id int32 4 15.2k | answer int32 0 3 | text stringlengths 44 1.3k | type stringclasses 27
values | question stringlengths 15 228 | options listlengths 4 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11,981 | 2 | Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leis... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | If the statements above are true, which one of the following is most strongly supported by them? | [
"The average hourly output per worker has not risen as much as had been anticipated when modern labor-saving technologies were first introduced.",
"The percentage of the population that is in the work force has grown over the past twenty-five years.",
"Twenty-five years ago the average weekly output per worker ... |
3,797 | 0 | The communication media has an irresistible power. They are transmitted to the recipient like a bullet hitting the body and the medicine is injected into the skin. The audience is completely in a passive position, passively waiting and accepting the various thoughts instilled by the media. Feelings, knowledge, and the ... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options, if correct, best weakens the above view? | [
"People will inevitably cause a specific response to a specific stimulus",
"Adhering to reader demand orientation does not create the greatest benefit for the audience",
"The society is generally worried about the vulgarization of TV programs",
"The cancellation of the film classification system did not affec... |
3,542 | 0 | Seven people in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, and purple stand in a row. The teacher asks the seven people to report the number one by one. The students with multiples should stand behind the two students behind them in turn from front to back; finally, the students with multiples of 4 should stand at the top... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options can be inferred? | [
"There are two people between red and orange",
"There are two people between yellow and green",
"blue is now seventh in the team",
"cyan is now fifth in the team"
] |
10,833 | 3 | The town of Springhill frequently must declare a water emergency, making it temporarily unlawful to use water for such nonessential purposes as car washing. These emergencies could be avoided if Springhill would introduce permanent economic incentives for water conservation. Actually, Springhill discourages conservatio... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? | [
"The town council of Springhill recently refused to raise the threshold.",
"The Springhill authorities do a poor job of enforcing its water emergency laws and many people break the laws without incurring a penalty.",
"The threshold remains at the predetermined level specified by law until a change is approved b... |
8,962 | 1 | The early universe contained only the lightest elements: hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements such as carbon can only be formed in the nuclear reaction of a star and spread when the star explodes. A recently discovered nebula contains carbon formed billions of years ago, when the universe was no more than 1.5 billion ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | If the above statement is true, which of the followings must be true? | [
"The earliest stars contained only hydrogen",
"When the universe was less than 1.5 billion years old, some stars had already formed",
"This nebula also contains hydrogen and helium",
"The carbon in this nebula later formed part of some stars"
] |
10,682 | 1 | While studies indicate that university professors spend much of their time engaged in personal research not clearly related to teaching, it is unlikely that additional financial compensation for, say, a larger course load or longer office hours would be the most effective of various possible means of shifting the focus... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? | [
"The research conducted by most professors should be clearly related to their teaching activities.",
"Monetary incentives would probably be less effective than some other ways that professors might be induced to focus more on teaching activities.",
"Increased financial compensation would be a somewhat effective... |
13,228 | 2 | To use the pool at City Gym, one must have a membership there. Sarah has a membership at City Gym. She must ttherefore use the pool there at least occasionally. | {'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True} | The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument | [
"mistakes a policy that is strictly enforced for a policy to which exceptions are made",
"presumes that one or the other of two alternatives must be the case without establishing that no other alternative is possible",
"treats a statement whose truth is required for the conclusion to be true as though it were a... |
2,022 | 3 | Nowadays, the imbalance in the development of science and technology in the world is more prominent due to the secrecy of science and technology among countries, regions and groups. However, all inventions of science and technology should be the wealth of all mankind. No country, group or individual should and cannot k... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is the main point of this passage? | [
"We should learn advanced science and technology from abroad.",
"The secrecy of science is limited and will be leaked out sooner or later.",
"The secrecy of science and technology should be strengthened.",
"Science and technology are the wealth of all mankind and should not and cannot be kept secret for a lon... |
2,815 | 3 | Since the beginning of this year, the real estate market in A province has shown signs of downturn, with reduced transaction volume and falling housing price. However, S City in the province is an exception, where housing price continues to rise and transaction volume is active. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true, does the least to explain the above exception? | [
"With the approval, S city will establish a high-tech development zone, and it is expected that a large number of foreign investment will enter the city.",
"The city's increased transport infrastructure and investment has shown results, traffic congestion has greatly improved.",
"Compared with many cities in th... |
10,565 | 1 | One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be st... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | If O happens to be scheduled the week before J, which of the followings must be true? | [
"Put F before O",
"K is scheduled a week before G",
"R is scheduled for week one or two",
"S happens to be scheduled the week after K"
] |
8,149 | 1 | In a scientific experiment sponsored by an environmental protection group, researchers tested 250 bottles of plastic bottled water from several well-known brands in a country and found that only 17 bottles of water contained no plastic particles. Plastic particles may be toxic or non-toxic, but because of their small p... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options, if true, can best refute that person's point of view? | [
"The environmental group that sponsored the study is a green environmental organization that advocates green living.",
"The content of plastic particles in plastic bottled water during the shelf life is much lower than the safe standard of drinking water in various countries.",
"The high density of chemical pr... |
14,314 | 3 | Surveys in Domorica indicate that only 10 percent of Domoricans in their twenties read a newspaper regularly, while more than half of all Domoricans over thirty read a newspaper regularly. Although Domoricans in their twenties constitute a large proportion of the population, newspaper publishers nonetheless predict tha... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the newspaper publishers' prediction? | [
"The proportion of Domoricans who regularly read a newspaper was higher 20 years ago than it is today.",
"The number of newspapers in Domorica has been gradually increasing over the past several decades.",
"The surveys defined a regular reader of a newspaper as someone who reads a newspaper more than twice a we... |
13,876 | 3 | The great medieval universities had no administrators, yet they endured for centuries. Our university has a huge administrative staff, and we are in serious financial difficulties. Ttherefore, we should abolish the positions and salaries of the administrators to ensure the longevity of the university. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following arguments contains flawed reasoning that most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in the argument above? | [
"A bicycle should not be ridden without a helmet. Since a good helmet can save the rider's life, a helmet should be considered the most important piece of bicycling equipment.",
