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cmp-lg/9506013
A Study of the Context(s) in a Specific Type of Texts: Car Accident Reports
This paper addresses the issue of defining context, and more specifically the different contexts needed for understanding a particular type of texts. The corpus chosen is homogeneous and allows us to determine characteristic properties of the texts from which certain inferences can be drawn by the reader. These charact...
1995-06-13
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Dominique Estival (ISSCO, Universite de Geneve), Francoise Gayral (LIPN, Universite Paris-Nord)
cmp-lg/9506011
Unification-Based Glossing
We present an approach to syntax-based machine translation that combines unification-style interpretation with statistical processing. This approach enables us to translate any Japanese newspaper article into English, with quality far better than a word-for-word translation. Novel ideas include the use of feature struc...
1995-06-10
2009-09-25
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou (Columbia University) and Kevin Knight (USC/Information Sciences Institute)
cmp-lg/9506009
Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage Machine Translation System
Knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) techniques yield high quality in domains with detailed semantic models, limited vocabulary, and controlled input grammar. Scaling up along these dimensions means acquiring large knowledge resources. It also means behaving reasonably when definitive knowledge is not yet availab...
1995-06-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kevin Knight, Ishwar Chander, Matthew Haines, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Eduard Hovy, Masayo Iida, Steve K. Luk, Richard Whitney, Kenji Yamada (USC/Information Sciences Institute)
cmp-lg/9506012
Presenting Punctuation
Until recently, punctuation has received very little attention in the linguistics and computational linguistics literature. Since the publication of Nunberg's (1990) monograph on the topic, however, punctuation has seen its stock begin to rise: spurred in part by Nunberg's ground-breaking work, a number of valuable inq...
1995-06-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Michael White (CoGenTex, Inc.)
cmp-lg/9506010
Two-level, Many-Paths Generation
Large-scale natural language generation requires the integration of vast amounts of knowledge: lexical, grammatical, and conceptual. A robust generator must be able to operate well even when pieces of knowledge are missing. It must also be robust against incomplete or inaccurate inputs. To attack these problems, we hav...
1995-06-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kevin Knight (USC/Information Sciences Institute) and Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou (Columbia University)
cmp-lg/9506008
CLiFF Notes: Research in the Language, Information and Computation Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania
Short abstracts by computational linguistics researchers at the University of Pennsylvania describing ongoing individual and joint projects.
1995-06-09
2012-08-27
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Editors: Matthew Stone and Libby Levison
cmp-lg/9506006
Automatic Extraction of Tagset Mappings from Parallel-Annotated Corpora
This paper describes some of the recent work of project AMALGAM (automatic mapping among lexico-grammatical annotation models). We are investigating ways to map between the leading corpus annotation schemes in order to improve their resuability. Collation of all the included corpora into a single large annotated corpus...
1995-06-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
John Hughes, Clive Souter and Eric Atwell (University of Leeds, UK)
cmp-lg/9506007
Features and Agreement
This paper compares the consistency-based account of agreement phenomena in `unification-based' grammars with an implication-based account based on a simple feature extension to Lambek Categorial Grammar (LCG). We show that the LCG treatment accounts for constructions that have been recognized as problematic for `unifi...
1995-06-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Sam Bayer and Mark Johnson (Brown University)
cmp-lg/9506005
A Support Tool for Tagset Mapping
Many different tagsets are used in existing corpora; these tagsets vary according to the objectives of specific projects (which may be as far apart as robust parsing vs. spelling correction). In many situations, however, one would like to have uniform access to the linguistic information encoded in corpus annotations w...
1995-06-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Simone Teufel (IMS-CL, University of Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9506004
Using Higher-Order Logic Programming for Semantic Interpretation of Coordinate Constructs
Many theories of semantic interpretation use lambda-term manipulation to compositionally compute the meaning of a sentence. These theories are usually implemented in a language such as Prolog that can simulate lambda-term operations with first-order unification. However, for some interesting cases, such as a Combinator...
1995-06-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Seth Kulick (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9506003
Syllable parsing in English and French
In this paper I argue that Optimality Theory provides for an explanatory model of syllabic parsing in English and French. The argument is based on psycholinguistic facts that have been mysterious up to now. This argument is further buttressed by the computational implementation developed here. This model is important f...
1995-06-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Michael Hammond (University of Arizona)
cmp-lg/9506002
Weak subsumption Constraints for Type Diagnosis: An Incremental Algorithm
We introduce constraints necessary for type checking a higher-order concurrent constraint language, and solve them with an incremental algorithm. Our constraint system extends rational unification by constraints x$\subseteq$ y saying that ``$x$ has at least the structure of $y$'', modelled by a weak instance relation b...
1995-06-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Martin Mueller, Joachim Niehren (German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbr"ucken, mmueller)
cmp-lg/9506001
Ma(r)king concessions in English and German
In order to generate cohesive discourse, many of the relations holding between text segments need to be signalled to the reader by means of cue words, or {\em discourse markers}. Programs usually do this in a simplistic way, e.g., by using one marker per relation. In reality, however, language offers a very wide range ...
