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VÝZVA NA PREDLOŽENIE CENOVEJ PONUKY
Zákazka podľa § 117 zákona č. 343/2015 Z. z. o verejnom obstarávaní a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov.
Základné údaje pre poskytnutie informácie
Identifikačné údaje verejného obstarávateľa:
Názov: Vojenské športové centrum DUKLA Banská Bystrica (ďalej len „VŠC“)
Sídlo: Hutná 3, 974 01 Banská Bystrica
IČO: 00800520
DIČ: 2021075309
Kontaktná osoba: Ing. Vladimíra Weissová
Telefón: 0903 568 028
E-mail: email@example.com
Názov predmetu zákazky:
„Výmena okien na ubytovni VŠC DUKLA Banská Bystrica“
Opis a rozsah predmetu zákazky:
Predmetom zákazky je:
- Výmena pôvodných okien za nové plastové okná so žalúziami na Ubytovni VŠC DUKLA Banská Bystrica v rozsahu podľa prílohy čísla 1 tejto výzvy.
Spoločný slovník obstarávania:
Hlavný predmet
Hlavný slovník:
44221100-6 – Okná
45421132-8 – Montáž okien
45410000-4 – Omietkárské práce
90510000-5 – Likvidácia a spracovanie odpadu
Predpokladaná hodnota zákazky: 1 138,64 € bez DPH. VŠC nie je platiteľom dane z pridané hodnoty.
Zdroje financovania:
Predmet zákazky bude financovaný z rozpočtu VŠC. Verejný obstarávateľ neposkytuje preddavok ani zálohovú platbu.
Obsah ponuky:
Cenová ponuka nacenená v súlade s prílohou č. 1 tejto výzvy. Predmet zákazky nie je rozdelený na časti. Uchádzač predloží ponuku na celý predmet zákazky.
Variantné riešenia:
Uchádzačom sa nepovoľuje predložiť variantné riešenia vo vzťahu k považovanému predmetu zákazky.
Lehota a podmienky na predlozenie cenovej ponuky a spôsob jej doručenia:
Uchádzač vloží ponuku do samostatnej nepríehľadnej obálky. Obálka ponuky musí byť uzatvorená, prípadne zabezpečená proti nežiadúcemu otvoreniu a označená údajmi:
- adresou verejného obstarávateľa
- adresou uchádzača (jeho obchodné meno a adresa sídla alebo miesta podnikania),
- označením: „NEOTVÁRAŤ – OKNÁ“
Ponuky je potrebné doručiť na adresu verejného obstarávateľa poštou.
Lehota na predkladanie ponúk uplynie: dňa 24. februára 2017 o 13,00 hod.
Podmienky účasti:
Cenová ponuka musí obsahovať:
- identifikačné údaje uchádzača (obchodný názov, adresa uchádzača alebo miesto jeho podnikania, meno, priezvisko a funkcia štatutárneho zástupcu, IČO, DIČ, IČ DPH, bankové spojenie (názov, adresa a sídlo peňažného ústavu), číslo bankového účtu, kontaktné telefónne číslo, e-mailová adresa kontaktné osoby,
- doklad o oprávnení podnikať v uvedenej oblasti (pri predložení ponuky postačuje aj neoverená fotokópia).
- cenovú ponuku nacenenú v súlade s prílohou č. 1 tejto výzvy. Predmet zákazky nie je rozdelený na časti. Uchádzač predloží ponuku na celý predmet zákazky.
Kritérium na hodnotenie ponúk: Najnižšia cena v € s DPH Do ceny je nutné započítať všetky náklady vrátane dopravných nákladov a pod., pričom cena musí byť konečná. Uchádzač predloží ponuku na celý predmet zákazky.
Druh zákazky/typ zmluvy:
Výsledkom postupu vo verejnom obstarávaní bude objednávka podľa Obchodného zákonníka v znení neskorších predpisov.
Ďalšie informácie verejného obstarávateľa:
- proti rozhodnutiu verejného obstarávateľa pri postupe zadávania zákazky s nízkou hodnotou podľa § 117 zákona nie je možné podať žiadosť o nápravu, ani námietky v zmysle platného zákona o verejnom obstarávaní,
- verejný obstarávateľ na vyhodnotenie ponúk zriadi trojčlennú komisiu,
- všetkým uchádzačom, ktorých ponuky sa vyhodnotia bude bezodkladne (najneskôr do 5 dní odo dňa otvárania obálok) oznámený výsledok vyhodnotenia ponúk,
- víťazný uchádzač musí pred podpisom zmluvy predložiť originál dokladu o oprávnení podnikať alebo jeho úradne osvedčenú kópiu, ktorým preukáže jeho aktuálnosť,
- verejný obstarávateľ si vyhradzuje právo uzatvoriť zmluvu s uchádzačom umiestneným v poradí za úspešným uchádzačom, ak z rôznych dôvodov nedôjde k uzatvoreniu zmluvy s úspešným uchádzačom, resp. úspešný uchádzač od nej odstúpi.
**Dôvod zrušenia zadania zákazky**
- nebola predložená ani jedna ponuka,
- ani jeden z uchádzačov nesplnil podmienky výzvy,
- ani jedna z predložených ponúk nevyhovie požiadavkám verejného obstarávateľa.
V Banskej Bystrici dňa 10. februára 2017
Mgr. Richard Galovič
riaditeľ VŠC DUKLA B. Bystrica
Príloha č. 1: Štruktúra cenovej ponuky
**Funkčná špecifikácia predmetu zákazky:**
Výmena okien na ubytovni VŠC DUKLA Banská Bystrica
**Technická špecifikácia predmetu zákazky:**
Miesto dodania predmetu zákazky:
Ubytovňa VŠC DUKLA Banská Bystrica, Hutná 3, 974 04 Banská Bystrica
Rozsah prác:
1. **Okno plastové dvojkrídlové 2650 mm x 1800 mm – 1 ks**
Profil: počet komôr – 6, konštrukčná hlbka profilu 74 mm, počet skiel – 2 o hrúbke 4,2 mm s prieplustnosťou K 1,1 dve tesnenia
Farba rámu exteriér/interiér: biela/biela
Farba krídla exteriér/interiér: biela/biela
Sklo: číre, 4-16-4, Ug=1,1
Kovanie: OS ľavé
OT pravé
Klúčka: výška klúčky - 700 mm, farba klúčky biela
Parapet exteriér + koncovky: AL – hnedý
Celotieniace retiazkové žalúzie: interiérové, horizontálne, na rám okna, materiál hliník
2. **Okno plastové jednokrídlové 1180 mm x 1800 mm – 2 ks**
Profil: počet komôr – 6, konštrukčná hlbka profilu 74 mm, počet skiel – 2 o hrúbke 4,2 mm s prieplustnosťou K 1,1 dve tesnenia
Farba rámu exteriér/interiér: biela/biela
Farba krídla exteriér/interiér: biela/biela
Sklo: číre, 4-16-4, Ug=1,1
Kovanie: OS ľavé
Klúčka: výška klúčky - 700 mm, farba klúčky biela
Parapet exteriér + koncovky: AL – hnedý
Celotieniace retiazkové žalúzie: interiérové, horizontálne, na rám okna, materiál hliník
3. **Plastové rozšírenie 200 mm x 1800 mm – 2 ks**
4. **Vrátane dopravy na miesto plnenia.**
5. **Vrátane demontáže starých okien a montáže nových okien, žalúzii a parapetných dosiek, murárskych prác na mieste plnenia.**
5. **Vrátane likvidácie odpadu.**
V cene predmetu zákazky musia byť započítané všetky náklady spojené s dodaním tovaru, demontážou, zameraním, montážou, dopravou a likvidáciou odpadov.
**Požadované obchodné podmienky dodania predmetu zákazky:**
a) Predmet zákazky bude verejným obstarávateľom objednaný na základe objednávky.
b) Objednávateľ neposkytne dodávateľovi žiadne preddavok.
c) Splatnosť faktúry je do 30 kalendárnych dní od dňa jej doručenia objednávateľovi.
d) Úhradu ceny predmetu zákazky uskutoční objednávateľ po odovzdaní a prevzatí celého predmetu zákazky na základe faktúry vystavenej dodávateľom.
e) Faktúra musí obsahovať všetky náležitosti daňového dokladu stanovené zákonom.
f) V prípade, ak faktúra za predmet zákazky nebude obsahovať všetky náležitosti daňového dokladu alebo bude obsahovať nesprávne alebo neúplné údaje, objednávateľ je oprávnený ju do dátumu splatnosti vrátiť dodávateľovi. Dodávateľ faktúru podľa charakteru nedostatku bud' opraví alebo vystaví novú faktúru. Na opravenej alebo novej faktúre vyznačí nový dátum splatnosti.
g) Dodávateľ vystavenú faktúru zašle objednávateľovi doporučene poštou na adresu jeho sídla.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train
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| 6,852
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J. NE-TEHNIČKI SAŽETAK STUDIJE ZA JAVNI UVID
J.1. SVRHA PODUZIMANJA ZAHVATA
Regulacija rijeke Save, s uređenjem inundacija i izgradnjom obrambenih nasipa, su aktivnosti koje traju preko stotinjak godina. Evidentne i kontinuirane morfološke promjene u koritu Save, koje nisu nikad samo lokalnog karaktera, već se radi o globalnom procesu, imaju dalekosežne posljedice. Erozijski procesi stalno mijenjaju karakteristike rijeke, i u poprečnom i uzdužnom smjeru, što Savi daje sasvim drugačija i nova hidraulička obilježja.
Do 1990. godine, plovni je put rijeke Save egzistirao kao međurepublički plovni put između bivših republika, a održavan je za ograničene mogućnosti plovidbe. Temeljem Strategije prometnog razvitka Republike Hrvatske i potpisanih međunarodnih ugovora, plovni put rijekom Savom treba postati sastavni dio europske mreže plovnih putova, te ga treba rekonstruirati i urediti na međunarodnu klasu plovnosti. Uređenje je predviđeno u etapama, tako da ga se u prvoj etapi osposobi na razinu do 1990. godine, u drugoj etapi urediti plovni put na IV. klasu, što je ujedno i minimalni uvjet za međunarodne plovne putove, a u trećoj etapi dovesti ga na nivo plovnog puta Vb. klase plovnosti.
Plovni put rijeke Save nije službeno klasificiran, ali se do 1990. godine baratalo s elementima IV. klase do Županje, a III. klase od Županje do Siska. Radi evidentiranog sniženja razina vodnih lica, nastalog zbog prekomjernog iskopa pijeska i šljunka, sadašnje stanje je nekim dionicama Save i ispod ove razine. Pretpostavlja se, da se na pojedinim nizvodnim dionicama, uz manje korekcije već danas mogu postići elementi V.a klase. Nadalje, traži se udovoljenje minimalnih radijusa krivina plovnog puta, ali se na njihovu realizaciju u početnoj etapi radova ne može računati. Prema odluci Investitora u ovom se projektu neće ići na povećanje radijusa zavoja prokopima, jer to zahtijeva dugotrajnu imovinsko-pravnu i međudržavnu proceduru. Stoga će se trasirati plovni put samo po postojećem koritu i zadržati radijusi kakve ima prirodno korito u sadašnjem stanju. Projektno rješenje mora respektirati osiguranje plovnog puta za međunarodnu plovidbu, ne pogoršati postojeći vodni režim pretjeranim iskopom, ne izazvati devastaciju obala i postojećih građevina u koritu, te u uzdužnom smjeru rijeke, što se može dogoditi ukoliko se nepažljivo uklanjaju dijelovi dna sa čvrstom strukturom.
U proteklih tridesetak godina izvršen je iskop znatnih količina vučenog nanosa iz korita rijeke Save za potrebe građevinske operative i održavanja plovnog puta, što je rezultiralo značajnim padom minimalnih i srednjih vodostaja na cijelom toku plovnosti. Ovaj dugoročni proces manifestirao se urušavanjem obala i snižavanjem podzemnih voda u zaobalju, kao i na devastacij plovnog puta, jer su čvrsti pragovi ostali stršati u dnu i predstavljati prepreke za plovidbu. Međutim, presjecanje pojedinih pragova i intenzivan iskop korita mogli bi prouzrokovati nesagledive posljedice u uzvodnom dijelu korita, jer mogu uzrokovati pokretanje nanosa, još veće produbljenje korita i novo snižavanje vodnih nivoa. Sve to nalaže da se uspostava plovnog puta nastoji ostvariti prvenstveno izgradnjom regulacijskih građevina, a manje iskopom, koji je uz ostale aspekte, i kontraproduktivan u ekološkom pogledu.
Uređenje savskog plovnog puta i određivanje regulacijske linije Save od Račinovaca do Siska navedeno je u važećim Prostornim planovima Sisačko-moslavačke, Brodsko-posavske i Vukovarsko-srijemske županije, u prostornom planovima uređenja gradova: Sisak, Slavonski Brod i Županja, te u prostornim planovima uređenja općina: Babina Greda, Bebrina, Bošnjaci, Davor, Drenovci, Gunja, Hrvatska Dubica, Jasenovac, Klakar, Nova Kapela, Oprisavci, Oriovac, Sikirevci, Slavonski Šamac, Stara Gradiška, Sunja, Velika Kopanica i Vrbje.
J.2. OPIS ZAHVATA
Osnovu geodetskih podloga čine hidrografski snimci korita rijeke Save na dionici od km 202+500 do km 588+208 plovnog puta. Hidrografski snimak izradile su ''Hrvatske vode'' u razdoblju od XII. 2001. do XI. 2003. Profili su snimani na razmaku od oko 200 m te je ukupno snimljeno 1933 poprečnih profila rijeke Save.
Hidrološke i hidrauličke podloge izradile su: ''Hrvatske vode'' Zagreb, VGO Sava, Služba planiranja, pripreme i razvoja projekata u okviru elaborata ''Proračun niskih vodnih nivoa rijeke Save na dionici od Račinovaca do Siska'', ožujak 2004. god. Hidrološka obrada pokazala je sniženje vodnih lica u odnosu na ranije razdoblje, i to upravo u domeni ekstremno niskih vodostaja duljih razdoblja, koja je interesantna za projektiranje plovnog puta, kao posljedicu intenzivne eksploatacije šljunka. U projektu plovnog puta rijeke Save definirano je 14 dionica za koje su provedene analize plovnosti.
Postotak dužine rijeke koji se mora regulirati za plovidbu varira od dionice do dionice, i na svakoj je detaljno analiziran. No on se u principu sastoji od dijela koji ne udovoljava plovnom gabaritu (premala dubina za odabranu širinu plovnog puta), i od dijela koji ne udovoljava minimalnom radijusu zavoja. Prema odluci Investitora, povećanje radijusa zavoja ne predviđa se prokopima, već će se na takvim dionicama odvijati jednosmjerna plovidba. To znači, da je plovni put projektiran unutar postojećeg korita, te da će se na mjestima koja ne udovoljavaju plovnom gabaritu regulirati korito. Pod reguliranjem korita smatra se lokalno produbljenje na zahtijevanu dubinu, te izvedba pratećih regulacijskih građevina (pera, obaloutvrde i pragovi) kojima će se prvenstveno održavati traženi vodostaj.
Dvosmjerna plovidba bit će osigurana tamo gdje je to moguće. Prirodno stanje savskog riječnog korita, kakvo je u sadašnjem stanju, ima i radijuse zavoja od 150 m na kojima uz raspoloživu širinu plovnog puta od 70 m nije moguća dvosmjerna plovidba. Na takvim mjestima neće se ići na povećanje radijusa zavoja prokopima, jer to zahtijeva dugotrajnu imovinsko-pravnu i međudržavnu proceduru. Stoga će se trasirati plovni put samo po postojećem koritu i zadržati radijusi kakve ima prirodno korito u sadašnjem stanju. Na takvim mjestima odstupit će se od zahtjeva za dvosmjernom plovidbom, te će se, uz propisnu signalizaciju, provoditi jednosmjerna plovidba.
Ukupno, za osiguranje zadanog minimalnog plovnog gabarita od 70x2,5 m, za cijelu dionicu Save od km 202+500 (P1)-588+208 (P1933) bilo bi potrebno iskopati 1.734.000 m 3 šljunčano pjeskovitog materijala. Statistički gledano, po km' plovnoga puta bilo bi potrebno iskopati cca 4.500 m 3 , odnosno povećanje profila Save bilo bi prosječno za oko 0,2 %.
Unutar projekta određene su i regulacijske linije rijeke Save. One su određene uz poštovanje postojećih obala i činjenice da je korito vodotoka vremenski promjenjivo unutar više ili manje stabilnih granica. Definirane su regulacijske linije posebno za lijevu i posebno za desnu obalu rijeke Save. Osim ove dvije regulacijske linije iscrtane su i regulacijske linije rijeke Une od mosta u Jasenovcu do ušća, te regulacijske linije starog rukavca rijeke Save gdje je smješten zimovnik Preloščica.
Hidrauličkim proračunom ustanovljen je utjecaj projektiranog produbljenja korita na promjenu vodostaja. Hidrauličke simulacije su, za pretpostavku samo produbljenja korita (zahtijevani iskopi za potrebe plovnog puta), pokazale pojavu pada vodnog lica malih voda većeg od 10 cm na trećoj, četvrtoj i šestoj hidrauličkoj dionici. To znači, da je na tim dionicama potrebno regulacijskim građevina (pera) utjecati na anuliranje te pojave. Treba se podsjetiti na hidraulički zahtjev, prema kojem se ni na jednom mjestu ne dozvoljava sniženje vodnog lica malih voda veće od 10 cm.
Uočeno je, obrađeno i analizirano 200 pera, od kojih je 82 postojećih pera u relativno dobrom stanju (ispunjavaju svoju funkciju), 12 pera je potrebno rekonstruirati, odnosno sanirati, a
ostalih 106 pera potrebno je izgraditi. Izgradnja 106 novih pera raspoređena su po dionicama savskog plovnog puta: DIV, DVI, DXII, DXIII i DXIV.
Također, uočena je i obrađena 91 obaloutvrda, od kojih su 22 u dobrom stanju, 42 su postojeće koje je potrebno sanirati, odnosno rekonstruirati, a 27 novih koje je potrebno izgraditi.
Riječni regulacijski pragovi su poprečne građevine koje se grade na potezima lokalnih velikih dubina vodotoka, a da bi uzrokovali naplavljivanje riječnog dna nanosom. Jedna od pretpostavki je da su lokalna produbljenja nastala kao posljedica intenzivne eksploatacije šljunka, pa potrebu za izgradnjom praga treba provjeriti geodetskom snimkom prije namjeravane izradnje. Kako bi se ispunio zadani hidraulički kriterij po kome pad vodnog lica malih voda nakon izvršenih iskopa korita rijeke Save i izgrađenih novih, odnosno rekonstruiranih starih pera, ne bude veći od 10 cm, predviđa se izgradnja 4 nova praga u koritu rijeke Save.
Plovni put rijeke Save dijeli se na dvije osnovne cjeline: Slavonski Brod-Sisak (DVI-DXIV) i Račinovci-Slavonski Brod (DI-DV). Po analizi stanja svih 14 dionica plovnog puta od Račinovaca do Siska, kao najkritičnija dionica za funkcioniranje plovnog puta odabrana je dionica DIV. Kako je regulacijsko pravilo da se pri izgradnji građevina kreće od nizvodnog dijela dionice prema uzvodnom, jer svaki nizvodni rad ima uzvodni učinak, prije sređivanja dionice DIV potrebno je urediti dionicu DIII. Nakon dionica DIII i DIV kreće se na sanaciju dionica unutar cjeline Slavonski Brod-Sisak. Prve na red dolaze dionice DXII i DXIII, pa DVI, DVIII, DXI I DXIV.
Treba napomenuti, da su prioriteti radova određeni prema trenutnim ograničenjima u plovidbi. Kod samog izvođenja radova i izrade izvedbene dokumentacije, trebalo bi imati u vidu da neki radovi na dionici, npr. sanacija obaloutvrda, nisu funkcionalno neophodni, pa bi se u dogovoru zainteresiranih strana dinamika izvođenja radova mogla promijeniti, tj. ne bi se moralo insistirati na cjelokupnosti radova na pojedinoj dionici.
Novim Zakonom o vodama, između ostalog, određuje se način korištenja šljunka i pijeska tijekom radova na vodama i vodnom dobru. Čl. 102 glasi: ''Izvođač radova razmjestit će šljunak i pijesak izvađenih tijekom radova unutar vodotoka ili kanala, bez vađenja na obale, a šljunak i pijesak koji preostane nakon razmještanja ugradit će se u regulacijsko-zaštitne vodne građevine na temelju pojedinačne odluke Vlade RH ili od nje ovlaštenog tijela''. Kao što je navedeno, za osiguranje zadanog minimalnog plovnog gabarita od 70x2,5 m, za cijelu dionicu Save bilo bi potrebno po profilu kinete korita iskopati 1.733.888 m 3 pjeskovito šljunčanog materijala, i to na prostoru Republike Hrvatske 1.351.730 m 3 , a Bosne i Hercegovine 382.158 m 3 .
Što se tiče šljunčanog materijala, ukupna količina njegovog iskopa iz kinete korita rijeke Save iznosi 1.733.888 m 3 . Ukupno potrebna količina šljunka za izgradnju obaloutvrda iznosi 744.079 m 3 , što znači da je nakon izvedbe obaloutvrda preostalo 989.809 m 3 neugrađenog šljunka. Ta se količina šljunka neće deponirati na obalu Save ili još manje odvoziti van pojasa rada, već će se plovilima razmjestiti u korito Save na dionicama s povećanim depresijama korita. Ukupna količina kamena potrebnog za izgradnju pera, obaloutvrda i pragova iznosi 528.500 m 3 .
Naglašava se, primarni kriterij pri realizaciji zahvata je, pri pojavi vode 95 %-tne trajnosti, da ni na jednom mjestu na Savi ne dođe do sniženja vodnog lica većeg od 10 cm u odnosu na postojeće stanje, dok se vodni nivoi pri pojavi velikih voda praktično ne mijenjaju u odnosu na dosadašnje stanje. Odabrana tehnologija izgradnje pragova, pera i obaloutvrda bazira se na izvedbi s plovnog objekta na Savi.
J.3. MOGUĆI UTJECAJI ZAHVATA NA OKOLIŠ
MOGUĆI UTJECAJI TIJEKOM IZGRADNJE I KORIŠTENJA ZAHVATA
Utjecaj zahvata na vrste ptica riječnog staništa
Rijeka Sava i njena dolina imaju vrlo bogatu ornitofaunu zbog mnoštva raznolikih staništa koje je rijeka stvorila i koje održava plavljenjem. Na tom području nalaze se dva područja važna za ptice Nacionalne ekološke mreže: Donja Posavina i Jelas polje s ribnjacima i poplavnim pašnjacima uz Savu. Oba područja su važna i na međunarodnom nivou. Iako je rijeka Sava ta područja oblikovala i održava ih, smatra se da planirani radovi na uređivanju plovnog puta neće imati utjecaja na njih. Razlog za takvo mišljenje je u tome što rijeka Sava utječe na ta područja samo za visokih voda kada ih plavi.
Stoga pažnju treba obratiti na vrste primarno riječnog staništa: vodenog toka, sprudova i obala, vertikalnih odronjenih obala, rukavaca itd. Na obrađenom području rijeke Save to su vodomar, bregunica, kulik sljepčić, mala prutka, mala i crvenokljuna čigra, štekavac i pastirica.
Izvođenje radova u svrhu uređenja savskog plovnog puta imat će utjecaja na ptice riječnog staništa, i to saniranja oštećenja postojećih savskih obala. Tim će se radovima smanjiti površine pod strmim riječnim obalama i to će pogoditi ptičje vrste koje odronjene obale koriste kao gnjezdilište.
Lokalno smanjivanje površina pod plićacima, sprudovima i obalama negativno će djelovati i na brojne druge vrste ptica močvarica (npr. čaplje, patke, rode, ćurlini itd.) koje ta staništa koriste povremeno, no zbog prostranosti okolnih močvarnih područja koja su njihovo primarno stanište, na te vrste zahvat neće imati većeg, odnosno mjerljivog utjecaja.
Utjecaj zahvata na ihtiofaunu i makrozoobentos
Zajednica riba prilagodit će se novonastalim uvjetima, tako da promjene neće biti značajne. Zahvat ''Uređenje savskog plovnog puta od Račinovaca do Siska'' nije dovoljno velik za promjenu zajednice, te će na temelju prirodnog otpora zajednice, riblja zajednica rijeke ostati gotovo ista. Novonastali uvjeti, radi malog opsega produbljivanja i relativno malih promjena, neće imati veliki utjecaj na zajednicu riba rijeke Save.