"No airplane had jet engines before 1940, yet airplanes had been flying since 1903. Ttherefore, jet engines are not necessary for the op... |
11,015 | 3 | The Board of Trustees of the Federici Art Museum has decided to sell some works from its collection in order to raise the funds necessary to refurbish its galleries. Although this may seem like a drastic remedy, the curator has long maintained that among the paintings that the late Ms. Federici collected for the museum... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The conclusion drawn depends on which one of the following assumptions? | [
"Art speculators are unable to distinguish an inferior painting by Renoir from a masterpiece by him.",
"A great work of art can be truly appreciated only if it is displayed in a carefully designed and well-maintained gallery.",
"All of the paintings by Renior and Cezanne that are owned by the Federici Art Museu... |
9,868 | 2 | The meteorological research team developed an artificial intelligence-based computational model to detect the rotational motion of clouds. The researchers identified and marked the form and motion of comma-shaped clouds, and used computer vision and machine learning techniques to teach computers to automatically identi... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings, if true, is not a necessary premise of the above conclusion is? | [
"The computational model can detect comma-shaped clouds with 99 percent accuracy, even before they are fully formed",
"From satellite images, the comma-shaped cloud system is named for its shape similar to a comma, and is closely related to the formation of cyclones",
"The computational model, when combined wit... |
8,442 | 0 | Water bears are considered to be the most tenacious animals in the world, characterized by their ability to survive in a variety of extreme environments. Scientists have frozen water bears in the ice, exposed them to radiation, and even sent them into space, but surprisingly, water bears can still be resurrected from a... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings is the main content of this text? | [
"The remarkable feature of water bears is that they can survive in a variety of extreme environments",
"The water bear is a Frankenstein mixture that can be resurrected",
"The water bear has a mysterious DNA that makes it almost indestructible",
"Water bears have special proteins that can repair damaged cells... |
6,012 | 3 | The mother had three candies, including two fudge and a toffee. She gave one to each of her sons and asked them to guess what the remaining one was. The two boys took the candy in a daze, but a clever one guessed it right away. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following can be inferred? | [
"The smarter kids are the ones with the toffee.",
"The kid who didn't figure it out had a toffee.",
"One of them had a toffee and the other one had a fudge.",
"Both of them had fudge."
] |
2,067 | 2 | Liu Yong, the first batch of volunteers for college students to volunteer for the western region, wrote in his diary: there is a kind of job, you don't know the hardship without experience, you don't know the happiness without experiencing it, and you don't know the purity of it without having it. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is the main expression of this passage? | [
"Love is the foundation of happiness.",
"The true meaning of happy work.",
"Happiness comes from one's sincere devotion to work.",
"No matter what kind of work you are engaged in, hardship, difficulty and distress all exist objectively."
] |
7,460 | 0 | Albino phenomenon: refers to the phenomenon that plants cannot form chlorophyll due to some internal factors under normal environment. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options are bleaching phenomena? | [
"A certain area is the production area of corn for generations, and some maize leaves are found to have local white spots due to heredity every year",
"A farmer in a certain place found that the leaves of the local sunflowers had turned white, which had never been found before the chemical plant was built",
"Af... |
10,605 | 0 | A group of 1, 000 students was randomly selected from three high schools in a medium-sized city and asked the question, Do you plan to finish your high school education? More than 89 percent answered Yes. This shows that the overwhelming majority of students want to finish high school, and that if the national dropout... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The reasoning of the argument above is questionable because the argument | [
"treats high school students from a particular medium-sized city as if they are representative of high school students nationwide",
"attempts to draw two conflicting conclusions from the results of one survey",
"contradicts itself by admitting that there may be a high dropout rate among students while claiming ... |
14,663 | 1 | In Borania many people who want to quit smoking wear nicotine skin patches, which deliver small doses of nicotine through the skin. Beginning next month, these patches can be purchased without a doctor' s prescription. Although nonprescription patches will be no more effective than those obtained by prescription and wi... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true in Borania, most strongly supports the manufacturers' prediction? | [
"Several nonprescription aids aimed at helping people to quit smoking have been widely available for a number of years.",
"Many smokers who want to quit smoking feel that they cannot afford to visit a doctor for a prescription.",
"Most people who wanted to quit smoking and who found the nicotine skin patch help... |
557 | 0 | The amusement park implements a half price discount for children's tickets, which is actually a business strategy to attract tourists. The amusement park does not actually make profits, because when the admission rate of the amusement park exceeds 90%, the sale of children's preferential tickets on the spot will be sto... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings, if true, would most effectively weaken the above argument? | [
"The vast majority of children do not choose to play in the playground because of preferential fares.",
"In July when the children's preferential price was implemented in the amusement park, the turnover increased by 30% compared with February when the preferential price was not implemented.",
"The implementati... |
7,759 | 0 | Da Li knows Mr. Zhang's friend Xiao Wang, and Xiao Wang also knows Da Li's friend Ms. Lin. Everyone who knows Xiao Wang has a master's degree in public management, and everyone who knows Ms. Lin is from Jiangsu. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Based on the above information, which of the following is a Jiangsu native with a master's degree in public administration? | [
"Da Li",
"Xiao Wang",
"Mr. Zhang",
"Ms. Lin"
] |
10,862 | 3 | Oil analysts predict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumer' s purchase price for gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the prediction made by the oil analysts? | [
"Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers initially rises after the price of gasoline has fallen.",
"There are many different gasoline companies that compete with each other to provide the most attractive price to consumers.",
"Gasoline manufacturers will not expand t... |
3,121 | 1 | Distributive justice is fairness in the field of distribution. It refers to the fair distribution of objects according to certain standards and the reasonable acquisition of distributed objects, that is, get what you deserve. It is the embodiment of justice in the field of distribution. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following does not belong to distributive justice? | [
"A gets more pay for working overtime than B.",
"In disaster relief, the elderly and children are given priority to food and water.",
"In the entrepreneurial team composed of three people, a gets the most income because of the most investment.",
"All employees of a company have the same opportunity to work on... |
14,778 | 3 | Madden: Industrialists address problems by simplifying them, but in farming that strategy usually leads to oversimplification. For example, industrialists see water retention and drainage as different and opposite functions -- that good topsoil both drains and retains water is a fact alien to industrial logic. To facil... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The situation as Madden describes it best illustrates which one of the following propositions? | [
"The handling of water drainage and retention is the most important part of good farming.",
"Industrial solutions for problems in farming should never be sought.",
"Farmers are better than anyone else at solving farming problems.",
"The problems of farming should be viewed in all their complexity."
] |
4,401 | 0 | Randomly select a group of people to listen to a speaker's administrative ethics speech to a large group of highly attentive listeners. Then randomly select another group of people to listen to the same content of the speaker's speech to a small group of less attentive listeners. The former group believes that the spea... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following assertions can be best refuted by the information in the stem? | [
"People's judgment of the speaker's personal quality mainly depends on the content and method of the speaker's speech",
"If the second group listened to the speaker's first speech, they would make very different judgments",
"When the same social behavior is evaluated in different social contexts, different peop... |
14,968 | 0 | Climatologists believe they know why Earth has undergone a regular sequence of ice ages beginning around 800, 000 years ago. Calculations show that Earth' s orbit around the Sun has fluctuations that coincide with the ice-age cycles. The climatologists hypothesize that when the fluctuations occur, Earth passes through ... | {'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | Each of the following, if true, would lend support to the climatologists' hypothesis EXCEPT: | [
"Large bits of cosmic rock periodically enter Earth's atmosphere, raising large amounts of dust from Earth's surface.",
"Earth's average temperature drops slightly shortly after volcanic eruptions spew large amounts of dust into Earth's atmosphere.",
"Earth did not pass through clouds of cosmic dust earlier tha... |
13,282 | 0 | S. R. Evans: A few critics have dismissed my poems as not being poems and have dismissed me as not being a poet. But one principle of criticism has it that only true poets can recognize poetic creativity or function as critics of poetry -- and that the only true poets are those whose work conveys genuine poetic creativ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The argument above is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it | [
"presupposes what it sets out to conclude, since the principle requires that only true poets can determine whether the critics' work demonstrates poetic creativity",
"makes an unjustifiable distinction, since it is possible that some critics are also poets",
"uses the distinction between poets and critics as th... |
13,487 | 3 | Joshua Smith' s new novel was criticized by the book editor for The Daily Standard as implausible. That criticism, like so many other criticisms from the same source in the past, is completely unwarranted. As anyone who has actually read the novel would agree, each one of the incidents in which Smith' s hero gets invol... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following is the most serious error of reasoning in the argument? | [
"It relies on the assumption that a criticism can legitimately be dismissed as unwarranted if it is offered by someone who had previously displayed questionable judgment.",
"It calls into question the intellectual integrity of the critic in order to avoid having to address the grounds on which the criticism is ba... |
6,500 | 1 | A famous musician in Taiwan recently compared the practice of record companies in the music market by feeding chickens. He said: originally, a group of chickens had to be fed chicken feed in order to grow up, but suddenly a record company fed broken newspapers and found that some chickens looked good. So other record c... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is the main meaning of the musician? | [
"Shoddy music cannot produce a high-grade audience.",
"Record companies work together to promote shoddy music, which lowers the aesthetic level of the audience.",
"Cheap and shoddy music can only make listeners enjoy low-end happiness.",
"There is a mixture of good and bad in the music market. Consumers shoul... |
3,719 | 0 | In recent years, trace management has been widely used in grass-roots work. Its advantage is that through the retained text, pictures and other work materials, effectively restore the work of serving the masses for future verification. In order to strengthen the trace management, a grass-roots unit has greatly increase... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is most likely to be the underlying hypothesis of the above argument? | [
"Grass-roots cadres attach great importance to assessment scores",
"Some grass-roots cadres lack a sense of service to the masses",
"trace management requires that all work traces be retained",
"The vast majority of grass-roots cadres lack the condition of leaving a trace"
] |
904 | 2 | German psychologist Ringelmann has a famous tug-of-war experiment: When the number of people in the tug-of-war gradually increases, each person uses less power, which does not achieve the effect of power accumulation. This phenomenon is called ringelmann effect, also called social escape. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the followings does not belong to the ringelmann effect ? | [
"A group of people watched someone in need, but few people really offered a helping hand.",
"Many people think that the fortune teller is very accurate after consulting a fortune teller.",
"Many chickens do not lay eggs, and too many people are prone to chaos.",
"Divide the male college students into groups o... |
4,550 | 3 | What is the cause of myopia? Researchers in a country tracked more than 500 children aged 8-9 with normal vision. Five years later, they found that the only environmental factor related to myopia is the time children spend outdoors. Moreover, children's myopia is indeed related to the length of time they spend outdoors... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings, if true, best supports the above view? | [
"Those children who spent more time outdoors did not reduce the time they spent reading books, watching screens or studying closely. Some children spent very long time outdoors reading books and electronic screens.",
"Compared with chickens growing in general indoor light environment, chickens in high light level... |
1,593 | 1 | The export of high-tech products in Shanghai is becoming a powerful booster in the field of foreign trade. The latest statistics released by Shanghai Customs show that in the first three quarters of this year, the cumulative export volume of high-tech products in Shanghai reached US $25.49 billion, an increase of 25.8%... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True} | The above changes in Shanghai's export commodities indicate which of the following? | [
"Shanghai has the strength to compete with developed countries.",
"Shanghai's export structure was further optimized.",
"Shanghai's foreign trade is in surplus.",
"The quality of Shanghai's export commodities has achieved a leap."
] |
8,453 | 3 | With regard to the social and psychological chronic disease of game addiction among teenagers, people from all walks of life have been trying to find countermeasures. Related scientific research has explained the formation mechanism of game addiction and sought the corresponding intervention and treatment mechanism fro... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is the author most likely to talk about next? | [
"Sociologists analyze the causes of game addiction among teenagers.",
"How to solve the problem of game addiction among teenagers. from all walks of life",
"Biochemical scientists develop drugs to game addiction among teenagers.",
"Psychologists put forward countermeasures to solve game addiction among teenag... |
11,281 | 3 | The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest. Since drivers of noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors and since speeding decreases safety for any vehicle, use of ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument above? | [
"Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.",
"Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.",
"In many places airplanes or helicopters are used ra... |
11,381 | 0 | A tax preparation company automatically adds the following disclaimer to every e-mail message sent to its clients: Any tax advice in this e-mail should not be construed as advocating any violation of the provisions of the tax code. The only purpose this disclaimer could serve is to provide legal protection for the com... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True} | The argument's conclusion can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? | [
"If the e-mail does not elsewhere suggest that the client do anything illegal, then the company does not need legal protection.",
"Some of the tax preparation company's clients would try to illegally evade penalties if they knew how to do so.",
"At least some of the recipients of the company's e-mails will foll... |
4,396 | 1 | A, B, C and D are highly gifted artists. They are dancers, painters, singers and writers. It is not clear what professional field each of them is engaged in. It is known that: (1) one night, A and C attended the singer's first performance. (2) the painter once painted portraits for B and the writer. (3) the writer is p... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings correctly describes everyone's identity? | [
"A is a singer, B is a writer, C is a painter and D is a dancer",
"A is a dancer, B is a singer, C is a writer and D is a painter",
"A is a painter, B is a writer, C is a singer and D is a writer",
"A is a writer, B is a painter, C is a dancer and D is a singer"
] |
6,189 | 2 | The global overuse or abuse of antibiotics has led to drug-resistant microorganisms becoming the sworn enemy of the traditional antibiotic industry. Seeking a solution to this dilemma is the focus of research and development of antibiotic scientists all over the world, and will also determine the focus and direction of... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above words, which of the following statements is correct? | [
"The bactericidal mechanism of pheromone is similar to that of conventional antibiotics.",
"Traditional antibiotics are difficult to penetrate lipid bimolecular biofilm.",
"Pheromones are lethal to specific microorganisms.",
"Excessive use of pheromones can lead to drug resistance."
] |
7,645 | 1 | Hidden employment refers to a state of work that does not obtain a fixed occupation through traditional employment channels and is outside the scope of employment statistics of relevant departments. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is not a hidden employment? | [
"After quitting his job, Yan ran an online store for milk powder while taking care of his children.",
"A professor is invited by many training schools to give lectures after work.",
"After leaving the company, Chen specializes in providing platform construction and maintenance services for e-commerce shops.",
... |
10,921 | 2 | In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends i... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? | [
"Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.",
"No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.",
"In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.",
"All new homes that are being bu... |
6,524 | 2 | The development of everything is a process of continuous improvement. The same is true of the development of the country. There are no countries without problems on the road of development. If we do not take any targeted preventive measures just because the problem has not broken out, then the contradiction will accumu... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is intended to be emphasized in this passage? | [
"No country's development can avoid problems",
"National development is a process of discovering and solving problems",
"Take effective preventive measures to prevent the outbreak of problems",
"Strengthen the active guidance and resolution of the masses' psychological emotions"
] |
13,489 | 2 | The proposed coal-burning electric plant should be approved, since no good arguments have been offered against it. After all, all the arguments against it have been presented by competing electricity producers. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following is an assumption on which the reasoning above depends? | [
"If good arguments are presented for a proposal, then that proposal should be approved.",
"The competing electricity producers would stand to lose large amounts of revenue from the building of the coal-burning electric plant.",
"Arguments made by those who have a vested interest in the outcome of a proposal are... |
12,533 | 3 | Although 90 percent of the population believes itself to be well informed about health care, only 20 percent knows enough about DNA to understand a news story about DNA. So apparently at least 80 percent of the population does not know enough about medical concepts to make well-informed personal medical choices or to m... | {'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True} | The argument's reasoning is questionable because the argument fails to demonstrate that | [
"one's being able to make well-informed personal medical choices ensures that one makes good public policy decisions about health care",
"since 90 percent of the population believes itself to be well informed about health care, at least 70 percent of the population is mistaken in that belief",
"more than 20 per... |
11,130 | 1 | If the flowers Drew received today had been sent by someone who knows Drew well, that person would have known that Drew prefers violets to roses. Yet Drew received roses. On the other hand, if the flowers had been sent by someone who does not know Drew well, then that person would have sent a signed card with the flowe... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the argument? | [
"Some people who know Drew well have sent Drew cards along with flowers.",
"Some people send flowers for a reason other than the desire to please.",
"Most people send roses when they send flowers.",
"Someone who does not know Drew well would be unlikely to send Drew flowers."
] |
1,881 | 1 | Why did the completion of the main body of China's FAST 500m aperture spherical radio telescope attract warm attention at home and abroad? The reason lies in its three high-energy stunts. One is to see far away. As the largest radio telescope at present, FAST can theoretically receive electromagnetic signals beyond 13.... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage? | [
"Better analyze the way humans interact",
"FAST into China into the depths of the universe",
"China's FAST has three major advantages",
"Listen to the sounds from the depths of the universe together"
] |
4,852 | 0 | Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options best weakens the above conclusions? | [
"Some drugs for rare diseases also have good effects on other diseases",
"The development of drugs to treat rare diseases will promote the progress of medicine",
"Relative to economic benefits, some pharmaceutical factories pay more attention to social benefits",
"The larger the number of drugs produced, the ... |
9,621 | 2 | With the rapid development of social economy, many high-rise buildings in modern cities have become forests of steel and concrete. However, there are almost no high-rise buildings in a famous city in Europe, and a tourist knows that there are only 100000 people in the city. As a result, he believes that the sparse popu... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options, if true, can best question the views of the above tourists? | [
"Many social elites living in the old urban areas want to live in modern high-rise buildings.",
"The city has planned to build a high-rise landmark building within three years.",
"The city stipulates that the height of ordinary buildings must not exceed the height of the local church.",
"Most of the other cit... |
8,894 | 1 | History is not a web woven by innocent hands. Of all the causes of depravity and moral decay, right is the most eternal and the most active. Therefore, some system should be designed to limit and prevent the abuse of power. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following hypotheses provides the strongest support for the above reasoning? | [
"One should seek to avoid depravity and moral depravity.",
"Rights are often depraved and morally depraved.",
"People without rights have no chance to fall morally.",
"Some depraved and morally depraved people usually have a lot of power."
] |
12,898 | 3 | Psychologist: We asked 100 entrepreneurs and 100 business managers to answer various questions and rate how confident they were that their responses were correct. While members of each group were overconfident, in general the entrepreneurs were much more so than the business managers. This indicates that people who are... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the psychologist's conclusion? | [
"Another survey showed that degree of confidence was highly correlated with success in business.",
"At least some of the entrepreneurs surveyed had accurately determined before attempting to start their businesses what the odds were against their attempts being successful.",
"How confident each person surveyed ... |
1,627 | 2 | From the annals of the Three Kingdoms to the romance of the Three Kingdoms, the stories of the Three Kingdoms have been circulating for thousands of years. With the changes of current affairs and the world, various folk cultural resources are constantly enriching it, so that the annals of the Three Kingdoms is differen... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is this passage intended to emphasize? | [
"The origin between the romance of the Three Kingdoms and the annals of the Three Kingdoms.",
"The affairs of the three kingdoms are the common foundation of history and literary classics.",
"The stories of the Three Kingdoms have unique formation background and rich connotation.",
"The distinctive characteri... |
12,197 | 0 | The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale--the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists ttherefore hypothesize that the diatonic m... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis? | [
"The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.",
"No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatonic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.",
"Flutes are the simp... |
7,755 | 3 | The headline model refers to an information service model in which Internet companies, media, etc. accurately push and screen out information to specific users and have important reference value for users. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following belongs to the headline model? | [
"After purchasing milk powder in a shopping mall, Xiao Li has successively received discount promotions for bathtubs, remote control toys, children's books and other commodities from the mall in the past three years, which really saved a lot of money",
"A certain online literature retrieval platform can provide t... |
11,424 | 3 | Democratic governments are unlikely to take a morally principled stand on controversial issues, because there are almost always groups of people with differing principles who strongly resist any policy that consistently adheres to any particular moral principle. Thus, the compromises that opposition groups force on dem... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider the possibility that | [
"any form of government is more efficient when it is not overly restricted by moral principles",
"other forms of government are no more likely to take a stand on controversial moral issues than are democratic governments",
"democratic governments benefit citizens more by failing to take a stand on controversial... |
4,453 | 0 | Pledge, also known as pignus, is that the debtor or a third party transfers its movable property or transferable power to the creditor's possession and takes the movable property or transferable power as the guarantee of creditor's rights. When the debtor fails to perform its obligations, the creditor has the right to ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings is pledge? | [
"The project contracted by Xiao Zhao was unable to start due to lack of working capital, so he asked a company to help invest, signed a contract and handed over a famous car in his name to the company as a guarantee",
"Wang borrowed 1 million yuan from Liu, signed a contract and went through registration, took hi... |
7,750 | 1 | Crisis sinking refers to the excessive worry that young people have when they face problems that should only appear in the next age group. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is the sinking of the crisis? | [
"Whenever thinking of the retirement life that is about to begin in two years, Lao Zhang's heart is filled with inexplicable loss and anxiety",
"Xiao Li has just been admitted to Jiangcheng University and saw the surrounding housing prices soaring. Every day he worried that he could not afford to buy a house afte... |
11,882 | 0 | The Asian elephant walks with at least two, and sometimes three, feet on the ground at all times. Even though it can accelerate, it does so merely by taking quicker and longer steps. So the Asian elephant does not actually run. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? | [
"To run, an animal must have all of its feet off the ground at once.",
"If an animal cannot accelerate, then it cannot run.",
"It is unusual for a four-legged animal to keep three feet on the ground while walking.",
"The Asian elephant can walk as quickly as some animals run."
] |
2,976 | 1 | According to statistics, of the 385 liberal arts and science examinees who took part in the college entrance examination in a certain school last year, 189 were girls, 41 were liberal arts boys, 28 were non-fresh boys, and 256 were science examinees. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options is correct? | [
"There are more than 20 non-fresh liberal arts boys",
"There are less than 130 science girls this year",
"There are more than 129 science boys this year",
"There are more than 130 science girls this year"
] |
5,493 | 0 | The shareholders' meeting of a limited company has a total of 15 members, and each shareholder holds equal voting rights. According to the articles of association, the general resolution of the shareholders' meeting can be adopted only with the consent of more than half of the shareholders. Once a small group of 8 or m... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings can be introduced? | [
"The voting rights held by the small group with the number of 5, 5 and 3 are actually equal, while the actual effect of the voting rights held by the small group with the number of 2 is 0",
"The voting rights held by the small group with the number of 5, 5 and 3 are actually equal, while the actual effect of the ... |
3,234 | 2 | Birdcage effect is a psychological concept. It means that people will continue to add more related things they don't need on the basis of accidentally obtaining an item they don't need. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following meets the birdcage effect? | [
"Floria bought several more goods than expected in order to participate in the full reduction activity.",
"Mrs. Liu went to the supermarket to buy vegetables and found that cleaning supplies were on sale. She couldn't help buying a pile.",
"Lily bought a skirt and gave a sweater chain. She thought there was no ... |
15,113 | 3 | Scientists have shown that older bees, which usually forage outside the hive for food, tend to have larger brains than do younger bees, which usually do not forage but instead remain in the hive to tend to newly hatched bees. Since foraging requires greater cognitive ability than does tending to newly hatched bees, it ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? | [
"The brains of older bees that stop foraging to take on other responsibilities do not become smaller after they stop foraging.",
"In some species of bees, the brains of older bees are only marginally larger than those of younger bees.",
"Those bees that travel a long distance to find food do not have significan... |
3,099 | 3 | Group myth means that in the process of group decision-making, group members actively pursue group harmony and consensus under the influence of collectivism, but ignore the real decision-making purpose of the group, so they cannot make accurate judgment. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following is a group myth? | [
"Xiao Wang, who has just graduated, is a bit of a maverick. Everyone in the office crowns him out.",
"A company suffered huge losses because of the president's wrong acquisition decision.",
"At the workers' meeting, all the workers unanimously demanded a pay rise and threatened to strike.",
"The president was... |
8,887 | 1 | Researchers have found that eating more than five servings of yam, corn, carrots, onions or other similar vegetables a day can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. They surveyed 2230 respondents, including 532 patients with pancreatic cancer, then classified the agricultural products eaten by cancer patients and asked... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options does not question the reliability of the above findings? | [
"Is what the interviewees said in the survey true?",
"What is the proportion of men and women in patients with pancreatic cancer?",
"Are there any significant omissions in the differences in living habits between pancreatic cancer patients and non-pancreatic cancer patients involved in the survey?",
"Are ther... |
3,653 | 3 | Crowded living conditions lead to a significant decline in the health of citizens, which is a major problem facing City A. Because City A and City B have the same area and population, the above problems faced by City A are bound to arise in City B. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following can best refute the above conclusion? | [
"Fail to accurately distinguish between the two concepts of population size and population density",
"Fail to accurately distinguish between the two concepts of a city's area and population",
"Crowded living conditions are the only reason for the decline in the health of citizens",
"Ignoring the fact that the... |
4,955 | 2 | Origin thinking refers to setting people or things to an origin, often returning to the origin for thinking, performing state comparison, correcting deviations, and constantly moving toward the goal. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following belong to origin thinking? | [
"How to see the outstanding qualities of a person-focus on assessing childhood performance",
"Who is the Sinner in Chinese history-Qin Hui in Song Dynasty",
"Who can untie the golden bell on the tiger's neck-the person who needs to tie the bell to untie the bell",
"How to deal with the relationship between pe... |
9,659 | 1 | Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhao joined the study group. Everyone chooses one of these three books from the first volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, the second volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and the third volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the coun... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options can be inferred? | [
"Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li chose the same book.",
"Xiao Wang chose two topics to study.",
"Someone chose the same number of books or topics as Xiao Li.",
"Xiao Zhao chose the two topics in Volume 1 to study."
] |
49 | 1 | One type of tax levied by the government on basic commodities is two cents on each can of edible oil sold. Tax records show that although the quantity per capital remains stable and the tax law is implemented, in the first two years of the tax law taking effect, the tax on edible oil still declined significantly. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following is the most convincible to explain the decline in the tax on edible oil? | [
"Few families start to produce their own edible oil after tax increases",
"After the implementation of the tax law, merchants began to sell oil in larger tanks than before",
"Two years after the implementation of the edible oil tax, the government began to levy taxes on many other basic commodities",
"Edible ... |
3,250 | 2 | Flow rate refers to the amount (volume or mass) of fluid (liquid or gas) passing through a specific surface per unit time. When the amount of fluid is expressed by volume, it is called volume flow; when the amount of fluid is expressed by mass, it is called mass flow. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following options contain descriptions of volume flow? | [
"The Amazon River meanders 6,440 kilometers, with a drainage area of 6.915 million square kilometers. The water that is injected into the Atlantic Ocean every year accounts for one-sixth of the total amount of the world's rivers into the ocean",
"The Japanese warm current is in the open sea to the east of Taiwan ... |
6,263 | 1 | Today's Chinese culture needs not the rogue spirit, but the new cultural gentleman spirit. If the old culture has shown its ridicule, it should not be the Shanzhai culture that replaces them, but the truly original independent culture. Shanzhai may have anti resistance efforts, but there is no free spirit. They may hav... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following statements is in line with the meaning of the above paragraph? | [
"Shanzhai culture is a rogue culture.",
"Shanzhai culture is not a truly original independent culture.",
"Shanzhai culture is dependent on the old culture and lacks the spirit of independence and freedom.",
"Shanzhai culture subverts the traditional truth, goodness and beauty."
] |
7,894 | 2 | Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities and the vast majority of investments require investors to have a wealth of professional knowledge. But most elderly people are so deficient in this respect that they can only be fooled by some swindlers. Compared with the stock market, funds and o... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Based on the above statement, which of the following can be inferred? | [
"Some older persons have a wealth of expertise that makes them suitable for investment activities.",
"Some elderly people do not have enough ability to identify, but will encounter the leakof the good things.",
"If some old people do not want to be deceived, they must have sufficient discrimination ability.",
... |
4,517 | 2 | The researchers sequenced the DNA of parents and their children and found that the father's age was associated with mutations in the children's DNA, while the children's DNA of older fathers had mutations linked to autism and schizophrenia. As a result, the researchers concluded, men are more likely to have children as... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | If the following argument is true, which of the following questions the conclusion? | [
"The older a man gets, the poorer the quality of his sperm and the more genetic mutations it contains.",
"The incidence of autism and schizophrenia was significantly higher in males than in females.",
"Many of the couples were of the same age and the children were more likely to have mutations from older mother... |
7,824 | 2 | Venting is a method of emotional stability through intense emotional expression. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following options is not a venting? | [
"When A learned that he had won the lottery, he sang and danced all the way",
"After being criticized by her parents, Xiao Lan pulled off the doll's dog's ears",
"A had a dispute with the restaurant during dinner. During the physical conflict, he shouted hit someone! Help!",
"After Xiaoding failed in the coll... |
3,434 | 3 | Intelligence refers to the use of certain media (carriers) , across space and time to specific users to solve the scientific research, production, business needs of specific knowledge and information. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Based on the above definition, which of the following is not intelligence? | [
"A company decided to switch production after learning from a customer that a competitor had significantly reduced the cost of a product through technological innovation.",
"Using the network to the Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Technicians Xiaoli consult, fruit farmer Zhaomou cured cherry brown spot perf... |
8,623 | 0 | Biological concentration refers to the phenomenon that biological organisms or many groups of organisms at the same trophic level accumulate certain elements or difficult-to-decompose compounds from the surrounding environment, so that the concentration of the substance in the organism exceeds the concentration of the ... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following relates to bioenrichment? | [
"DDT, which is used in agriculture to kill insects, travels up the food chain to bald eagles, causing them to lay soft-shelled eggs that do not hatch",
"The rapid growth of algae and other plankton in lakes and rivers, resulting in the deterioration of water quality and the mass death of fish and other organisms"... |
12,682 | 2 | To be horrific, a monster must be threatening. Whether or not it presents psychological, moral or social dangers, or triggers enduring infantile fears, if a monster is physically dangerous then it is threatening. In fact, even a physically benign monster is horrific if it inspires revulsion. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following logically follows from the statements above? | [
"Any horror-story monster that is threatening is also horrific.",
"If a monster triggers infantile fears but is not physically dangerous, then it is not horrific.",
"All monsters that are not physically dangerous, but that are psychologically dangerous and inspire revulsion, are threatening.",
"If a monster i... |
1,278 | 3 | There is a tradition in education that science is opposed to literature and history in curriculum design. This opposition is easy to explain historically. Before experimental science, literature, language and philosophy had occupied a strong position in all colleges and universities. Experimental science must naturally... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is most likely to be described next? | [
"The traditional position of literature and history in colleges and universities",
"How did experimental science develop rapidly",
"How the monopoly of the humanities was broken",
"Why it is wrong to antagonize science and humanities"
] |
4,298 | 2 | Copernicus's heliocentric theory contradicted the religious thoughts of the time, the dominant Aristotelian physics, and people's common sense. At first it was opposed by many people until Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. It was gradually recognized by astronomers. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following cannot be derived from this? | [
"Aristotle's physics is not scientific",
"Newton's discovery supports Copernicus's view",
"The religious thoughts of the time regarded the sun as sacred",
"People used to think that the sun revolves around the earth"
] |
11,040 | 0 | Some have argued that body size influences mating decisions throughout all societies. Their argument rests largely on self-reports of university-age students and on analyses of personal advertisements in newspapers for dating partners. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The reasoning in the argument described above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument | [
"bases a conclusion on a sample that may be unrepresentative of the population about which the conclusion is drawn",
"draws a universal conclusion on the basis of a very small number of individual cases",
"concludes that one kind of event causes another kind of event without ruling out the possibility that both... |
12,875 | 0 | It was misleading for James to tell the Core Curriculum Committee that the chair of the Anthropology Department had endorsed his proposal. The chair of the Anthropology Department had told James that his proposal had her endorsement, but only if the draft proposal she saw included all the recommendations James would ul... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | The argument relies on which one of the following assumptions? | [
"The draft proposal that the chair of the Anthropology Department had seen did not include all of the recommendations in James's proposal to the Core Curriculum Committee.",
"If the chair of the Anthropology Department did not endorse James's proposed recommendations, the Core Curriculum Committee would be unlike... |
14,323 | 3 | Lindsey has been judged to be a bad songwriter simply because her lyrics typically are disjointed and subjective. This judgment is ill founded, however, since the writings of many modern novelists typically are disjointed and subjective and yet these novelists are widely held to be good writers. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? | [
"Some readers do not appreciate the subtleties of the disjointed and subjective style adopted by modern novelists.",
"The quality of Linsey's songs is better judged by the quality of their lyrics than by the quality of their musical form.",
"A disjointed and subjective style of writing is usually more suitable ... |
12,468 | 3 | Medical Investigator: Podiatrists initially assumed that Meyer' s Rash, an itchy rash between the toes, was a fungal infection similar to athlete' s foot. <b> At first, only Dr. Pannikar argued that Meyer' s Rash was viral in nature. </b> All anti-fungal medications proved utterly ineffective in addressing Meyer' s Ras... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True} | In the medical investigator's argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles? | [
"It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.",
"It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes.",
"It is the main conclusion of the argument.",
"It presents an explanation that the argument concludes is correct."
] |
8,611 | 1 | A common non-stick coating for non-stick pans is Teflon coating. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is a processing aid used in a very small amount in the production. Data suggest that high doses of ammonium perfluorooctanoate may lead to elevated cholesterol levels, thyroid disease, and infertility. Teflon has very stable ph... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings cannot be launched? | [
"In daily life, you can use a non-stick pan to boil water to drink porridge",
"Nonstick coating breaks down while cooking can lead to higher cholesterol levels",
"When cooking, avoid drying the non-stick pan, and then add oil after it is red.",
"Normally cooking without worrying about the release of harmful s... |
15,166 | 0 | S: It would be premature to act to halt the threatened global warming trend, since that alleged trend might not be real. After all, scientists disagree about it, some predicting over twice as much warming as others, so clearly their predictions cannot be based on firm evidence. W: Most scientists consider discussions ... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | W's rejoinder proceeds by | [
"putting disagreements cited by S in perspective by emphasizing similarities",
"reasoning in a circle by accepting evidence only if it agrees with a desired conclusion",
"accepting S's conclusion while disputing the reasons offered for it",
"relying on authorities whose views conflict with the views of the au... |
2,307 | 3 | Xiao Zhang got better grades than Xiao Li, but xiao Ming got better grades than Xiao Hong, so Xiao Zhang got better grades than Xiao Hong. Any of the following will do | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is a necessary prerequisite for the above statement to be true? | [
"Xiao Zhang and Xiao Ming are equally good at school",
"Xiao Li has better grades than Xiao Hong",
"Xiao Zhang has better grades than Xiao Ming",
"Xiao Ming has better grades than Xiao Zhang"
] |
5,868 | 3 | A, B, C, and D participated in the competition together, and their results were different.There are three people a, b, and c who guess the result. a said:A got the first, B got the second,b said:C got the second, D got the fourth,c said:A got the second, D got the fourth.In fact, all three of them were half right. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is true? | [
"D fourth.",
"A first, C third.",
"B first, D third.",
"C first, D fourth."
] |
1,658 | 1 | Weike model means that some people convert their wisdom, knowledge, ability and experience into actual benefits through the Internet. They make knowledge, experience and skills produce economic value by solving problems in science, technology, work, life and learning on the Internet. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to the Weike model? | [
"A public welfare website set up by college students to answer free learning questions of primary and secondary school students has been well received by students and parents. A local educational institution has sponsored the expansion of this website to help more students",
"An IT technician started a small comp... |
11,071 | 1 | A year ago the government reduced the highway speed limit, and in the year since, there have been significantly fewer highway fatalities than there were in the previous year. Ttherefore, speed limit reduction can reduce traffic fatalities. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that | [
"highway traffic has not increased over the past year",
"the number of traffic fatalities the year before the new speed limit was introduced was not abnormally high",
"the new speed limit was more strictly enforced than the old",
"the majority of drivers obeyed the new speed limit"
] |
5,840 | 0 | Generally speaking, the meaning of farming refers to the mechanical operation of the soil in order to improve the growth conditions of the crops before planting or during the growth period.There are three purposes of farming:(1) to improve the structure of the soil; (2) to bury and blend crop residues and organic manur... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following is farming? | [
"Break the compacted topsoil after it snows.",
"Digging ditches by the wheat fields.",
"Plant green manure crops in farmland.",
"Spray insecticide to kill pests."
] |
3,319 | 3 | Market segmentation is a market classification process in which marketers divide the market of a product into several consumer groups (buyers) based on the obvious differences in the needs and desires of consumers (including living consumers and production consumers), purchasing behaviors and purchasing habits through ... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above definition, which of the following not belongs to market segmentation? | [
"Consumers are divided into traditional, trendy, frugal, luxury and other different consumer groups",
"Consumers are divided into urban consumer groups, small town consumer groups, rural consumer groups",
"The consumer is divided into elderly male consumer group, middle-aged male consumer group, young male cons... |
578 | 2 | The mountains are unambiguous, the heavens and the earth are united, and I dare to be with the king | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings must also be true, if the above determination is true: | [
"If the mountain is unambiguous, the heavens and the earth are in the same place, I must be with the king",
"If I'm not with the king, it means that there must be a ambiguous mountain, heaven and earth aren't united",
"If the mountains are ambiguous , heaven and earth aren't united, I must not be with the king"... |
10,531 | 3 | Economist: the rapid growth of China's foreign exchange reserves over the past decade is one of the signs of China's economic success. Without the growth of foreign reserves, there would be no current international influence of China. However, if there is no investment in foreign exchange reserves, there will be no inc... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True} | Which of the following statements can be logically derived from the economist's argument? | [
"If we can bear the risk, there will be an increase in foreign exchange reserves",
"If you don't invest in foreign exchange reserves, you don't have to take risks",
"As long as we invest in foreign exchange reserves, China can have international influence",
"China has the current international influence becau... |
4,360 | 0 | A criminal group refers to a criminal organization established by more than three persons in order to commit one or several crimes multiple times. | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the followings is criminal groups? | [
"In order to subvert our country's regime, a certain country sent a espionage organization of dozens of people to continuously steal our country's confidential information.",
"Li, Wang, and Zhong were arrested together for group robbery, but Li did not participate in the theft activities of the two of them before... |
14,007 | 2 | Any government action that intrudes on the right of privacy of an individual is unconstitutional. Ttherefore, the requirement that students in public school submit to random locker searches is unconstitutional. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True} | Which of the following, if true, most weakens the conclusion that random locker searches in public schools are unconstitutional? | [
"The search of lockers helps ensure the safety of the students.",
"The requirement is clearly posted throughout each school.",
"The Supreme Court, which is the final arbiter on issues of civil rights, has ruled that students in public school have no right to privacy on public school grounds.",
"Many of the lo... |
10,196 | 0 | A good system can make bad people can not run rampant at will, a bad system can make good people unable to fully do good deeds, and even go to the opposite. In this sense, the system is fundamental. Therefore, we should not only continue to promote the reform of the economic system, but also accelerate the reform of th... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Necessry Condtional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options strongly supports the argument in the main part of the question? | [
"At present, there are still many serious drawbacks in China's economic system and political system",
"Human nature at least contains the factor of evil, and everyone should be restricted and prevented by the system",
"The lag in the reform of the political system will affect the successful operation of the eco... |
10,086 | 1 | The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after e... | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Based on the above, which of the followings must be true? | [
"Prof. Hacker attended the conference.",
"Prof. Maas attended the conference.",
"Prof. Reger attended the conference.",
"Both Prof. Hacker and Prof. Maas attended the conference."
] |
1,726 | 0 | The whole thought of Laozi is developed around the central concept of Dao. However, the 73 characters of Dao in Laozi have different meanings although the symbol form is unified. In some places, Dao refers to the origin of the existence of the world, in some places, Tao refers to a law, and in some places, Dao refers t... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following is the Dao in Lao Tzu's saying, Dao is a process in which everything grows from little to more, from simple to complex? | [
"Metaphysical noumenon",
"A law of things",
"A rule of life",
"The combination of laws of things and principles of life"
] |
828 | 1 | At the beginning of the Christian era, priests spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. The popularization of Christianity first involved the civilian class in major cities. Christians opposed the consciousness of imperial power, so the monarchs regarded them as a threat, and organized violence to destroy them.... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options can be inferred? | [
"Christianity has been opposed to imperial rule from the beginning, and has always struggled with the Roman emperor and his regime.",
"Christianity has become the state religion, which means that it has become legal from being illegal, and it has been admired rather than being persecuted.",
"In 312 AD, Christia... |
2,927 | 3 | Tiannan University plans to send two graduate students and three undergraduate students to shancun primary school as volunteer teachers. After individual application and democratic evaluation, the final candidate will be selected from three graduate students zhao Ting, Tang Ling and Yin Qian and five undergraduates Zho... | {'Categorical Reasoning': True, 'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Disjunctive Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | According to the above conditions, which of the following is mandatory? | [
"Tang Ling",
"zhao Ting",
"Zhou Yan",
"Wen Qin"
] |
7,372 | 0 | All people are at risk of a sudden heart attack, and preventing a sudden heart attack should not be the preserve of those with a history of heart disease. Only those who survive the first attack are lucky to have a history of heart disease. | {'Sufficient Conditional Reasoning': True, 'Conjunctive Reasoning': True} | Which of the following options can be derived? | [
"If a person is lucky to have a history of heart disease, he will survive the first sudden attack",
"If a person is lucky to have a history of heart disease, he will not survive his first sudden attack",
"People without a history of heart disease need not be on guard against a sudden heart attack",
"The only ... |
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