1995-06-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Brigitte Grote (FAW Ulm), Nils Lenke (Universitaet Duisburg), Manfred Stede (FAW Ulm and University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9505045
Hybrid Transfer in an English-French Spoken Language Translator
The paper argues the importance of high-quality translation for spoken language translation systems. It describes an architecture suitable for rapid development of high-quality limited-domain translation systems, which has been implemented within an advanced prototype English to French spoken language translator. The f...
1995-05-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Manny Rayner (SRI International, Cambridge, UK), Pierrette Bouillon (ISSCO, Geneva, Switzerland)
cmp-lg/9505044
Automatic Evaluation and Uniform Filter Cascades for Inducing N-Best Translation Lexicons
This paper shows how to induce an N-best translation lexicon from a bilingual text corpus using statistical properties of the corpus together with four external knowledge sources. The knowledge sources are cast as filters, so that any subset of them can be cascaded in a uniform framework. A new objective evaluation mea...
1995-05-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
I. Dan Melamed (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9505042
Robust Parsing Based on Discourse Information: Completing partial parses of ill-formed sentences on the basis of discourse information
In a consistent text, many words and phrases are repeatedly used in more than one sentence. When an identical phrase (a set of consecutive words) is repeated in different sentences, the constituent words of those sentences tend to be associated in identical modification patterns with identical parts of speech and ident...
1995-05-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Tetsuya Nasukawa (IBM Research, Tokyo Research Laboratory)
cmp-lg/9505043
Using Decision Trees for Coreference Resolution
This paper describes RESOLVE, a system that uses decision trees to learn how to classify coreferent phrases in the domain of business joint ventures. An experiment is presented in which the performance of RESOLVE is compared to the performance of a manually engineered set of rules for the same task. The results show th...
1995-05-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Joseph F. McCarthy and Wendy G. Lehnert (University of Massachusetts)
cmp-lg/9505040
Text Chunking using Transformation-Based Learning
Eric Brill introduced transformation-based learning and showed that it can do part-of-speech tagging with fairly high accuracy. The same method can be applied at a higher level of textual interpretation for locating chunks in the tagged text, including non-recursive ``baseNP'' chunks. For this purpose, it is convenient...
1995-05-23
2009-09-25
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Lance A. Ramshaw (Bowdoin College) and Mitchell P. Marcus (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9505039
Generating efficient belief models for task-oriented dialogues
We have shown that belief modelling for dialogue can be simplified if the assumption is made that the participants are cooperating, i.e., they are not committed to any goals requiring deception. In such domains, there is no need to maintain individual representations of deeply nested beliefs; instead, three specific ty...
1995-05-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jasper Taylor (Human Communication Research Centre University of Edinburgh)
cmp-lg/9505038
Ubiquitous Talker: Spoken Language Interaction with Real World Objects
Augmented reality is a research area that tries to embody an electronic information space within the real world, through computational devices. A crucial issue within this area, is the recognition of real world objects or situations. In natural language processing, it is much easier to determine interpretations of ut...
1995-05-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Katashi Nagao and Jun Rekimoto (Sony Computer Science Laboratory Inc.)
cmp-lg/9505041
On Descriptive Complexity, Language Complexity, and GB
We introduce $L^2_{K,P}$, a monadic second-order language for reasoning about trees which characterizes the strongly Context-Free Languages in the sense that a set of finite trees is definable in $L^2_{K,P}$ iff it is (modulo a projection) a Local Set---the set of derivation trees generated by a CFG. This provides a fl...
1995-05-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
James Rogers (Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9505037
Identifying Word Translations in Non-Parallel Texts
Common algorithms for sentence and word-alignment allow the automatic identification of word translations from parallel texts. This study suggests that the identification of word translations should also be possible with non-parallel and even unrelated texts. The method proposed is based on the assumption that there is...
1995-05-22
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Reinhard Rapp (ISSCO, University of Geneva)
cmp-lg/9505036
Integrating Gricean and Attentional Constraints
This paper concerns how to generate and understand discourse anaphoric noun phrases. I present the results of an analysis of all discourse anaphoric noun phrases (N=1,233) in a corpus of ten narrative monologues, where the choice between a definite pronoun or phrasal NP conforms largely to Gricean constraints on inform...
1995-05-19
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Rebecca J. Passonneau (Bellcore)
cmp-lg/9505035
Development of a Spanish Version of the Xerox Tagger
This paper describes work performed withing the CRATER ({\em C}orpus {\em R}esources {\em A}nd {\em T}erminology {\em E}xt{\em R}action, MLAP-93/20) project, funded by the Commission of the European Communities. In particular, it addresses the issue of adapting the Xerox Tagger to Spanish in order to tag the Spanish ve...
1995-05-19
2016-08-15
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Fernando S\'anchez Le\'on (Laboratorio de Ling\"u\'istica Inform\'atica, Facultad de Filosof\'ia y Letras, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid), and Amalio F. Nieto Serrano (Departamento de Ingenier\'ia de Sistemas Telem\'aticos, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Polit\'ecnica de Ma...
cmp-lg/9505033
User-Defined Nonmonotonicity in Unification-Based Formalisms
A common feature of recent unification-based grammar formalisms is that they give the user the ability to define his own structures. However, this possibility is mostly limited and does not include nonmonotonic operations. In this paper we show how nonmonotonic operations can also be user-defined by applying default lo...