Izgradnjom i uređenjem vodotoka dolazi do promjena hidroloških i geomorfoloških činitelja, ali i drugih uvjeta sredine, tako da se cjelokupna biološka zajednica mijenja u odnosu na prvotnu, odnosno, ona se nastoji prilagoditi novonastalom stanju. Ihtioprodukcija je neophodna za opstanak, brojnost i raznolikost velikog broja životinja koje tu žive, primjerice populacija ptica, vodozemaca, malih sisavaca, itd. U konačnici se produkcija svih skupina smanjuje, a smanjuje se i ukupna raznolikost staništa.
Produbljivanje rijeka uobičajena je praksa u čitavom svijetu već desetljećima, pa i stoljećima. Utjecaj na postojeću ihtiofaunu i posljedice takvih aktivnosti uočeni su relativno brzo. Nakon dugogodišnjih istraživanja i promatranja faune riba produbljenih rijeka primijećeni su direktni i indirektni utjecaji na sastav i strukturu ihtiocenoza.
Makrozoobentos razmatranog dijela rijeke Save obilježava relativno velika raznolikost zajednice, s obzirom da je utvrđena prisutnost nešto više od 60 različitih svojti. No, među utvrđenim vrstama nema zaštićenih ni strogo zaštićenih vrsta. Radi se o uobičajenim vrstama koje naseljavaju ne samo dno rijeke Save, nego i njezine lijeve i desne pritoke, te ostale tekućice Panonske Hrvatske. Određene promjene u strukturi i sastavu zajednice dna bi se mogle dogoditi pregradnjom rijeke Save. Naime, izgradnjom pragova ili brana dolazi do promjene brzine toka, te taloženja finijih čestica, poput mulja, što pogoduje vrstama koje preferiraju takav supstrat, kao što su svi detritofagi.
Temeljem izloženog, može se s velikom sigurnošću utvrditi, da predviđeni zahvat djelomičnog produbljivanja korita rijeke Save, sa svrhom uređenja plovnog puta, neće imati negativne posljedice na zajednicu makrozoobentosa. Isto tako, nisu potrebne posebne mjere tijekom zahvata te za vrijeme korištenja plovnog puta.
Utjecaj zahvata na meteorološke značajke, kakvoću zraka i klimu
Mogući negativni utjecaj na zrak tijekom izgradnje, a koji je vremenski ograničen, je onečišćenje zraka prašinom i ispušnim plinovima na radnim površinama uslijed zemljanih radova na izgradnji plovnog puta za vrijeme rada mehanizacije (transportnih sredstava, utovara i transporta) na izgradnji objekata planiranog zahvata i pristupnih cesta, neposredno u okolišu gradilišta te tijekom dopreme i/ili otpreme materijala.
Količina prašine iz navedenih izvora ovisi:
- Atmosferskim prilikama, prije svega o vlažnosti i brzini vjetra.
- Kod transportnih vozila na radilištu i na pristupnoj cesti od stanja podloge, brzine i opterećenosti, kao i stanja guma vozila,
Djelovanjem gravitacijskih sila (a ovisno o brzini vjetra) dolazi do sedimentacije prašine na manjoj ili nešto većoj udaljenosti. Za vrijeme sušnog vremenskog perioda sedimentirana prašina može se ponovno dignuti u atmosferu ukoliko vjetar puše brzinom većom od 4 m/s. Količine prašine koje će se stvarati tijekom izgradnje su minimalne i neće štetno utjecati na okolinu.
U usporedbi s cestovnim i željezničkim prijevozom plovni put energetski je štedljiviji. Osim što je energetski štedljiviji, brodovi koji plove plovnim putem manje onečišćuju zrak onečišćujućim tvarima. Iz tog razloga procjenu utjecaja potrošnje goriva treba promatrati u kombinaciji s količinom emisije onečišćujućih tvari.
Povećane količine onečišćujućih tvari koje će se ispuštati s plovila (uslijed povećanja prometa nakon uređenja rijeke Save kao plovnog puta) neće imati značajan utjecaj na klimu. Utjecaj na kakvoću zraka će s obzirom na poboljšanje plovnog puta, napredak brodarske industrije i tehnologije razvoja motora i filtara, pooštravanje mjera zaštite okoliša (suradnjom i raznim ograničenjima i propisima) na državnim i prekograničnim razinama, odnosno pooštravanju kriterija ekoloških testova biti minimalan, tako da se i dalje u okolišu na gotovo cijeloj dužini plovnog puta očekuje I. kategorija kakvoće zraka (iznimka su područja većih gradova - Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Županja gdje to nije slučaj ni sada).
Utjecaj zahvata na tlo i poljoprivredno zemljište
Uvažavajući utvrđene načine dosadašnjeg vlaženja i režime plavljenja tla, te projektirane radove, nakon realizacije zahvata odnosno nakon uređenja savskog plovnog puta, za očekivati je i dalje unutar područja savske inundacije nastavak permanentnog plavljenja tla uslijed izlijevanja rijeke Save iz njezinog korita. Dakle, dominantni način vlaženja nakon izgradnje zahvata na području inundacije i dalje će biti aluvijalni način vlaženja. Utvrđeni ostali načini vlaženja manifestirat će se i nakon završetka uređenja savskog plovnog puta.
Utjecaj zahvata na krajobrazne karakteristike
Projektom plovnog puta su određene lokacije gdje je potrebno intervenirati produbljenjem kinete, a u projektu regulacija potrebna mjesta izgradnje pojedinih regulacijskih građevina. Obuhvaćene regulacijske građevine su pera, pragovi i obaloutvrde. Pera i pragovi su poprečne građevine u koritu Save, s tim da su riječni regulacijski pragovi (4 kom.) objekti od nasutog lomljenog kamena koji se izvode isključivo na dnu korita. Pragovi su daleko ispod razina svih vodnih nivoa na Savi.
Za sva pera određen je isti sustav izgradnje, izvođenje najvećeg dijela pera s plovila, tj. s vodne strane, a izvedba kamenog korijena pera s obale. Kamena pera se izvode u koritu
Save tako da se postavljaju od svog kamenog korijena na dnu pokosa obale prema osi rijeke. Ona su vidljiva samo kod niskih vodostaja Save. Treba istaknuti, da na čitavoj dionici plovnog puta Save ima vrlo malo pera koja se izvode pojedinačno, već se radi o grupama od 2 do čak 12 pera na međusobnom međurazmaku od oko stotinjak metara. Doprema kamenog materijala predviđenog za ugradnju s obale, a za korijen pera, izvodi se isključivo s plovnog objekta. Za prostor deponiranja kamena koristit će se uski pojas obale uz mjesto rada koji ne prelazi širinu od dvadesetak metara inundacijskog prostora uz korito Save. Za dolazak mehanizacije koja će se koristiti za izgradnju korijena pera s obale iskoristit će se postojeći putni pojasi uz vodnu nožicu savskog nasipa, a privremeni pristupni putevi koji će voditi po inundaciji od nasipa do mjesta rada na obali, treba što više prilagoditi terenu i stupnju zaraštenosti. Nakon završetka radova prostor deponije kamenog materijala uz obalu treba očistiti i omogućiti zarastanju mekim lisnjačama ili travnjačkom vegetacijom, kao što je i bilo prvobitno stanje. U kratkom vremenu doći će do zaraštanja i prekrivanja vodenom vegetacijom svih vidljivih dijelova kamenih pera.
Predviđena je izgradnja 27 novih obaloutvrda, od kojih svaka pripada jednom od tri predložena tipa izgradnje, te 42 postojeće koje je potrebno rekonstruirati. Odabrana tehnologija izgradnje obaloutvrda bazira se također na izvedbi s plovnog objekta na Savi. Za izradu gornjeg dijela obaloutvrde, na dionicama gdje je savski nasip ugrožen neposrednom blizinom erodirane obale, radovi se izvode s obale, ali tako da se organizacija građenja temelji na postojećoj infrastrukturi i objektima. Gradilišne objekte s privremenim deponijama kamenog materijala za ugradnju, kod tog tipa obaloutvrde, treba smještavati prvenstveno u područjima komunalno dobro opremljenih naselja. Za dopremu kamena koristit će se prvenstveno plovila, a po potrebi za pristup mjestu rada postojeća putna mreža uz zaobalnu stranu savskog nasipa. Tamo gdje je inundacijski prostor dovoljno širok, tj. savska obala odmaknuta je od obrambenog savskog nasipa, gornji dio obaloutvrde se neće izvoditi, tako da se izvođenje zasniva samo na radovima s plovnog objekta. Inače, taj način izgradnje odnosi se na preko 90 % novih obaloutvrda. Kao i kod izgradnje pera, u kratkom vremenu će doći do zaraštanja i prekrivanja vodenom vegetacijom svih vidljivih dijelova kamenih dijelova obaloutvrde.
Zaključno se može konstatirati, da provedbom radova na produbljavanju kinete korita rijeke Save neće doći do značajnijeg utjecaja na morfologiju rijeke. Građevinski radovi na području zahvata neće uzrokovat trajno uništavanje flore. Vegetacija je nosilac organskog likovnog reda koji se odnosi na očuvanost prirodne prvobitnosti na ovom prostoru, te bi se njenom eventualnom devastacijom značajno promijenila slika krajobraza predmetnog područja. To se tim više naglašava, jer se radi o području izuzetnih prirodnih i krajobraznih vrijednosti. Do negativnih utjecaja može doći u slučaju da planirani hidrotehnički objekti neće biti izgrađeni u skladu s lokalnim ambijentom i usklađeni s krajobraznim strukturama koje ih okružuju.
Utjecaj zahvata na gospodarstvo
Predviđa se, da će između ostalog, korist od obnove i unaprjeđenja rijeke Save osobito imati prijevozno tržište, a u skladu s time i regionalno gospodarstvo odnosno industrija. Trenutno su uvjeti za unutarnju plovidbu loši, a razina pouzdanosti prijevoza je niska zbog toga što razina vode jako fluktuira. Čim se razina plovnosti Save podigne na klasu IV ili V, moći će se koristiti veća plovila. Osim toga, dubina vode će tokom godine biti stabilnija, zbog čega će teretni kapacitet biti veći, a dostupnost tokom čitave godine bolja, čak i u suhim razdobljima. Zbog toga se nakon rehabilitacije/unaprjeđenja rijeke Save očekuju značajne promjene što se tiče načina prijevoza. Transport će se prebaciti s ceste na unutarnju plovidbu kako bi se profitiralo na nižim prijevoznim troškovima.
Značaj luka duž rijeke Save će znatno porasti zbog njihovog logističkog područja u porječju. Primjerice, kretanje ugljena, starog željeza, ruda i proizvoda od čelika vezanih za industriju čelika koja se nalazi u BiH tada će se (ponovo) odvijati lukama na rijeci Savi (npr. Šamac, Brčko) umjesto lukama na Dunavu koje se trenutno koriste (Vukovar, Osijek). Time će, zbog smanjenja prometnih udaljenosti, biti smanjeni prijevozni troškovi. Posebice je to slučaj za
udaljene tokove u/iz Dunava koji koriste velike riječne tegljače. Očekuje se da industrija čelika bude jedna od glavnih koja će profitirati zbog velikih obujma transporta koji se prevozi u/iz Rumunjske i Ukrajine. Lukama se osiguravaju povoljni plovni uvjeti zbog čega će doći do porasta djelatnosti na lokalnim područjima. Primjerice, naftna industrija (rafinerije) smještene u ili u blizini luka profitirat će zahvaljujući nižim prijevoznim troškovima. I luke će time postati atraktivnije novim poduzećima i industrijama koje će se smještati u lukama na rijeci Savi ili u njihovoj blizini. Međutim, neće svi učinci biti pozitivni. Građevinski radovi na vodnom putu mogu izazvati poteškoće i čak blokadu unutarnje plovidbe na neko vrijeme.
Kada se spoje efekti tržišnog i javnog principa poslovanja kroz veću uporabu luka u tranzitu roba, takvo partnerstvo nosi tržišni princip poslovanja i mogućnosti realizacije velikih infrastrukturalnih projekata. Takve velike investicije otvaraju prostor za novo zapošljavanje dijela stanovništva i aktiviraju čitav niz domaćih poduzeća, a sama luka je veliki regionalni potrošač. Takvim djelovanjem moguće je ekonomski pokrenuti i oživjeti cjelokupnu lokalnu i regionalnu zajednicu, čime se opet pridonosi boljem standardu stanovništva.
Utjecaj zahvata na staništa uz Savu
Sadašnji meandri rijeke Save neće se sjeći a zahvat predviđa ujednačavanje dubine i širine rijeke. To će se postići gradnjom pera, koja, na mjestima gdje je rijeka preširoka, suzuju korito, čineći novu obalu koja nakon taloženja materijala obrasta u vrbovu šumu, istim procesom kao i na prirodnim sprudovima. Niske položene obale (unutarnji zavoji rijeka) neće se pri regulaciji vodotoka dirati. Veća intervencija svakako su podzidi obala na vanjskim zavojima rijeke i uopće na strmim zemljanim obalama, koje se prirodno, erozijom, urušavaju. Kako su to staništa bregunica, odsječci takovih obala moraju ostati očuvani u izvornom obliku.
Inače, ovaj zahvat po svojim tehničkim karakteristikama ne utječe na samo vodno lice Save (moguće smanjenje razine prema sadašnjem stanju je samo do 10 cm). To znači da će vodostaj, koji je važan za napajanje pokrajnjih močvarnih područja Lonjskog polja, Sunjskog polja, Dvorina i Gajne i svih močvarnih areala na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine ostati očuvan. Sama voda Save prilično je zagađena industrijskim i komunalnim otpadnim vodama. Dapače, vodotoci s bosanske strane donose i velike količine krutog otpada, pa je to problem Save koji treba hitno rješavati. Takova djelatnost može se kontrolirano vršiti samo u svrhu čišćenja korita za plovni put, a nipošto kao ekonomska djelatnost. Opasnost od zagađenosti vode prijeti i gradnjom većih riječnih luka u Sisku i Slavonskom Brodu, te većim prometom brodovlja.
Na cijelom području zahvata ne postoje neke rijetke i ugrožene biljne vrste ni staništa. Prema predloženim tehničkim zahvatima i uz strogo pridržavanje općih mjera zaštite oni ne bi trebali utjecati na njih.
Utjecaj zahvata na ekološku mrežu
Uvidom u priloge Uredbe o proglašenju ekološke mreže, utvrđeno je, da se šire područje rijeke Save od Račinovaca do Siska nalazi u granicama Nacionalne ekološke mreže. Sukladno Pravilniku o ocjeni prihvatljivosti plana, programa i zahvata za ekološku mrežu izrađena je Glavna ocjena prihvatljivosti zahvata za ekološku mrežu (knjiga 3).
Utjecaj zahvata na faunu
Sam zahvat regulacije plovnog puta unutar postojećeg korita s obrambenim savskim nasipima, koji su uglavnom trasirani uz samo korito glavnog toka, neće imati negativnog utjecaja na sadašnju osiromašenu faunu sisavaca, gmazova, vodozemaca i danjih leptira. Utjecaj na životinjski svijet ovisit će o izvođenju radova u vrijeme reproduktivnog razdoblja pojedinih životinjskih skupina. Međutim, važno je da zbog izgradnje neće doći do nestanka niti jedne životinjske vrste. Zbog buke, neke životinjske vrste kralješnjaka napustit će dijelove
URE ENJE SAVSKOG PLOVNOG PUTA I ODRE IVANJE REGULACIJSKE LINIJE
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SAVE OD RA INOVACA DO SISKA - STUDIJA O UTJECAJU NA OKOLIŠ
šireg promatranog područja. Međutim, nakon završetka radova odbjegle životinje će ponovno naseliti stara staništa.
Utjecaj zahvata na šumarstvo, lovište i divljač
Opsežan zahvat u promatranom području, dakle na dužini od 385 km, koji se realizira samo na određenim dijelovima toka i isključivo unutar korita rijeke Save, predstavlja sa strane izvođača i korisnika predmetnog plovnog puta značajan i opsežan zahvat, no njegov utjecaj nije izražen izvan obala.
Kako što je već naglašeno, predviđeni zahvat neće imati niti direktnih niti indirektnih posljedica za šume uz rijeku Savu. Direktne posljedice se ne predviđaju obzirom da su zahvati i ostale aktivnosti vezane za realizaciju projekta isključivo unutar vodotoka, odnosno obala, i ne zadire se u područje šuma. Indirektna opasnost za šumu je prvenstveno promjena u vodnom režimu tijekom godine, no znatnijih kolebanja razine vode neće biti, pa stoga niti utjecaja na poplavne i podzemne vode.
Utjecaj na divljač i lovno gospodarenje može se očekivati u ograničenom opsegu samo na vrste divljači i ostale životinjske vrste koje obitavaju u koritu Save. Prvenstveni utjecaj na spomenute vrste može se očekivati (uslijed radova i povećanog prometa) putem smanjenja mira, što može uzrokovati njihovu privremenu ili trajniju migraciju. Uznemiravanje divljači na priobalnom pojasu neposredno uz obalu može se pojaviti u zoni samih aktivnosti i ograničenom pojasu od cca 100 metara, što u konačnici i u usporedbi s raspoloživim prostorom predstavlja vrlo mali prostor.
Utjecaj zahvata na vode
Iznenadna zagađenja vezana uz aktivnosti na plovnom putu mogu nastati za vrijeme građenja i u periodu korištenja. Građevinski radovi predstavljaju potencijalnu vremenski ograničenu mogućnost onečišćenja voda, posebice površinskih, osobito uslijed mogućeg curenja goriva i maziva iz strojeva za izvođenje zemljanih radova. Daljnje onečišćenje voda moguće je uslijed primjene građevinskih materijala topivih u vodi, posebice ako takvi materijali sadrže toksične tvari.
Najveći negativni privremeni utjecaji na površinske vode očekuju se tijekom izvođenja radova na dionicama na kojima se radovi izvode u vodi. Na tim dionicama doći će do privremenog lokalnog pogoršanja kakvoće vode nizvodno od zahvata. Pogoršanje kakvoće vode uslijedit će zbog povećanih vrijednosti suspendiranih tvari i obogaćivanja vode hranjivim solima te istaloženim tvarima. Povećanje suspendiranih tvari negativno će utjecati na ihtiofaunu vodotoka, a povećanje hranjivih tvari na povećanje saprobnosti, odnosno stupnja trofije vodotoka.
Erozija obala rijeke Save izgradnjom plovnog puta trebala bi ostati ista na dijelovima na kojima nema građevinskih zahvata, a trebala bi se smanjiti na svim dionicama gdje se utvrđuje obala (obaloutvrde, pera). Ujednačenjem geometrije riječnog poprečnog profila, unificirat će se na velikom dijelu profila slika strujanja, a matica pomaknuti bliže osi vodnog lica, čime će se smanjiti lokalni utjecaji na obalne plohe. Uređenjem plovnog puta će se općenito smanjiti dijelovi vodenog toka s povećanim lokalnim brzinama, a isto tako i s naglašeno nižim brzinama.
Osiguranja obala od valova koje proizvode plovila, na obalama koje su podložne eroziji i urušavanju osigurava se položajem plovnog puta u profilu rijeke, vrstom plovila i maksimalno dozvoljenim brzinama. Eroziji će pripomoći valovi koji se stvaraju plovidbom. Zbog ograničenja brzine plovidbe na 7-9 km/h, najveći valovi uzrokovani plovidbom mogu biti 2030 cm. Zbog navedenog bi se negativni utjecaji na eroziju obala trebali svesti na prihvatljivu granicu.
Kod dionica rijeke s pridnenim brzinama koje omogućuju intenzivni transport nanosa, morfologija dna se vrlo brzo mijenja, a s njim i karakteristična staništa. U dubljim i ravnim dionicama pronos nanosa je slabiji, a s njim i promjena morfologije dna. U konkretnom slučaju za rijeku Savu na trasi plovnog puta mogu se označiti područja s intenzivnim i slabim pronosom nanosa. Svi zahvati na produbljenju i oblikovanju korita koji se nalaze u području intenzivnog pronosa nanosa, vrlo će se brzo stabilizirati i poprimiti prethodnu morfologiju i karakteristična staništa.
Utjecaj zahvata na kulturno-povijesne vrijednosti
U Sisačko-moslavačkoj županiji je područje, obuhvaćeno projektom i ovom studijom utjecaja na kulturno-povijesnu baštinu, ukupne površine oko 198 km 2 , u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji oko 167 km 2 i u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji 87 km 2 .
Planirani zahvati - iskopi šljunkovito pjeskovitog materijala iz korita Save, radovi na obalama rijeke (rekonstrukcija i gradnja pera i obaloutvrda) mogu izravno ili neizravno utjecati na kulturno-povijesnu baštinu u zoni utjecaja (pojedinačni objekti/lokaliteti, te zaštićeni krajolici, odnosno slike naselja). No, uz odgovarajuće mjere zaštite planirani se zahvat sa stajališta zaštite kulturno-povijesne baštine ocjenjuje prihvatljivim.
Pri rekonstrukciji i gradnji planiranih objekata u Sisačko-moslavačkoj županiji posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti onima uz lokacije u blizini slijedećih povijesnih naselja:
- Kratečko (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja),
- Lonja (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja), arheološkog lokaliteta srednjevjekovne utvrde Ustolinja,
- Blinjski Kut (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja) i Gradusa Posavska,
- Gušće (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja),
- Puska (selo graditeljske baštine),
- Prelošćica (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja),
- Krapje (selo graditeljske baštine),
- Mlaka (povijesno građevinsko područje),
- Suvoj (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja),
- Jasenovac (zaštićena povijesna cjelina),
- Mužilovčica (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja),
- Topolovac (povijesno naselje ruralnih obilježja).
Izgradnja svih objekata je u području zaštićenog kulturnog krajolika Lonjskog polja, pa je prije i tijekom radova potrebno provesti sve potrebne mjere zaštite spomeničke baštine. Dolina Save nizvodno od Prelošćice je područje krajobrazne cjeline, osobito vrijednog predjela i spada u kulturni krajolik, pa je prije i tijekom radova potrebno provesti sve potrebne mjere zaštite spomeničke baštine. Posebnu pozornost treba usmjeriti na područje desne obale Save, na ušću rijeke Une, gdje je evidentirani arheološki lokalitet srednjevjekovne utvrde.
U Brodsko-posavskoj županiji posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti lokacijama zahvata u blizini naselja:
- Gornja Vrba (registrirana arheološka zona),
- Rušćica (blizina registriranog arheološkog lokaliteta Podbrežje),
- Davor (evidentirana ruralna cjelina),
- Orubica (blizina registrirane kapele).
Utjecaj zahvata na razvoj buke
Građevinski radovi tijekom gradnje svode se na tipične radove slične drugim tipovima niskogradnje. Građevinski radovi koje je potrebno izvesti kako bi se ostvario zahvat proizvode buku koja je tipična za građevinske radove općenito. Izvori su buka radnih strojeva, zvučni signali na gradilištu i kamioni koji odvoze i dovoze materijal. Tijekom građevinskih radova na uređenju savskog plovnog puta utjecaje će osjetiti samo lokalno
stanovništvo u blizini Save. U naseljenim mjestima zabranjeno je obavljati radove i djelatnosti koje razvijaju buku koja ometa noćni mir i odmor, u vremenu od 23 do 06 sati.
S obzirom na udaljenost zahvata od najbližih naseljenih kuća, očekuje se da utjecaj buke uzrokovan građevinskim strojevima, te prolaskom većeg broja kamiona, povremeno prekoračiti navedene zakonske norme. Utjecaji su privremeni, ali lokalni, a povezani su s utjecajem buke i onečišćenja zraka (prašina, ispušni plinovi) na zdravlje ljudi uslijed rada strojeva, te sa smetnjama u prometu (tijekom transporta materijala, opreme i strojeva po lokalnim prometnicama).
UTJECAJ U SLUČAJU IZVANREDNIH OKOLNOSTI
Makar će se svi objekti uređenja savskog plovnog puta projektirati i izgraditi u skladu s postojećim propisima, utemeljenim na geotehnički ispitanim podlogama, seizmičnosti područja i drugim podlogama nužnim za sagledavanje izvanrednih utjecaja, ipak tijekom korištenja zahvata ne isključuju se moguće povremene nezgode uvjetovane višom silom. Pod ''višom silom'' podrazumijevaju se razorni potresi veće jačine od proračunskog, zatim ratna razaranja, namjerno oštećenje dijelova objekata.
