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5174616cf1e9fadca2d4e3f707ad90e6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adidas-AG | Adidas | Adidas
Adidas, in full Adidas AG, German manufacturer of athletic shoes and apparel and sporting goods. In the early 21st century it was the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe and the second largest (after Nike) in the world. Adidas products are traditionally marked with a three-stripe trademark, which remains... |
cb611cccaa52dec84af7f771056cba5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Administration-of-Justice-Act-Great-Britain-1774 | Administration of Justice Act | Administration of Justice Act
Administration of Justice Act, also called Murder Act, British act (1774) that had the stated purpose of ensuring a fair trial for British officials who were charged with capital offenses while upholding the law or quelling protests in Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was one of several punit... |
f8f9005df5164d67eec57ef33051d45c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Admiralty-British-government | Admiralty | Admiralty
Admiralty, in full Board Of Admiralty, in Great Britain, until 1964, the government department that managed naval affairs. In that year the three service departments—the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Air Ministry—were abolished as separate departments and merged in a new unified Ministry of Defence, and... |
65edb1b0f9ef1d57222f8ab01e869ebf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adoration-of-the-Kings-painting-by-Veronese | Adoration of the Kings | Adoration of the Kings
The nocturnal tone in the Adoration of the Kings in the church of Sta. Corona (Vicenza) endows the painting with a new intimacy, without renunciation of the characteristic Veronesian richness of colour, laid on with the minute, precious brushstrokes also used in small canvases, both sacred and pr... |
e77ccdd2e52f149a2c3c3839c313b57f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adorno-family | Adorno Family | Adorno Family
Adorno Family, Genoese family prominent in the politics of that city’s “popular” (democratic) dogeship (1339–1528), when the old aristocracy was exiled and new families seized power. Branches of the family became prominent in Flanders and Spain.
They acceded to real power in the 14th century when a revol... |
c7e8541af7e09eb8ef377f14bc78192f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adroa | Adroa | Adroa
…believe in a creator god, Adroa. They are one of the peoples least affected by modern changes in Uganda, maintaining a strong sense of their own identity.
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8223c2a78d54ec3e7b3d375ceab66948 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aduatuci | Aduatuci | Aduatuci
…Rhine, the Eburones and the Aduatuci; and, in what is now Luxembourg, the Treveri. North of the Rhine, the Frisii (Frisians) were the principal inhabitants, although the arrival of the Romans brought about a number of movements: the Batavi came to the area of the lower reaches of the Rhine,…
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9d5df8ec196f1461faf8a096c6b67b63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/advance-fee-fraud | Advance fee fraud | Advance fee fraud
Advance fee fraud, type of fraud in which businesses or individuals are required to pay a fee before receiving promised stocks, services, money, or products, which ultimately are never given. The targets of the fraud—which include businesses and individuals—receive a solicitation (by letter, fax, or ... |
0a85698c3af5c6b05b83af181df712ee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adventure-electronic-game-by-Crowther-c-1975 | Adventure | Adventure
…the 1970s was Will Crowther’s Colossal Cave Adventure, probably completed in 1977. Text-based games of its ilk have since been known commonly as electronic adventure games. Crowther combined his experiences exploring Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave system and playing Dungeons & Dragons-style role-playing games with ... |
9ef715eb83b6bf5001bb42459cd9f1f2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/adverse-possession | Adverse possession | Adverse possession
Adverse possession, in Anglo-American property law, holding of property under some claim of right with the knowledge and against the will of one who has a superior ownership interest in the property. Its legal significance is traced back to the English common-law concept known as seisin, a possessi... |
0e130123c982e2d68d681676dc413bb8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/advertisement | Advertisement | Advertisement
Advertisement, also called ad, a public announcement—generally print, audio, or video—made to promote a commodity, service, or idea through various media, including billboards, direct mail, print magazines and newspapers, radio, television, and the World Wide Web. While advertising is used to a limited e... |
cc7247d12f408a4286f9d88fa325af97 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/advertising | Advertising | Advertising
Advertising, the techniques and practices used to bring products, services, opinions, or causes to public notice for the purpose of persuading the public to respond in a certain way toward what is advertised. Most advertising involves promoting a good that is for sale, but similar methods are used to encou... |
3a3b31d4bba49a85230230d99abe6cd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/advertising-fraud/Television-and-consumerism | Television and consumerism | Television and consumerism
In the 1950s the nature of advertising changed, and new critiques of advertising and consumption emerged. Advertising volume expanded along with the booming economy, and, perhaps more crucially, advertisers employed the new medium of television to reach their audiences. By 1960 advertisers sp... |
c9a683b0ea0cc5a005971b10f53848da | https://www.britannica.com/topic/advisory-opinion | Advisory opinion | Advisory opinion
Advisory opinion, in law, the opinion of a judge, a court, or a law official, such as an attorney general, upon a question of law raised by a public official or legislative body. Advisory opinions adjudicate nothing and are not binding, though courts sometimes cite them as evidence of the law. Federal... |
dc4c0821ceba5519c5339cfa2cf73c63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Advocate-of-Moral-Reform | Advocate of Moral Reform | Advocate of Moral Reform
Advocate of Moral Reform, American periodical that, between 1835 and about 1845, campaigned to rescue women who were victims of moral and physical corruption and to reassert woman’s centrality to family life.