1995-05-16
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Lena Stromback (Department of Computer and Information Science Linkoping University, Sweden)
cmp-lg/9505034
Semantic Ambiguity and Perceived Ambiguity
I explore some of the issues that arise when trying to establish a connection between the underspecification hypothesis pursued in the NLP literature and work on ambiguity in semantics and in the psychological literature. A theory of underspecification is developed `from the first principles', i.e., starting from a def...
1995-05-16
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Massimo Poesio (University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive Science)
cmp-lg/9505030
Encoding Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars with a Nonmonotonic Inheritance Hierarchy
This paper shows how DATR, a widely used formal language for lexical knowledge representation, can be used to define an LTAG lexicon as an inheritance hierarchy with internal lexical rules. A bottom-up featural encoding is used for LTAG trees and this allows lexical rules to be implemented as covariation constraints wi...
1995-05-15
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Roger Evans (University of Brighton), Gerald Gazdar, David Weir (University of Sussex)
cmp-lg/9505032
Context and ontology in understanding of dialogs
We present a model of NLP in which ontology and context are directly included in a grammar. The model is based on the concept of {\em construction}, consisting of a set of features of form, a set of semantic and pragmatic conditions describing its application context, and a description of its meaning. In this model ont...
1995-05-15
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Wlodek Zadrozny (IBM Research, T. J. Watson Research Center)
cmp-lg/9505031
The Compactness of Construction Grammars
We present an argument for {\em construction grammars} based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle (a formal version of the Ockham Razor). The argument consists in using linguistic and computational evidence in setting up a formal model, and then applying the MDL principle to prove its superiority with resp...
1995-05-15
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Wlodek Zadrozny (IBM Research, T. J. Watson Research Center)
cmp-lg/9505029
Mapping Scrambled Korean Sentences into English Using Synchronous TAGs
Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammars can be used for Machine Translation. However, translating a free order language such as Korean to English is complicated. I present a mechanism to translate scrambled Korean sentences into English by combining the concepts of Multi-Component TAGs (MC-TAGs) and Synchronous TAGs (STAGs...
1995-05-13
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Hyun S. Park, (University of Cambridge)
cmp-lg/9505028
D-Tree Grammars
DTG are designed to share some of the advantages of TAG while overcoming some of its limitations. DTG involve two composition operations called subsertion and sister-adjunction. The most distinctive feature of DTG is that, unlike TAG, there is complete uniformity in the way that the two DTG operations relate lexical it...
1995-05-12
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Owen Rambow, K. Vijay-Shanker, and David Weir
cmp-lg/9505026
Tagging the Teleman Corpus
Experiments were carried out comparing the Swedish Teleman and the English Susanne corpora using an HMM-based and a novel reductionistic statistical part-of-speech tagger. They indicate that tagging the Teleman corpus is the more difficult task, and that the performance of the two different taggers is comparable.
1995-05-11
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Thorsten Brants and Christer Samuelsson (Universit"at des Saarlandes, Computational Linguistics, Saarbr"ucken, Germany)
cmp-lg/9505027
Quantifier Scope and Constituency
Traditional approaches to quantifier scope typically need stipulation to exclude readings that are unavailable to human understanders. This paper shows that quantifier scope phenomena can be precisely characterized by a semantic representation constrained by surface constituency, if the distinction between referential ...
1995-05-11
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jong C. Park (Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9505024
Exploring the role of Punctuation in Parsing Natural Text
Few, if any, current NLP systems make any significant use of punctuation. Intuitively, a treatment of punctuation seems necessary to the analysis and production of text. Whilst this has been suggested in the fields of discourse structure, it is still unclear whether punctuation can help in the syntactic field. This inv...
1995-05-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Bernard Jones (Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh, UK)
cmp-lg/9505023
Some Novel Applications of Explanation-Based Learning to Parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars
In this paper we present some novel applications of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) technique to parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining grammars. The novel aspects are (a) immediate generalization of parses in the training set, (b) generalization over recursive structures and (c) representation of generalized parses as Fi...
1995-05-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
B. Srinivas and Aravind Joshi (Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9505025
Combining Multiple Knowledge Sources for Discourse Segmentation
We predict discourse segment boundaries from linguistic features of utterances, using a corpus of spoken narratives as data. We present two methods for developing segmentation algorithms from training data: hand tuning and machine learning. When multiple types of features are used, results approach human performance on...
1995-05-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Diane J. Litman (AT\&T Bell Laboratories) and Rebecca J. Passonneau (Bellcore)
cmp-lg/9505022
Generating One-Anaphoric Expressions: Where Does the Decision Lie?
Most natural language generation systems embody mechanisms for choosing whether to subsequently refer to an already-introduced entity by means of a pronoun or a definite noun phrase. Relatively few systems, however, consider referring to entites by means of one-anaphoric expressions such as \lingform{the small green on...
1995-05-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert Dale (Microsoft, Sydney)
cmp-lg/9505021
Improving the Efficiency of a Generation Algorithm for Shake and Bake Machine Translation Using Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
A Shake and Bake machine translation algorithm for Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar is introduced based on the algorithm proposed by Whitelock for unification categorial grammar. The translation process is then analysed to determine where the potential sources of inefficiency reside, and some proposals are introduc...