Međutim, vjerojatnost pojave nepoželjnog događaja teško je procijeniti zbog naravi nastanka. Ipak vjerojatnost pojave nezgoda uslijed ''više sile'' razmjerno je mala, osobito onih vezanih uz mirnodopske prilike. S druge strane, promet roba po plovnom putu rijeke Save može uzrokovati onečišćenje, tj. promjenu kakvoće vode, ako je ispuštena otpadna tvar u funkcionalnoj vezi s prometnim aktivnostima. Budući da je savski plovni put namijenjen prijevozu raznovrsne robe, namijenjene poljodjelstvu, stočarstvu, šumarstvu, graditeljstvu, industriji, energetici i dr., a kako će se roba prevoziti kao masovni jeftini rasuti teret koji se lako prekrcava, te u kontejnerima, postoji opasnost da dio robe koja se prevozi dospije u vodni sustav rijeke Save. Kod normalnog prometa uslijed odvijanja samog prometa moguće je da dio robe, posebno rasutih tereta, prosipanjem dospije u Savu. Daljnja opasnost je posljedica održavanja pogonskih dijelova plovila te eventualno pranje i čišćenje plovila na neadekvatan način nakon istovara tereta. Druga mogućnost je incidentna situacija kao što je eventualni sudar ili prevrtanje plovila.
Kod prve mogućnosti, iako se radi o malim količinama, postoji mogućnost negativnog utjecaja na vodeni ekosustav. U drugom slučaju dolazi do razlijevanja velikih količina štetnih tvari u relativno kratkom vremenu, pa isto djeluje kao udarno opterećenje na vodeni ekosustav.
Kod stalnog doticanja malih količina otpadne tvari živi organizmi reagiraju tako da se vrši prilagođivanje novim uvjetima staništa. To rezultira promjenama u broju i gustoći populacija u pojedinim životnim zajednicama, dakako uz uvjet da otpadna tvar po sastavu i količini ne djeluje letalno na sve organizme postojećih ekosustava.
UTJECAJ NAKON PRESTANKA KORIŠTENJA ZAHVATA
Objekti uređenja savskog plovnog puta grade se kao dugotrajni zahvat, koji bi se u načelu trebali trajno koristiti u svojim funkcijama i ne predviđa se njihovo uklanjanje. Kad bi do toga iz bilo kojeg razloga došlo, vodni bi se režim vratio na stanje prije izgradnje. U tom smislu, mogućih utjecaja nakon prestanka korištenja zahvata ne bi trebalo biti, odnosno ovi se utjecaji ne uključuju u ocjenu prihvatljivosti zahvata.
ANALIZA KORISTI I TROŠKOVA REALIZACIJE ZAHVATA
Glavni je cilj ove analize bio preporučiti strategiju i programe za razvoj vodnog puta rijeke Save te uspostaviti odgovarajući gospodarski i organizacijski okvir za obnovu prometa i plovidbe (teret i putnici) na Savi sa zadacima da se učini sljedeće:
- poboljšati javna i privatna ulaganja u promet na rijeci Savi, u skladu s odgovarajućom ekonomsko-financijskom analizom,
- postići integrirani pristup vezan za upravljanje vodama, proizvodnju energije, kontrolu poplava i aspekte zaštite okoliša u slivu rijeke Save.
- predlagati širenje koordinacije aktivnosti vezanih za unutarnju plovidbu te utvrditi prioritete od javnog interesa,
Ukupni investicijski troškovi za podizanje vodnog puta Save na klasu IV koji su korišteni u osnovnoj analizi troškova i koristi iznose 591,1 milijun Kn, dok odnosni eksploatacijski troškovi i troškovi održavanja iznose 31,3 milijuna Kn na godišnjoj razini.
Za troškove i koristi važno je i vremensko planiranje provedbe. Planiranje uzima u obzir postojanje razlike između razina prioriteta koji se treba dati unapređenju dionica rijeke. Plovni put dijeli se na dvije osnovne cjeline: Slavonski Brod-Sisak (DVI-DXIV) i Račinovci-Slavonski Brod (DI-DV). Prve će biti unaprijeđene dionice koje imaju najveći obujam transporta, kako bi se čim prije profitiralo zahvaljujući rezultatima koje će to unapređenje imati za prijevoz. Po analizi stanja svih 14 dionica plovnog puta od Račinovaca do Siska, kao najkritičnija dionica za funkcioniranje plovnog puta odabrana je dionica DIV. Kako je regulacijsko pravilo da se pri izgradnji građevina kreće od nizvodnog dijela dionice prema uzvodnom, jer svaki nizvodni rad ima uzvodni učinak, prije sređivanja dionice DIV potrebno je urediti dionicu DIII. Nakon dionica DIII i DIV kreće se na sanaciju dionica unutar cjeline Slavonski Brod-Sisak. Prve na red dolaze dionice DXII i DXIII, pa DVI, DVIII, DXI I DXIV.
U sklopu procjene utjecaja na okoliš izrađena je procjena i razmotreni su specifični troškovi. Inicijalni će troškovi prema procjeni utjecaja na okoliš biti 6.168.500,00 Kn, dok je inicijalna procjena stručnog tima da će godišnji rashodi za poslove praćenja iznositi oko 182.500,00 Kn godišnje.
Na temelju izračuna troškova i koristi prikazanih u osnovnom izvještaju, postaje jasno da je podizanje rijeke Save na plovnost u IV. klasu na dionici između Siska i Račinovaca ekonomski izvediva. Treba napomenuti, da rezultati analize troškova i koristi nisu obuhvatili moguće koristi od prijevoza pijeska i šljunka čiji je udio drugdje u Europi 20-30 % u ukupnom obujmu prijevoza teglenicama.
Rezultati analize troškova i koristi za podizanje vodnog puta rijeke Save na IV. klasu na dionici između Siska i Račinovaca vrlo su pozitivni, te pokazuju nešto negativnih rezultata samo u vrlo ekstremnim i neizglednim slučajevima. Na temelju rezultata analize troškova i koristi koji su razmatrani u osnovnom izvještaju, mogu se formulirati sljedeće preporuke:
- Dovoljno je vremena na raspolaganju za konkretizaciju projekta, tako da se proces može započeti čim prije, a velika se pozornost može usmjeriti ne samo financiranju projekta, već i detaljnoj koncepciji i aspektima koji se tiču okoliša;
- Unaprjeđenje rijeke Save na dionici između Siska i Račinovaca treba se provesti što je prije moguće;
- Usprkos fleksibilnosti terminskog plana provedbe prikazane u procjeni ekonomskog utjecaja mogućih kašnjenja provedbe, koja je pokazala da bi čak i kašnjenje od nekoliko godina i dalje polučilo pozitivne rezultate analize troškova i koristi, preporuka je svakako čim prije otpočeti pregovore s donatorskim organizacijama, kako bi se osiguralo financiranje projekta s najkraćim kašnjenjima.
Kao posljednja opaska, važno je naglasiti da je gornja procjena gospodarske izvedivosti ograničena na unaprjeđenje rijeke Save na dionici od Siska do Račinovaca.
OPIS MOŽEBITNIH ZNAČAJNIH PREKOGRANIČNIH UTJECAJA
Upravljanje vodnim bogatstvom na način da se poboljšaju, očuvaju i zaštite vode proizlazi iz međunarodnih obveza Republike Hrvatske. Obveze su nastale potvrđivanjem konvencija i
protokola o korištenju i zaštiti voda kao i dvostranim ugovorima o vodnogospodarskoj suradnji. Temeljem ''Konvencije o zaštiti i upotrebi prekograničnih vodotoka i međunarodnih jezera'', Republika Hrvatska i susjedne države su se sporazumjele da će poduzeti sve nužne mjere za nadzor, sprječavanje i smanjenje prekograničnih posljedica.
''Konvencija o suradnji na zaštiti i održivoj upotrebi rijeke Dunav'' odnosi se na hidrološki sliv rijeke Dunava, kojem na području Republike Hrvatske pripada sliv rijeke Save, Drave i dijela Dunava. U ovoj Konvenciji određena je i svrha ili domašaj do kojeg podliježu odgovarajuće djelatnosti i mjere, planirane ili u tijeku, u opsegu u kojem izazivaju ili bi mogle izazvati prekogranične posljedice.
Kao podrška Konvenciji o suradnji na zaštiti i održivoj upotrebi rijeke Dunav, pripremljen je ''Program zaštite okoliša Dunavskog slivnog područja'', koji je usvojen na Ministarskoj konferenciji podunavskih zemalja. Osim toga, formirana je i Komisija za sliv Save sa sjedištem u Zagrebu.
Temeljem navedenog proizlazi da postoje zakonske odredbe kao i međunarodne obveze vezano za izgradnju planiranog zahvata koji ne onečišćuje zrak, tlo i vodu, i nemaju negativnih globalnih utjecaja na okoliš.
Sukladno NATURI 2000 koja obuhvaća područja važna za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta i stanišnih tipova, ovaj program čini osnovu zaštite prirode u EU, a proizlazi iz ''Direktive o zaštiti ptica'' i ''Direktive o zaštiti prirodnih staništa, divlje faune i flore''. Republika Hrvatska je donijela ''Uredbu o proglašenju Nacionalne ekološke mreže'' kojom su definirana važna područja za divlje svojte i stanišne tipove, zatim međnarodno važna područja za ptice s ekološkim koridorima. Trasa planiranog plovnog puta rijeke Save djelomice prolazi prirodnim lokalitetima uvrštenih u Nacionalnu ekološku mrežu.
Republika Hrvatska također je potpisnica ''Konvencije o Europskim krajobrazima'' usvojene u Strasbourgu. Članice potpisnice Konvencije sporazumjele su se, pozivajući se na to da kvaliteta i raznolikost europskih krajobraza čini zajedničko bogatstvo, da je važno surađivati u svrhu zaštite, upravljanja i planiranja svih krajobraza u Europi. Konvencija kao takva odnosi se na krajobraze koji se mogu smatrati iznimnim, kao i na uobičajene ili degradirane krajobraze, a ima ciljeve promicati zaštitu krajobraza, upravljanje i planiranje te organizirati europsku suradnju o pitanjima krajobraza.
Republika Hrvatska uključena je u aktivnosti zaštite prostora i okoliša provođenjem i učešćem u međunarodnim programima i dokumentima koje je potrebno uvažavati na regionalnoj (županijskoj) razini od kojih su najznačajniji:
- ''Konvencija o biološkoj raznolikosti'', očuvanje i unaprjeđenje postojeće biološke raznolikosti u državi, te održivo korištenje njezinih komponenti,
- ''Akcija za očuvanje zaštićenih područja u Europi'' odobrava planove kojima se štite ne samo pojedinačne biljne i životinjske vrste i njihove lokacije, već zahtijeva da se štite staništa i ekosustavi koji ne priznaju administrativne granice, akcije potrebno provoditi na međudržavnoj, odnosno međunarodnoj razini.
- ''Strategija i akcijski plan zaštite biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti Republike Hrvatske'' s ''Pregledom stanja i zaštite biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti'',
Vezano za zakonske uvjete uključenja Republike Hrvatske u mrežu europskih unutarnjih plovnih putova, treba istaknuti, da je Republika Hrvatska u Helsinkiju, a Hrvatski državni sabor potvrdio ugovor o glavnim unutarnjim plovnim putovima od međunarodnog značenja. Prema tom ugovoru najvažniji su unutarnji plovni putovi u smjeru sjever-jug koji osiguravaju pristup pomorskim lukama te spajaju države europskog sjevernomorskog područja preko Podunavlja s državama Sredozemnog mora.
Radi reguliranja preuzetih obveza, RH je donijela ''Zakon o plovidbi unutarnjim vodama'' i ''Zakon o lukama unutarnjih voda''. Za međunarodnu plovidbu Savom AGN-u trebaju pristupiti BiH i Republika Srbija. Republika Hrvatska je sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom potpisala ''Protokol o uspostavljanju plovidbe na unutarnjim plovnim putovima rijeke Save i njenih pritoka između RH i BiH'' kojim je dozvoljena slobodna plovidba plovilima obje zastave na dijelu Save od Račinovaca do Siska, na dijelu rijeke Kupe, na dijelu rijeke Une i na dijelu rijeke Bosne.
Kako se dionica zahvata, odnosno Sava od Račinovaca do ušća rijeke Une u Savu, nalazi u pograničnom području Republike Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine, obveza je između ostalih, prema prilogu I. ''Konvencije o procjeni utjecaja na okoliš preko državnih granica'', Espoo, Finska 1991. godine (Republika Hrvatska i Bosna i Hercegovina su potpisnice te konvencije), o planiranom zahvatu obavijestiti susjedne države.
U vrijeme pripremnih radnji, kao i u vrijeme građenja te korištenja savskog plovnog puta, planirani zahvat neće proizvoditi bitnije elemente prekograničnog utjecaja na okoliš, a koji nisu u skladu s nacionalnim normama ili protivne međunarodnim obvezama Republike Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine.
J.4. MJERE ZAŠTITE OKOLIŠA
MJERE ZAŠTITE OKOLIŠA PRIJE IZGRADNJE ZAHVATA
Nepovoljne utjecaje planiranog zahvata na okoliš sukladno pravnim, administrativnim, tehničkim i tehnološkim uvjetima potrebno je svesti na najmanju moguću mjeru. Prije početka građenja Agencija za vodne putove treba, putem sredstava javnog informiranja, obavijestiti zainteresirano pučanstvo o izgradnji planiranog zahvata i očekivanim utjecajima koje može polučiti planirana gradnja.
Budući da plovni put rijeke Save pripada u prometnice s izrazito uskim, a dugim pojasom te da će se zahvati graditi etapno, nužno je tijekom građenja osigurati normalno odvijanje svih sadašnjih funkcija u prostoru. Materijal za izgradnju pristupnih putova, kao i materijale za izgradnju objekata vezanih za uređenje savskog plovnog puta treba osigurati na najbliže mogućim lokacijama i skladištima.
O izvoditelju radova ovisi hoće li se opskrbljivati gorivom i mazivom na obližnjim crpnim stanicama ili će opskrbu strojeva i vozila gorivom riješiti pretakanjem iz cisterni ili bačava. U tom slučaju prije početka radova treba izgraditi skladišta pri čemu se moraju poštivati propisi vezani za objekte namijenjene uskladištenju goriva i maziva.
Prije početka radova nužno je utvrditi izvor i način dopreme materijala koji će se ugraditi u objekte planiranog savskog plovnog puta. Također prije početka gradnje predviđenog zahvata treba urediti imovinsko pravne odnose nad zemljištem na kojem će se planirani zahvat graditi.
Kako bi se utjecaj na prirodni okoliš sveo na najmanju moguću mjeru, vrijeme i način gradnje potrebno je planirati i prilagoditi kretanjima u prirodi tako da se izbjegne reproduktivna razdoblja većine životinjskih skupina. Problem je što se većina vrsta kralješnjaka obrađenih skupina okuplja i koncentrira na određenim staništima u proljeće radi reprodukcije, kada su im populacije i najosjetljivije. Ukoliko se na tim staništima izbjegne gradnja tijekom proljetnih mjeseci, velik broj vodozemaca, gmazova, ptica i sisavaca biti će pod znatno manjim pritiskom i doći će do znatno manje štete za faunu. Zbog toga, osim što navedene činjenice treba uvažavati kod izrade dinamičkog plana građenja te organizacije građenja nužna je i suradnja između izvođača radova i biologa, odnosno spcijalista za pojedine skupine životinja. Obzirom na oblik građevine i očekivanu organizaciju građenja koja pretpostavlja premještanje gradilišnih objekata uzduž Save, neće doći do nepovoljnog djelovanja na
kakvoću podzemnih i površinskih voda te tla. To je moguće postići pravilnom organizacijom radova, izgradnjom sustava za sigurno zbrinjavanje otpadnih voda, izborom odgovarajuće mehanizacije i njezinim adekvatnim servisiranjem te ugradnjom odgovarajuće opreme i materijala, a što treba definirati u narednim fazama projektiranja.
Organizaciju građenja treba što više temeljiti na postojećim objektima i postojećoj infrastrukturi. Gradilišne objekte treba smjestiti tako da se što manje ističu u prostoru i na takvim mjestima koja će se najbrže vratiti u prijašnje stanje, nakon njihovog premještanja, i treba ih smještavati prvenstveno u područjima komunalno dobro opremljenih naselja.
Rekonstrukciju postojećih i izgradnju novih pristupnih putova do gradilišta treba obaviti tako da se njihove trase što više prilagode terenu kako bi se što manje isticala u krajobrazu, zatim da ne ometaju dosadašnji način korištenja zemljišta. Kod toga nužno je voditi računa o mogućnosti zadržavanja novoizgrađenih pristupnih putova do i od gradilišta i nakon izgradnje planiranog zahvata. Prilikom izrade i donošenja plana organizacije građenja planiranog zahvata nužna je suradnja s biolozima. Sva planirana rješenja trebaju biti usklađena s prostorno-planskom dokumentacijom lokalne samouprave.
MJERE ZAŠTITE OKOLIŠA TIJEKOM IZGRADNJE I KORIŠTENJA ZAHVATA
Osnovna mjera o kojoj ovisi provođenje mjera zaštite okoliša tijekom izvođenja radova je jedinstveni nadzor nad zaštitom okoliša na cjelokupnom gradilištu. To je posebice važno ako istovremeno radove izvodi više izvođača i ako se istovremeno radovi obavljaju na više lokacija. U nadzor treba uključiti stručnjake različitih specijalnosti, kao što su konzervatori, ornitolozi, ihtiolozi, agronomi, šumari i dr. Nositelj izgradnje predviđenog zahvata mora se pobrinuti da izvođač radova provodi gradnju primjerenom mehanizacijom i u skladu s usvojenom dinamikom radova te da se pridržava usvojene projektne dokumentacije i da poštuje zakonske propise. Tijekom izvođenja radova treba pratiti stanje okoliša prema programu praćenja.
Mjere zaštite ptica riječnog staništa
Iz prikaza utjecaja po vrstama ptica riječnog staništa proizlazi da niti na jednu vrstu negativni utjecaj neće biti presudan, no za štekavca, bregunicu, kulika sljepčića, malu prutku te crvenokljunu i malu čigru ipak će postojati utjecaj koji bi donekle smanjio njihove populacije. Stoga je potrebno poduzeti određene zaštitne mjere. Obzirom da je potencijalni utjecaj planiranog zahvata na ptice riječnih staništa dvojak, zaštitne mjere trebaju biti usmjerene na oba vida utjecaja. Navedene mjere su okvirne i investitor ih, u suradnji sa stručnjacima ornitolozima u daljnjem postupku projektiranja treba detaljnije razviti.
Zaštitne mjere zbog smanjenja površina sprudova
Kako bi se površine pod sprudovima potrebne za opstanak kulika sljepčića, male prutke te crvenokljune i male čigre održale u što većoj mjeri, predlaže se sljedeća zaštitna mjera kao kompenzacija:
Duž toka Save od Siska do Račinovaca uz samu rijeku revitalizirati stare rukavce ili prilagoditi postojeće iskope šljunka, pijeska ili zemlje. Rukavci ili jezerca trebali bi biti što ravnomjernije raspoređena unutar područja. Obale moraju biti niske i postepeno se uzdizati iz plićaka. Sve to skupa treba biti potpuno opkoljeno dubljom vodom od najmanje 2 m dubine širokom najmanje 20-tak metara. Sustavom kanala i ustava jezerca trebaju biti povezana sa Savom kako bi se mogao regulirati vodostaj. Također, sprudove treba održavati kako bi im površina bila ili gola ili slabo zarasla. Tip podloge nije bitan, ali je najpovoljniji šljunak, zatim pijesak te zemlja.
Zaštitne mjere zbog smanjenja površina pod strmim, odronjenim riječnim obalama Obzirom da su odgovarajuće strme riječne obale na rijeci Savi malobrojne i malih površina, svakako treba provesti zaštitnu mjeru izbjegavanja daljnjeg utvrđivanja obala rijeke.
URE ENJE SAVSKOG PLOVNOG PUTA I ODRE IVANJE REGULACIJSKE LINIJE
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SAVE OD RA INOVACA DO SISKA - STUDIJA O UTJECAJU NA OKOLIŠ
Obaloutvrde treba graditi samo u slučajevima ako odronjavanje obale neposredno ugrožava kuće, gospodarske objekte, mostove, ceste, pruge, nasipe i sl. S obzirom da će u nužnim slučajevima utvrđivanja obale ipak biti, potrebno je kao kompenzaciju provesti zaštitnu mjeru izgradnje umjetnih odrona: na najmanje desetak mjesta uzduž Save treba izgraditi umjetne odrone u dužini od min. 50-tak m dužine. Odron mora biti najmanje 2 m viši od uobičajenih visokih voda u periodu od travnja do kolovoza. Strminu odrona također treba održavati neobraslom (svake 2-3 godine ga treba ponovo odroniti), a idealna podloga je zemlja ili zemlja pomiješana s nešto pijeska. Ovi odroni mogu biti kombinirani s gore navedenim jezercima tako da dio obala jezerca bude izveden kao odron. Druga mogućnost je da se na utvrđenim riječnim obalama (ukoliko nisu nužne) ukloni cijela ili dio obaloutvrde i obala malo odroni. Treća je mogućnost da se na riječnoj obali naveze materijal i umjetno izgradi odron iznad vode.
Mjere zaštite ihtiofaune i makrozoobentosa
Neke osnovne smjernice mogućih mjera za očuvanje ribljeg fonda:
- Očuvati vodena i močvarna staništa u što prirodnijem stanju, a prema potrebi izvršiti revitalizaciju,
- Modernizacija poribljavanja uz praćenje preživljavanja pojedinih vrsta,
- Osigurati povoljnu količinu vode u vodenim i močvarnim staništima koja je nužna za opstanak staništa i njihovih značajnih bioloških vrsta,
- Očuvati raznolikost staništa (neutvrđene obale, sprudovi i dr.) i povoljnu dinamiku voda (meandriranje, prenošenje i odlaganje nanosa i dr.),
- Očuvati povoljna fizikalno-kemijska svojstva vode ili ih poboljšati, ukoliko su nepovoljna za opstanak staništa i njihovih značajnih bioloških vrsta,
- Očuvati povezanost vodnoga toka,
- Očuvati biološke vrste značajne za stanišni tip.
Mjere obnove staništa kojim se poboljšava ekološko stanje donjeg toka rijeke Save treba provesti unutar samog korita rijeke, te u širem inundacijskom području. Prije provedbe mjera revitalizacije potrebno je provesti znanstvena istraživanja, kako bi se utvrdilo nulto stanje te definirale mjere i postupci revitalizacije sukladno smjernicama dugotrajne zaštite vodenih resursa.
Temeljem izloženog, može se s velikom sigurnošću utvrditi da predviđeni zahvati produbljivanja kinete korita rijeke Save, sa svrhom uređenja plovnog puta, neće imati negativne posljedice na zajednicu makrozoobentosa. Isto tako, nisu potrebne posebne mjere tijekom zahvata te za vrijeme korištenja plovnog puta.
Mjere za smanjenje utjecaja na kakvoću zraka
- Redovito servisirati strojeve i vozila koji se koriste na gradilištu,
- Neasfaltirane manipulativne površine i transportne putove u blizini stambenih objekata za vrijeme sušnih dana (u slučaju jačeg prašenja) polijevati vodom,
- Prevoziti rasuti građevinski materijal u tehnički ispravnim vozilima koja su primjerena te ga vlažiti ili prekrivati, pogotovo za vjetrovitih dana,
- Kod izvođenja pojedinih zemljanih radova ograničiti brzinu kretanja vozila po površinama gradilišta na 30 km/h.
Od svih planiranih načina korištenja plovnog puta Save jedino plovidba može utjecati na onečišćenje atmosfere. Ispuštanje u atmosferu štetnih plinovitih tvari moguće je iz brodova koji za svoj pogon koriste strojeve s fosilnim gorivom. Zaštitna mjera, u pogledu kakvoće zraka, je nadzor nad ispravnosti pogonskih strojeva, odnosno ispušnih plinova. Uz posjedovanja ekoloških atesta o ispušnim plinovima za plovila potrebno je predvidjeti stanice opskrbljene uređajem za nadzor ispušnih plinova. Ovisno o dopuštenim koncentracijama štetnih plinovitih tvari, može se zabraniti plovidba brodova s prekomjernim ispuštanjem štetnih plinovitih tvari.
