contigs may represent novel or specific genes for each group or might be related to environment conditions. To further investigate diversity between different Mytilus spp. groups, a GO Fisher exact test was carried out. In M. edulis from the North Sea (EduN), GO terms related to heat stress response were over-represented, including: apoptotic process, regulation of programmed cell death, cellular protein complex assembly, microtubule-based process and calcium ion binding ([Fig. S8](#supp-8){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These terms were associated with high pH exposure in the Antarctic pteropod ([@ref-33]) and thermal response in the genus Crassostrea ([@ref-81], [@ref-47]). In M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea (GalM) metal ion binding, purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding, lipid transport and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched ([Fig. S9](#supp-9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These terms might be associated with pH and temperature response, as found in P. fucata Gould, 1850 ([@ref-44]) and C. gigas ([@ref-81]). Thermal and pH response of mantle tissue in both EduN and GalM groups, might be a direct consequence of increasing carbon dioxide (connected with ocean acidification and global warming), which significantly affects marine calcifiers ([@ref-44]). However, these results should be interpreted with care, since different number of sequences were used to retrieve GO terms. Over the last decade, understanding of Mytilus spp. evolutionary characteristics significantly increased. Several approaches using molecular methods were used, such as molecular markers ([@ref-36]), SNP genotyping ([@ref-21]) and mitochondrial DNA ([@ref-67]). In this study phylogenetic relationships were investigated between the six taxa using transcriptome data ([Fig. 4](#fig-4){ref-type="fig"}). Our analyses showed that M. edulis, M. chilensis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus created a separate clade from M. californianus and M. coruscus, which is consistent with earlier studies of their mitochondrial DNA ([@ref-19]). Conclusions =========== This study investigated mantle transcriptomes of five groups from four Mytilus spp. using 454 pyrosequencing technology. Of generated transcripts 46.57% were annotated by BLAST search. Of these 6.16% were contigs potentially involved in biomineralization and pigmentation processes, such as CA, CHIT and TYR. GO enrichment analysis revealed stress response in M. edulis (from the North Sea) and M. galloprovincialis (from the Mediterranean Sea), which might be related to ocean acidification and global warming. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe mantle transcriptomes from multiple Mytilus spp and provide a basis for further work (using RNA-seq and gene expression patterns) on biomineralization proteins, which may help to further account for mussels diversity and responses to environment conditions. Supplemental Information ======================== 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-1 ###### Characteristics of the homology search of Mytilus transcripts. Distribution of an E-value (A) and species annotation (B) based on the NR best hit results. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-2 ###### KEGG analysis of the five Mytilus transcriptomes. CP--Cellular Processes, EIP--Environmental Information Processing, GIP--Genetic Information Processing, M--Metabolism, OS--Organismal Systems. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-3 ###### Gene Ontology classification of Mytilus transcriptomes: biological process (A), molecular function (B), cellular component (C). ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-4 ###### Putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distribution in Mytilus spp. mantle transcriptomes. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-5 ###### Alignment of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (GAPDH) protein sequences in Bivalvia class. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-6 ###### Sequence similarity distribution of pairwise comparisons between Mytilus spp. groups from present study. Color code indicate the percentage of similarity between two groups. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-7 ###### Sequence similarity distribution of pairwise comparisons between Mytilus spp. groups: EduN (A), GalM (B), Chil (C), TroV (D), GalT(E) and mantle transcriptomes from M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis. M. edulis: EduG ([@ref-18]), EduS ([@ref-78]), M. galloprovincialis: GalP ([@ref-5]), GalS ([@ref-58]). Color code indicate the percentage of similarity between two groups. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-8 ###### Over-represented biological process (BP) and molecular function (MF) GO terms in M. edulis (EduN). ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-9 ###### Over-represented biological process (BP) and molecular function (MF) GO terms in M. galloprovincialis (GalM). ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-10 ###### A reference list of previously reported candidate biomineralization genes. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-11 ###### Statistical summary of five Mytilus transcriptomes. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-12 ###### Table listing Mytilus spp. contigs, including description (NCBI NR database), GO and KEGG IDs ascribed to each sequence. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-13 ###### KEGG pathway annotations in mussel transcriptomes. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-14 ###### Summary of simple sequences repeats (SSRs) analysis (A) and distribution based on motif types (B) in the Mytilus spp. mantle transcriptomes. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-15 ###### Contigs potentially involved in the biomineralization mechanism identified in mussel transcriptomes, including description, domain ascribed and sequences in FASTA format. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-16 ###### Contigs identified in tyrosinase, endocytosis, calcium signaling and melanogenesis pathways. ###### Click here for additional data file. 10.7717/peerj.6245/supp-17 ###### α-CA and GH18 sequences with accesion numbers (NCBI) identified in mantle transcriptomes. ###### Click here for additional data file. The authors thank Dr. Tomasz Sanko for preparation of RNA samples for 454 sequencing. This research was supported in part by PL-Grid Infrastructure. Additional Information and Declarations ======================================= The authors declare that they have no competing interests. [Magdalena Malachowicz](#author-1){ref-type="contrib"} performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. [Roman Wenne](#author-2){ref-type="contrib"} conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data is available on Sequence Read Archive under accession number [PRJNA419475](PRJNA419475). The CA and CHIT sequences described here are accessible via GenBank accession numbers [MG827120](MG827120)--[MG827134](MG827134) and are included in [Supplemental_Data_File_1](#supp-17){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Other sequences are included in [Table S6](#supp-15){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
The CWLP research shows that sponsorship is the critical promotional lever for women stuck just below the top layer of management. However, fear of being even suspected of an illicit sexual liaison causes 64 percent of senior men to pull back from one-on-one contact with junior women; conversely, for the same reason, 50 percent of junior women are hesitant to have one-on-one contact with senior men. Math Careers and Choices: Tanya Khovanova writes More and more I stumble upon the claim that the difference in individual personal choices between men and women is one of the main contributors to the gender gap in mathematical careers. Let me tell you some stories that I’ve heard that illustrate some choices that women made Blind prejudice: Ben Goldacre writes about research by Noola Griffiths about how women’s clothing influences the evaluation of their musical performances. If you have links of interest, please share them in comments here, or if you’re a delicious user, tag them “geekfeminism” to bring them to our attention. Please note that we tend to stick to publishing recent links (from the last month or so). Metaneira is a 30 year old female currently in school for a master’s in public administration focusing on the non-profit sector. Meta has been gaming since she could hold a joystick, and has been blogging in one form or another since 1999. She currently co-hosts a site about mages and feminist issues in World of Warcraft at www.empoweredfire.com. By now you may have seen the video “G33k & G4M3R Girls,” a parody of Katy Perry’s “California Girls” written by a few women involved with geek culture. (If you haven’t, you can see it here: while safe for work, the video features women very scantily clad and has an aggressively cloying auto-tuned soundtrack. Watch at your own risk.) The four women — Milynn Sarley, Clare Grant, Rileah Vanderbilt, and Michele Boyd — form “Team Unicorn” and were interviewed by the Official Star Wars Blog about the video. The author of the article says the ladies answer as one unit “cause that’s how they roll.” Fine: “Team Unicorn” it is. Team Unicorn: you’re doing it wrong. Now, let me get a few things straight: I’m a geek. I’m a gamer. And I’m a woman. But none of those things are me: they are just parts of the whole. Having my entire personality boiled down to a list of nerdy references I get or things I enjoy doing is kind of absurd, but this is what the video promotes. From the very start, Seth Green asks, “Hello friends… don’t you want to meet a nice girl?” The video is not aimed at the women it is purporting to celebrate: it is straight-up pandering to the largely sexist, male-centric geek subculture. It is geek women served up for the male gaze on a shiny latex platter. This is not empowering. To give an example, I once had to take an IQ test at school in seventh grade. One section of the test included rotating three-dimensional objects in your head. The test was designed so that each section starts easy and then gets progressively harder. It is supposed to get so hard that there comes a point where you can’t continue any longer and then the tester stops that section of the test. On that section of the test, I managed to hit a window on the score because I got to the very end, having correctly answered all the questions in the object rotation section. The tester, who did these tests for a living, was astonished and he said he had never seen anyone come close to getting all of them. As an adult, I heard the stereotype that women cannot rotate three-dimensional objects in their head. I heard it many times. Since I started hearing that, I have lost my ability to do so. I’ve tried some rather basic tests on this skill and I can hardly do any of them. If you have links of interest, please share them in comments here, or if you’re a delicious user, tag them “geekfeminism” to bring them to our attention. Please note that we tend to stick to publishing recent links (from the last month or so). People who consider themselves fully rational individuals are ignorant about basic psychology and their own minds. It is easy for white men in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields to perceive themselves as more rational than other groups, because our society associates rationality with whites, men, and STEM professionals. When white men in STEM fields believe in this stereotype, they might assume that bias is more common in non-white people, women, and people in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. After all, these other groups seem to want to discuss bias more often, and unexamined associative “reasoning” would link bias to those who bring up the topic of bias. Under logical scrutiny, however, it does not follow that the act of thinking about bias makes one more biased. GreenRedBluePurpleBluePurple BluePurpleRedGreenPurpleGreen the Stroop effect refers to the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second. A basic tenet of contemporary psychology is that mental activity can be unconscious. Unconscious simply refers to any mental activity that is “not conscious”, and it is not equivalent to the unscientific New Age concept of the Subconscious. A good example of unconscious mental activity interfering with conscious intentions is the Stroop effect (right). If you try to name the colours of the colour words aloud, the first set of colours will be easier to name than the second set of colours, because you unconsciously read the words. This means that you do not have full control over your thoughts and behaviour, and your willpower or logical reasoning cannot overcome the unconscious cultural bias of being able to read in English. Of course, there are other unconscious cultural biases aside from English literacy bias. The scientist has big square-shaped glasses and a big geeky nose with brown hair and blue eyes. I see a scientist working in a lab with a white lab coat . . . holding a beaker filled with solutions only he knows. Scientists are very interesting people who can figure out things we don’t even know exist. My picture of a scientist is completely different than what it used to be! The scientist I saw doesnÂ¹t wear a lab coat. . . . The scientists used good vocabulary and spoke like they knew what they were talking about. I’ve never been terribly observant regarding fashion matters, but it seems to me that male geeks can get away with a much sloppier wardrobe than female geeks. Is that just my impression or have others noticed anything similar? What’s considered a suitable professional wardrobe for front-line geek feminists trying to be taken seriously? “…I suggest that manners and etiquette, like language and fashion, are fundamental means of communication and self-expression. And, as with language and fashion, manners and etiquette adapt effortlessly to social change.”John Morgan, introduction to Debrett’s New Guide to Etiquette and Modern Manners, 2001. Mattel put the selection of Barbieâ€™s 125th career in the hands of online voters for the first time… To create an authentic look for techie Barbie, designers worked with the Society of Women Engineers and the National Academy of Engineering to develop the wardrobe and accessories for the doll. She wears a binary code patterned T-shirt and is equipped with the latest gadgets including a smart phone, Bluetooth headset and laptop travel bag. It’s interesting that they have the endorsement of the Society of Women Engineers and National Academy of Engineering in the creation (as I look at the doll, I notice that the article forgot to also mention the vibrant pink high-heels, laptop-logo and glasses – what, no contact lenses?). I guess I’m in favor of changes to a doll which has traditionally perpetuated a rather narrow-portrayal of women – and yet it’s still limited by its portrayal of ‘geek-chic’. The blog post title says ‘Barbie as Tech-Geek’ – why not Barbie as educated or technical-savvy? Why is one of the most popular dolls on the planet (arguably, the most popular) – still posed on her toes and biologically impossible? And what on earth does it mean to be ‘geek-chic’ anyway? Apart from sounding rather nifty when you say it aloud? I’m going to see if, by responding to this question by a reader, I can address not only how to be taken seriously as a ‘front-line geek feminist’ – but also how to maintain a standard of comfort that is (quite frankly) essential to a woman who has plenty of ‘geeky’ passions that occupy her time and keep her on her biologically-accurate toes. Despite the adage ‘never judge a book by its cover’ – we do. Some companies do have a written dress code, some rules are unwritten and we follow the lead of senior management when considering building our wardrobe. We’re not dolls. But we’re can’t ignore that there are eyes upon us and that a little startifacts.com might make them ponder ‘Maybe I can be like her one day – and doesn’t it look fine to be her?’ We are essentially a social commentary blog. We tend to grab relevant somethings that pass through our individual radar and put them up for discussion. As part of this,Â I noticed and wrote a quick hit critique of the character profiles listed for an indy game called “Puzzlebots” last Wednesday. I’ve since had several personally addressed emails from people involved with Puzzlebots, including the game designer, assuring me that the game is not as bad as the product pages sounded to me. I still have not played the game nor spoken to anyone who has, but I hence publicly apologise to the team forÂ analyzingÂ the game without first playing it. This apology does not, as much as I wish it could, negate the issues I had with the marketing of the game as they were on Wednesday. In my opinion, the marketing text is utterly irrelevant to how the game actually plays since it is supposed to convince me that I want to play it. The marketing is why I wrote the post. Before I go further, I acknowledge that some of the text that this post now is discussing has changed, but it remains that the grievances I held with the text as it was last Wednesday are real issues that do genuinely deter me personally from choosing to play games. As I described in an email later last week to Erin, the designer of the game, the primary issue I have with the marketing of the game is how the women characters are described. Women characters are 2 of the 6 humans in the game, which I really like; it is terrific that it is more than aÂ token woman. My joy at this is however destroyed at reading that both women is either the recipient of or holds desire for “The Straight Man’s Gaze“, and that these are features of her character which take upÂ half of her description. This echos the expectation that an unfortunate number (and vocal minority) of men within the geek communities I frequent (or frequently hear tales of) hold. That expectation is that women partake in the geeky community either because they “are looking for husbands” (desire the gaze) or to “make the community sexy” (are decoration to be gazed upon). And that’s what hurts. We have this game that at a glance looks really awesome. Multiple woman roboteers! Sweet! That means it could really easily pass the bechdel test; it has two actual women who have actually made robots! And… they are given poor descriptions focussing on a man’s desires within a game which had (at the time of posting the quick hit, not any more) a story thatÂ posited the question: “Will Zander win the affections of the pretty new scientist?”, and the buzz was killed. Here is the thing; all the bloggers here at Geek Feminism do actually understand that getting called out on shit really does suck. It is even suckier when you think you are already doing the right thing. The puzzlebots team have done the right thing by avoiding tokenism, and kudos to them for that. But in the same breath they have used typical stereotyped “strong female character” archetypes and scenarios that (unintentionally?)Â markets the game to heterosexual men. See, that’s how easy it is to do or say sexist (or other *ist) things; Even a self-identified feminist game designer such as Erin is plenty capable of using tried and triumphedÂ typicalÂ archetypes. It certainly does not make her a failure as a gamer or a feminist. However, at some point there really does need to be (at minimum) a recognition that just because the scenarios are common throughout various mediums, it doesn’t change how much repeating them impacts on the perceptions of women’s roles in geeklands and especially in STEM based fields. The members of the Geek Feminism blog community call each other out all the time for anything ranging from classism to actual real genuine sexism itself. We call each other out because we fuck up too, and when we fuck up we accept it. We accept our fuck ups and learn from them because we realize that Feminism, it turns out, is really quite hard. Feminism is so deity forsaken hard, and if it was not so hard, then it would be so over already. But no matter how easy it is for even us to fall for the trappings of the internalized sexism each and every single one of us has, letting something you notice pass by is still tacit support for that stance, andÂ not calling that shit out because it is probably a genuine mistake sucks even more in the long run.Â For everyone. Commenting note: We have a comment policy here which means we will delete comments which are anti-feminist, abusive, or otherwise inappropriate at our sole discretion. Now you know. From the casual stereotyping department comes Puzzlebots. First off, I want to make it clear that this particular game is not unique in this regard at all. It’s just a convenient example that I came across today. Taking a look at the characters page, there are 2 women in the humans (emphasis mine): “Thanks to her many years in the Japanese school system,Â Yuriko is smart, industrious, and almost pathologically shy. She harbors a secret crush on Zander, which may remain a secret forever the way things are going.” “AstridÂ is a bit like a flower on a cactus.Â Pretty from a distance, but almost guaranteed to hurt you if you get too close.Â She captures Zanderâ€™s attention right away, but can be downright mean to the other employees.” To summarize; a lady roboteer in this game is either secretly (because she’s shy)Â crushing for a dude, or she is eye-candyÂ who will probablyÂ rip your bits off. And the two girls in the team of six get to make up a disproportionate two thirds of a love triangle. Because, you know, I can’t imagine that reinforcing any stereotypes or anything. As for the robot characters? One Hiveling I discussed this with stated:Â ”ï»¿ï»¿ï»¿None of the boy robots are cute and sassy.” I can see other problematic things in the character descriptions too, the above is just the start. What are your thoughts and observations about the (people and processor-based) characters? If you have links of interest, please share them in comments here, or if youâ€™re a delicious user, tag them â€œgeekfeminismâ€ to bring them to our attention. Please note that we tend to stick to publishing recent links (from the last month or so).	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
SHARE THIS ARTICLE Share Tweet Post Email Auto supplier Robert Bosch GmbH will build a 1 billion-euro ($1.1 billion) semiconductor plant, the biggest single investment in its history, as the maker of brakes and engines prepares for a surge in demand for components used in self-driving vehicles. The factory in Dresden, Germany will start producing chips needed for autonomous vehicles, smart homes and Internet-linked city infrastructure in 2021, the world’s biggest car-parts supplier said Monday in a statement. It’ll employ as many as 700 workers once construction is complete in 2019. “Expanding our production capacity will help us boost our competitive position,” Chief Executive Officer Volkmar Denner said in the statement, noting that the use of semiconductors is growing as “connectivity and automation rise.” Bosch, known as a maker of traditional car parts such as braking systems and combustion engines, is also a long-time software developer and is increasingly investing in newer technologies as the nature of driving changes. The Stuttgart, Germany-based company been making chips for a range of products like smartphones for more than four decades. Last year, every car sold globally contained an average of nine chips made by Bosch, the company said. While Bosch is focusing on technology and projects promising improved connectivity and cleaner city centers, the 130 year-old company has come under pressure about its alleged role in helping carmakers evade diesel emissions rules that have rocked the auto industry. Last month, Bosch was linked to emissions-cheating allegations against a fourth automaker, when it was named as co-defendant together with General Motors Co. in a lawsuit where owners of diesel-powered pickups accused the automaker of using illegal software. The chips made in Dresden will be added to diverse Bosch products including airbag sensors, autonomous steering, pressure gauges and communication technologies, a spokesman said.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Mark’s story: Making my voice heard By Mark Olson Mark, middle, cuts the ribbon at the opening of the new teen lounge. I was born with transposition of the arteries in my heart and had surgery to repair them when I was four days old. In fifth grade, I had another surgery to repair a narrowing of my aorta. And in November 2010, I got a pacemaker. It’s possible I’ll have another surgery in a few years to make my aortic valve stronger because it’s expanding and beginning to tear. I’m only 18. Given the number of medical issues I’ve faced during my short life and still face, I’ve learned how important it is to advocate for yourself in the hospital. It’s important for a few reasons. First, your doctors and nurses then know what’s going on with you and can help you. Second, you can help the hospital itself improve. One of the ways I advocate is by participating in the Youth Advisory Council (YAC) at Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota. I’ve served on YAC for three years. I love Children’s, but I joined YAC because I thought I could make the hospital even better. I believe I’ve made a difference in the lives of patients at Children’s. One way I’ve done that is by helping with the creation of the new teen lounge on the Minneapolis campus. At meetings, I’m not one to be shy. I’m always asking questions. When I know a friend is going to the hospital, I ask him or her to give me feedback. How was the visit? Could Children’s have given better care? How? I bring the answers back to YAC. Someday, I see myself advocating for others. And it’ll be at the bedside. I’m interested in going to medical school and specializing in cardiology. After my years of experience being a patient and a YAC member, I think I’d bring a unique perspective to the medical field. I often tell people, “If you want something done, the only way people can know you want something done is to tell them. You’re the only person stopping something from happening.” Mark Olson, 18, is a Youth Advisory Council Member at Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota and a patient. It’s wonderful to see a young adult such as yourself not only become an advocate for yourself, but for others as well. Advocacy is an important topic of discussion to me and I was glad to read your post. Find a Doctor Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Contributions to the Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law. Our tax identification number is 41-1814223.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
"..a bardy view!" Very soon I will give the hour back which I received 5 months ago. In seven months time I shall reclaim it. I don’t know who is the beneficiary of my sixty minutes, nor do I know who returns it. I do know that every year since the day I was born I have, with great philanthropy, parted with an essential essence of my life – my time – but comforted in the knowledge that I only permitted it’s borrowing on a short term loan. I gave it free, without interest, yet if time was indeed money, I could have become very wealthy over the years had I charged for it. After all, if I asked my bank manager for a loan he wouldn’t give it to me for free just because I promised to return it promptly after seven months. The difference of course is that my time is priceless, and although it is unique it has no monetary value. I can invest it, I can spend it, I can save it and I can waste it. I cannot hold it. I cannot keep it. I cannot preserve it. It is gone in a moment – and lost in a memory. I can think of nothing more valuable, more essential than time, yet it is not oil, not gold, not silver, not platinum. My time is more precious than metals and minerals, but it is all mine – every single second of it. It’s value is incalculable. At 02.00 on the last Sunday of March (as is always the case) I will say hello to British Summer Time, or on the last Sunday of October, return to the dark days of Greenwich Mean Time. It’s an economic decision that I have no choice over. A few years ago the UK government considered the Daylight Savings Private Members Bill to abolish GMT and align the British Isles with CET (Central European Time), which would have meant more light at night and less light at morning. Longer summer evenings, and maybe an hour more light in winter resulting in longer darker mornings. It would have suited the more southern English, but not the northern Brits. In any event, the bill was rejected, and it’s not likely to reappear again for some time. Any change in daylight saving policy won’t change the orbit of the earth, no more than it will stop the sun from rising and setting at inconvenient times for commerce and industry. The cows in the fields will chew the cud regardless. The sheep will be fairly laid back and the pigs are unlikely to grunt in dissent. The cocks will continue to crow at dawn, and the chickens will lay their eggs without cracking up at the stupidity of it all. The EU will be happy because everything will be standardised. But they tried that with the Euro and look what happened. They can mess around with money. Surely we can’t allow them to mess around with the clocks as well? After all, it signifies a man abused and tortured, made to carry his own cross to be crucified, had nails hammered into his hands, a crown of thorns embedded in his head, and given vinegar to drink when he asked for water. It was clearly a very bad day. “Good Friday”, possibly the most sacred day in the Christian calendar, appears to have been diminished by our secular and consumer led society. It’s certainly a good Friday for the new deities of consumerism – for the shopping malls and superstores, whose temples are open for worshippers. It’s a good day for atheists and agnostics, because they get a public holiday regardless of their beliefs. Nobody really knows why the day of Christ’s crucifixion is called Good Friday. Indeed, there is no evidence that it actually happened on a Friday. It was a convenient date which married the early Christians to Pagan beliefs back in the post-Romano era. There are two modes of thought: Good Friday was originally God’s Friday. This would make sense, because as time went by words change and develop. The Catholic Church is fairly open to this suggestion. Unlike Evangelical Bible-Thumpers who argue that it was “Good” because Christ gave his life on the Cross to save our souls. For all his suffering, it was filled with goodness they proclaim. Pre and post Romano Britain, Anglo Saxon, and medieval man would not have considered that, and certainly not the Benedictine monks who ruled with ecclesiastical hammers. Suffering and penitence was the order of the day – there was nothing to be happy about! “Christ suffered and so should you” they said. What’s good about that? Meanwhile in Spanish Dominions, the Dominican monks ruled, and they would have dictated, absolutely, their expectations and rules, and were directly linked to the seat of the Spanish throne. The Dominicans (the religious quasi political branch of the Spanish Empire) were ruthless in their endeavours. So what’s all this got to do with Good Friday? The simple answer is politics. Jesus didn’t choose Friday to die, nor did he choose Sunday to resurrect. Why? Because 2000 years ago the calender as we know it didn’t exist! Time revolved around the equinox. Rome and future Popes created the calendar – from the Julian to the Gregorian, and it was expedient for a Pope to embrace pagan celebrations aligned with Eostra – the pagan god of rebirth. Emperor Constantine (the first Pope of Power) was a very clever chap. In order to unite his empire he knew he had to embrace all and alienate none. The dates of Easter has no more credence than the 25th December – the date of Christ’s birth. Christian’s do not question the date – it’s the event that matters. Constantine needed a reference point: that which was before, and that which came after – Before Christ, and After Christ. BC and AD. My analysis isn’t an academic study, it’s merely an observation. Yet there is little doubt that significant Christian dates were aligned with Pagan celebrations – it was expedient and convenient. Which brings us to Ostara, or Ēostre the pagan Goddess of Dawn and Rebirth. Note the word Goddess. Christianity gave us one god – God – yet here was a goddess worshipped in pre-Christian times, and she became associated with “Easter”. How is that? Easter is the association and celebration of Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection, yet, prudently Constantine combined the two. It was Constantine who brought the papacy to power, and effectively established the Catholic Church. Does all this matter? Do dates matter? Does it matter that we have Easter eggs (another pre-Christian symbol of fertility and rebirth and don’t forget rabbits – we all know their proliferate skills). How many people actually think about that? All that matters really is what Easter signifies – the persecution, betrayal, crucifixion and resurrection of one man who changed the world. We celebrate His birth at Christmas, lament his Death, and take joy in his Resurrection at Easter. You may not believe it – but that doesn’t mean you can disprove it! Maybe that’s why it’s a “Good” Friday. Like this: If you were born between 1946 and 1964 then you are officially a “baby boomer”. You’re as old as 70 and as young as 52 – assuming you’re reading this in 2016. Baby Boomer is the term used for the generation born during the 18 years after WWII, which by all accounts changed the world and has become responsible for all the ills of society. The first batch of boomers heralded the age of the teenager and the swinging sixties. A sixteen year old born in 1946 would have sailed through the austere 1950’s, would have abandoned Bill Hailey and the Comets, Frank Sinatra and the balladeer crooners, rejected their parents hand-me-downs, and embraced 1962 with pop music and liberation. Cliff Richard and the Shadows were the face of the young and around the corner loomed the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Even Elvis was getting old hat. Their parents by contrast were the generation which suffered in the depressing thirties, and then went off to war. Indeed their parents before them would have gone through the First World War, and they certainly would have had no concept of being a teenager – they would have left school at 12 or 14 and then went to work – there was no room for anything else. By 1966 our hero or heroine – the subject of this post and first born boomer – would be 20 years old, fashion conscious, sexually liberated, rocking to Mick Jagger or rebelling along with Bob Dylan. Later he or she would have a good job, money in the pocket, and an access to university long denied from the forebears. Their peers would have their minds and horizons broadened and take to the streets to protest about the Vietnam war, join CND and march to “Ban the Bomb”. They were the “have it all” generation. If they didn’t get great jobs, they would still get good jobs – jobs which they could secure for 35 years and retire comfortably. Such was their opportunity; they bought houses, raised families, and became more affluent than any generation gone before. They went through a period of relative peace (in the UK at least), did not fight any wars, and were not conscripted for national service, and even the threat of nuclear Armageddon and cold war politics fazed them not. Our twenty-year old pot-smoking hippy (who danced at Woodstock), became either a bog-standard pillar of the establishment or found his way into the echelons of society – and if he didn’t become a captain of industry he took a seat in Parliament responsible for the very society he had fun to reject. The mantra of Roger Daltry and the Who – Hope I die before I get old – was just a juvenile distraction. Our first baby boomer has retired now. He has even escaped the austerity cuts and his pension is secure. His life was one of incredible social change and privilege which saw a National Health Service, a welfare state, security, peace and financial wealth. But is he happy? He has seen the erosion of values, the erosion of community, the destruction of the nuclear family – all factors which held his parents and grandparents together. Our sixties teenage angry young man now complains about the lack of values, waxes lyrically with nostalgia and regrets sentimentally about his parents generation – moans about the state of the nation, deplores the loss of standards, and castigates the young with their disrespect and irreverence for authority. He wants to bring back hanging and flogging, he wants to incarcerate them, he wants to punish them with the full force of the law. In 1966 he didn’t want to know about 1945 – he didn’t want to know about the hardships his parents suffered. What he wanted was a comfortable life. Well he got it – so the best thing he can do now is stop being a hypocrite, and stop bloody moaning. Fifty years ago in 1966 the Philippines fell out of love with the Fab Four. It was also the year that John Lennon made two comments, one which was to be his eventual downfall. In July 1966 the Beatles toured the Philippines. Little did they know that the dictator President Marcos and his wife Imelda were accustomed to (and expected) absolute attention; and they certainly didn’t take kindly to the fact that the Beatles refused an invitation to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace. Their manager Brian Epstein politely declined the invitation on the grounds that it was the group’s policy not to accept official invitations. Marcos took this as a personal snub to his family, and consequently revealed this perceived insult to the media, who ran with it, implying that it was also a snub to the Filipino people. Subsequently all police protection was removed from them. The group and their entourage had to reach Manila airport unguarded. Their road manager Mal Evans was assaulted, and the band encountered a hostile crowd. Although they managed to board the plane, Evans was removed, and Epstein was forced to hand over all the group’s Philippines earnings before they were all permitted to leave the country. It led to John Lennon remarking that should he ever return to the country, he “would fly over it with an H-Bomb”. Biographies have suggested that they were all lucky to escape with their lives. Of course we can argue now that perhaps the Beatles were not familiar with international diplomacy, but they relied on their manager to manage, and the manager made a decision. Yet the times were different. Marcos was all powerful, and this unwitting act of disrespect was a personal insult which he successfully manipulated his people to generate sympathy for him. It’s a classic example of one man exercising power for his own ends. Indeed, this event is not so much about the Beatles, but about pride and power. It’s about a despot who assumed that his power was omnipotent. It would be another eighteen years before the Filipino people finally realised that this was power absolute and had the courage to rebel in 1984. Of course, John Lennon did not make that remark directed at the Filipino people. At the time he was only 25 years old. Marcos in contrast was nearly 50 years old – so who do you think should have been the wiser? His wife was 37 at the time, and many would argue that she’s still none the wiser. Yet this was to be the catalyst of John Lennon’s demise. Three months earlier, in March 1966,he was reported in the London Evening Standard, during a fairly innocuous interview as stating that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus. This was picked up by right-wing religious conservatives in the US, and exploited. It further fuelled the anger in the Catholic dominated Philippines, which even today they wrongly regard as the blue touch paper which set the firework off. Through clever propaganda, instigated by Marcos, the Filipino people, half a century later, believe that their antagonism to the Beatles was because of Lennon’s Jesus statement. It could not be further from the truth. The story had no merit until a US teen magazine naively ran with it on their front cover, resulting in an evangelic radio station WAQY in Birmingham, Alabama announcing that it wouldn’t play anymore Beatles music and that they were going to burn their records. This led to a domino effect, and other radio stations followed suit. The English brushed off his comments in the newspaper at the time – they were considered of no relevance, and merely the ranting’s of a young man. Not a single word of complaint came from the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church. In August when the situation had reached a rolling-stone momentum which threatened the existence of the group, John Lennon was forced to apologise twice – stating that he was not boasting about the fame of the Beatles, and he never intended to cause offence to people of religious faith. It happened in Chicago and proved to be the last Beatles tour. So let’s put the record straight – here and now! The Filipino people didn’t get angry with the Beatles because of what John Lennon said. They were manipulated and encouraged by a state-run media, controlled by a demigod dictator, who was snubbed by the most popular band of the age. He felt insulted, and it struck at his pride. Such was his bitterness that he ensured that his countrymen would feel the same pain and humiliation. He controlled the media, the military and the government and therefore he controlled the minds of the people. It is he and his cronies that the Filipino people should be angry with – not the Beatles. Today, the Beatles are revered in the Philippines and there isn’t one karaoke bar which is not playing a Beatles song and not one Filipino crooner who doesn’t attempt to sing one. As Paul acknowledged – it wasn’t the people, but the regime that caused the problems, and he’s actually proud in hindsight that it was the Beatles which snubbed the Marcos family and dented their pedestal. All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. ‘Forward the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!’ he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Just over a hundred years ago the world went to war, and the stage for it was set by another smaller but no more less significant conflict almost 60 years earlier. It’s a timely reminder – because it was called the Crimean War. It was a war which altered the balance of power in Europe, and which subsequently led to the assassination in 1914 of Archduke Ferdinand – heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His killer was Gavrilo Princip a Serbian nationalist who wanted the South Serb provinces to break away and be combined into Greater Serbia – or a Yugoslavia – a union of South Slavic countries. This ultimately led to other European states being dragged in, all vying for their position and alliances, and so it was that the Great War began. This brief introduction, deliberately short on studious analysis is merely to put the Crimean War into context. And we must go even further back from it’s origins to understand how and why the Crimean War began – as far back as the Napoleonic Wars 200 years ago. 2014 commemorated the 100th anniversary of the start of World War One, but last year 2015 also commemorated the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo and the end of Bonaparte’s dream of a European empire, with he as her emperor. At the end of the Napoleonic war the great powers Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France got together in Vienna to try and restore European stability by suppressing revolutionary republics and supporting sensible monarchies. Known as the Treaty of Vienna, it led to 30 years of peace in Europe. By 1845 this peace was showing signs of cracks, principally because of the weakness of the Ottoman-Turkish empire. Then as now Turkey had one foot in Europe and the other in Asia, or more to the point one foot in European Christian orthodoxy and the other in Islamic Middle East. At this point enters the protagonist, then as now – Russia. Tsar Nicholas was keen to take advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire with a view to carve up the European part of Turkey and gain some valuable strategic areas. This effectively would give Russia control of the Dardanelles, the strait which connects the Black Sea to the Aegean, and more famously known today for the disastrous tragic WWI campaign of Gallipoli. Due to increased Russian aggression, Turkey declared war against Russia in October 1853. A month later the Russian Black Sea fleet destroyed a Turkish squadron at Sinope, a Turkish city on the Black Sea, which galvanised British concerns because it threatened her trade links with Turkey and India. The French, who had no particular interest in Turkey, chose to ally themselves to Britain because they were still smarting from their defeat by Russia in 1812 (later immortalised in Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” and Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture) and thought that this was their chance to return the bloodied nose. An ultimatum was issued to Russia to evacuate from the area by March 1854. That month was significant because by then the Baltic ice fields would break up allowing the British to annihilate the Russian fleet should the demand be ignored, which it was. By August the combined Anglo-French fleet took control of the Baltic. Austria subsequently joined the alliance and together contributed to an army of 60,000 to defend Istanbul. The Russian Tsar ignored the threats (shades of Putin here) and called the bluff. A British plan was formulated to land in the Crimea, and attack Sevastopol with the view of destroying the Russian fleet and the dockyard. What followed was a catalogue of indecision, chess board manoeuvring and glorified Victorian valour which resulted in the Battle of Balaclava and the Charge of the Light Brigade. This astonishing display of bravery, courage (madness some will say) into the “valley of death” as Tennyson penned it, so shocked and frightened the Russians that they never again dared to face the British in the field. Eventually there was a victory of sorts, and the Russians accepted defeat, the demilitarisation of the Black Sea, and for a time the European settlement of the “Turkish Question”. With the 1856 Treaty of Paris, (as with all face-saving treaties of this kind) Russia went home to lick her wounds with a modicum of compensation. That’s what it’s all about and that’s why the defeated always walk away with a prize of sorts. Political expediency, diplomacy and conciliation make the world go around, regardless of the pain and suffering to get there in the first place. It’s easy to start something, but damned difficult to end something. A lesson we never seem to learn. Today Russia is on the aggressive ascendancy, and Turkey seeks a political route to European Union membership through clever compromise and negotiation regarding the current mass refugees crisis. History may be the past, but it is also the present and the future, and we ignore it at our peril. In a democracy where the ballot box is the measure of freedom, sometimes the common man needs to voice his concerns beyond the electorate system. The internet has given a voice to the silent, and blogs have given a platform to the unheard. Those voices are all shouting now, and the noise is deafening. Speakers’ Corner in London’s Hyde Park is a place where those with a point of view can stand up and express themselves. Some will get an audience, some will not, and some will get heckled. It has been designated a space for freedom of speech for over 165 years. Anyone can turn up unannounced, and talk on any subject. As recently as 1999 a ruling by Lord Justice Sedley in his decision with a case involving the UK Director of Public Prosecutions, described Speakers’ Corner as demonstrating “the tolerance which is both extended by the law to opinion of every kind and expected by the law in the conduct of those who disagree, even strongly, with what they hear,” This ruling famously established in English case law that freedom of speech could not be limited to the inoffensive but extended also to “the irritating, the contentious, the eccentric, the heretical, the unwelcome, and the provocative, as long as such speech did not tend to provoke violence” . That Right, accorded by Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights, also accorded the right to be offensive. What is a blog then…if not a virtual Speakers Corner? A place where we can be “irritating, contentious, eccentric, heretical, unwelcome and provocative”, providing we don’t provoke violence or hatred? There may be many blogs inciting the latter two, but Bardiness stands by English Law, and the European Convention of Human Rights. This post is an expression of the fundamental principles of freedom of speech. Bardiness may not be everyone’s cup of tea – but there are countries in the world which won’t even allow the leaves in the pot, never mind allow them to brew and be poured. Perhaps in the future “Englishness” will become synonymous with “freedom”. Archaic words along with lost Latin meaning tolerance, courage, dignity and self-respect. They say that every Englishman is born free. Living free however is a constant battle and something we must fight for everyday…… Freedom in death is freedom too late. This story shall the good man teach his son;And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by,From this day to the ending of the world,But we in it shall be remember’d;We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;For he to-day that sheds his blood with meShall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,This day shall gentle his condition:And gentlemen in England now a-bedShall think themselves accursed they were not here,And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaksThat fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day. The Dodo, an ungainly flightless bird, is extinct. “As dead as a dodo” is a phrase synonymous with finality. Yet in truth it also represents mankind’s ignorance, exploitation, and failure to recognise natural and delicate balances of ecology and habitat. Today we can frown upon those early seafarers who during the course of trade and exploration systematically devastated indigenous wildlife on their travels. The Dodo was just one of many creatures which provided easy meat. Just as the giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands fell easy prey to hungry jack-tar and matelote – the rough sailors who had suffered long sea journeys with maggot ridden food, and succumbed easily to sickness. Charles Darwin surmised, through his theory of evolution and natural selection, that species will invariably lose their original design if no predators exist to threaten them. Hence why does a bird need wings if it doesn’t need to fly? All creatures, having evolved over millions of years, will adapt to their surroundings. If the Dodo felt threatened in its environment, it would not have lost its wings. The Dodo, endemic to the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, was a bird over three feet tall, and nested on the ground, which is indicative of it’s perceived security. It would never know that a ruthless predator would pounce one day. These predators came as passing seafarers and found easy pickings. Sailors tell tales, and the news of their experiences would soon spread. Early explorers and colonists would not have considered the long term environmental impact of their enterprise. Nor would they have seen that introducing domesticated animals like cats and pigs to their new found land would have such a detrimental impact. The Dodo, having never encountered a cat before, would be at a loss to defend itself. Having no wings was a significant drawback. Similarly, livestock required land, and as harmless as a pig may appear, they were much more dominant in foraging than the humble dodo which survived on fruit and lived in harmony with the tambalacoque tree. Together with rats which were always unwelcome stowaways, and the deforestation of land to clear areas for human habitation, the Dodo’s peaceful and harmless existence was severely under threat. Maritime exploration is laced with stories about sightings of strange creatures on land or at sea. The dodo was first sighted during the mid 17th Century in Mauritius by Dutch sailors. Back then conservation and protection would have been as remote a concept as satellite navigation. Whilst modern man may wring his hands and lament about the extinction of a species, everything must be viewed in the historical context of the times. The dodo is dead, but not forgotten. It’s a permanent reminder – a symbol – that man is the custodian of Earth’s flora and fauna. This is the legacy of the Dodo. Like this: “The Little Sparrow was the epitome of the classic French chanson: supercharged, even melodramatic, and emotionally extracting every last drop of sentiment from a lyric.” The singer gained popularity as she toured France, her petite frame concealing an energy which would drive her to the pinnacle of her profession, singing in cabarets and vaudeville theatres and, from 1936, performing on radio and recordings. Her great fame came after World War II, with her song “Le Vie en Rose” becoming an international standard. During World War II she worked with the French Resistance by using her popularity to have herself photographed with French prisoners that she had performed for. These photos were then used to make identity papers that would be smuggled back to the prisoners during her return engagements. Born Edith Gassion on December 19, 1915, in Ménilmontant, a poor district of Paris, legend has it she was born under a street light on the corner of the Rue de Belleville, with two policeman in attendance. A difficult and exploited childhood led eventually to her being found singing on a street corner in the Pigalle area in 1935 by Louis Leplée, a cabaret owner. Leplée took the young singer under his wing and renamed her “La Môme Piaf” (which in Parisian slang translates roughly as “the little sparrow”.] The voice of Edith Piaf carries with it perhaps more national identity than that of any other recorded artist in the world. Tiny, frail, and tragic in her life, Piaf brought French identity to the rest of the world in a way that was understandable to all. Her voice was strong, bold, and passionate, even as she grew more frail and infirm. When she died on October 11th, 1963 the news heralded a nationwide outpouring of grief, two million people jammed the streets of Paris, stopping traffic to watch her funeral procession. Her grave at Père-Lachaise has become a shrine for thousands of visitors every year, and her music continues to stir the heartstrings with vibrant, passionate and yet vulnerable emotions. Edith Piaf was one of the most popular female singers of all time, with a unique voice and talent that conquered the hearts of admirers around the world. Her life story was truly remarkable: from her birth in 1915 on a policeman’s cape, under gaslight, to her extraordinary love affairs and heart-breaking tragedies, she was a true artist that lived to sing. Like this: At 04.00 BST Sunday 3rd May, 2015 the Pacman will finally meet the Bagman in Las Vegas. A fight long overdue, which over the past six years has been continually put off because of childish and petulant behaviour (mainly from Mayweather) and unsporting gamesmanship. My views have been well known about this money-making debacle over the years, indeed I have made several blog posts about it. Of course this is a welterweight fight, and it is indicative of the sport that the “greatest fight of the century” does not involve a heavyweight. Indeed, I doubt anyone reading this, or anyone not seriously following the sport, could name the current heavyweight champion of the world. There may even be two, depending on which federation claims the title. Such is the dirge of great boxers and great personalities, it is the welterweights (higher than lightweight but less than middleweight) who have captured the public’s imagination. Mayweather is 5ft 8in, and Pacquiao two inches shorter, but between them they have demonstrated that physical stature is meaningless in Vegas – its hype not height that counts. It is the richest fight in history, and both will walk away (win or lose) with a purse to fund a third world country for a year. The venue, the promoters, the agents, the marketeers, and the cable companies have all contrived to milk it, and and all have contrived to ensure a massive pay day. Neither boxer ever fights outside Vegas. The days of the “Thriller in Manila” are over. Today boxing means box office. I’d like to see Manny win, not because I am biased, but I want him to win because fundamentally he is a Filipino made good – he represents the street fighter from a poor background, is humble, doesn’t flaunt his wealth, has a strong faith, and has a passionate belief that he can make a difference for his fellow countrymen be it in politics or philanthropy. He is in essence a symbol, and an aspiration to a generation of young people who believe that success can be rewarded, and the reward can be passed on to the less fortunate. He also holds the hopes and dreams of a nation that needs him, and he in turn has not abandoned them through his fame and fortune. Contrast that with Mayweather. Mayweather hasn’t a single moral bone in his body, and he has demonstrated it in numerous occasions. He flaunts his wealth, is a bling king, and represents unadulterated excess. So what? Why should we expect sportsmen to be role models? Why should we expect Mayweather to be anything more than he is – a successful boxer? How he spends his money, or flaunts it, is really none of our business. Surely it’s not up to us to judge him? Yet this fight tonight is not just a fight – as financially reprehensible and exploitative as it may be – it is a contest between two very different people who represent two different cultures, two different idealisms, and two different attitudes. It’s not a battle of the heavyweights, but it’s a battle nonetheless. Both will win financially, yet only one will win the crown. Lets hope that he who wears the crown, wears it with dignity. The only man with dignity in the ring tonight will be Manny Pacquiao – so win or lose – that cannot be taken away from him! Like this: All American Presidents and candidates believe that God is on their side. The latest being Rand Paul, who says “with God’s help” he will win. That’s in sharp contrast with the UK candidates for Prime Minister. The Labour leader Ed Milliband has gone on record as being an atheist, although he does have faith (whatever that means). The Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg is also an atheist (but raises his son in his wife’s Catholic faith). The Conservative leader David Cameron admits that he is a lapsed Christian, as indeed is the UKIP leader Nigel Farage (yet both proclaim that they have not lost their faith – deep down they have Christian values etc. blah blah). This is a quandary. I’m a Christian in so far that I believe in Jesus Christ. Any man who suffered as much as He, through persecution, betrayal and crucifixion, yet still decided to return within 48 hours to save those who treated Him so badly surely gets my vote. That’s dedication! Jews of course don’t believe that Jesus was the Messiah – he didn’t meet the conditions laid down in the Messianic Hebrew Chronicles – but they accept he may have been a prophet. The Messiah has yet to come – apparently. Still, we have reached a tolerable medium, and Judeo-Christianity are the scales which balance precariously on the fulcrum of faith. So how does that leave us in this secular western world? Well, the United Kingdom is a Christian country. Not my words – but the Queen’s. She is officially “Defender of the Faith and Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. She appoints Archbishops and bishops on the advice of the Prime Minister – the “Head of Her Majesty’s Government”. This puts me, and Her Majesty in a pickle, although it’s more of a pickle for her (I’m just pickled). It beggars the question – how can an atheist Prime Minister advise “The Supreme Governor of the Church of England” on who should be appointed as the Archbishop of Canterbury – the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion? How can a Prime Minister of a Christian country in which the laws since Magna Carta were founded on Christian theology, if not exegesis, espouse from his or her political pulpit the importance of Christian values and Christian morals? How can a Prime Minister be a PM without practising what he preaches? Love it or loath it, the United Kingdom is predominantly a Christian country. Other religions and faiths function very well within it. They are welcome. Britain is traditionally the home for all – and it’s a worthy commendation. Yet, with a constitutional monarchy, with a Queen as the Head of State, not only in the UK but in other Commonwealth countries around the world, one would expect her Prime Minister to have a Christian faith. It is the bedrock of over 1500 years of British history, and one way or another it has stood the test of time, at home or abroad. In the USA candidates who declare themselves as atheists wouldn’t stand a chance. “In God we Trust” is written on every dollar bill, and if God was never mentioned in the Constitution He was certainly present between the lines. So here is my problem. Who do I vote for? An atheist or a Christian? Should it matter? After all, the future of the nation isn’t at stake, what’s at stake is our humanity to our fellow man and how we care for each other.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
// // KCSIBeaconTests.m // KCSIBeaconTests // // Copyright 2015 Kinvey, Inc // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. // #import <XCTest/XCTest.h> #import "KCSBeaconManager.h" @interface KCSIBeaconTests : XCTestCase <KCSBeaconManagerDelegate> @property (nonatomic, strong) NSError* rangingError; @end @implementation KCSIBeaconTests - (void)setUp { [super setUp]; // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class. } - (void)tearDown { // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class. [super tearDown]; } - (void)testExample { KCSBeaconManager* manager = [[KCSBeaconManager alloc] init]; manager.delegate = self; [manager startMonitoringForRegion:[[NSUUID UUID] UUIDString] identifier:@"com.kinvey.foo"]; while (1) { [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] runUntilDate:[NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:2]]; } } - (void) rangingFailedForRegion:(CLBeaconRegion )region withError:(NSError )error { self.rangingError = error; } @end	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