First published in New York City in 1835, the Advocate of Moral Reform gained some 2... |
02222db4181b6ce3bac5519d50600d46 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aegeus | Aegeus | Aegeus
Aegeus, in Greek mythology, the son of Pandion and grandson of Cecrops. He was king of Athens and the father of Theseus. Aegeus drowned himself in the sea when he mistakenly believed his son to be dead. The sea was thereafter called the Aegean.
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562d76fc6caa7e20e354c22805076ee6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aerarium | Aerarium | Aerarium
Aerarium, treasury of ancient Rome, housed in the Temple of Saturn and the adjacent tabularium (record office) in the Forum. Under the republic (c. 509–27 bc) it was managed by two finance officials, the urban quaestors, and controlled by the Senate. In theory, all revenues were paid into the aerarium, and al... |
b850e142e7fa7421f368a1f4d6c2b548 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aerarium-militare | Aerarium militare | Aerarium militare
…founded a second treasury, the aerarium militare (military treasury). The old treasury was thereafter known as aerarium Saturni, eventually becoming the municipal treasury of the city of Rome. The new treasury’s function was to pay bounties to discharged veterans or purchase land for them. It was sup... |
b709719748ec66454d8b67641de28b68 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aerial | Aerial | Aerial
She resurfaced with the atmospheric Aerial (2005), a double record imbued with themes of domesticity and the natural world that earned her some of the most favourable reviews of her career. Bush later released Director’s Cut (2011)—for which she rerecorded songs from The Sensual World and The Red Shoes—and 50…
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200962d8ca725315a4a919e1c0e7924d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aerial-seed-dispersal-in-rainforests-1673038 | “Flying” Trees | “Flying” Trees
As in most tropical forests, the trees of Panama exhibit a variety of different adaptations to aid dispersal of their seeds. These adaptations involve substantial investment of the trees’ material, but they are worthwhile because seed dispersal increases both the seeds’ and the species’ chances of surviv... |
38c267ead150527529021014f6fcea5c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aerobics | Aerobics | Aerobics
Aerobics, system of physical conditioning that increases the efficiency of the body’s intake of oxygen, thereby stimulating the cardiovascular system, developing endurance, and reducing body fat. Increased energy, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, greater suppleness, stronger bones, better posture, and de... |
bac4cd4e24029b485763412a2c8f1abb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aesir | Aesir | Aesir
Aesir, Old Norse Æsir, singular Áss, in Scandinavian mythology, either of two main groups of deities, four of whom were common to the Germanic nations: Odin (q.v.), chief of the Aesir; Frigg (q.v.), Odin’s wife; Tyr (q.v.), god of war; and Thor (q.v.), whose name was the Teutonic word for thunder. Some of the ot... |
22b3cda7f439c9a2c19f04d245c3dbe5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/Kant-Schiller-and-Hegel | Kant, Schiller, and Hegel | Kant, Schiller, and Hegel
As previously noted, Kant’s The Critique of Judgment introduced the first full account of aesthetic experience as a distinct exercise of rational mentality. The principal ingredients of Kant’s work are the following: the antinomy of taste, the emphasis on the free play of the imagination, the ... |
9f9aa371530c4b081a95c4e57565b145 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/The-development-of-Western-aesthetics | The development of Western aesthetics | The development of Western aesthetics
The two greatest Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, shared a sense of the importance of aesthetics, and both regarded music, poetry, architecture, and drama as fundamental institutions within the body politic. Plato notoriously recommends the banning of poets and painters fro... |
526b67e805ac1b96b0a89c3f3f93d329 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/The-ontology-of-art | The ontology of art | The ontology of art
One such problem is that of the ontological status of the work of art. Suppose that sitting on a desk before A is David Copperfield. Is David Copperfield therefore identical with this book that A can touch and see? Certainly not, for another David Copperfield lies on B’s desk, and a single work of a... |
bb058bad8936b871ba913845e15c4e5a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/The-origins-of-modern-aesthetics | The origins of modern aesthetics | The origins of modern aesthetics
Francis Bacon wrote essays on beauty and deformity, but he confined his remarks to the human figure. René Descartes produced a treatise on music, although it contains little that would be recognized as aesthetics in the modern sense. During the first decades of modern philosophy, aesthe... |
06fd0e9c9f57c19d2fd12e1742533a8a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Affliction-film-by-Schrader | Affliction | Affliction
…subsequent novels included Affliction (1989; film 1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1991; film 1997), and Rule of the Bone (1995). The last of these, with its clear-sighted 14-year-old protagonist, is reminiscent of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. In 1998 Banks published Cloudsplitter, the fictional respo... |
6bd25334b0e1b2566d881d37b8d147e5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal | African American life during the Great Depression and the New Deal | African American life during the Great Depression and the New Deal
The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already bleak economic situation of African Americans. They were the first to be laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times that of whites. In early public assi... |
f38824278c120e6de054c6c048ff2a83 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/Slavery-in-the-United-States | Slavery in the United States | Slavery in the United States
Black slaves played a major, though unwilling and generally unrewarded, role in laying the economic foundations of the United States—especially in the South. Blacks also played a leading role in the development of Southern speech, folklore, music, dancing, and food, blending the cultural tr... |
d1c9363dc961b48291527757c97f6c42 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/The-civil-rights-movement | The civil rights movement | The civil rights movement
At the end of World War II, African Americans were poised to make far-reaching demands to end racism. They were unwilling to give up the minimal gains that had been made during the war.
The campaign for African American rights—usually referred to as the civil rights movement or the freedom mov... |
40a3875a35672072f6635b148bc6a956 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Americans-and-Horse-Racing-1984952 | African Americans and Horse Racing | African Americans and Horse Racing
From the beginnings of the sport in the United States, and particularly from the early 19th century, African Americans have made significant contributions to horse racing.
Organized horse racing dates from the second half of the 17th century in North America. It became a major pastime... |
c93323612619aa7c363e9d3789a20d19 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-diaspora | African diaspora | African diaspora
(African diaspora refers to the long-term historical process by which people of African descent have been scattered from their ancestral homelands to other parts of the world.) In more-general terms, Pan-Africanism is the sentiment that people of African descent have a great deal in common,…
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8b67a10909fa21fabfe6b412ee56f3f2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-socialism | African socialism | African socialism
African socialism, socialist doctrines adopted by several African leaders at the close of French and British colonial rule during the 1950s and ’60s.
As African countries gained independence, anticolonial nationalism could no longer play the unifying and mobilizing role that it had in the early 1950s... |
db287548a7952f8bb58f3ab7c3d25df9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Union | African Union | African Union
African Union (AU), formerly (1963–2002) Organization of African Unity, intergovernmental organization, established in 2002, to promote unity and solidarity of African states, to spur economic development, and to promote international cooperation. The African Union (AU) replaced the Organization of Afri... |
72157a06f569e73722e7c72e303d400f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Afrika-Korps | Afrika Korps | Afrika Korps
In 1941–42 the German Afrika Korps in Libya was supplied across the Mediterranean through the small port of Tripoli and eastward over a single coastal road that had no bases or magazines and was exposed to enemy air attack—a distance of up to 1,300 miles, depending on the location…
…the aim of cutting the ... |
94aefc0231a71610c3f1ecc629bee987 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Afro-Cuban-Jazz-Suite | Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite | Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite
Norman Granz recorded the successful Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite, which featured the Machito orchestra along with soloists Charlie Parker on alto saxophone, Buddy Rich on drums, Flip Phillips on tenor saxophone, and Harry (“Sweets”) Edison on trumpet, with arrangements by Arturo (“Chico”) O’Farrill. Mus... |
d439d9cd3b2d8ae637128689c0bdc687 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Afsharid-Turkmen | Afshārid Turkmen | Afshārid Turkmen
Nādr, an Afshārid Turkmen from northern Khorāsān, was eventually able to reunite Iran, a process he began on behalf of the Safavid prince Ṭahmāsp II (reigned 1722–32), who had escaped the Afghans. After Nādr had cleared the country of Afghans, Ṭahmāsp made him governor of a large…
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d3c7f5b99cbc66a539ebad29df036bd1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/afterlife-religion | Afterlife | Afterlife
The belief in life after death, which is maintained by each of the Abrahamic religions, raises the metaphysical question of how the human person is to be defined. Some form of mind-body dualism, whether Platonic or Cartesian, in which the mind or soul survives the death of the…
…provides an argument for a lif... |
20c048344ab0887874fd15544fd3ddb7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/agape | Agape | Agape
Agape, Greek agapē, in the New Testament, the fatherly love of God for humans, as well as the human reciprocal love for God. In Scripture, the transcendent agape love is the highest form of love and is contrasted with eros, or erotic love, and philia, or brotherly love. In John 3:16, a verse that is often descri... |
cb76e5f3df71f042adf19e45c9eac323 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Age-of-Empires | Age of Empires | Age of Empires
Age of Empires, computer game franchise designed by Ensemble Studios, an American company founded in 1995 and subsequently acquired by Microsoft Corporation. The original Age of Empires debuted in 1997 to critical acclaim and helped set the bar for the real-time strategy game genre, combining involved p... |
16abdbe83e346ae985a6c6689af7f2d5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Age-of-Empires-Castle-Seige | Age of Empires: Castle Seige | Age of Empires: Castle Seige
Age of Empires: Castle Siege, a loose adaptation of the classic game, was released for the mobile-device market in 2014.
