id
stringlengths
32
32
url
stringlengths
31
1.58k
title
stringlengths
0
1.02k
contents
stringlengths
92
1.17M
9295acb514e6a042dea722997aa9fdae
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d446
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Secretary of State to Chargé Sleeper. Sir: The department has read with attention your dispatch No. 1438 of the 13th instant, in which you report y...
98fbee027317c3b755f0066c6eb83158
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d447
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Sleeper to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have the honor to advise the department that a presidential decree of general application, providing a...
9ac44c4f8a48268a4d15d3a4a08526ae
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d448
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Sleeper to the Secretary of State. Sir: In continuation of my dispatch No. 1441 of January 16, 1906, relative to sanitary ordinances for the isl...
389694dbfb426b4df6582468e31e702c
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d449
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Sleeper to the Secretary of State. Sir: In continuation of my dispatch No. 1438 of the 13th ultimo, and in reply to department’s instructions No...
a4bb36ad6b03299203161acd7828a0aa
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d45
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Belgian Minister to the Secretary of State. The Belgian minister acknowledges receipt of the memorandum of the State Department dated February 15 r...
d10492a79b34f17d75d4ef818850f98d
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d451
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Morgan to the Secretary of State. Sir: As an additional precautionary measure against yellow fever the sanitary department of Habana on Saturd...
ea1491e8e44839ffd4c34152cd1847d6
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d457
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Secretary of State to the American Legation. (Mr. Root, referring to assurance by Cuban treasury under date of July 27, 1904, to Mr. Hawley, in rep...
959e7e33af7bb48ca308adb8ee8b9a08
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d458
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Sleeper to the Secretary of State. (Mr. Sleeper reports compliance with the department’s telegram of 30th, relative to the Seaboard Rice Milling...
68f18411daeb35db2af739db2740e690
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d459
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Sleeper to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have to acknowledge receipt of department telegram of January 30, 1906, in regard to granting the reci...
d1cdb96763369f1d7eb19cba17ebd7f3
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d46
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Belgian Minister to the Secretary of State. Dear Mr. Secretary of State: Following upon the conversation which we had this morning, I beg to submit...
f96114a787c4b4fcff4ed8071b213989
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d461
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Morgan. Sir: The department has received Mr. Sleeper’s dispatch No. 1474, with inclosure, of the 20th ultimo,...
6e6b8f8dadfe3f5e636ba27000ce5faa
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d462
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Morgan to the Secretary of State. Sir: Referring to the department’s No. 7, of March 3, in relation to the refusal of the Cuban Government to ...
df0bd9e81e597f3dbf3560f45d3aa2bb
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d47
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Department of State to the Belgian Legation. The Department of State has the honor to acknowledge receipt of the memorandum of the Belgian minister dat...
b0bc6f29d18cf2acf40bfe6f683b9a85
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d504
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Dawson to the Secretary of State. Sir: Continuing the subject of my No. 205 of the 17th instant, the collection of the sugar-production tax, I...
f906c480b7f008b9442ef417e84629f9
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d505
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Dawson to the Secretary of State. Sir: Referring to the subject of my Nos. 205 and 208, of the 17th and 29th ultimo, the collection of the sug...
1203769ee482fda06aa981c74a09152b
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d641
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Ambassador Reid to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have the honor to report the receipt of a letter from the Federation of Grocers’ Associations of the ...
09bc696bb512bc5604cc4dcfac689def
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d661
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Jackson to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have the honor to report that Rear-Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee, “commanding third division, Atlan...
8cbfa910613c9e81b058ca4f58170d43
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d662
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Jackson to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have the honor to report that Rear-Admiral Willard H. Brownson, commanding the armored-cruiser squad...
6fb79bc070b0f18e86f1f20e6a224fbd
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d665
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Minister Jackson to the Secretary of State. Sir: Referring to previous correspondence, I have the honor to report that formal verbal representations we...
629087ebfe481e447c9c02807aa1be31
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d667
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I Chargé Wilson to the Secretary of State. Sir: I have the honor to report that the Second Constitutional Assembly of Crete met at Canea on July 13, and ...
c53c9b478282600bacb815f2dacfa463
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d7
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I The Secretary of State to the Argentine minister. Sir: I have the honor to inclose for your information a copy of an act approved June 28, 1906, “to pr...