"July 31st, 1985" "Japan's War Graves Commission announced the discovery of the Yamato's resting place." "40 years after she sank" "In August 1999 a film crew visited Yamato again" "at latitude N 30.43/ longitude E 128.04, lying 325m below the surface." "Yamato was the largest warship ever built by Japan." "Symbol of the lmperial Navy, 263m long, displacing 72,800 tons 51 m from keel to tops, she stood as tall as an 18-story building." ""Maritime Self-Defense Supply Ship"" ""returning from duty in Indian Ocean."" ""April 6th, 2005"" "Atsushi." "Washing that tub won't make her go faster." "He's right." "Tell old man, Kamio." "We're off." ""Makurazaki Fisherman's Cooperative"" "I'd like to see the harbor master." "He's with a visitor." "Tomorrow's the 60th memorial of the Yamato's sinking." "I was asked to get you to come for once." "I said Kamio's never been even to one ceremony." "But how about it this year?" "Sorry to be a trouble." "I didn't mean it like that." "How's the boy shaping up?" "He's working hard." "Someone wants a boat." "To where?" "Latitude N 30.43, longitude E 128.04." "That's the Yamato..." "I'm ready to pay." "I just really need to go." "I'm not the harbor master." "I beg your pardon." "Please, introduce someone who'll take me." "Forget it." "It's 200 kilometers." "Damn rough out there, too." "It's no place for a landlubber." "I'm done, Skipper." "Look, Atsushi..." "Waited long?" "No" "Excuse me." "Will someone take me to latitude N 30" "That's impossible." "Won't someone go with me?" "Forget it." "But I've got to get there." ""In Memoriam:" "Moriwaki, Shohachi"" ""Died April 7th, 1945"" "So..." "Why do you want to go out there?" "Well..." "It's where the Yamato sank." "On April 7th, 60 years ago." "Tomorrow's the anniversary." "I really wanna go" "I come this far, only to realize it's impossible." "What's your name?" "It's Uchida." "My father was Mamoru Uchida." "Petty Officer Uchida?" "You knew my father?" "But he went down with the ship." "He passed away last year." "He survived..." "I had no idea." "He spoke of the Yamato before he died." "Told me about the true comrades he made aboard." "I was selfish..." "gave him nothing but grief..." "Never tried to get a sense of his life." "Now he's gone..." "I want to know all about him." "I must've been an ungrateful child." "It'll take 15 hours." "The sea will be rough." "If you still want to go." "Will you take me?" "I couldn't find Atsushi." "Turns out he's put to sea with that woman." "In that old boat?" "Kamio-san, my father mentioned you." "Do you know these men?" "This was among his things." "Says it was taken in 1943 in Kure." "Moriwaki-san, Uchida-san Karaki-san..." ""March, 1942"" "Mom, I'm back Katsumi Kamio - age 15" "You twos are back" "I'm back" "Mom, no-one uses the boat, so why clean it every day?" "If your brother returns from the war and it's not ready, I'll be in big trouble." "Aunty, did Kamio really volunteer for the Navy?" "My brother signed up." "I can't let him outdo me." "But 15 year-old kids shouldn't go to war." "Right, Aunty?" "Don't worry" "America is a place believe in indicidualism" "The papers say the Yanks are too individualistic to fight for long." "We better hope they're right." "Mom, stop worrying!" "Drop by later, Taeko." "Cadet Seaman, Kamio, Katsumi." "Reporting for duty!" "You don't look so tough to me." "Skipper, you went to war at 15?" "How old are you, Atsushi?" "Well, you're already working hard." "Saving to buy a motor-bike." "Skip', says I'll get extra for this trip." "Go open the engine hatch." "Sorry you've extra expense for my sake." "Don't worry." "It's not for your sake." "June, 1941." "In protest at Japan's invasion of China," "Britain, the US and Holland impose sanctions and an oil embargo." "To avoid suck risk of economic loss," "Japan breaks the impasse on December 8th," "Japan launched the attack on Pearl Harbor." "On that same day, Yamato began her sea trials." "6 months later, Japan's advance" "Hongkong, Malaysia, Singapore, Phillipine and even Indonesia" ""June, 1942"" "However, Japan suffers a major defeat at Midway." "By the US army." "The tides of battle turns" ""August, 1942"" "American forces land on Guadalcanal." "After 6 months of bitter fighting," "Japan withdraws." "Commander of the Combined Fleet Isoroku Yamamoto," "April, 18th, in combat met with US planes over the Pacific with a worthy death." "Promoted to the Supreme Military Council, as Fleet Admiral on June 5th." "He was buried with full honors" ""Spring, 1944" " Kure Harbor"" "As the military situation deteriorated cadet training was speeded up." "And they were quickly shipped off to battle." "Many were boys barely 16 years old." "It's the Yamato." "Biggest warship in the world." "Incredible" "A floating mountain." "And we're going aboard." "You're slow!" "Hurry up!" "When the ensign's aloft, salute only officers." "Do not salute enlisted ranks." "Salute!" "At ease." "Seaman Date... and 64 cadets" "Today, April 13th, 1944, ordered to the Yamato, reporting for duty aboard, sir!" "Salute!" "Stand by for assignments." "Signal Corps:" "Seaman Date..." "Seaman Satake..." "On the double!" "Anti-Aircraft Defense:" "Seaman Kamio..." "Seaman Mizutani..." "Seaman Kitamura..." "Hi-Angle Anti-Aircraft Guns:" "Seaman Nishi..." "Seaman Nakai..." "Seaman Fuse..." "On the double." "The Major Cook:" "Seaman Sumio" "Seaman Kozawa" "Every afternoon you will do one hour of judo, kendo or sumo." "Ippon..." "Scored" "PO Uchida." "Petty Officer Uchida." "I'm not done." "Scored!" "PO Moriwaki." "Petty Officer Moriwaki." "I'm not done." "One more!" "Come on, then." "Attention!" "Follow your officer" "Squad leaders, all hands to duty stations." "4th Machine-Gun Squad!" "This is your battle station." "Do not forget it." "Don't look down!" "Hurry up!" "The new recruits are here." "Cadet Kojima." "Cadet Tsukaguchi." "Squad of 9, please." "Squad of 11, please." "Squad of 15, please." "Moriwaki, sir." "New arrivals." "Seaman, Tokita, sir." "Ozawa, sir." "Ever cooked rice?" "Only once at school." "Spend today watching the others." "We cook for all 2,500 men right here." "Keep your wits about you." "Tradition says that here in the boiler, our fate is to go down with the ship." "But the Yamato won't go down." "Got that?" "Get a move on!" "Loaders!" "Right, ready!" "Left, ready!" "Ready to fire." "What the hell are you doing?" "!" "Anti-aircraft action!" "Gunner ready!" "Loaders!" "Left ready!" " Center ready!" " Right Ready!" "Ready to engage!" "Gun Four ready!" "Gun Two ready!" "Gun Four ready!" "Messenger, standing-by!" "Hi-Angle AA Guns, ready!" "Messengers ready" "All hands in position." "9 minutes 45 seconds." "Too slow." "Repeat the drill until it's 5 minutes faster." "Nishi, hold on." "Imbecile!" "Dropping a goddamn shell!" "We live or die together in the Navy." "One mistake and we're all dead." "You could've killed us all!" "Stand." "Ass out." "Ass out." "Learn your lesson!" "All hands in position." "5 minutes 54 seconds." "Good enough." "It's a catastrophe." "Someone in our block left a porthole open." "In wartime, it's inexcusable." "Worse, it was seen by other ships." "Yamato is disgraced." "The culprit is standing here." "Come forward now." "Right now!" "If you do, I'll be lenient." "I understand." "Group responsibility, then." "No visits to the PX." "Indefinitely." "It was me." "You bastard..." "All but Kamio, dismissed." "Spread your legs." "Hands up, grit your teeth!" "Take over." "I can't do that." "Ignoring an order?" "Do it." "Why not?" "!" "Get up." "What the hell's that?" "!" "It's sailors like you, who let the ranks get soft." "Move." "Uchida, legs apart, arms out, teeth grit." "Give me the pipe." "I'll beat Naval spirit into you." "I'm not done yet." "Bastard..." "What did you try to do?" "You hit the bone." "Bust my leg and I won't get to fight!" "Think bullying cadets can win the war?" "Kamio, he hit a superior." "He won't get away with it." "What's the crime?" "At worst, mutiny... and a court martial." "Surely not." "We have to obey absolutely." "Didn't you close the hatch?" "You goddamn idiot!" "Playing the hero!" "Shut up!" "Kamio, I'm sorry." "It was me." "Hit me, please." "I was thinking of the guys..." "Not being a hero!" "It's either each of you for yourself..." "Or all for one!" "I'll talk to Chief Moriwaki." "Idiot!" "It's no business for a recruit!" "And nothing to do with my kitchen!" "Get back to work!" "Chief Moriwaki, sir!" "Kamio from gunnery." "What the hell do you want?" "Moriwaki... what is it?" "Grub's up." "You're a pain in the ass." "My ass is my business." "Idiot." "One of the new kids..." "Kamio came crying to me to help you." "Kamio did?" "I spoke to Machimura." "He'll forget that you hit him, if you forget he nearly broke your leg." "I'm not worried about myself." "If he vows not to hit others, tell him I'll call it quits." "Always so noble-minded..." "In battle, you don't know who'll get hit." "Survivors have to take over." "Kamio..." "This handle controls elevation." "When you're on target, that pedal is the trigger." "Elevation 45 degrees." "Take aim!" "Other way, idiot!" "Mizutani." "This controls the gun's bearing." "Right, 30 degrees." "Take aim!" "Okay..." "Elevation 60 degrees, bear right 45 degrees." "Take aim!" "An enemy fighter travels 180 meters a second." "If you react slowly, if the gun jams, you're all killed in action." "Dead men can't fight." "So you fight to survive." "That's why we drill." "Don't you forget it!" "Are you okay?" "Get water and sea-sick tablets." "I'm fine." "Take a seat." "Thank you." "Take this Thank you." "It'll get rougher." "If we're turning back we do it now." "I'll be okay." "Please let me go." "You dig your heels in just like your Dad." "I'm not his real daughter." "After the war, he went back to Nagoya eventually adopting 11 of us over 15 years." "And began looking after orphans" "Uchida did that?" "Other people's kids?" "On behalf of those that didn't make it." "Didn't make it?" "People killed in the war." "There were over 3,000 on the Yamato alone." ""Early Summer, 1944"" "You're lucky, being close to home." "What are you all going to do?" "I'm going to the baths." "Haven't been for a week." "I'm going to the movies." "Mizutani, want to come?" "A movie, huh?" "It's been ages." "Nishi, you?" "I wonder..." "If you've nothing else, want to come to my house?" "Is that okay?" "Of course it is." "See you." "That's Kure, where the Yamato was built." "Let's go." "Kamio..." "Is there a post office?" "Uncensored letters, can get you court-martialed." "Please, don't tell anyone." "Don't worry, I'm teasing." "It's just there." "Thanks." "Mother, I'm sending you some money." "Here's your receipt, 4 yen, 75 sen." "Let's wash our hands and go pray." "Kamio!" "Taeko!" "Aunty and I prayed every day for your return." "Thanks." "This is Nishi." "A friend from the cadet corps." "Nishi, sir!" "Why don't you draw her picture?" "He's great at drawing." "Got any paper?" "I'll go get some." "Hey, Mom!" "Since his brother got drafted and went off to fight no-one uses this boat any more." "Don't move or he'll draw you like a witch." "No, make me beautiful." "Taeko, you already are." "Really?" "How nice!" "He always talks about you." "Nishi, keep your mouth shut!" "Let's go." "Mom's made sweet bean soup." "Hurry up!" "It's really good." "He made you into a beauty." "Thanks to the model." "Of course, I am really pretty" "Of course..." "Nishi's Father died." "Killed in combat in Shanghai." "Then why did you join up?" "We're peasant farmers, no cash income." "Would you like some more?" "Every family has a story" ""Banzai" they said, and two of mine gave themselves for the country." "The war will be over soon." "My brother will be back." "I'll be waiting for you both." "Don't get yourself killed." ""June 15th, 1944"" ""US forces land on Saipan, breaching"" ""Japan's defensive perimeter."" ""All defenders meet brave"" ""and heroic end."" "Nonsense" "I didn't lie" "You are a liar" "You guys are making a damn racket." "What's the matter?" "I said what's the damn problem!" "?" "He says that Saipan's defense fought to the death." "I heard it from the officers on the bridge." "Kamio says if Saipan falls Japan is lost." "So he refuses to believe me." "Accused me of spreading lies." "Kamio, it's true that Saipan fell." "What'll you do about it?" "Run?" "Surrender?" "Neither." "Fight." "Fight with every ounce of strength!" "What about you?" "To protect Japan, I'll fight to the end!" "Is that right..." "Fight for it" "Sweet potato cakes." "Share them out." "Make yourselves popular." "Thank you very much." "Leading Seaman, Tamaki, sir." "Chief Moriwaki ordered me here." "Mom sent an amulet for you in our care package." "Sumio..." "Even if you were put up for adoption, don't be so hard-headed." "She's still your mother." "If anyone bullies you, tell them you're my brother." "No way." "I will not tell them." "That's the dagger you got from Admiral Yamamoto?" "It's my treasured possession." "He must have really valued your work for him." "I treasure this with my life." "Hope that doesn't get put to the test." ""October 17th, 1944"" ""US forces assault Leyte Gulf"" ""via the Sulu Straits."" ""They land on Leyte island October 20th."" ""0800 Yamato and 40 others, departed Brunci, course:" "North, Speed:18 knots"" ""Attack on all fronts, good luck."" "Get away from it" "Watch out The front" "Get away from it" "Open fire!" "2nd Turret, Fire Controller is down!" "I'll take over!" "You're in charge." "Again, fire" "Left 30, elevation 40 degrees!" "Load the shell, ready" "Elevation 50!" "Where's Uchida?" "Directing fire up top." "Right 20!" "2nd Turret, direct hit!" "Uchida!" "PO Uchida." "Back to your posts!" "Uchida!" "Uchida!" "Please treat him." "Treat him please!" "Please treat him." "Treat him!" "Hurry up" "Men that can rejoin the fight go first." "In 5 days of combat in Leyte Gulf" "The Combined Fleet lost 3 battleships, 4 carriers, 9 cruisers 8 destroyers." "Surviving ships had extensive damage." "Japan's Surface Fleet was practically annihilated." "Tokita!" "Get changed and go to the weather deck." "That's out of bounds for us, sir." "Do what I say!" "Querying the Captain's thoughtfulness?" "Move!" "That was his brother, huh?" "Your brother died a hero." "I know he used to beat you..." "I'm sorry." "Salute!" "Petty Officer 1st Class Takamura..." "Leading Seamen Tamaki..." "Salute!" "At ease." "Brother!" "Farewell!" "Uchida lost his left eye and was shot through his shoulder and hip, too." "Serious wounds." "He was hospitalized in Singapore." "Then sent to Kure to recover." "It's the first I heard about it." "He never talked about himself." "Only about Moriwaki and Karaki, and of course," "you and the other cadets." "Thank you." "Salute Vice-Admiral lto!" "At ease." "I'll show you to your quarters, sir." "Aboard the newly-repaired Yamato." "Commander of 2nd Fleet, Vice-Admiral Seichi lto took his command." "On March 10th, 1945." "US bombers from Saipan, began indiscriminate bombing of urban areas." "That night alone, huge areas of Tokyo were razed." "Further firebomb raids then followed on Nagoya and Osaka." "On March 19th a force of 70 planes raided Hiroshima and Kure aiming for shipping and the naval boatyards." ""Several days later,"" ""hundreds of fighters and bombers"" ""launched massive aerial attacks"" ""on every one of Okinawa's airfields"" "Petty Officer Karaki." "What?" "We heard rumor that Yamato's heading for Okinawa." "If Okinawa falls the homeland is threatened." "Our Kamikaze hit the US Task Forces every day." "The Yamato can't sit around doing nothing." "You've all been through Leyte so you appreciate... who's to die... when we die... no-one knows." "We're all fully prepared to give our lives." "Every one of us!" "Look what arrived..." "Attention, elder sons or those who are sole support of families" "Tokita." "Come here." "You lost your elder brother." "Sign this and you can leave the ship." "I can't leave by myself." "Who'll support your mother?" "I was sent for adoption." "I have no mother." "I'll fight to the end with my mates." "Really." "Back to bed." "Excuse me, sir." "The Cadets said they're ready to give their lives." "Damn..." "Just a bunch of kids..." "They've got no idea what death means..." "What?" "Dat?" "From Signals, sir." "May I ask a question?" "What is it?" "Below decks, I heard you'd been discussing chivalry." "What's the difference between chivalry and bushido?" "Please tell me." "Simply put, bushido readies us for death with no reward." "Chivalry, eschews thoughts of death and looks to honorable living." "One prepares for life the other for death?" "Am I right?" "Preparation for either is no simple matter." "My Mother and sister are a stone's throw from Okinawa." "Whatever it takes." "I want to protect them." ""March 25th, 1945"" ""Knowing it was for the last time"" ""they headed ashore for final leave."" "Long time, no see." "Welcome back, sir." "Souvenirs..." "You're so kind." "I'm up in the room." "Take a nice, long bath." "And you, Chief?" "I've got to be somewhere." "Don't forget, tomorrow, 0800." "Your room's this way." "Son..." "Why are you here?" "Moriwaki-san cabled me." "Chief Moriwaki?" "You're lucky he's your officer." "It's a lock of brother's hair." "He died a splendid death." "Have some of my cakes." "My sugar ration was tiny so they're not so sweet." "Quick, eat up..." "Have another." "Here's tea, too..." "Mother, I go off to serve my country." "How are the fields?" "Mother, I beg you please, please try to..." "Forget me..." "Goodbye." "Forgive me, please." "Forgive me." "Taeko" "What's wrong?" "Your Mom's death... it was my fault." "Forgive me!" "What happened?" "Stop crying and tell me!" "It was the attack on March 19th..." "Aunty?" "Aunty!" "My brother died." "Now..." "I'm all alone." "Kamio..." "The Yamato's going to Okinawa." "Will you die, too?" "Don't..." "Don't..." "Please don't..." "You can't die." "Taeko" "I'm scared of dying but..." "My brother died, my Mother died..." "In Tokyo, Osaka, tens of thousands died..." "Many people are killed by an air attack" "I don't want more people to die" "I'll go to Okinawa..." "to hell and back, if needed." "Kamio..." "I don't understand." "If you die..." "If you die, what about me?" "I love you." "I love you so much!" "How are you, huh?" "Long time no see." "Doc couldn't believe it." "Someone with that many wounds surviving..." "I'm like the Yamato, unsinkable." "Get well soon." "I need a sparring partner." "Have you got time to come hang out here?" "I thought I should bring these." "I was looking after them." "Your treasured possessions." "The Okinawa sortie, huh?" "When?" "What are you talking about?" "You came to say farewell?" "Hospital's made you go soft in the head." "The sakura look pretty this year." "Falling petals..." "Remaining petals..." "All fall in the end." "Let's leave it at that." "No ticket." "Can't come." "We are well." "Hey son." "Daddy's here." "With 3 days' warning, I can get a ticket to come see you off." "Don't cry, Kazuo." "Playing hooky from work?" "Why are you here?" "I snuck out of hospital." "What happened to your eye?" "Why didn't you tell me?" "Military secret." "Since when did you care about military rules?" "You always found a way to come see me, legal or not." "Anyway..." "You don't care about my feelings." "Take it." "It's no big deal." "Go on." "My dear..." "You can't go to Okinawa like that." "I'm convalescing in Kure." "I just slipped out to see you." "So you aren't going anywhere." "Right." "Then I shouldn't take this off you." "Don't be stupid." "What if a bomb falls on me." "Then it'll all be over." "Nowadays, you'd better keep it" "What?" "You never talk like this." "Give me a break." "Will you just take it?" "Stop." "I'm not ready for a woman yet." "I just want to hold you." "You don't have to do anything." "I just want to feel you against my skin." "Lie down." "Come here." "Really?" "When the war's over make me your wife." "Maybe before then" "I'll have turned into a ghost." "Makes no difference." "I'll be back in Hiroshima waiting for you." "All bets in." "4 and 2 on evens..." "It's already 11 pm." "Time to close the house, gentlemen." "Let us play a final hand." "Odd says we make it back." "Even... we're goners." "How about it?" "Last throw." "Place your bets." "Coming home... odd." "I'm saying, odd." "Me, too." "All in?" "Even..." "I'm off, then." "Look after yourself." "Mother..." "Thanks for the amulet." "Farewell." "Sumio, don't you die." "Don't you dare die!" "Don't you dare!" "Don't you dare!" "Sorry about yesterday." "I didn't think you'd come." "This is a special amulet." "It's for success in battle." "Thanks." "Here's the bus." "I start work in a munitions factory in Hiroshima soon." "You mustn't do all the work." "All aboard, please." "Let's go." "Good luck." "Let's go, please." "I'll be waiting!" "Hello, dear!" "Dear!" "Darling!" "Kazuo!" "Here, son!" "Kazuo!" ""On this day, March 26th, 1945"" ""US forces assault Kerama archipelago,"" ""opening the battle for Okinawa."" "It's an electric room." "Why do they need a medic?" "He asked for you by name." "Uchida..." "You snuck out of hospital?" "I'll tell you about it later." "I'm hungry, eat something first" "Here you are." "Let me back in the gang." "Idiot." "Why are you here?" "The hospital's in an uproar looking for you." "It's desertion and a court-martial if you're found." "They don't have time for that now." "Happy-go-lucky as ever." "That's the best spot of grub I've had for ages." "What the hell are you doing?" "You know, damn well." "No idea." "You should know that" "I do know you're a bigger fool than I thought." "We saved your life only for you to chuck it away again." "Moriwaki..." "Karaki..." "Remember, we first met back when Yamato was launched." "I gazed at the largest, the most powerful ship in the world and knew Japan could never be defeated..." "I was so full of joy." "Me, too." "She was the most beautiful sight." "To serve aboard her made me so proud." "After 3 and a half years, living side by side with you guys... there's no question about it!" "If the Yamato heads off to fight, then I go with her." "But so many people are died" "From now on" "we need men prepared to live." "If no-one's willing to survive our dying is in vain." "You... must survive." "I already used up one life." "Admirable resolve, just don't get in the way." "Don't talk rubbish." "I better order one more serving of our good-luck meal." ""April 1st, US forces land on Okinawa."" ""April 5th, Commander Combined Fleet"" ""Rear-Admiral Kusaka boards Yamato."" "Men of the Yamato and the 2nd Fleet..." "As a surface Kamikaze force, you will raid the Okinawa anchorage attacking the enemy's supply fleet and destroy it." "After its annihilation, you will run aground at Kadena continue your bombardment, as your sailors join the island's defense." "How many fighter escorts?" "There will be none." "With no air cover, do you think this strategy will be a success?" "I'm entrusted with the lives of 7,000 men." "I will not dare throw one away." "I'm aware it is not the soundest of plans." "But the Naval Chief of Staff was asked by our Emperor" "Have we no more ships?" "Sir, may I ask a question?" "It is described as the last sortie of the Combined Fleet." "Commander in Chief Admiral Toyoda will be in which ship?" "He's moved to Kanoya base on Kyushu island." "He will command from there." "Why won't our Commander nor Chief leave their air-raid shelters to lead this Kamikaze mission themselves?" "Yamato will herald the sacrifice of 100 million lives." "It is an honored opportunity." "We sail tomorrow at 1600." "Go prepare at once." "Removal of Combustible Materials" ""Combat Morgue"" "You are ordered to be a Special Attack Force to carry out a unique and heroic strategy." "The Imperial Navy but proclaim its honor to future generations." "The fate of our Empire rests on this action." "Each unit will harden its resolve" "Remember, being one of the raiders to fight to the death, destroy the enemy and thus establish an eternal foundation for the Empire." "End message." "Salute!" "At ease." "It goes without saying on the eve of our attack." "Every man will adopt a fighting spirit of extreme sacrifice." "As Japan's last battleship, let us answer the hopes of our entire nation." ""Preparing for death."" ""Preparing for death."" "Okay boys, face your homeland and say your farewells." "Yell out from the bottom of your heart." "It's okay to cry." "It's all part of preparing to die." "Mother!" "Goodbye!" "Goodbye!" "Chizuko!" "Hiroshi!" "Mummy!" "Tomie!" "Keep smiling, please." ""The petal in bloom is prepared to fall."" ""Let's tumble in splendor for our nation's sake."" "For the same of our nation, be a manly man" ""Everyone doing time at sea."" ""Eight days a week!"" "Don't look so miserable." "Take a seat." "Have a bite, cheer up." "Sit comfortably." "I want you to remember one thing." "It's most unlikely but if the order comes to abandon ship... the battle's over." "Get the hell off the ship." "Eat." "Thank you, sir." "For Emperor and country" "Surely it's enough to die." "I've no issue with dying for my nation." "But without air cover or fuel to return are our lives worth nothing?" "I just asking what's the point of my death?" "You whine about your own skin as our nation flounders?" "Sacrifice for our nation is natural and proper," "What's the meaning of your sacrifice you are too conceited Yes" "For the eternal cause of the Empire, even if we die here or somewhere else, we all have to do it" "Are we really need to sacrifice in such way?" "Will our meaningless deaths really help save Japan?" "How dare you?" "!" "Let's beat some guts into these jumped-up students." "Stop this now!" "What's the point in doomed men fighting?" "Nippon has neglected the idea of progress." "Spirituality has been valued above anything else." "Without progress nothing prospers." "History shows us." "The Satsuma and the Choshu clans were defeated by modern weapons." "So they dropped isolationism bought guns and beat the Shogunate." "Defeat brings understanding." "That's the only way Japan can be helped." "Achieve understanding today and Japan will be saved." "We are pioneers in the rebirth of our nation." "Isn't that all our hearts' desire?" "Anchor's free and clear!" "Both ahead full." ""16:45, April 6th, 1945"" "Lieutenant..." "Enemy submarine transmission." "Yamato heads South via Bungo Straits," "Coordinate 2175, 20 knots." "This was an uncoded transmission." "As if taunting us." "What's its position?" "We're not sure." "Seems they're shadowing us and reporting our course." "To conceal their destination" "To get away from trail, the fleet steamed West past Cape Sata." ""April 7th"" "Two Martin spotter planes!" "Engage aircraft." "Main battery, 'beehive' shells." "No point hiding our course now." "Head straight for Okinawa." "I agree." "Navigation Officer, set course for Okinawa." "Aye-aye, sir." "Setting course for Okinawa." "Port the helm!" "Full ahead!" "Let's get the men fed before the enemy arrive." "On the double!" "The enemy won't wait!" "I'll head to my upper command deck." "Look after the Yamato." "Captain on deck." "Men, our Captain's on deck." "40 Avenger dive-bombers!" "Ready for anti-aircraft action." "Main battery, beehive shells, fire!" "Nishi, faster!" "Left 40 degrees, elevation 45!" "Loaders, where are you?" "Here's ammo, boys!" "Uchida!" "Elevation 30 degrees." "Uchida, are you okay?" "Hang on, lad!" "Torpedo port-side!" "Hard a-port!" "Hard a-port!" "Right the helm!" "Gauging a new target." "Give me accurate measurements." "Bearing 170 degrees, distance 300 meters." "2 torpedo hits to port, bow and amidship." "Fire in stern secondary turret magazine." "Deploy fire-fighters!" "Right ready!" "Left ready!" "I'm fine." "Fire!" "3,000 tons now!" "Flood compartments 12 13" "Let's go!" "Right." "Fire!" "Chief!" "Stand up!" "What are you doing?" "Get me ammo!" "I need ammo!" "Get him some ammo!" "Karaki!" "Hold on, my friend!" "Hold on, my friend!" "Damn" "Kamio!" "No. 4 guns still working?" "They are." "Let's go." "Get down!" "Right the list, quick!" "Right 80 degrees, elevation 60!" "Right 70 degrees, elevation 70." "Right 70, let's go!" "Ready, center." "Ready left!" "Uchida, sir!" "Kamio, you fire." "I'll load." "Hold on!" "Fire!" "Kamio, let 'em have it!" "Commander, I think now's the time." "Tell the Captain to give orders to abandon ship." "Have the radio room summon escorts to pick up survivors." "Radio room doesn't respond." "I'll take the message." "Captain, all trim control lost." "Unable to right the ship." "Understood." "Prepare to evacuate upper deck." "All hands, abandon ship!" "Leave in an orderly manner." "All hands, abandon ship!" "A great shame." "Gentlemen." "My gratitude to you." "Commander!" "Kamio!" "Hold on." "Orders are to abandon ship." "Get away." "But they're still attacking." "Forget it." "The battle's over." "This is my life." "Look after it." "Uchida, sir!" "Kamio." "Quick, get off the ship." "I can't." "I'm staying." "We're telling you to live." "I want to stay with you." "Get up." "I won't go" "Not done yet!" "My last throw!" "All hands, abandon ship." "Get away from her." "The escorts!" "Nishi, are you okay?" "Hold on." "Kamio, I'm done for." "Nishi!" "Kamio-san?" "Skipper's got a bad heart." "He must have medicine." "Find it." "Kamio-san?" "Kamio-san?" "He's alive!" "A rope over here!" "Chief Moriwaki!" "Chief Moriwaki!" "Come back" "Skipper, you okay?" "Kamio-san?" "Skipper?" "How dare you be the one to survive?" "Are you Tetsuya Nishi's mother?" "I served on the Yamato with him." "He went... with the Yamato..." "Liar." "He can't have died." "He'll be back soon." "It was a hero's end." "Wait a minute!" "How dare you be the one to survive?" "Medicine..." "Water, too..." "What's your name?" "It's Kamio, Katsumi." "How old?" "Same as Nishi." "Where did you sleep?" "In that barn." "Eat this." "You'd no dinner, right?" "Go on." "Take it, don't worry." "I bought this field with his money." "Forgive me." "For being the only one left." "Only I survived." "I'm sorry." "I'm sorry." "I'm sorry." "I'm sorry." "Forgive me for what I said." "Come on, don't be like that" "I'm not feeling good also" "Forgive me." "Don't you die, too." "Don't you die." "Don't you die." "Please send help." "Atsushi..." "Skipper, you're okay?" "I though you'd had it." "I'm okay." "Don't worry." "You got my medicine?" "Yes." "My Father was heart problems," "He was in and out of hospital." "That was a big help." "Skipper, rest." "Move out the way." "I called the harbor master." "They'll send a boat right away." "They were all worried about you." "Sorry, Atsushi." "Call him again." "Tell him Skipper's fine." "You should rest." "I'll pilot us back to port." "No going back." "We'll stay on course." "But Skipper... don't risk your life." "Atsushi..." "If there's one thing..." "I'm taking her to that spot." "60 years ago, I staked my life in battle." "But in the end," "I didn't save a single person I loved." "I couldn't protect anything." "I finally found Taeko in Hiroshima, at a first-aid post." "You made it back." "Because of my special amulet." "This was my lucky charm." "Hey, Kamio..." "When I get well, let's save up for a boat." "I've got a name for her." "The "Asukamaru"" "It's written "tomorrow's fragrance"." "The promise of future blossoms." "Lovely, isn't it?" ""The Asukamaru"" "She like Uchida's girl." "From the Hiroshima atom bomb." "Nagasaki was bombed next." "6 days later," "Japan surrendered." "The war was over." "That was 60 years ago..." "This is your Father's." "I kept it on the boat all this time." "Before Father died he got delirious, often yelling..." "It was always the same thing..." "Even if they call me a coward" "I won't let death win." "Even if they call me a coward, I won't let death win." "I will survive." "If I die... then Moriwaki and Karaki's wish and the purity of Kamio and Nishi's hopes" "will be forgotten as nothing." "I'm sorry to make you re-live such hardship." "Thanks to you," "I finally understand the life my father led." "North latitude 30.43..." "East longitude 128.04." "Here" "Spread my ashes with my mates of the Yamato." "It was his only request." "Father." "We're here." "Latitude 30.43." "Longitude 128.04." "Petty Officer Uchida, back at last." "For his long life," "I thank you all." "Father." "Farewell." "I..." "I..." "I didn't know the meaning of the last 60 years..." "Uchida-san," "Your daughter finally taught me." "At last..." "At last I understand why I survived." "For me, the Showa era is finally over." "Thanks to you..." "I've finally made it this far." ""Memorial to the Fallen of the Yamato""	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles" }
Karen Davis (politician) Karen Davis is a former mayor of Glendora, California. She is a registered Democrat. Davis was elected to the Glendora City Council in 2005, re-elected in 2009, and has served as the city's mayor since 2008. Karen graduated from the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California, where she earned a Bachelor's degree in Communication Arts and pursued a career in sport journalism after graduation. Davis has been a Pastor at First Christian Church in Glendora since 1993, has obtained Senior Chaplain Certification from the International Conference of Police Chaplains and is currently a Chaplain for the Glendora Police Department. Davis also serves as the President of the Glendora Ministerial Association as well as various other committees throughout the community. Davis will be elected to another term unopposed in March 2013. Davis's husband is Pastor of Central Christian Church in Glendale, and they have two daughters. Davis also runs on the weekends, most notably the Pride Of The Valley 5K in Baldwin Park, California. References External links Official homepage Official Glendora website profile Category:Living people Category:Mayors of Glendora, California Category:Women mayors of places in California Category:California Democrats Category:American Congregationalist ministers Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
sustainable media: dive in After MLK day and the presidential inauguration, the social media networks were blowing up. I spent about an hour scrolling through the day’s worth of tweets that ranged from MLK quotes to pictures of Obama, as well as updates about the 49ers going to the Superbowl. As we all know, social media platforms have undoubtedly become a major vessel for the exchange of information that is constant and more importantly, current. Especially when it comes to discussions surrounding the topic of sustainability. These social media platforms range from the quick paced news feeds of Twitter to the aesthetically pleasing visuals of Pinterest and Instagram with millions of active users, and free membership. What better a place to raise sustainability awareness and at the same time promote a brand? The simple answer: there isn’t. Now more than ever social media has become intertwined and engrained in people’s professional and personal lives, becoming ever more versatile and impactful. Discussions surrounding sustainability for example, move beyond just a key group of sustainability folk (you know who you are). It’s a topic that, in just a few tweets, can engulf a new demographic: a coffee pot that can be disassembled and recycled (@autodesk); business strategy around driving efficiency and reducing cost (@capgemini); community efforts around building social sustainability (@groundworkuk). The fact of the matter is that with the help of social media, sustainability is moving beyond being a trend to becoming a true paradigm. If your business isn’t paying attention to the increasingly constant conversations happening on various platforms, you’re going to have to dive in or do something drastic to compete. So whether it’s a tweet, a post, a photo, a pin, or an entire profile, take the initiative to build your social media campaign or get support from a firm like us or a like group of professionals. Share your thoughts and follow us @advencapitalist to see what we’re up to on Twitter.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
UAH Legal Issues The law intersects the operation of a modern university in many ways. Because of this fact, good decisions by university officials must be premised on an understanding of applicable legal requirements and duties. As a way of offering guidance to the UAH community, the Office of Counsel has prepared and is making available a discussion of some important issues relating specifically to UAH. These discussions, the titles of which are listed below, may be accessed by clicking on the title.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Introduction {#S1} ============ Background to Time Pressure {#S1.SS1} --------------------------- Within modern society, perceived shortage of time is a frequently experienced aspect of daily life ([@B37]; [@B57]; [@B96]). Recognizing this, a range of academic disciplines have investigated time pressure. This breadth of interest has resulted in a variety of conceptualizations ([@B88]). These include (time): pressure ([@B91]), stress ([@B23]), crunch ([@B97]), famine ([@B78]), poverty ([@B25]), deficit ([@B3]), squeeze ([@B47]), sickness ([@B28]), and scarcity ([@B43]). Examination of these terms reveals they possess a similar underlying meaning. Accordingly, researchers often use these labels interchangeably ([@B78]). In this context, at a general level, subjective 'time pressure' refers to the notion that there is insufficient time available to complete necessary tasks (perceived acute time shortage) ([@B79]; [@B48]). Concomitant with the notion of 'pressure' is the concept of temporal overload. This denotes the busy, hastening pace of life, the need to multitask, and the necessity to perform tasks faster. Indicative terms include tyranny of the moment ([@B32]), fast time ([@B32]), 24-h society ([@B51]), pace of life ([@B34]), hyperculture ([@B2]), and work intensification ([@B63]) (see [@B88]). At a phenomenological level, subjective time pressure comprises experience of both tempo (accelerated pacing of time) and limits/choices (having to select one action over another) ([@B24]). At a higher conceptual level, consideration of the perceived time pressure literature reveals a focus on global temporal concerns or consequences ([@B85]; [@B86]). Particularly, feeling harried and pressed for time. Harried signifies the need to adhere to myriad social practices within precise timeframes, and 'pressed for time' designates a general absence of free time ([@B86]). Thus, harried embodies the negative sense of feeling rushed to a point where time concerns produce worry and anxiety ([@B6]). Relatedly, [@B67] introduced the term 'extended present' to describe hastened moment-by-moment daily living. This encompasses perceptions of speeded up time, fragmentation resulting from multitasking, and the awareness that constant interruptions frustrate task completion. These acuities result in constant feelings of busyness, unnoticed passing of time, and a lack of opportunity to plan prospectively. Furthermore, [@B78] employ the concept of time deepening to explain how people under temporal constraints work more intensely. Time deepening involves adopting strategies, such as tight scheduling, speeding up activities, multitasking and selecting faster (leisure) activities. Time pressure is also conceptualized in other related ways. For instance, [@B85] observed that people create 'hot spots' for work, which free up time for 'cold spots' of slow time allotted to family and leisure. The limitations of 'hot spots' are that they can create mental strain, a sense of being rushed, and require disciplined adherence. Negative and Positive Consequences of Time Pressure {#S1.SS2} --------------------------------------------------- There is strong evidence to suggest that experience of persistent time pressure is associated with poorer health and reduced quality of life (e.g., lower health and life satisfaction) ([@B40]). This is especially true when individuals are unable to mentally detach or "switch off" from work ([@B84]). Indeed, [@B96] reported a negative correlation between extreme levels of time pressure and mental health. This relationship may arise from the fact that acute time pressure can act as a physical and psychological stressor, attendant with a range of undesirable outcomes (i.e., inability to cope, sleeping difficulties, tension and fatigue). Although investigations of chronic time pressure typically report that sustained perceived temporal constraints negatively affect health and psychological wellbeing, there exists a substantial body of work that has demonstrated that time pressure can facilitate positive social behavior (see review by [@B12]). Illustratively, in a series of experiments using economic games, [@B76] found that participants who reached decisions faster were more cooperative. Other researchers have produced similar outcomes (see [@B74]). However, studies also report null results ([@B93]; [@B5]). Researchers have also produced commensurate positive results for altruism ([@B75]), honesty ([@B83]; [@B11]; [@B59]; [@B14]), and the equity-efficiency trade-off ([@B13]). In the case of altruism, it is important to note that [@B75] only observed a positive effect for women (there was no significant effect for men). Collectively, investigations demonstrate that perceived time pressure or shortage can have both positive and negative consequences depending on duration, context and individual perceptions ([@B80]). This reflects the subjective perception of time pressure. Particularly the fact that individuals can view it either as motivating, or as something to endure ([@B54]). Conceptualization of Chronic Time Pressure ([@B88]) {#S1.SS3} --------------------------------------------------- Noting that lack of consensus and heterogeneity of terminology hindered the conceptual development of time pressure, [@B88] identified core elements that define the construct. These embrace the notion that subjective experience of time shortage is negative (i.e., aversive, unwanted, undesirable, and apprehension inducing) and coalesce around two factors, time shortage (perceived lack of time), and being rushed (sense of time passing quickly). The latter two experiences overlap, but represent discrete factors. Time shortage implies objective problems with time allocation, involves cognitive based judgment, and produces minimal affect. Hence, the term is often synonymous with time-management. Contrastingly, feeling rushed focuses on subjective emotional experiences, and is experiential in nature. Accordingly, feeling rushed typically gives rise to feelings of apprehension, worry, anxiety and frustration. Noting this distinction, in an attempt to establish theoretical clarity, [@B88], p. 339) defined time pressure as, "a temporary, overarching designation that would subsume all the terms related to time shortage as well as to being rushed." This delineation acknowledged cognitive awareness of insufficient time and the emotional experience of hastened pace. Furthermore, [@B88] definition linked time pressure with stress-related research. Explicitly, it recognized that perceived time pressure was transactional, arising from the interaction between the individual and their environment. An additional conceptual advantage of linking time pressure with stress is that the association emphasizes the chronic consequences that time shortage can have on the individual. The word 'chronic' in this circumstance is important because it delimits time pressure as a habitual, reoccurring, repetitive, and potentially aversive process. Noting these features, [@B88] advocated adoption of the nomenclature chronic time pressure (CTP). Theoretically, CTP provides a solid platform for empirical inquiry. Explicitly, it facilitates the investigation of time pressure at a variety of levels (i.e., from individual physiology to societal life--work balance). Furthermore, the term recognizes that sustained time pressure at high levels is potentially harmful ([@B48]). Indeed, intense time pressure can act as a stressor ([@B37]; [@B79]; [@B88]), which is detrimental to mental well-being ([@B96]; [@B79]). This notion has received attention in stress-related research (e.g., Type A behaviors) ([@B33]). Szollos' ([@B88]) conceptualization of chronic time pressure is important because researchers have recently applied the construct to important real-world contexts, outlined implications and produced interventions. Work has embraced behavioral, cognitive and theoretical perspectives. For example, [@B17] reported that time pressure has an effect on risky street-crossing decision-making. Relatedly, [@B46] considered the impact of time pressure on driver behavior. More generally, authors have evaluated the effect of temporal constraints on work life balance ([@B82]), well-being ([@B81]), and lifestyle choices (e.g., eating habits, [@B45]). Conceptually, studies have investigated whether time pressure is stable across situations (home and work; [@B48]), cultures (Nordic countries; [@B39]), and genders ([@B92]). It is important to consider whether cultural and individual differences effect the perception, and consequences of time pressure because variations limit the usefulness of generalizations. Additionally, researchers have investigated relationships between chronic time pressure and psychological well-being. A notable example is [@B38], who found an association between parents' subjective time pressure and increased mental health problems among children. Acknowledging that chronic time pressure is an unavoidable experience of daily life in industrialized societies, several studies have examined the effectiveness of alleviating strategies and therapeutic interventions. Examples include using teamwork (clarifying demands and setting priorities) to moderate the relationship between time pressure and exhaustion ([@B50]), mindfulness training (to counterbalance acceleration in social and working life and social relationships) ([@B53]), and downtime (a state of physical relaxation and psychological detachment) ([@B30]). The Present Study {#S1.SS4} ----------------- Researchers frequently use self-report measures (i.e., questionnaires and diaries) to assess feelings and perception of time pressure. Hence, scales represent an established, reliable and valid methodological tool for assessing the construct. Noting this, the present study designed a scale that incorporated the multidimensional aspects of CTP outlined by [@B88]. This was necessary for two reasons. Firstly, it facilitated psychometric evaluation of [@B88] conceptualization of CTP. Particularly, analysis enabled the authors to determine whether measurement models provided adequate evidence for the existence of related, but discrete factors (time shortage proper and being rushed). At a general level, the study also offered insights into the dimensionality of CTP. Secondly, previous self-report measures have been limited because there is no universal measure of CTP. Studies typically use either single questions (i.e., the General Social Survey), or small item groups, which assess only global (overall) perceptions of time pressure. Illustratively, the General Social Survey measures time pressure via a single item questioning how often the respondent feels rushed ([@B48]). Regarding small item groups, a typical example is [@B1] (i.e., "I feel a lot of time pressure in my life," "I really feel the pressure of time passing in my life," and "I am always in a hurry."). A further often cited measure is [@B73]. This comprises five-items related to shopping, which index: feeling pressed for time, being in a hurry, having limited/enough amount of time, and fastness. Accordingly, researchers frequently adapt these items for the purpose of their studies (e.g., [@B90]; [@B56]). The current study represented the first step in the development of an established measure of CTP. This is an important development in time pressure research because it builds on [@B88] review of literature and is conceptually congruent with his conclusions. Moreover, developing a robust measure of CTP facilitates context comparisons. This is important because the use of myriad measures conflates assessment of environment variations. An additional objective was to examine convergent validity of the resultant measure. Specifically, this comprised a comparison with an established and relevant scale (the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale by [@B21]; PSS-10). Convergent validity is useful when designing a scale because it indicates the extent to which a measure aligns with a construct it should relate to according to theoretical predictions. Previous research consistently demonstrates that perceptions of stress correlate largely with time pressure. For example, [@B49] evidenced a correlation of 0.50 between time management pressures/issues among teachers (i.e., if a teacher can find the time to meet all significant professional or personal needs) and perceived stress. This study anticipated a similar pattern. Materials and Methods {#S2} ===================== Participants {#S2.SS1} ------------ ### Study 1 {#S2.SS1.SSS1} A sample of 401 respondents (326 women, 81% and 74 men, 19%) participated in this study. The overall mean age was 26.20 (SD = 11.799, range 18--68 years). The mean age for men was 28.64 (SD = 12.488; range = 18--68 years), and the mean age for women was 25.66 (SD = 11.604; range = 18--67 years). Respondents included university students (24%) and employees from various occupational sectors (76%). Specifically, 21% from the educational sector; 13% public services and administration; 8% accountancy, banking and finance; 16% healthcare; 3% recruitment and HR; 6% retail and sales; 7% business and management. Recruitment was via social media, university staff email, and through local stakeholders (businesses and vocational classes). Involvement was voluntary and responses anonymized. Participants could withdraw up to 4 weeks after data collection. Exclusion criteria required that respondents were at least 18 years of age. Assessment of univariate skewness and kurtosis ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) indicated no concerns, as values fell within the recommended range of −2.0 to +2.0 ([@B8]). Conversely, multivariate non-normality existed, as [@B61] kurtosis (b2p = 12.178, p \< 0.001) and skewness (b1p = 13.980, p \< 0.001) tests suggested significant deviation from normal distribution. ###### Summary statistics for Study 1 and Study 2 items. Study 1 Study 2 ----------------- ------------- ------------- --------- --------- ------ ------- --------- --------- Q1 3.70 1.003 --0.741 0.047 3.66 0.971 --0.655 0.068 Q2 3.27 1.038 --0.315 --0.947 3.15 1.010 --0.240 --0.974 Q3 3.51 1.096 --0.469 --0.699 3.38 1.078 --0.179 --1.050 Q4 3.58 0.949 --0.388 --0.654 3.39 0.884 --0.246 --0.876 Q5 3.01 0.955 0.054 --1.034 2.84 0.895 0.268 --0.646 Q6 2.96 1.095 0.079 --1.153 2.93 1.037 0.069 --1.033 Q7 2.91 1.059 0.190 --0.927 2.74 1.069 0.255 --0.855 Q8 3.67 0.968 --0.698 --0.157 3.55 0.693 --0.590 --0.464 Q9 3.34 1.051 --0.297 --0.968 3.20 1.071 --0.125 --1.126 Q10 2.55 1.001 0.445 --0.622 2.65 1.003 0.341 --0.743 Q11 3.78 1.067 --0.802 --0.140 3.85 1.052 --0.849 --0.099 Q12 3.13 1.085 --0.083 --0.901 2.99 1.130 0.064 --0.925 Q13 3.86 1.113 --0.947 0.047 3.93 1.136 --1.081 0.390 Q14 3.30 0.982 --0.359 --0.731 3.07 0.937 --0.136 --0.665 Q15 2.97 1.014 0.056 --1.027 2.96 0.990 0.164 --1.016 PSS-10 item Q1 2.93 1.078 0.048 --0.627 2.96 1.102 0.086 --0.736 Q2 3.08 1.088 --0.005 --0.671 3.05 1.104 --0.014 --0.612 Q3 3.74 1.053 --0.468 --0.523 3.82 1.036 --0.716 0.055 Q4 2.66 0.966 0.300 --0.425 2.63 0.943 0.368 --0.560 Q5 2.87 0.867 0.033 --0.366 2.83 0.836 0.077 --0.449 Q6 3.02 1.024 0.216 --0.559 2.96 0.987 0.152 --0.516 Q7 2.78 0.876 0.022 --0.285 2.68 0.859 --0.044 --0.418 Q8 2.99 0.897 --0.001 --0.305 2.89 0.903 0.220 --0.357 Q9 3.04 1.073 --0.048 --0.692 2.95 1.082 --0.109 --0.798 Q10 2.76 1.181 0.245 --0.788 2.72 1.179 0.382 --0.657 CTPI, Chronic Time Pressure Inventory; PSS-10, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. ### Study 2 {#S2.SS1.SSS2} The Study 2 sample comprised 163 respondents (133 women, 82% and 30 men, 18%). Mean sample age was 19.15 (SD = 2.886, range = 18--36 years). For men, mean age was 20.21 (SD = 5.747, range = 18--36 years), and 18.92 for women (SD = 1.676, range = 18--29 years). Of the sample, 71% were university students and 29% were employees from different occupations. Specifically, 10% from the educational sector; 8% public services and administration; 7% healthcare; 4% business and management. The same recruitment procedure occurred as for Study 1. As with the Study 1 data, acceptable univariate skewness and kurtosis existed (i.e., all between −2.0 to +2.0) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). In addition, non-normality existed, as [@B61] kurtosis (b2p = 5.351, p \< 0.001) and skewness (b1p = 35.401, p \< 0.001) inferred significant deviation. Measures {#S2.SS2} -------- Study 1 and Study 2 both used the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (newly devised by the study authors) and the Perceived Stress Scale ([@B20]). The Chronic Time Pressure Inventory {#S2.SS3} ----------------------------------- An extensive review of literature on time pressure by the study authors occurred resulting in different but related operationalizations, for example 'work demand' (e.g., [@B4]), 'time constraints' (e.g., [@B9]), 'time urgency' (e.g., [@B55]), 'time pressure' (e.g., [@B42]). Notably (as alluded to in the Introduction), an absence of psychometrically validated measures existed, and in some instances single-item measures assessed time pressure (e.g., [@B42]). [@B88] review offered a thorough assessment of the status of time pressure literature and a plausible conceptualization of the construct. Thus, using this theoretical framework, the development of initial statements occurred. The study authors independently devised the statements to reflect core features of [@B88] conceptualization. This resulted in 15 items following the removal of items indicative of duplication. A group of four experienced academics reviewed the measure, concluding that the scale appeared to assess features of time shortage, pressure, and feeling rushed. This procedure offered satisfactory face validity (e.g., see [@B60]). The scale comprised 15 statements (e.g., "I always run out of time") where participants are asked to rate each as it applies to them using a Likert response format from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). The Perceived Stress Scale ([@B20]) {#S2.SS4} ----------------------------------- The Perceived Stress Scale, a global stress measure, assessed the extent that respondents perceive life to be unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading ([@B35]). The PSS detects existing stressful circumstances and background extraneous stressors. The present study used the 10-item version (PSS-10), which asks about thoughts and feelings over the last month. Items appear in the form of statements (e.g., "In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and stressed?") and participants indicate their level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Never) to 4 (Very often). Summation of item scores produces an overall stress score; higher scores indicate greater levels of perceived stress. In addition, the scale possesses two underlying factors of 'Distress' and 'Coping' ([@B27]). The PSS-10 possesses established psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability and factor structure) ([@B21]; [@B27]). Procedure {#S2.SS5} --------- Prior to participation, potential respondents read the study brief. This contained background information about the nature of the study, and outlined the conditions and requirements of involvement. Only consenting participants progressed to the online measures hosted by Qualtrics. Further instructions asked participants to take their time, complete all questions, and answer questions openly/honestly. The online self-report measure comprised three subsections: demographic information (completed first), time pressure and perceived stress. To eliminate order effects, measure sequence rotated across respondents. This procedure was identical for Study 1 and Study 2. Ethics {#S2.SS6} ------ The research team gained ethical authorization for the project (Evaluating the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory). The study investigated the development of a new measure of chronic time pressure in two independent samples. Following formal submission, the Director of the Research Institute for Health and Social Change and the Manchester Metropolitan University Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Analytic Strategy {#S2.SS7} ----------------- Psychometric evaluation of the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI) advanced through a number of sophisticated analytical procedures. These involved Horn's parallel analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA using maximum likelihood), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Parallel analysis (PA) determined the number of factors representing the CTPI. This is an empirically supported approach for establishing the quantity of factors underlying a measure ([@B70]). PA involved random resampling of raw data ([@B68]). Eigenvalues higher than random data eigenvalues represented underlying factors. EFA (SPSS 25) with the recommended number of factors subsequently provided details of item loadings ([@B22]). Next, CFA (AMOS25) examined data-model fit. Given the presence of non-normality, CFA used ML estimation with bootstrapping (2000 resamples) to produce standard error estimates and confidence intervals (bias-corrected at the 95% confidence level) and p-values ([@B8]). Naïve bootstrapping is a robust alternative to other ML robust approaches (e.g., Satorra--Bentler chi-square), and operates successfully even when data evidences extreme non-normality ([@B65]). Assessment of model fit included the chi-square statistic (χ^2^), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA, and Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual, SRMR. RMSEA scrutiny involved reference to its 90% confidence interval (CI). Values \> 0.90 imply good fit for CFI ([@B44]). Values of 0.05, 0.06--0.08, and 0.08--1.0 indicate good, satisfactory and marginal RMSEA and SRMR ([@B7]). Model comparison comprised Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Lower values signify superior fit. Internal consistency assessment followed guidelines recommended by [@B94]. This comprised the testing of equality constraints via SEM-based congeneric, tau equivalent and parallel models prior to estimating reliability coefficients (in this instance alpha and omega). The congeneric imposes the least restrictive assumptions, supposing that all scale items measure the same latent construct, with potentially different degrees of precision and error. The tau equivalent assumes that scale items measure the same latent construct with the same degrees of precision, but with potentially different error. The parallel imposes the most restrictive assumptions, supposing that items measure the same construct, with identical degrees of precision and error ([@B64]). Analysis considered chi-square differences among these models. However, because Study 1 involved a moderately large sample, consultation of fit indices less sensitive to sample size (CFI and SRMR) occurred, with 0.05 as an acceptable cut-off for changes in these ([@B58]). Cronbach's alpha examined internal consistency of the CTPI following data-model inspection and testing of equality constraints within a single group. Coefficient omega (ω) also measured reliability (using the Omega program; [@B95]) given this more successfully estimates reliability than alpha ([@B26]). Subsequently, convergent validity testing occurred. This included correlating CTPI with the PSS-10. Lastly, analysis involved inspecting associations between gender, age, CTPI and PSS-10. This project adopted [@B19] criteria for judging the magnitude of associations. Specifically, 0.1--0.29 indicates a weak correlation; 0.3--0.49 suggests a moderate relationship; and 0.50 or greater infers a strong correlation. The analysis procedure for Study 2 included (in an independent sample) replication and testing of the superior Study 1 model via CFA and assessment of alpha and omega reliability. Additionally, multi-group CFA evaluated invariance of the superior model by comparing Study 1 and Study 2 data at the configural (factor structure), metric (factor loadings), scalar (item intercepts), and residual (item residuals) levels. Assessment of fit at each stage involved consultation of [@B15] criteria (CFI difference ≤ 0.01 and RMSEA ≤ 0.015). As with Study 1, the final stages of analysis comprised a test of convergent validity (i.e., comparing CTPI with PSS-10) alongside exploring associations between gender, age, CTPI and PSS-10. Results {#S3} ======= Study 1 {#S3.SS1} ------- Parallel analysis using 1000 resamples indicated that two factors existed, given two factors evinced higher values compared with random data (factor 1 eigenvalue = 5.297 vs. 1.34; factor 2 eigenvalue = 1.533 vs. 1.265). EFA indicated a satisfactory item correlation matrix, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity p \< 0.001; and good sampling adequacy, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.900. The factors accounted for 45.534% of variance. Consideration of factor loadings revealed that item 14 ('I am not concerned about being late and missing things') loaded poorly (0.212). In addition, item 7 ('I am so busy I mess things up') evidenced cross loading (factor 1 loading = 0.389; factor 2 loading = 0.329). EFA following removal of these items explained 48.792% of the variance. All items loaded above the minimum threshold of 0.32 ([@B89]) and, apart from item 6 ('I feel in control of how I spend my time', loading of 0.387), exceeded 0.4 ([@B66]). Five items loaded on Factor 1, and eight items loaded on Factor 2 ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Items belonging to Factor 1 (labeled as 'Feeling Harried') referred to a negative sense of feeling rushed to an extent where time concerns generate anxiety and worry. Items informing Factor 2 (named 'Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage') referred to a cognizance of not having enough time to complete tasks, to do the things they enjoy (see [Appendix](#A1){ref-type="app"} for final scale). ###### EFA and CFA factor loadings for Study 1 and Study 2. Study 1 Study 2 ----- ------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -------- ----------- ----------- -------- ----------- ----------- Q4 0.511 0.673^∗∗^ 0.681^∗∗^ 0.001 0.723^∗∗^ 0.180 0.481^∗∗^ Q8 0.659 0.479^∗∗^ 0.549^∗∗^ −0.348 0.459^∗∗^ 0.685 0.545^∗∗^ Q10 0.685 0.570^∗∗^ 0.632^∗∗^ −0.170 0.600^∗∗^ −0.069 0.703^∗∗^ Q11 0.853 0.584^∗∗^ 0.676^∗∗^ −0.638 0.564^∗∗^ 0.152 0.563^∗∗^ Q12 0.645 0.703^∗∗^ 0.757^∗∗^ −0.193 0.718^∗∗^ −0.256 0.768^∗∗^ Q1 0.592 0.450^∗∗^ 0.508^∗∗^ 0.444^∗^ 0.339^∗∗^ 0.411^∗^ 0.373^∗∗^ Q2 0.553 0.445^∗∗^ 0.508^∗∗^ 0.475^∗^ 0.317^∗∗^ 0.372^∗^ 0.251^∗^ Q3 0.555 0.610^∗∗^ 0.648^∗∗^ 0.345^∗∗^ 0.539^∗∗^ 0.309^∗^ 0.512^∗∗^ Q5 0.661 0.484^∗∗^ 0.539^∗∗^ 0.369^∗∗^ 0.408^∗∗^ 0.403^∗^ 0.483^∗∗^ Q6 0.387 0.615^∗∗^ 0.631^∗∗^ 0.312^∗^ 0.537^∗∗^ 0.060 0.557^∗∗^ Q7 0.629 0.378^∗∗^ 0.455^∗∗^ 0.498^∗∗^ 0.243^∗∗^ 0.470^∗∗^ 0.282^∗^ Q9 0.490 0.578^∗∗^ 0.616^∗∗^ 0.365^∗^ 0.491^∗∗^ 0.287^∗^ 0.397^∗∗^ Q13 0.449 0.680^∗∗^ 0.672^∗∗^ 0.207^∗∗^ 0.660^∗∗^ 0.389^∗^ 0.558^∗∗^ CTPI, Chronic Time Pressure Inventory. a \* p \< 0.05; ∗∗ p \< 0.001 (using bootstrap significance estimates). Analysis of a correlated two-factor model resembling the EFA results reported satisfactory fit overall ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). All factor loadings ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}) exceeded 0.4 ([@B66]), with 8 of the 13 items (62%) loading above the strict requirement of 0.6 by [@B41]. Further examination revealed that the subfactors correlated highly (0.747), suggesting conceptual overlap. Therefore, a bifactor model tested the notion of multidimensionality. Findings ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) indicated good fit overall. ###### Fit indices for measurement and invariance models of the CTPI. Model χ^2^ *df* CFI SRMR RMSEA (90% CI) AIC ---------------------------- ------------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------------------- --------- *Study 1 (N* = 401) One-factor 313.609^∗∗^ 65 0.834 0.072 0.100 (0.087--0.109) 391.609 Two-factor 208.053^∗∗^ 64 0.904 0.058 0.075 (0.064--0.087) 288.053 Bifactor 125.672^∗∗^ 52 0.951 0.038 0.060 (0.046--0.073) 229.672 Reliability Congeneric 125.672^∗∗^ 52 0.951 0.038 0.060 (0.046--0.073) Tau equivalent 212.846^∗∗^ 75 0.907 0.067 0.068 (0.058--0.079) Parallel 244.249^∗∗^ 86 0.894 0.074 0.068 (0.058--0.078) Study 2 (N = 163) Bifactor 84.972^∗∗^ 52 0.935 0.056 0.063 (0.037--0.086) Invariance (N = 564)** Configural 216.500^∗∗^ 106 0.945 0.045 0.043 (0.035--0.051) Metric 257.485^∗∗^ 128 0.935 0.045 0.042 (0.035--0.050) Scalar 282.369^∗∗^ 141 0.929 0.046 0.042 (0.035--0.049) Residual 302.872^∗∗^ 157 0.927 0.047 0.041 (0.034--0.048) ∗∗ Indicates p \< 0.001. ![Two-factor bifactor model of the Chronic Time pressure Inventory for Study 1. Latent variables are represented by ellipses; measured variables are represented by rectangles; error is not shown but was specified for all variables. ^∗^p \< 0.05; ^∗∗^p \< 0.01; ^∗∗∗^p \< 0.001 (using bootstrap significance estimates).](fpsyg-10-02717-g001){#F1} All factor loadings (apart from item 6, loading of 0.243) exceeded 0.32 on the general factor. In comparison, some of the items pertaining to Factor 1 did not load significantly, suggesting that these more directly inform a general factor. Furthermore, negative item loadings existed on Factor 1, which can happen unexpectedly in bifactor solutions (e.g., [@B16]) due to a crossover suppression effect ([@B71]). All items (apart from 6 and 13) loaded above 0.32 on Factor 2. However, direct comparison of factor loadings and observation of the average weights (specifically, Factor 1 = −0.269; Factor 2 = 0.376; Factor 3 = 0.507) suggested that, overall, items loaded more highly on a general factor. Discrete variance