1995-05-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Fred Popowich (Simon Fraser University)
cmp-lg/9505020
CRYSTAL: Inducing a Conceptual Dictionary
One of the central knowledge sources of an information extraction system is a dictionary of linguistic patterns that can be used to identify the conceptual content of a text. This paper describes CRYSTAL, a system which automatically induces a dictionary of "concept-node definitions" sufficient to identify relevant inf...
1995-05-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Stephen Soderland, David Fisher, Jonathan Aseltine, Wendy Lehnert (University of Massachusetts)
cmp-lg/9505018
Acquiring a Lexicon from Unsegmented Speech
We present work-in-progress on the machine acquisition of a lexicon from sentences that are each an unsegmented phone sequence paired with a primitive representation of meaning. A simple exploratory algorithm is described, along with the direction of current work and a discussion of the relevance of the problem for chi...
1995-05-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Carl de Marcken (MIT AI Laboratory)
cmp-lg/9505017
Robust Parsing of Spoken Dialogue Using Contextual Knowledge and Recognition Probabilities
In this paper we describe the linguistic processor of a spoken dialogue system. The parser receives a word graph from the recognition module as its input. Its task is to find the best path through the graph. If no complete solution can be found, a robust mechanism for selecting multiple partial results is applied. We s...
1995-05-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Gerhard Hanrieder and Guenther Goerz (Bavarian Research Center for Knowledge Based Systems, Erlangen, Germany)
cmp-lg/9505019
Measuring semantic complexity
We define {\em semantic complexity} using a new concept of {\em meaning automata}. We measure the semantic complexity of understanding of prepositional phrases, of an "in depth understanding system", and of a natural language interface to an on-line calendar. We argue that it is possible to measure some semantic comple...
1995-05-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Wlodek Zadrozny (IBM Research, T. J. Watson Research Center)
cmp-lg/9505016
A Pattern Matching method for finding Noun and Proper Noun Translations from Noisy Parallel Corpora
We present a pattern matching method for compiling a bilingual lexicon of nouns and proper nouns from unaligned, noisy parallel texts of Asian/Indo-European language pairs. Tagging information of one language is used. Word frequency and position information for high and low frequency words are represented in two differ...
1995-05-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Pascale Fung (Computer Science Department, Columbia Univ)
cmp-lg/9505013
Utilizing Statistical Dialogue Act Processing in Verbmobil
In this paper, we present a statistical approach for dialogue act processing in the dialogue component of the speech-to-speech translation system \vm. Statistics in dialogue processing is used to predict follow-up dialogue acts. As an application example we show how it supports repair when unexpected dialogue states oc...
1995-05-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Norbert Reithinger and Elisabeth Maier (DFKI GmbH, Saarbr\"ucken, Germany)
cmp-lg/9505014
Compositionality for Presuppositions over Tableaux
Tableaux originate as a decision method for a logical language. They can also be extended to obtain a structure that spells out all the information in a set of sentences in terms of truth value assignments to atomic formulas that appear in them. This approach is pursued here. Over such a structure, compositional rules ...
1995-05-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Pablo Gervas (Department of Computing, Imperial College, London)
cmp-lg/9505015
Efficient Analysis of Complex Diagrams using Constraint-Based Parsing
This paper describes substantial advances in the analysis (parsing) of diagrams using constraint grammars. The addition of set types to the grammar and spatial indexing of the data make it possible to efficiently parse real diagrams of substantial complexity. The system is probably the first to demonstrate efficient di...
1995-05-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert P. Futrelle and Nikos Nikolakis (Northeastern U.)
cmp-lg/9505011
Evaluation of Semantic Clusters
Semantic clusters of a domain form an important feature that can be useful for performing syntactic and semantic disambiguation. Several attempts have been made to extract the semantic clusters of a domain by probabilistic or taxonomic techniques. However, not much progress has been made in evaluating the obtained sema...
1995-05-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Rajeev Agarwal (Mississippi State University)
cmp-lg/9505012
A Symbolic and Surgical Acquisition of Terms through Variation
Terminological acquisition is an important issue in learning for NLP due to the constant terminological renewal through technological changes. Terms play a key role in several NLP-activities such as machine translation, automatic indexing or text understanding. In opposition to classical once-and-for-all approaches, we...
1995-05-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Christian Jacquemin (Institut de Recherches en Informatique de Nantes)
cmp-lg/9505007
Parsing a Flexible Word Order Language
A logic formalism is presented which increases the expressive power of the ID/LP format of GPSG by enlarging the inventory of ordering relations and extending the domain of their application to non-siblings. This allows a concise, modular and declarative statement of intricate word order regularities.
1995-05-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Vladimir Pericliev and Alexander Grigorov (Institute of Mathematics, Sofia, Bulgaria)
cmp-lg/9505010
Tagset Reduction Without Information Loss
A technique for reducing a tagset used for n-gram part-of-speech disambiguation is introduced and evaluated in an experiment. The technique ensures that all information that is provided by the original tagset can be restored from the reduced one. This is crucial, since we are interested in the linguistically motivated ...