1a4e632d9412d44fa7e86cf67059678e
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d729
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I convention for the establishment of a central-american international bureau. The Governments of the Republics of Costa Rica, Salvador, Guatemala, and H...
f40ea7e852ddbf25a6aa5df8fc237dfc
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1906p1/d8
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts), Part I [Untitled] To the diplomatic officers of the United States. Gentlemen: I transmit herewith copies of the act of April 5, 1906, providing for the reorga...
43efbfba4cc97fa145445be530b778af
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch1
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Efforts at neutralization of the Far East [1] The Chinese Legation to the Department of State 763.72111/34¾ [2] Memorandum by the Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) on Course To Be Pursued To Preserve the...
0cb42c7f431aba5f5d7a6e633e13e120
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch10
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Enforcement of American neutrality–Statements concerning American neutrality policy [156] Memorandum by the Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) on the Preservation of Neutrality by the People of the United...
baf55efa1976763d45e34128ead64f66
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch11
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Interference with American commerce by Great Britain and her allies [218] The Acting Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72112/126 [219] The Acting Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72112/359a [220] Th...
34342841b7fa34d71a4130bf6de14376
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch12
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Armed merchant ships 1 1. For additional correspondence on this subject, see pp. 560 ff., passim. [289] The Secretary of State to the British Ambassador (Spring Rice) 763.72111/144: Telegram [290] The Secretary of Sta...
2c76999f611aed0739dd8f34e740f979
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch13
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary–German submarine warfare–Severance of diplomatic relations and outbreak of war with Germany [317] The Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72112/710c [318] Newspaper Te...
6be3669dbca2efe43e94c40a7166fcd8
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch14
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Correspondence between the Secretary of State and American ambassadors in Europe Contents
a8ce01fa2d7f5fd682dd18a0f8dc90bf
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch2
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Peace proposals [6] President Wilson to the Secretary of State 763.72119/36½ [7] The Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72119/35½a [8] The Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72119/35½b [9] President Wi...
7e234672a1ccb52e895fa7a66bdeb655
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch3
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Recruiting of American citizens [25] Memorandum by the Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) 763.72111/81½ [26] President Wilson to the Secretary of State 763.72111/82½ [27] The Chairman of the Committee on ...
d532dd94c5ed701b495a44aede5c659d
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch4
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Attitude of the United States toward methods of warfare employed by belligerents [29] The Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) to the Secretary of State 763.72116/42½ [30] The Secretary of State to Presiden...
28955fc2c387ea297a371283dfa2bb4a
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch5
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Action by the American legation in Belgium on behalf of Miss Edith Cavell [49] The Minister in Belgium ( Whitlock ) to the Secretary of State 362.412 C31/1 [50] The Minister in Belgium (Whitlock) to the Secretary of S...
c1d38401a70a56e06cce477b50db8dae
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch6
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Conduct of foreign diplomats in the United States [54] The Turkish Ambassador (Rustem) to the Secretary of State 701.6711/88 [55] The Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) to the Secretary of State 701.6711/...
3261f8721140c2c597943c79072c769f
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch7
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Transfer of foreign vessels to American registry [90] Mr. J. P. Morgan to President Wilson 195.1/14½ [91] President Wilson to the Counselor for the Department of State (Lansing) 195.1/15½ [92] The Counselor for the De...
82c0235379647d883968e6602f359ec0
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch8
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Sale of munitions to belligerents [102] The Acting Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72112/133½a [103] President Wilson to the Secretary of State 763.72112/134½ [104] The Secretary of State to President Wilso...