does appear to exist, particularly in the case of Factor 2. Lastly, CFA analysis considered a unidimensional model (as a null test of whether a single factor explains sufficient variance; [@B29]). Unsatisfactory fit existed on all criteria but SRMR ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). This indicated that a single factor solution did not represent a good fit to the data. In addition to better data-model fit across indices, AIC supported superior fit of the bifactor model, given this was lower (229.672) than the two-factor (288.053) and unidimensional (391.609) solutions. [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} demonstrates fit of the reliability models for the bifactor solution. The congeneric model fitted the best. This is unsurprising, however, given this is the least restrictive and avoids assumptions about constant means and variances ([@B31]). The tau equivalent and congeneric model exhibited a significant chi-square difference, χ^2^ (df = 23) = 87.174, p \< 0.001, yet CFI and SRMR differences less than 0.05 existed. Similarly, a significant chi-square difference occurred for the parallel and tau equivalent models, χ^2^ (df = 11) = 31.403, p \< 0.001, but analysis evidenced CFI and SRMR differences below recommended cut-offs. To exercise caution, however, analysis considered alpha as a lower bound estimate of the CTPI's reliability, with omega representing a more accurate model-based interpretation of scale reliability ([@B16]). Alpha was good for the total scale (α = 0.854), Feeling Harried (FH) (α = 0.795), and Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage (CA) (α = 0.800). Coefficient omega conveyed similar (yet slightly higher) outcomes: good reliability for a general factor (ω = 0.878), for FA (ω = 0.819), and for CA (ω = 0.809). Omega hierarchical was high for a general CTPI factor (ωh = 0.702); however, lower estimates existed for FH (ωh = 0.133) and CA (ωh = 0.341). Common variance (ECV) exhibited comparable results, as total CTPI accounted for 66.9% whereas FH and CA explained 11 and 22.1% respectively. The percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC) was 51.3%. [@B77] advise that if PUC \< 0.80 and ECV \> 0.60 and ωh \> 0.70, then a scale can be interpreted as largely unidimensional. A test of convergent validity with the PSS-10 reported large correlations between total CTPI with total PSS-10, PSS-10 Distress, and PSS-10 Coping factors ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Similarly, FH evidenced large correlations with total PSS-10, PSS-10 Distress, and PSS-10 Coping. CA demonstrated moderate correlations with the PSS-10 outcomes. Examining associations between age and gender with CTPI, CTPI subfactors, PSS-10, and PSS-10 subfactors indicated significant (albeit small) positive correlations between gender, total PSS-10 and PSS-10 Distress. Further inspection revealed that females reported higher average levels of total PSS and PSS-10 Distress (Males: total PSS = 28.337, PSS-10 Distress = 17.297; Females: total PSS = 30.217, PSS-10 Distress = 18.862). This finding is consistent with previous studies investigating the PSS-10 (see [@B27]). In addition, females indexed greater means of CTPI, FH and CA than males (though this was non-significant). FH and all PSS-10 variables demonstrated small negative correlations with age ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). ###### Intercorrelations among total CTPI, CTPI subscales, total PSS-10, PSS-10 subscales, gender and age for Study 1 and Study 2. Variable *M* *SD* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -------------------------------------------- --------- ---------- ------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ---------- ------------- Study 1 $1$ Total CTPI 43.107 8.071 0.847^∗∗^ 0.910^∗∗^ 0.600^∗∗^ 0.599^∗∗^ 0.500^∗∗^ 0.079 0.030 $2$ Feeling Harried 16.281 4.00 0.552^∗∗^ 0.596 ^∗∗^ 0.588^∗∗^ 0.508^∗∗^ 0.088 0.122^∗^ $3$ Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage 26.825 5.138 0.479^∗∗^ 0.482^∗∗^ 0.390^∗∗^ 0.046 --0.097 $4$ Total PSS-10 29.870 7.418 0.967^∗∗^ 0.888^∗∗^ 0.098^∗^ −0.169^∗^ $5$ Distress 18.573 5.074 0.741^∗∗^ 0.120^∗^ --0.191^∗∗^ $6$ Coping 11.296 2.829 0.043 −0.101^∗^ $7$ Gender 1.820 0.388 −0.098^∗^ $8$ Age 26.200 11.799 Study 2 $1$ Total CTPI 42.690 7.673 0.856^∗∗^ 0.926^∗∗^ 0.585^∗∗^ 0.576^∗∗^ 0.475^∗∗^ 0.131 0.024 $2$ Feeling Harried 16.831 3.607 0.599^∗∗^ 0.533^∗∗^ 0.507^∗∗^ 0.469^∗∗^ 0.131 0.070 $3$ Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage 25.858 4.948 0.518^∗∗^ 0.524^∗∗^ 0.396^∗∗^ 0.099 --0.045 $4$ Total PSS-10 31.089 7.079 0.962^∗∗^ 0.858^∗∗^ 0.174^∗^ --0.021 $5$ Distress 19.438 4.992 0.685^∗∗^ 0.207^∗^ --0.013 $6$ Coping 11.651 2.654 0.076 --0.033 $7$ Gender 1.820 0.389 −0.165^∗^ $8$ Age 19.150 2.886 ∗ Indicates p \< 0.05; ∗∗ indicates p \< 0.001. Study 2 {#S3.SS2} ------- Replication of the superior bifactor solution from Study 1 ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) resulted in satisfactory to good fit. Factor loadings ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}) followed a similar pattern to Study 1. Specifically, direct comparison across factors and observation of average weights (Factor 1 = 0.138; Factor 2 = 0.337; Factor 3 = 0.497) suggested that a general factor possessed higher factor loadings overall. In addition, Factor 2 accounted for a reasonable quantity of discrete variance. ![Replication of the bifactor model of the Chronic Time pressure Inventory for Study 2. Latent variables are represented by ellipses; measured variables are represented by rectangles; error is not shown but was specified for all variables. ^∗^p \< 0.05; ^∗∗^p \< 0.01; ^∗∗∗^p \< 0.001 (using bootstrap significance estimates).](fpsyg-10-02717-g002){#F2} Multi-group analysis comparing Study 1 and Study 2 reported good model fit at the configural stage ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). At the metric level, a satisfactory CFI difference of 0.01 existed alongside an RMSEA difference of 0.001. Testing scalar invariance reported acceptable CFI (0.006) and no change in RMSEA. At the residual invariance level, satisfactory CFI and RSMEA differences existed (0.002 and 0.001 respectively). Findings support invariance of factor structure, loadings, intercepts and residuals. Consistent with Study 1, alpha reliability was good for the total scale (α = 0.858), FH (α = 0.820), and CA (α = 0.759). Coefficient omega additionally indicated good reliability for these components (general factor ω = 0.863; FH ω = 0.799; CA ω = 0.778). For a general Chronic Time Pressure factor, omega hierarchical was high (ωh = 0.728); yet lower for FH (ωh = 0.039) and CA (ωh = 0.299). In terms of ECV, total CTPI explained 68.3%, and FH and CA accounted for 11.7% and 20.1%. PUC was identical to Study 1 (51.3%). These results support reliability outcomes from Study 1, and suggest that the CTPI is principally unidimensional according to [@B77]. Convergent validity analysis for Study 2 (i.e., compared with the PSS-10) demonstrated large correlations between total CTPI with total PSS-10 and PSS-10 Distress, and a moderate association with PSS-10 Coping ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). FH and CA also evinced large associations with total PSS-10 and PSS-10 Distress, and a moderate correlation with PSS-10 Coping. Consistent with Study 1, gender evidenced small (yet significant) positive correlations with total PSS-10 and PSS-10 Distress only. Females reported higher mean levels of total PSS and PSS-10 Distress (Males: total PSS = 28.498, PSS-10 Distress = 17.270; Females: total PSS = 31.674, PSS-10 Distress = 19.927). Females indexed greater averages of CTPI, FH and CA than males (though non-significant). Age, however, did not demonstrate any significant associations with CTPI or PSS-10 variables ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Discussion {#S4} ========== Psychometric evaluation of the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI) revealed that the scale reflected a general dimension comprising two discrete, but overlapping temporal factors: Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage (CA) and Feeling Harried (FH). Consistent with [@B88], CA and FA indexed negative features associated with the subjective experience of time shortage. These specifically referenced worry, feeling rushed and a sense of pressure. Congruent with this notion, analysis found positive correlations in the medium to large range between CTPI measures (overall and factors) and perceived stress. Concomitantly, items centered thematically on lack of control and the inability to schedule and complete tasks. This conceptualization is consistent with preceding research, which has reported an association between lack of apparent control and the negative effects of time pressures ([@B91]). Indeed, feelings of control can generally decrease the negative effects of time pressure, although this relationship varies as a function of situation (i.e., workload) and individual differences (i.e., level of neuroticism) ([@B91]). The emergent factors CA and FH shared features with the notions of 'time shortage' (perceived lack of time), and 'being rushed' (sense of time passing quickly) outlined by [@B88]. Although, FH and CA correlated positively (these factors shared between 30 and 36% variance) there was considerable theoretical divergence. Thus, despite possessing two items referencing 'hurry' and 'pressure,' CA aligned with time shortage. Explicitly, CA comprised items that were generally synonymous with time management issues. Specifically, reflected judgments about perceived absence of time, especially insufficiency (e.g., "There aren't enough hours in the day"). Thus, the emphasis with CA was objective awareness of time shortage rather than negative, affective consequences of time pressure. Contrastingly, FH more closely aligned to Szollo's delimitation of feeling rushed. Particularly, FH items indexed subjective feelings of apprehension, worry, anxiety and frustration arising from the experience of the perceived rapid passage of time (e.g., "The days fly by without me ever getting anything done" and "I feel rushed to do the things that I have do"). Although these observations are intuitively consistent, it is important to interpret them cautiously because the CTPI possessed a complex structure, which best fitted a bifactor solution. This indicated the presence of a latent structure where items loaded on a general factor indexing negative features associated with the subjective experience of time shortage. In practice, findings recommend the use of total scores rather than independent subscales when assessing general population samples as the CTPI is, for the most part, unidimensional. A degree of non-redundant variance existed, however, particularly for CA. Thus, the subscales can be used when administering the scale, but in the company of general scores. This inference accords with existing research concerning bifactor solutions (e.g., [@B62]). In addition, omega reliability indicated that the CTPI was reliable and that a general factor accounted for a sufficient proportion of variance in scale scores. Therefore, in terms of administering the CTPI in practice, the authors recommend summing the values of the Likert scale to form composite scores to represent levels of chronic time pressure, with the subscales usable for information purposes. Furthermore, although CA in particular possessed unique variance the subfactors were orthogonal and accordingly demonstrated conceptual overlap. The overall analysis was compatible with the notion that the concept of time pressure is an overarching designation that subsumes terms related to time shortage and being rushed. Additionally, the CTPI demonstrated invariance at the strictest level across the two studies. This indicated that the scale measured the same construct across the two studies without any notable measurement bias ([@B36]). While this study supported the presence of factors that corresponded with [@B88] conceptualization and evidenced factorial validity, further research is required to establish fully the legitimacy of the proposed theoretical distinction. Ensuing work on CTPI needs also to assess the temporal stability of the measure to ensure that it possesses test--retest reliability. Supplementary evidence supporting the psychometric robustness of the CTPI was apparent. Explicitly, the measure demonstrated content-related validity. Concerning face validity, scrutiny of the items by an academic panel ensured that the CTPI accurately assessed core elements of perceived time shortage (see [@B60]). Additionally, CTPI analyses indicated convergent validity; the CPTI strongly positively correlated with the PSS-10. The observed relationship was similar to those noted in other related studies (e.g., [@B1], time pressure and stress; [@B49], time management pressures/issues and perceived stress). Following studies should seek to establish concurrent validity by comparing the performance of the CPTI alongside similar extant measures. Although, myriad studies investigated time pressure these have used a range of instruments. Hence, consideration of the CTPI alongside a subset of these would usefully help to establish the scale's psychometric credibility. In this context, studies could examine CTPI performance alongside the Time Pressure Scale ([@B79]) and the single-item measure used by [@B42] (i.e., "How often do you feel rushed or pressed for time?"). Another related extension to the present paper could examine the extent to which CTPI predicted scores on time pressure-related variables, e.g., "Lack of efficiency" and "Forced to cut down on lunch time" (cf. [@B92]). Limitations and Future Research {#S4.SS1} ------------------------------- Several limitations existed. Notably, although the studies utilized samples comprising a range of occupations, both samples were predominantly female. In addition, the age range was rather restrictive with relatively youthful mean ages and the majority of participants being under the age of 35 (80% for Study 1; 98% for Study 2). Study 2 sample also contained a preponderance of university students (71%). These features limit the generalizability of the results to samples of various ages and replication is required with populations that are more heterogeneous. A second limitation relates to use of self-report data, which is associated with recognized limitations including response bias ([@B27]). Including supplementary assessment methods (e.g., physiological assessment), when measuring chronic time pressure would be useful in future. Lastly, as aforementioned analysis did not include test-retest reliability. The present study did adopt, nonetheless, certain strategies to circumvent typical issues inherent with the use of a single time point (a cross-sectional design). Specifically, this approach is frequently criticized because it can result in common method variance (CMV) and the inability to draw causal conclusions ([@B87]). The present study minimized the possibility of CMV by using procedural remedies ([@B52]). Importantly, the researchers created methodological separation between the CTPI and the PSS-10. Particularly, the authors made it clear within the participant instructions that the measures assessed different constructs. Furthermore, the two measures used dissimilar response scales. These factors created psychological distance between the CTPI and the PSS-10 ([@B72]). Finally, the researchers reduced the likelihood of evaluation apprehension and social desirability effects by providing instructions that emphasized that there were no were no right or wrong answers and that respondents should answer questions as honestly as possible. The notion of causality was not important in the context of the present study, as assessment of the CTPI against a criterion (PSS-10) was correlational in nature and intended to assess convergence. Relatedly, the strength of correlations suggested that the scale was not simply indexing stress, but captured additional variance. Accordingly, subsequent research may wish to examine the extent to which time pressure causes stress. This is important because significant previous research acknowledges that, whilst stress and time pressure result from an interaction between the individual and the environment, there are circumstances where the assumption is that time pressure causes ensuing stress. This is certainly true within medical literature, which attributes high stress and contemporary stress-related conditions (e.g., hypertension) to time shortage/pressure ([@B28]). A way to determine the direction of the chronic time pressure-stress relationship is to conduct a longitudinal study with multiple intervals. This approach, combined with sophisticated analytical techniques such as latent growth curve modeling, would determine how chronic time pressure and stress change (or remain stable) as a function of time. The outcome would inform the development of interventions designed to alleviate the negative effects of these factors. Relatedly, future research should consider also the degree to which perception of chronic time pressure varies as a function of context (i.e., work vs. home life). It may be that the situational factors within occupational settings, such as deadlines, targets and organizational level may exacerbate feeling of time pressure and accordingly have a more negative effect on the individual. Alongside this, studies could evaluate the mediating/moderating influence of individual differences. Illustratively, work historically has demonstrated that Type A personality (hard driving, persistent, involved in work) is associated with stress-related illness ([@B10]). From this perspective, an evaluation of the effects of time management training may also prove informative. In terms of applications, the CTPI provides a solid platform for further empirical investigation of time pressure at an individual and societal level. Explicitly, it provides an expedient measure, which researchers can use in myriad contexts (occupational, educational, health, etc.) for complementing understanding of stress, wellbeing, life satisfaction and work-life balance. In terms of implications, the CTPI provides a solid platform for further empirical investigation of time pressure at an individual and societal level. Explicitly, it provides an expedient measure, which researchers can use in myriad contexts (occupational, educational, health, etc.) for complementing understanding of stress, wellbeing, life satisfaction and work-life balance. Specifically, the measure will assist researchers to identify groups that are vulnerable to chronic time pressure. This information will usefully inform policymaking and facilitate the design and implementation of appropriate health policies and interventions. This is important because preceding research has found that time pressure varies as a function of role. For example, [@B69] reported that managing multiple roles (i.e., child rearing, income-earner, and a caregiver) was a cause of time pressure in a sample of Australian women born between 1973 and 1978. This finding accorded with [@B48], who noted that time pressure spanned contextual boundaries (e.g., home and at work). In this instance, strategies to ameliorate the negative effects of time pressure should focus on balancing diverse demands. This could involve identifying key stress points/times and making best use of available resources (i.e., health policies, family friendly leave and child-care policies) ([@B69]). Using the CTPI to identify groups experiencing chronic time pressure recognizes the subjective nature of time pressure and the fact that health risks vary across contexts. Illustratively, time pressure resulting from professional activities (i.e., time constraints, challenges and uncertainties) produced negative emotions in hospital-in-the-home nurses that led them to take more risks on the road ([@B18]). Furthermore, development of occupation specific coping strategies is important because rigid and inflexible coping patterns can exacerbate the risk of stress and health disorders ([@B50]). Data Availability Statement {#S5} =========================== The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Ethics Statement {#S6} ================ The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The Manchester Metropolitan University Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Author Contributions {#S7} ==================== AD: questionnaire development, theoretical focus, analysis and write-up. ND: questionnaire development, theoretical focus, and write-up. Conflict of Interest {#conf1} ==================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. ###### Chronic Time Pressure Inventory. Instructions: Here are a number of statements that focus on whether you feel you have enough time in your life to do the things you want to do. For each statement, select the response (from 1 "Strongly disagree" to 5 "Strongly agree") that most accurately captures your thoughts or feelings. Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) Neither disagree nor agree (3) Agree (4) Strongly agree (5) ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ $1$ There aren't enough hours in the day ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $2$ I have enough time to do the things that I want to do (R) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $3$ I feel pressured to fit everything in ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $4$ The days fly by without me ever getting everything done ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $5$ I am often in a hurry ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $6$ I feel in control of how I spend my time (R) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $7$ I should have more free time to do the things I enjoy ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $8$ I worry about how well I use my time ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $9$ I have enough time to properly prepare for things (R) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $10$ I think I won't finish work that I set out to do ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $11$ I feel disappointed with how I spend my time ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $12$ I always run out of time ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) $13$ I feel rushed to do the things that I have to do ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) ![](fpsyg-10-02717-i001.jpg) Summing all the items produces a total score. Items 4, 8, 10, 11, and 12 belong to 'Feeling Harried' (Factor 1); items 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 13 comprise 'Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage' (Factor 2). Items with (R) need to be reverse-scored prior to analysis. [^1]: Edited by: Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil [^2]: Reviewed by: Laiss Bertola, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Valerio Capraro, Middlesex University, United Kingdom [^3]: This article was submitted to Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Square Moves Into the Bitcoin World Mike: Anyway, let’s get on to talking about the week in tech! And with that, why don’t we start off with Bitcoin? Square, the micropayments processing company co-founded by Jack Dorsey, recently started letting a small subset of users purchase Bitcoin using one of the company’s consumer-facing apps, Square Cash. It’s primarily a peer-to-peer money transfer service, but Square is dabbling in ways to make money from the app. Now, you’ve written a bit about Square over the past year, including how the company was set to surge past the market cap of Twitter, Dorsey’s other beloved company. What should I make of this move? Is it something significant for the business or, alternately, is it a significant moment for Bitcoin? With all the daily vacillations in Bitcoin value, it’s hard for me to know if the currency is in a stable, real place with normal people or if it’s still a flight of fancy. Nathaniel: Square’s stock jumped after this Bitcoin news got out. It reminds me a bit of the British company that saw its shares jump 400 percent last month after it simply added the word “blockchain” to its name. (For those tech readers who have successfully ignored all of this craziness, blockchain is the database technology that Bitcoin introduced.) It seems hard to dispute that this is a very bubble-y moment for Bitcoin and all the blockchain and virtual currency stuff that have spun off it. A lot of the people buying right now probably don’t have a terribly strong thesis about why the technology matters — they just see it going up and want to get in on the action. Bitcoin’s position as a new kind of global online gambling parlor has been particularly apparent in South Korea and Japan, which have risen out of nowhere over the last six months to become the largest markets for virtual currency trading. When I was asking around about this a few weeks back, I kept hearing how virtual currency trading fit neatly in countries where ordinary people have long speculated on foreign currencies. It’s worth keeping this in mind for anyone thinking of buying a Bitcoin through Square Cash.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
She was stabbed nine times and shot in the head while walking her son to his school bus stop. At least three assailants escaped on a motorbike. Mitu is only the second woman to be killed by extremists in the same fashion as the other recent attacks. AD Her husband, Babul Akter, was recently promoted to his new role after leading a slew of raids against banned Islamist extremist groups, such as Jamaat ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh. Police officials told the Associated Press that they couldn’t rule out that members of any of the groups Akter had fought against had carried out the killing. Also Sunday, a 60-year-old Christian man, identified as Sunil Gomes, was hacked to death at a shop he owned in Natore, in the north of the country. The Islamic State’s news agency, Amaq, asserted that the group was responsible for his death. The Islamic State has claimed at least two other killings. Bangladesh has been shaken by increasing religious tension as extremist groups gain sway. Besides the spate of attacks on individuals, extremist groups have bombed Shiite shrines in a characteristic attempt to foment sectarian violence. AD AD A debate over whether Bangladesh should have a secular or Islamic government has defined the country’s politics since its birth after an independence war against Pakistan in 1971. The current government is secular and has spearheaded controversial prosecutions of Islamist figures for war crimes during the 1971 war, enraging many of the country’s fundamentalists. But although Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has asserted her commitment to secular values, she has been hesitant to speak out in support of the secular and atheist bloggers killed or injured in attacks. In an interview with Time magazine in 2015, she said, “Personally, I don’t support it, I don’t accept it. Why not? You have to have your faith. If anybody thinks they have no religion, okay, it’s their personal view. … But they have no right to write or speak against any religion.”	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
jackson ultima lite blade Ice skates for children will do the job for the son, and they can combine an amateur ice hockey team. I’m cheap. However, I also understand how much work went in on that stupid jump. Do you enjoy ice skating for fun? Winter may be a great deal of fun and incredibly dangerous. Feel the chilly of New York’s crisp winter air, listen to this audio, and take in the incomparable surroundings as you glide (gracefully or not) round the rink. If you don’t have music, the trainer can say ‘start’ and ‘stop’. Can anyone adivse me if these are appropriate skates for my skill (im currentley having lessons) or could anyone recommened an alternate. There are many ice skating apparel manufacturers in the ice skating industry worldwide, some are small companies with limited capability to supply products and some are larger with distribution across the continents. I never turned into a fantastic ice skater, but I think my boys might have better luck in it! Humans have been learning the art of transportation on ice for decades. The very popular Bauer skate for 2010 is the Vapor series, which has been a popular selection for ice hockey players in the past. The Pittsburgh Penguins are a professional ice hockey team known to all. This is now the standard formation for all inline hockey skates and is used by all brands. I bought the pink novel about turning and leaping on inline skates. If your rink does not have a store, ask the more advanced skaters in which they receive their skates. Share to: how can you make a ice skating rink on a pond? The Pittsburgh Penguins are a professional ice hockey team known to all. Ice hockey is harder to find out than most other team sports because you have to understand how to skate before you can learn how to play ice hockey. You do not have to spend a fortune so as to access authentic Jackson skates. But if you’re learning out of a self-hired mentor or practicing on your own, you’ll have to arrange for your equipment. But, I’ll reference something that I heard that I enjoyed a lot at the time, which employs here perfectly. Her boot along with PIC frame (as you see in the photo on the left) weigh about 3 pounds. And because it’s just a little at a time, you become acclimated to the affliction of the boot and the blade. The depth of the hollow varies from blade to blade and might be changed by grinding at a blade sharpening store. You wish to buy from an internet skate shop which converses with you by email or phone. Her boot along with PIC frame (as you see in the photo on the left) weigh about 3 pounds. Paradoxically, Kincaid’s most eye-catching minute of the very first frame also came together with his team on the power play. Change the spray width on the nozzle, test, stand nearer, stand farther, play around on this for a long time until you’re confident you’re comfortable with the brush and also the way it sprays. Yes, you’ll need to change the rules substantially. A fire pit and seats are set up in the lake shore where you can change into your skates. Additionally, there are Halloween gifts galore and other purchasing choices around the park such as Mickey shops for family souvenirs and holiday memorabilia. Liner: Chinook Leather / Cambrelle better technologies used which results in a higher performing skate using a mild weight Wait for a moment while Google analyzes the webpage you entered and returns the outcomes Practice the hard stuff first The most well-known locations for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd birthday celebrations are cheap or free. Speed, endurance and agility are crucial here, and you ought to have drills which focus on these regions. The very action-packed, ants-in-their-pants kids are going to summon their powers of extreme attention when ice skating. If it comes to childhood hockey skates, Pure Hockey prides itself on a wide array of hockey skates for kids at guaranteed lowest prices. Unsaid, unspoken, occasionally unfelt, but always lurking in the subconscious mind, is the feel that the little hockey store supplies. I now feel immense sympathy for Dance Coach once he skated with me because I was the Duffer once myself. I’ve skated since I was a small girl now I’ma coach. This implies that until Nov 12, I hadn’t ever skated the Dutch Waltz to songs. Granted it means wearing large puffy jackets and roughly a half dozen layers, but now is time for glorious winter sports. This is also the ideal chance to see winter wildlife. Presently, there are straight-cut, cross-cut and k-pick layouts of toe picks, the selection of toe selections usually depends upon individual preferences. Contrary to hockey skates, figure skates comprise toe selections on the front of the blade, usually created from stainless steel or aluminum with a steel runner, which extend an inch or so beyond the soles of this boot. Just because it’s Friday and you just got paid does not automatically signify that you wish to spend all of your hard-earned cash on a date. The Cleveland Monsters announced Friday that the group will expand its efforts to “Grow the Game” with all the Monsters 2018 Summer Street Hockey Series comprising five street hockey events this summer in Northeast Ohio. Among its rugby league teams has a national reputation and retains one of the most easily identifiable sports group titles in the nation – Hull Kingston Rovers. One day you say to yourself “I had been a little ‘off’ today.” And you. The reason you want them to be two separate components and why higher finish skates have it this way, is so that you can replace the blade without changing the whole skate. Through all the three places, Jackson Skates provides elite boots, elite blades, and introductory boot/blade combined skates. Different skaters like entirely different brands. I want to ramble on here for a couple paragraphs about head protection. Additionally, I would love to set a business branch of American Ice Theatre (AIT) on the East Coast, opening another venue for professional skaters to perform and for young choreographers to present their own work. I’ve tried the Pic Skates when the firm came out to our rink. Their only scare came from just two traditional hockey powers in Finland and Canada. It is hard to do extending at my rink since the celebration rooms are always reserved, there is a hockey game in the rink place and no location in the boot changing area to do anything. These devices the best protection of hockey players exposed to this dangerous game to play players. Because what you realize fairly quickly is that you started this match for you. While I say recursive learning, I suggest a process somewhat similar to this:- If you want to learn a skill, you find someone who already has that skill, and learn from them. I want to ramble on here for a couple paragraphs about head protection. I have a number of favourites. 300. Skating with family and friends is a fantastic form of exercise and entertainment. Specifically designed incentives and awards such as badges, tattoos and stickers Due to their safety, parents might not hold or take youngsters on the ice The Jackson Freestyle boots Are Extremely comfortable Balance your checkbook Coated split-leather upper allows for improved skate match Jackson all purpose chrome blade attached with screws Utilizing the Radius of Hollow, the skate blades boys IS are fitted and designed to cater for different skating skill levels, style disciplines and various body weights. Weekly shipments are offered to numerous destinations worldwide. In 1920, the long skirts are still popular dress for ladies. The ice skating dress should also be such that it gives you protection when you collapse. Figrue skating is a sport that uses practically each of the organs. Since skate blades are used in various ice sports and activities, it is crucial to understand the different types, their uses and designs. These calculators help you limit your choices, thus you are not bombarded with so many options and have no idea which to choose. Even though it’s critical to generate a good first impression as you won’t ever have a second chance to make a first impression, misrepresenting yourself to impress her is not a good idea. Not only is it that the very first vegan skating boot on earth, it is made from the most up-to-date in innovative materials – ideal for skaters that are looking for a mild and comfortable design. Today you’ll find various kinds of inline roller skates used for various kinds of inline skating. We also carry a huge variety of goods for dancing, ballet, yoga, Pilates and roller skating. If you choose to have interaction in speed skating you have to make certain that you get skates which could be designed as it. They get to get gifts from everybody and they are jubilant. With the right gear in tow, you can enjoy a fantastic winter season on the slopes with the help of a charter bus for you there safely. Share to: Dlmick Who won the 1992 winter olympic gold medal for guys figure skating? Both men and women must wear padded undergarments to protect the upper torso and calves. There are companies such as Jackson Ultima and Riedell that specialize in developing recreational and figure styled IS that cater for men, women and children. As figure skating entered the 21st century, the level of athleticism continued to rise, with more men performing quad jumps in both the short and long programs. Numerous manufacturers, including CCM, Bauer and Reebok, have entered the hockey helmet marketplace. You could even have a cake that looked like wrapped presents with the bride and groom on top standing around a tree. Central Park is the most famous park in the world and is huge, you can easily spend a whole day here and still not have seen even a third of the area. Ice-skating is innocent and fun, but it’s still a great date that cannot be overlooked. It’s an art, like ballet. Anybody born before the early 1990s has at least a vague feel of what life was like during the Cold War. After you’ve secured Chicagocheap flights, you will be able to stay wherever you’d like. Jacksons definately accomodate a slightly shorter and wider foot, which seems to work great as a beginning boot and many people stay with it after. You can sell health guides, ebooks, treadmills, cameras, and even iPhones to people online. And to continue to inspire people with my book, Frozen Teardrop. You could sell an old book, DVD, shoes, ice skates, basketballs, autographed items, toys, bears, chairs, furniture, designer bags, electronics, board games, and basically any item that you can ever think of. 039;m looking at the Blue Ribbon 121 or the Red Ribbon 117. Which one out of those two models do you think are better? Her post is much more technical than this one and compares the programs level by level. Compare your skate level to the different brands of figure skates with the help of your figure skating coach as your weight and size may influence whether a lightweight boot or an extremely stiff boot should be purchased. I just started using it because LTS is so crowded, that it’s hard to find a place to sit. They’re always looking to see if they can make the boots lighter and more responsive to your movements without losing the support that a good boot requires. I want to explore the options available to skaters, and talk about the good, the bad, and the risky and the good enough. The only resort for getting some fun is indoors, and DLF mall of India is the perfect place to find all the possible shopping, dining and entertainment options. I just started using it because LTS is so crowded, that it’s hard to find a place to sit. Wear your skates around the house, using plastic guards to protect the blades. Get waterproofing. Always wipe off blades before putting them away so they do not rust. If there is any sign of wear on the blades it affects the way one moves and skates on the ice. Another location to indulge your love of winter sports is at Whistler, which is one of the most famous and certainly biggest ski fields in the world. The Keystone ski area is located in Summit County, Colorado which is famous for its incredible ski resorts including Keystone, Copper Mountain, Arapahoe Basis and Breckenridge. This is where the best of Americans Ski resorts are located. When looking for hockey skates for your child, it is important to understand that they are the most important element of your child’s skating equipment. All skates take a little time to adjust to your child’s foot, but if you follow a couple of guidelines whenever you are thinking about buying hockey skates, you will undoubtedly find the right skate for your child. You should call ahead before going and be sure they have your child’s size. Kids feet are rapidly growing, and by purchasing the normal size shoe they would wear, they will grow into these skates and have them for a long time. Not just sometimes– really, I’m not kidding, all of the time. But I also do it so I don’t take away from family time and can actually have more energy for family time. Energy Star program, that rates all household units based on their energy consumption, because they believe the differences aren’t that big. Here are some snippets from the comments. Quality restaurants are throughout the park. The quality and performance of each part, however, is not as good as if you bought them separately, but they serve their purpose well if only intended for occasional use. The compulsories give students the quality of edges, technique, and control they need. The Centers for Disease Control report during the years 2001-2005, more than 200,000 emergency room visits for concussions and other traumatic brain injuries were recorded annually in the United States. A skate that ultimately fits properly will, more often then not, feel small when the foot is placed in the boot prior to lacing it. The padding for goalies covers most of the foot, so the boot doesn’t have to. Players of all levels should get a face shield or cage on the front of the helmet, because just because someone is hockey player doesn’t mean that they should be missing teeth. Often skaters get puzzled about selecting the right piece of skates from the available range in the market. Siam Paragon is the largest and ritziest mall in the area. In dresses on the market with airbrushing, you will find airbrushed Lycra and mesh in the bodysuit and chiffon/georgette for the skirts, nothing else. It doesn’t have to be white Lycra actually; it could be that yard of ugly that’s been in your stash for years. It is also excellent to own on due to the safety levels it provides to you as you drive on its smooth surface area as it enables the tires to have a fantastic grip with it. Siam Paragon is the largest and ritziest mall in the area. You don’t want to go to a stadium show and you don’t want to go to a techno DJ, the emphasis here is more on background music, explains Los Angeles Singles Dating Service. The comparison here is to the body-lean of a sprinter doing the 100-yard dash and the striding form of a two-miler. For the same reason, it’s also much cheaper than any of the others. Or if you do, the fun can move up a level, with everyone competing in the same activity. Even those friendly, burning candles can contribute to toxic air and allergy problems. Delays will only increase the risk of having your child′s weight problems worsen. If any of your kids suffer from childhood obesity, singling out his problems would only work to his and your disadvantage. I work out the step behind. The picture to the left represents my expression the first time I did the step behind. And it’s time to shop for magic gloves. I’m ready, I just need more time on ice. However, you will be shielding more than just your teeth from getting damaged. Schools are getting into the competitive spirit through the CollegiateSkate program which brings together skaters from different test and/or competitive backgrounds to skate together as a team representing their school. With house teams, there is one coach (who’s usually a Dad of one of the players on the team), along with one or two assistant coaches. This track runs for around one kilometre and then speeds down through eleven bends. Yes and no. Rollerblades teach you balance however, the balance required to ice skate differs. Locating an expert to teach your little ones how to skate, will be a huge experience. This will cause them to rust in a rapid rate because the plastic and rubber hold in moisture. Leave or shop blades inside rubber or plastic skate guards. 430, and I am so grateful I went with Risport over Jackson since my skating has improved inside them even during such a short time period (also the blades are amazing but that is for another post. Inside my practical experience, the elimination of simple viruses may once in a while be a little bit of a procedure, and a person that normally takes far more endurance and period than authentic laptop experience. There’s nothing she would love more. There is a large difference between owning your own boots and renting. The Edea Piano boots have been outfitted with all the Edea patented hooks positioned with relaxation in mind that makes them simple to lace and guarantees protected leg fixation. This combination of soft and difficult design elements generates the ideal blend of support and comfort. Smooth Vinyl top with cushioning. The precision bearings are smooth and provide an easy roll. However, when loose sea the fantastic floating chunks of ice known, as icebergs are wreckers, as the long roster of lost ships suggests. In the 1980s, there were lots of excellent figure skaters who competed for glory. Figure skates or Hockey skates? Industry Hockey can be well-known chiefly as a girl’s sport in the united states, but around the world is actually liked and performed by men and women alike. You might find any number of fascinating activities in Millennium Park. But don’t park in 1 place at the planks. One of the most important portions of your skater’s wardrobe should be a cozy pair of skinny, glossy socks. Competition is given in singles, pair and ice dance in the Novice, Junior and Senior level. I think it really depends on what degree your in Maddoggjr10 29 Contributions Why do you figure skate? Why do they bother doing that? Why don’t you surprise them with something new this Christmas? • First, will you need newcomer, top or middle of the line hockey skates. The blade is more strongly curved than the usual figure skate blade and the rocker is set closer to the middle of the foot. 039;s offer room! Initially, with a hotel room for 2 for myself felt fantastic. Bronze-medal matches can sometimes feel like a chore for two teams coming to terms with the abrupt wreck of their championship dreams. One must imagine that hitting the side wall or even the ice itself in these high speeds are akin to being in a car crash minus the security of the automobile. Ice skates have been around for a very long period; this is since it’s one America’s favorite pursuits. Figure skating is an ice hockey game so it’s done on ice. Have a look at this article about the death of a figure skating program in Plymoth, Mich.. That article was the result of a great deal of study I did on the subject, but at the time I did not have any expertise to back this up. The way to address winning. Hockey skates are fast and manoeuvrable and offer good help of the foot, which makes them a fantastic selection for beginners. Browse our suppliers’ websites to find the choice of equipment which is available to you via our store. Rental skates are often included. Parents can find these ice sakes by a number of makers whether the IS are to get a hobby or sport, there are lots of unique kinds of ice skates out there. This means, each chit is going to have distinct fruit name. Being a specialty skates store, we’ve developed and pioneered many exceptional systems for boosting the operation of our clients skates. Additionally, when she does meet new children, she is able to tell them yes, the week is hectic, but they can always count on her being available and around; just knowing when friends can call her is a significant help. Physical activity is an essential part of being healthy. Finding a figure skate with the right fit is crucial to your performance on the ice. It’s the padding and also is responsible for providing a comfortable fit. Hockey skates fit differently than ordinary athletic footwear. This thermoformable material creates a unique mold within the boots in line with the shape of your foot, which makes them fit like a glove. During past ten years, CCM is making its best efforts to provide this admirable and worthy series of vector skates for outstanding performance of every participant senior or fresh. Barcelona’s visit to China based websites this time, on its own come to Beijing without them few years ago when information technology embraced the concept. Shue Shen and Hongbo Zhao of China were the pairs winners. I did the math and figured I could buy two pairs of guards instead of one pair of flashing guards. It is recommended to buy one when you buy a new pair of skate boots as they cater for the design and style of skate boots as compared to other types of bags. Many shops also carry all types of merchandise that will protect your safety. We carry the top brands in the industry such as Bauer, CCM, Easton, Graf and Reebok. As a rule of thumb, good recreational skate stores should offer from budget to top of the range and from beginner to expert. Cruises are a great way for families with children to vacation because they offer a variety of entertainment options for kids of all ages. Edea Piano are the boots created with winning in mind. In my opinion, if you feel comfortable in it and you don’t mind wearing it for your performance, go right ahead and wear it! Consider Sukhumvit Road accommodation for some of the best in apartment type hotel stays. Now mind you, we have plenty of social time at our rink and she has made just as good friends through skating now. This type of skating requires the performers to do spins, jumps and sharp turns or a combination of these while playing. There is also a break at the back of this type of shoe manufactured by Riedell brand. Consider Sukhumvit Road accommodation for some of the best in apartment type hotel stays. When we got home, my mother made a call to the hotel manager and complained about the incident. Ohno got off to a rocky start in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, stumbling during a semifinal heat. In June of 1986 Trump, who could see the rink from his apartment, finally got tired of the embarrassment and offered to fix the rink at his own expense. She is spotted at a competition by a coach who wants to take over her training to turn her into a champion. Regardless of the blade you purchase, Jackson Skates works to keep the blades lighter and tougher than their competition. They should provide enough support and come with some decent blades for what you’re trying to do. In case of top-notch professional figure skates the boots do not come with blades so the latter should be purchased separately and then installed by a skilled expert. 1 person found this useful Krylon 13 Contributions What is the weight of a figure skate blade and a hockey skate blade? Popular entry-level Dart Skates updated with two-color gradient finish, matching Cayman Wheels, and an aluminum plate that increases the overall weight of the skate but offers higher performance and better durability. Her silver medal performance at the 2008 U.S. The gold medal was won after the leader, Kim Dong-Sung from South Korea, was disqualified for blocking Ohno. The Germans won at the recent Grand Prix Final by over 20 points; however, their lack of jumping consistency may be their downfall. 5. Greenwich Village and Soho — It may seem kind of cliche, but this is a great place to poke around in winter. Great for tricks, these women’s beginner figure skates from Jackson Ultima are perfect for your short or long program. Plus there are numerous play spaces based on different Disney classics. Youth = Smaller than Boy’s 1.5 Level of Play: Recreational 96 Share to: Answered In Skating Where is ice skating rinks in gauteng Keep an arch in your lower back, Advanced PUMP technology Rotary cutter and cutting mat (optional) Jackson Freestyle skates are lightweight Art gallery Update: From Reader Anonymous: All I can say is that you have every right to be out there and practicing. Update: From reader Becky Wright: One of My favorites was a fleece blanket with the club name embroidered on it. On the ice sliding from one end to the other, Ice skating is sometimes viewed as an art and those that participate in ice skating are greatly admired. They are the only cruise where you can experience playing miniature golf, ice skating and wall climbing on a rock while enjoying a leisure day on the open sea. How does this help me in figuring out my skating fixes? The Jackson Marquis, Jackson Freestyle, Jackson Competitior are made for intermediate skaters who are working on jumps and trying out new tricks on the ice. Within Banff National Park are three world renowned ski resorts – Norquay, Sunshine Village and Lake Louise. I managed to throw a Frisbee over the fence in the same area three times, and so the same guy had to pick it up and give it back. In general, if the skater wears a narrow or wide shoe, you will need a narrow or wide skate boot. All too often, hockey players are stuffed into men’s ice skates that are too tight or too big, making them unable to quickly drive out of their first three steps or make smooth transitions in the neutral zone. The sponge pads inside a helmet are for comfort and fit, not for impact protection. The extra padding adds to the comfort of the boot. In general, if the skater wears a narrow or wide shoe, you will need a narrow or wide skate boot. Figure skates are designed with a stiff boot construction to protect and support the foot and ankle during advanced maneuvers. Once the ankle support has gone, the ice skates are finished, and you’ll need to replace them. Rainy weather activities for kids don’t need to involve sitting in front of the TV or computer … your children can be active and have lots of fun no matter what the weather is doing. It wasn’t until athletesunderstood that for each of these events a different set of abilities and strategy was employed. And what kind of dramatic turn events would it be without ridiculous costumes. Hockey and racing skates do not feature the kind of built-up heel you will find on a figure skate. Let’s take a quick look at how skates are labeled for sizing. At our club, if you’ve been in lessons for 6 or more months and are a member of the club, you can use practice ice. Those who become skilled skaters can enjoy executing jumps and other stunning moves that are fun and offer good exercise. This is important because if you don’t enjoy your skating, you might be discouraged to continue after an initial setback or falls, which by the way are inevitable. In the winter, there are dozens of places to go ice skating, whether you want to bundle up and find an outdoor location or settle for an indoor rink. If you live in winter ice and snow, you can go to rent ski equipment. In training this is called chaining behaviors, where the coach breaks down each skill into sub-skills which are first learned; Then the coach chains the sub-skills together into more complex skills. So why didn’t our coach know about these things and what do I do now? 039;t know how long since they were last done. It’s down to you to ensure that everyone in your family would be okay, if today were your last day. Before the first day of your child’s skating class, make sure that you have already prepared things that your child can wear. If you live in winter ice and snow, you can go to rent ski equipment. Another location to indulge your love of winter sports is at Whistler, which is one of the most famous and certainly biggest ski fields in the world. Holidays are not just about enjoying lively atmosphere at the snow-bars or cafes provided by the ski chalets, but gaining new vacationing ideas and experiences. Sasha Cohen is the only woman skater in the current Winter Olympics who can do a quadruple jump. It is a good way to learn about each other in a relaxed atmosphere. This is an easy sport to learn – take a lesson or two; rent skis, boots and poles, and you are on your way. For these you can ideally pick the inline skates or blades since they are easier to use and they also feature a rear break. Sasha Cohen is the only woman skater in the current Winter Olympics who can do a quadruple jump. They scream and jump back when they realize it’s a human head with skin that is falling off from spending so much time in the drain water. The process commences with laser cutting to guarantee blade geometry accuracy to 0.004 inches (the thickness of a human hair). Small nicks can be ground out at the sharpening shop, but deep ones may mean the blade needs replacing. Figure skates also feature prominent toe picks—the jagged part of the blade that allows you to dig into the ice for jumps and pivots. What is the difference using figure skates versus hockey skates? 62mm Cyclone speed wheels Head position What is the manufacturing process Unlace the boot very loosely and pull the tongue forward as far as the laces go Keep an arch in your lower back, Ice skating tights Backhand passing The break-in period isn’t as long as that of skate boots made of leather A good sized hockey package can load up all you have the condition to shopping your favorite team’s Hockey uniform jersey and socks. What matters in the end though is if the skater can move with little effort, and minimum frustration. Figure skaters understand how to use the edges of the skates and can teach your child the important basics about how to move forward, make turns and, most importantly, how to stop. I couldn’t get myself to move at all without walking. I’ve been struggling along for the past 2 months, trying to get certain moves. Once a skater completes the Senior Moves in the Field test and Senior Free Skate test they will earn a Gold Medal, in each, from USFS. Needless to say, we wish him all the best and hope that he will be “holding his horses” and retain the Vocal Science technique to maintain the ultimate health and performance of his voice. In the event I have a dance lesson after lunch. After you’ve experienced the voice recovery (which requires serious commitment, energy and commitment), then DO NOT participate in a great deal of speaking and singing off the batt! The JetSpeed FT370 skates feature an upgraded vented outsole that enhances energy transfer while decreasing weight. Her skating style was filled with lively energy and power. If you aren’t extremely familiar with both the brand and the kind of skate you are considering, you need to try the skates on before you purchase them. Make the most of our hockey skates clearance to purchase brand name, higher excellent hockey skates at great rates. Skaters have the opportunity to take Skate Canada Tests through a nationally standardized testing system. Rather than getting puzzled and making yourself stressed you have a very option available together with you. Are you just getting into figure skating? I am hoping so. I really don’t want anyone believing as I do about the wasted money, time, and effort which I spent because I did not believe I needed to warm up before getting on the ice. Follow these winter dating hints and you’ll have a reddish hot romance even in the summer of snow. Hockey skates, which are utilized for ringette and hockey, have a boot that can be made of leather (usually synthetic leather) or plastic. You may also start a tradition by producing a new ornament or decoration every year. Follow these winter dating hints and you’ll have a reddish hot romance even in the summer of snow. Maybe your treasurer does not possess the skills you’d like to see in that place or maybe your secretary looks overrun. Let’s take a look at these three hockey skills one by one. After looking into the circumstances of the surroundings the entrepreneur additionally must look into the possible market of the fish. All figure skating blades are equipped with toe selections which also differ in size and layouts. Then raise the toe of the front boot (that will become the busy foot). I have the whole within the boot item pretty much down to a science. However, you’ll have to carefully choose the fabric of the same. Interpretive: Introductory Microfiber liner with memory foam padding What size do I get A listing of potential challenges The trick here, however, is to be certain that my children learn about these positive habits and accomplishments without alerting them to possibly destructive thoughts. Those unfamiliar with using a toboggan can, nevertheless, recognise it by the popular comic ‘Calvin and Hobbes’ or even from a number of the books in the Famous Five series written by Enid Blyton during the mid – 20th century. Even still, injuries may occur. Rob a man of everything and that guy will no longer be in your own power. The arch of the foot no longer lines up with the arch of this skate. These ice hockey skates deliver in terms of being comfortable and supportive and also offer skaters accessibility to high performance. Today ice skates are boots made and attached to metal blades and are occasionally seen a mastered art that appears easy to learn but can prove otherwise hard. Mastering the art of ice skating is a popular feat which can depend lots of variables such a individual’s skill level, their discipline traits and most importantly, which sort of ice skate boots they utilize. Ask yourself if there is anything you can do to change the situation. If you’re in-between two skate widths, choosing the more narrow choice provides more of a performance fit whilst picking the broader option provides you more of a relaxing match. It is reassuring, in its own little way, and that I love the feeling it gives when I breathe it through my nose, dulling and stimulating my senses at precisely the exact same moment. I know that given a while, things will probably be better. Following the ice series there was a great little camp and reception was finished! The Club hold routine Ice and Figure Dance competitions throughout the year for the members and also supply coached sessions. If you want to excel in a specific area of your own life, having a trainer to provide advice, focus, responsibility, and opinions is critically important. She received three pieces of information from previous competitive ice dancer and current trainer. It requires an instructor to play ice hockey skating correctly if we don’t want to sprain our ankle. You will be able to decide where you need to remain and the sort of cabin too. You would like your skates to be hard to push together so they can protect you while you are doing tight turns, stopping on a dime, and doing crossovers. Because your skates are a manufacturing line item, the most that can be expected from the skate manufacture is that the blade will be mounted in the middle of the outer soul of the skates. I resolve my rage by working through difficulties and by talking them out with friends. I made friends and managed conflict there. I like SkatingSafe, but there’s other companies on the market. Indian food isn’t the sole cuisine you’ll find in Peterborough, you will definitely find one you like among nearly a hundred others. One of the children begins the dance music onto the CD player. A competitive player also needs high performance skates, but there are different requirements they need when they’re purchasing their eyeglasses. Remember when purchasing hockey skates you want to factor in your foot size, width, size, playing style, playing capability, and weight reduction. In addition to the typical diamond jumpers golfers need to be wearing specially made golfing shoes. You can earn friendships through bribes as well! The easiest skates to go the first ten feet are most likely figure skates, because you are able to use a rather normal walking movement. If you child will probably be renting ice skates, then bring together a thicker pair of socks to wear on the thin set to give additional padding in the event the rented rink skates don’t fit perfectly or are well-worn. Check out our collection of Ice Hockey Skates for Adults and Kids! The middle of gravity could be lower down, maybe even below hip level. Allow ice skates on board a plane? Flights coming in from the colder areas of the globe crowd the airports at the time of year – envision the overwhelming sense of warmth and relaxation you get just as soon as you step out of the airplane! 