1995-05-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Thorsten Brants (Universit\"at des Saarlandes, Computational Linguistics)
cmp-lg/9505006
Treating Coordination with Datalog Grammars
In previous work we studied a new type of DCGs, Datalog grammars, which are inspired on database theory. Their efficiency was shown to be better than that of their DCG counterparts under (terminating) OLDT-resolution. In this article we motivate a variant of Datalog grammars which allows us a meta-grammatical treatment...
1995-05-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Veronica Dahl, Paul Tarau, Lidia Moreno, Manolo Palomar
cmp-lg/9505008
Conciseness through Aggregation in Text Generation
Aggregating different pieces of similar information is necessary to generate concise and easy to understand reports in technical domains. This paper presents a general algorithm that combines similar messages in order to generate one or more coherent sentences for them. The process is not as trivial as might be expecte...
1995-05-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
James Shaw (Columbia University)
cmp-lg/9505009
Compilation of HPSG to TAG
We present an implemented compilation algorithm that translates HPSG into lexicalized feature-based TAG, relating concepts of the two theories. While HPSG has a more elaborated principle-based theory of possible phrase structures, TAG provides the means to represent lexicalized structures more explicitly. Our objective...
1995-05-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert Kasper (Ohio State University), Bernd Kiefer (DFKI Saarbruecken), Klaus Netter (DFKI Saarbruecken), and K. Vijay-Shanker (University of Delaware)
cmp-lg/9505003
Compiling HPSG type constraints into definite clause programs
We present a new approach to HPSG processing: compiling HPSG grammars expressed as type constraints into definite clause programs. This provides a clear and computationally useful correspondence between linguistic theories and their implementation. The compiler performs off-line constraint inheritance and code optimiza...
1995-05-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Thilo Goetz and Walt Detmar Meurers (SFB 340, Univ. Tuebingen)
cmp-lg/9505004
DATR Theories and DATR Models
Evans and Gazdar introduced DATR as a simple, non-monotonic language for representing natural language lexicons. Although a number of implementations of DATR exist, the full language has until now lacked an explicit, declarative semantics. This paper rectifies the situation by providing a mathematical semantics for DAT...
1995-05-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Bill Keller (University of Sussex)
cmp-lg/9505005
Learning Syntactic Rules and Tags with Genetic Algorithms for Information Retrieval and Filtering: An Empirical Basis for Grammatical Rules
The grammars of natural languages may be learned by using genetic algorithms that reproduce and mutate grammatical rules and part-of-speech tags, improving the quality of later generations of grammatical components. Syntactic rules are randomly generated and then evolve; those rules resulting in improved parsing and oc...
1995-05-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert M. Losee (U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
cmp-lg/9504034
Bayesian Grammar Induction for Language Modeling
We describe a corpus-based induction algorithm for probabilistic context-free grammars. The algorithm employs a greedy heuristic search within a Bayesian framework, and a post-pass using the Inside-Outside algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm to n-gram models and the Inside-Outside algorithm in three ...
1995-05-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Stanley F. Chen (Harvard University)
cmp-lg/9505001
Response Generation in Collaborative Negotiation
In collaborative planning activities, since the agents are autonomous and heterogeneous, it is inevitable that conflicts arise in their beliefs during the planning process. In cases where such conflicts are relevant to the task at hand, the agents should engage in collaborative negotiation as an attempt to square away ...
1995-05-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jennifer Chu-Carroll and Sandra Carberry (University of Delaware)
cmp-lg/9505002
New Techniques for Context Modeling
We introduce three new techniques for statistical language models: extension modeling, nonmonotonic contexts, and the divergence heuristic. Together these techniques result in language models that have few states, even fewer parameters, and low message entropies. For example, our techniques achieve a message entropy of...
1995-05-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Eric Sven Ristad and Robert G. Thomas (Princeton University)
cmp-lg/9504030
Statistical Decision-Tree Models for Parsing
Syntactic natural language parsers have shown themselves to be inadequate for processing highly-ambiguous large-vocabulary text, as is evidenced by their poor performance on domains like the Wall Street Journal, and by the movement away from parsing-based approaches to text-processing in general. In this paper, I descr...
1995-04-29
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David M. Magerman
cmp-lg/9504032
The Replace Operator
This paper introduces to the calculus of regular expressions a replace operator, ->, and defines a set of replacement expressions that concisely encode several alternate variations of the operation. The basic case is unconditional obligatory replacement: UPPER -> LOWER Conditional versions of replacement, such as...
1995-04-29
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Lauri Karttunen, Rank Xerox Research Centre
cmp-lg/9504031
Error-tolerant Finite State Recognition with Applications to Morphological Analysis and Spelling Correction
Error-tolerant recognition enables the recognition of strings that deviate mildly from any string in the regular set recognized by the underlying finite state recognizer. Such recognition has applications in error-tolerant morphological processing, spelling correction, and approximate string matching in information ret...
1995-04-29
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kemal Oflazer (Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science Bilkent University, Ankara Turkey)
cmp-lg/9504028
Memoization of Coroutined Constraints
Some linguistic constraints cannot be effectively resolved during parsing at the location in which they are most naturally introduced. This paper shows how constraints can be propagated in a memoizing parser (such as a chart parser) in much the same way that variable bindings are, providing a general treatment of const...