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46ff6065ed7089bec54c52c272d70028 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Age-of-Freedom | Age of Freedom | Age of Freedom
This period saw a transition from absolutism to a parliamentary form of government. The real reason for the change was the complete failure of the policy of “greatness” connected with the Carolingian absolutism. According to the constitutional laws of 1720–23, the…
…role in beginning Sweden’s 18th-centur... |
80a810d81fb2a54660365f62cb6abb0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/agency-political-theory | Agency | Agency
Agency, the property or capacity of actors to make things happen.
The concept of agency is central to political theory. Political activities are carried out by agents, whose agency inheres in their power to produce effects. In politics, agency is generally reserved for human actors, and, more controversially, i... |
77122b5103610ae15ea4f542e7ef90c8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/agglutination-grammar | Agglutination | Agglutination
Agglutination, a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category. This term is traditionally employed in the typological classification of languages. Turkish, Finnish, and Japanese ... |
e8d1cd7c5e14e488edb9c0c3c73636d8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agneepath | Agneepath | Agneepath
…of a mafia don in Agneepath (1990; “Path of Fire”). He later headed Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Ltd., an entertainment venture that specialized in film production and event management. The business was plagued by financial difficulties, however, and Bachchan eventually returned to performing. His later movi... |
79d55fb3b476a26e19e91226596ca513 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agnus-Dei-liturgical-chant | Agnus Dei | Agnus Dei
Agnus Dei, (Latin), English Lamb of God, designation of Jesus Christ in Christian liturgical usage. It is based on the saying of John the Baptist: “Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!” (John 1:29). In the Roman Catholic liturgy the Agnus Dei is employed in the following text: “Lamb ... |
d60c03f0810e182116dd008aa24c571b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/agora | Agora | Agora
Agora, in ancient Greek cities, an open space that served as a meeting ground for various activities of the citizens. The name, first found in the works of Homer, connotes both the assembly of the people as well as the physical setting. It was applied by the classical Greeks of the 5th century bce to what they r... |
00142f279cf66cc1d58b2ee130521ebc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agrarian-League | Agrarian League | Agrarian League
Agrarian League, German Bund Der Landwirte, extraparliamentary organization active under the German empire from 1893. Formed to combat the free-trade policies (initiated in 1892) of Chancellor Leo, Graf (count) von Caprivi, the league worked for farmers’ subsidies, import tariffs, and minimum prices. C... |
c08f9b25c1e352aabbd59adf601d9e00 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/agriculture/Agricultural-recession | Agricultural recession | Agricultural recession
What is now called a recession began toward the end of the 13th century. The disasters of the 14th—climatic, pestilent, and military—followed. Famine resulted from excessively bad weather in 1314, 1315, and 1316; a small recovery followed in 1317. Yields, never high (from 6 to 10 bushels of wheat... |
31980b07e0b841197be75838d8fcb51a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ahad-Haam-Pirqe-zikhronot-we-iggerot | Aḥad Haʿam: Pirqe zikhronot we-iggerot | Aḥad Haʿam: Pirqe zikhronot we-iggerot
…his memoirs were published in Aḥad Haʿam: Pirqe zikhronot we-iggerot (1931; “Collected Memoirs and Letters”). His essays comprise four volumes (1895, 1903, 1904, and 1913).
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01f3cb87943032338d0e34bad1ed4f2a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ahasverus | Ahasvérus | Ahasvérus
…of his epic prose poem Ahasvérus (1833), in which the legend of the Wandering Jew is used to symbolize the progress of humanity through the years. In Le Génie des religions (1842; “The Genius of Religions”) he expressed sympathy for all religions while committing himself to none, but shortly afterward…
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af6ea01d2d5fe30efe0a2b873c82f5e2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/aheho-tang | Aheho-t’ang | Aheho-t’ang
…health, including the drinking of aheho-t’ang, an herb tea that, according to legend, would make one less affected by the heat if consumed every day during the summer. Men and women also washed their hair in water that was boiled with various flowers, a practice that was thought to repel…
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c89b8d736169071a00da9e60f6455cab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ahl-al-Kitab | Ahl al-Kitāb | Ahl al-Kitāb
Ahl al-Kitāb, (Arabic: People of the Book) in Islamic thought, those religionists—Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as well as the imprecisely defined group referred to as Sabians—who are possessors of divine books (i.e., the Torah, the Gospel, and the Avesta), as distinguished from those whose religion... |
cb21b2725b32883c9d7ae9d8ead1fe56 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Air-and-Simple-Gifts | Air and Simple Gifts | Air and Simple Gifts
Air and Simple Gifts, chamber work for violin, cello, piano, and clarinet by John Williams that premiered in Washington, D.C., on January 20, 2009, at the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama. It is one of relatively few works of chamber music by this composer, who is noted for his film music... |
29c6e1b844b6acd4f1a568e7ee9547e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Air-France-KLM-Group | Air France–KLM Group | Air France–KLM Group
…Dutch airline KLM to create Air France–KLM Group, one of the largest air carriers in the world. The deal, however, allowed the two airlines to continue to operate as separate companies, retaining their own hubs, flights, and logos.
…by Air France to create Air France–KLM, one of the world’s larges... |
509dc64883e004f60b73d313c261302f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/air-layering | Air layering | Air layering
For air layering, a branch is deeply slit and the wound is covered with a ball of earth or moss and kept moist until roots develop; the branch is then severed and transplanted. Layering was practiced by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. See also cutting.
In an alternative technique, air layering, the branc... |
9c0e344f0af02307b98fc6909f7d046e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Air-New-Zealand-Limited | Air New Zealand Limited | Air New Zealand Limited
Air New Zealand Limited, New Zealand international airline founded in 1939 (as Tasman Empire Airways Limited, or TEAL) and, by 1980, operating throughout the South Pacific from New Zealand and Australia to Hong Kong and Singapore and to Tahiti, Hawaii, and Los Angeles. The original shareholders... |
b8456eb2520ee296e96387dccc18eba5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/air-toxic | Air toxic | Air toxic
Hundreds of specific substances are considered hazardous when present in trace amounts in the air. These pollutants are called air toxics. Many of them cause genetic mutations or cancer; some cause other types of health problems, such as adverse effects on brain tissue or…
…other air pollutants called “air to... |
2d8210cb03144c9a7c575fa944387351 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Air-Transport-and-Travel-Ltd | Air Transport and Travel, Ltd. | Air Transport and Travel, Ltd.
…organizations, a British group called Air Transport and Travel, Ltd., acquired several Airco D.H.4a VIII single-engine planes (designed by Geoffrey De Havilland), powered by 350-horsepower Eagle V-type engines from Rolls-Royce Ltd., and modified them to include an enclosed cramped space ... |
5af0fe12b750a9cb10cc6dc270138929 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/air-warfare | Air warfare | Air warfare
Air warfare, also called aerial warfare, the tactics of military operations conducted by airplanes, helicopters, or other manned craft that are propelled aloft. Air warfare may be conducted against other aircraft, against targets on the ground, and against targets on the water or beneath it. Air warfare is... |
fd51e66be55235e04ce8459700ee7af3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Air-Waters-and-Places | Air, Waters, and Places | Air, Waters, and Places
…ago in his treatise on Air, Waters, and Places, the science of bioclimatology is relatively new. It developed into a significant field of study during the 1960s owing largely to a growing concern over the deteriorating environment.
…aëre, aquis et locis (Air, Waters and Places), would today be ... |
2e5eb9734ca24cafe23d649e6eb91f4c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/akh | Akh | Akh
Akh, in Egyptian religion, the spirit of a deceased person and, with the ka and the ba, a principal aspect of the soul. By enabling the soul to assume temporarily any form it desired for the purpose of revisiting the earth or for its own enjoyment, the akh characterized the soul of a deceased person as an effectiv... |
5ae34791a1ab0fdf57db6a1e5d7f26a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/akund-floss | Akund floss | Akund floss
Akund floss, also called calotropis floss, ak, madar, or mader, downy seed fibre obtained from Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, milkweed plants of the Apocynaceae family (formerly in Asclepiadaceae). Small trees or shrubs, these two species are native to southern Asia and Africa and were introduced to S... |
3f88b11da6d6caca2563884c6449fd8c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Aws | Al-ʿAws | Al-ʿAws
…tribes, the feuding al-Khazraj and al-Aws, whom Muhammad had been asked to reconcile when he was still a rising figure in Mecca. They came to be his devoted supporters, constituting three-fourths of the Muslim army at the Battle of Badr (624 ce). When no one of their number was chosen…
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3f5e41ca6b4f2e12136ded78c8830481 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Benson-1688330 | Al Benson | Al Benson
Critic and historian Nelson George called Al Benson, who worked at several Chicago radio stations beginning in the mid-1940s, one of the most influential black deejays of all time. While many of his African-American peers were indistinguishable from white deejays over the airwaves, Benson, who was nicknamed “... |
14a891fe306a1395f62586984c57f66f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Hilal-Lebanese-journal | Al-Hilāl | Al-Hilāl
…pages of his own journal, Al-Hilāl, to publish a series of novels that educated and entertained generations of readers by setting key events in Islamic history against local backgrounds.
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8d758334ae2eae210b92fbf29115a8ff | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-hudud | Al-ḥudūd | Al-ḥudūd
Al-ḥudūd, (Arabic: “the boundaries”) singular al-Ḥadd, in the Druze religion, five cosmic principles that are emanations from God, the One. Al-Ḥākim, the 11th-century Fāṭimid caliph of Egypt deified by the Druzes, stands at the centre of the universe as the embodiment of the One. Ḥamzah ibn ʿAlī, a contempor... |
0fa3362161290d19c81462971c5c44bd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Jazeera | Al Jazeera | Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera, (Arabic: “The Peninsula”) Arabic-language cable television news network founded by Sheikh Ḥamad ibn Khalīfah Āl Thānī, emir of Qatar, in 1996. The network was guaranteed government financial backing for its first five years, and it transmitted from Doha, Qatar, and from bureaus around the world,... |
fa740e72dd47493af79f245b118ca2e6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Khidr | Al-Khiḍr | Al-Khiḍr
Al-Khiḍr, (Arabic: contraction of al-Khaḍir, “the Green One”) a legendary Islamic figure endowed with immortal life who became a popular saint, especially among sailors and Sufis (Muslim mystics).
The cycle of myths and stories surrounding al-Khiḍr originated in a vague narrative in the Qurʾān (18:60–82) that... |
42cce96e19970eb18b62869797304284 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Mahdiyyah | Al-Mahdiyyah | Al-Mahdiyyah
Al-Mahdiyyah, religious movement in the Sudan (1881–98), established by Muḥammad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī with the aim to reform Islam. The movement, which succeeded in overcoming the unpopular ruling Turco-Egyptian regime in the Sudan, resulted in the establishment of a Mahdist state (1885). After M... |
244b5ad6a63f8288c3f7697f4eba8d48 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Masry | Al-Masry | Al-Masry
Al-Masry, (Arabic: “The Egyptian”) byname the Green Eagles, Egyptian professional football (soccer) club based in Port Said. Al-Masry is one of Egypt’s oldest and best-supported football clubs. The team is nicknamed the Green Eagles for its green jerseys and its crest, which is composed of an eagle with a gre... |
741a475d268f0344814c40d67315b0d2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Naqaid | Al-Naqāʾiḍ | Al-Naqāʾiḍ
Collected as Al-Naqāʾiḍ (“Flytings”), these contests—involving principally Jarīr and al-Farazdaq but also al-Akhṭal and al-Ṭirimmāh—took the level of invective to new heights (or depths):
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4b53b0e104991ee1f602491c1eeb3ddc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Nas | Al-Nās | Al-Nās
…with the six verses of Al-Nās (“The People”) as the final—114th—sura. These short suras belong to the Meccan period of revelation, while the lengthier suras are made up of collections of revelations from both the Meccan and Medinan periods.
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bdcb9298d4446d951c2f6fca31c318c1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda | Al-Qaeda | Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda, Arabic al-Qāʿidah (“the Base”), broad-based militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s.
Al-Qaeda began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world. When the So... |
b69d3d7a9f1a9f1c42d96d3b711c1658 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda-in-the-Islamic-Maghrib | Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib | Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib, Arabic al-Qāʿidah fī Bilād al-Maghrib al-Islāmī, original name (French; 1998–2007) Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC; “Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat”), Algeria-based Islamic militant group, active in North Africa and the S... |
5fb0f98550eb0b8a307d9b402b518cf7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Saiqah | Al-Ṣāʿiqah | Al-Ṣāʿiqah
Al-Ṣāʿiqah, (Arabic: “Thunderbolt”) Syrian guerrilla force sponsored by the Syrian government with the purpose of promoting the interests of the Palestinian branch of the Syrian Baʿth Party. Al-Ṣāʿiqah was founded by the party in 1968 and has maintained a socialist ideology. Chosen from the Palestinians in ... |
7cd0b7c65de762e58204f94b2e336e9f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Saq-ala-al-Saq-fi-ma-Huwa-al-Faryaq | Al-Sāq ʿalā al-Sāq fī- mā Huwa al-Fāryāq | Al-Sāq ʿalā al-Sāq fī- mā Huwa al-Fāryāq
…examples, but Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq’s Al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāryāq (1855; title translatable as “One Leg over Another [or The Pigeon on the Tree Branch], Concerning al-Fāryāq [Fāris al-Shidyāq]”), which contains a set of maqāmāt, looks to the future in its use of th... |
bb462a4128a19e9f31e2b2a35dd351bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aladdin-fictional-hero | Aladdin | Aladdin
Aladdin, Arabic ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, hero of one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights.
The son of a deceased Chinese tailor and his poor widow, Aladdin is a lazy, careless boy who meets an African magician claiming to be his uncle. The magician brings Aladdin to the mouth of a cave and bids him en... |
96249d5e6786e92a1bd88e1587057c91 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/alambana-pratyaya | Ālambana-pratyaya | Ālambana-pratyaya
…object as a cause (ālambana-pratyaya), since the object present in the preceding moment becomes the cause of the mental activity for functioning; and (4) the superior cause (adhipati-pratyaya), which refers to all causes, except those stated above, that are effective to produce a thing or not to hind... |
8aa9232d9300babb30157ecb4c6e1aca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alamblak | Alamblak | Alamblak
…were figures carved by the Alamblak in the eastern Sepik Hills. The figures, known as yipwon, represent patron spirits of hunting and war. They are topped by a downcurved hook; directly beneath this is a human face, and below that is a vertical series of downcurved hooks. An oval element,…
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d9c547a151b7b6185adfd2f62a8d8260 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alamut-novel-by-Bartol | Alamut | Alamut
Alamut, novel written by Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol, published in 1938. The novel and its famed maxim—"Nothing is an absolute reality, all is permitted," later recast by William Burroughs as "Nothing is true, everything is permitted" in his novel The Naked Lunch—inspired the popular video game series and ... |
0c36071ab209748b3b60c8bf07c0677a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alan-Freed-1688355 | Alan Freed | Alan Freed
Alan Freed did not coin the phrase rock and roll; however, by way of his radio show, he popularized it and redefined it. Once slang for sex, it came to mean a new form of music. This music had been around for several years, but Freed’s primary accomplishment was the delivery of it to new—primarily young and ... |
83ee0e791e3e6d8706cf1f8f39e67360 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alan-Freeman-1688356 | Alan Freeman | Alan Freeman
Australian Alan (“Fluff”) Freeman was an announcer on Melbourne’s 3KZ when he visited the United Kingdom on vacation in 1957; he stayed on to become one of British radio’s most distinctive and durable broadcasters. Freeman was heard initially on Radio Luxembourg but joined the British Broadcasting Corpora... |
6bd53a3720bb719bb962f7b509747468 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aland-Convention | Åland Convention | Åland Convention
…that was gained was the Åland Convention, which forbade Russia to build fortifications or to have other military installations on Åland.
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308d7b52c3a3b964fcf8caf133f6d8f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alaungpaya-Dynasty | Alaungpaya Dynasty | Alaungpaya Dynasty
Alaungpaya Dynasty, also called Konbaung, the last ruling dynasty (1752–1885) of Myanmar (Burma). The dynasty’s collapse in the face of British imperial might marked the end of Myanmar sovereignty for more than 60 years. (Some authorities limit the name Konbaung dynasty to the period beginning with ... |
584270b83dcee1047ef35cc92f8e1824 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alawi-dynasty | ʿAlawī dynasty | ʿAlawī dynasty
…and thus formally establishing the ʿAlawī dynasty. From Fès he proceeded to conquer the north, plundered and razed the Dila monastery, and seized control of Morocco’s Atlantic seaboard from its ruling marabouts. Turning his attention southwest, he occupied Marrakech in 1669 and conquered the Sous region... |
20dc95086963e8c2dfb413747da623ba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-language | Albanian language | Albanian language
Albanian language, Indo-European language spoken in Albania and by smaller numbers of ethnic Albanians in other parts of the southern Balkans, along the east coast of Italy and in Sicily, in southern Greece, and in Germany, Sweden, the United States, Ukraine, and Belgium. Albanian is the only modern ... |
d350cc74ba6b78d22b8362af4e4ccbef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-people | Albanian | Albanian
The Albanian share of the population rose from about half in 1946 to about four-fifths by the 1990s. Meanwhile, the proportion of Serbs fell to less than one-fifth. After the Kosovo conflict of 1998–99, additional Serbs emigrated. Thus, in the early 21st century, the population makeup…
The origins of the Alban... |
dd62153951dbcbf1e5cb23ad7c47ec90 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albert-Einstein-on-Space-Time-1987141/Foundations-of-Geometry | Foundations of Geometry | Foundations of Geometry
We come now to the question: what is a priori certain or necessary, respectively in geometry (doctrine of space) or its foundations? Formerly we thought everything—yes, everything; nowadays we think—nothing. Already the distance-concept is logically arbitrary; there need be no things that corres... |
851c5a6d13618eb2b000b5179c04a759 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albert-Memorial | Albert Memorial | Albert Memorial
Albert Memorial, monument in Kensington Gardens, in the Greater London borough of Westminster. It stands near the southern boundary of the park, between Alexandra Gate and Queen’s Gate, just north of the Royal Albert Hall.
The memorial honours Prince Albert (d. 1861), consort of Queen Victoria. It was ... |
20447e2a235f2106681fa85b946a5d42 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albertine | Albertine | Albertine
Albertine, in full Albertine Simonet, fictional character, the mistress of Marcel, narrator of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; Remembrance of Things Past, or In Search of Lost Time) by Marcel Proust. She appears in several volumes of the seven-part novel, notably À l’ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs... |
946cb0f3cb467453c78b75d09e376983 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alcatel-Lucent | Alcatel-Lucent | Alcatel-Lucent
…Alcatel in 2006 to form Alcatel-Lucent, which in turn was acquired by Nokia in 2016.
…a global economic downturn, saw Alcatel-Lucent underperform over the following years, and Russo stepped down as CEO in 2008. In July 2009 Russo was appointed to the board of directors of General Motors. She also served... |
b0c0aa989dbfee643ea1fef32e6ed2e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alceste-fictional-character | Alceste | Alceste
Alceste, title character of Molière’s comedy Le Misanthrope (first performed 1666). Alceste’s disgust with the superficialities and deceits of his fellows, culminating in his withdrawal from society, provides the play’s mild dramatic conflict.
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88606959dc6405bc7f0d397fd189e77f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alceste-opera-by-Gluck | Alceste | Alceste
…Calzabigi, Orfeo ed Euridice (1762), Alceste (1767), and Paride ed Elena (1770).
…dedication of the publication of Alceste in 1769.
…the dedication of his opera Alceste (1767) declared that the overture should prepare the audience for the plot of the play. In Alceste and in Iphigénie en Tauride, the overtures,... |
39690030c9910d66090a54a7dac7ad99 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/alchemy/Modern-alchemy | Modern alchemy | Modern alchemy
The possibility of chemical gold making was not conclusively disproved by scientific evidence until the 19th century. As rational a scientist as Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727) had thought it worthwhile to experiment with it. The official attitude toward alchemy in the 16th to 18th century was ambivalent. O... |
ff26dab34dd6c228a80bea7b14e444a6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alchymia | Alchymia | Alchymia
…writing, the most important was Alchymia (1606; “Alchemy”), a work that established the tradition for 17th-century French chemistry textbooks. Although he was a firm believer in the transmutation of base metals into gold, Libavius was renowned for his vitriolic attacks against the mysticism and secretiveness ... |
545ea27ddcfecd0e23ec61d371fac874 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alcmaeon-Greek-mythology | Alcmaeon | Alcmaeon
Alcmaeon, also spelled Alcmeon, in Greek legend, the son of the seer Amphiaraus and his wife Eriphyle. When Amphiaraus set out with the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes, which he knew would be fatal to him, he commanded his sons to avenge his death by slaying Eriphyle (who had been bribed by Polyneices ... |
0e3e084f8c4d3abd5d706e9c616b3fc1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/alcohol-consumption | Alcohol consumption | Alcohol consumption
Alcohol consumption, the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely for their physiological and psychological effects, but they are often consumed within specific social contexts and may even be a part of religious practices. Because of the effects that... |
15cb8876c00c9e90d5c3032a6a2da27b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/alcohol-free-hand-sanitizer | Alcohol-free hand sanitizer | Alcohol-free hand sanitizer
2,4,6 Alcohol-free products are generally based on disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or on antimicrobial agents, such as triclosan.1,6,7 The activity of disinfectants and antimicrobial agents is both immediate and persistent.1,3,8 Many hand sanitizers also contain emollient... |
662e1f2ce5cc61d03951eeb2728d0ccd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alec-Leamas | Alec Leamas | Alec Leamas
…Cold (1963), which centred on Alec Leamas, an aging British intelligence agent ordered to discredit an East German official. Unlike the usual glamorous spies of fiction, Leamas is a lonely and alienated man, without a respectable career or a place in society. Immensely popular, the book was adapted into a…... |
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