Mjere zaštite tla i poljoprivrednog zemljišta
- Kako je projektnom dokumentacijom predviđeno, u sklopu uređenja savskog plovnog puta doći će do iskopa oko 1,73 mil. m 3 šljunčanog materijala iz kinete korita. Napominje se, da se taj materijal nikako ne smije odložiti ili privremeno deponirati na savsku obalu, već će ga izvođač radova razmjestiti unutar korita Save na mjesta povećanih depresija;
- Po završetku građevinskih radova putnu mrežu odnosno poljske putove treba obavezno sanirati;
- Prilikom izvođenja radova koristiti postojeću putnu mrežu. Prije toga nužno je ispitati stanje postojeće putne mreže i poljskih putova i prema potrebi izvršiti njihovu obnovu ili rekonstrukciju s obzirom na buduće kretanje teške građevinske mehanizacije po postojećim putovima koji nisu građeni za takvu namjenu;
- Sav suvišni građevni materijal koji neće biti upotrijebljen u graditeljskim aktivnostima, mora biti deponiran na za to predviđenim lokacijama, a građevni otpad je potrebno sustavno odvoziti;
- Nužno je provoditi učestalo i kontrolirano zbrinjavanje otpada na propisan način, odnosno zabraniti bilo kakvo privremeno ili trajno odlaganje navedenog otpadnog materijala na okolno tlo.
Mjere za zaštitu krajobraznih karakteristika
- Glavni projekt izraditi u suradnji s krajobraznim arhitektom,
- Unaprijed definirati pristupne prometnice u svrhu zaštite prostora s maksimalnim iskorištenjem već postojećih puteva,
- Minimalizirati regulaciju riječnog korita,
- U slučaju potrebe za planiranjem novih pristupnih puteva, iste je potrebno planirati na način da se ne krči šuma, živice i vrijedni prostori - odnosno potrebno ih je planirati po rubovima šumske vegetacije u inundaciji,
- Prilikom izvođenja radova koristiti postojeću putnu mrežu. Prije toga nužno je ispitati stanje postojeće putne mreže i poljskih putova i prema potrebi izvršiti njihovu obnovu ili rekonstrukciju,
- Pristupni putevi ne smiju ugrožavati vrijedna i ugrožena staništa kao niti specifične elemente površinskog pokrova (soliterna stabla, drvorede i sl.),
- Ograničiti kretanje teške mehanizacije prilikom uređenja savskog plovnog puta, kako bi površina devastirana radovima bila što manja,
- Građevinski material se ni u kom slučaju ne smije rasipati niti odlagati u okružujućem krajobrazu.
- Svi hidrotehnički objekti trebaju biti izgrađeni u skladu s okružujućim krajobrazom,
Mjere za zaštitu flore i faune
Na cijelom području zahvata ne postoje neke rijetke i ugrožene biljne vrste ni staništa. Na području zahvata na kojem se izmjenjuju antropogena, poluprirodna i prirodna staništa s odgovarajućim biljnim i životinjskim zajednicama, osnovna mjera zaštite biljnog i životinjskog svijeta je sprječavanje nepotrebne degradacije staništa, ograničavanjem radova samo na uskom području gdje će se zahvat graditi, zatim minimalno narušavanje postojećeg korita vodotoka te sprječavanje nepotrebnog zaposjedanja livada i rušenja stabala i grmlja.
Treba izbjegavati izvođenje građevinskih radova u vrijeme specifičnih životnih ciklusa pojedinih životinjskih skupina. Problem je što se većina vrsta kralješnjaka navedenih skupina okuplja i koncentrira u proljeće radi reprodukcije kada su im populacije i najosjetljivije. Ukoliko se izbjegne gradnja tijekom proljetnih mjeseci velik broj vodozemaca, gmazova i sisavaca bit će pod znatno manjim pritiskom i doći će do znatno manje štete na faunu. U slučaju pojave velikog broja bilo koje skupine životinja treba tražiti savjet stručnjaka.
Zbog očuvanja populacije leptira na području građevinskog zahvat potrebno je sačuvati na ovom prostoru ili u njegovoj blizini, omanje šumarke vrba, kao i područja pod travnjačkom
vegetacijom i vegetacijom grmlja. Radi smanjenja prašine preporuča se polijevanje makadamskih prometnica.
Za opstanak zajednica vodozemaca i vodenih gmazova, neophodno je zadržati nivo fizikalno-kemijskih značajki na ekološki prihvatljivoj razini. Nedopustivo je odlaganje bilo kakvog tekućeg ili krutog otpada u vodu ili u blizinu vodenih staništa, kao i potpuno zaustavljanje toka vode na području utjecaja. Neophodno je maksimalno izbjegavati onečišćenje i zamućenje vodotoka Save i drugih vodenih površina.
Kako neće doći do uništavanja šuma i šumskih staništa, većina šumske faune neće doživjeti promjene. Ukoliko je moguće, treba smanjiti razinu buke i drugih načina uznemiravanja (svjetlost i sl.) životinja na najmanju moguću mjeru. Održavanje radnih strojeva i dopunu goriva treba obavljati na ranije definiranom području koje treba biti izvan područja gradilišta.
Osim mjera zaštite staništa, biljnog i životinjskog svijeta radi zaštite flore i faune kopnenih ekosustava, tijekom korištenja zahvata treba predvidjeti i redovito održavanje i njegovanje flore i vegetacije na prostoru uređenja. Za poboljšanje izgleda krajobraza, sve površine u zaobalju planiranog zahvata treba prepustiti prirodnoj sukcesiji zajednica.
Prilikom održavanja nasipa i okolnog područja potrebno je maksimalno izbjegavati pretjerano košenje i sječenje vegetacije kako bi se očuvala mozaička vrijedna mikrostaništa te izbjeglo stvaranje jednoličnog velikog okoliša koji koristi vrlo mali broj vrsta faune beskralješnjaka i faune kralješnjaka. Gdje je to moguće dopustiti razvoj prirodne vegetacije i prirodnog oblikovanja staništa.
Stalnim praćenjem indikatorskih vrsta potrebno je omogućiti eventualne dodatne popravke i korekcije. U slučaju uočavanja smanjenja populacija pojedine vrste ili skupine životinja potrebno je izvršiti korekcijske zahvate u smislu revitalizacije i vraćanja izmijenjenih, oštećenih i uništenih staništa te oporavka populacije.
Mjere za zaštitu šuma, divljači i lovstva
Obzirom da se u konkretnom slučaju radi o zahvatima na uređenju plovnog puta koji će se isključivo i ograničeno odvijati u koritu rijeke Save, ne predviđa se utjecaj na šumu u cjelini, niti od direktnih pa tako niti od indirektnih utjecaja, što je već ranije obrazloženo.
Također utjecaj na čitavom području na stanište, floru i faunu neće biti u tolikoj mjeri da bi trebalo usklađivati postojeće propise za lovišta koja se jednim dijelom dotiču promatranog područja. Uznemiravanje životinjskih vrsta, odnosno divljači, u vrijeme zahvata u prostoru neminovno je u određenoj mjeri ali se treba paziti da ti utjecaji budu što manji.
Sa stajališta gospodarenja šumom i šumskim zemljištem, planiranim zahvatom ne utječe se na šumski ekosustav, stoga uređenje plovnog puta nema utjecaja na šumu i aktivnosti šumarstva na tom području. Preporuča se tijekom izrade projektne dokumentacije, a napose prije početka radova na uređenju plovnog puta, uspostaviti kontakt i suradnju s nadležnim upravama šuma i šumarijama, odnosno stručnim i odgovornim osobama koje provode smjernice gospodarenja šumom i šumskim zemljištem na priobalnom području ako je obraslo šumom.
Što se tiče lovnog gospodarenja, realizacijom projekta, tijekom trajanja građevinskih radova i uređenja prostora bit će privremeno, zbog nedostatka mira, iz lovnih i lovno produktivnih površina isključen pojas od oko 100 metara (eventualno zbog antropogenih utjecaja do 500 metara). Cjelokupno gledano, taj zahvat neće imati značajnijih utjecaja na gospodarenje lovištima u cjelini, bez obzira na dužinu zahvata od gotovo 400 km. Radi zaštite i očuvanja pojedinih vrsta divljači ili zaštičenih životinjskih vrsta, preporuča se uspostaviti kontakt sa ovlaštenicima prava lova prije početka izvođenja radova, kako bi se organizirala zaštita divljači, posebno ptica močvarica, ali i krupne divljači od potencijalnog krivolova.
Mjere za zaštitu nacionalne ekološke mreže
Uvidom u priloge Uredbe o proglašenju ekološke mreže, utvrđeno je, da se šire područje rijeke Save od Račinovaca do Siska nalazi u granicama Nacionalne ekološke mreže. Sukladno Pravilniku o ocjeni prihvatljivosti plana, programa i zahvata za ekološku mrežu izrađena je Glavna ocjena prihvatljivosti zahvata za ekološku mrežu (knjiga 3).
Mjere zaštite voda
Iznenadna zagađenja vezana uz aktivnosti na plovnom putu mogu nastati za vrijeme građenja i u periodu korištenja. Državnim planom za zaštitu voda propisane su mjere, da ako dođe do iznenadnog zagađenja potrebno je odmah obaviti dojavu o nastanku iznenadnog zagađenja i postupiti u skladu s Operativnim planom radi sprječavanja širenja odnosno uklanjanja nastalog zagađenja. Vodopravni inspektor će utvrditi stupanj ugroženosti te donijeti rješenje o poduzimanju potrebnih mjera i dostaviti ga osobama koje su dužne primijeniti te mjere.
Mjere koje će se poduzeti u slučajevima iznenadnog zagađenja su:
* utvrđivanje uzroka, počinitelja, vrste i opsega zagađenja, ocjena stupnja ugroženosti ekološke funkcije voda te zdravlja i života ljudi, kao i mogućnost širenja zagađenja,
* obavješćivanje nadležnih tijela i javnosti te primjena operativnih planova radi suzbijanja širenja i uklanjanja iznenadnog zagađenja,
* nadzor nad nastalim zagađenjem i njegovim širenjem, informiranje javnosti i korisnika vode o kakvoći vode i po potrebi zabrana njezine uporabe,
* obavljanje sanacijskih radova nad nastalim zagađenjem u skladu s operativnim planovima, te uklanjanje uzroka iznenadnog zagađenja.
Stupanj ugroženosti proglašava vodopravni inspektor prema mjerilima propisanim u Državnom planu za zaštitu voda, gdje su predviđena tri stupnja ugroženosti. Operativni plan za provedbu mjera dužne su izraditi sve fizičke i pravne osobe koje svojom djelatnošću mogu izazvati iznenadno zagađenje površinskih i podzemnih voda ili zagađenje mora s kopna, pa shodno rečenom takav plan treba napraviti i za plovni put. Pored obvezatnog sudjelovanja Hrvatskih voda i vodopravne inspekcije, težište aktivnosti u slučajevima iznenadnog zagađenja je na lučkim kapetanijama.
Razina rizika od iznenadnog zagađenja za vrijeme građenja može se smanjiti i dovesti u prihvatljive granice striktnom primjenom pravila građenja, projekta organizacije gradilišta i permanentnom kontrolom, kako odgovornih osoba voditelja gradilišta, tako nadležnih inspekcijskih službi. Svaki pojedinačni zahvat mora imati verificirane projekte gradilišta i tehnologije građenja. Za vrijeme građenja potreban je intenzivni monitoring kakvoće vode rijeke Save vezan uz vrstu radova koji se izvode, kako bi se mogle vrlo brzo uvesti potrebne mjere zaštite, ograničenjem ili promjenom aktivnosti na gradilištu.
Potrebno je organizirati radove na izgradnji objekata plovnog puta tako da se najveći dio obavlja s vodene strane, posebno na dionicama gdje bi aktivnosti s obalne strane mogle nanijeti velike štete okolišu. Time se mogu izbjeći radovi na probijanju novih prometnica i obalnoj organizaciji gradilišta. Povećane rizike od onečišćenja i zagađenja rijeke Save na trasi plovnog puta koji bi bili posljedica odvijanja prometa potrebno je održavati u prihvatljivim granicama koje jamči stroga primjena pravila navigacije, tehničke ispravnosti plovila, signalizacije i obilježavanja plovnog puta.
Mjere zaštite kulturno-povijesnih vrijednosti
Mjere zaštite koje je potrebno provesti:
- Prije početka radova provesti arheološko rekognosciranje na lokacijama gradnje novih pera i obaloutvrda,
- Tijekom svih radova na iskopu materijala iz kinete korita rijeke Save kao i svih radova na obalama potrebno je osigurati stručni arheološki nadzor zbog mogućeg pronalaženja potencijalnih arheoloških nalaza,
- Ukoliko se u tijeku radova naiđe na arheološke strukture/predmete, radove je potrebno obustaviti i o tome obavijestiti nadležni konzervatorski odjel,
- Pri izradi programa organizacije građenja i provedbi radova posebnu pozornost treba posvetiti provedbi odgovarajućih zaštitnih mjera kako se ne bi ugrozili ili oštetili pojedinačni kulturno-povijesni objekti/lokaliteti, kao i ambijenti/slike povijesnih naselja,
- Za sve radnje je potrebno ishoditi suglasnost nadležnoga konzervatorskog odjela.
Mjere zaštite od buke
Kod korištenja plovnog puta jaču buku mogu proizvoditi pogonski strojevi plovila tijekom plovidbe. Međutim, iako je procijenjeno da buka koju će proizvoditi plovila neće prelaziti dozvoljenu razinu buke, ipak u naseljenim mjestima blizu kojih plovni put prolazi treba pratiti razinu buke, i u slučaju potrebe treba primijeniti zaštitne mjere za smanjivanje buke na dopuštenu razinu postavljanjem zapreka između izvora buke i točke mjerenja, stambenih kuća. Zvučne zapreke mogu biti u obliku zidova, tankih pregrada, usjeka, nasipa. Općenito je učinak smanjenja buke veći što je zapreka bliža izvoru buke.
MJERE ZAŠTITE OKOLIŠA U SLUČAJU AKCIDENTA
Uslijed nezgoda kod plovidbe brodova može doći do potapanja i/ili prosipanja tereta, te ovisno o ispuštenoj tvari i do teških ekoloških nesreća. Temeljne mjere zaštite za ublažavanje posljedica mogućih ekoloških nesreća određene su, u skladu sa Zakonom o vodama, Državnim planom za zaštitu voda kao i Županijskim planovima za zaštitu voda.
Mjere za sprječavanje mogućih posljedica temelje se prvenstveno na Zakonu o prijevozu opasnih tvari. Kako bi se učinkovito provodile mjere sprječavanja i ublažavanja posljedica mogućih ekoloških nesreća predlaže se:
- Odjel treba biti opremljen osnovnim laboratorijem za ispitivanje voda i zraka;
- Osnivanje odjela za zaštitu okoliša u okviru organizacije koja će upravljati uporabom i održavanjem plovnog puta rijeke Save;
- Zadatak odjela bio bi nadzor brodova (ispušnih plinova) i tereta (vrsti tvari, način pakiranja, spremanja u brodskim skladištima, zaštitnim uređajima i sl.);
- Motrenje stanja okoliša plovnog puta te obavješćivanje nadležne policijske uprave u slučaju nastajanja nezgoda koje bi mogle uzrokovati onečišćenje i/ili zagađenje voda, zraka ili tla;
- nadziranje stalnog praćenja kakvoće vode, zraka, tla, biljnih i životinjskih vrsti prema usvojenom programu;
- Poduzimanje i organiziranje hitnih mjera sprječavanja širenja zagađenja od mjesta nezgode prema ostalim dijelovima vodnog sustava;
- Ishodi ispitivanja i motrenja dijelova okoliša moraju biti čuvani u Odjelu, te dostupni inspektorima i drugim ovlaštenim službama;
- Za učinkovito djelovanje Odjela potrebno je pripremiti Upute za rad i postupanje kod svih mogućih očekivanih nezgoda. Svi djelatnici Odjela moraju biti upoznati sa Uputama za rad i postupanje u slučaju nezgoda na plovnom putu;
Poremećaji u vodnom ekosustavu, odnosno udarna opterećenja mogu nastati u slučaju prekida rada jednog od uređaja za čišćenje otpadnih voda u slivnom području. Kako bi se ublažile posljedice uslijed udarnog opterećenja otpadnom tvari predlaže se:
- Uređaji za čišćenje moraju biti opskrbljeni pogonskom energijom s barem dva neovisna izvora.
- Izgraditi uređaje za čišćenje kod svih lučkih postrojenja.
- Stalnim praćenjem kakvoće i količine ulazne i izlazne vode omogućit će se opažanja učinkovitosti rada uređaja, odnosno mogući poremećaji i nezgode u radu.
- Preporuča se odabrati iste postupke čišćenja i istu opremu na više sličnih uređaja, kako bi se omogućilo organiziranje zajedničkih uslužnih radionica za brz popravak, te skladišta pričuvnih dijelova za više uređaja.
- Djelatnici moraju biti u potpunosti upoznati sa zaštitnim mjerama na radu, mogućim opasnostima i načinu djelovanja te ponašanju u slučaju nastanka nepredviđenih i neželjenih događaja.
- Svi djelatnici na uređaju moraju se trajno obrazovati za pogon i održavanje uređaja. Posebna stručnost zahtijeva se od djelatnika koji će raditi sa strojevima.
- Održavanje opreme i instalacija bitno je za pravilan rad uređaja. Za redovito održavanje opreme potrebno je predvidjeti odgovarajući broj djelatnika osposobljenih za tu vrstu poslova. Plan održavanja opreme (tjedni, mjesečni, godišnji) mora biti istaknut na vidljivom mjestu i svaki djelatnik održavanja treba biti upoznat s planom rada.
Kako bi se osigurao neprekidni rad pojedinih objekata za koje je potrebno osigurati izvor energije, obvezna mjera je osiguranje rezervnog izvora energije, dok se kvar ili nestanak na primarnom izvoru ne otkloni. Za pravilno funkcioniranje sustava potrebno je uspostaviti jedinstveni sustav upravljana svim objektima.
MJERE PROISTEKLE IZ MEĐUNARODNIH OBAVEZA RH
Planirano uređenje savskog plovnog puta i njegovi objekti, predviđeni su za izgradnju na području Republike Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Na temelju procjene, te svim prethodnim poglavljima studije, planirani zahvat imat će prekogranični utjecaj na prisavski prostor Bosne i Hercegovine identičan utjecajima na području Republike Hrvatske, i to uzvodno od Račinovaca pa sve do ušća rijeke Une, tj. na dionici Save koja je zajednička rijeka sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom.
Na temelju izloženog proizlazi, da se tijekom građenja i korištenja planiranog zahvata uz pridržavanje svih navedenih mjera zaštite, ne očekuju veći negativni utjecaji na dionici Save od Račinovaca do Siska. Zbog toga, nema niti potrebe propisivati posebne mjere zaštite radi prekograničnog utjecaja.
Osim toga, nama susjedna država Bosna i Hercegovina je potpisnica ''Espoo konvencije'', a kojom se regulira procjena prekograničnih utjecaja planiranih zahvata u prostoru, te tako zvanično postala 44. zemlja potpisnica Konvencije.
Shodno navedenom, o izradi Studije o utjecaju na okoliš uređenja savskog plovnog puta i određivanje regulacijske linije Save od Račinovaca do Siska, informirana je Međunarodna komisija za sliv rijeke Save. Predmetna studija dostavit će se Komisiji za sliv Save nakon njezinog usvajanja .
MJERE ZAŠTITE OKOLIŠA NAKON PRESTANKA KORIŠTENJA ZAHVATA
Planirani zahvat predviđa se kao trajna građevina te prema tome nema potrebe propisivati mjere zaštite okoliša u ovoj etapi.
J.5. PROGRAM PRAĆENJA STANJA OKOLIŠA
S praćenjem stanja okoliša, ako nema relevantnih podataka o okolišu treba započeti prije izgradnje planiranih zahvata kako bi se do početka građevinskih radova stvorila baza podataka potrebna za utvrđivanje nultog stanja, odnosno stanja prije početka izgradnje. Jedino na taj način pouzdano se mogu utvrditi promjene nastale tijekom građenja kao i promjene nastale nakon puštanja zahvata u pogon. Budući da se u ovom poglavlju daje prijedlog programa praćenja stanja okoliša samo s ekološkog stajališta, potrebne aktivnosti vezane za sustav tehničkih promatranja planiranog objekta obradit će se u sklopu glavnog
projekta. S određenim praćenjima okoliša treba nastaviti nakon puštanja izgrađenih etapa plovnog puta u pogon, odnosno u sklopu tehničkih promatranja, a sve s aspekta kontrole utjecaja i potrebe poduzimanja određenih zaštitnih mjera. Osnovni uvjet za osiguranja kvalitete praćenja stanja okoliša je da sabiranje potrebnih uzoraka, mjerenje i analizu usvojenih parametara treba povjeriti instituciji ili tvrtki koja ima ovlaštenje za obavljanje određenih istraživanja koristeći standardne metode, uzorkovanja, analiziranja te prikaza i vrednovanja rezultata za pojedinu oblast istraživanja.
Praćenje stanja okoliša prije građenja zahvata odnosi se na dosadašnja hidrološka praćenja i praćenja razina podzemnih voda te praćenje ekološkog stanja kakvoće površinskih i kemijskog stanja podzemnih voda na promatranom području. Praćenje površinskih voda na karakterističnim postajama Save i pritoka provodi vlastiti laboratorij Hrvatskih voda, a praćenje podzemnih voda na prilivnom području vodocrpilišta provode nadležni županijski zavodi za zaštitu zdravlja, dok hidrološka praćenja i praćenja razina podzemnih voda provodi DHMZ. Potrebno je još jedanput naglasiti, da se tijekom izvođenja radova na izgradnji predviđenog zahvata neće promijeniti sadašnji hidrološki režim vodotoka u vrijeme radova.
Praćenje stanja okoliša nakon izgradnje planiranog zahvata odnosi se na praćenja vezana za:
- zaštita voda i onečišćivači,
- hidrološka praćenja,
- ekološko stanje površinskih voda i kemijsko stanje podzemnih voda,
- stanje faune kopnenih kralješnjaka,
- stanje faune riba,
- šume i šumsko zemljište,
- krajobraz.
- poljoprivredu i poljoprivredno zemljište,
Navedena praćenja moguće je provesti etapno, odnosno sukladno s usvojenom dinamikom izvođenja radova po pojedinim dionicama savskog plovnog puta. Nakon stabilizacije sustava, program praćenja treba revidirati ovisno o dobivenim rezultatima. Praćenja vezana za vodu treba uskladiti s Europskom direktivom o vodama, a praćenja vezana za staništa s direktivom o staništima.
Fauna
Ne postoji potreba za praćenje stanja faune sisavaca, gmazova, vodozemaca i danjih leptira u vezi s izvedenim promjenama predloženim zahvatom uređenja plovnog puta rijeke Save.
Staništa
Budući da je napravljen pregled staništa duž cijelog toka zahvata, od Siska do Račinovaca, potrebno je nakon završetka regulacije plovnog puta ponoviti postupak te nakon toga odlučiti o učestalosti praćenja stanja.
Vode
Za vrijeme građenja potreban je intenzivni monitoring kakvoće vode rijeke Save vezan uz vrstu radova koji se izvode, kako bi se mogle vrlo brzo uvesti potrebne mjere zaštite, ograničenjem ili promjenom aktivnosti na gradilištu. Za monitoring kakvoće vode rijeke Save i pritoka koristi se postojeći program monitoringa državnih vodotoka i postojećih programa monitoringa lokalnih vodotoka. Nije potrebna uspostava posebnih mjernih postaja. Stalnom kontrolom protoka i vodostaja, potrebno je kontrolirati realiziraju li se pretpostavljena povećanja i sniženja vodostaja prema projektnom zadatku. U slučaju da se ne ostvaruju projektom predviđeni režimi, potrebno je poduzeti dodatne tehničke mjere i zahvate. Zaštita voda od onečišćenja zakonska je obveza koja nije povezana s izgradnjom planiranog zahvata. Zbog toga planirana izgradnja samo inicira rješenje ovog problema, ne samo na dijelu sliva koji se nalazi na području Republike Hrvatske, već i na dijelu sliva Save koji se nalazi na području Bosne i Hercegovine, za što je potrebna međudržavna suradnja.