1995-04-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mark Johnson (Brown University) and Jochen D\"orre (Universit\"at Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9504026
The intersection of Finite State Automata and Definite Clause Grammars
Bernard Lang defines parsing as the calculation of the intersection of a FSA (the input) and a CFG. Viewing the input for parsing as a FSA rather than as a string combines well with some approaches in speech understanding systems, in which parsing takes a word lattice as input (rather than a word string). Furthermore, ...
1995-04-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Gertjan van Noord (Alfa-informatica and BCN, Groningen)
cmp-lg/9504033
Corpus Statistics Meet the Noun Compound: Some Empirical Results
A variety of statistical methods for noun compound analysis are implemented and compared. The results support two main conclusions. First, the use of conceptual association not only enables a broad coverage, but also improves the accuracy. Second, an analysis model based on dependency grammar is substantially more accu...
1995-04-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mark Lauer (Microsoft Institute, Sydney)
cmp-lg/9504029
Quantifiers, Anaphora, and Intensionality
The relationship between Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) {\em functional structures} (f-structures) for sentences and their semantic interpretations can be expressed directly in a fragment of linear logic in a way that correctly explains the constrained interactions between quantifier scope ambiguity, bound anaphora a...
1995-04-28
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mary Dalrymple (Xerox PARC), John Lamping (Xerox PARC), Fernando Pereira (AT&T Bell Laboratories), Vijay Saraswat (Xerox PARC)
cmp-lg/9504027
An Efficient Generation Algorithm for Lexicalist MT
The lexicalist approach to Machine Translation offers significant advantages in the development of linguistic descriptions. However, the Shake-and-Bake generation algorithm of (Whitelock, COLING-92) is NP-complete. We present a polynomial time algorithm for lexicalist MT generation provided that sufficient information ...
1995-04-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Victor Poznanski, John L. Beaven, Pete Whitelock
cmp-lg/9504025
Discourse Processing of Dialogues with Multiple Threads
In this paper we will present our ongoing work on a plan-based discourse processor developed in the context of the Enthusiast Spanish to English translation system as part of the JANUS multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system. We will demonstrate that theories of discourse which postulate a strict tree structu...
1995-04-27
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Carolyn Penstein Rose' (Carnegie Mellon University), Barbara Di Eugenio (Carnegie Mellon University), Lori S. Levin (Carnegie Mellon University), Carol Van Ess-Dykema (Department Of Defense)
cmp-lg/9504024
A Morphographemic Model for Error Correction in Nonconcatenative Strings
This paper introduces a spelling correction system which integrates seamlessly with morphological analysis using a multi-tape formalism. Handling of various Semitic error problems is illustrated, with reference to Arabic and Syriac examples. The model handles errors vocalisation, diacritics, phonetic syncopation and mo...
1995-04-27
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Tanya Bowden (University of Cambridge) and George Anton Kiraz (University of Cambridge)
cmp-lg/9504017
A Uniform Treatment of Pragmatic Inferences in Simple and Complex Utterances and Sequences of Utterances
Drawing appropriate defeasible inferences has been proven to be one of the most pervasive puzzles of natural language processing and a recurrent problem in pragmatics. This paper provides a theoretical framework, called ``stratified logic'', that can accommodate defeasible pragmatic inferences. The framework yields an ...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Daniel Marcu and Graeme Hirst (University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9504023
TAKTAG: Two-phase learning method for hybrid statistical/rule-based part-of-speech disambiguation
Both statistical and rule-based approaches to part-of-speech (POS) disambiguation have their own advantages and limitations. Especially for Korean, the narrow windows provided by hidden markov model (HMM) cannot cover the necessary lexical and long-distance dependencies for POS disambiguation. On the other hand, the ru...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Geunbae Lee, Jong-Hyeok Lee, Sanghyun Shin (Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Postech Information Research Laboratory, Pohang University of Science & Technology)
cmp-lg/9504021
Phonological Derivation in Optimality Theory
Optimality Theory is a constraint-based theory of phonology which allows constraints to be violated. Consequently, implementing the theory presents problems for declarative constraint-based processing frameworks. On the basis of two regularity assumptions, that candidate sets are regular and that constraints can be mod...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
T. Mark Ellison (now INESC, Lisbon)
cmp-lg/9504019
A Formalism and an Algorithm for Computing Pragmatic Inferences and Detecting Infelicities
Since Austin introduced the term ``infelicity'', the linguistic literature has been flooded with its use, but no formal or computational explanation has been given for it. This thesis provides one for those infelicities that occur when a pragmatic inference is cancelled. Our contribution assumes the existence of a fi...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Daniel Marcu (University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9504022
Constraints, Exceptions and Representations
This paper shows that default-based phonologies have the potential to capture morphophonological generalisations which cannot be captured by non-defaul theories. In achieving this result, I offer a characterisation of Underspecification Theory and Optimality Theory in terms of their methods for ordering defaults. The r...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
T. Mark Ellison (currently INESC, Lisbon)
cmp-lg/9504018
An Implemented Formalism for Computing Linguistic Presuppositions and Existential Commitments
We rely on the strength of linguistic and philosophical perspectives in constructing a framework that offers a unified explanation for presuppositions and existential commitment. We use a rich ontology and a set of methodological principles that embed the essence of Meinong's philosophy and Grice's conversational princ...