7dec28774d596daa3a00be01e2fb79dd
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/ch9
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I Loans to belligerents [132] The Secretary of State to President Wilson 763.72111/35½a [133] The Ambassador in Germany (Gerard) to the Secretary of State 851.51/6: Telegram [134] The Secretary of State to the Ambassado...
e089b49beb9425ba0567be1e76841dcd
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d658
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 763.72/1671 The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State My Dear Mr. Secretary: I take the liberty to report to you the following very remarkable coincidence. Your first long Note to the British Go...
c3055a1292abd01467d6678cee97d35f
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d662
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 865.857 An 2/112½: Telegram The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State 3500. The Washington correspondents of the most important London papers report that the last Austrian note on the Ancona 36 ...
ce52b00f586716fbd1de2d066c47e51b
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d663
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 763.72/2481½: Telegram The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State 3783. To the President: Because of the ever-increasing public feeling against the administration the British Government has order...
d56dfeb96b2c72db502d4d0aa6b8de1a
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d666
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 763.72/2689½: Telegram The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State 4256. For the President and the Secretary only. Newspaper comment and private opinion here regard the German note39 as only [anot...
76e43a389bde0e909e114971d4eed347
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d669
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 763.72111/4468 The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State Dear Mr. Secretary: As I telegraphed you, I am sure there was no need to show to the Foreign Office the two personal statements that you ...
743d124d3486816a741110c32870fed1
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d671
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I 123 P 14/54a: Telegram The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) 4395. Under extreme pressure of present situation President has been unable to consider your communications in regard to your res...
5b3f798754c0a4b4ecf97fbef5638ded
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d150
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 811.001 W 69/119½ President Wilson to the Secretary of State My Dear Mr. Secretary: Will you not say to the Russian Ambassador that this is the republication of an essay which I wrote and first published more than tw...
8a9a596e8a7700930dddec5b95ad6c5c
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d154
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 763.72/2835½ The Ambassador in Russia (Francis) to the Secretary of State Dear Mr. Secretary: The resignation of Foreign Minister Sazonoff and the appointment of Minister of Interior Stürmer as his successor was anno...
7c431a8056015d4e97e87d5a2754f21a
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d157
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 763.72/3787a The Secretary of State to President Wilson My Dear Mr. President: We have not, as you know, congratulated the Russian Government or people upon the establishment of democratic institutions in that countr...
05d66e8b23eaead1a303c42e83286fab
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d161
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 763.72/4031½ President Wilson to the Secretary of State My Dear Mr. Secretary: I have been thinking a great deal about the personnel of the Russian Commission. I hope that in your conference with him to-day you will ...
9c282146c7b3a29053805475c3de1460
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d170
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 861.00/361 The Secretary of State to President Wilson My Dear Mr. President: I enclose a telegram of the 16th from William English Walling to Mr. Polk21 and also two telegrams (No’s 1270 and 1288) from Francis which ...
5861dc6d8d540b51321a80c94cde7c35
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v02/d177
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II 861.00/804d The Secretary of State to President Wilson My Dear Mr. President: After consultation with Secretary Mc-Adoo today, and in line with our talk last evening, I have prepared the enclosed telegram which Secre...
f709e84f46e99e4906b97b4582911102
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914Supp/ch36
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement, The World War
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement, The World War New regulations governing the issuance of passports—Emergency Passports [1145] The Secretary of State to the Ambassadors and Ministers in European Countries File No. 300.11/8a [1146] The Secretary of State to the Ambassador i...
1a8cd87ff7979825010af530ac740dfe
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914Supp/d963
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement, The World War
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement, The World War File No. 763.72111/86 The Secretary of State to the British Chargé d’Affaires (Barclay) Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge your note No. 254 dated August 4, 1914, 11 p.m.,1 but presented to the Department on the following d...
a2419337ef3b81054259625e4c04836e
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1915/ch100
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress December 7, 1915
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress December 7, 1915 Control by the United States of wireless telegraph stations in Panama 8 8. Continued from For. Rel. 1914, pp. 1036–1052. [1745] Minister Price to the Secretary of State. File No. 819.74/68. [174...
f0d73742b9e7977f0bd52ce8e1522838
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1915/ch103
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress December 7, 1915
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress December 7, 1915 Protection of Chinese interests in Panama; good offices of the American Legation 16 16. Continued from For. Rel. 1913, pp. 1105–1139. [1869] Minister Price to the Secretary of State. File No. 81...
c29fae2538f4599dd4f8d4c38b843c38
https://www.britannica.com/science/esophageal-sphincter
Esophageal sphincter
Esophageal sphincter …by muscular constrictions known as sphincters; at the anterior, or upper, end is the upper esophageal sphincter, and at the distal, or lower, end is the lower esophageal sphincter. The cricopharyngeal muscle, or upper esophageal sphincter, which has kept the esophagus closed until this point, rela...
119508016d389e91ac4acde88874eb2c
https://www.britannica.com/science/esophagogastrectomy
Esophagogastrectomy
Esophagogastrectomy …be necessary to perform an esophagogastrectomy, in which a portion of the esophagus is removed along with a portion of the stomach. The stomach is then reattached directly to the remaining esophagus, or a segment of the colon is used to link the stomach and esophagus. Both of these surgeries…
88b0d736faed796a91889c2d2da2c8c5
https://www.britannica.com/science/essential-fatty-acid
Essential fatty acid
Essential fatty acid …diet and, therefore, are called essential fatty acids. (4) Many unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature, in contrast to the saturated stearic (C18) and arachidic (C20) acids, which are solids. The reason is that the regular nature of the saturated hydrocarbon chains allows the mole...
613d44645eafe1d3151dafa57279911a
https://www.britannica.com/science/essential-fatty-acid-deficiency
Essential fatty acid deficiency
Essential fatty acid deficiency Deficiencies of these two fatty acids have been seen in hospitalized patients fed exclusively with intravenous fluids containing no fat for weeks, patients with medical conditions affecting fat absorption, infants given formulas low in fat, and young children fed nonfat milk or low-fat d...
bafd5c0d421dc6ce2eb6850843402aa0
https://www.britannica.com/science/essential-hypertension
Essential hypertension
Essential hypertension …the condition is classified as essential hypertension. (Essential hypertension is also called primary or idiopathic hypertension.) This is by far the most common type of high blood pressure, occurring in 90 to 95 percent of patients. Genetic factors appear to play a major role in the occurrence ...
c377c7db64776e2554d3aa7d6af2c0e9
https://www.britannica.com/science/essential-nutrient
Essential nutrient
Essential nutrient The six classes of nutrients found in foods are carbohydrates, lipids (mostly fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins constitute the bulk of the diet, amounting together to about 500 grams (just over one pound) per day in…
34f845800690023c7fd874e6dc8f67e9
https://www.britannica.com/science/essexite
Essexite
Essexite Essexite, dark gray to black, fine-grained, intrusive igneous rock that occurs in Essex County, Mass.; at Mount Royal, near Montreal; near Oslo, Nor.; at Roztoky, Czech Republic; and at Carclout, Scot. It contains plagioclase as the dominant feldspar, as well as orthoclase feldspar, augite, biotite, hornblen...
f8db0f79510a3fb8dc6bc98609dba155
https://www.britannica.com/science/Essure
Essure
Essure …a nonsurgical procedure known as Essure. In this approach, the doctor uses a flexible lighted instrument known as a hysteroscope to insert and place a soft coil implant into each of the fallopian tubes. The instrument, which is attached to a camera to visualize tissues and guide implant placement, is…
4a7c2ce7f00ca12d91f9bdafab311e78
https://www.britannica.com/science/estradiol
Estradiol
Estradiol Estradiol is the most potent of the estrogens. Functioning similarly to androgens, the estrogens promote the development of the primary and secondary female sex characteristics; they also stimulate linear growth and skeletal maturation. In other mammals these hormones have been shown to precipitate estrus (he...
a409bcb2ca83723081108d49d168426b
https://www.britannica.com/science/estranol
Estranol
Estranol Synthetic estrogens, such as estranol or mestranol (18), commonly used in oral contraceptives and for other therapeutic purposes, have acetylenic (containing triple bonds between carbon atoms) substituents. Nonsteroidal synthetic estrogens—e.g., diethylstilbestrol (19) and related compounds—are used clinically...
c7160a2a1b3325fbe62da4f98c209c63
https://www.britannica.com/science/estuary/Geology-and-geomorphology
Geology and geomorphology
Geology and geomorphology The geologic processes that form an estuary are extremely complex and varied, but it is clear that the existence of an estuary is largely dependent on the position of sea level relative to the freshwater discharge. If sea level were lowered, the estuarine zone would migrate seaward at the inte...