Ihtiofauna
Unatoč brojnim domaćim i svjetskim iskustvima te brojnim literaturnim podacima, nemoguće je u potpunosti predvidjeti utjecaj produbljivanja kinete korita na postojeću ihtiofaunu. Rijeka Sava ima veliki utjecaj na čitav kontinentalni dio zemlje te je pod stalnim i povećanim zanimanjem javnosti. Radi eventualnih mjera poboljšanja za ihtiocenoze neophodno je provoditi biološki monitoring utjecaja planirane gradnje na biocenoze Save. Zajednice riba donjeg toka rijeke Save slabo su istraživane. Zbog toga, a radi uspostave što pouzdanije baze podataka o zajednici riba Save na području utjecaja, predlaže se provedba odgovarajućih istraživanja. Detaljni podaci o rasprostranjenosti, staništu, hranjenju, veličini populacije i razmnožavanju dostupni su za mali broj vrsta. Ti se podaci temelje na odraslim jedinkama, a informacije o ličinkama gotovo i ne postoje.
Osnovno je da sabiranje potrebnih uzoraka, mjerenje i analizu usvojenih ihtioloških parametara treba povjeriti instituciji ili tvrtki koja ima ovlaštenje za biološka istraživanja voda na kopnu.
Ornitofauna
Monitoringom odabranih vrsta ptica omogućit će se, putem praćenja njihove brojnosti, utvrđivanje stvarnog utjecaja zahvata na ptice i efikasnost zaštitnih mjera. Kao osnova monitoringa potrebna je dvogodišnje (barem jednogodišnje) praćenje brojnosti ciljanih vrsta prije započimanja radova, istom metodom i na istom području na kojima će se kasnije monitoring provoditi. Ciljane vrste za monitoring su ptice: mala prutka, kulik sljepčić, bregunica, bijela pastirica, vodomar te mala i crvenokljuna čigra. Plan i propozicije monitoringa trebaju se odrediti u suradnji s iskusnim ornitolozima i pod nadzorom Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode, a treba se započeti dvije godine prije početka radova.
Tlo i poljoprivredno zemljište
Praćenje dinamike razina podzemnih voda u savskom zaobalju piezometrima na različitoj udaljenosti od korita Save, kao i na različitim udaljenostima toka Save. Povremeno treba analizirati kvalitetu poplavnih voda s obzirom na moguću opasnost onečišćenja tla.
Krajobrazne karakteristike
Dva puta godišnje obilaziti područja na kojima je provedena biološka sanacija te po potrebi nadomjestiti biljni materijal. Povremeno obavljati pregled hidrotehničkih objekata te u slučaju da se utvrdi potreba za njihovom rekonstrukcijom, izvršiti je i skladu s okolnim krajobrazom. Tijekom korištenja zahvata potrebno je provoditi praćenje stanja i promjena u krajobrazu kao i izvršenje obveza na krajobraznom uređenju predviđenih projektom krajobraznog uređenja.
Šumski ekosustavi
Uspostava monitoringa šumskih ekosustava, imajući u vidu kompleksnost problematike, vremensku varijabilnost promatranih pojava (vodni režim, prirast i fotosintetska aktivnost šumskog drveća), važnost šuma u promatranom prostoru, preporuča se da se uspostavljeni monitoring šumskih ekosustava nastavi, ne samo prije, za vrijeme i tijekom korištenja savskog plovnog puta, već da ga se prema potrebi sukladno dobivenim rezultatima i novim znanstvenim spoznajama, redovito revidira.
Interventne akcije
U slučaju bilo kakvih neobičnih pojava na utjecajnom području, kao što su pojava pjene ili uginulih riba na površini rijeke Save i pritoka, korisnik zahvata treba obavijestiti Eko stožer nadležne županije (Vukovarsko-srijemska, Brodsko-posavska i Sisačko-moslavačka) sukladno Planu intervencija kod iznenadnog onečišćenja voda u nadležnoj županiji.
Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 271
Izradio:
Zlatko Fazinić, ing.građ.
Datum: 15.03.2010. Stranice: 1 332
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National Girls & Women of Color Council, Inc.
The National Girls and Women of Color Council, Inc. is a 501(c)(3), non-profit organization. Your donation is tax-deductible as allowed by the law.
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Advancing, celebrating, embracing and empowering girls and women of color.
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Credit Acceptance Announces Timing of First Quarter 2020 Results and Webcast
May 21, 2020
Southfield, Michigan, May 21, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Credit Acceptance Corporation (Nasdaq: CACC) (referred to as the "Company", "Credit Acceptance", "we", "our", or "us") announced today that we expect to issue a news release with our first quarter 2020 results on Wednesday, May 27, 2020, after the market closes.
A webcast is scheduled for Wednesday, May 27, 2020, at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time to discuss first quarter 2020 results. The webcast can be accessed live by visiting the "Investor Relations" section of our website at ir.creditacceptance.com or by dialing 877-303-2904. Additionally, a replay and transcript of the webcast will be archived in the "Investor Relations" section of our website.
Description of Credit Acceptance Corporation
Since 1972, Credit Acceptance has offered financing programs that enable automobile dealers to sell vehicles to consumers, regardless of their credit history. Our financing programs are offered through a nationwide network of automobile dealers who benefit from sales of vehicles to consumers who otherwise could not obtain financing; from repeat and referral sales generated by these same customers; and from sales to customers responding to advertisements for our financing programs, but who actually end up qualifying for traditional financing.
Without our financing programs, consumers are often unable to purchase vehicles or they purchase unreliable ones. Further, as we report to the three national credit reporting agencies, an important ancillary benefit of our programs is that we provide consumers with an opportunity to improve their lives by improving their credit score and move on to more traditional sources of financing. Credit Acceptance is publicly traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol CACC. For more information, visit creditacceptance.com.
Investor Relations: Douglas W. Busk Senior Vice President and Treasurer (248) 353-2700 Ext. 4432 firstname.lastname@example.org
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Commercial Mortgage Brokers Langley
Commercial Mortgage Broker - Makes Real Estate Transactions Really Simpler For The Customer
Commercial mortgage brokers fall into the real estate field. The responsibility of the broker is to be a liaison for the borrower, individuals who would like to apply for a mortgage loan and the financial institutions which lend the money. Working with a mortgage broker is beneficial because they usually work with some financial institutions and can occasionally provide a wider range of borrowing alternatives and a rate that is discounted. In order for them to work effectively, a broker must be rather knowledgeable regarding how the mortgage loan market works.
Commercial mortgage brokers within North America will likely be required to obtain a practicing license, except in just some states. Most brokers work off of commissions. Having sales experience in the past is a definite plus for this position. It is also essential for them to be quite proficient with computers because maintaining and keeping a comprehensive database about the mortgage loan market is vital.
On the market today, there are various mortgage loan packages and products. The broker is responsible for knowing the packages and products that are available. Their customers depend on them to sift through the available alternatives and select the particular loan package which would meet their individual needs.
Having exceptional communication skills is crucial for a commercial mortgage broker. They have to negotiate the loan with the financial institution as well as explain all aspects of the mortgage to the customer. It is very essential that the client understands this procedure in its entirety. This makes sure that they understand all the loan details.
Another vital area for a commercial mortgage broker to be well-versed in is the laws regarding the business. Knowing the federal and state regulations, as well as being able to discuss and explain these regulations to the client, is vital to the success of the transaction. In particular, the broker must be able to explain everything contained within the clients specific loan contract so they know any legal ramifications. An essential matter to go over with the client is the consequences of borrower default.
Once the customer has applied for a loan, the first thing that the commercial mortgage broker does is check if they are eligible. The credit history of the customer should be checked to make sure that they could pay back the full loan. Next, the required document are collected and an application is given to the selected lending institution. The broker will communicate between the lender and the client until a satisfactory deal has been made.
|
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|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 2,737
|
22849 172nd Ave SE Kent, WA 98042 (253) 246-7464
2019-2020 Enrollment Contract
Office Use Only
Date Received_______________
Check No.______________
Snack Fee______________
Supply Fee______________
Child's Name
Childs DOB
Parent Name
Parent's Name
Preschool 2.5 -5 years Half Days
Fridays are only an option if you are doing 5 days
⎕ M
⎕
Tu
⎕ W
⎕ Th
⎕ F
Kindergarten
5-6 years - Full days
⎕ M-Th
⎕ M-F
Lower Elementary
1st - 3rd Grade
⎕ M-Th
⎕ M-F
Upper Elementary
4th - 6th Grade
⎕ M-Th
⎕ M-F
Address 1:
Address 2:
City:
State: WA
Zip:
Parent Cell:
Parent Cell:
Phone:
Parent's email:
Parent's email:
⎕ I understand that 15 hours of volunteer time is required per child per year. If I do not meet my required hours I will be charged a flat fee of $500
I'd like to volunteer for:
⎕ Pancake Breakfast
⎕ Drop-off Coordinator
⎕ Science Fair
⎕ Spaghetti Dinner
⎕ Scrapbooking Coordinator
⎕ International Day
⎕ Cleaning
⎕ Clean-up/Fix-up Days
⎕ Building Projects
⎕ Farm Projects
⎕ Animal Care
⎕ Carnival
⎕ Gardening & Grounds
⎕ Classroom Assistant
⎕ Garage Sale
⎕ Committee Members (supporting members to the Coordinators)
Initials
I understand that Montessori is a 3-year cycle and that the Kindergarten year is the pinnacle of the 3year cycle. I will keep my student here at DPM for his or her Kindergarten year. By saying yes, I will receive preference during enrollment periods.
I understand that my child's vaccination records are required for enrollment and that the school needs these records by July 31 st .
I understand that the school year is a 10 month year, and that summer camps are separate, and outside of the normal school year.
School Bag:
I understand that my child is to use the DPM school bag, which was provided their first year, to bring work home on Monday. Each Thursday I will make sure to have my child bring this bag so that teachers are able to place the child's work in it to be sent home on the next Monday. Please do not lose this bag. You will be charged for a 2nd bag.
(PLEASE TURN THIS CONTRACT OVER TO COMPLETE, SIGN & RETURN)
1
22849 172nd Ave SE
Kent, WA 98042 (253) 246-7464
Initials
An enrollment registration fee of $ 150 is due within a week of receiving this document. The receipt of the deposit and the signed Contract constitutes a contract that the student will attend the Dancing Pines Montessori School as noted in the beginning of this Contract, unless written notification of withdrawal is received before July 15 th . In all cases, the enrollment deposit is nonrefundable.
In accepting this Agreement, the undersigned accepts the responsibility for tuition for the full school year. In the case of a student being withdrawn any time after July 14 th , tuition for the entire year must be paid. The school reserves the right to cancel the student's enrollment if payments are not made by the agreed upon due dates. Furthermore, in cases where tuition is past due, the school will reserve the right to withhold records or transcripts to other schools. Late payments are subject to late fees. In cases of failure to pay, the parent or guardian who is responsible for payment agrees to pay, to the extent permitted by law, the school's expenses of enforcement and collection, including attorney's fees and costs.
Dancing Pines Montessori reserves the right to terminates this contract if 1) if a student's behavior or lack of cooperation is deemed unacceptable; or 2) tuition payments are overdue. If the school exercises its right under this section to terminate this contract, appropriate tuition rebates will be determined on a case- by-case basis.
Dancing Pines Montessori is closed for the month of August. Any payments made after July 31
st
are subject to late fees.
Amounts ◊
Please Your Choose Payment Option:
(The amount will be filled in by the school and a copy returned to you)
Tuition paid in full on or before July 15 th= .
$
Tuition paid in two installments, First one due by July 15 th= , Second Installment due by January 1 st .
$
STuition paid in ten monthly increments due by the first =day of each month, except for September, which is due by June 15 th .
$
This will be filled in by the School
Parent/Gardian Signature
Date
Accepted by School
Date
2
Emergency Contact & Medical Information
Alternative Emergency
Medical Information
Childs Name
Date of Birth
M F
Parent's/Guardian's Name
Parent/Guardian's Name
Home Phone
Home Phone
Cell Phone
Cell Phone
Address
Address
City, State, Zip
City, State, Zip
Primary Emergency Contact:
Phone:
Cell:
Address:
City, State, Zip:
Secondary Emergency Contact:
Phone:
Cell:
Address:
City, State, Zip:
Hospital/Clinic Preference:
Physician's Name:
Phone:
Insurance Company:
Policy Number:
Does your Child have any allergies or allergy consideration, or other medical conditions the school should be aware of?
Yes: ⎕
No: ⎕
Please List:
Allergy/Medical Emergency Plan
In the Event of :
Please do:
I understand that If medication is to be administered, we need a doctor's signature.
Parent's signature
Date
3
22849 172nd Ave SE
Kent, WA 98042 (253) 246-7464
Field Trips
⎕ I understand that it is the parents' responsibility to get a child to the location of any field trip, unless they
have made arrangements with another parent, or one of the Dancing Pines Montessori teachers. I give permission for my child to go on field trips. I release Dancing Pines Montessori from liability in case of
⎕ accident during activities related to Dancing Pines Montessori, as long as normal safety procedures have been taken.
Parent/Guardian's Signature
Date
Witness Signature
Date
Snack Fees
⎕ I would prefer to Bring Snack
⎕ I would prefer to Pay Snack Fee of $175
Parent/Guardian's Signature
Date
22849 172nd Ave SE Kent, WA 98042 (253) 246-7464
Decline Enrollment
Child's Name
Parent Name:
Parent Name:
Initial to indicate understanding.
My child stated above will not be returning for the 2018-2019 school year.
I understand that if I change my mind, that my child may not have a have a spot for the 2018-2019 school year
Parent/Gardian Signature
Date
5
Tuition & Fee List
|
<urn:uuid:2cfd2b6c-a547-47e7-8e7c-736a12793094>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 6,236
|
Comune di PADULA Provincia di SALERNO
FASCICOLO SCHEDE STRUTTURE
OGGETTO:
TITOLO EDILIZIO: del / /
COMMITTENTE:
Il Tecnico
________________________________
Pag. 2
Scheda: MR1
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
*MPF03.d
Descrizione Struttura:
Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato - esempio 1 (1-1-3-20-2) - [fonte UNI/TR 11552]
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (dall'interno all'esterno) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Interna | 0 | | 7.7 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Intonaco interno. | 10 | 0.700 | 70 | 14.00 | 18.000 | 1000 |
| 3 | Parete in calcestruzzo | 20 | 0.220 | 11 | 28.00 | 2.608 | 1000 |
| 4 | Fogli di materiale sintetico. | 1 | 0.230 | 230 | 1.10 | 0.000 | 900 |
| 5 | Polistirene espanso in lastre stampate - mv.25 | 80 | 0.034 | 0.425 | 2.00 | 3.750 | 1200 |
| 6 | Parete in calcestruzzo | 180 | 0.220 | 1.222 | 252.00 | 2.608 | 1000 |
| 7 | Intonaco esterno Calore Specifico 1000 J/kgK. | 10 | 0.900 | 90 | 18.00 | 8.500 | 1000 |
| SPESSORE = 301 mm | CAPACITA' TERMICA AREICA (int) = 37.553 kJ/m²K |
|---|---|
| TRASMITTANZA TERMICA PERIODICA = 0.04 W/m²K | FATTORE DI ATTENUAZIONE = 0.12 |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
STRATIGRAFIA STRUTTURA
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI
Ti = Temperatura interna; Psi = Pressione di saturazione interna; Pri = Pressione relativa interna; URi = Umidità relativa interna; Te = Temperatura esterna; Pse = Pressione di saturazione esterna; Pre = Pressione relativa esterna; URe = Umidità relativa esterna.
| | gen | feb | mar | apr | mag | giu | lug | ago | set | ott | nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URcf1 | 76.7 | 75 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
| Tcf1 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| URcf2 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Tcf2 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Verifica Interstiziale
VERIFICATA La struttura non è soggetta a fenomeni di condensa interstiziale.
Verifica formazione muffe VERIFICATA
Fattore di temperatura minima fRsi = 0.7778 (mese critico: Febbraio).Valore massimo ammissibile di U = 0.8889 W/m²K.
La verifica igrometrica è stata eseguita secondo UNI EN ISO 13788.
cf1 = Esterno cf2 = Palestra
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI MENSILI
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
| | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott | Nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti [°C] | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Psi [Pa] | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 |
| Pri [Pa] | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 |
| URi [%] | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 |
| Te [°C] | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| Pse [Pa] | 974.2 | 878.0 | 1 057.7 | 1 260.6 | 1 608.1 | 2 011.5 | 2 293.9 | 2 440.1 | 2 088.9 | 1 516.7 | 1 086.9 |
| Pre [Pa] | 747.2 | 658.5 | 862.0 | 1 023.6 | 1 214.1 | 1 500.6 | 1 748.0 | 1 793.5 | 1 376.6 | 1 095.0 | 790.2 |
| URe [%] | 76.7 | 75.0 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
Ti = Temperatura interna; Psi = Pressione di saturazione interna; Pri = Pressione relativa interna; URi = Umidità relativa interna; Te = Temperatura esterna; Pse = Pressione di saturazione esterna; Pre = Pressione relativa esterna; URe = Umidità relativa esterna.
Pag. 3
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: MR1
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
MR.01.019 Tramezzatura Isolata
Descrizione Struttura:
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (dall'interno all'esterno) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Interna | 0 | | 7.7 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Intonaco di calce e gesso. | 10 | 0.700 | 70 | 14.00 | 18.000 | 1000 |
| 3 | Mattone forato di laterizio (250*80*250) spessore 80 | 80 | | 5 | 62.00 | 20.570 | 840 |
| 4 | Polistirene - espanso estruso (con pelle) - mv.35 | 30 | 0.031 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.940 | 1200 |
| 5 | Intonaco di calce e gesso. | 10 | 0.700 | 70 | 14.00 | 18.000 | 1000 |
| 6 | Adduttanza Esterna | 0 | | 7.7 | | | 0 |
| SPESSORE = 130 mm | CAPACITA' TERMICA AREICA (int) = 46.478 kJ/m²K | MASSA SUPERFICIALE = 63 kg/m² |
|---|---|---|
| TRASMITTANZA TERMICA PERIODICA = 0.54 W/m²K | FATTORE DI ATTENUAZIONE = 0.79 | SFASAMENTO = 3.58 h |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
| | Ti [°C] | Psi [Pa] | Pri [Pa] | URi [%] | Te [°C] | Pse [Pa] | Pre [Pa] | URe [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI | 20 | 2 337 | 1 168 | 50 | 20 | 2 337 | 1 168 | 50 |
Ti = Temperatura interna; Psi = Pressione di saturazione interna; Pri = Pressione relativa interna; URi = Umidità relativa interna; Te = Temperatura esterna; Pse = Pressione di saturazione esterna; Pre = Pressione relativa esterna; URe = Umidità relativa esterna.
Pag. 4
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: MR2
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
MR.01.018
Descrizione Struttura:
Parete per divisori interni realizzata con tavella in laterizio a due fori
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (dall'interno all'esterno) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Interna | 0 | | 7.7 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Intonaco di calce e gesso. | 10 | 0.700 | 70 | 14.00 | 18.000 | 1000 |
| 3 | Mattone forato di laterizio (250*80*250) spessore 80 | 80 | | 5 | 62.00 | 20.570 | 840 |
| 4 | Intonaco di calce e gesso. | 10 | 0.700 | 70 | 14.00 | 18.000 | 1000 |
| 5 | Adduttanza Esterna | 0 | | 7.7 | | | 0 |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
Ti = Temperatura interna; Psi = Pressione di saturazione interna; Pri = Pressione relativa interna; URi = Umidità relativa interna; Te = Temperatura esterna; Pse = Pressione di saturazione esterna; Pre = Pressione relativa esterna; URe = Umidità relativa esterna.
Pag. 5
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: MR3
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
p.02
Descrizione Struttura:
Pavimentazione
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (da superiore a inferiore) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Superiore | 0 | | 5.9 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Massetto ordinario | 50 | 1.060 | 21.2 | 100.00 | 193.000 | 1000 |
| 3 | Polistirene - espanso estruso (con pelle) - mv.35 | 80 | 0.031 | 0.386 | 2.80 | 0.940 | 1200 |
| 4 | Calcestruzzo armato | 100 | 0.850 | 8.5 | 240.00 | 1.300 | 1000 |
| 5 | Strato d'aria orizzontale (flusso DISCENDENTE) da 30 cm | 300 | 1.304 | 4.347 | 0.39 | 193.000 | 1008 |
| 6 | CLS in genere - a struttura aperta - mv.1000. | 100 | 0.380 | 3.8 | 100.00 | 17.546 | 1000 |
| 7 | Ciottoli e pietre frantumate. | 100 | 0.700 | 7 | 150.00 | 37.500 | 840 |
| SPESSORE = 730 mm | CAPACITA' TERMICA AREICA = 58.229 kJ/m²K |
|---|---|
| TRASMITTANZA TERMICA PERIODICA = 0.01 W/m²K | FATTORE DI ATTENUAZIONE = 0.03 |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
| | gen | feb | mar | apr | mag | giu | lug | ago | set | ott | nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URcf1 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Tcf1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| URcf2 | 76.7 | 75 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
| Tcf2 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
La verifica igrometrica è stata eseguita secondo UNI EN ISO 13788.
cf1 = Palestra cf2 = Esterno
Pag. 6
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI MENSILI
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
Pag. 7
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: SL1
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
*prsol05.1.1
Descrizione Struttura:
Solaio in lastre alveolari isolato
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (da superiore a inferiore) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Superiore | 0 | | 25 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Bitume. | 5 | 0.170 | 34 | 6.00 | 0.000 | 1000 |
| 3 | Calcestruzzo alleggerito | 50 | 0.330 | 6.6 | 60.00 | 2.230 | 1000 |
| 4 | Polistirene - espanso estruso (con pelle) - mv.35 | 100 | 0.031 | 0.309 | 3.50 | 0.940 | 1200 |
| 5 | PVC. | 1 | 0.160 | 160 | 1.40 | 0.000 | 920 |
| 6 | Solaio in lastre alveolari autoportanti | 200 | | 2.5 | 280.00 | 193.000 | 1000 |
| 7 | Adduttanza Inferiore | 0 | | 10 | | | 0 |
| RESISTENZA = 3.963 m²K/W | |
|---|---|
| SPESSORE = 356 mm | CAPACITA' TERMICA AREICA = 62.787 kJ/m²K |
| TRASMITTANZA TERMICA PERIODICA = 0.04 W/m²K | FATTORE DI ATTENUAZIONE = 0.16 |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
| | gen | feb | mar | apr | mag | giu | lug | ago | set | ott | nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URcf1 | 76.7 | 75 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
| Tcf1 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| URcf2 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Tcf2 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
La verifica igrometrica è stata eseguita secondo UNI EN ISO 13788.
cf1 = Esterno cf2 = Servizi palestra
Pag. 8
Scheda: SL2
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI MENSILI
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
| | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott | Nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ts [°C] | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| Pss [Pa] | 974.2 | 878.0 | 1 057.7 | 1 260.6 | 1 608.1 | 2 011.5 | 2 293.9 | 2 440.1 | 2 088.9 | 1 516.7 | 1 086.9 |
| Prs [Pa] | 747.2 | 658.5 | 862.0 | 1 023.6 | 1 214.1 | 1 500.6 | 1 748.0 | 1 793.5 | 1 376.6 | 1 095.0 | 790.2 |
| URs [%] | 76.7 | 75.0 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
| Ti [°C] | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Psi [Pa] | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 |
| Pri [Pa] | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 |
| URi [%] | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 |
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
Pag. 9
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE E IGROMETRICHE DEI COMPONENTI OPACHI
Codice Struttura:
S.01
Descrizione Struttura:
Copertura in pannelli sandwich sp.100mm con isolamento in poliuretano
| N. | DESCRIZIONE STRATO (da superiore a inferiore) | s [mm] | lambda [W/mK] | C [W/m²K] | M.S. [kg/m²] | P<50*10¹² [kg/msPa] | C.S. [J/kgK] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adduttanza Superiore | 0 | | 25.000 | | | 0 |
| 2 | Acciaio. | 1 | 52.000 | 52 000.000 | 7.80 | 0.000 | 450 |
| 3 | Poliuretani in lastre ricavate da blocchi - mv.32 | 100 | 0.023 | 0.230 | 3.20 | 1.850 | 1600 |
| 4 | Acciaio. | 1 | 52.000 | 52 000.000 | 7.80 | 0.000 | 450 |
| 5 | Adduttanza Inferiore | 0 | | 10.000 | | | 0 |
| RESISTENZA = 4.488 m²K/W | | TRASMITTANZA = 0.223 W/m²K |
|---|---|---|
| SPESSORE = 102 mm | CAPACITA' TERMICA AREICA = 5.930 kJ/m²K | MASSA SUPERFICIALE = 19 kg/m² |
| TRASMITTANZA TERMICA PERIODICA = 0.22 W/m²K | FATTORE DI ATTENUAZIONE = 0.98 | SFASAMENTO = 1.22 h |
s = Spessore dello strato; lambda = Conduttività termica del materiale; C = Conduttanza unitaria; M.S. = Massa Superficiale; P<50*10¹² = Permeabilità al vapore con umidità relativa fino al 50%; C.S. = Calore Specifico; R = Resistenza termica dei singoli strati; Resistenza Trasmittanza = Valori di resistenza e trasmittanza reali; Massa Superficiale = Valore calcolato come disposto nell'Allegato A del D.Lgs.192/05 e s.m.i..
STRATIGRAFIA STRUTTURA
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI
| | Ts [°C] | Pss [Pa] | Prs [Pa] | URs [%] | Ti [°C] | Psi [Pa] | Pri [Pa] | URi [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI | -2.2 | 509 | 249 | 48.8 | 20 | 2 337 | 1 168 | 50 |
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
| | gen | feb | mar | apr | mag | giu | lug | ago | set | ott | nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URcf1 | 76.7 | 75 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 |
| Tcf1 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| URcf2 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Tcf2 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
La verifica igrometrica è stata eseguita secondo UNI EN ISO 13788.
cf1 = Esterno cf2 = Palestra
Pag. 10
Scheda: SL3
Scheda: SL3
DIAGRAMMI DELLE PRESSIONI MENSILI
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
| | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott | Nov | Dic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ts [°C] | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 | 6.9 |
| Pss [Pa] | 974.2 | 878.0 | 1 057.7 | 1 260.6 | 1 608.1 | 2 011.5 | 2 293.9 | 2 440.1 | 2 088.9 | 1 516.7 | 1 086.9 | 994.5 |
| Prs [Pa] | 747.2 | 658.5 | 862.0 | 1 023.6 | 1 214.1 | 1 500.6 | 1 748.0 | 1 793.5 | 1 376.6 | 1 095.0 | 790.2 | 720.0 |
| URs [%] | 76.7 | 75.0 | 81.5 | 81.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 72.2 | 72.7 | 72.4 |
| Ti [°C] | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Psi [Pa] | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 | 2 337.0 |
| Pri [Pa] | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 | 1 519.0 |
| URi [%] | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 |
Ts = Temperatura superiore; Pss = Pressione di saturazione superiore; Prs = Pressione relativa superiore; URs = Umidità superiore; Ti = Temperatura inferiore; Psi = Pressione di saturazione inferiore; Pri = Pressione relativa inferiore; URi = Umidità inferiore.
Pag. 11
Scheda: FN1
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.564
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 1 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 2.00 m; H = 2.30 m
| S E R R A M E N T O S I N G O L O | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DESCRIZIONE | Ag [m²] | Af [m²] | Lg [m] | Ug [W/m²K] | Uf [W/m²K] | kl [W/mK] | Uw [W/m²K] | Fg [-] |
| INFISSO | 3.758 | 0.842 | 12.120 | 1.400 | 1.200 | 0.080 | 1.574 | 0.67 |
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 12
Scheda: FN2
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.564
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 1 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 1.30 m; H = 2.30 m
| DESCRIZIONE | Ag [m²] | Af [m²] | Lg [m] | Ug [W/m²K] | Uf [W/m²K] | kl [W/mK] | Uw [W/m²K] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INFISSO | 2.246 | 0.744 | 10.72 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.08 | 1.637 |
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 13
Scheda: FN3
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.563
Descrizione Struttura: Vetrata 1 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1,
appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 1.30 m; H = 1.50 m
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 14
Scheda: FN4
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.563
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 1 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 0.65 m; H = 1.50 m
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 15
Scheda: FN5
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.56
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 2 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 8.70 m; H = 1.30 m
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 16
Scheda: FN6
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.561
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 2 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 4.60 m; H = 1.30 m
| DESCRIZIONE | Ag [m²] | Af [m²] | Lg [m] | Ug [W/m²K] | Uf [W/m²K] | kl [W/mK] | Uw [W/m²K] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INFISSO | 4.617 | 1.363 | 19.56 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.08 | 1.616 |
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 17
Scheda: FN7
CARATTERISTICHE TERMICHE DEI COMPONENTI FINESTRATI
Codice Struttura:
*WIN.2.562
Descrizione Struttura:
Vetrata 7 ante, vetro doppio basso emissivo da 4 mm, telaio in PVC - [fonte UNI/TS 11300-1, appendice B]
Intercapedine 8 mm riempita con argon
Profilo vuoto con 5 camere cave
Dimensioni:
L = 6.60 m; H = 1.30 m
Ponte Termico Infisso-Parete: = 0 [W/mK]
Fonte - Uf: da Prospetto B.2 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014; Ug: da Prospetto B.1 UNI/TS 11300-1:2014
Ag = Area vetro; Af = Area telaio; Lg = Lunghezza perimetro superficie vetrata; Ug = Trasmittanza termica superficie vetrata; Uf = Trasmittanza termica telaio; kl = Trasmittanza lineica distanziatore (nulla se singolo vetro); Uw = Trasmittanza termica totale serramento; Fg = Trasmittanza di energia solare totale per incidenza normale.
Pag. 18
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
La Centrale Termica è composta da 1 impianti.
Impianti
Generatori
Tipologia
Generatore...
Pompa di Calore
Elettricità
541.00
81.10
-
-
o
Eta [%] = Rendimento Termico Utile a carico nominale o Coefficiente di prestazione in condizione di riferimento; Pnt [kW] = Potenza Termica utile nominale; EER [%] = Coefficiente di prestazione in condizione di riferimento; Pnf [kW] = Potenza Frigorifera utile nominale.
Pag. 19
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Combustibile
Eta
Pnt
EER Pnf
Acc. inerziale
Scheda: CT1
Impianto:
PRINCIPALE
Fluido:
aria
Tipologia:
combinato (RSC + VN)
Generatori Impianto
| Tipologia | Combustibile | Eta | Pnt | EER | Pnf | Acc. inerziale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generatore... | | | | | | |
| Pompa di Calore | Elettricità | 541.00 | 81.10 | - | - | o |
Valori riferiti a "Generatore...
| | Un.Mis. | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EtaPh | % | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| QhGNout | kWh | 23 837.73 | 24 879.06 | 24 936.00 | 22 779.99 | 24 708.24 | 5 858.41 |
| QhGNout_d | kWh | 23 837.73 | 24 879.06 | 24 936.00 | 22 779.99 | 24 708.24 | 5 858.41 |
| QhGNrsd | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| EtaGNh | % | 462.25 | 436.51 | 421.84 | 408.06 | 449.09 | 481.64 |
| QlGNh | kWh | -18 680.82 | -19 179.53 | -19 024.70 | -17 197.53 | -19 206.38 | -4 642.08 |
| QxGNh | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QhGNin | kWh | 5 156.91 | 5 699.53 | 5 911.30 | 5 582.46 | 5 501.86 | 1 216.34 |
| CMBh | kWh | 5 156.91 | 5 699.53 | 5 911.30 | 5 582.46 | 5 501.86 | 1 216.34 |
EtaPh = Rendimento di Produzione per RISCALDAMENTO; QhGNout = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al Generatore per il Riscaldamento; QhGNout_d = Energia Termica prodotta dal Generatore per Riscaldamento; QhGNrsd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica non soddisfatto dal Generatore per Riscaldamento; EtaGNh = Rendimento di Generazione per Riscaldamento; QlGNh = Perdite di Generazione; QxGNh = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per gli ausiliari della Generazione; QhGNin = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica in Ingresso al Generatore per Riscaldamento; CMBh = Fabbisogno di combustibile(Elettricità);
Pag. 20
Produzione Centralizzata da Solare Termico e Fotovoltaico
QhSTout [kWh] = Energia termica Prodotta dall'impianto solare per Riscaldamento; QwSTout [kWh] = Energia termica Prodotta dall'impianto solare per ACS; QxPVout [kWh] = Energia Elettrica prodotta dai moduli.
| | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott | Nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QhSTout | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QwSTout | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QxPVout | 583 | 617 | 752 | 934 | 1 233 | 1 235 | 1 387 | 1 435 | 1 022 | 898 | 587 |
EOdC serviti dalla Centrale Termica
EOdC-Palestra - Edificio Pubblico o ad uso Pubblico
"Palestra": E6(2) - palestre e assimilabili
Classe = Classe Energetica Globale dell' EOdC; Qlt_EPe = Qualità Prestazionale dell'Involucro per la climatizzazione estiva; VlmL [m³] = Volume lordo; VlmN [m³] = Volume netto; AreaN [m²] = Superficie netta calpestabile; AreaN150 [m²] = Superficie netta calpestabile con altezza inferiore a m 1,50; EPh,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per riscaldamento; EPc,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per raffrescamento; EPglnr [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE non rinnovabile; EPglr [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE rinnovabile;
Pag. 21
EOdC: EOdC-Palestra
Risultati
Calcolo di Potenza
Dati Prestazione Energetica per la Certificazione
Fabbisogni per il Riscaldamento
Valori energetici relativi al riscaldamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo per i giorni di attivazione dell'impianto ex D.P.R. 412/93: QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QhVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; Qsol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; Qint = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qh,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qh,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; EtaEh = Rendimento di Emissione; EtaRh = Rendimento di Regolazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; QlA = Perdite di Accumulo; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione; CMB1 = Elettricità;
Fabbisogni per il Raffrescamento
Pag. 22
Dispersione per Ventilazione; QcSol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; QcInt = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qc,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Frigorifera Utile per Raffrescamento;
Qc,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Frigorifera Utile per Raffrescamento; EtaEc = Rendimento di Emissione; EtaRc = Rendimento di Regolazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; QlA =
Perdite di Accumulo; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione;
Pag. 23
Riepilogo dispersioni
Dispersioni per Vani
| Descrizione vano | Superficie | Qh | Aliquota | Qp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] |
| Palestra | 396.41 | 3 391.94 | 20.10 | 9 906.63 |
| Palestra | 0.00 | 13 481.27 | 79.90 | 13 209.34 |
Muri verticali
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 475.26 | 0.2889 | 5 639.35 | 100.00 | 3 438.19 | -2.2 |
| Totale | 475.26 | | 5 639.35 | 100.00 | 3 438.19 | |
Solai superiori
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| Copertura in pannelli sandwich sp.100mm | 399.75 | 0.2228 | 4 195.16 | 100.00 | 1 975.67 | -2.2 |
Solai inferiori
| [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 396.41 | 0.2778 | 4 735.88 | 100 | 2 442.78 | -2.2 |
| 396.41 | | 4 735.88 | 100 | 2 442.78 | |
Finestre
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| Porta 2 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 18.40 | 1.5742 | 1 259.48 | 19.38 | 722.75 | -2.2 |
| Vetrata5 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 11.96 | 1.6161 | 840.44 | 12.94 | 507.30 | -2.2 |
| Vetrata10 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 45.24 | 1.6234 | 3 193.38 | 49.15 | 1 832.53 | -2.2 |
| Vetrata7 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 17.16 | 1.6137 | 1 204.06 | 18.53 | 634.65 | -2.2 |
| Totale | 92.76 | | 6 497.36 | 100.00 | 3 697.23 | |
Dispersioni totali
| Componenti | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp |
|---|---|---|---|
| | [kWh] | [%] | [W] |
| Muri verticali | 5 639.35 | 26.77 | 3 438.19 |
| Solai superiori | 4 195.16 | 19.91 | 1 975.67 |
| Solai inferiori | 4 735.88 | 22.48 | 2 442.78 |
| Finestre | 6 497.36 | 30.84 | 3 697.23 |
| Ponti termici | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
AreaN = Superficie netta disperdente; Qh = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qp = Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) -
POTENZA; U = Trasmittanza termica(comprese le adduttanze); QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione.
Pag. 24
Riepilogo flussi energetici
Muri verticali
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 113.16 | 0.2889 | Nord | 32.69 | 25.69 | 35.6 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 155.50 | 0.2889 | Est | 44.92 | 64.52 | 48.9 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 155.50 | 0.2889 | Ovest | 44.92 | 86.41 | 48.9 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 51.09 | 0.2889 | Sud | 14.76 | 39.14 | 16.1 |
Solai superiori
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
| Copertura in pannelli sandwich sp.100mm | 399.75 | 0.2228 | Orizzontale | 89.07 | 102.22 | 193.8 |
Solai inferiori
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso | Cap.termica |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] | [KJ/m²K] |
Finestre
| Tipo struttura | Aw | w | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso | DR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] | [m²/KW] |
| Porta 2 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 9.20 | 1.5742 | Est | 14.48 | 267.99 | 1.8 | 1.57 |
| Porta 2 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 9.20 | 1.5742 | Ovest | 14.48 | 360.66 | 1.8 | 1.57 |
| Vetrata5 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 11.96 | 1.6161 | Nord | 19.33 | 181.76 | 2.3 | 1.62 |
| Vetrata10 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 22.62 | 1.6234 | Est | 36.72 | 326.08 | 4.4 | 1.62 |
| Vetrata7 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 17.16 | 1.6137 | Sud | 27.69 | 316.55 | 3.3 | 1.61 |
| Vetrata10 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 22.62 | 1.6234 | Ovest | 36.72 | 504.76 | 4.4 | 1.62 |
AreaN = Superficie netta disperdente; HTR = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Trasmissione.
Pag. 25
Fonti Rinnovabili per Riscaldamento e ACS
Pag. 26
VERIFICHE DI LEGGE
Pel_FR
8.89
8.90
VERIFICATA
A'sol = Area di captazione solare effettiva; H'T = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico medio per Trasmissione; EPh,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per riscaldamento; EPc,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per raffrescamento; EtaGh [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EtaGc [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EtaGw [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EPgltot [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE totale; Eta100 [%] = Rendimento Termico Utile a carico nominale; Eta30 [%] = Rendimento Termico Utile al 30% del carico nominale; COP [%] = COP/GUE della Pompa di Calore; QwFR_perc [%] = Percentuale di energia da fonti rinnovabili per l'ACS; QhcwFR_perc [%] = Percentuale di energia da fonti rinnovabili per Riscaldamento, Raffrescamento e ACS; Pel_FR [kW] = Potenza elettrica installata da fonti rinnovabili;
Pag. 27
VERIFICHE TRASMITTANZA LIMITE DELLE STRUTTURE DISPERDENTI
Zona: Palestra
"(comma) ed esito VERIFICA": in questa colonna sono riportati gli esiti delle verifiche
| Elemento | Confin. / Orient. | Um | U / Uw | Ug | esito VERIFICA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palestra (Palestra1) | | | | | | |
| Muro | Spogliatoio M | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Spogliatoio M | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Spogliatoio F | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | WC H | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | WC H | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Deposito | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Deposito | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Sala Insegnanti | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Servizio sanitario | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| Muro | Servizio sanitario | | 0.6941 | | U <= Ulim; | |
| LEGENDA | | | | | | |
| Limite trasmittanza termica U delle strutture opache verticali | | | | | | 0.3200 W/m²K |
| Limite trasmittanza termica U delle strutture opache orizzontali o inclinate di copertura | | | | | | 0.2600 W/m²K |
| Limite trasmittanza termica U delle strutture opache orizzontali di pavimento | | | | | | 0.3200 W/m²K |
| Limite trasmittanza termica U delle chiusure trasparenti comprensive degli infissi | | | | | | 1.8000 W/m²K |
| Limite trasmittanza termica U delle strutture opache (orizzontali o verticali) rivolte verso altre unità immobiliari riscaldate | | | | | | 0.8000 W/m²K |
Pag. 28
Scheda: CT1-EC1-ZN1
ZONA:
V.01 - Palestra
EOdC:
EOdC-Palestra
Centrale Termica:
Centrale Termica
Caratteristiche Emissione e Regolazione: impianto di Riscaldamento
| Impianto | Tipologia di erogazione | Tipologia della regolazione |
|---|---|---|
| PRINCIPALE | Bocchette in sistemi ad aria | Per singolo ambiente più climatica PI o PID |
Fabbisogni per Riscaldamento
| HTR | W/K | 472.36 | 473.95 | 474.27 | 475.62 | 472.89 | 469.69 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVE | W/K | 157.77 | 157.77 | 157.77 | 157.77 | 157.77 | 157.77 |
| QhTR | MJ | 12 252.62 | 14 562.89 | 14 724.83 | 14 928.52 | 12 741.03 | 4 726.86 |
| QhVE | MJ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 379.58 |
| QhHT | MJ | 12 252.62 | 14 562.89 | 14 724.83 | 14 928.52 | 12 741.03 | 5 106.44 |
| Qsol | MJ | 4 873.14 | 3 706.23 | 4 803.93 | 5 102.83 | 5 929.66 | 3 663.86 |
| Qint | MJ | 5 137.46 | 5 308.71 | 5 308.71 | 4 794.96 | 5 308.71 | 2 568.73 |
| Qh,nd [MJ] | MJ | 9 588.49 | 13 383.92 | 12 879.86 | 13 382.23 | 9 622.72 | 1 886.33 |
| Qh,nd | kWh | 2 663.47 | 3 717.75 | 3 577.74 | 3 717.29 | 2 672.98 | 523.98 |
| Qlr | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QlEh | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QIRh | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QhDout | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QwI | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Ql | kWh | 481.93 | 506.17 | 502.43 | 442.72 | 478.85 | 458.13 |
Valori energetici relativi al riscaldamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo per i giorni di attivazione dell'impianto ex D.P.R. 412/93: HTR = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Trasmissione; HVE = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Ventilazione; QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QhVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; QhHT = Dispersione Totale (Trasmissione + Ventilazione); Qsol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; Qint = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qh,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qh,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qlr = Perdite Totali Recuperate (accumuli + distrib. ACS) dall'impianto di Riscaldamento; QlEh = Perdite di emissione; QIRh = Perdite di regolazione; QhDout = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al sistema di Distribuzione del Riscaldamento; QwI = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo invernale); Ql = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per l'illuminazione artificiale.
| | Un.Mis. | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QwE | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ql | kWh | 458.13 | 470.86 | 456.18 | 469.78 | 472.21 | 463.4 | 486.5 |
QwE = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo estivo); Ql = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per l'illuminazione artificiale);
Pag. 29
Rendimenti
| | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EtaU | 0.8752 | 0.9224 | 0.9072 | 0.9131 | 0.861 |
| EtaEh | 94.57 | 94.57 | 94.57 | 94.57 | 94.57 |
| EtaRh | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 |
Fabbisogni per il Raffrescamento
-
| Giorni | giorno | 24 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QcTR | MJ | 8 336.24 | 6 538.67 | 3 864.22 | 2 696.14 | 6 568.53 | 332.78 |
| QcVE | MJ | 13 748.54 | 14 062.53 | 9 763.20 | 7 492.69 | 12 744.17 | 75.86 |
| QcHT | MJ | 22 084.78 | 20 601.20 | 13 627.43 | 10 188.83 | 19 312.70 | 408.64 |
| QcSol | MJ | 8 364.43 | 10 744.58 | 11 581.54 | 11 232.82 | 7 773.39 | 238.47 |
| QcInt | MJ | 4 109.97 | 5 137.46 | 5 308.71 | 5 308.71 | 5 137.46 | 171.25 |
| EtaU | - | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.65 | 0.86 |
| Qc,nd [MJ] | MJ | -154.21 | -837.20 | -4 124.42 | -6 541.67 | -360.65 | -56.86 |
| Qc,nd | kWh | -42.84 | -232.56 | -1 145.67 | -1 817.13 | -100.18 | -15.8 |
| QlEc | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
| QoutDc | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
Valori energetici relativi al raffrescamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo, per i giorni di attivazione indicati: Giorni = Giorni di attivazione dell'impianto di raffrescamento; QcTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QcVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; QcHT = Dispersione Totale (Trasmissione + Ventilazione); QcSol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; QcInt = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; EtaU = Fattore di utilizzazione delle dispersioni termiche; Qc,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Frigorifera Utile per Raffrescamento; QlEc = Perdite di Emissione; QoutDc = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica alla Distribuzione;
Vani della Zona: dispersioni massime
| VANO | Area | Volume | QhTRp | QhVEp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palestra | 396.41 | 1 387.43 | 4 675 | 5 231 |
Area [m2] = Superficie netta calpestabile; Volume [m3] = Volume netto; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione massima per trasmissione (potenza); QhVEp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA); Qp [W] = Dispersione massima (trasmissione, ventilazione, fattore di ripresa)
Pag. 30
Vano:
Palestra
Zona:
Palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 396.41 |
| Volume netto | 1 387.43 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 33 927.32 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 4 675 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 5 231 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 9 906 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 9 906.63 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 56.88 | Nord | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.58 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 74.8 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.564 | FN1 | 4.6 | Est | 1.57 | 22.2 | 40.73 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.564 | FN1 | 4.6 | Est | 1.57 | 22.2 | 40.73 |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 12.25 | Spogliatoio M | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.66 | Spogliatoio M | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Spogliatoio M | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 5.29 | Spogliatoio F | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Spogliatoio F | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.66 | WC H | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | WC H | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 8.23 | WC H | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 8.23 | Deposito | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.66 | Deposito | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Deposito | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 8.19 | Sala Insegnanti | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Sala Insegnanti | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.66 | Servizio sanitario | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Servizio sanitario | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 10.92 | Servizio sanitario | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 74.8 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.564 | FN1 | 4.6 | Ovest | 1.57 | 22.2 | 37.83 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.564 | FN1 | 4.6 | Ovest | 1.57 | 22.2 | 37.83 |
| Solaio inferiore | p.02 | SL1 | 396.41 | ESTERNO | 0.28 | 22.2 | 6.16 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 31
Scheda: CT1-EC1-ZN1-VN2
Vano:
Palestra
Zona:
Palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra2
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 399.75 |
| Volume netto | 1 678.95 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 12 464.01 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 6 879 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 6 331 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 13 210 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 47.09 | Nord | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.58 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.561 | FN6 | 5.98 | Nord | 1.62 | 22.2 | 42.42 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 4.6 | Nord | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.58 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.561 | FN6 | 5.98 | Nord | 1.62 | 22.2 | 42.42 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 4.6 | Nord | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.58 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 63.3 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.56 | FN5 | 11.31 | Est | 1.62 | 22.2 | 42.01 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 8.7 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.56 | FN5 | 11.31 | Est | 1.62 | 22.2 | 42.01 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 8.7 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 37.89 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.562 | FN7 | 8.58 | Sud | 1.61 | 22.2 | 36.98 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 6.6 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.562 | FN7 | 8.58 | Sud | 1.61 | 22.2 | 36.98 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 6.6 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 63.3 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.56 | FN5 | 11.31 | Ovest | 1.62 | 22.2 | 39.01 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 8.7 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.56 | FN5 | 11.31 | Ovest | 1.62 | 22.2 | 39.01 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 8.7 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Solaio superiore | S.01 | SL3 | 399.75 | ESTERNO | 0.22 | 22.2 | 4.94 |
Pag. 32
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
La Centrale Termica è composta da 1 impianti.
Impianti
Generatori
Pag. 33
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2
Impianto:
PRINCIPALE
Fluido:
acqua
Tipologia:
combinato (RSC + ACS)
Generatori Impianto
| Generatore... | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen. a combustione Fossile | Metano | 97.5 | 24.4 | - | - | o |
Valori riferiti a "Generatore...
| | Un.Mis. | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EtaPh | % | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| QhGNout | kWh | 4 007.29 | 4 738.55 | 4 783.58 | 4 830.85 | 4 262.20 | 1 649.02 |
| QhGNout_d | kWh | 4 007.29 | 4 738.55 | 4 783.58 | 4 830.85 | 4 262.20 | 1 649.02 |
| QhGNrsd | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| EtaGNh | % | 110.45 | 109.52 | 109.53 | 108.87 | 110.35 | 111.80 |
| QlGNh | kWh | -379.10 | -411.97 | -416.26 | -393.65 | -399.66 | -174.04 |
| QxGNh | kWh | 72.97 | 75.21 | 76.04 | 69.77 | 76.45 | 36.67 |
| QhGNin | kWh | 3 628.19 | 4 326.59 | 4 367.32 | 4 437.20 | 3 862.54 | 1 474.98 |
| CMBh | Sm³ | 383.94 | 457.84 | 462.15 | 469.55 | 408.73 | 156.08 |
| QwGNout_I | kWh | 65.29 | 134.23 | 81.93 | 41.10 | 14.47 | 0.00 |
| QwGNout_d_ I | kWh | 65.29 | 134.23 | 81.93 | 41.10 | 14.47 | 0.00 |
| QwGNrsd_I | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| EtaGNwI | % | 110.45 | 109.52 | 109.53 | 108.87 | 110.35 | 100.00 |
| QlGNw_I | kWh | -6.18 | -11.67 | -7.13 | -3.35 | -1.36 | 0.00 |
| QxGNw_I | kWh | 1.19 | 2.13 | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.00 |
| QwGNin_I | kWh | 59.11 | 122.56 | 74.80 | 37.75 | 13.11 | 0.00 |
| CMBwI | Sm³ | 6.26 | 12.97 | 7.92 | 3.99 | 1.39 | 0.00 |
EtaPh = Rendimento di Produzione per RISCALDAMENTO; QhGNout = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al Generatore per il Riscaldamento; QhGNout_d = Energia Termica prodotta dal Generatore per Riscaldamento; QhGNrsd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica non soddisfatto dal Generatore per Riscaldamento; EtaGNh = Rendimento di Generazione per Riscaldamento; QlGNh = Perdite di Generazione; QxGNh = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per gli ausiliari della Generazione; QhGNin = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica in Ingresso al Generatore per Riscaldamento; CMBh = Fabbisogno di combustibile(Metano); QwGNout_I = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al Generatore per ACS (periodo invernale); QwGNout_d_I = Energia Termica prodotta dal Generatore per ACS (periodo invernale); QwGNrsd_I = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica non soddisfatto dal Generatore ACS (periodo invernale); EtaGNwI = Rendimento di Generazione per ACS (periodo invernale); QlGNw_I = Perdite di generazione per l'ACS (invernale); QxGNw_I = Fabbisogno di energia elettrica di generazione per l'ACS (invernale); QwGNin_I = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica in Ingresso al Generatore per ACS (periodo invernale); CMBwI = Fabbisogno di Combustibile per la produzione di ACS (periodo invernale)(Metano);
| | Un.Mis. | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QwGNout_ E | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QwGNout_ d_E | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QwGNrsd_ E | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EtaGNwE | % | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| QlGNwE | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QxGNwE | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QwGNin_E | kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CMBwE | Sm³ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
QwGNout_E = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al Generatore per ACS (periodo estivo); QwGNout_d_E = Energia Termica prodotta dal Generatore per ACS (periodo estivo); QwGNrsd_E = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica non soddisfatto dal Generatore per ACS (periodo estivo); EtaGNwE = Rendimento di Generazione per ACS (periodo estivo); QlGNwE = Perdite di Generazione per ACS; QxGNwE = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica Ausiliari del Generatore per ACS; QwGNin_E = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica in Ingresso al Generatore per ACS (periodo estivo); CMBwE = Fabbisogno di combustibile per la produzione di ACS (periodo estivo)(Metano);
Pag. 34
Produzione Centralizzata da Solare Termico e Fotovoltaico
| | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott | Nov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QhSTout | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| QwSTout | 304 | 309 | 370 | 417 | 479 | 472 | 501 | 506 | 442 | 419 | 306 |
QhSTout [kWh] = Energia termica Prodotta dall'impianto solare per Riscaldamento; QwSTout [kWh] = Energia termica Prodotta dall'impianto solare per ACS; QxPVout [kWh] = Energia Elettrica prodotta dai moduli.
EOdC serviti dalla Centrale Termica
EOdC-Servizi - Edificio Pubblico o ad uso Pubblico
"Servizi palestra": E6(3) - servizi di supporto alle attività sportive
Classe = Classe Energetica Globale dell' EOdC; Qlt_EPe = Qualità Prestazionale dell'Involucro per la climatizzazione estiva; VlmL [m³] = Volume lordo; VlmN [m³] = Volume netto; AreaN [m²] = Superficie netta calpestabile; AreaN150 [m²] = Superficie netta calpestabile con altezza inferiore a m 1,50; EPh,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per riscaldamento; EPc,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per raffrescamento; EPglnr [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE non rinnovabile; EPglr [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE rinnovabile;
Pag. 35
EOdC: EOdC-Servizi
Risultati
Calcolo di Potenza
Dati Prestazione Energetica per la Certificazione
Fabbisogni per il Riscaldamento
Valori energetici relativi al riscaldamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo per i giorni di attivazione dell'impianto ex D.P.R. 412/93: QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QhVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; Qsol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; Qint = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qh,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qh,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; EtaEh = Rendimento di Emissione; EtaRh = Rendimento di Regolazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; QlA = Perdite di Accumulo; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione; CMB1 = Metano;
| | Un.Mis. | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | Totale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INVOLUCRO | | | | | | | | |
| QhTR | MJ | 3 264.23 | 3 755.95 | 3 774.51 | 3 729.20 | 3 388.74 | 1 359.12 | 19 271.75 |
| QhVE | MJ | 12 116.92 | 13 900.23 | 14 218.55 | 14 280.17 | 12 945.25 | 5 230.35 | 72 691.46 |
| QhHT | MJ | 15 381.15 | 17 656.18 | 17 993.07 | 18 009.37 | 16 333.99 | 6 589.47 | 91 963.22 |
| Qsol | MJ | 1 161.85 | 984.16 | 1 179.57 | 1 145.07 | 1 242.24 | 656.48 | 6 369.37 |
| Qint | MJ | 1 023.45 | 1 057.56 | 1 057.56 | 955.22 | 1 057.56 | 511.72 | 5 663.07 |
| Qh,nd [MJ] | MJ | 13 235.75 | 15 639.89 | 15 787.76 | 15 935.53 | 14 075.42 | 5 453.21 | 80 127.56 |
| Qh,nd | kWh | 3 676.60 | 4 344.41 | 4 385.49 | 4 426.54 | 3 909.84 | 1 514.78 | 22 257.65 |
| IMPIANTO | | | | | | | | |
| Qlr | kWh | 20.81 | 21.50 | 21.50 | 19.42 | 21.50 | 10.40 | 115.14 |
| QlA | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| EtaGN | | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.12 | - |
| EtaEh | | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | - |
| EtaRh | | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | - |
| EtaD | | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | - |
| VETTORI ENERGETICI | | | | | | | | |
| Qx | kWh | 80.75 | 84.41 | 85.32 | 79.15 | 84.72 | 39.87 | 454.21 |
| CMB1 | Sm³ | 383.94 | 457.84 | 462.15 | 469.55 | 408.73 | 156.08 | 2 338.29 |
Fabbisogni per il Raffrescamento
Pag. 36
| | Un.Mis. | Totale |
|---|---|---|
| INVOLUCRO | | |
| QcTR | MJ | 0.00 |
| QcVE | MJ | 0.00 |
| QcHT | MJ | 0.00 |
| QcSol | MJ | 0.00 |
| QcInt | MJ | 0.00 |
| Qc,nd [MJ] | MJ | 0.00 |
| Qc,nd | kWh | 0.00 |
| IMPIANTO | | |
| QlA | kWh | 0.00 |
| EtaGN | | - |
| EtaEc | | - |
| EtaRc | | - |
| EtaD | | - |
| VETTORI ENERGETICI | | |
| Qxc | kWh | 0.00 |
| Valori energetici relativi al riscaldamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo per i giorni di attivazione dell'impianto ex D.P.R. 412/93: QcTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QcVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; QcSol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; QcInt = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qc,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Frigorifera Utile per Raffrescamento; Qc,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Frigorifera Utile per Raffrescamento; EtaEc = Rendimento di Emissione; EtaRc = Rendimento di Regolazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; QlA = Perdite di Accumulo; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione; | | |
Pag. 37
Fabbisogni per l' ACS
periodo invernale
QwI = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo invernale); EtaE = Rendimento di Erogazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione; QlGN = Perdite totali di Generazione nella CT relative all'EOdC; Qx = Fabbisogno Totale di Energia Elettrica degli Ausiliari; CMB1 = Metano;
periodo estivo
QwE = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo estivo); EtaE = Rendimento di Erogazione; EtaD = Rendimento di Distribuzione; EtaGN = Rendimento di Generazione; QlGN = Perdite totali di Generazione nella CT relative all'EOdC; Qx = Fabbisogno Totale di Energia Elettrica degli Ausiliari; CMB1 = Metano;
Pag. 38
Riepilogo dispersioni
Dispersioni per Vani
| Descrizione vano | Superficie | Qh | Aliquota | Qp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] |
| Spogliatoio M | 22.78 | 5 454.73 | 24.51 | 889.15 |
| Spogliatoio F | 22.11 | 4 761.64 | 21.39 | 711.71 |
| WC H | 3.96 | 945.79 | 4.25 | 99.17 |
| Deposito | 17.30 | 3 617.72 | 16.25 | 612.98 |
| Sala Insegnanti | 10.57 | 2 370.03 | 10.65 | 264.70 |
| Servizio sanitario | 15.01 | 3 434.52 | 15.43 | 556.59 |
| WC | 3.20 | 649.49 | 2.92 | 147.97 |
| WC | 3.79 | 1 023.73 | 4.60 | 197.28 |
| Totale | 98.71 | 22 257.65 | 100.00 | 3 479.55 |
Muri verticali
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| Tramezzatura Isolata | 61.29 | 0.6941 | 338.96 | 19.30 | 0.00 | 20.0 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 92.21 | 0.2889 | 1 239.58 | 70.60 | 635.69 | -2.2 |
| Porta interna a un battente | 11.34 | 1.9618 | 177.26 | 10.10 | 0.00 | 20.0 |
| Totale | 164.84 | | 1 755.79 | 100.00 | 635.69 | |
Solai superiori
| Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| 98.71 | 0.2563 | 1 392.95 | 100.00 | 561.07 | -2.2 |
| 98.71 | | 1 392.95 | 100.00 | 561.07 | |
Solai inferiori
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| Pavimentazione | 98.71 | 0.2778 | 1 397.83 | 100.00 | 608.29 | -2.2 |
| Totale | 98.71 | | 1 397.83 | 100.00 | 608.29 | |
Finestre
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp | T esterna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [kWh] | [%] | [W] | [°C] |
| Vetrata1 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 6.82 | 1.5686 | 554.85 | 68.78 | 259.60 | -2.2 |
| Porta 2 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 2.99 | 1.6371 | 251.84 | 31.22 | 112.19 | -2.2 |
| Totale | 9.82 | | 806.69 | 100.00 | 371.79 | |
Dispersioni totali
| Componenti | QhTR | Aliquota | Qp |
|---|---|---|---|
| | [kWh] | [%] | [W] |
| Muri verticali | 1 755.79 | 32.80 | 635.69 |
| Solai superiori | 1 392.95 | 26.02 | 561.07 |
| Solai inferiori | 1 397.83 | 26.11 | 608.29 |
| Finestre | 806.69 | 15.07 | 371.79 |
| Ponti termici | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Totale | 5 353.26 | 100.00 | 2 176.84 |
AreaN = Superficie netta disperdente; Qh = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qp = Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) POTENZA; U = Trasmittanza termica(comprese le adduttanze); QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione.
Pag. 39
Riepilogo flussi energetici
Muri verticali
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
| Tramezzatura Isolata | 61.29 | 0.6941 | Palestra | 6.35 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 21.50 | 0.2889 | Est | 6.21 | 8.92 | 6.8 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 49.56 | 0.2889 | Sud | 14.32 | 37.97 | 15.6 |
| Porta interna a un battente | 11.34 | 1.9618 | Palestra | 3.32 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| MPF03 - Parete prefabbricata in calcestruzzo isolato-1 (da 27 cm) | 21.15 | 0.2889 | Ovest | 6.11 | 11.75 | 6.6 |
Solai superiori
| Tipo struttura | Superficie | U | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
| Solaio in lastre alveolari isolato | 98.71 | 0.2563 | Orizzontale | 25.30 | 29.03 | 55.0 |
Solai inferiori
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pavimentazione | 98.71 | 0.2778 | Orizzontale | 27.43 | 0 | 0 |
Finestre
| Tipo struttura | Aw | w | Esposiz | HTR | App.solari | Extraflusso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [m²] | [W/m²K] | [-] | [W/K] | [W] | [W] |
| Vetrata1 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 1.95 | 1.5686 | Est | 3.06 | 56.24 | 0.4 |
| Vetrata1 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 2.93 | 1.5686 | Sud | 4.67 | 156.93 | 0.6 |
| Porta 2 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 2.99 | 1.6371 | Sud | 4.89 | 155.22 | 0.6 |
| Vetrata1 ante, vetro doppio BE 4-8-4 argon, telaio PVC, prof.vuoto (5 cam.cave) | 1.95 | 1.5686 | Ovest | 3.06 | 75.69 | 0.4 |
AreaN = Superficie netta disperdente; HTR = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Trasmissione.
Pag. 40
Fonti Rinnovabili per Riscaldamento e ACS
Pag. 41
VERIFICHE DI LEGGE
A'sol = Area di captazione solare effettiva; H'T = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico medio per Trasmissione; EPh,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per riscaldamento; EPc,nd [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di prestazione termica utile per raffrescamento; EtaGh [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EtaGc [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EtaGw [%] = Rendimento Globale Medio Stagionale; EPgltot [kWh/m²anno] = Indice di Prestazione Energetica GLOBALE totale; Eta100 [%] = Rendimento Termico Utile a carico nominale; Eta30 [%] = Rendimento Termico Utile al 30% del carico nominale; COP [%] = COP/GUE della Pompa di Calore; QwFR_perc [%] = Percentuale di energia da fonti rinnovabili per l'ACS; QhcwFR_perc [%] = Percentuale di energia da fonti rinnovabili per Riscaldamento, Raffrescamento e ACS; Pel_FR [kW] = Potenza elettrica installata da fonti rinnovabili;
Pag. 42
VERIFICHE TRASMITTANZA LIMITE DELLE STRUTTURE DISPERDENTI
Zona: Servizi palestra
LEGENDA
"Um": Trasmittanza Termica MEDIA per muri e solai
"U/Uw": Trasmittanza Termica delle strutture opache (U) o delle strutture trasparenti comprensive dell'infisso (Uw).
"Ug": Trasmittanza Termica dei vetri appartenenti alle strutture trasparenti.
"(comma) ed esito VERIFICA": in questa colonna sono riportati gli esiti delle verifiche
Pag. 43
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1
ZONA:
V.02 - Servizi palestra
EOdC:
EOdC-Servizi
Centrale Termica:
Centrale Termica
Caratteristiche Emissione e Regolazione: impianto di Riscaldamento
Fabbisogni per Riscaldamento
| | Un.Mis. | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar | Apr | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTR | W/K | 106.02 | 104.93 | 104.71 | 103.74 | 105.66 | 107.76 | 0.00 |
| HVE | W/K | 396.16 | 396.16 | 396.16 | 396.16 | 396.16 | 396.16 | 0.00 |
| QhTR | MJ | 3 264.23 | 3 755.95 | 3 774.51 | 3 729.20 | 3 388.74 | 1 359.12 | 19 271.75 |
| QhVE | MJ | 12 116.92 | 13 900.23 | 14 218.55 | 14 280.17 | 12 945.25 | 5 230.35 | 72 691.46 |
| QhHT | MJ | 15 381.15 | 17 656.18 | 17 993.07 | 18 009.37 | 16 333.99 | 6 589.47 | 91 963.22 |
| Qsol | MJ | 1 161.85 | 984.16 | 1 179.57 | 1 145.07 | 1 242.24 | 656.48 | 6 369.37 |
| Qint | MJ | 1 023.45 | 1 057.56 | 1 057.56 | 955.22 | 1 057.56 | 511.72 | 5 663.07 |
| Qh,nd [MJ] | MJ | 13 235.75 | 15 639.89 | 15 787.76 | 15 935.53 | 14 075.42 | 5 453.21 | 80 127.56 |
| Qh,nd | kWh | 3 676.60 | 4 344.41 | 4 385.49 | 4 426.54 | 3 909.84 | 1 514.78 | 22 257.65 |
| Qlr | kWh | 20.81 | 21.50 | 21.50 | 19.42 | 21.50 | 10.40 | 115.14 |
| QlEh | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QIRh | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QhDout | kWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QwI | kWh | 288.90 | 298.53 | 298.53 | 269.64 | 298.53 | 144.45 | 1 598.59 |
Valori energetici relativi al riscaldamento, in regime di funzionamento continuo per i giorni di attivazione dell'impianto ex D.P.R. 412/93: HTR = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Trasmissione; HVE = Coefficiente Globale di scambio termico per Ventilazione; QhTR = Dispersione per Trasmissione; QhVE = Dispersione per Ventilazione; QhHT = Dispersione Totale (Trasmissione + Ventilazione); Qsol = Energia Termica da Apporti Solari; Qint = Energia Termica da Apporti Interni; Qh,nd [MJ] = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qh,nd = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica Utile per Riscaldamento; Qlr = Perdite Totali Recuperate (accumuli + distrib. ACS) dall'impianto di Riscaldamento; QlEh = Perdite di emissione; QIRh = Perdite di regolazione; QhDout = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica richiesto al sistema di Distribuzione del Riscaldamento; QwI = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo invernale); Ql = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per l'illuminazione artificiale.
| | Un.Mis. | Apr | Mag | Giu | Lug | Ago | Set | Ott |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QwE | kWh | 144.45 | 298.53 | 288.9 | 298.53 | 298.53 | 288.9 | 298.53 |
| Ql | kWh | 97.38 | 100.25 | 97.32 | 100.24 | 100.62 | 98.73 | 103.13 |
QwE = Fabbisogno di Energia Termica per ACS (periodo estivo); Ql = Fabbisogno di Energia Elettrica per l'illuminazione artificiale);
Pag. 44
Rendimenti
| | Nov | Dic | Gen | Feb | Mar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EtaU | 0.9817 | 0.9875 | 0.9858 | 0.9874 | 0.9821 |
| EtaEh | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| EtaRh | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
Vani della Zona: dispersioni massime
| VANO | Area | Volume | QhTRp | QhVEp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spogliatoio M | 22.78 | 79.73 | 589 | 301 |
| Spogliatoio F | 22.11 | 77.39 | 420 | 292 |
| WC H | 3.96 | 13.86 | 47 | 52 |
| Deposito | 17.3 | 60.55 | 385 | 228 |
| Sala Insegnanti | 10.57 | 36.99 | 125 | 139 |
| Servizio sanitario | 15.01 | 52.53 | 359 | 198 |
| WC | 3.2 | 11.18 | 106 | 42 |
| WC | 3.79 | 13.26 | 147 | 50 |
Area [m2] = Superficie netta calpestabile; Volume [m3] = Volume netto; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione massima per trasmissione (potenza); QhVEp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA); Qp [W] = Dispersione massima (trasmissione, ventilazione, fattore di ripresa)
Pag. 45
Vano:
Spogliatoio M
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Palestra1
Tavola:
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 22.78 |
| Volume netto | 79.73 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 5 396.96 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 589 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 301 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 890 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 889.15 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 11.9 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 20.2 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.563 | FN3 | 1.95 | Est | 1.57 | 22.2 | 40.59 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 1.3 | Est | 0.29 | 22.2 | 7.48 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 11.9 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 19.08 | Spogliatoio F | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.49 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 22.78 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
| Solaio inferiore | p.02 | SL1 | 22.78 | ESTERNO | 0.28 | 22.2 | 6.16 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 46
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN1
Vano:
Spogliatoio F
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 22.11 |
| Volume netto | 77.39 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 5 113.98 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 420 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 292 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 712 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 711.71 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 8.05 | WC H | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.1 | WC H | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 5.29 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 18.9 | Spogliatoio M | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 11.98 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.563 | FN3 | 1.95 | Sud | 1.57 | 22.2 | 35.95 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 1.3 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 16.8 | Deposito | 2.05 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 22.11 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
| Solaio inferiore | p.02 | SL1 | 22.11 | ESTERNO | 0.28 | 22.2 | 6.16 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 47
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN2
Vano:
WC H
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 7.7 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.49 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 1.93 | Spogliatoio F | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 7.7 | Spogliatoio F | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 6.3 | Deposito | 2.05 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 3.96 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 48
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN3
Vano:
Deposito
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE | |
|---|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 17.30 | m² |
| Volume netto | 60.55 | m³ |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 | °C |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 | Vol/h |
| Capacità Termica | 4 722.13 | kJ/K |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 385 | W |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 228 | W |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 613 | W |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 612.98 | W |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 7.7 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 6.48 | WC H | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 16.98 | Spogliatoio F | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 10.21 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.564 | FN2 | 2.99 | Sud | 1.64 | 22.2 | 37.52 |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.71 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.5 | Sala Insegnanti | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 13.34 | Sala Insegnanti | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.49 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 17.3 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 49
Vano:
Sala Insegnanti
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 10.57 |
| Volume netto | 36.99 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 2 938.69 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 125 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 139 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 264 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 264.70 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 8.19 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 12.85 | Deposito | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.32 | Deposito | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.87 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | WC | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 12.85 | Servizio sanitario | 2.05 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 10.57 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 50
Vano:
Servizio sanitario
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 15.01 |
| Volume netto | 52.53 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 3 837.74 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 359 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 198 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 557 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 556.59 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 10.57 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.019 | MR2 | 2.49 | Palestra | 0.69 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Palestra | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 13.02 | Sala Insegnanti | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 3.5 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.18 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | WC | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 14.15 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.563 | FN3 | 1.95 | Ovest | 1.57 | 22.2 | 37.69 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 1.3 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 15.01 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
| Solaio inferiore | p.02 | SL1 | 15.01 | ESTERNO | 0.28 | 22.2 | 6.16 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 51
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN6
Vano:
WC
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 3.20 |
| Volume netto | 11.18 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 1 327.63 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 106 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 42 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 148 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 147.97 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.87 | Sala Insegnanti | 2.05 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Sala Insegnanti | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.71 | Deposito | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 4.05 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Finestra | *WIN.2.563 | FN4 | 0.98 | Sud | 1.65 | 22.2 | 37.80 |
| Parapetto | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 0.65 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 3.08 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.59 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.63 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 3.5 | Servizio sanitario | 2.05 | | |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 3.2 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
| Solaio inferiore | p.02 | SL1 | 3.2 | ESTERNO | 0.28 | 22.2 | 6.16 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 52
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN7
Vano:
WC
Zona:
Servizi palestra
Centrale Termica: Centrale Termica
Tavola:
Palestra1
Dati generali
| DESCRIZIONE | VALORE |
|---|---|
| Superficie netta calpestabile | 3.79 |
| Volume netto | 13.26 |
| Temperatura interna (per la POTENZA) | 20.00 |
| Ricambi d'aria (per la POTENZA) | 0.50 |
| Capacità Termica | 1 535.55 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) | 147 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 50 |
| Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione + Ventilazione (POTENZA) | 197 |
| Carico termico di Progetto (trasmissione + ventilazione + fattore di ripresa) - POTENZA | 197.28 |
Elementi disperdenti (Potenza)
| Elemento | Cod. struttura | Scheda | A / L | Confin. / Orient. | U / Ul | dT | QhUTRp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 5.01 | Servizio sanitario | 2.05 | | |
| Porta | DO.02.001 | | 1.89 | Servizio sanitario | 1.96 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.98 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.59 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | MR.01.018 | MR3 | 2.73 | WC | 2.05 | | |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 9.49 | Sud | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.62 |
| Muro | *MPF03.d | MR1 | 5.71 | Ovest | 0.29 | 22.2 | 6.94 |
| Solaio superiore | *prsol05.1.1 | SL2 | 3.79 | ESTERNO | 0.26 | 22.2 | 5.68 |
A [m²] = Superficie disperdente - L [m] = Lunghezza del Ponte Termico; Confin./ Orient. = Nome dell'Ambiente Confinante o Orientamento della superficie; U [W/m²K] = Trasmittanza termica - Ul [W/mK] = Trasmittanza termica lineare del Ponte Termico; dT [°C] = Differenza di temperatura; QhUTRp [W/m²] = Dispersione UNITARIA MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA) ; QhTRp [W] = Dispersione MASSIMA per Trasmissione (POTENZA).