1995-04-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Daniel Marcu and Graeme Hirst (University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9504020
Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions
We examine the problem of generating definite noun phrases that are appropriate referring expressions; i.e, noun phrases that (1) successfully identify the intended referent to the hearer whilst (2) not conveying to her any false conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975). We review several possible computational interp...
1995-04-26
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert Dale (Microsoft, Sydney) and Ehud Reiter (CoGenTeX, Ithaca)
cmp-lg/9504016
Memoization of Top Down Parsing
This paper discusses the relationship between memoized top-down recognizers and chart parsers. It presents a version of memoization suitable for continuation-passing style programs. When applied to a simple formalization of a top-down recognizer it yields a terminating parser.
1995-04-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mark Johnson (Brown University)
cmp-lg/9504014
LexGram - a practical categorial grammar formalism -
We present the LexGram system, an amalgam of (Lambek) categorial grammar and Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), and show that the grammar formalism it implements is a well-structured and useful tool for actual grammar development.
1995-04-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Esther Koenig (University of Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9504015
Estimating Lexical Priors for Low-Frequency Syncretic Forms
Given a previously unseen form that is morphologically n-ways ambiguous, what is the best estimator for the lexical prior probabilities for the various functions of the form? We argue that the best estimator is provided by computing the relative frequencies of the various functions among the hapax legomena --- the form...
1995-04-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Harald Baayen (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Richard Sproat (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
cmp-lg/9504013
NLG vs. Templates
One of the most important questions in applied NLG is what benefits (or `value-added', in business-speak) NLG technology offers over template-based approaches. Despite the importance of this question to the applied NLG community, however, it has not been discussed much in the research NLG community, which I think is a ...
1995-04-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ehud Reiter (CoGenTex, Ithaca, USA)
cmp-lg/9504012
Linear Logic for Meaning Assembly
Semantic theories of natural language associate meanings with utterances by providing meanings for lexical items and rules for determining the meaning of larger units given the meanings of their parts. Meanings are often assumed to combine via function application, which works well when constituent structure trees are ...
1995-04-18
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat
cmp-lg/9504011
A Processing Model for Free Word Order Languages
Like many verb-final languages, Germn displays considerable word-order freedom: there is no syntactic constraint on the ordering of the nominal arguments of a verb, as long as the verb remains in final position. This effect is referred to as ``scrambling'', and is interpreted in transformational frameworks as leftward ...
1995-04-15
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Owen Rambow and Aravind K. Joshi
cmp-lg/9504009
Abstract Machine for Typed Feature Structures
This paper describes an abstract machine for linguistic formalisms that are based on typed feature structures, such as HPSG. The core design of the abstract machine is given in detail, including the compilation process from a high-level language to the abstract machine language and the implementation of the abstract in...
1995-04-13
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Shuly Wintner and Nissim Francez (Computer Science, Technion, Israel Institute of Techniology, Haifa 32000, Israel)
cmp-lg/9504010
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD AND MINIMUM ENTROPY IDENTIFICATION OF GRAMMARS
Using the Thermodynamic Formalism, we introduce a Gibbsian model for the identification of regular grammars based only on positive evidence. This model mimics the natural language acquisition procedure driven by prosody which is here represented by the thermodynamical potential. The statistical question we face is how ...
1995-04-13
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
P.Collet (CNRS), A.Galves (USP), A.Lopes (UFRGS)
cmp-lg/9504008
SKOPE: A connectionist/symbolic architecture of spoken Korean processing
Spoken language processing requires speech and natural language integration. Moreover, spoken Korean calls for unique processing methodology due to its linguistic characteristics. This paper presents SKOPE, a connectionist/symbolic spoken Korean processing engine, which emphasizes that: 1) connectionist and symbolic te...
1995-04-07
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Geunbae Lee and Jong-Hyeok Lee (Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Postech Information Research Laboratory Pohang University of Science & Technology, Hoja-Dong, Pohang, Korea)
cmp-lg/9504007
Mixed Initiative in Dialogue: An Investigation into Discourse Segmentation
Conversation between two people is usually of mixed-initiative, with control over the conversation being transferred from one person to another. We apply a set of rules for the transfer of control to 4 sets of dialogues consisting of a total of 1862 turns. The application of the control rules lets us derive domain-inde...
1995-04-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marilyn Walker (University of Pennsylvania), Steve Whittaker (Hewlett Packard Laboratories)
cmp-lg/9504006
Cues and control in Expert-Client Dialogues
We conducted an empirical analysis into the relation between control and discourse structure. We applied control criteria to four dialogues and identified 3 levels of discourse structure. We investigated the mechanism for changing control between these structures and found that utterance type and not cue words predicte...
1995-04-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Steve Whittaker (Hewlett Packard Laboratories), Phil Stenton (Hewlett Packard Laboratories)
cmp-lg/9504005
Constraint Logic Programming for Natural Language Processing
This paper proposes an evaluation of the adequacy of the constraint logic programming paradigm for natural language processing. Theoretical aspects of this question have been discussed in several works. We adopt here a pragmatic point of view and our argumentation relies on concrete solutions. Using actual contraints (...