41ea4b05bbce210a119ca0717dbdb2f4
https://www.britannica.com/science/eta-meson
Eta-meson
Eta-meson …and subsequent discovery of the eta-meson (1962). Some years later the decay rate of the pi-meson into two photons was used to support the hypothesis that quarks can take on one of three “colours.” Studies of the competing decay modes of K-mesons, which occur via the weak force, have led…
dc1fb2b9f4493b36383eb50d22d9709f
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethambutol
Ethambutol
Ethambutol ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide are synthetic chemicals used in treating tuberculosis. Isoniazid, ethionamide, and pyrazinamide are similar in structure to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme essential for several physiological processes. Ethambutol prevents the synthesis of mycolic...
b6f2f49c50d93ba4cf853d2d64ec1585
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology, field of scholarship that encompasses the study of all world musics from various perspectives. It is defined either as the comparative study of musical systems and cultures or as the anthropological study of music. Although the field had antecedents in the 18th and early 19th centuries...
c0eed9482f53b7484cbc13735463dcb8
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethyl-acetoacetate
Ethyl acetoacetate
Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acetoacetate (CH3COCH2COOC2H5), also called acetoacetic ester, an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. Industrially it is employed in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and dyes. The ester is produced chiefly by self-condensatio...
6f3755f17e6757763b1c8bc0c7392bc0
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethyl-chloride
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl chloride Ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl), also called chloroethane, colourless, flammable gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. At one time, ethyl chloride was a high-volume industrial chemical used in the preparation of the gasoline additive tetraethyl lead. Beginning with restrictions on leaded gasol...
7ed7088c691b019a8a816490a044bf86
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethyl-ether
Ethyl ether
Ethyl ether Ethyl ether, also called diethyl ether, well-known anesthetic, commonly called simply ether, an organic compound belonging to a large group of compounds called ethers; its molecular structure consists of two ethyl groups linked through an oxygen atom, as in C2H5OC2H5. Ethyl ether is a colourless, volatile,...
a89a77d47aa6b420fae2336d8136f08f
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene
Ethylene
Ethylene Ethylene (H2C=CH2), the simplest of the organic compounds known as alkenes, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a colourless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odour. Natural sources of ethylene include both natural gas and petroleum; it is also a naturally occurring hormone in plants, in whi...
76416ff92d8c1668f9edf0213c73c6a3
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene-bromide
Ethylene bromide
Ethylene bromide Ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2), also called ethylene dibromide or 1,2-dibromoethane, a colourless, sweet-smelling, nonflammable, toxic liquid belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. Ethylene bromide was once used in conjunction with lead-containing antiknock agents as a component of gasoline; ...
c9838e7bba8f302141c6f7799e11e627
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene-chloride
Ethylene chloride
Ethylene chloride Ethylene chloride (C2H4Cl2), also called ethylene dichloride or 1,2-dichloroethane, a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid having an odour resembling that of chloroform. It is denser than water, and it is practically insoluble in water. Ethylene chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene and chlo...
67438a1e0c275a1b959af8aa2c989a77
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene-glycol
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol, also called ethane-1,2-diol, the simplest member of the glycol family of organic compounds. A glycol is an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms (a 1,2-diol). The common name ethylene glycol literally means “the glycol derived from ethylene.” Ethylene glycol is a cl...
ecbbc09dfb7c0ad486f32c2014b08305
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene-oxide
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene oxide …oxygen, and sulfur—aziridine, oxirane (or ethylene oxide), and thiirane, respectively—and their derivatives can all be prepared by nucleophilic reactions, of the type shown. Thus, aziridine is formed by heating β-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate with a base (in this case Y is ―OSO3H). The simplest epoxide, e...
f69b389a1dc1a47ad10aa0583b33d55b
https://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer
Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer …the latter as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer). The copolymers contain approximately 60 percent by weight ethylene. A pronounced advantage of EPDM is that the residual carbon-carbon double bond (i.e., the double bond that remains after polymerization) is attached to the polymer ...
7812e43ce5039beba6e9a4d8d2d3dfd6
https://www.britannica.com/science/Euclidean-algorithm
Euclidean algorithm
Euclidean algorithm Euclidean algorithm, procedure for finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two numbers, described by the Greek mathematician Euclid in his Elements (c. 300 bc). The method is computationally efficient and, with minor modifications, is still used by computers. The algorithm involves successivel...
a6cb3f9513c877be5d5dc626777a000a
https://www.britannica.com/science/eudalene
Eudalene
Eudalene …sesquiterpenes, the cadalene and the eudalene types, and the carbon skeleton of a sesquiterpene may frequently be determined by heating it with sulfur or selenium to effect dehydrogenation to the corresponding naphthalenic hydrocarbons: cadalene, 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylnaphthalene; or eudalene, 7-isopropyl-1...
18570dcc67c550cfd029737f515a88fa
https://www.britannica.com/science/eugenics-genetics
Eugenics
Eugenics Eugenics, the selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations, typically in reference to humans. The term eugenics was coined in 1883 by British explorer and natural scientist Francis Galton, who, influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, advocated a sys...
d34364a4c15a0e5c1b85759e7e0c2ce9
https://www.britannica.com/science/Eulers-theorem-on-polyhedrons
Euler’s theorem on polyhedrons
Euler’s theorem on polyhedrons Euler was the first to investigate in 1752 the analogous question concerning polyhedra. He found that υ − e + f = 2 for every convex polyhedron, where υ, e, and f are the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of the polyhedron. Though this… …divides the surface of a polyhedron (being topo...
b57b8bcbeb6d17f94ee6bdff07f5f84d
https://www.britannica.com/science/Eurasian-Plate
Eurasian Plate
Eurasian Plate …Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. These lofty mountains marked the culmination of the great uplift that occurred during the late Cenozoic when the Indian Plate drove many hundreds of kilometres into the underbelly of Asia. They are the product of the low-angle underthrusting of the northern...
a27d05df836ffdab19dd979f74ceeac1
https://www.britannica.com/science/Eurotiales
Eurotiales
Eurotiales Order EurotialesParasitic in animals, saprotrophic in soil; asci evanescent; included in subclass Eurotiomycetidae; examples of genera include Eurotium, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Elaphomyces, Trichocoma, and Byssochlamys.Order OnygenalesForms lichens; asci are formed in a mazaedium (a
f007dd37b91843515a2534cb03cceaaa
https://www.britannica.com/science/euryhaline-animal
Euryhaline animal
Euryhaline animal …tolerance to salinity changes, whereas euryhaline organisms, which are found in areas where river and sea meet (estuaries), are very tolerant of large changes in salinity. Euryhaline organisms are also very tolerant of changes in temperature. Animals that migrate between fresh water and salt water, s...
601d6f911495f1184d9cfb43fd17323a
https://www.britannica.com/science/eusocial-species
Eusocial species
Eusocial species Eusocial species, any colonial animal species that lives in multigenerational family groups in which the vast majority of individuals cooperate to aid relatively few (or even a single) reproductive group members. Eusocial species often exhibit extreme task specialization, which makes colonies potenti...
9c7300925ed9c028622a456a745d934b
https://www.britannica.com/science/eustachian-tube
Eustachian tube
Eustachian tube Eustachian tube, also called auditory tube, hollow structure that extends from the middle ear to the pharynx (throat). The eustachian tube is about 31–38 mm (1.2–1.5 inches) long in humans and lined with mucous membrane. It is directed downward and inward from the tympanic cavity, or middle ear, to the...
0b7e93de2d90990d0f265e1fe8fe375f
https://www.britannica.com/science/eutrophic-lake
Eutrophic lake
Eutrophic lake …multiply, in a process called eutrophication. The extreme growth of phytoplankton under these conditions makes the water turbid and less suitable for bathing. It also intensifies oxygen consumption in the deep layers of the lake as a result of the increased decomposition of dead algae. In extreme cases ...
e2c2f3aa61dfdb3aa3889e1857577303
https://www.britannica.com/science/evaporation
Evaporation
Evaporation Evaporation, the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils; in particular, the process by which liquid water enters the atmosphere as water vapour. Evaporation, mostly from the sea and from vegetation, replenishes ...
534803a00785f11367ddf70e5c6b2a56
https://www.britannica.com/science/evergreen-forest
Evergreen forest
Evergreen forest Most Australian savanna trees are evergreen, surviving the dry season not by dropping their leaves but by reducing water loss from them. The dominant trees of savannas in Australia and southern New Guinea are various species of Eucalyptus, with Acacia, Bauhinia, screwpine (Pandanus), and other tall shr...
5a171c613d1843106a24baa5b59b6524
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory
Evolution
Evolution Evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. The theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keys...
d497542246dc102e857d6ac3453cfe47
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Adaptive-radiation
Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation The geographic separation of populations derived from common ancestors may continue long enough so that the populations become completely differentiated species before ever regaining sympatry and the opportunity to interbreed. As the allopatric populations continue evolving independently, RIMs develo...
bdec1955b8c737ffc592cf042012e0a9
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Diversity-and-extinction
Diversity and extinction
Diversity and extinction The current diversity of life is the balance between the species that have arisen through time and those that have become extinct. Paleontologists observe that organisms have continuously changed since the Cambrian Period, more than 500 million years ago, from which abundant animal fossil remai...
3ebaadc7b5bef3fa201867c0d104a1c1
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Evolutionary-trees
Evolutionary trees
Evolutionary trees Evolutionary trees are models that seek to reconstruct the evolutionary history of taxa—i.e., species or other groups of organisms, such as genera, families, or orders. The trees embrace two kinds of information related to evolutionary change, cladogenesis and anagenesis. The figure can be used to il...
54cc2da175f70adca96cf978490cd8bd
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Genetic-drift
Genetic drift
Genetic drift Gene frequencies can change from one generation to another by a process of pure chance known as genetic drift. This occurs because the number of individuals in any population is finite, and thus the frequency of a gene may change in the following generation by accidents of sampling, just as it is possible...
644a76cd0406333e3a1029d55ab43aa4
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/History-of-evolutionary-theory
History of evolutionary theory
History of evolutionary theory All human cultures have developed their own explanations for the origin of the world and of human beings and other creatures. Traditional Judaism and Christianity explain the origin of living beings and their adaptations to their environments—wings, gills, hands, flowers—as the handiwork ...
ca71fbfa20153b24591c03b22c02c42b
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Mechanical-isolation
Mechanical isolation
Mechanical isolation Copulation is often impossible between different animal species because of the incompatible shape and size of the genitalia. In plants, variations in flower structure may impede pollination. Two species of sage from California provide an example: The two-lipped flowers of Salvia mellifera have stam...
7c5c19391424c72e29e5d4448cd5110d
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Modern-conceptions
Modern conceptions
Modern conceptions The publication of the Origin of Species produced considerable public excitement. Scientists, politicians, clergymen, and notables of all kinds read and discussed the book, defending or deriding Darwin’s ideas. The most visible actor in the controversies immediately following publication was the Engl...
43de16efabf649236e759cfb69274189
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Reconstruction-of-evolutionary-history
Reconstruction of evolutionary history
Reconstruction of evolutionary history The advances of molecular biology have made possible the comparative study of proteins and the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the repository of hereditary (evolutionary and developmental) information. The relationship of proteins to DNA is so immediate that they closely reflec...
0a3d6cc7ba669882b9f025e65b727e69
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Species-and-speciation
Species and speciation
Species and speciation Darwin sought to explain the splendid multiformity of the living world—thousands of organisms of the most diverse kinds, from lowly worms to spectacular birds of paradise, from yeasts and molds to oaks and orchids. His On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) is a sustained a...
a7cd6287cd4eb7982a7eb8c90920e7eb
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/The-cultural-impact-of-evolutionary-theory
The cultural impact of evolutionary theory
The cultural impact of evolutionary theory The theory of evolution makes statements about three different, though related, issues: (1) the fact of evolution—that is, that organisms are related by common descent; (2) evolutionary history—the details of when lineages split from one another and of the changes that occurre...
5f7857ad9831f6d9ad705e774eb30797
https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/Types-of-selection
Types of selection
Types of selection Natural selection can be studied by analyzing its effects on changing gene frequencies, but it can also be explored by examining its effects on the observable characteristics—or phenotypes—of individuals in a population. Distribution scales of phenotypic traits such as height, weight, number of proge...