039;s good for a 4 year old if she’s just beginning. As it is going to take me a year to break in a new pair of boots I bought a pair of dancing boots to replace them. When Jackson boots are brand new, they sometimes hurt: Even beginner-level boots that are intended to be thicker and more flexible (and also have more cushioning) than skates such as upper-level and advanced skaters may be a bit too rigid. If you would like to have bargains and save money, you can go to the Lower East Side. The middle of gravity could be lower down, maybe even below hip level. This gymnastics centre is huge and offers fun and innovative gymnastics training for many ages. 8: Caryn Kadavy, the most ideal skater in the 1980s with specialized deficiency 62mm Cyclone speed wheels Practice Intensely 5 images We provide ice skating classes for all ages. 35 we invested to purchase Ice Girl a spinner has paid off. Additionally, the one thing I tell Ice Girl until she competes is, “I adore you.” Everything (skate nicely, have fun, etc.) is too rich and she will start to overthink my phrases. Ice Girl gets her dumb axel pretty good today. When skating outdoors, one has to keep in mind that the ice is much thinner, and consequently weaker, in areas near river or pond edges due to vegetation and higher temperature. The snow white field blanketed by bleak skies is home to pond baseball- home to my special place of peace. And any grain that’s white was processed. Earplugs are worn by me. Once you get started airbrushing, after about 5 minutes that the tank has run out of pressure so the engine runs to fill it up and you jump when it strikes on. Inline skates with five wheels would be the top of the line when it comes to high speed and low friction. If you’re still having doubts about which type of ice skates you need to purchase, you can start out by renting a set in the regional skate rink to get 1 step closer to your preferred taste. Here you will see Picasso from the bathtub, getting a haircut, playing dress-up and horsing around with kids. Hi Peggy. I see you found your answer. 1 person found this useful What surface is used for figure skating? 16 at which the challenge will be to use the Layering Stencil:Embossing Technique that could be found on Page 50 of Tim’s Compendium of Curiosities III book along with my DT piece for Inspiration Journal where the struggle is Happy Holidays. The great thing about learning how to ice skate is you may do it at almost any age. The reality is, you can’t really keep pace that easily. Speed skates are designed to fast. If you’re planning the excursion with a limited budget, it would be wise to look for the best and cheapest choice. It is generally best to choose the make and model you would like and then search around for the best price.Internet site marketing and search engine optimization aren’t magical arts, it is a practice. Make sure that you purchase strong leather (never plastic) boots that have a fantastic instep and heel supports. Exteriors are usually made of Kevlar or even a mix of leather and synthetic substances. Boots made of synthetic leather are typically more comfortable to wear, but provide less foot support. Jackson Ultima Skates has grown to a complete line supplier, able to create blades and boots for beginner skaters to Olympic champions. The organization itself, Jackson Ulltima Skates is based in Canada, a nation famous for its cold winters and snowy weather. Sasha Cohen is the only girl skater in the current Winter Olympics who can perform a quadruple jump. I’ve reached that age that garments from my childhood are now ‘vintage’. This mall is remodeled in another five years, the present renovation occurring this annualy. There was a whole lot of girly woman squealing happening in my neck of the woods lately. I was doing okay for the first half an hour placing down the Rhythm Blues and Canasta Tango patterns, then a small girl did a lunge right out of my blind side while I was at a FI swing roll. An hour south west of Zurich places the beautiful city of Lucerne. 2600 when I took half an hour lessons. I’ve reached that age that garments from my childhood are now ‘vintage’. At this time I’m using the 9ks. Also CCM makes skates. Cruise ships have also improved drastically in the past few years and today are pretty much floating hotels, there’s an wonderful selection of activities you can do on board. I do not really remember all of the gifts we received over recent years. AT the top of the skate is where alot of skaters have diffucluties with. It has been a success in the day it started – finished 300,000 skaters glided across the ice in its first year of operation. As the graceful, the strong, and the wall-huggers made their way into the chairs, I grabbed my water bottle, spun the top off, and pushed out to centre ice. AT the top of the skate is where alot of skaters have diffucluties with. You ought to have the ability to just wiggle finger in the rear of the boot once the skater is tilted forward for a proper fit of a child. A number of your skate choices will obviously depend on the game that your child is planning on doing. Our Cosmos and Eclipse Volant are perfect blade options for novice to intermediate skaters. The grade of the blades is vital, and they are made from tempered steel, titanium and high-end chrome. Figure skating blades are clearly a very significant part a skater’s life. With an unwavering dedication to research, technology and design, John Wilson crafts its blades from the maximum steel quality to make the finest figure blade accessible. The lining is durable, the tongue ensures comfort and protection, the outsole helps with energy transfer, the footbed is moulded for support, the blade holder is so strong, and the runner is both sturdy and light. How many selections does the blade possess? Saint George and Cedar City both have growing airports using thousands of travelers that fly there too! Fish farming is the quickest External Fish Tank growing region of animal food generation, growing at a 6.6 % annual rate from 1970 to 2008, the F.A.. The molded shell signifiesthat feet are safe and there is plenty of support. In the event the skates are too large, your kid’s feet will slide around within them, leaving her with very little hands and no foot support. Reebok 6K Hounds tooth thoughts are intended to enhance the management of skaters during game. The Bauer Vapor XX or CCM PRO or what the model might be, isn’t the same skate as exactly what the general public are able to buy. I am the exact same weight and height I was at 14 years old. Natural ice is quite inconsistent; it can crack even once you believe it has enough thickness to accommodate your own weight. The more the kid skates, the longer they will develop their own style of skating and their own tastes for avoiding the ice safely. He is a family guy, with a new child on the way and exudes a natural aura of macho. Leg guards in hockey include pads to the knee and shin and a hard cover that shields the leg all the way down to the skate. This is sometimes a fantastic way to cultivate very satisfying relationships if peers are few and far between. Keep fighting the fantastic fight for mature skating wherever you’re. Are the mats in good form? Also on display are handmade weapons, historical instruments, and a rebuilt grave from Al-Qusais tombs. The bonfire lit finals will start at 5PM, and conclude with an awards ceremony and fireworks display. The reason for this, is that you’ll be unable to play hockey in skates using straps since it is a necessity to have laces and you may end up having to purchase another pair of skates! These brands make a number of the best skates on earth. A lot of men and women make it into Winter Park Ski Resort to become part of this important activity. Mom and skater also need to determine how big a commitment/investment that they would like to create. I want to purchase skates but the skates are pretty costly. Brakes are crucial, as is proper maintenance. Sit down and secure the skates as if you’re going to skate. These ice skates might be the start of something unique for all these women. The 1977 Christmas special episode is a fantastic example of Donny and Marie’s ability to equilibrium cutesy-poo costumes on this thin line between cute and nauseating. Sherry: My daughter’s coach also mentioned she appreciated getting thank you notes. Due to his high profile in the global cycling community, Kivilev’s passing elevated the helmet debate into the media spotlight. Kicked a soccer ball extremely high in the atmosphere to mix it to somebody, which ended up on somebody’s lunch, and that I was somewhat forced to fork over five dollars as courtesy. For youngsters just starting out in recreational skating, make sure you check out our adjustable skates. Last Sunday I took them out to the very first time and skated together. If you are looking to try racing inline skates for the very first time or want to discover a high-performance version for good efficiency, we have reviewed the very best inline speed skates. The squeeze test is unnecessary if you are buying off of the list we have put together under since we all know that these skates are the right stiffness. The boots are usually created from several layers of leather, which results in stiffness that offers incredible ankle support. The Soft-style and thermal boots are a normal selection for this particular level, but a basic, classic figure skate is also an excellent option, and will hold up for several seasons of skating. General Interest Jackson Ultima Women’s SoftSkate Figure Skates N/A Store Home Ask a Question Email a Friend Item Description Find your groove onto the ice when you wear the Jackson Ultima® Women’s SoftSkate Figure Skates. If your kid is showing more interest in the band or the chess group or the student choir, do not worry if you guessed they’d be lacing up ice skates or jogging track. Each winter provides many chances for ice climbers. Ice skates made of leather can be on the pricier end of this spectrum Help youngest child with prep Softer topline for added comfort 360 View Video Things to practice for hot upthings to operate on throughout ice period- jumps, spins, motions, programs Rotary cutter and cutting mat (optional) Skating Skills: Preliminary, Junior Bronze 12 Days of Christmas Winter months provide skiing, whilst summer time features plenty of world-class hiking trails. Make a decision how hundreds of days a 12 weeks want to possess towards visit your ideal prospective buyers. Winter outerwear. You do not need to bundle up heavily to get a photo shoot, but a bright hat, scarf, or pair of mittens may add a fantastic element to a photo. They have been in good shape, less expensive than a brand-new set and fit my foot really well. If dad is up for some contest, he’ll also require a trendy pair of men’s ice skates. Before making a determination, if you’d like to get the maximum value, then you truly have to do a bit of research. While other skates provide a little more relaxation, the JieKeHaiDao Professional Carbon inline speed skate will let you learn fundamental racing technique and achieve your very first racing success. He offered to move the blades but I decided to get used to the skates first and let my coach comment on them. Can it be O.K. to let the undergarment show or not? If you know your date is an art enthusiast, then it’s a good method to demonstrate that you are considering what they enjoy. Ice skating provides you a good aerobic exercise and can enhance your coordination and balance. A few specialist teams, however – mostly girls – make a fantastic living at the sport and men are beginning to take part in larger numbers in the 2010s, whereas they had previously made up the biggest part of the audiences. There are many entry level figure skates available for beginning and recreational skaters. Update: From reader PrettyBowtie: In my final fun skate, all the “newcomer” skaters (as in this was their very first solo skate in public) were provided a brooch to their coat. Together with the improvement of the technology, the down jacket will be more attractive and comfortable later on. We were regular weekend visitors to the fire station, and each of the firefighters knew us by name. Throughout the summer months, you’ll be able to find a production of Shakespeare in the Park every weekend in Central Park. You’ll also have to be in a strong position facing out of the circle. This makes it less of a job to get a child in need of weight reduction, and much more of a fun family activity that gets the extra plus of getting him moving. Anyhow, I am thinking that I need to go into business for myself. Maybe you’re thinking your kid needs to go to college first since they will never get ahead in life without a college degree. No matter your budget, if you’re into professional or recreational skating, Skate Guru can help you discover the ideal gear. Just like most sports, you may choose to select a less expensive version of some of the equipment until you determine whether the game is right for you. Know more than Ice Mother and want to write a guest post? Where to purchase inexpensive skates? For others who were not blessed with financial capability, they end up in improvising these equipments till now they can buy their private equipments.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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[^1]: Academic Editor: Fray Marshall	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
178 F.2d 920 Petition of SCHUETTE. No. 96, Docket 21467. United States Court of AppealsSecond Circuit. Argued Dec. 14, 1949.Decided Dec. 29, 1949. J. Vincent Keogh, United States Attorney, Brooklyn, N.Y., Frank J. Parker, Chief Assistant United States Attorney, and Edward S. Szukelewicz, Assistant United States Attorney, Brooklyn, N.Y., of counsel, for appellant United States of America. Before AUGUSTUS N. HAND, CHASE and CLARK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. 1 The order of the court below admitting the appellee to citizenship was entered on February 19, 1948. The amendment to Rule 73(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., changing the time within which an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals may be taken from three months to sixty days in cases where the United States is a party became effective on March 19, 1948. The government took no appeal until May 10, 1948, or about eighty-one days after the entry of the original order. It seeks to be excepted from the shortened time provided by the amendment for taking its appeal because of Rule 86(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which limits it to the time prescribed by the amendment except to the extent that in the opinion of the court the application of the shortened time to a 'particular action pending when the amendments take effect would not be feasible or would work injustice.' It is not claimed that the government was not aware of the new rule, but only that its activities were too numerous or its departments too busy to make a final decision whether to take the appeal prior to the time when it was finally taken. After the new rule became effective the government still had thirty days in which to make its decision and, as it knew the law and the facts, it was not in our opinion entitled to exemption from application of the new rule. It in fact waited for eighty-one days after the entry of the judgment, and about fifty-two days after the amendment to Rule 73(a) became effective, before acting. We can see no excuse for such a delay, and regard the situation as substantially different from that which we dealt with in McAllister v. Cosmopolitan Shipping Co., 2 Cir., 169 F.2d 4, where the application of the new rule would have given the appellant only about a week within which to take his appeal. The situation here resembles that in the case of Smith v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., 2 Cir., 174 F.2d 592, in which we declined to extend the appellant's time under Rule 86(b). 2 The appeal is accordingly dismissed.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Four busted in alleged TTC scam Police are still looking for two others, believed to be involved... Two current employees of the TTC have been charged in connection with an alleged scam at the TTC. In all, four people are facing charges, and police are looking for two others. Police claim the workers would allegedly use a company credit card to buy tools and then turn around and sell some of them, keeping others for their own personal use. And officers say the alleged scam stretched over several years. They've been charged with a slew of offences, including theft over 5 thousand dollars, fraud over 5 thousand dollars. Amadeo Cuschieri, 55, of Mississauga, has been charged with:1) Possession of Property Obtained by Crime Over $50002) Theft over $50003) Fraud Over $50004) Criminal Breach of Trust5) Conspiracy to commit an Indictable offence Maciej Zych, 49, of Mississauga, has been charged with:1) Possession of Property Obtained by Crime Over $50002) Conspiracy to commit an Indictable offence TTC spokesperson Brad Ross, says it was their own checks and balances that raised the red flags in the first place, saying the system is working. That being said, a memo obtained by Newstalk1010 shows there will changes coming to the TTC in the near future. Notice to All TTC Employees June 11, 2014 Dear Colleagues, I write to you today with profound disappointment of the news that three current and former TTC employees have been arrested and charged by Toronto police with very serious crimes, including: fraud over $5,000, theft over $5,000, conspiracy to commit an indictable offence and breach of trust. These arrests and charges come after a lengthy internal investigation by the TTC's own internal forces. The investigation into this matter continues, with more arrests and charges to follow. It is alleged that over the course of several years, these individuals stole, defrauded and attempted to circumvent TTC purchasing policies and authorities, harming our collective reputation and the public's trust of us in the process. I have given direction to my executive team that they are to offer any and all resources required by investigators to flush out others who may have been party to these crimes. If you have any information that may be of assistance, please call the Integrity Line at 1-866-840-5217 or go to clearviewconnects.com. Last summer, I announced the creation of the Integrity program to help root out those whose unethical actions harm this organization's collective reputation. While the investigation leading to today's announcement predates the Integrity program, I am convinced, more than ever, that the program must continue. But it must also be strengthened with a comprehensive Whistleblower Policy and a Code of Ethics. As such, I am announcing today that these two policies will be developed for my approval, as well as the TTC board's approval, and implemented this fall. I am also announcing today that mandatory ethics training for all supervisory and management staff be developed in consultation with the City of Toronto and the City Auditor General, also for implementation this fall. Finally, I am retaining the forensic audit firm PricewaterhouseCoopers to report directly to me on a review of contract controls, signing authority, and procurement practices and policies here at the TTC. The auditors will make recommendations to me on ways that we may further strengthen and make the necessary changes to protect the TTC and public funds. I will report on this review to you and the TTC board, also this fall. It is true that incidents like these are isolated and the systems we have in place to catch unethical and criminal behaviour work, as evidenced by today's arrests and the laying of criminal charges. But it is also true that when these incidents occur, the public's trust in us is eroded. That is patently unfair to each of you who come to work, day in and day out, serving the people of Toronto with pride and integrity. Building on that, together we must foster a TTC culture of an unwavering and absolute sense of ethics. I will keep you informed of these critical initiatives as each moves forward. I am heartened to be surrounded by so many professional, hardworking and dedicated people, such as you. I remain honoured to lead us on our journey of being a transit system that makes Toronto proud. Leave a comment: Reset Password Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account. Account E-mail: Becoming a member only takes 60 seconds! Members get access to exclusive information and products that non-members do not, including concert ticket presales, trips, advance notice on upcoming entertainment events, movie screening passes, music giveaways and more! Your GTA Sign Up For Breaking News Alerts Reset Password Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account. Account E-mail: Becoming a member only takes 60 seconds! Members get access to exclusive information and products that non-members do not, including concert ticket presales, trips, advance notice on upcoming entertainment events, movie screening passes, music giveaways and more!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Macron palus peaministril uue siseministri nimetamiseni ministri tööülesanded üle võtta. Collomb teatas juba septembris, et loobub siseministri ametikohast, sest tahab 2020. aastal kandideerida uuesti Lyoni linnapeaks. Sellest ajast alates on ta olnud surve all otsekohe ametist lahkuda. Ajalehe Le Figaro andmetel tahtis Collomb lahkuda juba üleeile, kuid Macron keeldus tagasiastumispalvet rahuldamast. «Rünnakute valguses ministri vastu alates sellest ajast, kui ta kinnitas kandideerimist, väljendas vabariigi president uuesti oma usaldust tema vastu ja palus tal jääda täielikult pühendunuks missioonile hoida Prantsusmaa turvalisena,» teatas presidendiamet uudisteagentuurile AFP. Collomb ütles eile pärast esialgse lahkumisavalduse tagasilükkamist, et kavatseb endiselt lahkuda, tekitades Prantsuse poliitilises eliidis segadust. «Gérard Collomb on uuesti tagasi astunud. Kui kauaks jääb see episood kestma?,» küsis paremäärmuslaste liider Marine Le Pen. Peaminister Édouard Philippe tühistas pärast presidendi palvet sekkuda kavandatud visiidi Lõuna-Aafrika Vabariiki, teatas peaministri kantselei. Collomb avaldas soovi ministriametist lahkuda ja kohalike valimiste kampaaniale keskenduda pärast Euroopa Parlamendi valimisi järgmise aasta mais. 71-aastame Collomb oli 16 aastat Lyoni linnapea, enne kui Macron veenis ta siseministriks hakkama. Collombi peetakse Macroni üheks lojaalsemaks ministriks ning tema valitsuse raskekaallaseks.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
In a conventional desktop blade system, a user desktop is coupled to a basic Ethernet switch using a thin protocol such as, for example, a remote desktop protocol (RDP). The switch provides mapping of the user desktop to a server blade. The switch is coupled to a plurality of server blades via a blade fabric that supports 10/100 Base-T access methods. The user desktop is a general-purpose computer with a central processing unit (CPU) running a single general-purpose operating system (e.g., DOS, Windows). The server blade operates a single general-purpose operating system on which one or more applications run. Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art through comparison of such systems with one or more aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
I like to know what makes people, flesh-and-blood human beings like me, tick. Just as I don’t always know why I do what I do, it comforts me to know that I’m not the only one floundering around for answers. Of course I can more readily identify with some reality show characters, and definitely not with others…like New Jersey housewife, Teresa Giudice. OMG! That woman needs to be locked up in a room with mirrored walls. She needs to take a long, hard look at herself. Maybe then she’ll find release from her permanent state of denial. I’m more interested in author J.K. Rowlings than in her blockbuster series of books about HARRY POTTER. I can’t get past the fact that she was living in poverty while writing her mega-hit. God bless her!…is all I can say. God bless her! She deserves the life she now enjoys. HGTV is one of my go-to channels, just as the FOOD Network is my daughter’s, and the HISTORY Channel is my husband’s. However, we have no problem sitting down to watch one another’s favorites. No problem at all. Thank goodness! One reality show I happened upon while surfing the channels one day was home remodeling as a form of therapy. The designer/host is Jeff Lewis. He’s not my favorite TV personality because he’s pretty arrogant and condescending toward others. Unfortunately his attitude seems to be a huge defense mechanism. He looks as though he needs someone to give him a great big bear hug, and never, never let go. That’s how emotionally needy he seems to me. Although I’m certain he would never admit it. How is it possible then that Jeff can dole out personal advice which gets homeowners out of the rut they’re in, so they can move on with their lives? I’m always amazed that his abrasive, “in-your-face,” hold nothing back, confrontational manner gets the right results…and the long-hoped for happy ending. EXCEPT. I repeat…EXCEPT that Jeff’s designs are always spot on. It’s very likely that the new environment Jeff creates for his clients enables them to look at life with fresh eyes. A recent example of Jeff’s success was with a couple who were most certainly headed to divorce court because of cats. Yes! Cats! Seven cats to be exact. Our daughter’s inherited my love of cats. Here she’s with Sunkist who has since gone to join her sister Fudgie in heaven. We still think of them. Now I love cats. Always have. My husband, on the other hand, never grew up with pets. Probably because there were 12 children in his family…more than enough mouths to feed without adding a few furry ones to the mix. Four decades later, and more than a dozen cats adopted into our household during that time, our marriage has never come close to imploding because of our feline children. In fact, my husband now calls our dog…our daughter, our 2 cats…our boys, and our daughter’s cat,…our grandkitty. Actually, he calls them MY daughter, MY sons, and MY grandkitty. In turn, I call them HIS. Whatever! They’re ours. …our grandkitty… Anyway, getting back to the reality show… The reason the homeowners have 7 cats is that the wife has made it her mission in life to rescue abandoned cats. Those for whom she wasn’t able to find homes ended up in hers. According to her husband, his wife’s compassion for the poor animals was what he found attractive. That is until the cats took over their house, including the master bedroom…and the family’s life. The clincher for interior designer Jeff in his determination to right the wrong he saw in this situation, was that the couple’s infant son was allergic to the cats. Viewers witnessed the child’s breathing from an oxygen tank after an episodic reaction. With the help of a rep from the local Humane Society and Jeff’s makeover in the garage where the cats would languish in the luxury of a space that was all their own, the wife was able to let go of her obsession and refocus her attention upon her human family. Throughout the show I could see how, over time, a person’s obsession with something, could totally overtake his life…to the exclusion of everything and everyone. An intervention seems necessary to pull that person back from the brink of falling off the cliff, mentally and physically. What form that intervention takes needs to be confrontational AND rewarding. The person needs to be able to give up something to get something he wants even more. Jeff was able to get his client to give up 3 of her cats, house the remainder in a comfortable environment for them and the family, and help her return to putting her son’s health, and her husband and 2 daughters…first. Whether or not I’m all present and accounted for, you seem always to be there…hovering…waiting…poised to pounce…when finally my fingers hit the keyboard once again, and my postings fly fast and furious. I’m only one of millions of bloggers who thrive on having our voices echo throughout cyberspace. Without visitors like you, storytellers like me would cease to exist. So please…take a bow…pat yourselves on the back…lift a glass of vintage bubbly, or chug-a-lug that amber draft…admire your magnificent reflection in the bathroom mirror…nibble on that sinful, chocolate-covered strawberry, or savor the delicate flavor of Russian caviar. Whatever makes you happiest…please…indulge. I may be a little rusty, not having done this for some time now. It doesn’t help that this challenge is a little tricky…making the foreground recede…into the background. Taking pictures just got…a whole lot harder. Having worked at TWA for several years, and in retailing and health insurance before that, I’ve become a stickler for great customer service. I’ve handled more complaints than I can recall AND done my fair share of complaining too. Never have I encountered the use of, or thought to use, reverse psychology, i.e….lavishing compliments that literally drip with sarcasm. I tip my hat to writer Arthur Hicks…complainer par excellence!!!And to Richard Branson of Virgin Atlantic fame, for bringing this to our attention. And, of course, to Marcia for having re-blogged it. Having once received what many regard as the world’s best complaint letter, I was tickled to see another brilliant note to a different airline.I phoned the customer who wrote the above note to apologise and thank him for his letter after he experienced a less than perfect culinary experience on board one of our planes. It is important to take customer feedback on board in order to improve – and also to be able to laugh at yourself. May I say how considerate it is of you to enable your passengers such an in-depth and thorough tour of the Caribbean. Most other airlines I have travelled on would simply wish to take me from point A to B in rather a hurry. I was intrigued that we were allowed to stop at not a lowly one or two but a magnificent six airports yesterday. And who wants to fly on the same airplane the entire time? We got to change and refuel every step of the way! I particularly enjoyed sampling the security scanners at each and every airport. I find it preposterous that people imagine them all to be the same. And as for being patted down by a variety of islanders, well, I feel as if I’ve been hugged by most of the Caribbean already. I also found it unique that this was all done on “island time,” because I do like to have time to absorb the atmosphere of the various departure lounges. As for our arrival, well, who wants to have to take a ferry at the end of all that flying anyway? I’m glad the boat was long gone by the time we arrived into Tortola last night — and that all those noisy bars and restaurants were closed. So thank you, LIAT. I now truly understand why you are “The Caribbean Airline.” P.S. Keep the bag. I never liked it anyway. As a colleague said: “I guess this is why LIAT is reputed to stand for Languishing In Airport Terminals!” But seriously, making customer service key to your company will keep your employees motivated and your customers happy. This in turn ensures enduring loyalty, business success and a better experience for everyone. Something I heard on a news show today. Not a surprising statement about the topic of discussion…Rush Limbaugh…conservative radio personality. My aversion to the man is akin to my total disgust for bed bugs. He and they…one and the same…as far as I’m concerned. Seems Limbaugh is losing significant financial support. Advertisers have bowed to the wishes of women and young folk who oppose Limbaugh’s attack against those with whom they identify. Remember college student Sandra Fluke who spoke out in support of contraceptive coverage by health insurers? On February 29, 2012, Rush Limbaugh labeled Sandra Fluke a “slut” and “prostitute” based on her speech before House Democrats. Fluke appeared to support mandating health insurers to cover contraceptive costs. Limbaugh stated:[30][31] “[Fluke] essentially says that she must be paid to have sex—what does that make her? It makes her a slut, right? It makes her a prostitute. She wants to be paid to have sex. She’s having so much sex she can’t afford the contraception. She wants you and me and the taxpayers to pay her to have sex.” Political figures, including President Obama and Republican House Speaker John Boehner, voiced disapproval of Limbaugh’s comments.[32] On March 3, Limbaugh apologized to Fluke for his comments, saying his “insulting word choices” were meant to be “humorous”, and that he never believed her to be a “slut” or a prostitute.[33][34] Fluke rejected the apology as dubious and inadequate.[35] What ballerina doesn’t dream of dancing the lead in these epic tales of romance and drama? But as we all know the fairy tale ending is that only one lucky princess gets the prince. The company’s remaining women dance supporting roles. While never the leading lady, my daughter has done her share of awesome dancing. She was especially honored to dance wonderful parts in pieces by guesting choreographers who hand-picked their dancers from among the company members. It became increasingly apparent to her, and others, that she was a natural in contemporary dance I had the rare opportunity to watch my daughter in dance classes while visiting NYC recently. She spent 6 weeks taking master classes at STEPS ON BROADWAY this summer. Master classes are not for the novice…or the faint of heart or mind. They are normally taught by dance notables. As an added bonus, my daughter’s instructors were directors of small and large contemporary dance companies. She experienced their high expectations first hand, while sizing up the competition. Naturally I’m prejudiced, but my daughter was among the handful of dancers who stood out in each class. Among my daughter’s fans were a couple of moms who also observed classes in which their daughters were dancing. One remarked to the other “That girl in the purple tank top is an amazing dancer.” To which her companion replied “I know. I’ve been watching her all week.” Smiling like the Cheshire cat in “Alice in Wonderland,” I didn’t let on that it was my daughter about whom they were speaking. The Russian woman who taught the daily ballet class my daughter took, praised and complimented her. The instructor loved having such a beautiful dancer in her class. Instructors in other classes made similar observations. Four were company directors who asked my daughter to keep in touch, a couple even asking that she send her resume and invited her to take class with their companies. The future looks bright and promising. My daughter is finalizing a Fall gig with a choreographer she greatly admires. In August she will audition to dance in a Broadway remake of “An American in Paris,” set to run during 2014-2015. And then, of course, she will be pursuing a dialogue with those artistic directors who thought she might be a good addition to their companies. At 27 with 11 years of professional ballet experience to her credit, my daughter is confidently heading toward a new horizon in her career as a dancer. I wish Catherine and William and their royal son…all the love with which my husband, daughter and me have been blest.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Poker Lessons for Entrepreneurs Everywhere you turn these days, you see poker. There are poker tournaments throughout the world, poker on ESPN, poker online, poker books galore, and poker articles in numerous major publications. And there are great stories from the World Series of Poker. In the 2005 main event, a former chiropractor from Australia beat out 5,619 people and won $7.5 million. In the 2004 tournament, Greg Raymer, an amateur and lawyer, won the event and $5 million. In 2003, a total unknown who had never played in a live tournament won the tournament and $2.5 million (the best part was his name — Chris Moneymaker, which is his real name). No other sport (and, yes, I know some people would scoff at the idea of poker being a “sport”) allows an amateur to participate and have a meaningful chance of winning. Could you beat Tiger Woods at golf? LeBron James at basketball? No way. But in poker any amateur with some experience has a legitimate shot at winning a big tournament. I find that poker can provide a number of lessons to entrepreneurs and startup businesses. Poker players have an abundance of catchy phrases, so let me set forth some of those phrases or principles and apply them to the startup world. “Trust Everyone, But Cut the Cards.” This is a poker adage that says there is nothing wrong with trusting other people, but make sure you protect yourself by cutting the cards. In business, there is nothing wrong with being cordial and trusting, but make sure that you are protected by appropriate contracts and deal terms. “If You Can’t Spot the Sucker at the Poker Table, Then It’s You.” An important element of being a great poker player is being able to read other people. Are they constant bluffers? Do they have some kind of “tell” that tips off other players whether they have a strong hand or not? As Chris Moneymaker said, “The beautiful thing about poker is that everybody thinks they can play.” In business, you should constantly observe the people with whom you do business. Know what is important to the other side. Listen more than talk. And don’t ever underestimate the opposition. “You’ve Got to Know When to Hold ’Em, Know When to Fold ’Em.” This phrase is often said either by a Kenny Rogers fan or a poker player who has no clue as to whether he should continue playing his hand or fold. In negotiations, you have to know when to keep pushing on a point, and when to give up and move on. Fighting every point won’t get you to a final deal unless you have tremendous leverage. Knowing what leverage you indeed have is crucial, but constantly assess how important any particular point is if it threatens closing the deal. “I’d Rather be Lucky Than Good.” This phrase is typically uttered by someone who is neither lucky nor good. In the long run, when all the luck is bled out of the equation, it’s skill that separates winning players from losing players. In business, you have to know what you are doing; you have to provide real value and you have to be reasonably priced — and then luck may follow. I’d like to share a few of my favorite “luck” quotes. “Poker is a combination of luck and skill. People think mastering the skill part is hard but they’re wrong. The trick to poker is mastering the luck.” (Jesse May) “In the long run, there is no luck in poker, but the short run is longer than most people know.” (Rick Bennet) “People would be surprised to know how much I learned about prayer from playing poker.” (Mary Austin) “I’m All In.” This refers to a player betting all of the money in front of him on his current hand. Many times, the bettor does not have the best hand; he may be bluffing, he may be on a good draw, or he may be only second-best. In the business world, you should bet all of your chips only when you are objectively supremely favored to win the bet. After all, losing an all-in bet in business can have devastating consequences. Make sure to recognize whether a particular decision you are making is in essence an “all in” bet. Analyze the decision in that way and then determine if you really want to take the risk. “Never Count Your Money in the Middle of a Hand.” Actually, there is nothing wrong with counting your money in the middle of a hand. You need to constantly assess how you are doing, whether in business or poker, and from that make meaningful bets or decisions on how to move forward. “Rocks and Grinders Don’t Get Big Paydays.” There is a class of poker players known as “rocks.” They play super safe. They only play hands that are very strong and they don’t take many risks. “Grinders” are players who sit patiently hour after hour waiting for the perfect opportunity. What they don’t realize is that if you keep your nose to the grindstone, you’re only bound to get a flat nose. Similarly, to be successful in business you must take chance s– playing it safe is not for innovators. Richard Harroch is a Managing Director and Global Head of M&A at VantagePoint Capital Partners, a large venture capital fund in the San Francisco area. His focus is on investing in Internet and Digital Media companies. He is the author of several books on startups and entrepreneurship. He was also the founder of several Internet companies. He is the co-author of Poker for Dummies and a Wall Street Journal bestselling book on small businesses. He was also a corporate partner at the law firm of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, with experience in startups, mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances, and venture capital.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Why does the op integer not change when the buttons are pressed? I'm new to python so this code is a mess but I have found a bug I can't fix. The program is meant to give you maths sums to solve and I was using buttons that sent an int as a value from 1 to 4 then that is tested in the guess function to generate the next question. The problem is that the int is not changing when the buttons are pressed and every sum is an addition one because it is set as 1 in the root. If anyone could help that would be great, thanks in advance! from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk from tkinter import messagebox from random import randint def plus(args): op = 1 def minus(args): op = 2 def times(args): op = 3 def divide(args): op = 4 def guess(args): try: numberguess = int(ans.get()) except ValueError: ask.set('That is not a number!') global number gdif = number - numberguess if gdif == 0: ask.set('You got it right!') global score sco = score.get() + 1 score.set(sco) result = messagebox.askquestion('', 'Next question') if result == 'yes': if top.get() == 0: noone = randint(1,10) notwo = randint (1,10) else: noone = randint(1,top.get()) notwo = randint(1,top.get()) ans_entry.focus() if op == 1: number = noone + notwo numb.set('What is ' + str(noone) + ' + '+ str(notwo) + '?') elif op == 2: number = noone - notwo numb.set('What is ' + str(noone) + ' - '+ str(notwo) + '?') elif op == 3: number = noone notwo numb.set('What is ' + str(noone) + ' x '+ str(notwo) + '?') elif op == 4: number = noone / notwo numb.set('What is ' + str(noone) + ' / '+ str(notwo) + '?') elif result == 'no': root.destroy() elif gdif>0: ask.set(ans.get() + ' is too low') elif gdif<0: ask.set(ans.get() + ' is too high') ans.set('') root = Tk() root.title('Maths Game') #window title mainframe = ttk.Frame(root, padding = '3 3 12 12') mainframe.grid(column = 0, row = 0, sticky = (N, W, E, S)) mainframe.columnconfigure(0,weight = 1) mainframe.rowconfigure(0, weight = 1) #organises grid well ans = StringVar() numb = StringVar() ask = StringVar() pts = StringVar() score = IntVar() top = IntVar() #sets as variables ans_entry = ttk.Entry(mainframe, width = 7, textvariable = ans) #defines guess entry ans_entry.grid(column = 2, row = 1, sticky = (W, E)) #places guess entry on grid ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable = numb).grid(column = 2, row = 2, sticky = (W, E)) #label ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable = ask).grid(column = 3, row = 1, sticky = (W, E)) #label ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable = score).grid(column = 3, row = 2, sticky = (E)) #label ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable = pts).grid(column = 4, row = 2, sticky = (W, E)) ttk.Button(mainframe, text = 'Answer', command = guess).grid(column = 3, row = 3, sticky = (W, E)) #guess button top_entry = ttk.Entry(mainframe, width = 3, textvariable = top) top_entry.grid(column = 3, row = 4, sticky = (E)) ttk.Button(mainframe, text = '+', command = plus).grid(column = 1, row = 5, sticky = (W, E)) ttk.Button(mainframe, text = '-', command = minus).grid(column = 2, row = 5, sticky = (W, E)) ttk.Button(mainframe, text = 'x', command = times).grid(column = 3, row = 5, sticky = (W, E)) ttk.Button(mainframe, text = '/', command = divide).grid(column = 4, row = 5, sticky = (W, E)) for child in mainframe.winfo_children(): child.grid_configure(padx=5, pady=5) #pads grid nicely ans_entry.focus() #cursor starts in box root.bind('<Return>', guess) #binds entry key to guess button noone = randint(1,10) notwo = randint (1,10) number = noone + notwo numb.set('What is ' + str(noone) + ' + '+ str(notwo) + '?') right = False sco = 0 score.set(sco) pts.set(' points') one = 10 op = 1 root.mainloop() #launches main code A: Because op is a local variable in every function. You should add global op: def plus(*args): global op op = 1 . . . But be aware that this is a very sub-optimal way of doing it. It makes much more sense to have a class, then have these functions as its methods. That way they will all have access to the op variable without it having to be a global.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
On last night's episode, People's Revolution fired an assistant for drinking on the job, Stephanie V. got the ax soon after, and then their replacement was canned hours after being hired, for Tweeting about being in the office. The tone was set at the beginning of the episode, when Kelly—who was wearing a muumuu (which, BTW, I love)—observed Stephanie and Elide fucking up and said, "I just want to make this really clear about seniority here. I see a lot of girls that are like, dressed pretty…and I see the senior team really, really struggling. You seem real happy and healthy and we don't. And it should be the other way around, frankly. You guys should be the tired ones, and we should be on our way to lunch." Later, the company hosted an event in the Hamptons for one of its clients, and Elide and Stephanie got drunk on the free booze. After that, Page Six reported that someone broke into the booze supply at the party and stole a bunch of it. It turned out that the thief had a connection to Elide. Ultimately, Kelly didn't want to fire her, but left the decision up to Robin and Emily, as she was taking her daughter to a Jonas Brothers concert. On the way to the show, Kelly explained the situation to her 7-year-old daughter. And then Elide was fired. Stephanie V. totally knew she was in deep shit, so she actually approached the senior staff, told them she knew she was about to get fired, and offered to make it easier for them by confronting the situation, and preparing a list of all the things she had been working on, so that someone else could take over. Robin and Emily still couldn't suppress their frustration with Stephanie, and requested to have a meeting with her to tell her how they feel and to confirm that she was, indeed, fired. I have to say that Stephanie seemed to handle it a lot better than she did any of her clerical tasks, but for some reason, they didn't want to acknowledge that. While Kelly and the rest of the senior staff were in London for Fashion Week, they left it up to the assistants to hire replacements for Elide and Stephanie. They ended up offering the job to one of the girls they interviewed, but then immediately fired her after they discovered that she'd been Tweeting about her experience in the office.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: AWS Static web hosting - tedious to update site I'm using AWS to host a static website. Unfortunately, it's very tedious to upload the directory to S3. Is there any way to streamline the process? A: Have you considered using AWSCLI - AWS Command Line Interface to interact with AWS Services & resources. Once you install and configure the AWSCLI; to update the site all that you need to do is aws s3 sync s3://my-website-bucket /local/dev/site This way you can continue developing the static site locally and a simple aws s3 sync command line call would automatically look at the files which have changed since the last sync and automatically uploads to S3 without any mess. To make the newly created object public (if not done using Bucket Policy) aws s3 sync s3://my-website-bucket /local/dev/site --acl public-read The best part is, the multipart upload is built in. Additionally you sync back from S3 to local (the reverse)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Thursday, August 27, 2015 What Can 'Blue' Do For You? When it comes to parcel delivery in the U.S., many supply chain managers have an instinctive reaction that includes just two sources – FedEx and UPS. While this may be fine with the “duopoly,” it overlooks a significant competitor who can provide the two corporate giants with some much-needed competition, and give shippers an edge over their own competition. Instead of just Brown and Purple, think “Blue,” as in red, white and blue, the familiar (and oft-maligned) United States Post Office. FedEx and UPS do – they use Post Office trucks for “last mile” delivery on a regular basis, taking advantage of the ubiquity of the USPS delivery trucks. “We hit every address in the country, six days a week,” said Dennis Nicoski, manager of field service and contracts for USPS, speaking to Supply Chain Brain. Historically, first class mail was the backbone of Post Office revenue, but Nicoski was frank about the prospects of that stream for the future. “We don’t expect first class to come back, with electronic bill payment and email. The Post Office needs package service to stay viable.” The Post Office has worked to upgrade their small package offerings, with major investments in improving tracking and shipment visibility in the last five years. They proactively added Sunday delivery last holiday season to keep up with surging demand, at a time when the duopoly was getting slammed for late deliveries. The USPS efforts received a boost when FedEx and UPS went to DIM weight pricing for all their shipments, amounting to a major backdoor price increase. “We’ve seen packages shift to us,” said Nicoski. “We had a very successful 2014,” with an 18 percent increase in volume over 2013. “We’re very well prepared for 2015 (holiday shipping).” Looking ahead, USPS is sketching out the mailbox of the future, which could include features such as larger size, temperature control, and “smart” electronic notification. There’s no need to wait for an uncertain future to expand your horizons on small packages. When considering B2C service, why not see what Blue can do for you? Kirk ShearerPresidentTOTALogistixwww.totalogistix.com800-989-0054 x103 About TOTALogistix TOTALogistix is a privately held corporation headquartered in Sparta, NJ. We helped define the Third Party Logistics Industry in 1991. Today we provide a wide spectrum of transportation and related supply chain management services to manufacturers, retailers and distributors throughout North America. In our 20+ years in business, we’ve saved money for nine out of ten companies whose transportation we’ve analyzed. We’re confident we can do the same for you. Improving logistics performance starts here.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Microbes Munch on Old Carbon Live microbes munch on old carbon according to geochemist Steven Petsch who found micro-organisms embedded in shale samples collected near Clay City Kentucky. According to a report in Science News, vol 159, p198, 31 March 2001, the micro-organisms contained very little carbon 14. According to current theory anything over 60,000 years contains little carbon 14 because half of it decays every 5,730 years. Petsch concluded that the living bacteria had survived by eating an oily substance formed from algae and bacteria buried in rocks, which he believed to be 365 million years old. Editorial Comment: Lack of carbon 14 could actually indicate they were eating materials formed in the world when there was very little radioactive Carbon around. Since Carbon 14 is formed when the atmosphere is bombarded with harmful high energy radiation, we must remember that prior to Noah’s flood the earth had better protection from radiation. (See Genesis 1:6-8) Animals and plants buried during the flood which became oil and coal since then would therefore contain very little carbon14. (ref. Noah, C14, microbes)	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[Chemotherapy of elderly patients with colorectal cancer]. Elderly patients will be the largest group of oncology patients in the future. Because of minimal participation of older patients in randomized clinical trials there is a lack of evidence-based data to make correct decisions with regard to chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy in this age group. Elderly patients have similar benefits from systemic therapies as younger counterparts, but many elders have substantial co-morbidities, which may limit the life expectancy and the effectiveness of systemic therapy. Close collaboration between oncologists and geriatrists will help make decisions on the management of elderly patients suffering from cancer.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Call to undefined function curl_init() error with WAMP I know that it's a very often asked problem, but I've tried all that I found and it still doesn't work. I use WAMP 2.2 on Windows 7 (64 bits), and PHP 5.4.3. When I call curl_init() in localhost, I've this error message : Call to undefined function curl_init() What I've done : Check php_curl in PHP extensions of WAMP Restart WAMP many times Remove ; before extension=php_curl.dll in my two php.ini files Check extension_dir = "c:/wamp/bin/php/php5.4.3/ext/" in my two php.ini files Restart WAMP many times Change the DLL for this supposedly corrected DLL http://www.anindya.com/php-5-4-3-and-php-5-3-13-x64-64-bit-for-windows/ Restart WAMP many times And when I call php_info(), I cannot find curl... A: Go to this link download php_curl-5.4.3-VC9-x64.zip under "Fixed curl extensions:" and replace the php_curl.dll in ext folder. This worked for me. A: Do as 4life suggests, but make sure you get the dll called php_curl-5.4.3-VC9-x64.zip do not try to use the one called php_curl-5.4.3-nts-VC9-x64.zip WAMP requred Thread Safe dll's and the -nts- stands for Not-Thread_Safe	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Anti-Trump backlash drove voters to the polls, leading to historic gains for the Democrats. The Virginia state legislature will undergo a huge culture change, as a lot of old white dudes were replaced by the legislature's first out Lesbian, first two Latina women, first Asian-American woman, first Democratic Socialist, and the first openly transgender legislator to be elected in America. (This last legislator, Danica Roem, will likely garner most of the attention from this group, and for good reason: not every state legislator attends the American Music Awards with Demi Lovato, and GOP legislators are being forced to deal with gendered titles and pronouns, probably for the first time in their lives.) After a number of close races, the election ended with the GOP holding onto a slim majority at 51-49. However, some races are still undecided. Over in the 94th District, incumbent David Yancey has only a 10-vote (!) lead over Democratic challenger Shelly Simonds. The 28th is the biggest mess. Republican Bob Thomas is ahead of Democrat Joshua Cole by 82 votes, but some voters in the district apparently got the wrong ballot. (Thanks to incredibly stupid election laws, voter precincts don't always overlap with House districts. See this VPAP overview if you want to understand how this works.) The state Board of Elections has just certified the results of the last of these elections, so we can move on to the recount/challenge phase. What's at stake here? The outcomes of these three contested elections will determine which party controls one of the houses of Virginia's bicameral (two-house) legislature. The House of Delegates has 100 members, and it’s been skewed heavily towards the GOP in past years – in 2017, it was 66 to 34 for the Republicans. Again, the GOP lead is now down to 51 to 49. And, if a single one of the three contested election results are reversed at any point, the house would be evenly divided. That’s happened at least once before in the chamber’s history, and both parties worked out a power-sharing arrangement, with co-Committee Chairs and shared speaker duties. Over in the Senate, legislators get four-year terms, so their next election isn’t until 2019. But that house also has just a narrow Republican majority, 21-19. So what can happen to change the GOP majority? A bunch of things can change the House of Delegates math, actually. There are at least four ways that the Democrats could block the Republicans from controlling the chamber: 1. Recounts Virginia state law allows losing candidates to request a recount, as long as they lost by less than 1% of the total votes cast. You don't need a lot of math to realize that all three of the contested races fall within that margin. Still, Hugo and Thomas probably have little to worry about here; it's unlikely that a recount will turn up enough miscounted or discounted votes to overcome their lead. Yancey, on the other hand, is SUPER vulnerable. We last saw a recount for the 2013 Attorney General election; there election officials found ~750 more Democratic votes statewide. Based on that math, finding more than 10 new votes for Democrats in a single district is certainly possible. In fact, insiders say Democratic votes are more likely to be found in recounts. (This is probably due to demographics; Democrats are more likely to claim poor, young, and inexperienced voters.) The 2013 recount took place over two days in mid-December, so we'll probably know the recount outcomes before the legislative session starts in January. 2. Contest in the house Our endlessly inventive Virginia election laws also allow losing candidates to contest the election in the General Assembly. It’s not clear if this has ever happened before, so it's hard to know exactly how this would proceed. But the state code allows for such a challenge to be overseen by the House's Committee on Privileges and Elections. If the chamber remains Republican-controlled, it's unlikely the contest will go anywhere. But under a power-sharing arrangement, things could get more interesting. 3. Court challenges Democrats will most likely look to the courts for the 28th district, where voters were assigned the wrong ballots. Still, only about 80 votes seem to be at question here. Surely not all of them voted Democratic, so it's unlikely the Democrats could generate enough votes from these folks even if they were allowed to submit new ballots. The Democrats might instead try to get the original results thrown out and demand a special election. But they would have to find judges willing to interfere with election outcomes, which they are generally reluctant to do. The bottom line: these court challenges are less about the legal arguments made, and more about the politics of the situation. Will any Virginia judges be willing to wade into partisan politics and "overturn" an election? My guess is no, but we’ll see soon. 4. Political appointments One final method that the Democrats could use: Governor-Elect Ralph Northam has a lot of jobs to fill in his administration. Some Republicans are worried he could try to change the legislature's math by offering plum spots to Republican Delegates or Senators. At the same time, the Governor has to be careful not to pull a legislator out of a weak Democratic district. Northam's transition team may not end up affecting this year’s legislature much. (His predecessor, Terry MacAuliffe, only created one special election through appointment, and that wasn’t until August.) But remember that being a state legislator is only a part-time job; administration appointments can be lucrative, as well as allowing significant contributions to public service. Everyone will be eying the work of his transition team very closely. Why do we care? This is fascinating for political junkies for sure. But there are real policy consequences stemming from partisan control. For example, Republicans have blocked Medicaid expansion for years; so 400,000 Virginians who could have health insurance should care greatly about which party runs the legislature. Laws covering reproductive rights, gun regulations, and the environment all depend on whether or not they can get through committees. So there’s a lot at stake. The next few weeks will determine what happens. Stay tuned.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
NSG Website Hacked; Why India Should Strengthen Cyber Security Despite India government’s attempts to strengthen its existing counter cyber attack mechanism, state sponsored cyber criminals have once again launched attacks on government establishment. In the latest attempt to malign the image of country’s most strategic organization, suspected Pakistan-affiliated operatives on Sunday hacked the official website of the elite National Security Guard (NSG) and defaced it with anti-India content. According to reports, the hacking attempt was noticed early on Sunday and the URL - www.nsg.gov.in - was blocked soon after by the counter-terror force from its headquarters in New Delhi. The hackers, identifying themselves as ‘Alone Injector’, posted the offensive content on the site’s home page. This is the fresh attempt of state sponsored cyber attack in 2017. Several strategic private, public and government organizations witnessed massive cyber attacks in 2016. In December, hacker group legion targeted Congress vice-president Rahul Gandhi’s and the party’s official Twitter handles. Days later, Twitter accounts of a few prominent journalists were also targeted by the same group. The state sponsored cyber wars have turned ugly and India is always on the radar of cyber crooks. Notably, there is a sudden spike in the alleged Pakistan sponsored cyber attacks after surgical strike in PoK in October. Earlier in the same year, a malicious software named ‘Locky ransomware’ targeted computer systems in the Mantralaya in the state of Maharashtra in May. The malware reportedly infected 150 computer systems, mostly in Revenue, Public Works Department and some isolated computers in other departments. According to reports, a group of Pakistani hackers - the Pakistan Haxors Crew - has claimed that it had defaced over 7,000 Indian websites after India launched surgical strike in PoK. The websites targeted include the official website of the National Green Tribunal and Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation. According to information from the communication and information technology ministry, over 1000 government websites have been hacked between January, 2010, and December, 2015 including Assam Police, Sarva Siksha Abhijan Mission and Directorate of Elementary Education, IRS, nstitute of Management Studies (IMS) to name a few. Taking a serious note of rising cyber crime incidents, the government is now mulling a review of the existing Information Technology (IT) Act to strengthen the current cyber security infrastructure in the country. The new amendments aimed at building a strong cyber security framework to address the security challenges as the country is rapidly heading towards digital economy. In a wake of rising cyber attacks on financial institutions, a digital payment section has been created in CERT-In, an agency which monitors the Internet traffic on a real time basis given the ongoing momentum in cashless payments in the country. All digital payment firms have been asked to report any unusual movement immediately to CERT. To strengthen cyber security, the IT ministry has recently approved 26 new posts in CERT-Inand five State CERTs. According to the reports, two major initiatives to curb cyber crime – the BotNet Centre and the National Cyber Coordination Centre will also be expedited and are expected to come up before the end of this financial year. While many believe CIO's role is evolving and that he's occupying a key place in the boardroom, a recent study brings to light that more than half of the CIO, CTO or IT admin staff (55%) are not thanked by colleagues for carrying out essential IT tasks on their behalf.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Words can’t describe how sick this makes me. KARACHI (AFP) – The lifeless bodies of two tiny babies are being given their final bath before burial in Karachi, after they were left to die in the southern Pakistani city’s garbage dumps. “They can only have been one or two days old,” says volunteer worker Mohammad Saleem, pointing at the two small corpses being gently washed by his colleagues at a charity’s morgue. In the conservative Muslim nation, where the birth of children outside of marriage is condemned and adultery is a crime punishable by death under strict interpretations of Islamic law, infanticide is a crime on the rise. …The number of dead infants found last year — 1,210 — was up from 890 in 2008 and 999 in 2009, says the Edhi Foundation manager in Karachi, Anwar Kazmi. Kazmi recounts the discovery of the burnt body of a six-day-old infant who had been strangled. Another child was found on the steps of a mosque having been stoned to death on the orders of an extremist imam who has since disappeared, he says.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
In the development of integrated electronic circuits it is important to verify proper operation before committing a design to an expensive build process. Such verifications may include extracting parasitic circuit information such as capacitance, resistance and inductance. As chips become larger and more complex, time required for performing such extractions may also increase. Therefore, for advanced processes it may be desirable to be able to incrementally extract parasitic information. That is, if a designer changed only a portion of the design and a previous complete extraction exists, it may be desirable to extract only the portion of the design that is affected by the designer's change and merge these results with the previously existing complete extraction. A potential problem of incremental extraction is that the relationship between the incremental portion and the rest of the chip may not be preserved. For instance, if only a few shapes of a net are changed and re-extracted, knowing where to insert the changed portion into the original circuit description/netlist of the changed net may be difficult. Similarly, if the new shapes capacitively couple to the old/existing shapes, exactly where to connect in the netlist of the old shapes may be difficult to determine.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Sensors are used to determine and monitor status and conditions of equipment and the environment at that equipment. For example, a sensor may be used to monitor temperature, humidity, atmosphere at an environment or other ambient conditions. Other sensors are used to monitor physical parameters of equipment, and the status of the equipment itself, including determining strain, vibration, and development of cracking. Sensors also may be used to log data. Powers et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,381,136 (1995) describe a remote logger unit for monitoring a variety of operating parameters along a fluids distribution or transmission system. An RF link is activated by which a logger unit alerts a central controller when predetermined operating limits are exceeded. Farther logger units transmit data via closer logger units in daisy chain fashion. Arms in U.S. Pat. No. 6,588,282 (2003) describes peak strain linear displacement sensor for monitoring strain in structures. The device records data and can report strain history for the structure to which it is attached. A displacement sensor is constrained so that it shows maximum movement in one direction resulting in deformation of the structure to which it is attached. Hamel et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,081,693 (2006) and 7,170,201 (2007) describe devices for powering a load by harvesting energy as electrical energy from an ambient source, storing said electrical energy, and switching the storage device to provide electrical energy when required to a load such as a sensor. The example is provided of powering a sensor for monitoring tire pressure and transmitting that data. Arms et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,696,621 (2010) and in a conference presentation, “Wireless Strain Sensing Networks,” 2nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Munich, Germany, Jul. 7-9, 2004, describe a RFID tag packaging system for an electronic device located within a cavity in an adjacent flexible material. The dimensions of the flexible material are chosen so as to provide protection of the electronic device from loading applied to the device. A preferred approach to maintenance is “Condition-Based Maintenance” (CBM). Equipment downtime, both scheduled and unscheduled, is an important factor of production loss. In addition, according to a study by Optimal Maintenance Decisions Inc. (OMDEC), a leader in condition-based maintenance (CBM) management solutions, failures in the field are three times more costly to repair (considering overtime, rescue, and expedited shipping of parts) than scheduled (or preventive) maintenance operations. Hence, CBM is replacing preventive maintenance in many industrial operations as a result of gains in productivity. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is a maintenance system prevalent in industrial mining and energy operations. CBM monitors equipment to establish an optimal maintenance cycle (based on the predictions of when a machine will fail using strain and vibration measurements, for example). While preventive maintenance repairs machinery every given time period, even if the machine is still operational, CBM can extend that time period. The optimal maintenance cycle determines the best time to shut down a machine for preventive repair. Finding the balance between repairing often and continuing to produce is the tricky part. As an example, strain and fatigue measurements reveal risks of yield failures and cracking, changes in material properties, and remaining equipment life, making them incredibly useful for CBM if monitored. In the mining industry, strain and vibration are not generally monitored by built-in systems, mainly due to the complexity of sensor installation and computational intensity of the data processing. CBM relies heavily on regular or continuous measurements of parameters that allow operators to determine when the machine will fail (i.e. strain and vibration). Electronic sensors measure physical quantities (such as strain, temperature, acceleration, crack propagation, pressure, etc.) and convert them into signals read by an instrument (the reader varies depending on the type of sensor). For example, strain gauges consist of a foil pattern (often in a tight zigzag) insulated in a flexible material and attached to an object under strain. As the object deforms, the resistance of the foil wires changes, allowing a Wheatstone bridge circuit (a measuring instrument used to measure an unknown electrical resistance) to record the variations. Unfortunately, existing CBM solutions have been historically inaccurate, are expensive or non-viable, and/or produce poor signal transmission and short battery life. CBM's reliance on high data volume dictates a need to monitor continuously (or at least often) strain and loading. To understand fully a machine's state requires monitoring of cracks and crack growth. However, monitoring the hundreds of machines used every day in a mining operation requires many sensors and many more wires, which are difficult and expensive to install and maintain. Many solutions have not reliably predicted when a machine will fail. This parameter is probably the most important when it comes to CBM, since CBM relies on accurate predictions of failure. The inability to predict correctly when a machine will fail can have grave consequences on unplanned downtime as well as operator safety. Some solutions offer accurate predictions, but at high costs, whether in the stages of installation and setup, longevity and data collection, or analysis and data post-processing. Yet other solutions offer poor signal transmission due to low range or lack of direct line of sight. Power supplies dictate operating conditions and longevity of the solution. Most solutions require too much power to operate for long periods of time, or are too delicate to operate in the harsh conditions of mining operations. Conditions can include extreme temperatures, constant vibration, and quick acceleration.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
A widely held hypothesis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is that it represents fatal sleep apnea due to a maturational defect in brainstem neural circuits controlling respiration during sleep. This hypothesis is based upon the consistent association of silent death to sleep periods in SIDS victims. Developmental mechanisms are implied by the unique age range of SIDS, with a peak at 2 - 4 months, a critical time in the maturation of respiratory and sleep patterns. Yet, proof of a brainstem defect is not forthcoming, because qualitative abnormalities have not been detected and quantitative abnormalities have not been consistent. We propose that the developmental brainstem defect in SIDS is quantitative and requires sophisticated morphometrics for its proof. Our aim is to test this hypothesis through the rigorous quantitation of morphological and neurochemical parameters of astrocyte and neuron maturation. We will use quantitative cytoarchitectonics to assess the number of reactive astrocytes and number and size of neuron subclasses in brainstem nuclei related and unrelated to the control of respiration and sleep. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded brainstems, primarily from the Valdes-Dapena/Tildon collaborative study of the seven tissue markers of chronic hypoxemia, will be used in these studies. Sophisticated computer programs for quantitation and analysis of the number and size of cell subtypes in serial sections in 2- and 3-dimensions will be employed. We will use quantitative autoradiography to map the distribution of postsynaptic receptors as a probe of neurochemical development for neurotransmitters postulated to play a major role in respiratory and sleep regulation. Frozen brainstem specimens collected by us from a network of donating pathologists and medical examiners will be used in these studies. Autoradiographic and computer methodologies will be used for quantifying and analysing the anatomical distribution of receptor densities in 2- and 3-dimensions and correlating these findings with the results from the quantitative cytoarchitectonics. The rigorous quantitative methods proposed here have the potential to resolve many of the controversies concerning claims of morphologic and neurochemical abnormalities in the SIDS brainstem. While not directly explaining the cause of SIDS, a rigorously verified brainstem abnormality would provide a crucial lead. The establishment of normative standards about human brainstem maturation based upon the control specimens form a significant part of this study.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Q: gdb doesn't give a backtrace when a breakpoint is reached but it is specified in the commands file I'm trying to get a backtrace when a line in the C code is reached. I feed the command file to gdb and it works except for when it reaches the breakpoint nothing happens. I am using Debian Testing with the gdb version 9.1-3 my code is compiled with the CFLAGS: -Og -g3 -m32 -gdwarf-4 -fvar-tracking-assignments -w gcc version is (Debian 9.3.0-10) 9.3.0 using other versions of dwarf doesn't seem to make any difference. The file of commands I am including is : set confirm off set pagination off set logging file gdbrogue.txt set logging overwrite on set logging on set breakpoint pending on #set trace-commands on directory /home/me/src/github/rogue-54-for-rogomatic symbol-file -readnow /usr/local/bin/rogue skip file hardscroll.c skip file hashmap.c skip file lib_addch.c skip file lib_addstr.c skip file lib_clreol.c skip file lib_erase.c skip file lib_getch.c skip file lib_move.c skip file lib_mvcur.c skip file lib_refresh.c skip file lib_touch.c skip file lib_tparm.c skip file lib_tputs.c skip file lib_winch.c skip file lib_window.c skip file tty_update.c skip function look skip function msg skip function read skip function unctrl skip function __kernel_vsyscall define my_prt_mlist set $current = mlist while ($current > 0) printf "curr %p prev %p next %p\n", $current, $current->l_prev, $current->l_next printf " t_type %c\n", $current->t_type printf " t_pos.y %d t_pos.x %d\n", $current->t_pos.y, $current->t_pos.x if ($current->t_dest > 0) printf " t_dest->y %d t_dest->x %d\n", $current->t_dest->y, $current->t_dest->x end set $current = $current->l_next end end break chase.c:32 if (level == 7) commands printf "player(y,x) (%d,%d)\n", player.t_pos.y, player.t_pos.x my_prt_mlist end break chase.c:455 if (level == 7) commands printf "player(y,x) (%d,%d)\n", player.t_pos.y, player.t_pos.x my_prt_mlist backtrace full end while (level < 7) next end while (level == 7) step end while (level > 7) next end the ouput shows the break being reached but no backtrace shows up? roomin (cp=0x582403cc) at chase.c:445 445 roomin(coord cp) { 452 if (((cp->x > MAXCOLS) \|\| (cp->y > MAXLINES)) \|\| 454 msg("in some bizarre place (%d, %d)", unc(cp)); Breakpoint 2, roomin (cp=0x582403cc) at chase.c:455 455 return NULL; do_chase (th=0x5823ede0) at chase.c:142 142 door = (chat(th->t_pos.y, th->t_pos.x) == DOOR); Any ideas what I am doing wrong here or is this a gdb/gcc bug? I have looked for similar problems and answers, but none seem to have this specific issue. Thanks! :) A: Ok, after some various trials and reading I have finally gotten at least a modified version of the above script to work. It seems that the while loops of nexts and steps override any asking of output. When I removed the loops at the end the listing the backtrace does show up. new gdb script set confirm off set pagination off set logging file gdbrogue.txt set logging overwrite on set logging on set breakpoint pending on #set trace-commands on directory /home/me/src/github/rogue-54-for-rogomatic symbol-file -readnow /usr/local/bin/rogue skip file hardscroll.c skip file hashmap.c skip file lib_addch.c skip file lib_addstr.c skip file lib_clreol.c skip file lib_erase.c skip file lib_getch.c skip file lib_move.c skip file lib_mvcur.c skip file lib_refresh.c skip file lib_touch.c skip file lib_tparm.c skip file lib_tputs.c skip file lib_winch.c skip file lib_window.c skip file tty_update.c skip function look skip function msg skip function read skip function unctrl skip function __kernel_vsyscall define my_prt_mlist set $current = mlist while ($current > 0) printf "curr %p prev %p next %p\n", $current, $current->l_prev, $current->l_next printf " t_type %c\n", $current->t_type printf " t_pos.y %d t_pos.x %d\n", $current->t_pos.y, $current->t_pos.x if ($current->t_dest > 0) printf " t_dest->y %d t_dest->x %d\n", $current->t_dest->y, $current->t_dest->x end set $current = $current->l_next end end break chase.c:453 if (level == 7) commands my_prt_mlist backtrace full end cont File hardscroll.c will be skipped when stepping. File hashmap.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_addch.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_addstr.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_clreol.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_erase.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_getch.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_move.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_mvcur.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_refresh.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_touch.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_tparm.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_tputs.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_winch.c will be skipped when stepping. File lib_window.c will be skipped when stepping. File tty_update.c will be skipped when stepping. Function look will be skipped when stepping. Function msg will be skipped when stepping. Function read will be skipped when stepping. Function unctrl will be skipped when stepping. Function __kernel_vsyscall will be skipped when stepping. Breakpoint 1 at 0x5662b9a7: file chase.c, line 454. Breakpoint 1, roomin (cp=0x577483cc) at chase.c:454 454 msg("in some bizarre place (%d, %d)", unc(*cp)); curr 0x577483c0 prev (nil) next 0x57748480 t_type Z t_pos.y 18 t_pos.x 8 t_dest->y 10 t_dest->x 19 curr 0x57748480 prev 0x577483c0 next 0x57747dc0 t_type S t_pos.y 8 t_pos.x 19 t_dest->y 10 t_dest->x 19 curr 0x57747dc0 prev 0x57748480 next 0x57746de0 t_type S t_pos.y 9 t_pos.x 65 t_dest->y 10 t_dest->x 19 curr 0x57746de0 prev 0x57747dc0 next 0x57748300 t_type C t_pos.y 10 t_pos.x 8 t_dest->y 542792192 t_dest->x 18 curr 0x57748300 prev 0x57746de0 next 0x577482a0 t_type B t_pos.y 10 t_pos.x 47 curr 0x577482a0 prev 0x57748300 next 0x577481e0 t_type Z t_pos.y 10 t_pos.x 30 curr 0x577481e0 prev 0x577482a0 next 0x57748120 t_type R t_pos.y 10 t_pos.x 29 curr 0x57748120 prev 0x577481e0 next 0x577480c0 t_type O t_pos.y 12 t_pos.x 37 curr 0x577480c0 prev 0x57748120 next 0x57748060 t_type I t_pos.y 12 t_pos.x 39 curr 0x57748060 prev 0x577480c0 next 0x57747fa0 t_type Z t_pos.y 11 t_pos.x 43 curr 0x57747fa0 prev 0x57748060 next 0x57746c00 t_type H t_pos.y 10 t_pos.x 45 curr 0x57746c00 prev 0x57747fa0 next 0x57746d80 t_type I t_pos.y 18 t_pos.x 15 curr 0x57746d80 prev 0x57746c00 next (nil) t_type L t_pos.y 5 t_pos.x 22 #0 roomin (cp=0x577483cc) at chase.c:454 rp = <optimized out> fp = <optimized out> #1 0x5662c3c1 in do_chase (th=0x57746de0) at chase.c:137 cp = <optimized out> rer = 0x56653364 <passages+132> ree = <optimized out> mindist = 32767 curdist = <optimized out> stoprun = false door = <optimized out> obj = <optimized out> this = {x = 65, y = 9} #2 0x5662c74d in move_monst (tp=0x57746de0) at chase.c:68 No locals. #3 0x5662c7f3 in runners () at chase.c:41 tp = 0x57746de0 next = 0x57748300 wastarget = false orig_pos = {x = 8, y = 10} #4 0x5662df79 in do_daemons (flag=2) at daemon.c:114 dev = 0x56655e20 <d_list> #5 0x5662de0e in command () at command.c:484 ch = <optimized out> ntimes = -1 fp = <optimized out> mp = <optimized out> countch = 115 's' direction = 75 'K' newcount = 1 '\001' #6 0x566311b7 in playit () at main.c:322 opts = <optimized out> #7 0x5663162d in main (argc=<optimized out>, argv=<optimized out>, envp=<optimized out>) at main.c:188 env = <optimized out> lowtime = <optimized out> pid = <optimized out> pidfilename = "roguepid.10955", '\000' <repeats 49 times> pidfp = <optimized out> [Inferior 1 (process 10955) detached]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
About All Family Dental & Braces – Archer Heights, Chicago All Family Dental & Braces is a network of multi-specialty dental offices in Illinois. We strive to be the best place for your family to get dental care in your community.Our mission is to expand access to high-quality, affordable dental care for families in the communities we serve. We care for your family like our own. Our offices and services are designed to offer a comfortable environment where you can trust you and your family are receiving the best care possible. Excellent oral health is an important part of maintaining good overall health. That’s why our team of dentists and their supporting staff make your dental care a priority. We will evaluate your oral health and communicate our findings with you respectfully and transparently. All Family Dental & Braces is dedicated to meeting all of your family’s dental care needs by providing exceptional care in a variety of services and specialties. We look forward to meeting you!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
In gas well dewatering applications it is desired to draw the well down to the lowest reservoir pressure as possible in order to maximize gas production. To prevent lift pumps from gas locking, inverted shrouds are used as a way to separate gas from liquid. Inverted shrouds are typically long and in effect, raise the intake of the pump to the top of the shroud. Further pressure increase occurs due to the frictional drag in the annulus between the shroud and the casing. It is becoming increasingly desirable to dewater a zone by placing the ESP pump in a horizontal well-bore. In horizontal gas wells, however, the gas bubble buoyancy forces are not acting in the optimum direction for moving gas out of the well bore. In these wells much of the gas production goes up the casing/tubing annulus. Because a significant length of well-bore is horizontal, it is very difficult to keep the necessary fluid level over the pump. Thus, static liquid in a horizontal gas well may choke the gas flow. A technique is thus needed to boost the gas and liquid to the vertical or high angle to allow the buoyancy forces to separate the gas from liquid.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Comment: Of the over 700 articles and opinion pieces on the martial arts I’ve published, this one on Muslim Kung Fu has probably gotten the most reactions. Letters and question from all over the world have flooded in. There is a lot of interest there in Jiao Men, Islamic martial arts. Here is the first article of its kind… (Originally appeared in the September 1999 issue of Inside Kung Fu.) China is a dish spiced by many cultures. There are over 50 minorities among the Chinese besides the Han people themselves. A significant number, over five million of these, are Muslims – known in Chinese as the “Hui” people. In the tenth century large numbers of Persians and Arabs extended the Muslim trade routes deep into China. Many settled and widely dispersed through the country; some living among the general population, some sticking close to concentrated communities of believers. Known for toughness, courage and high spirit the Muslim population of China has not been passive in its growth. Often exploited and suppressed they maintained a stubborn reliance on their beliefs and fighting skills. Butreprisals often came. In the Ch’ing dynasty (1644-1910), for instance, three Hui people walking together with weapons could be punished. If caught committing a crime they might even had their faces branded Hui Zei (Muslim Rebel). Such was the discriminatory treatment of Muslims throughout the empire. On the other hand, in the 13th century Muslim generals rallied under a new banner and helped establish the Ming dynasty – a high point of Chinese history. Unceasingly, Muslim martial artists adopted and perfected the indigenous arts of China. They developed a number of fists that are still practiced with honor today. But at the base was one particular exercise known as … The Muslim Spring Leg If there is one universally recognized set for the Muslim style it is the “springing leg” or Tan Tui. At first blush Tan Tui seems callously unimpressive. The moves are repetitious, stretched out, almost mechanical and performed up and back as though on a track; each segment is termed a “road.” The original style was subdivided into ten such roads. Later, a southern version was introduced that split some of the harder roads into more digestible bites and expanded the set to 12 roads. To this day, if you say you practice Tan Tui, those in the know will immediately ask “10 or 12?” Tan Tui is a popular set adopted by many styles and lent a special flavor by each. For instance, in one branch of mantis, there is a 14-road Tan Tui. With such popularity Tan Tui became one of the first universal kung-fu sets and therefore can claim a part as forerunner of contemporary wushu’s standardized forms. Tan Tui, as we have said, is not a flashy looking set. Mostly straight punches and kicks, it seems to some to possess a robotic aspect that makes it look more like work than fun. But tan Tui is so profound that many boxers throughout history have specialized in its technique. For instance, the wide-open punches of Tan Tui, known as yoke punches, are designed along the lines of Chinese medical practice to stretch and invigorate the meridians of the body. Simultaneously, the yoke punch, with its exaggerated arm extension, is a perfect indicator of the placement of the student’s waist. Shoulders, which normally fly upward in the beginning student, are so stretched they naturally drop and relax. The same benefits go for the extended long leg kicks of the art. As the name suggests Tan Tui attempts to strengthen the abdominal muscles of the practitioner by forcing him to extend while kicking. The striking leg must immediately elevate from the ground with minimal cocking action. In true northern kung-fu long fist fashion, Tan Tui encourages the student to find his maximum range of motion before tightening and shortening up. Tan Tui disallows the beginner’s tendency of bent limbs and tensed muscles to create power. It lives up to its name of long fist by making the student think in a new way, in a sense reprogramming his ideas of power generation and range of motion. In due course, after the student has learned the ten basic roads the real training should begin. This is a good example of ancient training methods versus more contemporary ones. Nowadays, having completed the tan Tui, the student immediately moves onto another more interesting and diverse set of actions. This is too bad because the training has really just begun. For instance, since the ten roads are each separate they can be done in any order. A good Tan Tui instructor will then have the student mix and match roads until any road can be done in any order at will. Then the roads are again practiced with shuffling steps, changes of speed, and angled steps breaking the robot-like aspect completely. This challenges the students’ creativity and ability to respond. Finally the actions from the roads are completely mixed so the student may start with No. 1, switch to No. 8, and finish with No. 5 without losing place or direction. From a simple series of movements the student is now only a small step from basic sparring practice. Tan Tui is said to have been created in the Ming dynasty by ChaShagmir (a distinctly Muslim name even in Chinese). Chamir, as he was called, was among those who went to the coast to protect the shores of China against raids by Japanese pirates. However, on this long journey he became sick from the harsh weather conditions. He was left to recuperate in a mountain village in GuanXian County. His hosts in this small village were so kind to him that when he recovered that autumn and watched them practice their kung-fu after harvest he decided to teach them the art he had devised. They were grateful and his art spread far and wide from this origin. People took the first syllable of his name “Cha” and thus the style known as “Cha Chuan” – Cha Fist, was born. Originally its basis, the Tan Tui set, was composed of 28 routines — one for each letter of the Arabic alphabet. Eventually everything was compiled into the ten road spring leg which remains with us today. Those familiar with Arabic religious poetry will note that many root words in Arabic are without vowels and can be rearranged to create other meanings and levels of understanding. This rearrangement, also familiar to certain Christian and Jewish sects, was considered a valid study for all students of the Bible, Torah and Koran. And note as an interesting sidelight that this is precisely the method of teaching for the Tan Tui, taking ten routes (roots) and reassembling them to form new meanings and combinations still related to the original exercises. There is an old saying in kung-fu that one form mastered is worth a hundred tasted. But too often people take this to indicate a mindless repetition of the form. Tan Tui is a perfect example of what form mastery is meant to entail. Rather than learning flashier new forms which ultimately reduce to the same moves in new combinations with a little “Hollywood” thrown in, the traditional student of kung-fu developed power and stability with familiar movements before gradually altering them to new situations. He reinvested and compounded his knowledge. It was a wise way to save and to practice. Known throughout China Tan Tui is particularly practiced in Henan, HeBei, Shantung and Sha’anxi provinces. Since its origins lie with the Hui people there is even a proverb: From NanJing the best Tan Tui is that of the Hui people” which becomes the pun, “Hui (Muslim) Hui (best) Tan Tui.” Cha Chuan As it progressed Cha style and other Muslim boxing methods became known under the general name of Jiao Men (sect fighting). Of the many jiao men forms one group in particular, the ten sets of Cha Chuan, is famous. Like the ten core sets of Shaolin, these famous forms encompass the entire repertoire of the Cha style, not counting weapons. The first one taught is generally Cha No. 4, a famous long fist form. Cha is a particularly beautiful style. Like any northern long fist it is big, proud and fluid. Stances are lower than in most Shaolin-type styles with special emphasis on height changes, waist turning and hip control. But it is Cha Fist’s special emphasis on timing which is particularly interesting. Most beginning kung-fu practitioners sweat buckets just to coordinate hands and legs as a single unit. But as the Cha student progresses this simplified coordination step and punch, kick and palm slowly disappears. It is replaced by a subtle offset rhythm speeds from each other and from the legs. Cha Fist excels in broken rhythm, offset rhythm and all sorts of movements that seem to set up a timing, violate it and dovetail right back into the proper beat, converging at just the right moment. “Convergence” is the key word here. As in all advanced kung-fu the practitioner is looking for limbs to travel at different rates and then converge just at the moment of completion. Seen in this light all those different moves and stances in kung-fu forms are more than just beautiful postures. Each group is actually an entirely different task requiring different coordination and convergence. Cha fist maintains the ancient and subtle variations in timing, pace and execution that make for distinctive, not cookie-cutter, kung-fu. The Muslim Contribution On the stage of world history the Muslim world has been an important player, especially in relations with the East. The followers of Islam were the first to bridge the gap between Chinese and Western medicine and they started that 1,000 years ago. Alchemy, beginning in China, was transported directly through the Arab world to the West and rooted itself as the beginnings of modern chemistry. The Muslim fist in China has also made worthy contributions. When the newly formed Republic of China began its creation of a generic, contemporary version of Wushu it looked to Jiao Men as its basis. The reasoning was interesting. Muslims, as a whole, had always been isolated within the minorities of China and therefore had far less traffic with other groups. It was thought, therefore by the powers that be, that Muslim fist must be essentially more “pure” than many other style. It was adopted as the basis of contemporary long fist and many of the first long fist sets issued by the government office were based on Cha Chuan. In certain widely accepted styles the Muslim presence has also been strong. In Hsing-I for instance, many of the great practitioners were of Muslim origin and it may be that the real rudiments of the style are from Muslim culture. In weapons work, too, Muslim fist is well-represented with Jiao Men boasting five tiger hook sets and over ten saber sets. And last but not least, Muslims were often placed in the dangerous position of bodyguard because of their relatively nonaffiliated status with other Chinese elements. Rising to this occasion they developed the beautiful and powerful style known throughout the world as Pa Chi Ch’uan (BaJiQuan – Eight Extremes Boxing). As the Chien Lung emperor stated in the 19th century, “For health we have Tai Chi, for protection Pa Chi.” So universally recognized was Pa Chi as one of the most no-nonsense styles that even in our present era it was considered without equal. Witness the fact that a famous Pa Chi teacher was the instructor of Chiang Kai Shek’s, Mao Tse Tung’s and Sun Yet Sen’s bodyguards. That’s right the men who protected these three sworn enemies were all kung-fu brothers. In modern times we are constantly assailed with representations of Arab culture as seemingly comprised of religious fanatics and terrorists. Martial arts training is a nice antidote for cultural ignorance. We are allowed through it to replicate the actions practiced by different people from different cultures who lived centuries from us. We cannot only improve our health and our skills but don another person’s shoes and walk down his path, or in the case of Tan Tui, ten roads. Photographs by Debbie Shayne Like this: Like Loading...	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: \insertlecture in subtitle generates error but \insertlecturenumber does not In beamer, if I use \insertlecture in a subtitle I get: Undefined control sequence \begin{document} but the file compiles to PDF (with XeLaTeX) correctly anyway. But I can use \insertlecturenumber with no error. MWE: \documentclass[xcolor=dvipsnames]{beamer} \let\Tiny=\tiny \setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=OliveGreen!50!black} \usetheme{Madrid} \title[Title]{Long Title} \subtitle{Lecture \insertlecturenumber : \insertlecture} \AtBeginLecture{ \setcounter{framenumber}{0} \begin{frame}[plain] \titlepage \end{frame} } \begin{document} \lecture[LectShort]{LectLong}{1} \begin{frame} Text \end{frame} \end{document} If I change: \subtitle{Lecture \insertlecturenumber : \insertlecture} To: \subtitle{Lecture \insertlecturenumber} It works with no error. A: I've read somewhere (probably not far away) that some beamer commands are not valid until \begin{document} has been applied. I don't know why and don't know which commands, but I've tested with OP's code and it worked: \documentclass[xcolor=dvipsnames]{beamer} \let\Tiny=\tiny \setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=OliveGreen!50!black} \usetheme{Madrid} \AtBeginLecture{ \setcounter{framenumber}{0} \begin{frame}[plain] \titlepage \end{frame} } \begin{document} \title[Title]{Long Title} %<------ Moved to document body \subtitle{Lecture \insertlecturenumber : \insertlecture} %<--- Moved to document body \lecture[LectShort]{LectLong}{1} \begin{frame} Text \end{frame} \end{document}	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: How to find minimum of each curvature point? I'm using Polynomial curve fitting to analyze my data (polyfit and polyval) and i got the curve like this. I want to find the minimum point of each curve (red dot). If i use min() i will get the point only one curve. How to get both point? Thnak you so much A: Simple: % Your polynomial coefficients c = [-1 4 5 2 6 2 4 5]; % Find real roots of its derivative R = roots( [numel(c)-1 : -1 : 1] .* c(1:end-1) ); R = R(imag(R)==0); % Compute and sort function values of these extrema if ~isempty(R) [yExtrema, indsExtrema] = sort(polyval(c, R)); xExtrema = R(indsExtrema); % Extract the two smallest ones yMins = yExtrema(1:2); xMins = xExtrema(1:2); else yMins = []; xMins = []; end	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Perceptions of hyperbaric oxygen therapy among podiatrists practicing in high-risk foot clinics. Foot ulceration is a devastating and costly consequence of diabetes. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is recognised as an adjunctive therapy to treat diabetes-related foot ulceration, yet uptake is low. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 podiatrists who manage patients with foot ulcers related to diabetes to explore their perceptions of, and the barriers/facilitators to, referral for hyperbaric oxygen. Podiatrists cited logistical issues such as location of facilities as well as poor communication pathways, lack of delegation and lack of follow up when patients presented for hyperbaric treatment. In general, podiatrists had an understanding of the premise of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and evidence to support its use but could only provide very limited citations of key papers and guidelines to support their position. Podiatrists stated that they felt a patient was lost from their care when referred for hyperbaric oxygen and that aftercare might not be adequate. Improved referral and delegation pathways for patients presenting for hyperbaric oxygen, as well as the provision of easily accessible evidence to support this therapy, could help to increase podiatrists' confidence in deciding whether or not to recommend their patients for hyperbaric oxygen therapy.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Wie betreibt man die Dekolonisierung einer Fachzeitschrift? Der Chefredakteur der „American Historical Review“ erklärt, wie er die Vielfalt der Autorenschaft und die Lebhaftigkeit der Debatte steigern will. Feuer und Flamme für diese Staatlichkeit: Das Titelbild des Februarheftes der AHR zeigt das Plakat eines anonymen Künstlers aus dem Bestand der Digital Somali Library der Indiana University. Ein Aufsatz von Julie MacArthur im Heft behandelt unter dem Titel „Decolonizing Sovereignty“ Ausnahmezustände an der Grenze zwischen Kenia und Somalia. Bild: Oxford University Press Die „American Historical Review“ (AHR), die 1884 gegründete Hauszeitschrift der American Historical Association (AHA), gab vor einem Jahr bekannt, dass sie ihren Inhalt „dekolonisieren“ wolle – wegen des Eindrucks, dass es an Diversität fehle, bei den Autorinnen und Autoren wie bei den Themen. Anfang dieses Jahres wurden die von Chefredakteur Alex Lichtenstein im Februar 2018 zur Einleitung des Prozesses der „Dekolonisierung“ ergriffenen Maßnahmen auf der Jahresversammlung der AHA in Chicago erörtert. Im Februarheft der Zeitschrift hat Lichtenstein zu diesen Diskussionen Stellung genommen und weitere Maßnahmen angekündigt. F.A.Z. Warum hält die American Historical Association es für geboten, ihre Zeitschrift zu dekolonisieren? Historiker schreiben über Dekolonisierung, so dass man ihre Vertrautheit mit dem Begriff voraussetzen kann. Welchen Sinn hat es, ihn metaphorisch im wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesen zu verwenden? Zunächst sollte ich betonen, dass diese Initiative von mir ausging, nicht von der AHA. Zwar arbeitet der Verband tatsächlich auch selbst ernsthaft daran, die Historikerzunft für eine größere Vielfalt von Stimmen und Erfahrungen zu öffnen. Und bislang unterstützt die Organisation die Veränderungen, die ich vorgenommen habe. Aber diese Bemühungen entspringen der redaktionellen Freiheit, die ich habe. Mit Bedacht habe ich den Terminus „Dekolonisierung“ und nicht „Diversität“ benutzt, weil er nicht nur die Hinzufügung ausgeschlossener Stimmen impliziert, sondern einen Wandel der Vorstellungen davon, welche Arten von Text überhaupt als Wissenschaft zählen sollen. Ich verwende den Begriff nicht metaphorisch, sondern eher als ein Signal für den Willen, etwas Neues zu versuchen. Abgesehen davon glaube ich an eine Politik der kleinen Schritte. Ich erwarte nicht, dass die AHR das Ancien Régime der Wissenschaftlichkeit in einem einzigen revolutionären Moment überwindet. In der Hauptsache geht es um den Willen, ein paar Risiken einzugehen mit dem, was wir publizieren, während wir weiter einige der traditionellen Formen von Gelehrsamkeit auf unseren Seiten bewahren. Kritiker mit Witz könnten auf die Idee kommen, mir Neokolonialismus vorzuwerfen! Während Ihre Zeitschrift Forschung aus der ganzen Welt publiziert, dient sie gleichzeitig als amtliches Organ der professionellen Geschichtswissenschaft in den Vereinigten Staaten. Diese Nation, gegründet von früheren britischen Kolonien, wurde im Laufe ihrer Geschichte selbst zu einer Kolonialmacht. Gibt es einen nationalen Kontext für Ihre Adaption der Idee der Dekolonisierung? Ich sehe hier eigentlich kein nationales Projekt, aber ich kann mir zwei Blickwinkel denken, von denen her die Sache so verstanden werden könnte. Wenn die AHR erstens tatsächlich die offizielle Stimme der amerikanischen geschichtswissenschaftlichen Profession ist (eine fragwürdige Prämisse), dann ist dies in der Vergangenheit eng ausgelegt worden. Gewiss konzentrierte sich die Zeitschrift zweitens mindestens in ihren ersten sechs oder sieben Jahrzehnten stark auf amerikanische und englische Geschichte und sah die Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten im Wesentlichen als eine Erzählung von weißen Männern an. Das ist in der amerikanischen Historikerzunft allgemein nicht mehr der Fall und auch in dieser Zeitschrift nicht. Gleichwohl müssen wir ständig daran erinnert werden, dass die amerikanische Geschichte nicht jene ältere Saga von weißer Besiedlung und Ausbreitung ist, mit der Beimischung von ein paar anderen Erfahrungen. Man versteht die amerikanische Erfahrung zum Beispiel nicht, wenn man nicht sieht, dass die schwarze Geschichte konstitutiv ist für das, was einen Amerikaner ausmacht. Keine umfassende Darstellung der Kolonien ist zulässig ohne Aufmerksamkeit für das spanische Kolonialreich und für die „First Nations“, die sich schon in Amerika befanden. Um Wissenschaft anzuziehen, die bislang unterrepräsentiert war, haben Sie auch Gattungen (wieder-)eingeführt wie Filmrezensionen, Archivberichte („History Unclassified“) und Podcasts. Wie haben die Mitglieder der AHA auf Ihr Reformprogramm reagiert? Bis jetzt scheint es eine sehr populäre Initiative zu sein. Ich habe nur einen einzigen Brief bekommen, in dem mir vorgeworfen wird, ich würde das Erbe der westlichen Zivilisation zerstören. Wie ich erwartet hatte, haben andererseits einige Leute, die dieses Projekt wichtig finden, beklagt, dass ich zu langsam vorgehe. Ein anderer Einwand macht geltend, ich nähme durch den neuen Raum für Texte jenseits des durch Peer Review approbierten Aufsatzes das Risiko in Kauf, dass zwei Schienen in der Zeitschrift entstünden: eine für traditionelle „ernsthafte“ Wissenschaft und eine für die „anderen“. Ich sehe das nicht so, aber man muss die Möglichkeit dieser Lesart im Auge behalten. Ich sehe Ihr Vorhaben als Instrument eines Qualitätsmanagements, das darauf zielt, die vielen Varianten innovativer Wissenschaft zu berücksichtigen, die es sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb der Vereinigten Staaten gibt. Aber einzelne deutsche Wissenschaftler haben die Befürchtung geäußert, die Dekolonisierung der AHR laufe auf die Einführung einer Frauenquote in der Wissenschaft hinaus. Diesen Einwand verstehe ich nicht. Zum Beispiel versuche ich daran zu denken, wie viele unserer „Leitbesprechungen“ Bücher von Frauen zum Gegenstand haben. In der Vergangenheit war das Ungleichgewicht eklatant, und hier kann man es leicht korrigieren. Denn wenn man im Jahr etwa dreißig Bücher für längere Rezensionen auswählt, gibt es keinen Grund dafür, dass nicht wenigstens die Hälfte von Autorinnen stammen sollte. Und doch sind im vergangenen Jahr alle meine „guten Absichten“ in dieser Beziehung kläglich gescheitert. Daher habe ich mir für dieses Jahr ein Ziel gesetzt. Ich wähle kein Buch eines männlichen Autors für eine Leitbesprechung aus, wenn ich nicht gleichzeitig auch ein Buch einer Autorin vergebe. Wir wollen nicht dem Eindruck Vorschub leisten, nur männliche Wissenschaftler schrieben „wichtige“ Bücher. Auch bei der Suche nach Gutachtern sollte es normalerweise möglich sein, sicherzustellen, dass Frauen in gleicher Zahl wie Männer herangezogen werden. Wenn das eine „Quote“ ist, dann sei es so: Meine männlichen Kollegen sollten erleichtert sein, dass die Arbeitslast gleichmäßiger verteilt wird! Wenigstens in diesem Zusammenhang scheinen amerikanische Forscher nicht dieselbe Angst vor „Quoten“ zu haben wie ihre deutschen Fachgenossen. Mehr zum Thema 1/ Sie haben fünf „Associate Review Editors“ ernannt, um interessante Bücher sowohl über den als auch aus dem Globalen Süden zu identifizieren. Das ist nur eine der Aufgaben dieser assoziierten Redakteure, die uns auch dabei helfen werden, geeignete Rezensenten zu entdecken. Vielleicht müssen wir einen weiteren Schritt tun und uns um direkte Kontakte in den Verlagsmetropolen des Globalen Südens bemühen, zum Beispiel in Mexico City, Lagos, Dakar, Kingston, Johannesburg, Delhi und São Paulo, wo ich kürzlich eine Woche verbracht habe. Meine brasilianischen Gastgeber haben mir die Zahlenverhältnisse verdeutlicht: Die Tatsache, dass die AHR im Jahre 2018 weniger als hundert Rezensionsexemplare zur lateinamerikanischen und karibischen Geschichte erhielt, bedeutet, dass wir eine große Zahl von in Lateinamerika selbst publizierten Titeln nicht zu Gesicht bekommen haben. Sie werden uns nicht zugeschickt. Wir müssen einen Weg finden, das zu ändern. In São Paulo habe ich ein außergewöhnliches Museum der Einwanderung besucht. Das sollten wir rezensieren, und ich habe einen brasilianischen Wissenschaftler um eine Rezension gebeten. Im Afro-Brasilianischen Museum habe ich ein „quardinho“ entdeckt, eine grafische Geschichte brasilianischer Sklavenaufstände – auch dazu habe ich eine Rezension in Auftrag gegeben. In einer Buchhandlung fiel mir ein Buch über die „öffentliche Sklaverei“ in Brasilien (Sklaven im Besitz des Staates oder der Gemeinden) in die Hände, „Escravos da Nação“ von Ilana Rocha, das bestimmt nicht zur Besprechung an unsere Redaktion geschickt wird, wenn wir es nicht beim brasilianischen Verlag anfordern. Eines Ihrer Ziele ist die Rekrutierung von jüngeren Forscherinnen und Forschern wie auch von Vertretern kleinerer Subdisziplinen. Wie haben sich Ihre Maßnahmen bezahlt gemacht, etwa die Entsendung von „Botschaftern“ zu Tagungen spezialisierter Verbände? Diese Arbeit ist im Fluss. Wir müssen da proaktiver werden. Im März habe ich als Vertreter der AHR am Treffen der African American Intellectual History Society teilgenommen. Dort entsteht besonders viel spannende neue Forschung, und ich konnte einige Wissenschaftler unserer Kartei von Rezensenten hinzufügen sowie mögliche Aufsatzeinreichungen anregen. Ein anderer solcher Ort ist die Native American and Indigenous Studies Association (NAISA). In diesem Jahr trifft sie sich in Neuseeland, also werde ich bis zum nächsten Jahr warten. Im Februarheft erwähnen Sie eine Statistik, wonach vierzig Prozent der zwischen 2000 und 2015 in der AHR publizierten Aufsätze Themen des Globalen Südens behandeln. Diese Zahl ist durchaus beeindruckend. Wie wollen Sie erreichen, dass auch die Zahl der Aufsatzautoren mit Stellen im Globalen Süden steigt? Das ist eine gewaltige Herausforderung. Eine Schranke ist die Sprache. Wir werden Geldmittel für Übersetzungen finden müssen oder Wissenschaftler mit Arbeiten in spanischer, portugiesischer oder (in Afrika) französischer Sprache ermutigen, sich mit Kollegen zusammenzutun, die auf Englisch schreiben. Ich hoffe auch, dass ich Wissenschaftler im Globalen Süden bewegen kann, historiographische Essays über jüngere Schlüsselwerke in der jeweiligen gelehrten Verkehrssprache zu verfassen. Aber ich muss diese Personen finden. Im vergangenen Jahr konnte man noch den Eindruck haben, dass Sie die Peer Review nicht antasten wollten. Im Editorial des Februarheftes beziehen Sie nun einen kritischen Standpunkt gegenüber einem Verfahren, das als Mechanismus des Gate-Keeping gilt. Was bewog Sie dazu, das Konzept des Gate-Keeping selbst in Zweifel zu ziehen? Ich glaube nicht, dass es die Funktion der Peer Review ist, Exklusivität zu garantieren. Im Gegenteil meine ich, dass sie in einer demokratischen Weise praktiziert werden kann, so dass sich spannende neue Forschung entfaltet dank einem Dialog zwischen Gutachtern und Autoren, der in mehrere Überarbeitungen mündet. Als Chefredakteur möchte ich die Peer Review so einsetzen, dass diese dialogische Begegnung angeregt wird. Das unterscheidet sich stark vom Gate-Keeping, das ich ganz und gar nicht schätze, weil es neue Ideen erstickt, insbesondere diejenigen, die aus Forschungsfeldern hervorgehen, die historisch als die „Peripherie“ bestimmt wurden. Neben den unpublizierten, anonymen „reviews“ der „peers“ gibt es die publizierten „book reviews“. Eine Frage zu beiden Genres: Wie wollen Sie das Rezensieren als so etwas wie eine Kunst der wissenschaftlichen Geburtshilfe ausgestalten, wenn doch viele Rezensenten ihre Tätigkeit als akademisches Schlachtfeld anzusehen scheinen? Das Rezensieren von Büchern ist etwas ganz anderes. Die Peer Review soll in der Tat wissenschaftlichen Ideen zur Geburt verhelfen; die Buchkritik muss hingegen in gewissem Rahmen polemisch sein. Natürlich gefällt es mir nicht, wenn unsere Zeitschrift zu einem Schlachtfeld gemacht wird, wo Wissenschaftler nur daran interessiert sind, im Wettkampf Treffer zu setzen. Aber ebenso langweilen mich die blutleeren Rezensionen, die den Inhalt eines Buches zusammenfassen und dann das Ganze mit ein paar netten Worten glasieren. Als Dienstleister, der in Fällen von Bewerbung und Beförderung das Imprimatur erteilt, stehe ich nicht zur Verfügung. Sobald ein Buch publiziert ist, sollte der Autor bereit sein, sich gegen scharfe Kritiken zu verteidigen. So kommt die Wissenschaft voran, und mir scheint, dass viele von uns ein bisschen zu dünnhäutig geworden sind. Warum setzt man Gedanken in die Welt, wenn niemand ihnen widersprechen soll? Um die Wahrheit zu sagen, würde ich mir also mehr kritisches Engagement (natürlich im Einklang mit dem nötigen Respekt) in unserem Rezensionsteil wünschen. Dem müsste allerdings eine kräftigere Debatte in der Rubrik „Zuschriften“ entsprechen. Im Aprilheft publizieren wir einen Austausch zwischen Michael Gomez und vier Rezensenten seines Buches „African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa“ – ein schönes Beispiel dafür, wie ein Autor Kritik akzeptieren und beantworten kann, mit Eleganz und entschiedenem Widerspruch. Sie kommunizieren offen über den Wandlungsprozess der Zeitschrift und haben dieselbe Transparenz für das Verfahren der Peer Review angekündigt, das ein Podcast erklären soll. Was kann sich bei der Peer Review ändern, solange die Gutachter anonym bleiben? Ich meine, dass das Verfahren der Peer Review so weit wie möglich anonym bleiben sollte. Das fördert den ehrlichen Dialog auf beiden Seiten. Ich bitte zum Beispiel gerne junge Wissenschaftler darum, Aufsätze von Autoren weiter oben in der Hackordnung zu begutachten. Das erfordert Anonymität, und ich bin nicht bereit, sie einer sogenannten „offenen“ Peer Review zuliebe aufzugeben. Der Dialog über Ungedrucktes verlangt, jedenfalls gegenwärtig, einen gewissen Grad von Blindheit, damit Macht neutralisiert wird. Haben Sie Kenntnis von anderen Fachzeitschriften, die in Ihre Fußstapfen treten? Ich bilde mir nicht ein, dass ich etwas besonders Originelles tue. Ich folge den Fußstapfen von Studierenden und Gelehrten, welche die Natur der intellektuellen Arbeit in der modernen Welt überdenken, und es gibt noch viel, was ich von ihren Initiativen lernen kann. So bin ich optimistisch, dass andere Zeitschriften schon Praktiken anwenden, die zur Idee der Dekolonisierung passen. Mit Rücksicht auf Status und Sichtbarkeit der AHR hoffe ich allerdings, dass unsere Bemühungen dabei helfen können, diese Transformationen zur legitimieren. Aber wir sind Nachfolger, keine Anführer. Wenn Sie bedenken, dass Zeitschriften von langfristiger Planung abhängen und Veränderungen Zeit brauchen, welche Zeitschrift stellen Sie sich dann für den Zeitpunkt Ihres Abschieds vom Chefredakteursamt vor? Meine Ernennung ist wirksam bis August 2021. Das bedeutet, dass ich für ein weiteres Dutzend Hefte die redaktionelle Verantwortung trage. Was ich in dieser Zeit erreichen kann, ist begrenzt. Meine bescheidene Hoffnung ist es, eine klare Agenda zu setzen, welche die nächste Chefredakteurin oder der nächste Chefredakteur weiterverfolgen oder modifizieren kann. Sie oder er wird ein breiteres Spektrum von Gattungen erben; weniger Betonung auf den durch Peer Review abgesegneten Aufsatz als Goldstandard der Wissenschaftlichkeit; mehr Stimmen aus dem Globalen Süden; und eine Zeitschrift, welche die demographische und soziale Dynamik der Historikerzunft stärker reflektiert, während diese Zunft weniger weiß wird, weniger männlich, weniger heterosexuell, weniger konservativ im Methodologischen und, freimütig gesagt, weniger von universitären Stelleninhabern betrieben. Einer der härtesten Aspekte dieses Wandels wird, um der Wahrheit die Ehre zu geben, der Kampf gegen den Elitismus sein, der alle diese Kategorien gleichermaßen betrifft. Die Fragen stellte Birte Förster, die von 2008 bis 2016 die Redaktion der Rezensionszeitschrift „Neue Politische Literatur“ leitete.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Graph disconnected: cannot obtain value for tensor Tensor("conv2d_1_input:0", shape=(?, 128, 128, 1), dtype=float32) I'm trying to implement an autoencoder which gets 3 different inputs and fuse this three image. I want to get the output of a layer in the encoder and concatenate it with a layer in the decoder but when I run it I get graph disconnected error. here is my code: def create_model(input_shape): input_1 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) input_2 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) input_3 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) network = keras.models.Sequential([ keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (7, 7), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME',input_shape=input_shape), keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (7, 7), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME', name = 'a'), keras.layers.AvgPool2D((2, 2)), keras.layers.BatchNormalization(), keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)]) encoded_1 = network(input_1) encoded_2 = network(input_2) encoded_3 = network(input_3) a = network.get_layer('a').output x = keras.layers.Concatenate()([encoded_1,encoded_2,encoded_3]) x = keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) x = keras.layers.UpSampling2D((2,2))(x) x = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) x = keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)(x) x = keras.layers.Concatenate()([x,a]) x = keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) x = keras.layers.UpSampling2D((2,2))(x) x = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) x = keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)(x) decoded = keras.layers.Conv2D(3, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) final_net= keras.models.Model(inputs=[input_1,input_2,input_3],outputs=decoded) return final_net the error is: Graph disconnected: cannot obtain value for tensor Tensor("conv2d_1_input:0", shape=(?, 128, 128, 1), dtype=float32) at layer "conv2d_1_input". The following previous layers were accessed without issue: ['input_6', 'input_5', 'input_4', 'sequential_1', 'sequential_1', 'sequential_1', 'concatenate', 'conv2d_2'] and it is because of concatenating [x,a]. I've tried to get the output of layer from three images like: encoder_1.get_layer('a').output encoder_2.get_layer('a').output encoder_3.get_layer('a').output but I got an error "'Tensor' object has no attribute 'output'" A: You need to create a subnetwork if you need to get a1, a2 and a3 outputs. And can connext x and a as follows. def create_model(input_shape): input_1 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) input_2 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) input_3 = keras.layers.Input(input_shape) network = keras.models.Sequential([ keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (7, 7), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME',input_shape=input_shape), keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (7, 7), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME', name = 'a'), keras.layers.AvgPool2D((2, 2)), keras.layers.BatchNormalization(), keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)]) encoded_1 = network(input_1) encoded_2 = network(input_2) encoded_3 = network(input_3) subnet = keras.models.Sequential() for l in network.layers: subnet.add(l) if l.name == 'a': break a1 = subnet(input_1) a2 = subnet(input_2) a3 = subnet(input_3) x = keras.layers.Concatenate()([encoded_1,encoded_2,encoded_3]) a = keras.layers.Concatenate()([a1,a2,a3]) x = keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) x = keras.layers.UpSampling2D((2,2))(x) x = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) x = keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)(x) x = keras.layers.Concatenate()([x,a]) x = keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) x = keras.layers.UpSampling2D((2,2))(x) x = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) x = keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)(x) decoded = keras.layers.Conv2D(3, (3, 3), activation=tf.nn.relu, padding='SAME')(x) final_net= keras.models.Model(inputs=[input_1,input_2,input_3],outputs=decoded) return final_net	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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The hip is a "ball-and-socket" joint where the "ball" at the top of the thigh bone (femur) fits inside the "socket" of the pelvis (acetabulum). It allows the upper leg to bend and rotate. Most hip fractures are caused by falls or an injury from direct impact to the side of the hip. Hip fractures are more common in elderly adults as a result of osteoporosis or bones that have weakened over time. In addition to advanced age, factors such as certain medications, chronic medical conditions, or a history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use, may weaken bones and make individuals more susceptible to hip fractures. ... Rehabilitation After Hip Arthroplasty Hip arthroplasty involves replacing part of the femur bone or hip socket with prosthetic devices. After surgery, a physical therapy program is created to help the patient regain flexibility, increase range of motion, and strengthen the hip and leg. 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Hip Arthroscopy Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions affecting the hip joint. This procedure can be used to confirm the diagnosis of various imaging procedures, such as X-rays and MRIs, as it provides a three-dimensional, real-time image of the affected area. If damage or abnormalities are detected during the arthroscopy, repairs can often be made during the same procedure. ... Physical Therapy for Hip Conditions For people experiencing pain, discomfort and limited mobility due to hip-related injuries or conditions, physical therapy may be beneficial in promoting hip function, strengthening the joint, and maximizing the patient's range of motion. For mild hip conditions, physical therapy may be sufficient to lubricate the joint, lessen pain, and ease mobility. Physical therapy is an important part of the rehabilitation process for individuals with hip-related conditions. ... Total Hip Resurfacing Total hip resurfacing is a procedure that may be performed to treat patients who are suffering from advanced arthritis in the hip. During the process, only damaged cartilage is removed and a metal cap is placed over the ball portion of the hip. The procedure is similar to that of hip replacement surgery, but in a hip resurfacing, the femoral head and socket are not removed. Hip resurfacing is typically performed on young patients or patients with medical conditions that preclude full hip replacement surgery. ... Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty Total hip arthroplasty is the complete replacement of a damaged hip with a prosthetic one. This surgery is performed to relieve pain and restore function to a hip deteriorated by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, avascular necrosis, congenital abnormalities or traumatic injury. Total hip arthroplasty involves replacing the entire diseased joint, composed of the natural ball and socket and its protective cartilage. The damaged joint is replaced with a prosthetic hip, usually made of a metal ball and a plastic socket. ... Joint Reconstruction and Replacement Because joints are in constant use, they often wear out over time due to overuse or aging. Joint reconstruction or replacement may be required to relieve the resulting pain and restore function. Most joints in the body, including the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles and feet, are synovial, permitting movement and articulation. When these joints suffer traumatic injury, or when the cartilage that normally protects them wears away, surgical repair or replacement may be necessary. ... Rehabilitation After Knee Arthroplasty Physical therapy begins very soon after knee arthroplasty (replacement) is complete, and usually lasts for about 6 weeks. Patients are given analgesics to relieve postoperative pain sufficiently so that they can begin knee exercises as soon as possible. At first, they are encouraged to sit up and perform knee slides. Within days, or even hours, they are instructed to perform other exercises in order to regain muscle strength and flexibility. In addition, many patients are taught to use continuous passive motion devices. ... Physical Therapy FAQs What is physical therapy? Physical therapy is a treatment method for improving movement and functionality that have been compromised by age, disease or injury. Patients recover through the use of restorative exercises that focus on muscle strength, flexibility, balance, posture and coordination, and overall pain relief. Physical therapy is also designed to prevent reinjury and maximize patient quality of life. ... Robotic Total Hip and Knee Replacement Surgery Stryker’s MAKOplasty® surgery is designed to treat patients with certain conditions that result in pain in the knee or hip. According to its manufacturer, MAKO Surgical Corp., Stryker’s MAKOplasty system uses robotic-arm technology (RIO® Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System) and "three-dimension high-definition visualization [to] guide the surgeon with visual, tactile and auditory feedback" during surgery. ... Anterior Hip Arthroplasty Traditionally, hip arthroplasty, commonly known as hip replacement, has been performed by accessing the joint through the rear of the leg. Recent advances in technique, however, have made an anterior approach, during which the surgeon accesses the hip joint through the front of the leg, a more desirable option for most patients. ... Hip Fractures A hip fracture is a break in the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) where the bone angles toward the hip joint. The hip is a "ball-and-socket" joint where the "ball" at the top of the thigh bone (femur) fits inside the "socket" of the pelvis (acetabulum). It allows the upper leg to bend and rotate. Most hip fractures are caused by falls or an injury from direct impact to the side of the hip. Hip fractures are more common in elderly adults as a result of osteoporosis or bones that have weakened over time. In addition to advanced age, factors such as certain medications, chronic medical conditions, or a history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use, may weaken bones and make individuals more susceptible to hip fractures. ... Rehabilitation After Hip Arthroplasty Hip arthroplasty involves replacing part of the femur bone or hip socket with prosthetic devices. After surgery, a physical therapy program is created to help the patient regain flexibility, increase range of motion, and strengthen the hip and leg. The goal of physical therapy is to help patients to walk safely, without assistance, and eventually return them to all of their regular activities. ... Hip Procedures FAQs As a weight-bearing ball and socket joint, the hip is prone to various ailments which may occur as a result of aging, traumatic injury or disease. Many of these require surgical intervention for diagnosis or repair. What is hip arthroscopy? Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions affecting the hip joint. During procedure, an arthroscope, a long flexible tube with a camera and a tiny light on the end, in inserted into a small incision in the hip. This device displays magnified images of the inside of the hip joint on a video monitor. This procedure can be used to confirm diagnoses with real-time observation. If any abnormalities are detected during the arthroscopy, they can corrected, using tiny surgical instruments, during the same procedure. ... Hip Arthroscopy Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions affecting the hip joint. This procedure can be used to confirm the diagnosis of various imaging procedures, such as X-rays and MRIs, as it provides a three-dimensional, real-time image of the affected area. If damage or abnormalities are detected during the arthroscopy, repairs can often be made during the same procedure. ... Physical Therapy for Hip Conditions For people experiencing pain, discomfort and limited mobility due to hip-related injuries or conditions, physical therapy may be beneficial in promoting hip function, strengthening the joint, and maximizing the patient's range of motion. For mild hip conditions, physical therapy may be sufficient to lubricate the joint, lessen pain, and ease mobility. Physical therapy is an important part of the rehabilitation process for individuals with hip-related conditions. ... Total Hip Resurfacing Total hip resurfacing is a procedure that may be performed to treat patients who are suffering from advanced arthritis in the hip. During the process, only damaged cartilage is removed and a metal cap is placed over the ball portion of the hip. The procedure is similar to that of hip replacement surgery, but in a hip resurfacing, the femoral head and socket are not removed. Hip resurfacing is typically performed on young patients or patients with medical conditions that preclude full hip replacement surgery. ... Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty Total hip arthroplasty is the complete replacement of a damaged hip with a prosthetic one. This surgery is performed to relieve pain and restore function to a hip deteriorated by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, avascular necrosis, congenital abnormalities or traumatic injury. Total hip arthroplasty involves replacing the entire diseased joint, composed of the natural ball and socket and its protective cartilage. The damaged joint is replaced with a prosthetic hip, usually made of a metal ball and a plastic socket. ... Joint Reconstruction and Replacement Because joints are in constant use, they often wear out over time due to overuse or aging. Joint reconstruction or replacement may be required to relieve the resulting pain and restore function. Most joints in the body, including the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles and feet, are synovial, permitting movement and articulation. When these joints suffer traumatic injury, or when the cartilage that normally protects them wears away, surgical repair or replacement may be necessary. ... Rehabilitation After Knee Arthroplasty Physical therapy begins very soon after knee arthroplasty (replacement) is complete, and usually lasts for about 6 weeks. Patients are given analgesics to relieve postoperative pain sufficiently so that they can begin knee exercises as soon as possible. At first, they are encouraged to sit up and perform knee slides. Within days, or even hours, they are instructed to perform other exercises in order to regain muscle strength and flexibility. In addition, many patients are taught to use continuous passive motion devices. ... Physical Therapy FAQs What is physical therapy? Physical therapy is a treatment method for improving movement and functionality that have been compromised by age, disease or injury. Patients recover through the use of restorative exercises that focus on muscle strength, flexibility, balance, posture and coordination, and overall pain relief. Physical therapy is also designed to prevent reinjury and maximize patient quality of life. ... OrthoSensor%u2122 Knee Balancer A fairly new product for alleviating pain and restoring function in the knee is an implant device called the OrthoSensor Knee Balancer.%u2122 During knee-replacement surgery, the OrthoSensor Knee Balancer monitors and provides information about the structures in the knee joint; this information ensures optimal positioning and placement of the knee implant. The most common causes of implant failure are instability, an imbalance in the soft tissues, and malalignment. The OrthoSensor Knee Balancer addresses these issues to help ensure successful knee-replacement surgery. ...	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
ORLANDO, Fla., Oct. 14, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Attorney Mary Merrell Bailey, founder and managing partner of Your Caring Law Firm located in Central Florida, today predicted that the nation's large number of aging adults will impact the way estate attorneys practice in the future. According to Bailey, many attorneys will be shifting their focus from "estate planning to estate probating." Bailey observed a trend in her practice where clients are seeking probate services for family members who have died intestate. She also cited statistics from the U. S. Census Bureau regarding the country's record number of seniors over age 65. Bailey pointed out that as large numbers of the elderly population pass away, the demand for probate services will increase for those who die intestate. "Studies have shown that approximately 60-70% of Americans do not have a will or estate plan," said Bailey. "Until more Americans make estate planning a priority, it stands to reason that just as a rising tide lifts all ships, intestacy will become an even greater problem 10-20 years down the road. It is my hope that National Estate Planning Awareness Week will bring this issue the visibility it deserves." Bailey clarified that while these sobering statistics present a challenge to the estate attorney whose business model is based primarily on Trust planning, the new reality is that it simultaneously presents a new business opportunity. "Trust planning will never go away, but attorneys will need to place an equal amount of focus on probate services if they want to capture a share of that market," she said. In 2013, WealthCounsel, an organization of estate planners of which Bailey is a member, conducted a nationwide survey of practitioners to gain insight about trends in their practices, including the primary reasons that clients engage in estate planning. Bailey praised WealthCounsel's survey, which found that nearly 60% of those who seek estate planning services do so in order to avoid probate court. Furthermore, 57% of the respondents stated that their clients plan in order to spare loved ones the chaos that occurs when parents die intestate. As heirs are thrown into the fray-of-delay and endure complex probate proceedings, they are presented with a teachable moment, Bailey noted. "For many, the light bulb goes on and they vow to spare their own families the discord that results from poor planning. Ultimately, the pendulum will shift back to planning as those clients who were refugees from the probate process engage in proactive planning," she added. Estate attorneys, especially those practicing in states with large populations of seniors such as California, Florida, Pennsylvania and New York, will have a strategic advantage as the focus shifts toward probate issues, according to Bailey. "The key is to prepare your practice in advance and have a plan to execute on what is certainly to become the new normal." About Your Caring Law Firm Your Caring Law Firm is a boutique law firm founded by Mary Merrell Bailey Esq. CPA MBA MSTaxation MSAccounting and Hallie Zobel. Located in Maitland, FL, the firm offers probate, wills, trusts and planning services to clients throughout the Central Florida region. With deep roots in the community, Your Caring Law Firm prides itself on its ability to deliver a rare combination of sophisticated legal advice that draws upon sound business, tax and accounting knowledge, while providing a caring, attentive environment for clients to make some of the most important decisions of their lives. For more information, visit YourCaringLawFirm.com. SOURCE Your Caring Law Firm	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
The worldwide incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing ([@bib6]) with considerable international variation in incidence ([@bib28]). Thyroid cancer is an indolent disease often detected by ultrasound of incidentally discovered nodules and this may be due to diagnostic bias rooted in differential access to health care. ([@bib3]). However, other studies suggest changes in risk factors such as iodine supplementation, obesity and the frequency of use of medical diagnostic radiation may be partly responsible ([@bib2]; [@bib32]). Studying incidence in different ethnic groups in a single country can help to understand this variation (and offer insights into aetiology) as similar diagnostic, reporting and registration procedures are used regardless of ethnic group ([@bib18]). In England, there were 2208 new cases of thyroid cancer in 2010 with incidence rates having increased by more than 150% since 1975 ([@bib16]). As a multiethnic nation (14% of England\'s population were 'non-White\' in 2011 ([@bib17]) with a unified health-care system, England provides an ideal setting in which to do this. Since 1995, self-assigned ethnicity has also been recorded in the National Health System\'s Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) database (using the same classification system as used in the census) and HES records can now be linked to cancer registrations, providing more reliable information on ethnicity ([@bib26]) and allowing individual ethnic groups to be analysed separately for the first time ([@bib8]). In this paper, we compare the incidence of thyroid cancer among the six largest 'non-White\' ethnic groups in England with each other and with Whites using self-assigned ethnicity. Materials and methods ===================== We obtained data from the National Cancer Intelligence Network for all cancer registrations from 2001 to 2007 in England with the following information: cancer site coded to the International Classifications of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10; [@bib30]); morphology coded to the ICD of Oncology, 2nd and 3rd Revisions (ICD-O-2 and ICD-O-3; [@bib29]; [@bib31]); deprivation assessed from the income domain of the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 (IMD 2007; [@bib14]); age at diagnosis of cancer; sex; ethnicity and regional cancer registry. To determine population incidence data, we used mid-year population estimates produced by the Office of National Statistics from 2001 to 2007 stratified by age, sex and ethnicity. We used ICD-10 code C73 to identify all thyroid cancers and morphology codes to identify follicular and papillary subtypes. NCRS obtained the self-assigned ethnicity for each cancer registration by record linkage to the HES database. We classified ethnicity as White, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi, with the three groups combined to form the category 'South Asian\', Black African, Black Caribbean (again both combined to form the category 'Black\') and Chinese. We estimated age-standardised rates of cancer per 100 000 person-years for all ethnic groups using direct standardisation to the 1960 Segi world population ([@bib22]) with age divided into six categories: (\<40, 40--49, 50--59, 60--69, 70--79, 80+). We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) comparing each ethnic group (and 'South Asians\' and 'Blacks\') with Whites adjusting for sex, age and deprivation. We performed pre-specified subgroup analyses by sex (male vs female), age (\<50 vs ⩾50 years), deprivation (quintile 1 vs quintiles 2--4 of the income domain of the index of IMD 2007) and by tumour type (follicular vs papillary). We chose the age division so that cancer rates in first vs later generations of South Asians could be examined -- the percentage of South Asians born outside the United Kingdom is 97% for those aged ⩾50 years, whereas for those aged \<50 years the majority (58%) were born in the United Kingdom ([@bib15]). Subgroup analysis by age for Blacks and Chinese was also done for completeness but it does not allow the same discrimination by generation. When comparing 'South Asians\' and \'Blacks\' with Whites, we present results as RRs with 99% confidence intervals (owing to multiple tests performed across subgroups.) When comparing the individual ethnic groups, we use 99% floating confidence intervals (FCIs), calculated using the method of floating absolute risks, which enable valid comparisons between any two groups, even if neither one is the baseline ([@bib5]; [@bib20]). As ethnicity information was not complete for all registered cancers, we did a sensitivity analysis using multiple imputations of the missing ethnicity values age, sex, income domain of IMD 2007, site of cancer and region. Analyses were performed using Stata (version 12; StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and R statistical software packages (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results ======= [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} shows socio-demographic information from the 2001 census by ethnic group. All non-White groups are younger than Whites and all except Chinese are also more deprived, with Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Black Africans being the most deprived. About half of the South Asian and Black Caribbean populations were born in the United Kingdom compared with only about 30% of Black Africans and Chinese. [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} shows the total number of thyroid cancer registrations with missing ethnicity values for each subtype. For all thyroid cancers ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}), there was a statistically significantly higher incidence in all ethnic groups (except Indians) compared with Whites, with significant heterogeneity between the groups (P\<0.001). Among South Asians, the rates were statistically significantly higher in both British Pakistanis (RR 1.79, 99% FCI 1.47--2.19) and British Bangladeshis (RR 1.99, 99% FCI 1.46--2.71), but not in British Indians (RR 1.09, 99% FCI 0.90 to 1.32), demonstrating heterogeneity between these groups (P\<0.001). In Blacks, the incidence of thyroid cancer was also statistically significantly higher in both Africans (RR 1.69, 99% FCI 1.34--2.13) and Caribbeans (RR 1.56, 99% FCI 1.25--1.93) but with no heterogeneity between these groups (P=0.5). The risk for thyroid cancer was highest in Chinese (RR 2.14, 99% FCI 1.63--2.80). The increased risk in the non-White ethnic groups was evident in men and women, in those aged \<50 and ⩾50 years and in those who were most deprived (quintile 1), as well as those in quintiles 2--5. However, as also shown in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, in South Asians the rate of follicular thyroid cancer was not statistically significantly higher than in British Whites, whereas the RR for papillary thyroid cancer was statistically significantly higher (RR 1.47, 99% CI 1.25--1.73). This difference is mainly because of the statistically significantly lower incidence of follicular thyroid cancer in Indians (RR 0.55, 99% FCI 0.31--0.98), whereas the incidence of both follicular and papillary thyroid cancers were statistically significantly higher in both the Pakistanis (follicular: RR 1.95, 99% FCI 1.29--2.96, papillary: RR 1.85, 99% FCI 1.46--2.36) and Bangladeshis (follicular: RR 3.15, 99% FCI 1.84--5.41, papillary: RR 1.63, 99% FCI 1.07--2.07). In Blacks, the incidence of both follicular and papillary thyroid cancers was statistically significantly higher than in Whites. However, the incidence rate ratios were statistically significantly higher in follicular (RR 2.09, 99% CI 1.53--2.86) than in papillary (RR 1.34, 99% CI 1.07--1.68), with significant heterogeneity between the two (P=0.003). The opposite pattern was seen in Chinese, with incidence rate ratios being statistically significantly higher for papillary cancer (RR 2.64, 99% FCI 1.94--3.58) than follicular cancer (RR 1.38, 99% FCI 0.68--2.83), again with significant heterogeneity between the two (P=0.03). In the sensitivity analysis, which assigned missing values using multiple imputation, results similar to those shown in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} were obtained as shown in [Supplementary Figure 2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} (online). Discussion ========== In this study, we compared, for the first time, incidence rates for thyroid cancers in the main 'non-White\' ethnic groups in England-South Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi), Black (African and Caribbean) and Chinese with Whites and with each other. There was considerable variation by ethnic group, even when gender, age and socio-economic factors are taken into account. Overall, the risk of thyroid cancer was significantly higher in all 'non-White\' ethnic groups except Indians, with the increased risk also seen in the subgroupings by gender, age, deprivation and histology. There were significant differences in the incidence of thyroid cancer among South Asians with the risk of both follicular and papillary cancer being higher in Pakistanis and Bangladeshis but not in Indians. The higher rate of thyroid cancer in Blacks was driven principally by an increased risk of follicular cancer, whereas in Chinese, the higher rate was due to an increased risk of papillary cancer. There is only one previous report of thyroid cancer incidence by ethnicity in England (using name analysis), which showed a higher thyroid cancer incidence in South Asians compared with non-South Asians, but only in females ([@bib27]). Studies from the United States have shown a lower incidence in African Americans compared with Whites ([@bib21]), in contrast to our findings, but also found the highest incidence in South East Asians and Chinese, consistent with our results ([@bib23]). The different patterns of cancer risk seen across each of the different ethnic groups as well as differences by sex, age, deprivation and tumour subtype suggest that our findings are unlikely to be due to systematic over-reporting of thyroid cancer in the ethnic minority groups. Our previous work using the same data set also showed reduced risks of gastrointestinal cancers in the same ethnic groups that further supports the absence of an over-reporting bias ([@bib1]). The differences we found are also between populations with equal access to health care ([@bib13]) and there is evidence that non-White ethnic groups are less likely to access services such as cancer screening ([@bib25]). It is, therefore, very unlikely that increased access (diagnostic bias) could explain the increased incidence in the non-White groups, although of course there may be other confounding factors, and studies with individual-level exposure are needed to address this. The environmental and genetic factors that lead to thyroid cancer are not fully known, but there are some established risk factors -- pre-existing thyroid disease, iodine status and exposure to radiation ([@bib11]). Insufficient iodine in the diet is associated with an increase in the risk of follicular thyroid cancer and it is therefore less prevalent in areas where fortification of salt with iodine is the norm. By contrast, a diet high in iodine, such as one rich in sea food, has been associated with an increased risk in papillary thyroid cancer ([@bib4]). In the United Kingdom, salt iodisation is long standing and there is no evidence of difference in iodine status by ethnic group and this is therefore unlikely to explain the ethnic variation. The reduced incidence of follicular thyroid cancer in Indians and increased risk of papillary thyroid cancer is striking (a similar pattern is also seen for Chinese) and would be consistent with increased iodine levels but there is no evidence of this. However, some groups -- Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Blacks -- have an increased risk of both follicular and papillary cancers, and this cannot be explained by their iodine status. Other risk factors that are more contentious include an association between increased BMI and thyroid cancer, diabetes, female reproductive factors and exposure to endocrine-disrupting agents ([@bib9]; [@bib19]; [@bib32]). Although there are some differences in these risk factors (for example, obesity) by ethnic group ([@bib24]), it is unlikely that this could explain the significant differences in risk we have observed. Our finding of an increased risk in Blacks is in contrast to studies in the United States but this is likely to be mainly due to a reduction in the recording of thyroid cancer cases in African Americans owing to their inferior access to health care ([@bib10]) compared with US Whites. It could also reflect differences in the ancestry of the US and UK Black populations, with UK Blacks having migrated relatively recently and coming from the Caribbean and East Africa, whereas US Black immigration is more historic and largely from West Africa ([@bib12]). The increased risk we found in Chinese is consistent with studies in the United States where a higher frequency of thyroid nodules and goitre and reduced consumption of carotenoids explained more than half the increased risk ([@bib7]). Furthermore, the incidence of thyroid cancer in Hong Kong, where the majority of British Chinese originate, is even higher than that in British Chinese ([@bib6]). In contrast, rates in the countries of origin for all other ethnic groups in our study is much lower ([@bib6]). The main strength of our study is the use of a reliable and self-assigned measure of ethnicity. We also adjusted for socio-economic status, which is of particular importance for comparisons involving Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Blacks owing to their higher levels of deprivation. The main limitation of this type of descriptive study is the lack of individual-level information available on exposures. Ethnicity information was also missing for 16.7% of cancer registrations but the similar results found in the sensitivity analyses suggest that this did not affect our results. In conclusion, the higher incidence of thyroid cancer in most ethnic minority groups compared with Whites, and the differences by subtype cannot be explained by known risk factors and requires further investigation. Establishing the determinants of this variation with individual-level data of exposures and prevalence of known thyroid cancer genetic risk factors could offer new insights into its aetiology. Our findings also have important public health implications; clinicians serving those areas with large non-White populations need to be aware of the increased risk and commissioners need to consider the implications of the increased thyroid cancer incidence for these areas. We thank the National Cancer Registration Service (NCRS) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) for providing the data. Disclaimer The sponsor of the study had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. Author contributions RA and IB conceived and designed the study. RA, IB, AF and SS contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data. AF drafted the report, which was critically revised for important intellectual content by RA, IB and SS. All authors approved the report. RA is the guarantor. [Supplementary Information](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} accompanies this paper on British Journal of Cancer website (http://www.nature.com/bjc) RA, IB, AF, SS and VB are employed by the Cancer Epidemiology Unit at the University of Oxford, which is supported by Cancer Research UK. BM is employed by the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, USA. Supplementary Material {#sup1} ====================== ###### Click here for additional data file. ![Age-standardised incidence rates and rate ratios (adjusted by age, sex and deprivation) for all thyroid cancer by individual ethnic group compared with Whites. Bangladeshis compared with British Whites. Subgroups show rates and rate ratios subdivided by sex, age, deprivation and by histology (follicular and papillary).](bjc20144f1){#fig1} ###### Comparison of demographic characteristics by ethnic group in England in 2001 White Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Black African Black Caribbean Chinese ------------------------------------- ------------ ----------- ------------ --------------- ----------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Census data for 2001 Total population 42 747 136 (100.0) 1 028 546 (100.0) 706 539 (100.0) 275 394 (100.0) 475 938 (100.0) 561 246 (100.0) 220 681 (100.0) Sex Male 20 828 644 (48.7) 511 204 (49.7) 358 043 (50.7) 138 972 (50.5) 229 103 (48.1) 259 881 (46.3) 105 913 (48.0) Age \<50 27 665 393 64.7 828 200 80.5 625 118 88.5 248 841 90.4 432 985 91.0 426 424 76.0 184 675 83.7 50+ 15 081 743 35.3 200 346 19.5 81 421 11.5 26 553 9.6 42 953 9.0 134 822 24.0 36 006 16.3 Deprivation Low income (quintile 1) 7 305 527 (17.1) 347 098 (33.7) 455 710 (64.5) 198 884 (72.2) 277 858 (58.4) 292 537 (52.1) 49 427 (22.4) Middle income (quintiles 2,3 and 4) 26 315 786 (61.6) 563 939 (54.8) 222 038 (31.4) 69 325 (25.2) 177 234 (37.2) 245 103 (43.7) 123 994 (56.2) High income 9 125 823 (21.3) 117 509 (11.4) 28 791 (4.1) 7185 (2.6) 20 846 (4.4) 23 606 (4.2) 47 260 (21.4) (quintile 5) Country of birth United Kingdom 41 911 150 (98.0) 472 545 (45.9) 387 198 (54.8) 127 902 (46.4) 161 050 (33.8) 324 764 (57.9) 62 209 (28.2) Other 835 986 (2.0) 556 001 (54.1) 319 341 (45.2) 147 492 (53.6) 314 888 (66.2) 236 482 (42.1) 158 472 (71.8) ###### Distribution of registered cancers from 2001--2007 in England by ethnic group (percentages in brackets) White Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Black African Black Caribbean Chinese All other ethnicities No ethnicity recorded Total ------------------- ------------- ------------ --------------- ----------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ----------- All cancers 7396 (65.7) 178 (1.6) 170 (1.5) 70 (0.6) 124 (1.1) 142 (1.3) 90 (0.8) 1216 (10.8) 1877 (16.7) 11 263 Follicular cancer 1762 (70.7) 20 (0.8) 39 (1.6) 23 (0.9) 32 (1.3) 43 (1.7) 13 (0.5) 203 (8.2) 357 (14.3) 2492 Papillary cancer 4195 (63.8) 128 (2.0) 115 (1.8) 38 (0.6) 67 (1.0) 73 (1.1) 72 (1.1) 808 (12.3) 1076 (16.4) 6572 Other cancer 1439 (65.4) 30 (1.4) 16 (0.7) 9 (0.4) 223 (1.1) 26 (1.2) 5 (0.2) 205 (9.3) 444 (20.2) 2199	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Q: How can I tell the differences between a 3G, 3G LTE, and 4G phone? I apologize if this is the wrong place to ask, but it looks like the Gadget StackExchange has been closed. I've been doing research on mobile phones and looking at different Android devices and I'm a bit confused. Often times, the device advertises 'Speeds up to X Mbps', and lists the available networks (e.g. GSM, HSPA/WCDMA). However, as 3G LTE and 4G standards have been developing, phones are being released that are capable of even greater speeds. How can I tell if a mobile is 3G LTE or 4G? Can a 3G LTE phone upgrade to 4G? (And for that matter, is there any difference between WiMAX and 4G at this point?) Thanks! A: First, WiMax and 4G are completely separate. WiMax already has real-world implementation, whereas 4G does not; 4G is still in development. Second, 3G LTE is also completely separate from 4G. LTE also has real-world implementation. A 3G LTE phone can only operate at 4G speeds if it has hardware capable of it. The manufacturer will undoubtedly advertise this, so it shouldn't be hard to find out. I know of no current phones that can do true 4G, which makes sense given that 4G doesn't really exist yet. The same applies for "regular" 3G phones working at LTE speeds. The Samsung Vibrant, for example, works on T-Mobile's "fake 4G" network with slightly improved speeds, but does not take full advantage of it. The Vibrant 4G, however, does take full advantage of the higher speeds. Currently, cell providers in the US and elsewhere are referring to various 3G technologies including LTE, HSPA+, etc. as "4G" when they are not actually 4G. Examples of 4G networks in development are LTE Advanced (based on 3G LTE) and WirelessMAN-Advanced (based on WiMax). Speed requirements for 4G service set the peak download speed at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). 3G LTE and WiMax do not meet these speed requirements. The Wikipedia page on 4G is quite informative.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Some introduce macrobiotics as a way of life and diet with specific food choices and by doing so fall into the trap of having to compare one diet versus another. They end up criticizing fast food, raw food, high protein diets, vegetarianism, veganism and compare it with macrobiotics. They may lament the fact that veganism, for example, seems to be more popular than “macrobiotics” and wonder why this is so. I don’t do that. I avoid falling into that comparison trap by introducing macrobiotics in a different way. I explain, as I did recently to a group of high school students, that macrobiotics is about understanding your relationship to food – to ALL food – whether it is eating organically grown brown rice or a fast food hamburger with fries and also looks at how all foods affect you. It also isn’t just about food but is about observing and trying to understanding your relationship with and how ALL things in life effect you from the forces of nature (the weather, the seasons, the climate and where you live, etc.) to your relationship with people – family, friends, society at large – to your dreams and ambitions and to everything else in this grand universe. The choice of what to eat is individual. If people wish to eat pizza and hamburgers then that is their own choice. If they wish to eat high quality organic foods, then that is their choice as well. It only depends on what you want to do with your life and what difficulties or challenges you wish to face and whether or not you are willing to take full responsibility for the consequences of your choices. In this way I do not impose my own personal value judgements and morals upon others nor do I criticize them for their values or morals. I completely respect their freedom to choose their own life and path. As a macrobiotic teacher it is only my role to help guide those interested to observe and better understand their choices, to introduce new options and possibilities and to explore and examine the consequences of their choices. In this way my aim is not to offer solutions to problems but encourage others to find solutions on their own and in doing so find greater freedom to enjoy life fully and completely. This way of introducing macrobiotics is intended to dispel the misunderstanding that it is a rigid and narrow diet as it has come to be known as. I believe that the source of this misunderstanding lies less upon on misinterpretations of an unknowing and blameless public but more on various macrobiotic proponents unable to accurately convey the dynamic nature of what macrobiotics is truly about. Having been born into and raised in the middle of the macrobiotic movement it comes natural to me to want to correct this misunderstanding whenever the opportunity presents itself. In my country, we say: “the fish dies by the mouth” and this means that the day we critizice something, the day after we are doing it. Change is innate to the human nature and the best, most balanced and healthiest way of accepting and understanding this is expressed in the unconditional Respect shown to everyone´s freedom to choose their own path in life. Other subject is that the choices can be done fruit of ignorance, then freedom is not present, when we act under ignorance, we become slaves of our senses, emotions, but don´t get me wrong the knowledge just acquired by the mind, that hasn´t been assimilated, digested and experienced by the being, enslaves us the same than ignorance, because we stop listening to our inner and outer needs to begin acting rationally, the goal here is to find a balance between all our bodies, at least the ones that we are more conscious, physical, emotional, mental, spiritual and with it become free to choose who we want to be(in all senses), at least, the most of the time if not all. To balance all our bodies will push us to be conscious of all the “food ” that nurture us, not just the whole grains, vegetables, animal/vegetable proteins,…..thoughts, prayers, meditations, exercises, breathing, working, sharing, being where and when we are, respect the seasons, respect the nature, respect ourselves and the others, respect all the manifestations of matter being conscious that it is a manifestation of energy and I could go on and on, and all of this unconditional respect, covered by a huge quantity of unconditional Love all of this will wake up the consciousness of what is macrobiotics and when this consciousness is awaken, you´ll understand that Macrobiotics is a way of Unconditional Love and Respect to all that are in the known and unknown Universe. Once you get this understanding, your choices are more conscious. But I would like to add something else, remember that we are not alone in this world and even when we can achieve this kind of understanding, we have family, friends, known people,…not known people and the whole Universe that we relate to and that we are energy and our connections are not just the direct ones, we are under very subtle connections too, I will give you an example that I am sure you will understand. When a couple decides to have a child and the man eats meat and the woman has chosen not to eat it for a while, when she gets pregnant she will have to balance his energy inside of herself and she will have the need of eating animal protein more than usual, eating fish or whatever she chooses, this is an extremme but in daily life we are balancing everyones energies unconsciously, everytime we deal with the others or even when we think about them,…… then let´s be patience, unconditionally loving and unconditionally respectful as much as we can, to everyone´s choices and path, because this will be the only way for all of us to grow up and to achieve the Peace many of us long for.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Mountains soaring high as if to kiss the sky and glistening while trapping the sun behind them, these sights are obvious ones to overwhelm any living soul. A country situated right at the foot of the Himalayas, Nepal offers a plethora of such scenes and options to trek to the base camps of some of the highest and most exciting peaks of the world. Base camps have been exciting destinations for intrepid travellers from all over the world. Usually, a base camp trek does not require any professional climbing experience and can be undertaken by anyone in good physical and mental shape. They can be of varying difficulties and provide unique opportunities to experience the local lifestyle of the specific regions. Some of the best options for base camp trekking in Nepal are as follows: Everest Base Camp Trek Everest base camp The Everest base camp trek takes you to the base of the highest peak in the world. It is one of the most famous and beautiful base camp treks in Nepal. This trek gives you the opportunity to trace some footsteps of Tenzing Norgay Sherpa and Sir Edmund Hillary when they first scaled Everest back in 1953. The base camp is at an incredible height of 5364 meters and the trek takes around 16 days. The best time to go is either between March and May or September and December. This trek costs around US$1300. Related: Some Highlights of Everest base camp trek A short flight to Lukla, regarded by most as the most dangerous airport in the world, Visit Namche Bazaar, a major trade hub in the region, Majestic views of the Everest Peaks from Kalapatthar (5550m) and other vantage points, Option to visit the Khumbu glaciers, Beautiful Sherpa Villages and Buddhist Monasteries including Tengboche Monastery Find the package... Annapurna Base Camp Trek Annapurna base camp The Annapurna mountain range which is named after the Hindu goddess of food and nourishment is a famous destination for travellers. The trek to Annapurna Base Camp (ABC) reveals majestic views of mountains in the range which include Annapurna I (8091m), Annapurna II (7937m), Machhapuchhre (6997m) and others. This moderate difficulty trek takes around 15 days and can vary depending on the route chosen and takes one up to the height of 4130 meters above the sea level. It costs around $960 and the price can vary depending upon the group size and mode of accommodation chosen. The best time to travel is from February to Mid-June and from September to November. Some Highlights of Annapurna base camp trek Incredible views of the mountains in the Annapurna range, Sunrise view from Poonhill vantage point, A unique mix of Tibetan and Nepalese culture, Himalayan Villages untouched by modern influences, Several natural hot springs for travellers to relax at (depending upon the route chosen), Staple desert of the region- Homemade apple pie Book your trek now. Manaslu Base Camp Trek Mt. Manaslu Mt. Manaslu (meaning the Spirit Mountain) is the eighth highest mountain in the world standing at 8163 meters above the sea level. This base camp trek is one of the most untouched trekking destinations in Nepal. It provides incomparable views along with huge biodiversity and unique cultural heritage. This base camp is estimated to be situated at an altitude of around 4400 meters above sea level. A round trip can take up to 18 days and tea house lodging is the prominent mode of accommodation. This trip is best done in either March-May or Sept-November. Related: Some Highlights of Manaslu base camp trek Unexplored trails and small crowds Cross high altitude passes like Larke La pass (5160m) Visit famous old monasteries such as Sama Gompa Spectacular views of Himal Chuli (7853m), Ganesh Himal (7422m), and entire Manaslu Himalayan Range, etc. Homestay experience with the locals Opportunities to view blooming Rhododendron flowers during the season Detailed information: Kanchenjunga Base Camp Trek Mt. Kanchenjunga The Kanchenjunga base camp trek is one of the more strenuous base camp treks in Nepal. This mountain lies in the easternmost part of Nepal and borders Sikkim in India. The mountain is the third-highest in the world and has two base camps where the scaling of the Kanchenjunga summit begins. The north base camp is situated at a staggering height of around 5143 meters above the sea level and the south base camp is at a height of 4500 meters. The trek to north and south base camps can take up to 19 days and 22 days for completion. The best time to go is between March-May and Sept-December. Related: Some Highlights of Kanchenjunga trek Unspoiled wilderness to be explored Option to visit the Pathibhara Temple- An important Hindu pilgrimage site Visit Kanchenjunga Conservation area, home to thousands of unique flora and fauna Explore quaint local villages and their ancient culture on the way Whether you are an experienced climber, a traveller, or a mountain enthusiast, Nepal offers you a ton of options and it is solely up to you to choose the base camp trek that suits your preference. A trip to one of the mentioned base camps is bound to be a thrilling experience. Moreover, the pride and emotions upon achieving the feat of conquering a base camp are of such magnitude that the feeling will fill you with the zest for years to come. So, pick a base camp, pack your bags and get ready to delve into the Himalayas in Nepal. Book now...	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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# 如何查看一个文件的 inode number ::: tip Issue 欢迎在 Issue 中交流与讨论: [Issue 115](https://github.com/shfshanyue/Daily-Question/issues/115) ::: ::: tip Author 回答者: [shfshanyue](https://github.com/shfshanyue) ::: 可以使用 `ls` 或者 `stat` ``` bash $ stat hello.txt File: ‘hello.txt’ Size: 30 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: fd01h/64769d Inode: 917526 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-12-10 16:15:55.253325208 +0800 Modify: 2019-12-10 16:15:52.740653330 +0800 Change: 2019-12-10 16:15:52.742653069 +0800 $ ls -i hello.txt 917526 hello.txt ```	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
NATO will create a Trust Fund to support the defense potential of Ukraine on the long-term perspective, NATO high-rank official reported at a briefing on June 23 talking about an agenda of forthcoming meetings of the North Atlantic Council (NAC) at the level of Foreign Ministers in Brussels on June 24-25. He said that the Trust Fund and assistance package for Ukraine are being discussed now only as an initial project. These measures don’t foresee direct military aid to this country, and would be focused on reforming the armed forces, the modernization of logistics, communication systems, command and control, and the education and training of staff.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Field of Invention The present invention relates to a converter technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to a converter circuit and the open-circuit detection method of the same. Description of Related Art Since the converter is widely used in the power system, the requirements on its maintainability requirements hence are increasing accordingly. The multilevel converter, for example, which provides a lot of convenience on applications of high voltage and high power occasions, but with the level number increases, the number of switches required for the main circuit doubles, the circuit structure and control scheme become more complex, leads to malfunction of the power electronic device increasing, and the reliability of the system greatly reducing. Currently the malfunctions that commonly occur include open-circuit or open-circuit malfunctions of the power semiconductor switches, and malfunctions such as wire disconnection, wrong connection, or driver errors which causes damages to the devices and systems. If there is no effective mechanism to detect if the converter circuit is under open-circuit malfunction, the converter circuit can easily be damaged during operations, resulting in stoppage of the production, or even seriously accidents. Hence it is an important issue to design a new converter circuit and an open-circuit detection method thereof to solve the aforementioned problem.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Dov'eravamo rimasti con il cucinino? Ah sì, alle rifiniture del pavimento e al montaggio degli infissi.Ecco, adesso che la "scatola" muraria è completata, viene l'aspetto (per me) più complicato: l'arredamento.È un passaggio che inizialmente mi dà noia, in quanto mi obbliga a sospendere la costruzione vera e propria per dedicarmi a decorare i vani con tutti gli accessori e le suppellettili che ne caratterizzano l'uso, e che una volta chiuso il solaio non riuscirei più a collocare.Nel caso specifico del cucinino parliamo di un ambiente piccolo ma piuttosto carico, nel quale possono trovare posto molti oggetti di uso comune, non necessariamente collocati in modo ordinato.Alcuni di questi li avevo già preparati (ad esempio il lavabo), ma per lo più si tratta di un lavoro d'improvvisazione realizzato con oggetti di recupero.Prima di tutto vediamo il completamento dei muri, che nel passaggio precedente è rimasto in secondo piano per dare maggiore visibilità al montaggio delle porte.Il lavandino, sbattuto di qua e di là mentre lavoravo alle murature, trova adesso la sua collocazione definitiva sotto la grande scaffalatura a muro, che sarà ben visibile anche dalla finestra.Queste immagini sono precedenti al completamento delle mensole, ma le posto adesso perché la volta scorsa mi erano sfuggite. Comunque, ecco qui la versione definitiva mentre viene ispezionata (ed approvata) dal committente:Quella coppa che si vede sul secondo ripiano è un vecchio acquisto che avevo fatto insieme ai ratti del fiume sotterraneo, ma non troverà posto nel cucinino. Penso piuttosto che, visto il suo aspetto ricco, la inserirò nel salone principale, magari sul tavolo davanti al camino.Parlando di camini, all'angolo opposto del cucinino si trova l'angolo cottura, dove per l'appunto sto per collocare gli ultimi pezzi del caminetto. Immediatamente dietro l'architrave ho collocato una barra di ferro alla quale verrà appesa, tramite un gancio, la pentola. Prima di questo, avevo realizzato delle scanalature sull'architrave stesso per collocare lì i ganci in posizione fissa, e anche se quella soluzione è stata poi scartata, ho deciso di non sostituire il pezzo e di utilizzarlo così com'è.La cappa è formata da lastre di ardesia che si appoggiano ad angolo con una leggera inclinazione verso l'interno, che le porterà a chiudersi sulla parete di fondo. Al loro interno, il muro retrocede gradualmente dando così origine alla canna fumaria, che correrà interna alla parete per tutta la sua lunghezza.E con il completamento del camino, inizia lo studio e la posa dei primi accessori. In questo caso si tratta appunto del gancio in ferro e della pentola.La base di partenza è una scodella di rame (accessorio per presepe) alla quale rimuovo l'ansa per sostituirla con un manico in filo di rame. Poi espongo l'oggetto a fiamma diretta fino a renderlo incandescente, per raffreddarlo di colpo in un bicchiere d'acqua. Il risultato è una patina scura naturale (fissata) che dà alla pentola un aspetto decisamente più vecchio e autentico.E poi mi piace giocare col fuoco...La prima prova di montaggio della pentola è interessante ma dà soltanto una vaga idea di quello che sarà il risultato finale, anche perché la luce usata è fredda e proviene dall'esterno.Una volta completato l'arredamento del cucinino scatterò altre foto, questa volta con le lampadine giuste, e il risultato sarà ben diverso. Ve ne do un'anteprima, ma il resto lo vedremo nel prossimo capitolo dedicato all'arredamento di tutto il cucinino...MATERIALI:ardesia, colla bianca, filo di ferro, filo di rame, accessori per presepeSTRUMENTI:tenaglie, pinzette, carta abrasiva, seghetto, fornello	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
AUSTIN — Texas lawmakers on Wednesday agreed that distracted driving remains a problem on Texas roadways but said it is unlikely the Legislature will toughen the ban on texting anytime soon despite highway and police officials continuing to sound the alarm. “We had hearing after hearing and session after session to get that passed,” Senate Transportation Committee Chairman Sen. Robert Nichols, R-Jacksonville said during a hearing Wednesday. “I think that one is resolved about as far as it could go.” Committee members, during the discussion of ongoing safety efforts, instead said they supported the $600 million over the next two years that the Texas Department of Transportation has directed to other safety efforts, such as rumble strips along state roadways to alert drivers drifting off the road and cable barriers to stop vehicles from crossing highways into oncoming lanes. Texas leads the nation in roadway deaths, though its fatality rate — the number of deaths for every 100 million miles of vehicle travel — continues to decline slightly. Texas, TxDOT and Houston-area officials have focused greater efforts on roadway safety in recent months and set goals of eliminating roadway deaths within 30 years. OUT OF CONTROL: Houston’s roads, drivers are nation's most deadly One area public safety and transportation officials said must be addressed is increasing instances of distracted driving, often caused by cell phone use by motorists. Hank Sibley, acting chief of the Texas Highway Patrol, part of the Department of Public Safety, estimated at least 10 percent of fatal crashes highway patrolman respond to involve distracted driving. Texas banned texting while driving in 2017, but wrote the law in a way to protect other uses of a cell phone, such as typing directions into a navigation app or controlling music. The resulting prohibition, Sibley said, is difficult to enforce. Many Texans, meanwhile, do not even know there is a ban, according to researchers. A study released in August by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute found distracted driving was least prevalent in Wichita Falls, in far north Texas near the Oklahoma border, where about three-quarters of drivers were aware of the texting ban and 6 percent of drivers were observed using phones while driving. In Houston, which fared worst among metro areas, about 60 percent of drivers were aware of the ban and 9 percent were seen on their phones behind the wheel. Robert Wunderlich, a TTI researcher and head of the institute’s Center for Transportation Safety, said one factor between the two may be that Wichita Falls has a citywide cell phone ban that prohibits holding a phone while driving, while Houston has no such limits. Despite the connection, Nichols said he does not expect the Legislature to tweak the law. DESIGN CHANGES COMING: TxDOT commits $600 million to reducing roadway deaths The same is true for another oft-sought safety improvement, Nichols said: A helmet requirement for motorcyclists. The research is clear, he said, but so is the sentiment that the legislature cannot compel personal behavior. Even if they do not agree on every issue, safety advocates said they welcomed the discussion and the support for TxDOT’s funding. “Just having the discussion is a good thing,” said Jay Crossley, head of the nonprofit Farm & City which has advocated for efforts to eliminate road deaths and increased funding for safety changes to highways. dug.begley@chron.com	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
2013 Brought Big Changes in Bangor One of the biggest changes for Bangor in 2013 was bittersweet for many. The demolition of the Bangor Auditorium and the completion of the Cross Insurance Center. “The Cross Center has been a big change. I was in it for the first time in November. It was kind of sad to see the old place go, but I think this is going to be wonderful,” said Arlene Soade, who lives in Bangor. What many think has been a significant change in the area is the thriving commerce. “The shops are really nice. I’m looking forward to them developing them more. I did all my Christmas shopping downtown. I mean, it’s nice to park and walk and get my shopping done in two hours,” said Terri Elder, a Hampden resident. “Open for businesses” in Bangor is something the city council would like to see more of in 2014. “Certainly, in downtown, you see new business opening, and others. Still some vacant store fronts, so we’ve still got work to do, but things are definitely moving in the right direction,” said Ben Sprague, Bangor City Council Chair. Draws to the region, like the Waterfront Concert Series, are things that seem to be making this area a destination for many. “For a long time there was a perception as Bangor being a sort of end of the line but it’s not at all the case anymore and we’ve really had the some great growth and hopefully we can keep that going in 2014,” said Sprague.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Our church is currently searching for a pastor. We have a search committee in place and we are trusting the Lord to call the right man to lead and shepherd us. Here is a statement from our pastor search committee concerning what kind of pastor we are seeking: “Grace Presbyterian Church will call a pastor that has a vision and passion to lead us through a transition from a small group of scripturally grounded members with an inward focus to a larger group of outward focused members without losing our scriptural soundness.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
10, k, -2 Suppose -24r + 274 = -25r. Let h = -266 - r. Put 3, h, 1 in ascending order. 1, 3, h Let a be 4(-2 + 110/54). Let o = 35/54 - a. Let w(i) = -1753i - 7005. Let d be w(-4). Sort d, -1, o, -0.1 in decreasing order. d, o, -0.1, -1 Let g(h) = -4h3 + 55h*2 + 11h + 46. Let r be g(14). Sort 16, r, 135, 5 in ascending order. r, 5, 16, 135 Suppose -s = -2u, 2u = -u - 3s - 9. Let o = -1092.87 + 1093. Sort u, 4, o, 0.5 in descending order. 4, 0.5, o, u Let i(l) = -l2 + 7l + 3. Let f be i(8). Let o = 0 - f. Let r(j) = -11j - 172. Let v be r(-16). Sort 6, v, o. v, o, 6 Let i = -1439.08 - -1438.7. Put i, -1, 0.7 in decreasing order. 0.7, i, -1 Let n = 7.4 - 4.4. Let g be (79/(-27) - -3)3. Let p = 69 + -70. Put p, n, 1/6, g in descending order. n, g, 1/6, p Let h = 88.63 - -10.57. Let m = -94 + h. Let t = m - 5.02. Sort t, -2/9, -1/4, -1/2. -1/2, -1/4, -2/9, t Let v be 91/273(-18)/33. Let t be 236/(-581) + 12/42. Let h = t - 282/415. Sort 0.1, h, v, 0.01. h, v, 0.01, 0.1 Let b = 73 - 76.3. Let t = b + 6.3. Let o = 4.99 + 0.01. Sort -2/3, o, t in ascending order. -2/3, t, o Let u = -23029 - -23029.5. Put 13, 7/5, u in ascending order. u, 7/5, 13 Suppose 144a = -304 - 216 + 88. Put -4, 5, 1, a in decreasing order. 5, 1, a, -4 Let u = 38/9 + -476/117. Let c = -258 + 259.072. Let o = c + -0.072. Put o, -0.1, u, -1/8 in decreasing order. o, u, -0.1, -1/8 Let n(k) = -k*3 - 15k*2 - 17k - 20. Let l be n(-14). Suppose 0 = -8w + 86 - l. Let m be 12/21-4 + w/28. Sort 3, m, -10 in increasing order. -10, m, 3 Suppose 10l = 18l - 32. Let z be -7 - (-8 - (-2)/4l). Sort -5, -4, z, 5 in descending order. 5, z, -4, -5 Let n = 971 + -971.617. Let t = 0.117 + n. Put 0, t, 4 in decreasing order. 4, 0, t Suppose -1 = 5y + 4. Let o be y4 + (-16)/8. Let l be ((-8)/(-3))/((-4)/o). Sort 5, -5, l in descending order. 5, l, -5 Let f = -728.194 - -732. Let q = -0.806 + f. Let r = 1 + -1.4. Sort q, 2/17, r in ascending order. r, 2/17, q Let m be -12((-42)/7)/(-12). Put 0, -8, m, 3 in descending order. 3, 0, m, -8 Let r be (2/3)/(92/24 + -4). Let h be 3145/3825 - 4/18. Sort -2/13, -0.3, r, h in ascending order. r, -0.3, -2/13, h Let q be ((-22)/132)/((-1)/(-2)). Put 1, -0.1, 10, q in decreasing order. 10, 1, -0.1, q Let b be (813/1626)/(-11/(-10)). Let x = -16 - -8. Let k = -5 - x. Sort b, -2, k, 4. -2, k, 4, b Suppose -36c - 9c + 1350 = 0. Let a be (3/2)/(53/c). Sort -1, -20, 1, a in decreasing order. a, 1, -1, -20 Let i = -12804 + 12799. Put 5, -9, i, -33 in ascending order. -33, -9, i, 5 Let x = -1999 - -1998. Put 12, -4, x, -2 in decreasing order. 12, x, -2, -4 Let l be (-15)/(150/4) + (-12)/(-5). Let v be (11 + -4 - l) + 0. Let d(n) = n*2 + 15n + 23. Let g be d(-13). Put 2, g, v in decreasing order. v, 2, g Suppose -4y = -d - y + 11, -2d - 2y - 2 = 0. Let v(a) = a + 18. Let i be v(-14). Let h be i/2 + ((-33)/3 - -6). Put d, 1, -4, h in ascending order. -4, h, 1, d Let v = -144 - -129. Let u be (-2)/(-4)6/(-18). Sort v, -0.2, u in descending order. u, -0.2, v Suppose 60g - 3 = 63g. Suppose 0i + 4 = -i - 2a, -33 = 5i - 3a. Sort 8, g, i in ascending order. i, g, 8 Let h be 5 - 246/45 - 2/(-3). Sort h, 0.3, -305, 5/2, -7 in decreasing order. 5/2, 0.3, h, -7, -305 Suppose 8b + 16 = 4b. Let n be (b/(-16))/((-11)/(-132)). Suppose 0 = z + 3 - 4. Put z, n, 2 in descending order. n, 2, z Let u be -1((-7 - -3) + 13). Let r = u + 11. Suppose g = -4g + 3g. Sort r, g, -2, 4 in descending order. 4, r, g, -2 Let k = -373 + 373. Let h = -0.31 - -0.01. Sort h, 1/2, k, -4 in descending order. 1/2, k, h, -4 Let x be (-1 - 7/(-4)) + 273/52. Let c(k) = -k2 - k + 44. Let n be c(x). Let b = -77 + 75. Sort 0, b, 5, n in increasing order. b, 0, n, 5 Let y(g) = -526g + 3160. Let o be y(6). Sort 6, 3, o, 13 in decreasing order. 13, 6, o, 3 Suppose 62 + 6 = -n. Let v = n - -70. Let u be (-11)/(-3) + v/6. Put u, -8, -3 in decreasing order. u, -3, -8 Let q = -1080956/77 - -98270/7. Let d(c) = -2c2 - 4c - 2. Let a be d(-2). Put 0.04, a, q in ascending order. a, 0.04, q Let c = -22867/11 - -2079. Put c, -7, -4, 2, 1/7 in increasing order. -7, -4, 1/7, c, 2 Let b = 22 + -21.6. Suppose 3r + 335 + 229 = 0. Let s = r - -9963/53. Put 0.5, s, b in increasing order. s, b, 0.5 Let t = -218.953 + 219. Let h = -1.147 + t. Sort h, -1/8, -4 in increasing order. -4, h, -1/8 Suppose -3a = n + 7 - 1, 0 = -4n + 2a - 52. Put -3, 16, n, -1 in decreasing order. 16, -1, -3, n Let w = -8464 + 8408. Sort -5, 3, w in ascending order. w, -5, 3 Let r(n) = -n*2 + 6n. Let g be r(6). Let p = -570 + 566. Sort 1, g, -10, p. -10, p, g, 1 Let a = -218 + 219. Let x = 0.1 - -0.2. Sort x, a, 6/5, -3/2 in increasing order. -3/2, x, a, 6/5 Suppose -27k + 187 = -r - 29k, 5r + 2k = -927. Sort 2, -3, r in increasing order. r, -3, 2 Suppose 0 = 4l + 5k + 15, -l - k - 3 - 1 = 0. Let v = -265.9 + 124.7. Let q = v - -141. Sort q, 3, l in decreasing order. 3, q, l Let j(f) = -f*3 - 8f*2 + 13f - 71. Let i be j(-10). Sort 48, i, -2, 10 in decreasing order. 48, 10, i, -2 Let b(w) be the first derivative of -34w3/3 - 3w*2/2 + 3w + 93. Let n be b(1). Sort n, 4, 3 in increasing order. n, 3, 4 Let v be (-124)/((3/27)/((-3)/6)). Let a = v - 566. Suppose 0 = -5l + 2r + 21, 0r = -l + 4r - 3. Sort a, l, -3 in descending order. l, -3, a Suppose 0 = 54x + 3299 + 3181. Sort -5, 0, x in descending order. 0, -5, x Let q(m) = 5m - 18. Let y be q(5). Let w be 100/(-140) - 2/y. Let p = 1 - 0. Sort w, p, 5 in decreasing order. 5, p, w Let j(c) = -c*3 - 5c*2 + 23c - 7. Let s be j(-8). Let k(x) = -2x3 + 5x*2 - 3x + 1. Let l be k(s). Sort -4, -5, 10, l in increasing order. -5, -4, l, 10 Let g be (-16)/(-105) + (-2)/7. Let a = 0.162 + 0.028. Let r = a - -0.31. Put 2, g, r in decreasing order. 2, r, g Let y = 3 + -2. Suppose 4r = -3q + 3 - 27, 0 = 3r + 7q + 75. Put r, 4, y, -10 in decreasing order. 4, r, y, -10 Let f = 0 - 0. Suppose 7z - 11z - q = 1094, 0 = 2z + 2q + 544. Let j = -1374/5 - z. Put -0.7, f, j in decreasing order. f, -0.7, j Suppose -137k - 150 = -212k. Let j(p) = -p - 8. Let y be j(-12). Sort y, -2, k, 7 in decreasing order. 7, y, k, -2 Let q = 24499 + -24498.35. Sort -8/7, q, 2 in increasing order. -8/7, q, 2 Let h be 1 - (1 + (-4)/(-6)). Let l = 0.9 - -123.1. Let u = l - 119. Sort 1/3, u, -0.1, h in increasing order. h, -0.1, 1/3, u Let i = -7050 - -63484/9. Sort -0.4, -2, i, 0.4 in ascending order. -2, -0.4, 0.4, i Let r = 529/1251 - -3/139. Let w be ((-1400)/12)/(-25)2/(-7). Sort r, w, 4, -13 in ascending order. -13, w, r, 4 Let j be 70/24 + (-12)/273. Let q = 11/6 - j. Sort q, 0.05, -5, -4. -5, -4, 0.05, q Suppose -6u + 2u - 20 = 0. Suppose -2o - 17 = -7m + 6m, -5m = -o - 85. Let b = 21 - m. Sort 2, u, b in decreasing order. b, 2, u Suppose -299h = -320h - 84. Put h, 338, -2 in descending order. 338, -2, h Let y = -48551 - -48561. Suppose s = 1 + 3. Sort s, y, 3 in decreasing order. y, s, 3 Let d = 74 - 69. Suppose 5g - du + 14 = 69, -5g - 5u + 15 = 0. Let b be 3/(-2)(3 + (-4)/(-12)). Sort g, 5, -3, b in ascending order. b, -3, 5, g Let p(i) = i3 - 3i*2 - 5i - 22. Let c be p(5). Suppose 0 = ck - k - 4, -2f + 4k - 8 = 0. Sort 5, f, -16 in increasing order. -16, f, 5 Let a = 1171 - 1170.8. Let c = 0.74 - -0.16. Let p = c + 0.1. Put 12, a, p in descending order. 12, p, a Let b be (2/69)/3. Suppose 4j - 3w = 5, 2j - w + 0 = b. Let c = 4 - j. Put 2/9, 0.5, c in increasing order. 2/9, 0.5, c Let g(d) be the third derivative of d4/24 + 10d*3/3 + 72d*2. Let z(f) = -f - 11. Let j be z(9). Let x be g(j). Put -15, x, -4 in decreasing order. x, -4, -15 Let g be (64 + -3)/(1/7). Let k = g + -426. Put k, 4, 13, 2 in decreasing order. 13, 4, 2, k Let a(v) = v - 4. Let g be a(4). Put g, 4, 59 in decreasing order. 59, 4, g Let j(g) = -168g - 336. Let a be j(-2). Suppose 0i = 2i - 40. Suppose -6y + i = -2y. Sort y, a, -1, -4 in increasing order. -4, -1, a, y Let w(c) = c*3 + 11c*2 - 22c + 4. Let m be w(-12). Sort m, 5, -2 in descending order. m, 5, -2 Let f = -10742.5 + 10743. Sort -0.02, -0.112, f. -0.112, -0.02, f Let d = 18.9 - 23.9. Sort -15/8, 4, d, 0.3. d, -15/8, 0.3, 4 Let r be 3/(6/48 - (-33)/24). Suppose 0 = r*y	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Czechów Czechów may refer to: Czechów, Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland Czechów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland Czechów Kąt See also Czechow (disambiguation) Chekhov (disambiguation) Czechowicz	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
/* Author: aeroson Description: Sets the text on the dialog Parameters: None Returns: Nothing */ #define AGM_CrewInfo_TextIDC 11123 private["_text", "_ctrl"]; disableSerialization; _text = _this select 0; _ctrl = (uiNamespace getVariable "AGM_CrewInfo_dialog") displayCtrl AGM_CrewInfo_TextIDC; _ctrl ctrlSetStructuredText parseText _text; _ctrl ctrlCommit 0;	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Nick VanderLaan Nicholas James "Nick" VanderLaan (born October 27, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player. He played three seasons of Division I college basketball for California and Virginia before completing his college career at Concordia-Irvine in 2004. As a senior in 2003–04, he was named an NAIA All-American First Team honoree. He played professionally for three seasons, spending time in the American Basketball Association (ABA), Continental Basketball Association (CBA), NBA Development League and in the Spanish second-tier league (LEB). His best season came in 2007, when he led the CBA in rebounding and helped Ricoh Manresa win the LEB championship. High school career A Sacramento native, VanderLaan first attended high school in his hometown before completing his secondary education in Connecticut. Following his sophomore year at Kennedy High School in 1997, VanderLaan moved to Kent, Connecticut for his junior year. As a junior at Kent School in 1997–98, he was named the MVP of the school's basketball team after averaging 26 points and 15 rebounds per game. During the season, he had a quadruple-double with 48 points, 22 rebounds, 11 blocks and 10 assists in a 101–97 double-overtime victory. On November 17, 1998, VanderLaan signed a National Letter of Intent to play college basketball for the University of California, Berkeley. As a senior at Oakdale's St. Thomas More School in 1998–99, VanderLaan averaged 19 points and 14 rebounds per game. He was named co-MVP of a team that finished with a 28–4 overall record and a second-place finish in the Class A New England Prep School tournament. In high school, VanderLaan also played football as a tight end and defensive end. College career California (1999–2001) As a freshman at California in 1999–2000, VanderLaan played in 33 games and had 16 starting assignments. He averaged 8.5 points and 6.7 rebounds per game, becoming only the fourth Cal freshman to have at least 200 rebounds. He was Cal's leading rebounder in 15 of the team's final 23 games, and finished the season second on the team in rebounding. He earned All-Tournament honors at the Top of the World Classic in Alaska after making his collegiate debut with a 20-point performance against Texas Christian, and scoring a career-high 23 points two games later in the title game against Oklahoma. At the season's end, he was named an honorable mention for the Pac-10 All-Freshman team. As a sophomore in 2000–01, VanderLaan played in 29 of Cal's 31 games and had 21 starting assignments. He averaged 6.2 points and 5.3 rebounds per game, finishing as Cal's second-leading rebounder for the second consecutive season. On December 21, 2000, VanderLaan recorded his only double-double of the season with 14 points and 12 rebounds in an 85–64 win over Georgia. VanderLaan started 21-straight games for Cal in 2000–01, but lost his starting job to Solomon Hughes in the final three weeks of Pac-10 play after he missed two games in February with a sprained right ankle. In March 2001, VanderLaan decided to transfer to another school for his junior year, citing personal reasons. Virginia (2001–2003) In May 2001, VanderLaan transferred to the University of Virginia. He was forced to sit out the 2001–02 season due to NCAA transfer regulations, but was able to practice with the team. As a redshirted junior in 2002–03, VanderLaan averaged 5.3 points and 4.5 rebounds in 31 games for the Cavaliers. He again finished second on the team in rebounding. He shot 50.8 percent (64-of-126) from the field, scored in double figures five times, and started in 14 games. On December 19, 2002, he scored a season-high 17 points against Gardner–Webb. Two days later, he had a season-high 11 rebounds against Rutgers. Concordia-Irvine (2003–2004) In August 2003, VanderLaan transferred from Virginia to Concordia University Irvine, moving again because of limited playing time with the Cavaliers in 2002–03. With one year of eligibility remaining, he had to play in a program that was not NCAA Division I. As a senior playing for the Eagles in 2003–04, he was named to the All-GSAC Team and received GSAC Player of the Year honors. He was also named an NAIA All-American First Team honoree and earned NAIA All-Tournament Team honors. On February 9, 2004, he was named GSAC Player of the Week after leading the Eagles to two wins with averages of 21.5 points and 11.5 rebounds. VanderLaan helped lead Concordia-Irvine to the final of the 2004 NAIA Tournament, where they were defeated 74–70 by Mountain State University despite an 18-point, 11-rebound effort from VanderLaan. He played and started in all 38 games for the Eagles in 2003–04, averaging team highs in points (16.1) and rebounds (11.6), while also averaging 1.2 assists, 1.0 blocks and 0.9 steals per game. He set a new single-season and school record with 29 double-doubles. College statistics \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 1999–2000 \| style="text-align:left;"\| California \| 33 \|\| 16 \|\| 22.8 \|\| .452 \|\| .000 \|\| .634 \|\| 6.7 \|\| .6 \|\| .8 \|\| .2 \|\| 8.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2000–01 \| style="text-align:left;"\| California \| 29 \|\| 21 \|\| 20.1 \|\| .467 \|\| .000 \|\| .539 \|\| 5.3 \|\| .7 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| 6.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2002–03 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Virginia \| 31 \|\| 14 \|\| 15.3 \|\| .508 \|\| .000 \|\| .545 \|\| 4.5 \|\| .7 \|\| .4 \|\| .6 \|\| 5.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2003–04 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Concordia-Irvine \| 38 \|\| 38 \|\| 26.4 \|\| .547 \|\| .333 \|\| .626 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 16.1 \|- Professional career Golden State Warriors (2004) After going undrafted in the 2004 NBA draft, VanderLaan joined the Golden State Warriors in July 2004 for the Southern California Summer Pro League. He appeared in four out of six games for the Warriors during the tournament, with his best performance coming in the team's final game, where he recorded 10 points and eight rebounds in 21 minutes off the bench. ABA (2004–2005) VanderLaan joined the newly established Utah Snowbears for their inaugural season in the American Basketball Association (ABA). He played in the team's first two games of the season (November 19–20) before being placed on the injured list on November 24 and replaced on the active roster by former NBA player Tony Farmer. In January 2005, VanderLaan was tested by Polish team Anwil Włocławek. He did not play for Włocławek during his stint with the team, and upon returning to the United States, he joined the ABA's Long Beach Jam. He made his debut for the Jam on January 28, recording two points, four rebounds and one block in a 139–114 win over Tijuana. He played out the season with the Jam and helped them finish with a 20–11 overall record, after they went 18–10 in the regular season and 2–1 in the post-season. Their final game came on March 9, where despite a double-digit scoring effort from VanderLaan, the Jam were defeated 130–115 by his former team, the Utah Snowbears. Idaho Stampede (2005) On November 6, 2005, VanderLaan signed with the Idaho Stampede of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). He recorded six points and 10 rebounds over the Stampede's first three games of the season before being waived on November 22. Butte Daredevils (2006–2007) On November 2, 2006, VanderLaan returned to the CBA, signing with the Butte Daredevils for the 2006–07 season. On January 23, 2007, he was named CBA Player of the Week for the week of January 16–22. He averaged 11 points and 16 rebounds in three games during the week, highlighted by a league-high 25-rebound performance. Later that month, he was named in the National Conference All-Star team for the 23rd Annual CBA All-Star Classic. In the All-Star Game on February 6, VanderLaan grabbed a game-high 16 rebounds and helped the National Conference defeat the American Conference 134–131 in overtime. In the Daredevils' season finale on March 25, VanderLaan had a double-double with 13 points and a game-high 17 rebounds in a 110–103 win over the Great Falls Explorers. The Daredevils finished their first season in the CBA with a 21–27 record, good for third place in the National Conference. VanderLaan appeared in 47 of the team's 48 games in 2006–07, making 43 starts and averaging 13.0 points, a league-leading 11.7 rebounds, and 1.3 assists in 31.1 minutes per game. He also shot 53.8% from the field and 69.3% from the free throw line. VanderLaan subsequently earned All-CBA Second Team honors. Los Angeles D-Fenders (2007) On April 3, 2007, VanderLaan was acquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League. He made his debut for the D-Fenders that night, recording 10 points, eight rebounds, six assists, one steal and one block in 25 minutes off the bench in a 121–104 win over the Albuquerque Thunderbirds. He appeared in the D-Fenders' last five games of the season, and in their season finale on April 14, he recorded 15 points and a D-Fenders season-high 19 rebounds in a 90–83 loss to the Idaho Stampede. The D-Fenders missed the playoffs in 2006–07 with a 23–27 record. Over his five-game stint in the D-League, VanderLaan averaged 12.6 points, 12.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 31 minutes per game. Ricoh Manresa (2007) On April 30, 2007, VanderLaan signed with Spanish team Ricoh Manresa for their LEB playoff run. He helped Manresa go undefeated (7–0) in the playoffs, as they made it through to the final where they defeated Climalia León 94–88 to claim the LEB championship. VanderLaan appeared in all seven playoff games for Manresa, averaging 3.9 points and 2.7 rebounds in 8.0 minutes per game. New Jersey Nets (2007) On July 3, 2007, VanderLaan was named in a 14-man New Jersey Nets roster for the Orlando Pro Summer League, but due to injury, he did not make an appearance for the Nets during the five-day (July 9–13) tournament. Post-playing career An injury forced his retirement from basketball in 2007. In 2010, VanderLaan joined the men's basketball coaching staff of Concordia University Irvine as an assistant to long-time head coach Ken Ammann. He departed after just one season. References External links Nick VanderLaan at calbears.com Nick VanderLaan at virginiasports.com Nick VanderLaan at fiba.com Nick VanderLaan at nbadleague.com Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate basketball people in Spain Category:Basketball players from California Category:Bàsquet Manresa players Category:California Golden Bears men's basketball players Category:Centers (basketball) Category:Concordia Eagles men's basketball players Category:Idaho Stampede players Category:Kent School alumni Category:Long Beach Jam players Category:Los Angeles D-Fenders players Category:Sportspeople from Long Beach, California Category:Sportspeople from Sacramento, California Category:Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players Category:American men's basketball players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1, g: 1, n: 1, z: 1}. 1/10 Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, g: 1, w: 1, t: 2, a: 5, c: 3}. What is prob of picking 4 a? 1/143 What is prob of picking 1 s and 2 h when three letters picked without replacement from {n: 1, p: 1, u: 4, s: 7, h: 4, k: 3}? 7/190 Calculate prob of picking 1 e, 1 u, and 2 f when four letters picked without replacement from {r: 4, l: 1, f: 2, e: 3, u: 1}. 1/110 Calculate prob of picking 4 k when four letters picked without replacement from kkkkkkllk. 5/18 Calculate prob of picking 2 p when two letters picked without replacement from {s: 6, r: 1, n: 6, p: 5}. 10/153 What is prob of picking 1 j and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, t: 7, j: 6}? 4/35 Calculate prob of picking 2 c when two letters picked without replacement from cccs. 1/2 Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, v: 3, s: 3, y: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 y? 3/22 Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, k: 2, m: 1}. What is prob of picking 2 k? 1/6 Two letters picked without replacement from rrmmmrmm. Give prob of picking 2 r. 3/28 Two letters picked without replacement from jjxj. What is prob of picking 1 x and 1 j? 1/2 Two letters picked without replacement from fmulq. What is prob of picking 1 l and 1 f? 1/10 Calculate prob of picking 3 n when three letters picked without replacement from nnnn. 1 Calculate prob of picking 3 q and 1 h when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, a: 1, h: 3, e: 1, q: 5}. 1/11 What is prob of picking 3 g and 1 n when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 13, n: 2, w: 3}? 143/765 Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, s: 7, j: 4, q: 2, n: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 s and 2 q. 7/680 Two letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, e: 1, g: 1, a: 1, y: 2, l: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 y and 1 g? 2/21 What is prob of picking 3 h and 1 t when four letters picked without replacement from thtttththt? 1/30 Four letters picked without replacement from kvvkvkvededvkkkkk. Give prob of picking 1 e and 3 v. 1/119 What is prob of picking 3 y when three letters picked without replacement from yydjy? 1/10 Calculate prob of picking 2 g when two letters picked without replacement from znggwngwlnwnggg. 1/7 What is prob of picking 1 m, 2 r, and 1 h when four letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, g: 1, r: 5, h: 2, c: 1, m: 2}? 8/143 What is prob of picking 2 h and 2 a when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, y: 2, a: 3, e: 2, b: 4}? 3/715 Calculate prob of picking 1 u and 2 j when three letters picked without replacement from {j: 3, u: 3, k: 13}. 3/323 Calculate prob of picking 2 z when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 3, z: 9}. 6/11 Calculate prob of picking 2 y, 1 q, and 1 x when four letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, t: 1, q: 2, j: 3, y: 6}. 60/1001 What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from ksbbtokosoeoeokoks? 4/51 Two letters picked without replacement from adadaaaaddda. Give prob of picking 2 d. 5/33 Three letters picked without replacement from cbcscwcssscwcsbwc. What is prob of picking 1 b and 2 w? 3/340 Two letters picked without replacement from {m: 6, a: 2, g: 3, t: 1, j: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 j and 1 a. 1/39 Calculate prob of picking 2 y when two letters picked without replacement from jwjyjwwwxwwwwwywjww. 1/171 Three letters picked without replacement from {m: 4, n: 3, p: 1}. Give prob of picking 2 m and 1 p. 3/28 Two letters picked without replacement from dtflaazdz. What is prob of picking 1 a and 1 d? 1/9 Calculate prob of picking 1 m and 1 x when two letters picked without replacement from mxubimmxmiib. 4/33 Calculate prob of picking 2 p and 2 e when four letters picked without replacement from mexpptxppxcx. 0 Calculate prob of picking 1 y and 2 a when three letters picked without replacement from eyayyeea. 3/56 Four letters picked without replacement from mkkkkkkkkm. Give prob of picking 1 m and 3 k. 8/15 Calculate prob of picking 2 i when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 6, b: 1, t: 6, s: 6}. 5/57 Two letters picked without replacement from lvudldupddlpv. What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 p? 2/39 Calculate prob of picking 2 f when two letters picked without replacement from bjbzcbfllbflcl. 1/91 Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 n when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, n: 1, s: 1, p: 1, t: 1}. 1/10 Four letters picked without replacement from uuuuu. What is prob of picking 4 u? 1 Calculate prob of picking 1 i and 1 j when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, z: 1, y: 1, l: 1, i: 1}. 1/10 Two letters picked without replacement from {a: 5, f: 5}. What is prob of picking 2 a? 2/9 Two letters picked without replacement from iiiiiiififfiffiifi. What is prob of picking 2 i? 22/51 Four letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, k: 9, m: 10}. What is prob of picking 4 m? 14/323 Calculate prob of picking 3 y when three letters picked without replacement from ydydyyyyydd. 7/33 Calculate prob of picking 1 w, 1 d, and 1 c when three letters picked without replacement from dddxddddpdccddddw. 3/85 Four letters picked without replacement from cfgccfccfnnfc. Give prob of picking 1 g, 1 f, 1 n, and 1 c. 48/715 What is prob of picking 1 k and 2 o when three letters picked without replacement from kogqqkxkqjqj? 0 Four letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, a: 7, b: 2, n: 2}. What is prob of picking 3 a and 1 n? 14/99 Calculate prob of picking 1 v and 1 g when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, f: 2, v: 7, g: 8}. 56/171 What is prob of picking 2 g when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, e: 3, g: 3, i: 2, q: 2, k: 2}? 1/40 What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 k when two letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, n: 2, w: 2, g: 1, a: 1}? 1/21 What is prob of picking 1 t and 3 i when four letters picked without replacement from liillltiltiit? 6/143 Calculate prob of picking 1 t and 2 f when three letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, n: 1, e: 2, t: 3, f: 10}. 27/136 Two letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, z: 2, d: 2, c: 1, w: 3, e: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 k and 1 c? 1/33 What is prob of picking 2 z when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 5, u: 2, o: 4}? 2/11 Calculate prob of picking 1 y and 2 d when three letters picked without replacement from xdzzdzxddzzzzzyzz. 3/340 Two letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, p: 4, u: 1, e: 2, s: 1, z: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 p and 1 z? 2/33 Calculate prob of picking 2 d and 1 l when three letters picked without replacement from docdogldldlglgllg. 9/170 Four letters picked without replacement from {a: 3, o: 2, i: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 o, 1 i, and 1 a. 2/21 What is prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, q: 1, u: 1, e: 1, t: 2, w: 1}? 1/21 Calculate prob of picking 2 z when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, a: 1, p: 2}. 1/10 Two letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, f: 5, t: 3}. Give prob of picking 2 f. 2/9 Three letters picked without replacement from xmtptkxy. Give prob of picking 1 x, 1 p, and 1 y. 1/28 Calculate prob of picking 2 x and 2 o when four letters picked without replacement from {o: 8, x: 3}. 14/55 What is prob of picking 1 e, 1 q, and 1 b when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, q: 2, b: 1}? 1/2 Calculate prob of picking 2 o when two letters picked without replacement from ruruurrsusurrruuo. 0 Two letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, q: 3, k: 1, m: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 q and 1 k. 1/15 Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 2, a: 2, j: 1, v: 1, f: 1, i: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 f and 1 a? 1/14 Four letters picked without replacement from {k: 10, p: 10}. What is prob of picking 4 p? 14/323 Three letters picked without replacement from {u: 6, x: 2, d: 2, n: 1}. Give prob of picking 2 d and 1 x. 2/165 What is prob of picking 2 n when two letters picked without replacement from nnq? 1/3 Calculate prob of picking 1 h and 1 t when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, h: 1, l: 1}. 1/3 Two letters picked without replace	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
This invention relates generally to agricultural implements, including ground working apparatus, such as planters, and transversely elongated tool bars for supporting the ground working devices, and, more particularly, to a forwardly folding tool bar convertible between a wide, transversely extending operating configuration and a narrow, compact transport configuration. The need to till and cultivate soil for the planting and growing of crops has been a long established practice in agriculture. More recently developed tillage implements have provided increased size and complexity to accommodate different types of crops and the tractors that tow the tillage implements to cover larger areas of soil. Increasing concerns for conservation of natural resources have also had an impact on the design of modern tillage implements, increasing the complexity of these implements. Planters of substantially equal transverse width have also been developed to work in conjunction with these tillage implements, or independently. More typically, large planting implements are operatively coupled with air carts to provide a substantial source of seed and fertilizer for the large demand accompanying such large planting implements. Larger tillage and planting implements allow an operator to perform the required tillage operations over a larger area for each pass of the implement, permitting fuel conservation for the tractor and resulting in less compaction of the soil. The increasing levels of sophistication in tillage implements enable low-till and no-till planting techniques to be utilized with greater success. Since low-till and no-till planting techniques are preferably accomplished with a single pass of the implement over the field, the soil is disturbed only once, minimizing moisture loss and the amounts of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer that are required. Such larger and more complex tillage implements introduce problems that have been heretofore unknown in the arts. For example, an agricultural tractor could pull a planting implement. Adding an air cart or a seed/fertilizer supply cart to the planting implement increases the weight of the combined implement and requires the tractor and operator to be able to control all of the functions of the combined implement as the single pass is made over the field to plant seeds, place fertilizer into the ground at the proper location, and apply appropriate amounts of herbicides and/or pesticides. Furthermore, that combined implement must be transported from field to field, usually over public highways, requiring the combined implement to be converted into a transport configuration that is substantially narrower in width than the preferred operating configuration of the combined implement. It would be desirable to provide a tool bar for a tillage or planting implement with the capability of folding from a wide, transversely extending operating position to a narrow, compact transport configuration, requiring interacting latches and actuating devices to facilitate the conversion of the tillage implement and to keep the implement in the transport configuration while being towed from one field to another.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Many watercraft vessels such as power boats, sailboats and the like, often cannot be directly tied up against an intended dock because the draft of the vessel is too great and the sea floor immediately adjacent to the dock is too shallow. Likewise, rudders can cause similar problems in shallow areas immediately adjacent to the dock. Rudders extending outward from vessels can be damaged if the rudder hits against the dock during normal wave action. Also it is a known problem that the sides of vessels secured directly next to a dock tend to bounce against the dock and can potentially cause possible damage to either or both the vessel and the dock. Past attempts to alleviate these problems have often been inadequate. For example, docks that are equipped with bumpers and fenders such as rubber strips and tires may eliminate some of the damage that can occur to a docked vessel. However, the bumpers and fenders on the dock can still chafe the sides of the vessels causing marks. Rigid mooring bars such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,078 to Haverly, can secure a vessel a fixed distance from the dock. However, the vessel is then free to continuously bounce around with the normal wave action. The negatives of the Haverly device become evident when wave action becomes more extreme allowing the vessel to freely swing to crash up and down at the end of the mooring bar. Thus, the need exists for a device to secure a vessel at a fixed distance from a dock while allowing the vessel to generally rise and fall with the wave action while cushioning the severe effects of severe wave action.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Find links via AJAX and bind them same action without duplicating definition I've already saw Event binding on dynamically created elements? before asking this question but I still don't know why I cannot find a elements from AJAX and don't know how to write the code best way without need to duplicate the whole bind content I've added the following script to my site (I'm using jQuery 1.11.1): $().ready(function() { $('a:not(.flags a)').filter(function() { return this.hostname && this.hostname === location.hostname; }).addClass('internal_link'); $(document).on('click', '.internal_link', function(e) { var url = $(this).attr('href'); $.ajax({ url: url, dataType: 'json', data: "{}", success: function(data) { document.title = data.meta_title; $('#articlecontent').fadeOut(400, function() { $(this).fadeOut('slow').html(data.content).fadeIn('slow'); }); // It seems that this filter doesn't work $('#articlecontent a').filter(function() { return this.hostname && this.hostname === location.hostname; }).addClass('internal_link'); // should I write here code to made AJAX links to have click method? $('nav li a').removeClass('selected'); $('#nav_'+data.code).addClass('selected'); $('meta[name=keywords]').attr('keywords', data.meta_keys); $('meta[name=description]').attr('description', data.meta_desc); } }); e.preventDefault(); // stop the browser from following the link }); }); It finds links with the same hostname and add them class internal_link and then for elements with internal_link class it binds onclick action - data are loaded via AJAX. But the problem appears when data loaded also have links. I would like also for them do the same thing - find links and add them internal_link class (I've already done it but it seems that filter for AJAX content in this case doesn't work) and bind them onclick action but I don't know how to do this. But the problem is that in fact I have to do the same as I already done in my code. Should I have add the whole bind function itself in success again or there is some way to reuse the function one again? Question: how to achieve this result and is this AJAX secure? I don't have much experience in AJAX and don't know is it safe to load into #articlecontent any data from AJAX request. A: The solution was more complex. In fact using $('.internal_link').bind('click', function(e) { that I was using at the beginning caused problem because when new link via AJAX are inserted into document, it seems bind doesn't work for them so I used $(document).on('click', '.internal_link', function(e) { But the another problem was finding links in content. Finally working code is: $().ready(function() { $('a:not(.flags a)').filter(function() { return this.hostname && this.hostname === location.hostname; }).addClass('internal_link'); $(document).on('click', '.internal_link', function(e) { //$('.internal_link').bind('click', function(e) { var url = $(this).attr('href'); $.ajax({ url: url, dataType: 'json', data: "{}", success: function(data) { contentWrapper = $('<div />').html(data.content); $(contentWrapper).find('a').filter(function() { return this.hostname && this.hostname === location.hostname; }).addClass('internal_link'); document.title = data.meta_title; $('#articlecontent').fadeOut(400, function() { $(this).fadeOut('slow').html(contentWrapper.html()).fadeIn('slow'); }); $('nav li a').removeClass('selected'); $('#nav_'+data.code).addClass('selected'); $('meta[name=keywords]').attr('keywords', data.meta_keys); $('meta[name=description]').attr('description', data.meta_desc); } }); e.preventDefault(); }); });	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
{% if scid %} SELECT cl.oid as oid, relname as name, nsp.nspname as schema, pg_get_userbyid(relowner) AS seqowner, description as comment, array_to_string(relacl::text[], ', ') as acl, (SELECT array_agg(provider \|\| '=' \|\| label) FROM pg_seclabels sl1 WHERE sl1.objoid=cl.oid) AS securities FROM pg_class cl LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_namespace nsp ON cl.relnamespace = nsp.oid LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_description des ON (des.objoid=cl.oid AND des.classoid='pg_class'::regclass) WHERE relkind = 'S' AND relnamespace = {{scid}}::oid {% if seid %}AND cl.oid = {{seid}}::oid {% endif %} ORDER BY relname {% endif %}	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
LONDON (Reuters) - Iran has broken the terms of its 2015 nuclear deal and must immediately stop and reverse its activities, a spokesman for Britain’s Foreign Office said on Sunday. Iran said on Sunday it will boost its uranium enrichment in a few hours above a cap set by the nuclear deal, a move that could eventually culminate in the return of all international sanctions on Tehran. “Iran has broken the terms of the JCPoA,” the Foreign Office spokesman said, referring to the deal’s formal name, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). “While the UK remains fully committed to the deal, Iran must immediately stop and reverse all activities inconsistent with its obligations. We are coordinating with other JCPoA participants regarding the next steps under the terms of the deal, including a Joint Commission.”	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Eventhohugh I also have some comments to the structure of TMC5 - it is but the question of time to become accustomed - is there a chance to have new TMC5 also preinstalled in CMSimple_XH? Probably not, though... CMSimple.skIt's no shame to ask for an answer if all efforts failed. But it's awful to ask without any effort to find the answer yourself. Eventhohugh I also have some comments to the structure of TMC5 - it is but the question of time to become accustomed - is there a chance to have new TMC5 also preinstalled in CMSimple_XH? Probably not, though... It's a bit early for having TinyMCE 5 in a stable CMSimple_XH, IMHO, but you can get the latest version of the TinyMCE 5 for CMSimple_XH plugin from https://github.com/manu37/tinymce5.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Entomological investigation of a sylvatic yellow fever area in São Paulo State, Brazil. Following reports of two autochthonous cases of sylvatic yellow fever in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2000, entomological surveys were conducted with the objective of verifying the occurrence of vector species in forest environments close to or associated with riparian areas located in the western and northwestern regions of the State. Culicidae were captured in 39 sites distributed in four regions. Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes albopictus were the most abundant species and were captured in all the regions studied. H. leucocelaenus was the most abundant species in the municipalities of Santa Albertina and Ouroeste, where the two cases of sylvatic yellow fever had been reported. Mosquitoes from the janthinomys/capricornii group were only found at eight sites in the São José do Rio Preto region, while Sabethes chloropterus was found at one site in Ribeirão Preto. H. leucocelaenus showed its capacity to adapt to a secondary and degraded environment. Our results indicate a wide receptive area for yellow fever transmission in the State of São Paulo, with particular emphasis on the possibility of H. leucocelaenus being involved in the maintenance of this sylvatic focus of the disease.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"]) load( "@io_bazel_rules_go//go:def.bzl", "go_library", ) go_library( name = "go_default_library", srcs = [ "controllerrevision.go", "deployment.go", "expansion_generated.go", "scale.go", "statefulset.go", "statefulset_expansion.go", ], importpath = "k8s.io/client-go/listers/apps/v1beta1", deps = [ "//vendor/k8s.io/api/apps/v1beta1:go_default_library", "//vendor/k8s.io/api/core/v1:go_default_library", "//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors:go_default_library", "//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1:go_default_library", "//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels:go_default_library", "//vendor/k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache:go_default_library", ], ) filegroup( name = "package-srcs", srcs = glob(["**"]), tags = ["automanaged"], visibility = ["//visibility:private"], ) filegroup( name = "all-srcs", srcs = [":package-srcs"], tags = ["automanaged"], )	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Q: XML not well formed (invalid token) When I am trying to build my app using xamarin for android, an error pops up saying Error parsing XML: not well-formed (invalid token) in line 17 I cannot seem to find where the bad structure is though. As it seem, it has something to do with the way I try to include buttons in the grid layout. I am sure it is something stupid but I just cannot find it. I included my code below: New error: Error parsing XML: unbound prefix in line 17 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <GridLayout> xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:minWidth="25px" android:minHeight="25px" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:id="@+id/gridLayout1" android:paddingLeft="40" android:alignmentMode="alignMargins" android:columnCount="3" android:rowCount="20" <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button1" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button2" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button3" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button4" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button5" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button6" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button7" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button8" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button9" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> <Button android:text="Button" android:id="@+id/button10" android:height="100" android:width="100" /> </GridLayout> A: If you count the line 17 that it points out to, you reach this line android:height="100" Notice the "unbound prefix" or how there is no unit (dp/sp) against that value. Please fix that and all the other length measurements to contain a unit of measurement, so that the prefix is bound: android:height="100dp"	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
--- abstract: 'The discovery of dynamic memory effects in the magnetization decays of spin glasses in 1983 marked a turning point in the study of the highly disordered spin glass state. Detailed studies of the memory effects have led to much progress in understanding the qualitative features of the phase space. Even so, the exact nature of the magnetization decay functions have remained elusive, causing confusion. In this letter, we report strong evidence that the Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM) decays scale with the waiting time, $t_{w}$. By employing a series of cooling protocols, we demonstrate that the rate at which the sample is cooled to the measuring temperature plays a major role in the determination of scaling. As the effective cooling time, $t_{c}^{eff}$, decreases, $\frac {t}{t_{w}}$ scaling improves and for $t_{c}^{eff}<20s$ we find almost perfect $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$ scaling, i.e full aging.' author: - 'G. F. Rodriguez' - 'G. G. Kenning' - 'R. Orbach' title: Full Aging in Spin Glasses --- Since the discovery of aging effects in spin glasses approximately twenty years ago[@Cham83][@Lund83], much effort has gone into determining the exact time dependence of the memory decay functions. In particular, memory effects show up in the Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM) (or complementary Zero-Field Cooled (ZFC) magnetization) where the sample is cooled through its spin glass transition temperature in a small magnetic field (zero field) and held in that particular field and temperature configuration for a waiting time, $t_{w}$. At time $t_{w}$, a change in the magnetic field produces a very long time decay in the magnetization. The decay is dependent on the waiting time. Hence, the system has a memory of the time it spent in the magnetic field. A rather persuasive argument[@Bou92] suggests that for systems with infinite equilibration times, the decays must scale with the only relevant time scale in the experiment, $t_{w}$. This would imply that plotting the magnetization on a t/$t_{w}$ axis would collapse the different waiting time curves onto each other. This effect has not been observed. What has been observed[@Alba86] is that the experimentally determined magnetization decays will scale with a modified waiting time, $(t_{w})^\mu$. Where $\mu$ is a fitting parameter. For $\mu<1$ the system is said to have subaged. A $\mu>1$ is called superaging and $\mu=1$ corresponds to full aging. For TRM experiments a $\mu$ of approximately 0.9 is found for different types of spin glasses[@Alba86; @Ocio85], over a wide range of reduced temperatures indicating subaging. At very low temperatures and temperatures approaching the transition temperature, $\mu$ is observed to decrease from the usual 0.9 value. Superaging has been observed in Monte Carlo simulations of spin glasses[@Sibani]. This has led to confusion as to the exact nature of scaling. Zotev et al.[@Zov02] have suggested that the departures from full $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$ scaling, observed in aging experiments, are mainly due to cooling effects. In a real experimental environment, the situation is complicated by the time it takes for the sample to cool to its measuring temperature. An effect due to the cooling rate at which the sample temperature approaches the measuring temperature has been known[@Nord87; @Nord00]. This effect is not trivial, it does not contribute a constant time to $t_{w}$. Another possible explanation for the deviation from full aging comes from the widely held belief that the magnetization decay is an additive combination of a stationary term ($M_{Stat} = A (\tau_{0} / t)^{\alpha})$ and an aging term ($M = f(\frac{t}{t_{w}})$ )[@Cou95; @Bou95; @Vin96]. Subtraction of a stationary term, where $\tau_{0}$ is a microscopic spin flipping time, A is a dimensionless constant and $\alpha$ is a parameter determined from $\chi''$ measurements, was shown to increase $\mu$ from 0.9 to 0.97[@Vin96]. In this letter we analyze effects of the cooling time through a series of different cooling protocols and we present the first clear and unambiguous experimental evidence that the TRM decays scale as $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$(i.e. full aging). Three different methods have been regularly employed to understand the scaling of the TRM decays. The first and simplest is to scale the time axis of the magnetization decay with the time the sample has spent in a magnetic field (i.e.$\frac{t}{t_{w}}$)[@Bou92]. If the decays scale as a function of waiting time it would be expected that the decay curves would overlap. This has not yet been observed. A second more sophisticated method was initially developed by Struik[@Stu79] for scaling the dynamic mechanical response in glassy polymers and first applied to spin glasses by Ocio et al.[@Ocio85]. This method plots the log of the reduced magnetization $M/M_{fc}$ ($M_{fc}$ is the field cooled magnetization), against an effective waiting time $\xi=\frac{\lambda}{t_{w}^{\mu}}$ where $$\begin{aligned} \lambda = \frac{t_{w}}{1-\mu}[(1+\frac{t}{t_{w}})^{1-\mu} - 1];~~~~\mu < 1 \label{eq:one}\end{aligned}$$ or $$\begin{aligned} \lambda = t_{w} \log[1+\frac{t}{t_{w}}];~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\mu = 1 \label{eq:two}\end{aligned}$$ A value of $\mu$ = 1 would correspond to perfect $t/t_{w}$ scaling. Previous values of $\mu$ obtained on the decays using this method have varied from .7 to .94[@Alba86] for a temperature range $.2<T_{r}<.95$. A value of $\mu<1$ is called subaging. Finally a peak in the function S(t) $$\begin{aligned} S(t)=-\frac{1}{H}\frac{dM(t)}{d[Log_{10}(t)]} \label{eq:three}\end{aligned}$$ as a function of time has been shown to be an approximately linear function of the waiting time[@Lund83]. This peak occurs at a time slightly larger then the waiting time, again suggesting possible subaging. In this study we use all three of the above scaling procedures to analyze the data we have produced with different cooling protocols. All measurements in this letter were performed on our homebuilt DC SQUID magnetometer with a $Cu_{.94}Mn_{.06}$ sample. The sample is well documented[@Ken91] and has been used in many other studies. The measurements described in this letter were performed in the following manner: The sample was cooled, in a magnetic field of 20 G, from 35 K through its transition temperature of 31.5 K to a measuring temperature of 26 K. This corresponds to reduced temperature of .83 $T_{g}$. The sample was held at this temperature for a waiting time $t_{w}$, after which time the magnetic field was rapidly decreased to 0G. The resulting magnetization decay is measured 1s after field cutoff to a time greater than or equal to 5$t_{w}$. The only parameters we have varied in this study are $t_{w}$ and the rate and profile at which we cool the sample through the transition temperature to the measuring temperature. The sample is located on the end of the sapphire rod and sits in the upper coil of a second order gradiometer configuration. The temperature measuring thermometer is located 12.5 cm above the sample. Heat is applied to the sample through a heater coil located on the same sapphire rod 17 cm above the sample. Sample cooling occurs by heat transfer with the He bath via a constant amount of He exchange gas, which was previously introduced into each chamber of the double vacuum jacket. We have measured the decay time of our field coil and find that we can quench the field in less then 0.1ms. We have also determined that without a sample, our system has a small reproducible exponential decay, that decays to a constant value less than the system noise within 400 seconds. In order to accurately describe our data we subtract this system decay from all of the data. In this paper we present TRM data for eight waiting times ($t_{w}$= 50s, 100s, 300s, 630s, 1000s, 3600s, 6310s, and 10000s). The same TRM experiments were performed for six different cooling protocols. In this paper we use four of the cooling protocols. Figure 1 (top row) is a plot of temperature vs. time for four of the cooling protocols. These different cooling protocols, were achieved, by varying applications of heat and by varying the amount of exchange gas in the vacuum jackets. A more detailed description of the cooling protocols will be given in a followup publication. In Figure 1 (bottom row) we plot S(t) (Eq $\ref{eq:three}.)$ of the ZTRM protocol (i.e. zero waiting time TRM) in order to characterize a time associated with the cooling protocol, $t_{c}^{eff}$. As observed in Figure 1 we have achieved effective cooling times ranging from 406s down to 19 seconds. These times can be compared with commercial magnetometers which have cooling times in the range of 100-400s. In Figure 2, we plot the data for the TRM decays (first column) with the four cooling protocols. It should be noted that the magnetization (y-axis) is scaled by the field cooled magnetization. The second column is the same data, as column one, with the time axis(x-axis) normalized by $t_{w}$. It can be observed for $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$ scaling (column 2) that as the effective cooling time decreases the spread in the decays decreases giving almost perfect $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$ scaling for the 19 second cooling protocol. The last column in Figure 2, is the data scaled,using $\mu$ scaling which has previously been described. It has long been known that the rate of cooling affected $\mu$ scaling and that $\mu$ scaling is only valid in the limit $t_{w}>>t_{c}^{eff}$. We find this to be true and that the limit is much more rigorous than previously believed. To determine $\mu$ scaling, we focused on applying this scaling to the longest waiting time data (i.e., $t_{w}$ = 3600s, 6310s and 10,000s). For the largest effective cooling time data, $t_{c}^{eff}=406s$, we find that we can fit the longest waiting time data with a $\mu$ value of .88. This is consistent with previously reported values of $\mu$[@Alba86]. We do find, however, that TRM data with waiting times less then 3600s do not fit on the scaling curve. We find that scaling of the three longest waiting time decays produces $\mu$ values which increase as $t_{c}^{eff}$ decreases. We also find that as $t_{c}^{eff}$ decreases, the data with shorter $t_{w}$ begins to fit to the scaling better. It can be observed that at $t_{c}^{eff}$= 19s we obtain almost perfect scaling for all of the data with a value of $\mu=.999$. However we find we can reasonably fit the data to a range of $\mu$ between .989-1.001. The fitting for the large $t_{w}$ decay curves, $t_{w}$ = 3600s, 6310s and 10,000s, is very very good. Small systematic deviations, as a function of $t_{w}$, occur for $t_{w}<3600s$ with the largest deviations for $t_{w}$= 50s. Even with an effective cooling time two orders of magnitude less then the waiting time, one sees deviations from perfect scaling. We have also scaled the data using Eq. 2. We find no noticeable difference between the quality of this fit and the quality of the $\mu=.999$, for $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$, shown in Figure 2. Data with longer cooling times cannot be fit with Eq. 2. We therefore conclude that full aging is observed for the long $t_{w}$ data using the $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ protocol. It is clear from Figure 1 (bottom row), that the effect of the cooling time has implications for the decay all the way up to the longest time measured, 10,000 seconds. The form of the S(t) of the ZTRM is very broad. The S(t) function is often thought of as corresponding to a distribution of time scales (or barrier heights) within a system which has infinite equilibration times (barriers). The peak in S(t) is generally associated with the time scale (barrier height) probed in time $t_{w}$. In Figure 1, we observe that for the larger effective cooling times, the waiting times correspond to points on or near the peak of S(t) for the ZTRM. We therefore believe that for the larger effective cooling times there is significant contamination from the cooling protocol over the entire region of $t_{w}$s used in this paper. Only for $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ cooling protocol do we find that the majority of $t_{w}s$ occur far away from the peak in the S(t). All the data in figure 3 used the cooling protocol with $t_{c}^{eff} = 19s$. In Figure 3a we plot the S(t)(ZTRM) for $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ with arrows to indicate the waiting times for the TRM measurements. It can be observed that after approximately 1000 seconds the slope of the S(t) function decreases, possibly approaching a horizontal curve, which would correspond to a pure logarithmic decay in M(t). If, on the other hand, the slope is continuously changing this part of the decay may be described by a weak power law. Either way, this region would correspond to aging within a pure non-equilibrated state. We believe that the long waiting time data occurs outside the time regime that has been corrupted by the cooling time and that this is the reason that we have, for the first time, observed full aging. It has been suggested that subtraction of a stationary component of the magnetization decay will improve scaling[@Vin96]. The very long time magnetization decay is believed to consist of a stationary term that is thought to decay as a power law. We fit a power law, $M(t)=A(\tau_o/t)^\alpha$ to the long time decay (1000s-5000s), of the ZTRM for $t_{w}$=19s. Using $\tau_{o}=10^{-12}s$, we find $\alpha=.07$ and $A=.27$. Subtracting this power law form from the magnetization decay destroys scaling. We find that the subtraction of a much smaller power law term with A=.06 and $\alpha$=.02 slightly improves scaling at both short and long times. While the $\alpha$ values for the two different power law terms we have fit to are quite different, both values fall within the range determined from the decay of $\chi$"[@Vin96]. In Figure 3(c-d) and 3(e-f), we plot the two different types of scaling we have performed, with and without the subtraction of the weaker power law term. We find that even for $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ the peak in S(t) for $t_{w}>1000s$ occur at a time larger then $t_{w}$(fig 3b). We find that we can fit the effective time associated with the peak in S(t) to $t_{w}^{eff}=t_w^{1.1}$. In summary, we have performed TRM decays over a wide range of waiting times (50s - 10,000s) for six different cooling protocols. We find that as the time associated with the cooling time decreases, scaling of the TRM curves improves in the $\frac{t}{t_{w}}$ scaling regime and in the $\mu$ scaling regime. In $\mu$ scaling we find that as the effective cooling time decreases $\mu$ increases approaching a value of .999 for $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$. For the $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ TRM decays, we find that subtraction of a small power law term (A=.06, $\alpha$=.02) slightly improves the scaling. It is however likely that the small systematic deviations of the $t_{c}^{eff}=19s$ data as a function of $t_{w}$ are associated with the small but finite cooling rate. The authors would like to thank V. S. Zotev, E. Vincent and J. M. Hammann for very helpful discussions. [99]{} R. V. Chamberlin, M. Hardiman and R.Orbach, J. Appl. Phys 52, 1771 (1983). L.Lundgren, P.Svedlindh, P.Nordblad and O.Beckman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 911(1983); L.Lundgren, P.Svedlindh, P.Nordblad and O.Beckman, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 3371 (1985). J.P. Bouchaud, J. Phys. I (Paris) 2,1705 (1992). M. Alba, M. Ocio and J. Hammann, Euro Phys Lett, 2, 45 (1986); M. Alba, J. Hammann, M. Ocio, Ph. Refregier and H.Bouchiat, J. Appl. Phys 61, 3683 (1987). M. Ocio, M. Alba,J. Hammann, J. Phys. (PARIS) Lett. 46, 1101 (1985) Private communication Pablo Sibani V. S. Zotev, G. F. Rodriguez, G. G. Kenning, R. Orbach, E. Vincent and J. Hammann, cond-matt/0202269, To be published in Phys Rev B. P. Nordblad, P. Svedlindh, L. Sandlund and L.Lundgren,Phys Lett A 120, 475 (1987). K. Jonason, P. Nordblad, Physica B 279, 334 (2000). L. F. Cugliandolo and J. Kurchan, J. Phys , 5749 (1994). J. P. Bouchaud and D. S. Dean, J.Phys. I (Paris) 5, 265 (1995). E.Vincent, J.Hammann, M.Ocio, J.P.Bouchaud and L.F. Cugliandolo, Slow dynamics and aging in spin glasses. Complex behaviour of glassy systems, ed. M. Rubi, Sitges conference, can be retrieved as cond-matt/9607224. L.C.E Struik, Physical Ageing in Amorphous polymers and other materials Lesevier Sci Pub Co. Amesterdam 1978 G. G. Kenning, D. Chu, R. Orbach, Phys. Rev. Lett 66, 2933 (1991)	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Experimental animal model. Regression of cardiac hypertrophy has been proven to occur in experimental animals following some types of antihypertensive therapy. However, no direct and necessary correlation can be found between hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. The effect of different antihypertensive drugs on regression of cardiac hypertrophy varies despite the same degree of reduction in arterial pressure in hypertensive control subjects. Therapy with alpha-methyldopa resulted in reversal of hypertrophy with effective blood pressure control, whereas treatment with vasodilators, namely hydralazine and minoxidil, either did not alter (hydralazine) degree of myocardial hypertrophy or increase it (minoxidil) despite normalization of blood pressure. The biochemical profile of the myocardium after regression of hypertrophy following antihypertensive therapy is not homogeneous; for example, reversal with alpha-methyldopa is associated with increased collagen content, whereas reversal with Captopril did not alter collagen content of the heart. Adrenergic factors seem to play an important role in the modulation of myocardial structure to variations in arterial pressure. Furthermore, in each type of hypertrophy in hypertension, a combination of different factors might be responsible, and it may not be correct to assume that the same factors must be involved in the regression of all types of myocardial hypertrophy.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Increasing the speed of a ball in a brick breaker game just starting a tuto and I'd like to constantly increase the speed of my ball, but damn I'm so bad at maths I can't even figure how to do, here's what I do at the moment : // I'm giving the first force (random x) when you engage the ball, in the Start method System.Random xForce = new System.Random(); rigidBody.AddForce(new Vector2(xForce.Next((int)-speed, (int)speed), speed); // Later, in the Update code, I use this rigidBody.AddForce(rigidBody.velocity* speedUp); speed and speedUp are public variables. What is bothering me is when I add my first force, I guess that a Vector2(speed, speed) will make a faster ball than (0, speed) right ? So I'd like a way to change the direction of my force, but with the same speed resulting for the eye of the player. Also, when I increase my speed, I do velocity* speedUp, which means (I still guess) that a Vector2(speed, speed) will increase more than a (0, speed) right ? So I'd like to increase it in the same way no matter the direction of my ball. I don't know if I'm being clear, I read about normalized vectors on a thread but I don't understand it that's why I'm asking your help guys, thanks in advance ! A: Okay after a lot of research what I needed was to cap the length of the velocity vector, I got it using the Vector2.ClampMagnitude function : System.Random xForce = new System.Random(); Vector2 direction = new Vector2(xForce.Next((int)-speed, (int)speed), speed); Vector2 cappedDirection = (Vector2.ClampMagnitude(direction, speed)); rigidBody.AddForce(cappedDirection, ForceMode2D.Impulse); Then in my update code, it seems that I just have to use the normalized vector. From what I read a normalized version of your vector keeps the direction with a magnitude of 1 : rigidBody.AddForce(rigidBody.velocity.normalized * speedUp, ForceMode2D.Impulse); From what I tested it's working, sorry guys it seems that I wasn't clear about what I asked, I just did want the same speed no matter the direction.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
A packet switching or routing network (referred to as a switching network henceforth) has switches used for transmission of data among senders and receivers connected to the network. The switching performed by these switches is in fact the action of passing on packets of data received by a switch to a further switch in the network. Such switching actions are the means by which communication data is moved through the packet switching network. Each switch may include what is commonly referred to as a switch fabric configured to process packets between input and output packet processor. Each switch may further comprise one or more packet processors coupled to the switch fabric. The packet processors may further be configured to direct the incoming packets of data across the switch fabric to particular packet processors. Each packet processor may be configured to provide traffic to the switch fabric and accept traffic from the switch fabric. Each packet processor may further be configured to accept/transmit data from/to hosts, respectively. Thus, any host connected with one of the packet processors may communicate with another host connected to another packet processor. Due to bottlenecks in processing in packet processors or in transferring traffic across the switch, data packets may be required to wait prior to being processed by a packet processor and transmitted to another packet processor or switch in the packet switching network. As a result, queues configured to temporarily store data packets may be implemented in the packet processor. Coupled to the queues may be mechanisms to enqueue the data packets into the queues. That is, the enqueuing mechanisms may be configured to insert the packets in the corresponding queues. It is noted that a portion or all of the queues may be part of the same physical memory resource. Typically, packets are assigned a priority where the priority may be determined based on a value of particular bits in the packet header. The packets with a higher priority may be processed prior to the packets with a lower priority. After each particular interval of time, a scheduler in the packet processor may be configured to search through all the queues storing packets and identify the packet with the highest priority to be transmitted. However, in order for the scheduler to search through all the queues storing packets and identify the packet with the highest priority to be transmitted, the scheduler may be complex to implement such as by having multiple sub-queues and logic for identifying multiple priorities. It would therefore be desirable to implement a simpler scheduler without the complexity in design of having multiple sub-queues and logic for identifying multiple priorities in order to identify the packet to be transmitted.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: using pointers in c programming I have a problem with pointers in c programming. I would love to get variables from the command line in Linux and than be assigning the value of the variables from command line to a non pointer variable and printing them out! char argv[] this is the function that takes everything written after the name of the c program on the command line and stores it in the pointer argv[]; Now i would love to store these pointer values in a normal variable and print it on the command line. I get segmentation fault when i execute my code. int main ( int argc, char argv[] ) { char r1; char a = argv[1]; char b = argv[2]; char c = argv[3]; if ( b == '+') { r1 = a + c; printf("%s", r1); } } A: printf("%s", r1); This is where your segfault is coming from. The %s conversion specifier expects its corresponding argument to have type char * and to be the address of the first element of a zero-terminated array of char. r1 is the result of adding the values in a and c, which is not going to be a valid address. C is not Python or Javascript - values are not magically converted between numbers and strings based on context. If you want to work with numeric values from the command line, you must first manually convert the string representations of those values to their corresponding types. For example, if your command line is ./foo 1, then argv[1] contains the string "1" (represented as the sequence {'1', 0}). The value of argv[1] is not 1, it's the encoding value of the character '1', which, assuming ASCII, is 49. You need to use a library function like atoi() or strtol() to convert the string "1" to the integer value 1. Assuming your input is something like ./foo 1 + 2 and you want it to print 3, then you need to do something like the following: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> int main( int argc, char argv ) { if ( argc < 4 ) { fprintf( stderr, "USAGE: %s <val> <op> <val>\n", argv[0] ); return EXIT_FAILURE; } /* * strtol() allows you to detect and reject non-numeric input, * but I'm omitting that here for brevity. / int lhs = (int) strtol( argv[1], NULL, 0 ); int rhs = (int) strtol( argv[3], NULL, 0 ); if ( argv[2] == '+' ) { int r1 = lhs + rhs; printf( "%d\n", r1 ); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } Things to remember: In C, a string is a sequence of character values including a zero-valued terminator - the string "Hello" is represented as the sequence {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 0 }. That trailing 0 is necessary for the sequence to be a string. Strings are stored in arrays of character type (char for encodings like ASCII, EBCDIC, and UTF-8, wchar_t for "wide" encodings like UTF-16). Except when it is the operand of the sizeof or unary & operators, or is a string literal used to initialize a character array in a declaration, an expression of type "N-element array of T" will be converted ("decay") to an expression of type "pointer to T", and the value of the expression will be the address of the first element of the array.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Residence 6 features a grand 2-car garage with plenty of storage, 3 bedrooms, 3 baths and approximately 1,786 sq. ft. of living space. Enter the home and head upstairs to the main living area. This ideal second floor features a large great room with a walk-out balcony, dining room, and a gourmet kitchen complete with a working island, convenient pantry, and abundant cabinet space. Bedroom 3, a full bath, and coat closet complete the main living area. Head up to the third floor and you’ll find a private master suite with a large walk-in closet, bedroom 2, and convenient laundry closet. Community Info Prynt Taylor Morrison is proud to announce its newest community at Prynt in Milpitas. Featuring 11 unique three-story floor plans, Prynt offers a unique opportunity for homebuyers to select from a wide variety of thoughtfully designed floor plans. These brand new townhome-style condos will range from approximately 1,695 to 2,549 square feet with 2 to 3 bedrooms, and 2.5 to 3.5 bathrooms. Prynt is conveniently located near extensive parks, top employment centers, and prime retail spots. Residents will take advantage of walking distance to retail stores, coffee shops, movie theaters, parks and grocery stores within a one mile radius. Home to the Great Mall, Milpitas offers the largest indoor outlet and value shopping destination in Northern California. It’s premiere location also allows for convenient access to medical facilities. Kaiser Permanente Milpitas Medical Offices are less than half a mile from the community and the Regional Medical Center of San Jose is just five miles south along Highway 680. Located in the heart of Silicon Valley, Prynt is within an easy commute to major Bay Area employment centers. The community has easy access to Highways 880, 237, 101 and 680. Commuters will also enjoy close proximity to BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) which is 12 miles north of the community. Sign up for updates and receive the latest news regarding grand opening, sales release date, pricing and announcements for this community. Join the Prynt interest list today! At NewHomeSource.com, we update the content on our site on a nightly basis. We seek to ensure that all of the data presented on the site regarding new homes and new home communities is current and accurate. However, we do not assume any liability for inaccuracies. It is your responsibility to independently verify the information on the site.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
There is mounting evidence to support increased thrombo-embolic risk associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Here, we report a case of COVID-19 complicated by a right ventricular apical thrombus and aortic thrombi. A 61-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia presented to the emergency department (ED) with severe sharp epigastric pain and shortness of breath, with an oxygen saturation of 85%. In the ED, her baseline ECG and physical exam were unremarkable but she was placed on 6 L of oxygen due to persistent hypoxia. Subsequent arterial blood gas analysis revealed a P~a~O~2~ of 69 mmHg, P~a~CO~2~ of 31 mmHg, pH of 7.49, and sO~2~ of 93%. Initial chest radiograph demonstrated multifocal bilateral patchy opacities, and reverse transcription--PCR (RT--PCR) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Laboratory tests revealed mild leukocytosis (13.8 × 10^3^/μL), elevated D-dimer (8264 ng/mL), elevated fibrinogen (682 mg/dL), and elevated anticardiolipin IgM (31.1 MPL) with normal anticardiolipin IgG. CT pulmonary angiogram and CT of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrated bilateral peripherally located ground-glass and consolidative opacities without evidence of pulmonary embolism (Panel A). There was a prominent hypoattenuating lesion in the right ventricular apex along the interventricular wall representing thrombus (Panel B). Additional rounded filling defects were noted in the thoracic and abdominal aorta, suggestive of vascular thrombi (Panels C and D). Transthoracic agitated saline intravenous echocardiography confirmed the presence of mobile thrombus in the right ventricular apex without evidence of an intracardiac shunt (Panel E). The patient was treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for thrombolysis and was subsequently transitioned to anticoagulation (low molecular weight heparin followed by oral apixaban). After 8 days of hospitalization, the patient was discharged home in stable condition. Coagulopathy and vascular endothelial damage have been suggested as potential complications of COVID-19 infection. Several reports have shown increased risk for venous thrombo-embolism; in four retrospective studies, the risk of thrombo-embolism ranged from 25% to 69%. The present case raises concern that thrombo-embolic risk associated with COVID-19 infection may not be limited to microthrombosis of small to medium size vessels. Left unrecognized, intracardiac and large vessel thrombi can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Learning pointsSmall vessel thrombosis is a well described risk in the context of COVID-19 infection, yet there is little discussion of large vessel thrombo-embolism in these patients.Our case is a patient with no history of hypercoagulability or embolism who presented multiple large vessel thrombo-emboli in the context of COVID-19 infection. Consent: Patient informed consent was obtained for publication of this case report. ![(A) Axial image from a contrast-enhanced pulmonary CT angiogram presented at the lung window demonstrates bilateral, peripheral ground-glass opacities and consolidation in the lower lobes, middle lobe, and lingula. Within the right lower lobe, a peripheral round focus of ground-glass opacity containing dilated vessels (arrow) is present. No pulmonary emboli were demonstrated on examination. (B) The soft tissue window demonstrates a 7 mm hypoattenuating thrombus (arrow) within the right ventricular apex, along the medial interventricular wall. Coronal view on the soft tissue window demonstrating (C) a filling defect in the lower thoracic aorta (arrow) superior to the diaphragmatic hiatus and (D) a second filling defect in the lower abdominal aorta (arrow) above the common iliac artery bifurcation. (E) Transthoracic echocardiography apical four-chamber view demonstrates a mobile thrombus (arrow) at the right ventricular apex near the moderator band.](ytaa199f1){#ytaa199-F1} Conflict of interest: B.P.L. is a textbook author and editor for Elsevier and receives royalties for his previous work. [^1]: Nicholas Reid, Denston Carey and Min Lang contributed equally to this work.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Googleは、動画に記録されている対象物や、対象物の動きをキーワードとして検索できるAPI「Cloud Video Intelligence」（プライベートベータ版）を公開した。同APIを使うと、ある動画に「トラ」が映っているかどうか、映っているとしたらビデオのどの部分に映っているのか、何が「走っている」のか「泳いでいる」のかなどが調べられる。動画に映っているものの検索が可能に（出典：Google）動画に映っているものの検索が可能に（出典：Google） Cloud Video Intelligenceは、動画内の情報を言語化できる技術。「犬」「花」「人間」といった名詞や、「走る」「泳ぐ」「飛ぶ」といった動詞を使って、ビデオ内を検索できる。人工知能（AI）技術の一種である深層学習（ディープラーニング）を応用し、Googleの機械学習フレームワーク「TensorFlow」をベースに開発した。すでに「YouTube」などで使われているそうだ。 Googleは、メディア企業が膨大な非構造化データである動画ライブラリを同APIで解析し、カタログ化することで価値を高められる、としている。また、ビデオ管理ソフトなどでの活用も考えられるという。ビデオ全体を通し、映っている対象物をリスト表示（出典：Google）ビデオ全体を通し、映っている対象物をリスト表示（出典：Google）同APIの紹介ページでは、映像に映っている対象物の候補を提示するデモが体験できる。以下の画像は、その動作の一部をとらえたものだ。これだけで「キリン」と推定（出典：Google）これだけで「キリン」と推定（出典：Google）笑顔の人間も判別（出典：Google）笑顔の人間も判別（出典：Google）「ネコ」に見えないこともない（出典：Google）「ネコ」に見えないこともない（出典：Google）自信なさそうに「魚」（出典：Google）自信なさそうに「魚」（出典：Google）人間が世話をしているからか「ペット」だと思ったらしい（出典：Google）人間が世話をしているからか「ペット」だと思ったらしい（出典：Google）実写とアニメの区別も可能（出典：Google）実写とアニメの区別も可能（出典：Google）	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
How American males feel about themselves has been in a steady decline since the 2008 recession – but Establishment pundits and scholars continue to seem clueless about its causes. Instead, they continue to treat men as self-defeating idiots. On Oct. 16, The New York Times looked at the waning American male worker in an op-ed, and as might be expected the editorial avoided examining underlying sexism towards men in the age of ascendent feminism. Although the NYT has eagerly examined problems and their causes for female workers, using the trope of the hard-working virtuous victim oppressed by selfishly powerful men, the newspaper lacked the courage and honesty to investigate oppressive causes in the case of male workers. So what are the causes? The trope of the wounded male is ready fodder for gender activists and even misandrists. Robert Bly more sympathetically points to the male wound as the beginning of masculine growth. David K. Flowers unsympathetically argues that there are too many parasitic men living off the good graces of dysfunctional women. And The Wall Street Journal states that the waning male energy in our nation is due primarily to the loss of low-skilled jobs traditionally held by working class males. While all of these explanations point in different directions, all overlook how males have been much greater victims of sexism in a society that has historically entrusted to men the most high-risk work and sent them into every war. It is not hard to see that the NYT’s vain attempt at balancing its recent news coverage of women’s issues is related to the presidential election. And if so, it doesn’t really work. It doesn’t because it fails to dig into the deeper causes for mass withdrawal by men from society and economy. For instance, while the NYT op-ed does cite Princeton Economist Alan B. Krueger’s recently published paper, “Where Have All the Workers Gone?”, the NYT does not probe further into the reasons male workers are experiencing historic levels in both unemployment and despair. In addition, the editorial does not ask how globalization, anti-unionism, and feminism have combined forces in making it socially and economically acceptable to be openly misandric in the news, on film and television, and in schools and workplaces. Sure, the NYT‘s attempt picked up on Krueger’s study about the failing well-being of American adult men, arguing that seven million men (or 11.4%) between the ages of 25 and 54 have left the labor force, not to return, but the NYT‘s opinion eschews addressing key contributions from those in masculinity studies or men’s rights. And why is this? I maintain that the American Establishment has ignored and will continue to ignore identifying the causes of an ever expanding masculine crises (war veteran despair and suicide, increasing male unemployment, massive male incarceration, demonizing “deadbeat” dads, drugging boys in schools, and so on) until it is too late. The Establishment has little interest in questioning the political and economic strategy that currently favors a gynocentric world view as a female-centered society is favored for avoiding impediments in the march of global capitalism and expanding markets.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Landsat 8 Landsat 8 is an American Earth observation satellite launched on February 11, 2013. It is the eighth satellite in the Landsat program; the seventh to reach orbit successfully. Originally called the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), it is a collaboration between NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, provided development, mission systems engineering, and acquisition of the launch vehicle while the USGS provided for development of the ground systems and will conduct on-going mission operations. The satellite was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, who served as prime contractor for the mission. The spacecraft's instruments were constructed by Ball Aerospace and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and its launch was contracted to United Launch Alliance. During the first 108 days in orbit, LDCM underwent checkout and verification by NASA and on 30 May 2013 operations were transferred from NASA to the USGS when LDCM was officially renamed to Landsat 8. Mission overview With Landsat 5 retiring in early 2013, leaving Landsat 7 as the only on-orbit Landsat program satellite, Landsat 8 ensures the continued acquisition and availability of Landsat data utilizing a two-sensor payload, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS). Respectively, these two instruments collect image data for nine shortwave bands and two longwave thermal bands. The satellite was developed with a 5.25 years mission design life but was launched with enough fuel on board to provide for upwards of ten years of operations. Landsat 8 consists of three key mission and science objectives: Collect and archive medium resolution (30-meter spatial resolution) multispectral image data affording seasonal coverage of the global landmasses for a period of no less than 5 years; Ensure that Landsat 8 data are sufficiently consistent with data from the earlier Landsat missions in terms of acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage characteristics, spectral characteristics, output product quality, and data availability to permit studies of landcover and land-use change over time; Distribute Landsat 8 data products to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis at no cost to the user. Technical details Providing moderate-resolution imagery, from 15 meters to 100 meters, of Earth's land surface and polar regions, Landsat 8 operates in the visible, near-infrared, short wave infrared, and thermal infrared spectrums. Landsat 8 captures more than 700 scenes a day, an increase from the 250 scenes a day on Landsat 7. The OLI and TIRS sensors will see improved signal to noise (SNR) radiometric performance, enabling 12-bit quantization of data allowing for more bits for better land-cover characterization. Planned parameters for Landsat 8 standard products Product type: Level 1T (terrain corrected) Output format: GeoTIFF Pixel size: 15 meters/30 meters/100 meters (panchromatic/multispectral/thermal) Map projection: UTM (Polar Stereographic for Antarctica) Datum: WGS 84 Orientation: North-up (map) Resampling: Cubic convolution Accuracy: OLI: 12 meters circular error, 90-percent confidence TIRS: 41 meters circular error, 90-percent confidence Spacecraft The Landsat 8 spacecraft was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, under contract to NASA, and uses Orbital's standard LEOStar-3 satellite bus. Orbital was responsible for the design and manufacture of the Landsat 8 spacecraft bus, the integration of the customer-furnished payload instruments, and full observatory testing, including environmental and EMI/EMC. The spacecraft supplies power, orbit and attitude control, communications, and data storage for OLI and TIRS. All components, except for the propulsion module, are mounted on the exterior of the primary structure. A single deployable solar array generates power for the spacecraft components and charges the spacecraft's 125 amp-hour nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) battery. A 3.14-terabit solid state data recorder provides data storage aboard the spacecraft and an X-band antenna transmits OLI and TIRS data either in real time or played back from the data recorder. The OLI and TIRS are mounted on an optical bench at the forward end of the spacecraft. Sensors Operational Land Imager Landsat 8's Operational Land Imager (OLI) improves on past Landsat sensors and was built, under contract to NASA, by Ball Aerospace. OLI uses a technological approach demonstrated by the Advanced Land Imager sensor flown on NASA's experimental EO-1 satellite. The OLI instrument uses a pushbroom sensor instead of whiskbroom sensors that were utilized on earlier Landsat satellites. The pushbroom sensor aligns the imaging detector arrays along Landsat 8's focal plane allowing it to view across the entire swath, 115 miles (185 kilometers) cross-track field of view, as opposed to sweeping across the field of view. With over 7,000 detectors per spectral band, the pushbroom design results in increased sensitivity, fewer moving parts, and improved land surface information. OLI collects data from nine spectral bands. Seven of the nine bands are consistent with the Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors found on earlier Landsat satellites, providing for compatibility with the historical Landsat data, while also improving measurement capabilities. Two new spectral bands, a deep blue coastal / aerosol band and a shortwave-infrared cirrus band, will be collected, allowing scientists to measure water quality and improve detection of high, thin clouds. Thermal InfraRed Sensor The Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS), built by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, conducts thermal imaging and supports emerging applications such as evapotranspiration rate measurements for water management. The TIRS focal plane uses GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector arrays (known as QWIPs) for detecting the infrared radiation—a first for the Landsat program. The TIRS data will be registered to OLI data to create radiometrically, geometrically, and terrain-corrected 12-bit Landsat 8 data products. Like OLI, TIRS employs a pushbroom sensor design with a 185 kilometer swath width. Data for two long wavelength infrared bands will be collected with TIRS. This provides data continuity with Landsat 7's single thermal IR band and adds a second. With TIRS being a late addition to the Landsat 8 satellite, the design life requirement was relaxed in order to expedite development of the sensor. As such, TIRS only has a three-year design life. Ground system The Landsat 8 ground system performs two main functions: command and control of the satellite and management of mission data sent from the satellite. Satellite command and control is provided by the Mission Operations Center at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center. Commands are sent from the Mission Operations Center to the satellite via a Ground Network Element (GNE). Mission data from the satellite is downlinked to receiving stations in Sioux Falls, SD, Gilmore Creek, AK, and Svalbard, Norway. From there, the data is sent via the GNE to the USGS Earth Resource Observation and Science (EROS) Center in Sioux Falls, where it is ingested into the Data Processing and Archive System. History The original Landsat 8 plans called for NASA to purchase data meeting Landsat 8 specifications from a commercially owned and operated satellite system; however, after an evaluation of proposals received from industry, NASA cancelled the Request for Proposals in September 2003. In August 2004, a memorandum from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) directed Federal agencies to place Landsat-type sensors on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) platform. Following an evaluation of the technical complexity of this task, the strategy was adjusted and on December 23, 2005, the OSTP issued a memorandum directing NASA to implement the Landsat 8 in the form of a free-flyer spacecraft carrying an instrument referred to as the Operational Land Imager (OLI). In December 2009, a decision was made to add a thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) to the mission payload. Launch The satellite was launched aboard an Atlas V 401 carrier rocket with an Extended Payload Fairing. The launch took place at 18:02 UTC (10:02 PST) on 11 February 2013, from Space Launch Complex 3E at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Seventy eight minutes and thirty seconds later, the spacecraft separated from the Atlas V upper stage, successfully completing the launch. First images from the spacecraft were collected on March 18, 2013. Landsat 8 joins Landsat 7 on-orbit, providing increased coverage of the Earth's surface. On orbit problems with TIRS On December 19, 2014, ground controllers detected anomalous current levels associated with the scene select mirror (SSM) encoder electronics. The SSM electronics were turned off with the instrument pointed at nadir and TIRS data was acquired but not processed. On March 3, 2015, operators switched TIRS from the A side to B side electronics to deal with the issue with the A side encoder electronics. TIRS resumed normal operations on March 4, 2015, and nominal blackbody and deep space calibration data collection resumed on March 7, 2015. On November 3, 2015, TIRS ability to accurately measure the location of the Scene Select Mirror (SSM) was compromised and the encoder was powered off. In April 2016, an algorithm was developed to compensate for the powered off encoder and data reporting resumed. In addition to these problems, TIRS launched with a stray light anomaly that increases the reported temperature by up to four degrees Celsius in band 10 and up to 8 degrees Celsius in band 11. Eventually it was determined that the anomaly was caused by out-of-field reflections bouncing off a metal alloy retaining ring mounted just above the third lens of the four-lens refractive TIRS telescope and onto the TIRS focal plane. In January 2017, an algorithm was developed to estimate the amount of stray light and subtract it from the data, reducing the error down to about 1 Kelvin. See also Landsat program References Jhabvala, M.; Choi, K.; Waczynski, A.; La, A.; Sundaram, M.; Costard, E.; Jhabvala, C.; Kan, E.; Kahle, D.; Foltz, R.; Boehm, N.; Hickey, M.; Sun, J.; Adachi, T.; Costen, N.; Hess, L.; Facoetti, H.; Montanaro, M."Performance of the QWIP focal plane arrays for NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission", Proceedings of SPIE, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVII vol. 8012 (1) April, 2011. Also see: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-band-designations-landsat-satellites-0?qt-news_science_products=7#qt-news_science_products External links NASA's Landsat Website USGS Landsat Website EarthNow! Landsat Image Viewer Kennedy Landsat 8 Media Gallery Category:Landsat program Category:Spacecraft launched in 2013 Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Spacecraft launched by Atlas rockets	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
— An Elizabeth City State University student who has lived and voted in his college town since 2009 found his candidacy for city council thwarted by a decision by the local elections board. Montravias King, an ECSU senior, was surprised that the Pasquotank County Board of Elections ruled that his residence, in a college dorm, didn't count toward the residency requirement to run for office. He filed to represent the city's Fourth District, only to see his name removed from the ballot. "The residency requirements for a candidate are the exact residency requirements for a voter," King said, noting that he has worked, volunteered and voted in Elizabeth City for four years. The state NAACP worries that the county elections board's actions will have a ripple effect on student voters in Pasquotank and across the state. Pete Gilbert, chairman of the county's Republican party, challenged King's candidacy. Gilbert says a college dorm isn't a legal residence because it's closed for part of the year. He's challenged dozens of ECSU student voters on similar grounds in recent years. The newly appointed Republican majority on the board agreed with Gilbert, a move King's lawyer says violates long-established state and federal legal precedent. "The (U.S.) Supreme Court has already ruled on this decades ago," lawyer Jeremy Collins said. "College students have the right to vote in the town where they go to school." On Tuesday, the Southern Coalition for Social Justice filed an appeal to the Pasquotank Board of Elections on King's behalf. "I think it's sad that we have to deal with these challenges," King said. "College students should be encouraged to participate in the community that they call home. This has been my home since the summer of 2009." William Skinner, the lone Democrat on the board, said Wednesday that the law is very clear, and King should have remained on the ballot. "If you can vote in any political district, you should be able to run for office there," said Skinner, who voted to keep King's name on the ballot. "You can't deny a person who's been voting if he wants to run." The two Republican board members, who were with Skinner in Cary Wednesday for training, declined to comment. Pasquotank is not the only county making it tougher for students to vote. The Watuaga County elections board decided to close the early voting site at Appalachian State University and shut down an Election Day precinct there. Forsyth County is considering shuttering early voting at Winston-Salem State University. Rev. William Barber, president of the state chapter of the NAACP, says it's a blatant attempt at voter suppression. "It's a vulgar manipulation of the political process for one's own partisan reasons," he said. "We will not take it, we will not stand for it, and we will win." NAACP attorney Al McSurely says the group will ask U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder to investigate counties where Republican-majority boards of election are making changes to accepted practice. "There a pattern of it across the state," McSurely said. "They come in with an agenda, like this thing is already pre-written and brought in on a platter."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
'''Light bulb''' is a [[period]] [[:Category:Oscillators with period 2\|2]] [[oscillator]] that was found in [[:Category:Patterns found in 1971\|1971]]. Its [[rotor]], known as the '''filament''',<ref name="pddict" /> is the only known 3-[[cell]] period 2 rotor, and it can be embedded in a slightly smaller [[stator]], giving the [[:Category:Patterns with 21 cells\|21]]-[[cell]] variant shown below. Two other variants of this oscillator are also known.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pentadecathlon.com/rotors/rotors.php?page=3 \|title=Period 2 Oscillator Rotors \|accessdate=March 16, 2009}}</ref> Various other small [[induction coil]]s can also be used in place of the [[snake]] at the top of the bulb, including [[house]] and [[bookend]], though these lead to larger [[bounding box]]es. '''Light bulb''' is a [[period]] [[:Category:Oscillators with period 2\|2]] [[oscillator]] that was found in [[:Category:Patterns found in 1971\|1971]]. Its [[rotor]], known as the '''filament''',<ref name="pddict" /> is the only known 3-[[cell]] period 2 rotor, and it can be embedded in a slightly smaller [[stator]], giving the [[:Category:Patterns with 21 cells\|21]]-[[cell]] variant shown below. Two other variants of this oscillator are also known.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pentadecathlon.com/rotors/rotors.php?page=3 \|title=Period 2 Oscillator Rotors \|accessdate=March 16, 2009}}</ref> Various other small [[induction coil]]s can also be used in place of the [[snake]] at the top of the bulb, including [[house]] and [[bookend]], though these lead to larger [[bounding box]]es. − An {{gliders\|7}} [[synthesis]] is known for a [[stator]] variant of this oscillator which uses a [[house]] instead of a snake for stabilization.<ref>{{citeCatagolue\|title=lightbulb_and_cis-C\|page=object/xp2_03lkl3zojc0cjo/b3s23\|accessdate=May 24, 2019}}</ref> + A {{gliders\|7}} [[synthesis]] is known for a [[stator]] variant of this oscillator which uses a [[house]] instead of a snake for stabilization.<ref>{{citeCatagolue\|title=lightbulb_and_cis-C\|page=object/xp2_03lkl3zojc0cjo/b3s23\|accessdate=May 24, 2019}}</ref>	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Traditional knowledge learning and skill training programs rely on instructions and practice problems to help a user (e.g., a learner or a trainee) to improve his/her understanding of new concepts and skills in solving problems. Typically, a number of problems are provided to the user. The user finishes some or all the problems in a certain time period and submits the answers. The learning/training programs provide feedbacks to the user indicating how many problems are correctly answered and how many are not. The user may correct the problems which are answered incorrectly and/or practice more. In this traditional process, the user's learning/training progress is often linked to the percentage of problems that are correctly answered in a set of practice problems. This measure of learning/training progress, however, is difficult to provide an accurate assessment of the user on the proficiency levels of the skills to be learned, and is difficult to forecast the performance of the user in a comprehensive exam. In addition, traditional learning/training programs do not have the intelligence or ability to make dynamic adjustment of focusing areas to optimize the efficiency of the learning/training. The present disclosure is directed to overcoming or mitigating one or more of these problems as set forth above.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Detection, Visualization, and Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and NET Markers. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as a key player in the pathogenesis of infection and inflammation in human and animals. On the one hand, NETs have been characterized as fundamental to the innate immune defense against different pathogens since they are able to entrap and immobilize invading pathogens. On the other hand, NETs have been shown to contribute to several diseases, based on their detrimental consequences. This chapter describes methods to detect NETs and NET markers in blood-derived isolated neutrophils of human, pigs, and horses in vitro, as well as NETs and NET marker detection in body fluids from in vivo studies. To avoid nonspecific background in NET-formation, a well-established isolation method for the neutrophils from fresh blood is needed. After stimulation of neutrophils to release NETs, NETs are stained with different antibodies to confirm the presence of extracellular DNA extrusion consisting of histone-DNA complexes, as well as granule components (e.g., myeloperoxidase or elastase). Furthermore, specific methods to quantify NETs and NET markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are described in detail. In addition to immunofluorescence microscopy, quantification of NET markers from in vivo experiments in various body fluids is described (e.g., nuclease activity, free extracellular DNA, or cationic host defense peptides, such as the porcine PR-39 in BALF and CSF).	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: If a readied ranged attack action is used against the appearance of a burrowing creature, does the attack provoke an attack of opportunity? In a recent D&D 4e session the characters readied an action, with the condition being the appearance of a burrowing creature from the ground. Suddenly the creature burst from the ground in front of them, and the characters got to make their readied attacks, which were ranged attacks. Does the creature get to make opportunity attacks against any triggering ranged attacks, if it appears in melee range? A: The characters provoke opportunity attacks as normal, however the creature who's turn it is does not get an opportunity attack against the readied action A readied actionDDI is an immediate reaction to the triggering action, and so in this case takes places during the creature's turn. Opportunity actions DDI cannot be taken during your own turn. A: If the normal usage of the ranged attack would provoke an opportunity attack then the readied action would do the same when triggered. As a D.M. I would rule that the O.A. would only happen if you use the attack. So if the burrowing creature never appears in the round, you wouldn't use the attack, there for no O.A. triggered. As for the actual creature bursting through I would say no, they do not get an O.A. because they can not get and O.A. during their turn. The triggered action would happen as it emerges so clearing the burrow is movement.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Methodological aspects of classifying low--and medium intensity of hyperostosis spongiosa orbitae. Low- and medium expressions of hyperostosis spongiosa orbitae are occurring rather frequently compared to strong or very strong ones, yet their notation and differentiation is sometimes rather difficult. By means of original photographs of low and medium intensity degrees of this pathological trait methodological facilitation of notation is intended. This could serve as a stimulus for a more frequent incorporation of this bone condition in skeletal studies let alone minimal interobserver differences.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Effect of partial release of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee arthroplasty. Appropriate tension of the posterior cruciate ligament, which often is tight in deep flexion, is difficult to achieve after posterior cruciate ligament retaining total knee arthroplasty. Kinematics and maximum flexion after partial release of the posterior cruciate ligament were evaluated in this study. A partial release improved the maximum flexion angle and maintained anteroposterior stability without causing undesirable changes in kinematics, whereas full resection of the posterior cruciate ligament caused unfavorable anteroposterior instability. Partial posterior cruciate ligament release eliminated excessive rollback movement caused by a tight posterior cruciate ligament and also shifted the point of articular surface contact anteriorly. These results indicate that partial release of the posterior cruciate ligament may improve knee function in patients with a tight posterior cruciate ligament after total knee arthroplasty.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol. 20. The search for an elusive binding site on protein kinase C through relocation of the carbonyl pharmacophore along the sn-1 side chain of 1,2-diacylglycerol lactones. Previous studies with 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) lactones, which behave as high-affinity ligands for protein kinase C (PK-C), have established the importance of maintaining intact the pharmacophore triad of two carbonyl moieties (sn-1 and sn-2) and the primary alcohol. In addition, docking studies of DAG-lactones into an empty C1b receptor of PK-Cdelta (as it appears in complex with phorbol 13-O-acetate) have revealed that in either of the two possible binding alternatives (sn-1 or sn-2) only one carbonyl group of the DAG-lactone is involved in binding. Therefore, the unknown receptor for the orphaned carbonyl appears to lie outside the boundaries of this binary complex, possibly residing at the membrane or near the membrane-protein interface. A strategy to locate the optimal location of the unengaged carbonyl was conceived by utilizing a small group of DAG-lactones (1-4) with a highly branched chain adjacent to the sn-2 carbonyl such that sn-2 binding is favored. With these compounds, various locations of the sn-1 carbonyl along the side chain were tested for their binding affinity for PK-C. The results indicate that the location of the side chain sn-1 carbonyl in a DAG-lactone must have perfect mimicry to the sn-1 carbonyl of the parent DAG for it to display high binding affinity. A proposed model from this work is that the missing pharmacophore in the ternary complex, which includes the membrane, is close to the membrane-protein interface.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Electrodermal responses in patients with unilateral brain damage. Skin conductance responses (SCR) to emotional and to nonemotional stimuli were measured in 16 right and 16 left unilateral brain-damaged patients. Replicating findings by Morrow, Vrtunski, Kim and Boller (1981), those patients with a lesion in the left hemisphere showed higher SCR's to emotional than to nonemotional stimuli while those with a right lesion showed no difference between them. This pattern of results remained when variance in performance on a Facial Expression Recognition task was partialled out, suggesting that the absence of differentiated arousal in right-brain-damaged patients is unrelated to their impairment in perceptual analysis.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Sierra Leone: More than 600 still missing after deadly floods More than 400 people have died and 600 others are still missing following deadly floods in Sierra Leone.. Disturbed by the magnitude of the disaster, the red cross is calling on well wishers to help Sierra Leone with donations. Officials say the figures could still increase as rescue operations continue. “Initially, we had a large number of corpses that were recovered, but for the past two or three days, I think the average has been about ten. This is a potential health hazard. That’s why we need to continue the operations to ensure that we remove as much dead bodies as possible,” Colonel Abu Bakarr Bah, an army official supervising operations said. On Thursday the mortal remains of close to 300 unidentified victims were buried at Waterloo, a locality near Freetown. In anticipation of an even greater number of the victims of these floods, authorities have dug 400 tombs not far from the tombs of some of the 4.000 people who lost their lives during the Ebola outbreak in 2014 and 2015. For now displaced persons in Freetown sleep outside due to insufficient shelter.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The quirky, colorful PSYCLOPS iPod protective character cases unlock the kid-friendly virtual open beta community where visitors can create their own original customized PSYCLOPS avatars and put them into a video complete with hot music beats and spectacular dance moves. With each iPod protective case, users can create and share unlimited music and dance videos, even while PSYCLOPS HQ is in open beta testing. The website also provides a truly multi-platform experience where kids can share their killer video creations by uploading them to their iPods, sharing them via their social networking page or emailing the videos to friends and family. This is the first time an iPod-centric product has offered such capabilities. To enter this giveaway, simply post a reply here and remember to watch your inbox because the winner will be announced here. MAKE SURE you have email notification checked. If the winner doesn't respond within 7 days of being posted here, remaining copies will be donated to charity. Good luck! Contest ends 01/10/09 Open to U.S. and Canada only entrants must be 18+ one entry per valid FC username Guard well your spare moments. They are like uncut diamonds. Discard them and their value will never be known. Improve them and they will become the brightest gems in a useful life." ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson __________________May God give you for every storm, a rainbow, for every tear, a smile, for every care, a promise, and blessing in each trial, for every problem life sends, a faithful friend to share, for every sigh, a sweet song, and an answer for each prayer. ~An Irish Blessing	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Exercise capacity after lobectomy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study is to clarify whether patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lose less exercise capacity after lobectomy than do those without COPD, to the same extent as ventilatory capacity and lobectomy for selected patients with severe emphysema improve exercise capacity like ventilatory capacity. Seventy non-COPD patients (N group), 16 mild COPD patients (M group), and 14 moderate-to-severe COPD patients (S group) participated. Pulmonary function and exercise capacity tests were performed on the same day preoperatively and six months to one year after lobectomy. The S group lost significantly less FEV(1) (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) after lobectomy than did the N or M group (P<0.0001 and P<0.005). However, their loss of exercise capacity was equivalent to that for the N and M groups. For the S group, there was a significant, negative correlation between preoperative FEV(1) % of predicted and percentage change in FEV(1) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) after lobectomy (r=-0.93, P<0.0001 and r=-0.64, P=0.01). In moderate-to-severe COPD patients, patients with a lower preoperative FEV(1) % of predicted experienced a smaller decrease in FEV(1) and VO2 max after lobectomy.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Rob Kardashian's tirade against ex Blac Chyna began after she allegedly sent him a video of herself with another man. Blac Chyna's lawyer is considering taking legal action against Rob Kardashian over allegations that she cheated on him. The Keeping Up with the Kardashians star and his baby mama Chyna have had a volatile relationship since the beginning of their romance, with their frequent splits and reconciliations playing out on social media. But their quarrelling took a vicious turn on Wednesday (05Jul17) when Rob took to Instagram to begin a tirade against Chyna, the mother of his daughter Dream, after she apparently sent him a video of herself with another man. Alongside naked pictures of his former lover, Rob also alleged that she had an alcohol and drug problem, had surgery to regain her pre-pregnancy figure after giving birth to Dream and cheated on him on numerous occasions. Despite his Instagram account being shut down, Rob then moved his tirade over to Twitter. Now, Chyna is looking into which legal routes she can take in response to Rob's comments, which may have broken the state of California's "revenge porn" laws, which make it illegal "to post explicit photos of someone in order to exact revenge or cause distress". Her attorney Walter Mosley said in a statement to People.com: "I am exploring all legal remedies and protections available to my client at this time in attempts to best advise her on how she may want to proceed." Mosley's statement came after legal expert Carrie Goldberg, who doesn't represent Chyna or Rob, gave her views on the situation. Goldberg, who represents clients who have experienced Internet abuse at her firm C. A. Goldberg, told the outlet: "This is sort of the classic, quintessential revenge porn. Rob has made the work of a prosecutor or a victim's attorney quite easy so far as to even post about the very motive behind his outrageous act of posting these private and nude photos of his ex. "The allegation of infidelity does not give someone the right to seek revenge in such a devastating way." If charged under the California Penal Code, Rob could face a fine and up to six months in prison, Goldberg added.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Isaiah Isaiah Institute Translation Relieving the oppressed and observing the Sabbath sanctify fast days and beget covenant blessings. 1 Proclaim it aloud without restraint;raise your voice like a trumpet!Declare to my people their transgressions,to the house of Jacob its sins.2 Yet they importune me daily,eager to learn my ways,like a nation practicing righteousnessand not forsaking the precepts of its God. They inquire of me concerning correct ordinances,desiring to draw nearer to God:3 Why, when we fast, do you not notice?We afflict our bodies and you remain indifferent!It is because on your fast day you pursue your own endsand constrain all who toil for you.4 You fast amid strife and contention,striking out savagely with the fist.Your present fasts are not suchas to make your voice heard on high. 5 Is this the manner of fasting I have required,just a time for men to torment themselves?Is it only for bowing one’s head like a reedand making one’s bed of sackcloth and ashes?Do you call that a fast,a day of Jehovah’s good graces? 6 Is not this the fast I require:To release from wrongful bondage,to untie the harness of the yoke,to set the oppressed at libertyand abolish all forms of subjection?7 Is it not to share your food with the hungry,to bring home the wretchedly poor,and when you see men underclad to clothe them,and not to neglect your own kin? 8 Then shall your light break through like the dawnand your healing speedily appear;your righteousness will go before you,and the glory of Jehovah will be your rearguard. 9 Then, should you call, Jehovah will respond;should you cry, he will say, I am here.Indeed, if you will banish servitude from among you,and the pointing finger and offensive speech,10 if you will give of your own to the hungryand satisfy the needs of the oppressed,then shall your light dawn amid darknessand your twilight become as the noonday. 11 Jehovah will direct you continually;he will satisfy your needs in the dearthand bring vigor to your limbs.And you will become like a well-watered garden,like a spring of unfailing waters.12 They who came out of you will rebuild the ancient ruins;you will restore the foundations of generations ago.You shall be called a rebuilder of fallen walls,a restorer of streets for resettlement. 13 If you will keep your feet from trampling the Sabbath—from achieving your own ends on my holy day—and consider the Sabbath a delight,the holy day of Jehovah venerable,and if you will honor itby refraining from your everyday pursuits—from occupying yourselves with your own affairsand speaking of business matters—14 then shall you delight in Jehovah,and I will make you traverse the heights of the earthand nourish you with the heritage of Jacob your father.By his mouth Jehovah has spoken it. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. Yet they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways, as a nation that did righteousness, and forsook not the ordinance of their God: they ask of me the ordinances of justice; they take delight in approaching to God. 2 Yet they importune me daily,eager to learn my ways,like a nation practicing righteousnessand not forsaking the precepts of its God. They inquire of me concerning correct ordinances,desiring to draw nearer to God: Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labours. 3 Why, when we fast, do you not notice?We afflict our bodies and you remain indifferent!It is because on your fast day you pursue your own endsand constrain all who toil for you. Is it such a fast that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict his soul? is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the Lord? 5 Is this the manner of fasting I have required,just a time for men to torment themselves?Is it only for bowing one’s head like a reedand making one’s bed of sackcloth and ashes?Do you call that a fast,a day of Jehovah’s good graces? Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh? 7 Is it not to share your food with the hungry,to bring home the wretchedly poor,and when you see men underclad to clothe them,and not to neglect your own kin? And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in. 12 They who came out of you will rebuild the ancient ruins;you will restore the foundations of generations ago.You shall be called a rebuilder of fallen walls,a restorer of streets for resettlement. If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from doing thy pleasure on my holy day; and call the sabbath a delight, the holy of the Lord, honourable; and shalt honour him, not doing thine own ways, nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine own words: 13 If you will keep your feet from trampling the Sabbath—from achieving your own ends on my holy day—and consider the Sabbath a delight,the holy day of Jehovah venerable,and if you will honor itby refraining from your everyday pursuits—from occupying yourselves with your own affairsand speaking of business matters— Then shalt thou delight thyself in the Lord; and I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. 14 then shall you delight in Jehovah,and I will make you traverse the heights of the earthand nourish you with the heritage of Jacob your father.By his mouth Jehovah has spoken it. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. Apocalyptic Commentary Relieving the oppressed and observing the Sabbath sanctify fast days and beget covenant blessings. 1 Proclaim it aloud without restraint;raise your voice like a trumpet!Declare to my people their transgressions,to the house of Jacob its sins. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:1) As the task of Jehovah’s servant is to restore justice in the earth (Isaiah 42:1-4), he informs the Jacob/Israel category of Jehovah’s people of its sins and transgressions (Isaiah 48:1). In that role, he acts as Jehovah’s voice to his people: “Who among you fears Jehovah and heeds the voice of his servant” (Isaiah 50:10). He is likewise the trumpet that announces Jehovah’s coming and the ensign that rallies them: “All you who live in the world, you inhabitants of the earth, look to the ensign when it is lifted up in the mountains; heed the trumpet when sounded!” (Isaiah 18:3; emphasis added; cf. 62:10-11). 2 Yet they importune me daily,eager to learn my ways,like a nation practicing righteousnessand not forsaking the precepts of its God. They inquire of me concerning correct ordinances,desiring to draw nearer to God:3 Why, when we fast, do you not notice?We afflict our bodies and you remain indifferent!It is because on your fast day you pursue your own endsand constrain all who toil for you. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:2–3) The Jacob/Israel category of Jehovah’s people practices an outward form of worship devoid of substance. Going through the motions of religious observance—as if that makes them righteous before God—they still lack true devotion. They fast from food and observe the Sabbath (v 13) but without it benefiting them. When they complain, he responds through his servant—their exemplar of righteousness—that the root of their problem is their transgressing his law and word: “It is your iniquities that separate you from your God; your sins hide his face, so that he does not hear you” (Isaiah 59:2; cf. 1:15). 3 Why, when we fast, do you not notice?We afflict our bodies and you remain indifferent!It is because on your fast day you pursue your own endsand constrain all who toil for you.4 You fast amid strife and contention,striking out savagely with the fist.Your present fasts are not suchas to make your voice heard on high. 5 Is this the manner of fasting I have required,just a time for men to torment themselves?Is it only for bowing one’s head like a reedand making one’s bed of sackcloth and ashes?Do you call that a fast,a day of Jehovah’s good graces? A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:3–5) Those who don’t heed Jehovah’s voice—his servant (v 1)—who practice their own form of righteousness instead of emulating Jehovah’s righteousness (v 2), can’t benefit from the spiritual salvation wrought by Jehovah nor from the temporal salvation obtained by his servant. Jehovah doesn’t hear them (v 4) and his servant can’t intercede effectually with Jehovah on their behalf as did Hezekiah (Isaiah 37:15-20) so long as they don’t repent. Of itself, fasting is good—drawing a soul nearer to God—but not when it is ostentatious and isn’t backed up by love of God and neighbor, including employees. 6 Is not this the fast I require:To release from wrongful bondage,to untie the harness of the yoke,to set the oppressed at libertyand abolish all forms of subjection?7 Is it not to share your food with the hungry,to bring home the wretchedly poor,and when you see men underclad to clothe them,and not to neglect your own kin? A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:6–7) Instead of being a source of oppression to others (v 4), Jehovah’s people should release others from oppression: “Learn to do good; demand justice, stand up for the oppressed” (Isaiah 1:17; cf. 56:1-2). Instead of emulating the archtyrant and his kind—who are a yoke around people’s necks (Isaiah 10:27; 14:25)—they should emulate Jehovah’s servant, who releases them from bondage (Isaiah 42:7; 49:9). As Jehovah cares for the poor (Isaiah 14:30; 25:4), and as he frees his people from tyranny (Isaiah 49:24-25; 51:13-14), so should they if they would enjoy his salvation (vv 8-14; Isaiah 1:15-20). 8 Then shall your light break through like the dawnand your healing speedily appear;your righteousness will go before you,and the glory of Jehovah will be your rearguard. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:8) Although they have sinned against Jehovah and oppressed his people, those who repent and live by his definition of righteousness may yet receive healing and participate in his deliverance. With the coming of Jehovah’s servant, those who repent experience a new dawn and a reversal of their circumstances from curse to blessing. Jehovah sends him as a light to enlighten them in his law and word (Isaiah 2:3-5; 9:2; 42:6; 49:6; 60:1-2; 62:1). Those who follow righteousness as the servant exemplifies it (Isaiah 41:2; 46:11-13; 51:1, 7; 56:1-2; 61:1-3; 62:1), righteousness leads in the new exodus to Zion. 9 Then, should you call, Jehovah will respond;should you cry, he will say, I am here.Indeed, if you will banish servitude from among you,and the pointing finger and offensive speech,10 if you will give of your own to the hungryand satisfy the needs of the oppressed,then shall your light dawn amid darknessand your twilight become as the noonday. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:9–10) In many ways, calling upon Jehovah divides the righteous from the wicked. Those who don’t call upon him are the Jacob/Israel category and levels lower: “I was available to those who did not inquire of me; I was accessible to those who did not seek me. I said, ‘Here am I; I am here,’ to a nation that did not invoke my name” (Isaiah 65:1; cf. 43:22). Those who call upon Jehovah emulate his servant: “I have raised up one from the north who calls on my name” (Isaiah 41:25; cf. 55:4-6). As they do so, Jehovah assures them “he will graciously respond at the cry of your voice” (Isaiah 30:19; cf. 38:5). The human virtues that define Jehovah’s righteousness involve an entire paradigm shift away from tolerating servitude, abusiveness, offensive language, and all such symptoms of wickedness to serving others who are in need. With the advent of the servant—Jehovah’s light (v 8)—those whose darkness turns to light live to see deliverance from darkness—the archtyrant: “Arise, shine, your light has dawned; the glory of Jehovah has risen upon you! Although darkness covers the earth, and a thick mist the peoples, upon you Jehovah will shine; over you his glory shall be visible” (Isaiah 60:1-2; cf. 4:5-6). 11 Jehovah will direct you continually;he will satisfy your needs in the dearthand bring vigor to your limbs.And you will become like a well-watered garden,like a spring of unfailing waters. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:11) Persons who walk by Jehovah’s light and emulate his righteousness (v 8) receive personal guidance from God. In the same way that his holy Spirit empowers his servant (Isaiah 11:2; 42:1; 48:16; 61:1), so it empowers them: “Your ears shall hear words from behind you saying, ‘This is the way; walk in it!’ should you turn left or right” (Isaiah 30:21; cf. 32:15; 44:3; 59:21). Curse reversals may proceed all the way to physical regeneration and the elimination of death: “No more shall there be infants alive but a few days, or the aged who do not live out their years” (Isaiah 65:20; cf. 25:7-8; 26:19; 66:14). 12 They who came out of you will rebuild the ancient ruins;you will restore the foundations of generations ago.You shall be called a rebuilder of fallen walls,a restorer of streets for resettlement. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:12) Jehovah’s returnees to Zion rebuild the ancient ruins under the direction of his servant: “Who fulfills the word of his servant, accomplishes the aims of his messengers, who says of Jerusalem, ‘It shall be reinhabited,’ and of the cities of Judah, ‘They shall be rebuilt, their ruins I will restore’” (Isaiah 44:26); “They will rebuild the ancient ruins, raise up the old waste places; they will renew the desolate cities demolished generations ago” (Isaiah 61:4); “Jehovah is comforting Zion, bringing solace to all her ruins; he is making her wilderness like Eden, her desert as the garden of Jehovah.” (Isaiah 51:3). 13 If you will keep your feet from trampling the Sabbath—from achieving your own ends on my holy day—and consider the Sabbath a delight,the holy day of Jehovah venerable,and if you will honor itby refraining from your everyday pursuits—from occupying yourselves with your own affairsand speaking of business matters— A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:13) One of the gravest transgressions with which the servant confronts Jehovah’s people (v 1) is their desecration of the Sabbath. Even Sabbath meetings aren’t acceptable when they don’t spring from personal righteousness: “As for convening meetings at the New Month and on the Sabbath, wickedness with the solemn gathering I cannot approve” (Isaiah 1:13). What characterizes Jehovah’s servants is that they keep the Sabbath Day holy (Isaiah 56:6). As a “sign” between Jehovah and his people (Exodus 31:13; Ezekiel 20:12, 20), Sabbath observance is a sure indicator of their loyalty to his covenant. 14 then shall you delight in Jehovah,and I will make you traverse the heights of the earthand nourish you with the heritage of Jacob your father.By his mouth Jehovah has spoken it. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances. blue (58:14) Individuals who attain higher spiritual categories spontaneously delight in Jehovah: “I rejoice exceedingly in Jehovah; my soul delights in my God. For he clothes me in garments of salvation, he arrays me in a robe of righteousness” (Isaiah 61:10). As they become privileged to receive Jehovah’s highest covenant blessings, they attain his view of the world and their place in it: “Your eyes shall behold the King in his glory and view the expanse of the earth” (Isaiah 33:17). Jehovah’s servant—his mouth—expedites their spiritual ascent that ultimately leads to their physical regeneration (v 11; Isaiah 40:31). A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to teach them the true points of his law and word. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to confront his people with their hypocrisy, to admonish them to repent, and to warn them of Jehovah's imminent judgments. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, whose righteousness contrasts his people's self-righteousness at the time Jehovah appoints him to instruct them in the ordinances of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who intercedes with Jehovah on behalf of his people to deliver them from destruction and to bless them with the blessings of his covenant. blue A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the exemplar of the reprobates of Jehovah's people, who forfeit Jehovah's blessings by imposing heavy burdens on the poor. red A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, who personifies the light that dawns on Jehovah's people at the time Jehovah restores them and delivers them in a new exodus to Zion. blue A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, who leads Jehovah's elect in a new exodus to Zion at the time Jehovah's coming to reign on the earth draws near. blue A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, the light that dawns on his repentant people, dispelling the darkness of their former wickedness and healing their alienation from Jehovah. blue A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness that hold humanity captive but whom Jehovah's servant banishes from those who repent. red A pseudonym of Jehovah's end-time servant, Jehovah's mouth or mouthpiece to his people, who receives divine revelation and who assigns Jehovah's elect everlasting inheritances.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Introduction ============ Mosquitoes including Culex pipiens are responsible for several serious diseases and able to transmit diseases agents infecting over 600 million people per year[@R1],[@R2]. Culex pipiens pipiens are known by their ecologic plasticity which explains their wide geographical distribution (temperate and tropical regions). This species may be the cause of strong nuisance and can transmit several parasitosis such as the Japanese Encephalitis, the West Nile fever[@R3]--[@R6], the Rift Valley virus and certain filariasis[@R7]--[@R11]. Culex pipiens mosquito has been strongly suspected as the most likely vector in the transmission of West Nile virus outbreaks that have affected Tunisia[@R12]--[@R15] in 1997, 2003, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. This situation forces us to investigate one of the major obstacles to vectors disease control, the mosquito resistance to insecticides since the use of chemical insecticides for mosquito control remains the most widespread. In general, resistance to organophosphates including temephos insecticides can be metabolic or due to target site modifications. For target-site resistance, several authors have been identified and reported a relatively small number of highly conserved point mutations in the gene encoding the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme of many species[@R16],[@R17]. For metabolic resistance, other studies on a range of insect species identified and reported genomic changes which lead to gene amplification, over expression and/or modification of genes encoding members of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), cytochrome P450 (CYTP450) and carboxylesterases (CEs)[@R18]. Unfortunately, the massive use of insecticides during the malaria eradication program between 1967 and 1978 led to the development of strong resistance worldwide in Culex pipiens from Tunisia[@R19]--[@R22]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of temephos resistance in larval populations of Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tunisia and estimate the involved mechanisms using different synergists. The cross-resistance between temephos and propoxur, and the polymorphism of over-produced esterases and AChE 1 were also investigated. Methods ======= Standard methods of Raymond et al.[@R23] were performed on larvae populations of Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes collected in three breeding sites in northern and Southern Tunisia ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Identification of collected populations was done morphologically using the key of Brunhes et al[@R24]. Collected larvae were transported to the laboratory and directly transferred into plastic trays containing distilled water with rabbit croquette which served as food under standard insectary conditions (25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH). Bioassays were performed on both early third and late fourth instars. However, young larvae were reared until advanced instars. Field collected strains were tested against temephos insecticide and compared to bioassays of a susceptible reference strain. Five concentrations of temephos (100, 10, 1, 0,1, 0,01 ppm) providing between 0 and 100% mortality were used in a total volume of 100 ml of water containing 1 ml of ethanol solution of the tested insecticide. The tests were replicated five times per concentration. In each replicate, 20 early third and late fourth instar larvae were released. After a period of 24 hours, larval mortality was recorded. The Mazzarri and Georghiou[@R25] criteria were followed to classify the resistance level of each population tested as follows: low (RR\<5), moderate (5≤RR≤10) or high (RR\>10). We assessed also the effect of the synergists piperonyl-butoxide (Pb) on metabolic insecticide resistance. Esterase\'s activities were characterized on homogenates of adult thorax and abdomen according to the method of Pasteur et al.[@R26]. Propoxur bioassays which included one dose (1mg/l) was done to estimate the common mechanism of resistance to temephos insecticide: acetylcholinesterase resistance. According the method described by Bourguet et al.[@R27], AChE1 polymorphism was analyzed to comparing AChE1 activity of homogenates of adult heads in the absence or presence of propoxur. Three phenotypes including ace-1R, ace-1S alleles, and duplicated haplotype were separated using this enzyme bioassay. The obtained results were analyzed by using the log probit program of Raymond[@R28], based on Finney[@R29] to obtain LC~50~, LC~95~ and regression line. ![Geographic origin of Tunisian populations](AFHS1901-1361Fig1){#F1} Results ======= The resistance to temephos insecticide in field populations of Culex pipiens pipiens are presented in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The resistance ratio (LC~50~) values of temephos ranged from 1.34 to 114 and showed their low and high levels according Mazzarri et al[@R25] criteria. ###### Temephos resistance characteristics of Tunisian Culexpipienspipiens Population Temephos Temephos +DEF Temephos +Pb -------------- ------------- ----------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------- ---- -------------- ---- ------------ ---------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- ------- Slab 1,2 2,34 \- 0,32 4,99 \- 3,84 \- 2,2 1,94 \- 0,56 \- (1,1--1,4) ± 0,22 (0,28--0,36) ± 0,69 (2,89--5,09) (1,7--2,8) ±0,28 (0,44--0,72) 1-Sidi Hcine 142 2,41 114 \- \- \- \- \- 7,3 3,44 ± 2,48[\\](#TF1){ref-type="table-fn"} 3,32 19,4 34,33 (65,5--308) ± 0,75[\\](#TF1){ref-type="table-fn"} (60,2--216) (3--17) (1,12--9,84) (6,00--63,0) 2-El Fahs 3,1 1,69 2,55 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- (2,1--4,4) ± 0,31 (1,93--3,37) 3-Dgach 1,6 2,05 1,34 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- 0,98--2,8) ± 0,35 (0,87--2,05) (a), 95% CI; Parallelism test positif but without probability. RR~50~, resistance ratio at LC~50~ (RR~50~=LC~50~ of the population considered/LC~50~ of Slab); SR~50~, synergism ratio (LC~50~ observed in absence of synergist/LC~50~ observed in presence of synergist).RR and SR considered significant (P\<0.05) if their 95%CI did not include the value 1. RSR, relative synergism ratio (RR for insecticide alone / RR for insecticide plus synergist). The addition of Pb synergist in sample \# 1 increased the toxicity to used insecticide (RSR\>30), indicating that the resistance mechanisms inhibited by synergist (CYTP450) were involved in the resistance of the studied sample. Starch electrophoresis was realized to verify the involvement of detoxification (esterase) in the recorded resistance because it was not possible to do all synergists bioassays mainly DEF synergist. Two esterases were detected in the most resistant sample with high frequency of A4-B4 (45%). Three esterases including A4-B4, B12 and C1 were revealed in sample \# 2 with low frequencies. Low frequencies of two esterases including A4-B4 and C1 were reported in sample \# 3 which showed the lowest level of resistance to temephos and propoxur. Cross-resistance temephos/propoxur was detected using bioassays and the mortality due to propoxur was significantly correlated with the LC~50~ of temephos insecticide indicating the resistance of the common target site: AChE 1. The propoxur mortality was low in the most resistant population (32%). The high moralities, 38% and 99%, were associated to the susceptibility of samples \# 2 and 3, respectively. The polymorphism of AChE 1 showed that the highest frequencies of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE 1) resistant phenotypes was recorded in the most resistant population (sample \# 1) with a percentage of 74% including an important percentage of duplicate phenotype \[RS\]. However, the highest frequencies of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE 1) susceptible phenotypes was reported in the two susceptible populations (samples \# 2 and 3) with a percentages of 80 and 75%, respectively. Discussion ========== Unfortunately, the massive use of insecticides during the malaria eradication program between 1967 and 1978 has led to the development of strong resistance worldwide in Culex pipiens from Tunisia[@R19]--[@R22]. Furthermore, organophosphates actually remain one of the major tools for culicinae control including Culex pipiens. It is clear that closer collaboration between resistance experts in agriculture and public health is needed. Indeed and despite the absence of agricultural control in the studied areas, we can consider that the migration including passive transportation of mosquitoes and gene flow play major roles in the dispersion of resistance genes between distant populations[@R30]. Except the previous and ancient studies of Ben Cheikh and his collaborators[@R19]--[@R22],[@R31], there are no previous published studies about the resistance status of Tunisian Culex pipiens pipiens populations to chemical insecticides. Therefore, these populations of Culex pipiens pipiens need to be monitored for insecticide resistance in this area. Previous findings[@R19]--[@R22],[@R31] showed that organophosphate and carbamate resistance was widespread in Tunisian populations of Culex pipiens. Ben Cheikh et al[@R19] showed low resistance ratio levels of Culex pipiens pipiens to temephos insecticide, not exceeding 10-fold. However, high resistance level of this species to temephos was recorded in Tunisia and reached 400-fold[@R31]. The use of studied insecticides in public health explained the recorded resistance of Culex pipiens pipiens. Carbamate and organophosphate resistance was strongly correlated with the presence of an insensitive acetylcholinesterase which results in reduced sensitivity to inhibition of the enzyme. This target site resistance has been found and documented in many vectors including Culex pipiens and other mosquitoes[@R19],[@R32]--[@R34]. In Benin, a cross-resistance between organophosphatess (fenitrothion) and carbamates (bendiocarb and propoxur) in Anopheles gambiae was reported with the presence of insensitive acetylcholinesterase[@R35]. The polymorphism of AChE 1 showed that the highest frequencies of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE 1) resistant phenotypes was recorded in the most resistant population with an important percentage of duplicate phenotype \[RS\]. This could be probably due to the fitness costs associated to different alleles. Indeed, the overall fitness advantage of the duplicated haplotype may result from a much lower fitness cost[@R36]. Esterases, CYTP450 and glutathione-S-transferases are the three detoxification enzymes known to confer resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes vectors for all major classes of insecticides currently used for vector control, including organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. In the present study, synergist bioassays and biochemical characterization showed that esterases and CYTP450 were involved in the recorded resistance. Our results are in agreement with previous studies on the role of the CYTP450, esterases and the glutathione-S-transferases in the organophosphate including temephos resistance[@R19],[@R37],[@R38]. However, authors showed that AChE 1 identified above is known to be a dominant feature in resistance insects[@R39]. Conclusion ========== In the present study, both resistant target site and detoxification enzymes were identified and therefore confer the recorded resistance to temephos and propoxur compounds in Culex pipiens pipiens. The selection pressure for resistance could have risen mainly from the use of these insecticides in agriculture, as well as in public health. Given the increase of resistance to temephos insecticide in Culex pipiens pipiens compared to previous studies, there is an urgent need for field and laboratory monitoring of insecticide resistance. This work was kindly supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia by funds allocated to the Research Unit (Génétique 02/UR/08-03) and by DHMPE of the Minister of Public Health of Tunisia. We are very grateful to S. Ouanes, for technical assistance, A. Ben Haj Ayed and I. Mkada for help in bioassays, S. Saïdi, Tunisian hygienist technicians for help in mosquito collecting, and M. Nedhif and M. Rebhi for their kind interest and help. Conflict of interest ==================== The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. [^1]: Ahmed Tabbabi and Jabeur Daaboub contributed equally to this work.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Blages Wednesday, May 16, 2012 FDA Recommends more Judicious use of Antibiotics in Agriculture So, the FDA recently put out its report recommending that the agriculture industry reduce its use of antibiotics. Specifically, they urge that the use of antibiotics that are also used to treat humans be used more "judiciously." There are two specific widespread practices that the FDA aims to discourage: 1) the use of antibiotics to make animals gain weight faster, and 2) prophylactic use of antibiotics to prevent the outbreak of a disease, even in the absence of any indication that such an outbreak is likely. Both of these are commonly achieved by feeding animals a constant, low dose of antibiotics in their feed or water. This constant-low-dose scheme is, of course, optimal, assuming that your goal is to maximize the rate at which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance. As per the FDA's website, the plan is this: "implementing a voluntary strategy to promote the judicious use in food-producing animals of antibiotics that are important in treating humans," which basically means leaving it up to the food producers themselves. So, you can fully expect that absolutely nothing will happen, and that you will still die a very slow, painful death from a virulent antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology has just published an editorial on the topic in which they point out that these steps by the FDA are not nearly enough, and they provide this depressing tidbit: In 1977 the FDA began a process which could have resulted in a similar ban to that seen in the EU, by issuing notice of their intention to hold hearings into the withdrawal of approval for the use of penicillin and tetracycline in animals. However, these hearings never took place, and in December 2011 the agency announced that these notices had been formally withdrawn. Really, FDA? Are you really that incompetent and corrupt? Don't answer that, it was a rhetorical question. Anyway, here's a strip that appeared last year at Darwin Eats Cake, where Andy and Eleonora debate the use of antibiotics in agriculture. It's from back before I increased the font size, so it is easier to read on the original site. Support Lost in Transcription! Got something you need from Amazon? Like maybe this Yodeling Pickle? Click through here and buy whatever you were going to get anyway, and you'll be supporting independent bloggers everywhere! (Well, here, anyway.)	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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