1995-04-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Philippe Blache (2LC-CNRS) and Nabil Hathout (INaLF-CNRS)
cmp-lg/9504003
Collaborating on Referring Expressions
This paper presents a computational model of how conversational participants collaborate in order to make a referring action successful. The model is based on the view of language as goal-directed behavior. We propose that the content of a referring expression can be accounted for by the planning paradigm. Not only doe...
1995-04-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Peter A. Heeman (University of Rochester) and Graeme Hirst (University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9504004
A Computational Treatment of HPSG Lexical Rules as Covariation in Lexical Entries
We describe a compiler which translates a set of HPSG lexical rules and their interaction into definite relations used to constrain lexical entries. The compiler ensures automatic transfer of properties unchanged by a lexical rule. Thus an operational semantics for the full lexical rule mechanism as used in HPSG lingui...
1995-04-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Walt Detmar Meurers and Guido Minnen (SFB 340, Univ. T"ubingen)
cmp-lg/9504001
Automatic processing proper names in texts
This paper shows first the problems raised by proper names in natural language processing. Second, it introduces the knowledge representation structure we use based on conceptual graphs. Then it explains the techniques which are used to process known and unknown proper names. At last, it gives the performance of the sy...
1995-04-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Francis Wolinski, Frantz Vichot, Bruno Dillet (Informatique CDC)
cmp-lg/9504002
Tagset Design and Inflected Languages
An experiment designed to explore the relationship between tagging accuracy and the nature of the tagset is described, using corpora in English, French and Swedish. In particular, the question of internal versus external criteria for tagset design is considered, with the general conclusion that external (linguistic) cr...
1995-04-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David Elworthy
cmp-lg/9503025
Co-occurrence Vectors from Corpora vs. Distance Vectors from Dictionaries
A comparison was made of vectors derived by using ordinary co-occurrence statistics from large text corpora and of vectors derived by measuring the inter-word distances in dictionary definitions. The precision of word sense disambiguation by using co-occurrence vectors from the 1987 Wall Street Journal (20M total words...
1995-04-01
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Yoshiki Niwa and Yoshihiko Nitta (ARL, Hitachi, Ltd.)
cmp-lg/9503024
From compositional to systematic semantics
We prove a theorem stating that any semantics can be encoded as a compositional semantics, which means that, essentially, the standard definition of compositionality is formally vacuous. We then show that when compositional semantics is required to be "systematic" (that is, the meaning function cannot be arbitrary, but...
1995-03-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Wlodek Zadrozny
cmp-lg/9503023
A fast partial parse of natural language sentences using a connectionist method
The pattern matching capabilities of neural networks can be used to locate syntactic constituents of natural language. This paper describes a fully automated hybrid system, using neural nets operating within a grammatic framework. It addresses the representation of language for connectionist processing, and describes m...
1995-03-22
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Caroline Lyon and Bob Dickerson (University of Hertfordshire)
cmp-lg/9503021
A Note on the Complexity of Restricted Attribute-Value Grammars
The recognition problem for attribute-value grammars (AVGs) was shown to be undecidable by Johnson in 1988. Therefore, the general form of AVGs is of no practical use. In this paper we study a very restricted form of AVG, for which the recognition problem is decidable (though still NP-complete), the R-AVG. We show that...
1995-03-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Leen Torenvliet and Marten Trautwein (University of Amsterdam)
cmp-lg/9503022
Assessing Complexity Results in Feature Theories
In this paper, we assess the complexity results of formalisms that describe the feature theories used in computational linguistics. We show that from these complexity results no immediate conclusions can be drawn about the complexity of the recognition problem of unification grammars using these feature theories. On th...
1995-03-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marten Trautwein (University of Amsterdam)
cmp-lg/9503019
SATZ - An Adaptive Sentence Segmentation System
This paper provides a detailed description of the sentence segmentation system first introduced in cmp-lg/9411022. It provides results of systematic experiments involving sentence boundary determination, including context size, lexicon size, and single-case texts. Also included are the results of successfully adapting ...
1995-03-20
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David D. Palmer (University of California at Berkeley)
cmp-lg/9503020
Different Issues in the Design of a Lemmatizer/Tagger for Basque
This paper presents relevant issues that have been considered in the design of a general purpose lemmatizer/tagger for Basque (EUSLEM). The lemmatizer/tagger is conceived as a basic tool necessary for other linguistic applications. It uses the lexical data base and the morphological analyzer previously developed and im...
1995-03-20
2009-09-25
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
I. Aduriz, I. Alegria, J. M. Arriola, X. Artola, Diaz de Illarraza A., N. Ezeiza, K. Gojenola, M. Maritxalar
cmp-lg/9503018
Discourse and Deliberation: Testing a Collaborative Strategy
A discourse strategy is a strategy for communicating with another agent. Designing effective dialogue systems requires designing agents that can choose among discourse strategies. We claim that the design of effective strategies must take cognitive factors into account, propose a new method for testing the hypothesized...
1995-03-16
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marilyn A. Walker (Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories)