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d1afe3fb5410332098b8aa2f060e3a0e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/subsidiary-system | Subsidiary system | Subsidiary system
…to Wellesley’s development of the subsidiary system. In the hands of Clive and Hastings, it was a defensive instrument to safeguard the company’s possessions; in the hands of Wellesley, it became an offensive device with which to subject independent states to British control. The essence of the syste... |
7265e4931f89abd681d3f14de979e102 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/substitution-effect | Substitution effect | Substitution effect
…price change is called the substitution effect. The division can be carried out graphically as follows: let the price of X increase so that the price line in Figure 7 moves from PP′ to PR′, and assume an imaginary intermediate price line, LL′, with the slope of PR′ but tangent…
…indulge in more lei... |
e79fb18f56cf052f2313e60a83e51fa5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Succession-History | Succession History | Succession History
…1 and 2, the so-called Succession History, or the Family History of David, which, according to many scholars, forms the oldest section of historiography in Scripture—contains accounts of the domestic problems of David’s reign. Though he showed generosity to Mephibosheth, the sole surviving son of th... |
4dfd3916104141ccc3222759a6c46f9f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sudanic-languages | Sudanic languages | Sudanic languages
Sudanic languages, any of the African languages spoken from Ethiopia in the east to Senegal in the west. Unrelated languages were included in the various groupings classified by some early scholars as Sudanic, usually on the basis of geographic or other nonlinguistic grounds. The term Sudanic languag... |
6577022459642d15a3e003a10206b56f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sudbury-Neutrino-Observatory | Sudbury Neutrino Observatory | Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
…the first director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO).
Then in 2002 the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), in Ontario, Canada, found the first direct evidence that electron-neutrinos emitted by nuclear reactions in the core of the Sun change type as they travel through the Sun. Suc... |
baa2a97db27532cfbd0276eefa3b4889 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suddenly-Susan | Suddenly Susan | Suddenly Susan
…ingenue on the comedy series Suddenly Susan (1996–2000). Her profile was further raised with an appearance on the HBO Comedy Half-Hour in 1996 and, two years later, in a stand-alone comedy special on HBO, Hot Cup of Talk.
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eed216821913dad2d459d6f56a7b4b2d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal/International-status | International status | International status
Although the canal was built to serve, and profit from, international trade, its international status remained undefined for many years. In 1888 the major maritime powers at the time (except Great Britain) signed the Convention of Constantinople, which declared that the canal should be open to ship... |
0ea8c265001a1895ae1e7dd9cc8a8cdc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal/The-economy | The economy | The economy
In 1870, the canal’s first full year of operation, there were 486 transits, or fewer than 2 per day. In 1966 there were 21,250, an average of 58 per day, with net tonnage increasing from some 444,000 metric tons (437,000 long tons) in 1870 to about 278,400,000 metric tons (274,000,000 long tons). By the mid... |
be544ece491f14a3ff580184e28c5da3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal?anchor=ref418229 | Suez Canal | Suez Canal
Suez Canal, Arabic Qanāt al-Suways, sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. The canal separates the African continent from Asia, and it provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian ... |
89a1090a5e6622ffd49555a50e96d333 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/suffrage | Suffrage | Suffrage
Suffrage, in representative government, the right to vote in electing public officials and adopting or rejecting proposed legislation.
The history of the suffrage, or franchise, is one of gradual extension from limited, privileged groups in society to the entire adult population. Nearly all modern governments... |
391403d94311fe250205323e01489953 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suffragette-film | Suffragette | Suffragette
…real-life activist Edith Garrud, in Suffragette (2015). In 2016 she reprised her role as the strangely proportioned Red Queen from Alice in Wonderland in Alice Through the Looking Glass. Bonham Carter then appeared in Ocean’s 8 (2018), a female-driven reboot of the Ocean’s Eleven franchise from the early 2... |
e75923c238c7132ecf781fd3c0ce4d0f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/Sufi-orders | Sufi orders | Sufi orders
Mystical life was first restricted to the relation between a master and a few disciples; the foundations of a monastic system were laid by the Persian Abū Saʿīd ebn Abī ol-Kheyr (died 1049), but real orders or fraternities came into existence only from the 12th century onward: ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (died ... |
991dcf52e038eecf61001403d8cc2102 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/Symbolism-in-Sufism | Symbolism in Sufism | Symbolism in Sufism
The divine truth was at times revealed to the mystic in visions, auditions, and dreams, in colours and sounds, but to convey these nonrational and ineffable experiences to others the mystic had to rely upon such terminology of worldly experience as that of love and intoxication—often objectionable f... |
502193c9f61db7400e39248b84405211 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/The-path | The path | The path
The path (ṭarīqah) begins with repentance. A mystical guide (shaykh or pīr) accepts the seeker as disciple (murīd), orders him to follow strict ascetic practices, and suggests certain formulas for meditation. It is said that the disciple should be in the hands of the master “like a corpse in the hand of the wa... |
98fc018f8b262fbc464daceaca3f6663 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suite-bergamasque | Suite bergamasque | Suite bergamasque
Suite bergamasque, four-movement suite for piano by French composer Claude Debussy, begun in 1890, when the composer was a student, and revised and published in 1905. Its most readily recognizable segment is the third movement, the ever-popular “Clair de lune” (“Moonlight”).
The work’s title derives ... |
ebe1c4c11742c50bed2eee98c3bc1cfa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suite-Francaise | Suite Française | Suite Française
…returned to the screen in Suite Française (2014), in which she portrayed a woman drawn to a Nazi officer in occupied France during World War II. In 2016 she starred in the Broadway production of Blackbird, playing a woman who seeks out the man who sexually abused her when she…
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4bc9c8cc9a1a384555d500090859492d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suites-for-Unaccompanied-Cello-BWV-1007-1012 | Suites for Unaccompanied Cello, BWV 1007–1012 | Suites for Unaccompanied Cello, BWV 1007–1012
Suites for Unaccompanied Cello, BWV 1007–1012, collection of six suites for solo cello written about 1720 by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are noted for their rich texture and emotional resonance.
Although the suite had developed as a genre much earlier, it did not gain prom... |
241502f1ac3a68748806139889498e60 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sukuma | Sukuma | Sukuma
Sukuma, Bantu-speaking people inhabiting the area of Tanzania south of Lake Victoria between Mwanza Gulf and the Serengeti Plain. By far the largest group in Tanzania, they are culturally and linguistically very similar to the Nyamwezi just south of them.
The Sukuma have a mixed economy based largely on subsis... |
24576513ccbd0d19abaedb3646181fee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sula-novel-by-Morrison | Sula | Sula
Sula, novel by Toni Morrison, published in 1973. It is the story of two black women friends and of their community of Medallion, Ohio. The community has been stunted and turned inward by the racism of the larger society. The rage and disordered lives of the townspeople are seen as a reaction to their stifled hope... |
2fd7f7fbdf729eefbc6954db2477be9d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumatran-languages | Sumatran languages | Sumatran languages
…of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra during the first few centuries of the Christian era and somewhat later in Java. As a result of these contact influences, Sanskrit loanwords entered Malay and Javanese in large numbers. Many Philippine languages also contain substantial numbers of Sanskrit loans, ev... |
a4b8299e4784e003c757a0917a4167c0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumerian-language/Characteristics | Characteristics | Characteristics
The linguistic affinity of Sumerian has not yet been successfully established. Ural-Altaic (which includes Turkish), Dravidian, Brahui, Bantu, and many other groups of languages have been compared with Sumerian, but no theory has gained common acceptance. Sumerian is clearly an agglutinative language in... |
cc71936262b272405fda0f996a3b58d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summa-contra-gentiles | Summa contra gentiles | Summa contra gentiles
the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles, for the classical systematization of Latin theology, and, as a poet, he wrote some of the most gravely beautiful eucharistic hymns in the church’s liturgy. His doctrinal system and the explanations and developments made by his followers are known... |
35729fd78294a389cc44c30b1cf0f76c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/summa-philosophy | Summa | Summa
…whole of attainable truth (summa) was necessarily at the same time a clear progression toward intellectual autonomy and independence, which in order to culminate, as it did in the 13th century, in the great works of Scholasticism’s Golden Age, required in addition the powers of genius, of philosophers like…
…cou... |
0da40552fdb4fc7cb871b0aef01c6808 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summary-of-the-Art-of-War | Summary of the Art of War | Summary of the Art of War
…l’art de la guerre (1838; Summary of the Art of War, 1868). In 1854 he served as adviser to Tsar Nicholas on tactics during the Crimean War and in 1859 advised Emperor Napoleon III on the Italian expedition.
In his Summary of the Art of War (1838), Jomini defined logistics as “the practical a... |
b9c6ff2409f4bcf652983a0690c99de7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summer-in-the-Greenhouse | Summer in the Greenhouse | Summer in the Greenhouse
Her first novel, Summer in the Greenhouse (1959), considered by some to be her finest, presents a woman’s lyrical evocation of a youthful affair. At the end of The Temple of Flora (1961), the heroine renounces her married lover but realizes the depths of emotion of which she…
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cb67541c6ed7cce5068ada74c9a509a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summerlys-tea-service | Summerly’s tea service | Summerly’s tea service
…competition that resulted in “Summerly’s” tea service, designed by Cole and manufactured by Minton’s pottery works. Cole explained that its design “had as much beauty and ornament as is consistent with cheapness.” Much thought was given to fitting form to function. The tea service sold well, and... |
04674c58a293b54e6499cc49c1dddc10 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumo-people | Sumo | Sumo
Sumo, Mesoamerican Indian people of the eastern coastal plain of Nicaragua, closely related to the neighbouring Miskito people. Their language is thought by some authorities to be related to the Chibchan family. The Sumo are agricultural, their staple crop being sweet manioc (yuca). They also grow corn (maize), s... |
2d2e1220d748263eae48adc9458b0f13 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sumptuary-law | Sumptuary law | Sumptuary law
Sumptuary law, any law designed to restrict excessive personal expenditures in the interest of preventing extravagance and luxury. The term denotes regulations restricting extravagance in food, drink, dress, and household equipment, usually on religious or moral grounds. Such laws have proved difficult ... |
e86de722f37e4578b1263d2b97822b37 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sun-Records | Sun Records | Sun Records
…a major rockabilly star on Sun Records with “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On,” “Great Balls of Fire,” and “Breathless,” all Top Ten hits in 1957 and 1958. His rhythmically assured and versatile “pumping” piano style (the left hand maintaining a driving boogie pattern while the right added flashy ornamentation... |
d9e2cf4b55724cc2c5b7e54fa0b5d68a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunday-Jews | Sunday Jews | Sunday Jews
Sunday Jews (2003) explores issues of identity in an eclectic family, which includes an art expert, an atheistic rabbi, an anthropologist, and an agnostic Irish Catholic. In 2004 Calisher published the memoir Tattoo for a Slave, the story of her slave-owning grandparents and her parents’…
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f7a95b6accbf1717b8a286c550534622 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunflowers-painting-by-van-Gogh | Sunflowers | Sunflowers
…sold; the 1987 sale of Sunflowers to the Japanese fire-insurance company Yasuda brought \$39.9 million, a price eclipsed later in the same year by the sale of Irises to Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond for \$53.9 million and again in 1990, when Japanese businessman Ryoei Saito purchased Portrait of Dr. Gac... |
4f28d0ea453540c0a25a9144011302c7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunless | Sunless | Sunless
…melancholy melodies, Bez solntsa (Sunless) and Pesni i plyaski smerti (Songs and Dances of Death). At that time Mussorgsky was haunted by the spectre of death—he himself had only seven more years to live. The death of another friend, the painter Victor Hartmann, inspired Mussorgsky to write the piano…
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dc833bb85b300cea418eefc53cb353e3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunningdale-Agreement | Sunningdale Agreement | Sunningdale Agreement
…Heath that resulted in the Sunningdale Agreement. That accord recognized that Northern Ireland’s relationship with Britain could not be changed without the agreement of a majority of its population, and it provided for the establishment of a Council of Ireland composed of members from both the Dá... |
c004177689492c3c093b237f05bbd2e2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunny-Afternoon | Sunny Afternoon | Sunny Afternoon
…Follower of Fashion,” and “Sunny Afternoon,” the last of which reached number one on the U.K. charts in 1966 and on which Ray Davies imitated 1930s British crooner Al Bowlly.
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9f29cd449f281e3c61b03e4dd3b7828e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunrise-film-by-Murnau | Sunrise | Sunrise
His first American production, Sunrise (1927), was another masterpiece that has been hailed by many critics as the finest silent film ever produced by a Hollywood studio; it was also one of three films to earn for Janet Gaynor the first Academy Award for best actress. Unfortunately, it was…
Murnau (Nosferatu, 1... |
fcd4d408c11aab880ba92b6d2438450d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunset-in-Biafra | Sunset in Biafra | Sunset in Biafra
Sunset in Biafra (1973), his only work of nonfiction, recounts his experiences as a soldier and civilian during the Biafran conflict.
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424d2577031e7686dff41058acca788e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunset-Park | Sunset Park | Sunset Park
…unfolds in his mind, while Sunset Park (2010) concerns the travails of a group of young artists illegally inhabiting an abandoned building in Brooklyn.
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b7410e2c906d447b484e6e60fb87bbf4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunset-Village | Sunset Village | Sunset Village
…of Hide and Seek; and Sunset Village (1976), a novella that details the nefarious goings-on at a retirement community. His short fiction was compiled in Collected Stories, 1935–63 (1964), The Stories of Frank Sargeson (1973), and Frank Sargeson’s Stories (2010).
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535759f68b6028d15cc4eb082b195db9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Super-Bowl-XXXI | Super Bowl XXXI | Super Bowl XXXI
The team’s third Super Bowl appearance, in 1997, was a success: they defeated the New England Patriots 35–21. However, they did not repeat their win the following year against the Denver Broncos. After that loss Holmgren left the Packers for a job with the Seattle Seahawks, but…
…made it to their first ... |
f4ca3c609519143755ee809f1b997163 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Super-Mario-Bros | Super Mario Bros | Super Mario Bros
Super Mario Bros., console game created by the Japanese electronic game manufacturer Nintendo Company, Ltd., in 1985 for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game, which was based on the arcade game Mario Bros., helped launch one of gaming’s most popular franchises. It stars Mario and Luigi, t... |
594b02d6e135a453e567291d0d63d333 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/supercalendered-finish | Supercalendered finish | Supercalendered finish
Supercalendered book is the smoothest surface that can be obtained without coating. The finish is obtained by a special calendering operation after the paper leaves the paper machine. The supercalender presses the paper between successive sets of iron and compressed fibre rolls that make a…
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8d2e406e4b2f73445c0401463fe2d4a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/superdelegate | Superdelegate | Superdelegate
So-called “superdelegates,” which include members of the Democratic National Committee (the party’s formal governing body) as well as Democratic governors and members of Congress, also participate. However, following criticism of the superdelegates’ influence in the 2016 nomination process, their power wa... |
c676f5f32dcd7ffcae288b245395e333 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/superencryption | Superencryption | Superencryption
…a final transposition, known as superencryption. One of the most famous field ciphers of all time was a fractionation system, the ADFGVX cipher employed by the German army during World War I. This system used a 6 × 6 matrix to substitution-encrypt the 26 letters and 10 digits into pairs…
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4fd17d787bf6e64a68f3b52e073f0096 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Superman-fictional-character | Superman | Superman
Superman, American comic strip superhero created for DC Comics by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster. Superman first appeared in Action Comics, no. 1 (June 1938).
Superman is an American superhero created for DC Comics by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster. Superman first appeared in 1938, in ... |
e73268bad925622a4732d093b9690c1e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Superman-fictional-character/The-Man-of-Steel-in-the-Golden-Age | The Man of Steel in the Golden Age | The Man of Steel in the Golden Age
Superman’s origin is perhaps one of the best-known stories in comic book history. Indeed, in All Star Superman no. 1 (2005), writer Grant Morrison and artist Frank Quitely expertly cover the salient points with just four panels and eight words. On the doomed planet Krypton, scientists... |
d2bcf3b2a3abfd3318f29af8bece5a6a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/supermax-prison | Supermax prison | Supermax prison
Supermax prison, correctional facility, or collection of separate housing units within a maximum-security prison, in the American prison system that is designed to house both inmates described as the most-hardened criminals and those who cannot be controlled through other means. There is no uniform ter... |
3c6f31a1b59e55b87f0a445039c03399 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/superstition | Superstition | Superstition
Superstition, belief, half-belief, or practice for which there appears to be no rational substance. Those who use the term imply that they have certain knowledge or superior evidence for their own scientific, philosophical, or religious convictions. An ambiguous word, it probably cannot be used except sub... |
11ac5f805e9edd5ea89617b43b6440b9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/superstore | Superstore | Superstore
Superstores, hypermarkets, and combination stores are unique retail merchandisers. With facilities averaging 35,000 square feet (3,300 square metres), superstores meet many of the consumer’s needs for food and nonfood items by housing a full-service grocery store as well as such services as dry cleaning,…
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1f49e147953252ed4b1c624002cb03e4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suppliants-play-by-Aeschylus | Suppliants | Suppliants
Suppliants, Greek Hiketides, Latin Supplices, the first and only surviving play of a trilogy by Aeschylus, believed to have been performed in 468.
As the play opens, the Danaïds (born in Egypt though of Greek descent) have fled with their father to Argos in Greece in order to avoid forced marriage with thei... |
7f2f3301d1ce78131333e06c1b144e7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/supplicatio | Supplicatio | Supplicatio
Supplicatio, in Roman religion, a rite or series of rites celebrated either as a thanksgiving to the gods for a great victory or as an act of humility after a national calamity. During those times the public was given general access to some or all of the gods; the statues or sacred emblems of the gods oft... |
ff969a36c797e542df0eff1b0b6e7534 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/supply-curve | Supply curve | Supply curve
Supply curve, in economics, graphic representation of the relationship between product price and quantity of product that a seller is willing and able to supply. Product price is measured on the vertical axis of the graph and quantity of product supplied on the horizontal axis.
In most cases, the supply c... |
cfd23b4e05f270b2a44f6f1f320e9813 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/supply-side-economics | Supply-side economics | Supply-side economics
Supply-side economics, Theory that focuses on influencing the supply of labour and goods, using tax cuts and benefit cuts as incentives to work and produce goods. It was expounded by the U.S. economist Arthur Laffer (b. 1940) and implemented by Pres. Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. Supporters point t... |
702e31f37139fd5491b664b8539a9d8e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suppression-of-Counterrevolutionaries | Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries | Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries
A Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries campaign dealt violently with many former leaders of secret societies, religious associations, and the KMT in early 1951. In late 1951 and early 1952, three major political campaigns brought the revolutionary essence of the CCP home to key ur... |
474cbd0d8aeea747f50370514b2457d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supreme-Allied-Commander-Europe | Supreme Allied Commander Europe | Supreme Allied Commander Europe
…World War II, was named Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) by the North Atlantic Council (NATO’s governing body) in December 1950. He was followed as SACEUR by a succession of American generals.
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b1346230a36a5d99790a16b66396c3b3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supreme-Council-of-Ukraine | Supreme Council of Ukraine | Supreme Council of Ukraine
…the unicameral Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council of Ukraine), which succeeded the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Changes to electoral laws in 1997 stipulated that half of the legislative seats would be apportioned among members of the various political parties according to their relati... |
a8b009f374688cf0a308e1df954adacf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supreme-Council-United-Arab-Emirates-government-body | Supreme Council | Supreme Council
…highest governmental authority is the Federal Supreme Council, which is composed of the quasi-hereditary rulers of the seven emirates. The president and vice president of the federation are elected for five-year terms by the Supreme Council from among its members. The president appoints a prime ministe... |
b336279c17362cb43fd34effd0363d3f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supreme-Court-of-Ukraine | Supreme Court of Ukraine | Supreme Court of Ukraine
…the judicial system is the Supreme Court of Ukraine. The court’s function is to supervise judicial activities. Constitutional matters are determined by the Constitutional Court.
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581aab8fc0ed9b3be59fa18ed502ac17 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supreme-Economic-Council-18th-century-Italian-organization | Supreme Economic Council | Supreme Economic Council
…he was appointed to the Supreme Economic Council of Milan and remained a public official for the remainder of his life. In his public role Beccaria became concerned with a large variety of measures, including monetary reform, labour relations, and public education. A report written by Beccaria... |
3b731437f0748c7b5b3253286664d019 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Supung-Dam | Sup'ung Dam | Sup'ung Dam
Sup’ung Dam, Korean Sup’ung-daem, Chinese (Pinyin) Shuifeng Shuiba or (Wade-Giles romanization) Shui-feng Shui-pa, hydroelectric project on the Yalu River at the North Korean border with Liaoning province, northeastern China, upstream from Dandong. It was originally designed as a joint project of the Japan... |
51b8bd9d5120311d6507fce7820edfae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/suretyship | Suretyship | Suretyship
suretyship, in law, assumption of liability for the obligations of another. In modern usage the term guaranty has largely superseded suretyship.
Surety contracts are designed to protect businesses against the possible dishonesty of their employees. Surety and fidelity bonds fill the gap left by theft insur... |
4facaae7dbe5e243104d5aa1e00735df | https://www.britannica.com/topic/surgical-expense-insurance | Surgical expense insurance | Surgical expense insurance
Surgical expense insurance covers the surgeon’s charge for given operations or medical procedures, usually up to a maximum for each type of operation. Regular medical insurance contracts indemnify the insured for expenses such as physicians’ home or office visits, medicines, and other medical... |
ab67083f81e30a7850c9206890043c45 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Surmic-languages | Surmic languages | Surmic languages
Surmic languages, also called Didinga-Murle or Surma, group of languages that are spoken in southwestern Ethiopia and neighbouring zones of South Sudan and that form part of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The three branches of Surmic languages are the Northern, represented by the Majang language; t... |
c8f25cc578f8193b91123b42e69ea8ce | https://www.britannica.com/topic/surplus-value | Surplus value | Surplus value
Surplus value, Marxian economic concept that professed to explain the instability of the capitalist system. Adhering to David Ricardo’s labour theory of value, Karl Marx held that human labour was the source of economic value. The capitalist pays his workers less than the value their labour has added to... |
450c86aa28cc50b1344adaac4e600951 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Surprise-Symphony | Surprise Symphony | Surprise Symphony
Surprise Symphony, byname of Symphony No. 94 in G Major, orchestral work by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, so named for the “surprise”—a startlingly loud chord—that interrupts the otherwise soft and gentle flow of the second movement. The distinctive feature did not appear in the original score. Rat... |
b1467e7a16c1aa0045c94c5b24cbe573 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sursagar | Sūrsāgar | Sūrsāgar
…collection of poetry called the Sūrsāgar, a work that is admired throughout the Hindi-speaking areas of northern India. It is particularly rich in its details of daily life and in its sensitive perception of human emotion, the parent’s for the child and the maiden’s for her lover. Other members of…
…Vedanta, ... |
b701c047d3532c36b221d4c5ee10ea12 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Surt-Norse-mythology | Surt | Surt
…in the south, guarded by Surt, the fire giant. In the beginning, according to one tradition, the warm air from this region melted the ice of the opposite region, Niflheim, thus giving form to Aurgelmir (Ymir), the father of the evil giants. Sparks from Muspelheim became the Sun, Moon, and…
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817d82bdfa51306fced2a59e0d273d92 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Survival-of-the-Dead | Survival of the Dead | Survival of the Dead
…of the Dead (2007), and Survival of the Dead (2009). The Dead series was rife with social commentary, with allusions to the Cold War, consumerism, and class conflict. In addition to zombies, Romero’s films have explored other horror movie staples, including witchcraft in Hungry Wives (1972; rerele... |
d3286574694e8d8c39d6d2878ff792ce | https://www.britannica.com/topic/survival-training | Survival training | Survival training
Survival training, teaching people to survive in the wilderness, using essentially Stone Age skills. Such techniques include building shelters from available materials, making fire without matches, locating water, identifying edible plants, manufacturing tools, hunting and trapping animals with primi... |
89988c9618e3640b7d94d8ee75fb96d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Survivor-American-television-show | Survivor | Survivor
Survivor, popular reality television game show whose format has been adapted and produced in more than 25 countries since the late 1990s, becoming a huge hit on American television after its debut on CBS in 2000.
First employed in 1997 for a Swedish television show called Expedition: Robinson (as in Robinson ... |
f93d369ec4d1e6a03921a1fff4d83e5b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-Civil-War-15th-century | Swedish Civil War | Swedish Civil War
…to accept this compromise, and war broke out between the two countries. In 1457 the noble opposition, led by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, rebelled against Charles, who fled to Danzig. Oxenstierna and Erik Axelsson Tott, a Danish noble, became the regents, and Christian was hailed as king of... |
bd55c4b4565440afa2ff59712c65d6de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-code | Swedish code | Swedish code
Thus, King Magnus’ Swedish code (1350) abolished private vengeance, declaring that the king’s officials should initiate criminal proceedings and provide for the punishment of wrongdoers. Furthermore, presumably under the influence of Christianity, legal provisions were introduced to assist paupers and the ... |
f3fcf650afd1b85e761b237d629c7f53 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-East-India-Company | Swedish East India Company | Swedish East India Company
In 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, which was extremely successful until it was forced out of business during the Napoleonic Wars. The capital produced by the East India Company and other commercial enterprises formed the basis for a rapid growth of manufacturing enterprises, ... |
389c85282abcdff37899c90d42076a1c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-Film-History-Collection | Swedish Film History Collection | Swedish Film History Collection
…earliest film archive was the Swedish Film History Collection begun in 1933. Archives in Paris, London, and New York City followed shortly afterward. An international federation (FIAF; Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film), with headquarters in Paris, was founded in 1938.
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70d30cdfe67b70fbe2cf52c8450fbfda | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-typology | Swedish typology | Swedish typology
…controversial is his theory, the “Swedish typology,” suggesting that material culture and biological life develop through essentially the same kind of evolutionary process. His main works include Om tidsbestämming inom Bronsåldern (1885; “On Determining the Periods Within the Bronze Age”), The Civiliz... |
576d44b7a43e94cd9d7fd3a067af8c99 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swedish-War-of-Secession | Swedish War of Secession | Swedish War of Secession
A civil war broke out, and in 1517 a meeting of the estates in Stockholm declared Trolle removed from his position. Despite military assistance from Christian II, Trolle was imprisoned. After a defeat by the Swedes, Christian began negotiations and took six noblemen, among them Gustav…
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17552606beb1764bb7cd345528312a4e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweeney-Agonistes | Sweeney Agonistes | Sweeney Agonistes
Sweeney Agonistes, poetic drama in two scenes by T.S. Eliot, published in two parts in the New Criterion, as “Fragment of a Prologue” (October 1926) and “Fragment of an Agon” (January 1927), and together in book form as Sweeney Agonistes: Fragments of an Aristophanic Melodrama (1932). Although not or... |
af2764037a611cc3b21f0a06cc1ab1ee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweet-Adeline-film-by-LeRoy | Sweet Adeline | Sweet Adeline
Sweet Adeline (1934), a period musical, starred Irene Dunne as a Hoboken beer-garden singer and was awash in Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II songs. In the comedy Page Miss Glory (1935), Marion Davies starred as a chambermaid who happens to resemble a composite photo…
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54dc717f9e266258b9cddddfca7406f0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweet-Adelines-International | Sweet Adelines International | Sweet Adelines International
…for women, Sweet Adelines (now Sweet Adelines International), was founded on July 13, 1945, also in Tulsa. In the early 21st century the group had members on five continents, including more than 1,200 quartets and 600 choruses. It also holds an annual convention and contests. It publishes ... |
5cf6ce5ff70ad9f939f4b97ab1c65db5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sweet-butter | Sweet butter | Sweet butter
Unsalted butter is often referred to as “sweet” butter. This should not be confused with “sweet cream” butter, which may or may not be salted. Reduced-fat, or “light,” butter usually contains about 40 percent milk fat.
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1200aa9f5aa3157604c9980954e842d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweet-case | Sweet case | Sweet case
In the Sweet case (1925–26), he won acquittal for a black family that had fought against a mob trying to expel it from its residence in a white neighbourhood in Detroit.
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e84efaee95040e3f2593c7b219ab2b02 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweet-Jane | Sweet Jane | Sweet Jane
…covered Reed’s Velvets classic “Sweet Jane.” Later Patti Smith and Television’s Tom Verlaine would cite him as an inspiration for the mid-1970s New York City punk scene (see CBGB-OMFUG). Yet, all the while, Reed flirted with self-parody and self-destruction through drug and alcohol abuse and a string of wil... |
7390ef003b054a2a3f41af9a23cd78d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sweezy-v-New-Hampshire | Sweezy v. New Hampshire | Sweezy v. New Hampshire
In Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957), however, he upheld a claim of academic freedom by a socialist college professor subjected to a state investigation.
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83b73317ad65341af2d3b25df8583598 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swiss-Bank-Corporation | Swiss Bank Corporation | Swiss Bank Corporation
Swiss Bank Corporation, former Swiss bank, one of the largest banks in Switzerland until its merger with the Union Bank of Switzerland in 1998. The Swiss Bank Corporation was established in 1872 as the Basler Bankverein, specializing in investment banking. In an 1895 merger with Zürcher Bankvere... |
11222a943cd2868da11284c6a2e667cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swissair-Participation-SA | Swissair Participation SA | Swissair Participation SA
In 1981 the holding company Swissair Participation SA was created to run the nonairline subsidiaries, including hotel, restaurant, airline catering, real estate, travel agency, and freight operations.
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374497aae5f401ebee76a230f7d59849 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sword-of-the-Spirit | Sword of the Spirit | Sword of the Spirit
…October 1940 he founded the Sword of the Spirit, a politico-religious group that comprised not only Roman Catholics but also the Churches of England and Scotland, as well as the Free Churches, in its efforts to rally British churchmen against totalitarianism. Hinsley criticized the negative stand o... |
ed50f9cd63b8831193c7ce19e71c3921 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sydney-Carton | Sydney Carton | Sydney Carton
Sydney Carton, fictional character, one of the protagonists of Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities (1859), set in France and England before and during the French Revolution.
Carton first appears as a cynical drunkard who serves as a legal aide to a London barrister. He is secretly in love with Lucie M... |
99955b113a3cc37c35e750049bb6fb5f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sydney-Harbour-Bridge | Sydney Harbour Bridge | Sydney Harbour Bridge
Sydney Harbour Bridge, steel-arch bridge across Sydney Harbour (Port Jackson), Australia. The bridge, opened in 1932, serves as the primary transportation link between Sydney and its suburbs on the northern side of the harbour. It spans about 500 metres (1,650 feet), making it one of the longest ... |
0d83438959d263f797508e9ff19493af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sydney-Police-Act | Sydney Police Act | Sydney Police Act
…England’s Metropolitan Police Act, the Sydney Police Act of 1833 led to the establishment of urban police forces. Police coverage was extended to rural areas in 1838, when each of the country’s six states created its own police agency.
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1fe1b6ecb3e8a74233a3456b9ce8586e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/syllabary | Syllabary | Syllabary
Syllabary, a set of written symbols used to represent the syllables of the words of a language. Writing systems that use syllabaries wholly or in part include Japanese, Cherokee, the ancient Cretan scripts (Linear A and Linear B), and various Indic and cuneiform writing systems. Some syllabaries include sep... |
4314e7d13e5818da98f287bad1d2cc36 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/syllogism | Syllogism | Syllogism
Syllogism, in logic, a valid deductive argument having two premises and a conclusion. The traditional type is the categorical syllogism in which both premises and the conclusion are simple declarative statements that are constructed using only three simple terms between them, each term appearing twice (as a... |
59983cfab4e48d5db70919dc908178bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sylva-or-a-Discourse-of-Forest-trees-and-the-Propagation-of-Timber | Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber | Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber
…the commissioners of the navy Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber, a description of the various kinds of trees, their cultivation, and uses. The study, with numerous modifications, had gone through 10 editions by 1825... |
f8eff840fd1e737afa75cc42d15c165f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Texas-Revolution/Santa-Anna-responds-the-Alamo-and-the-Goliad-Massacre | Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre | Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre
Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas. In command of an army th... |
ff52076ca81fa27813e96960b45d4825 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Texas-School-Book-Depository | Texas School Book Depository | Texas School Book Depository
…secured a job at the Texas School Book Depository.
…president’s convertible passed the multistory Texas School Book Depository building. Moments later, at about 12:30 pm, shots rang out. A bullet pierced the base of the neck of the president, exited through his throat, and then likely (acc... |
e91e409c6541ebc67474273f9795cd66 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Texas-Southern-University | Texas Southern University | Texas Southern University
Texas Southern University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Houston, Texas, U.S. A historically black university, it continues to have an enrollment that is predominantly African American. It grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees within colleges of li... |
f61db8b2de2d15feeb04289dce7842b7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/textbook | Textbook | Textbook
Specialization became frequent, particularly in educational books, as the needs of the new school populations were realized. Some companies, such as Macmillan, in both its British and American houses, had begun to issue schoolbooks almost by chance; then, as their sales grew most profitably, they developed sep... |
5ac13ed815d7d7f170025f8c853083d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/Basic-weaves | Basic weaves | Basic weaves
The basic weaves include plain (or tabby), twills, and satins.
Plain, or tabby, weave, the simplest and most common of all weaves, requires only two harnessses and has two warp and weft yarns in each weave unit. To produce it, the warp yarns are held parallel under tension while a crosswise weft yarn is sh... |
f741ba0247d33201d0efbe573596c431 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/Conversion-to-yarn | Conversion to yarn | Conversion to yarn
Because filaments, such as silk and the synthetic fibres, have extreme length, they can be made into yarn without the spinning operation necessary for the shorter staple fibres. When grouped together in a loose, continuous rope without twist, synthetic filaments are called tow. Filaments may be loose... |
5f72d1a4e0cc8c560b64d9699fdf5a35 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/Production-of-fabric?fbclid=IwAR1R9XLi9pd5sJ_aMJEudJt9OUch43kn4RNnVkiwZu3qY5ZbBm9yy7ae5eI | Production of fabric | Production of fabric
Fabric construction involves the conversion of yarns, and sometimes fibres, into a fabric having characteristics determined by the materials and methods employed. Most fabrics are presently produced by some method of interlacing, such as weaving or knitting. Weaving, currently the major method of f... |
b32d26840b50c6926ea80f1ecd3a56f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Textron-Inc | Textron Inc. | Textron Inc.
Textron Inc., American multi-industry company that pioneered the conglomerate concept. Its present-day core organization includes aircraft, automotive, and industrial manufacturing segments. The firm was established in 1923 as a textile maker and acquired its present name in 1956. Headquarters are in Prov... |
acccba48501deb4da5d5c1526118d4af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tezcatlipoca | Tezcatlipoca | Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca, (Nahuatl: “Smoking Mirror”) god of the Great Bear constellation and of the night sky, one of the major deities of the Aztec pantheon. Tezcatlipoca’s cult was brought to central Mexico by the Toltecs, Nahua-speaking warriors from the north, about the end of the 10th century ad.
Numerous myths... |
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