Pag. 53
Copyright - TerMus by ACCA software S.p.A. - Tel.0827/69504 - www.acca.it
Scheda: CT2-EC1-ZN1-VN8
|
<urn:uuid:4638c22a-4309-4bab-8527-7d411d3ed4e4>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 80,388
|
Von-Neumann Rechner
Register
Rechenwerk ALU
Prozessor (CPU)
Instruktionseinheit IU
Befehlszähler
Speicher M
Daten
Befehle
Christian Engwer
Aufbau des MIPS Prozessors
Instruction Fetch
Instr. Decode Reg. Fetch
Execute Addr. Calc
Memory Access
Write Back
Next PC
Adder
Address
Memory
IF / ID
Reg File
RS1 RS2
Next SEQ PC
ID / EX
Sign Extend
Imm
EX / MEM
ZERO?
MUX
Memory
MEM / WB
MUX
WB Data
Christian Engwer
Memory gap
Performance vs. Year
- Processor
- Memory
- Processor-Memory Performance Gap
Christian Engwer
Einstufiger Cache – Platzierung
Voll assoziativ:
Block 12 kann in jeden Cache-Block
Direkte Zuordnung:
Block 12 kann nur in Cache-Block 4 (12 mod 8)
2-fach assoziativ:
Block 12 geht in Menge 0 (12 \mod 4)
Hauptspeicher:
SIMD Prozessor
Register
Rechenwerk ALU
Instruktionseinheit IU
Befehlszähler
Prozessor (CPU)
Speicher M
Daten
Befehle
steuert
SIMD Prozessor
Register
ALU
Prozessor (CPU)
Instruktionseinheit IU
Befehlszähler
Speicher M
Daten
Befehle
Christian Engwer
Vektorisierungs Konzept
(a) Scalar Operation
\[
\begin{align*}
A_0 + B_0 &= C_0 \\
A_1 + B_1 &= C_1 \\
A_2 + B_2 &= C_2 \\
A_3 + B_3 &= C_3
\end{align*}
\]
(b) SIMD Operation
\[
\begin{align*}
A_0 + B_0 &= C_0 \\
A_1 + B_1 &= C_1 \\
A_2 + B_2 &= C_2 \\
A_3 + B_3 &= C_3
\end{align*}
\]
Bilder: https://www.kernel.org/, Cell Programming Tutorial
Vektorisierungs Konzept
Nicht möglich!
Bilder: https://www.kernel.org/, Cell Programming Tutorial
Vektorisierungs Konzept
Bilder: https://www.kernel.org/, Cell Programming Tutorial
Beispiel Intel Xeon E5-2698 v3 (Haswell)
- Beworbene Peak Performance: 486.4 GFlop/s
Beispiel Intel Xeon E5-2698 v3 (Haswell)
- Beworbene Peak Performance: 486.4 GFlop/s
- 16 cores → ein Core: 30.4 GFlop/s
Beispiel Intel Xeon E5-2698 v3 (Haswell)
- Beworbene Peak Performance: 486.4 GFlop/s
- 16 cores → ein Core: 30.4 GFlop/s
- AVX2+FMA → ohne FMA: 15.2 GFlop/s
Beispiel Intel Xeon E5-2698 v3 (Haswell)
- Beworbene Peak Performance: 486.4 GFlop/s
- 16 cores → ein Core: 30.4 GFlop/s
- AVX2+FMA → ohne FMA: 15.2 GFlop/s
- 4× SIMD → ohne AVX: 3.8 GFlop/s
→ klassischer, nicht-paralleler Code begrenzt auf 3.8 GFlop/s
→ man verliert 99% der Leistung
|
<urn:uuid:74c3c6b5-8c86-4bc8-a6ea-fa7c56e22762>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
deu_Latn
| 2,207
|
Words are just Noise, let your Actions Speak: Impact of Nonverbal Communication on Undergraduate Medical Education
Anbreen Aziz 1 , Farah Farhan 2 , Faiza Hassan 3 , Aasma Qaiser 4
ABSTRACT
Methods: A qualitative exploratory online survey was conducted from July-Sept 2020 among purposively chosen final year BDS students (n=150) of three dental colleges of Islamabad during COVID-19 lockdown phase. Semi-structured survey questions were validated and piloted before execution. Thematic analysis was performed, and consensus was built among all authors regarding findings, hence ensuring analytical triangulation.
Objective: To explore student's perceptions regarding impact of kinesics (facial expressions, gestures, head movements and postures) on undergraduate medical education.
Results: Response rate was 46% (69/150). Twenty sub-themes emerged under three domains of kinesics. Participants told that 'neutral expressions' frequently used by teachers create 'boring learning environment' and 'hesitation among students to ask questions.' A smile of teacher imparts 'new degree of interest in the subject' and gives 'freedom of expression' to the students. On contrary, anger 'demotivate' students, instills 'fear among them', make them anxious therefore, they are 'unable to understand lectures' which ultimately leads to 'loss interest in the subject'. Use of gestures by teachers creates 'enjoyable teachinglearning process' but movements such as clearing throat or shaky legs produce 'constant split-second interruption'. Moreover, standing posture of teachers bring 'interest and alertness among students'.
Conclusion: Nonverbal communication can have positive or negative impact on undergraduate medical education. Therefore, teachers may start lecture with a smile and anger should be avoided to produce friendly and healthy learning environment. Faculty training is required for the effective use of nonverbal communication strategies to create an optimal learning environment for the students.
KEYWORDS: Nonverbal communication, Kinesics, Facial expressions, Undergraduate Medical Education, Environment.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4180
How to cite this:
Aziz A, Farhan F, Hassan F, Qaiser A. Words are just Noise, let your Actions Speak: Impact of Nonverbal Communication on Undergraduate Medical Education. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):1849-1853. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4180
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTRODUCTION
Humans are socially connected to each other with the help of communication which
Correspondence:
Dr. Anbreen Aziz
Department of Dental Health Professions Education and Research,
Assistant Professor,
Army Medical College/ Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID),
Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS),
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
* Received for Publication:
January 18, 2021
* Revision Received:
May 27, 2021
*
Revision Accepted:
June 5, 2021
is the greatest gift by Allah. 1,2 Communication comprises of verbal and nonverbal types. 2 Verbal communication remained a fundamental skill to be taught and learned in medical field. 3 It constitutes 45% proportion of human communication which involves spoken words (38%) and tone of voice (7%). 1,2 Whereas, nonverbal communication (NVC) or body language constitutes 55% proportion of human communication and is attracting medical education community from the past three decades. 4 NVC is an important skill needed for the teachers while they are interacting to large group of students because it effects positively on student's mood. 1
NVC is the behavior of the face, body, or voice 2,5 and is divided into; kinesics (body postures and body movements), vocalics (non-linguistic vocal cues such as volume and sound pitch), oculesics (gaze and movement of eye), haptics (body contact such as handshakes) and proxemics (personal space and distance). 4 The word kinesics refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements. 6 It is one of the most powerful ways through which humans can communicate nonverbally. 7
Sufficient literature is available on effective use of NVC in the fields of Islamic studies, 8 business, 9 psychology, 10 patient-doctor interactions 11 or the student's interactions with simulated patients. But limited literature is available regarding its use as a teaching strategy by medical educators. 5 Therefore, our study qualitatively explores the impact of kinesics on undergraduate medical students and learning environment. The purpose of this study was to create awareness among medical educators regarding correct use of NVC strategies. Apart from this, it might be of use to curriculum developers at institutional level to integrate the effective use of NVC as a teaching strategy along with other strategies within the curriculum.
METHODS
An exploratory research using online survey having semi-structured questions was carried out from July-Sept 2020. Ethical permission was taken from institutional review committee of three private dental colleges of Islamabad (Ref. No. IIDC/IRC/2020/003, dated July 02, 2020 and Ref. IMDC/DS/OG/336, dated July 28, 2020, FF/ FUMC/215-1/PHY/20, dated Sept 10, 2020).
Participants: Final year students being the senior most class were purposively included to get indepth information and students from other years were excluded. Survey was shared through the institutional WhatsApp group of each institute. Iterative data collection and analysis showed that majority of the participants were quite expressive. Questionnaire and data collection: Survey questions were developed on google forms following guidelines of AMEE 87 for questionnaire development. 12 First step was conducting literature review regarding NVC. Second step was telephonic interviews with students (n=06) regarding their concepts about NVC. Third step was development of ten items under three themes (face expressions, gestures, head movements and postures) related to kinesics. Fourth step was to get the survey validated from four content experts. The items were then re-arranged, re-phrased and omitted as required. Lastly, pilot testing was conducted (n=10) to manage any technical errors and to see comprehension level of students. After minimal corrections, the survey consisting of six items was approved by all authors and was executed along with informed consent within the survey to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. The data were coded by first author and then shared with other authors for data analysis.
1. Data was prepared by making a separate word document and pasting text replies of all participants (69) against each open-ended question and each participant's text reply was labelled with participant number to ensure anonymity. Each question was labelled with theme denoting main domains of kinesics e.g., theme-1 denoted impact of facial expressions, theme-2 dealt with impact of gestures and theme-3 was regarding impact of head movements and postures.
Data analysis: Frequencies and percentages were calculated for demographics while manual thematic analysis was performed for open-ended questions using systematic approach for qualitative text analysis. 13 It was done by all authors and proceeded in the following steps:
2. All the authors familiarized with data by carefully reading each line and segment to develop in-vivo analytic codes (1 st coding cycle) under each category. 14 Later, codes were arranged, and subcategories (sub-themes) were formed. All the data under each category were again coded (2 nd coding cycle).
3. Subcategories were reevaluated and consensus was made among all authors to get diverse perspectives and to ensure analytical triangulation. 15 Results are presented along with quotes from the original participant's text replies (Table II).
RESULTS
Sixty-nine students (46%) responded out of 150 final year students from three dental institutes. The respondents were predominantly females (88.4%), with age groups 20-22 years (55%) and 23-25 years (45%) (Table-I).
Table-I: Characteristics of the study participants (N=69).
Impact of Nonverbal Communication in Medical Education
Table-II: Impact of Kinesics on Undergraduate Medical Education.
*M-Male, F-Female, A-Age group (1-2), P-participant #.
Our study has explored the student's perceptions about the impact of kinesics (facial expressions, gestures, head movements and postures) on undergraduate medical students and learning environment. Twenty subthemes emerged under three main themes after thematic analysis of the data.
DISCUSSION
The study has explored student's perceptions regarding impact of kinesics (facial expressions, gestures, head movements and postures) on undergraduate medical education including educational environment. Comparing with a previous study held on teachers at government secondary schools of Peshawar district of Pakistan, 16 most of our findings are same showing that kinesics have impact on students and their learning environment. Common findings are motivating learning environment due to smile on a teacher's face. 16 Learning environment impacts attitude, knowledge, skills, and academic achievements of medical students. 17
Our study has shown that hand gesture to indicate size or shape of an object when accompany speech helps in better learning as given in the previous studies too. 20,21 The participants said that hand and face gestures make them feel that teacher enjoys teaching and somehow making students enjoy the lecture too. Therefore, gestures are center of importance in communication as they bring energy to the speech. 22 Moreover, one of the participants emphasized that it depends how well a teacher calibrates his/ her verbal and nonverbal communication pattern to engage him/ herself with
In contrast, our study has highlighted other aspects such as difficulty in communication and understanding lecture due to anger on teacher's face that makes the environment hostile and learning becomes burden for students. Teacher's respect is undermined by anger and it adversely effects teachers themselves too. 18 Moreover, it is reported in this study that anger demotivates students and instills fear among them. Whereas on the other hand, smile on teacher's face reduces fear of being insulted by teachers upon giving wrong answer to a question and keep them motivated to listen to every bit of a lecture. In literature, a study explained beautifully that smile used in a classroom setting was powerful to invite student's smile 19 as one of the participants said that teacher's smile is contagious, and it spreads happiness among students.
a class. Among behavior or movements, looking at watch or clock, clearing throat, shaking legs etc. got mixed comments. Few participants were of view that they are just random gestures making a teacher look more natural rather than a robot with zero expressions. While few of the participants said that these movements add to negative aspect of the teacher's personality. They further added that these movements may cause split second interruption during the lecture and students may lose focus.
Standing posture used by majority of the teachers though create serious learning environment but impart interest and alertness among students and lessens their distraction. Every position or movement of teacher while teaching matters to great extent as it sends message to the students. 23 Therefore, in order to send correct message, a teacher should be able to use correct position for better teaching and learning experience. 23
Strengths of the study: Our study has highlighted positive and negative impact of teacher's nonverbal communication on medical students and learning environment. Hence, this study is unique as the data were collected from the relevant stakeholders to get in-depth perspectives.
Limitations of the study: The data could have been collected from the relevant stakeholders from other health professions such as medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and physiotherapy to get broad perspectives.
CONCLUSION
Nonverbal communication strategies should be used correctly by medical teachers to produce positive impact on learners and learning environment. Teachers should be enthusiastic and in happy mood while communicating with students within a classroom setting. Therefore, teachers may start lecture with a smile and anger should be avoided to produce friendly and healthy learning environment. Gestures create enjoyable teachinglearning process and the standing type of posture gathers student's attention and creates active learning environment. Faculty training is required for the effective use of nonverbal communication strategies to create an optimal learning environment for the students. Future research could collect data from students of other health professions as well to gain broader perspectives. Moreover, a scale could be developed which can measure satisfaction and happiness of the students regarding nonverbal communication strategies used by their teachers.
Conflict of Interest: None.
Grant Support & Financial Disclosures: None.
REFERENCES
1. Bambaeeroo F, Shokrpour N. The impact of the teachers' non-verbal communication on success in teaching. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2017;5(2):51-59.
3. Piza F, Piza P, Schwartzstein RM. The power of nonverbal communication in medical education. Med Teach. 2018;41(4):476–477. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1454590
2. Patterson ML. Nonverbal communication. Curated Ref Collect Neurosci Biobehav Psychol. 2017:731-738. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.06502-0
4. Liu C, Calvo RA, Lim R. Improving medical students' awareness of their non-verbal communication through automated non-verbal behavior feedback. Frontiers in ICT. 2016;3:1-13. doi: 10.3389/fict.2016.00011
6. Anonymous. Section 4.4; types of non-verbal communications. In: A Primer on Communication Studies V 1.0. 2012;p:196-224.
5. Hale AJ, Freed J, Ricotta D, Farris G, Smith CC. Twelve tips for effective body language for medical educators. Med Teach. 2017;39(9):914–919. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2017.1324140
7. Affini LN. A Study of Kinesics Category and the Manifestation Towards a Toddler Attitudes. Univ PGRI Semarang. 2017;8(1):61-67. doi: 10.1017/ CBO9781107415324.004
9. Wisankosol P. The Significance of Nonverbal Communication in Business. Acad J BangkokThonburiUniveristy. 2018;7(2):234–42.
8. Ali SS, Muhammad Ishtiaq MK. Conversation Analysis of Muhammad (PBUH) for exploring his Effective Use of Nonverbal Communication including Paralinguistic Features. Rahat-ul-Quloob. 2019;3(2):75-86.
10. Judith A. Hall TGH, Murphy and NA. Nonverbal communication. Annu Rev Psychol. 2019;70:271–94. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
12. Artino AR, Rochelle JSLA, Dezee KJ, Gehlbach H. Developing questionnaires for educational research : AMEE Guide No 87. 2014;(87):463-474. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.889814
11. Unal O, Akbolat M, Amarat M. The influence of patientphysician communication on physician loyalty and hospital loyalty of the patient. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):999–1003. doi: 10.12669/pjms.344.15136
13. Kuckartz U. Qualitative Text Analysis: A Systematic Approach. In: Gabriele Kaiser NP, editor. ICME-13 Monographs. 2019;P:181-197. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15636-78
14. Khan AW, Sethi A, Wajid G, Yasmeen R. Challenges towards quality assurance of basic medical education in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(2):4–9. doi: 10.12669/ pjms.36.2.1319
15. Egon G. Guba YSL. Epistemological and Methodological Basis of Naturalistic Inquiry. ECTJ. 1982;30(4):233–252.
17. Rehman R, Ghias K, Fatima SS, Hussain M, Alam F. Students' perception of educational environment at Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(3):720-724. doi:10.12669/pjms.323.9562
16. Butt MN, Iqbal M. Teacher's Perceptions Regarding Facial Expressions As An Effective Teaching Tool. Contemp Issues Educ Res. 2011;4(2):11–14.
18. Burić I, Frenzel AC. Teacher anger: New empirical insights using a multi-method approach. Teaching Teacher Education. 2019;86:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2019.102895
20. Barmaki R, Hughes CE. A case study to track teacher gestures and performance in a virtual learning environment. ACM Int Conf Proceeding Ser. 2015:420-421. doi: 10.1145/2723576.2723650
19. Jakonen T, Evnitskaya N. Teacher smiles as an interactional and pedagogical resource in the classroom. J Pragmat. 2020;163:18-31. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.04.005
21. Yeo A, Ledesma I, Nathan MJ, Alibali MW, Church RB. Teachers' gestures and students' learning: sometimes "hands off" is better. Cogn Res Princ Implic. 2017;2(1):1– 11. doi: 10.1186/s41235-017-0077-0
23. Restuningrum N. Teachers' Strategy of Positioning in Teaching Young Learners. Int J Educ Best Pract. 2018;2(1):113. doi: 10.31258/ijebp.v2n1.p1-13
22. McNeill D. Why we gesture; The Surprising Role of Hand Movements in Speech. Why We Gesture. 2015;p:1-42 . doi: 10.1017/cbo9781316480526.010
Author's Contribution:
AA: Conception of study, literature review, questionnaire development, data analysis and interpretation.
FH:
FF:
Drafting manuscript, pilot testing.
AQ:
Literature review, Data analysis.
Data collection, contribution in write-up,
All authors are responsible and accountable for accuracy or integrity of the research work.
Authors:
1. Dr. Anbreen Aziz, BDS, MHPE Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Health Professions Education and Research, Army Medical College/ Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID) National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
3. Prof. Dr. Faiza Hassan Department Oral Pathology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
2. Dr. Farah Farhan Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Foundation University College of Dentistry, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Dr. Aasma Qaiser Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Education, Kharian Medical College, Combined Military Hospital, Kharian, Punjab, Pakistan.
|
<urn:uuid:c09e2ffc-cbbf-406f-8fbd-28e8decd4b02>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 18,225
|
PRZEDMIAR
Klasyfikacja robót wg Wspólnego Słownika Zamówień
45000000-7 Robóty budowlane
NAZWA INWESTYCJI: Robóty dacharskie wymiana pokrycia dachowego i wieży wraz z obrobkami blacharskimi rynny i rury spustowe
ADRES INWESTYCJI: Grodziszczce Kościół pod w. Św. Maksymiliana Colbe
INWESTOR: Parafia Ostroszowice
ADRES INWESTORA: Kościół w Grodziszczu pod w. Św. Maksymiliana Colbe
WYKONAWCA ROBÓT: Firma TECHBUD ZDZISŁAW BIEL
ADRES WYKONAWCY: 57-215 SREBRNA GÓRA UL. JASNA 22
BRANŻA: OGÓLNO BUDOWLANA
SPORZĄDZIŁ KALKULACJE: ZDZISŁAW BIEL
DATA OPRACOWANIA: 06.03.2023
PARAFIA RZYMSKO-KATOLICKA
WYKONAWCA:
INWESTOR: Św. Jadwigi
ul. Bielawska 64, 58-262 Ostroszowice
tel. 74 833 01 48
NIP: 8822107001
Data opracowania: 06.03.2023
Data zatwierdzenia
ks. Mariusz Kubik
administrator parafii
Dokument został opracowany przy pomocy programu NORMA PRO
| Lp. | Podstawa | Opli i wyliczenie | j.m. | Poszcz. | Razem |
|-----|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|---------|--------|
| 1 | KNR AT-05 1651-01 | Rusztowania ramowe elewacyjne o szer. 0,73 m i rozstawie podłużnym ram 2,57 m o wys. do 10 m 430 | m² | | |
| | | | | 430.000 | |
| 2 | KNR AT-05 1651b-06| Rusztowania ramowe elewacyjne o szer. 0,73 m i rozstawie podłużnym ram 1,57 m o wys. do 35 m wieża 500 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 600.000 | 430.000|
| 3 | KNR-W 4-01 0545-02| Rozebranie pokrycia dachowego z blachy nie nadającej się do użytku plus wieża i obróbki 600+146+45.600 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 791.600 | 500.000|
| 4 | KNR-W 4-01 0441-04| Rozebranie elementów wież dachowych - ołacenie dachu o odstępie lat do 24 cm 600 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 600.000 | 791.800|
| 5 | KNR 4-01 0827-03 | Dwukrotna impregnacja grzybobójcza desek i płyt melodą smarowania preparatami solowymi 1143 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 1143.000| 600.000|
| 6 | KNR AT-09 0103-03 | Folie wstępnego krycia (FWK) ukladane na krokwiach - rozstaw kontrolat 1,00 m 600 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 600.000 | 1143.000|
| 7 | KNR AT-09 0101-03 | Łacenie - rozstaw lat 25 cm 600 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 600.000 | 600.000|
| 8 | KNR 2-02 0504-04 | Pokrycie dachów dachówką karpiówką ceramiczną w koronkę 600 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 600.000 | 600.000|
| 9 | TZKNBK XXIII 0202-02 | Krycie wież i kopul blachą miedzianą - karo 40x40 cm 146 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 146.000 | 600.000|
| 10 | TZKNBK XXIII 0202-01 | Krycie wież i kopul blachą miedzianą zwykłe 45.6 | m² | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 45.600 | 146.000|
| 11 | TZKNBK XXIII 0203-02 | Wykonanie i zawieszenie rynien półokrągłych śr.do 15 cm z blachy miedzianej 45.6 | m | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 45.600 | 46.600 |
| 12 | TZKNBK XXIII 0203-04 | Wykonanie i zawieszenie rynien półokrągłych z blachy miedzianej - dodatek za zalamanie (gierunek) 45.6 | szt.| | RAZEM |
| | | | | 45.600 | 46.600 |
| 13 | TZKNBK XXIII 0209-02 | Kosze zbiornikowe z blachy miedzianej gladkie płaskie prostokątne 0.40x0.55 m 6 | szt.| | RAZEM |
| | | | | 6.000 | 46.600 |
| 14 | TZKNBK XXIII 0204-01 | Wykonanie i zawieszenie rur spustowych okrągłych śr. 12 cm z blachy miedzianej 0.6 63.360 | m | | RAZEM |
| | | | | 63.360 | 6.000 |
| 15 | TZKNBK XXIII 0204-04 | Wykonanie i zawieszenie rur spustowych okrągłych z blachy miedzianej 0.6 - dodatek za kolanko 6 | szt.| | RAZEM |
| | | | | 6.000 | 63.360 |
| 16 | KNR 4-01 0412-01 | Wymiana elementów konstrukcyjnych dachu - koniec krokwi 10 | szt.| | RAZEM |
| | | | | 10.000 | 6.000 |
| Lp. | Podstawa | Opis i wyliczenia | J.m. | Poszcz. | Razem |
|-----|----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|---------|--------|
| 17 | KNR 4-01 0412-04 | Wymiana elementów konstrukcyjnych dachu - muraty i podwaliny 36 | m | | |
| | | | m | 36,000 | |
| 18 | KNR 4-01 0413-01 | Wzmocnienie krokwi przez nabicie jednostronnie desek gr. 32 mm 480 | m | RAZEM | 36,000 |
| | | | m | 480,000 | |
| 19 | KNR 4-01 0412-08 | Wymiana elementów konstrukcyjnych dachu - słupy 20 | m | RAZEM | 480,000|
| | | | m | 20,000 | |
| 20 | KNR 4-01 0412-05 | Wymiana elementów konstrukcyjnych dachu - płatwie 25 | m | RAZEM | 20,000 |
| | | | m | 25,000 | |
| 21 | | wywietzianie blachy z rozbiórki na złom 600+146 | m² | RAZEM | 25,000 |
| | | | m² | 746,000 | |
The following is a list of the most common types of data that can be collected and analyzed using the methods described in this paper:
- **Demographic Data**: Information about the age, gender, race, ethnicity, education level, income, employment status, and other demographic characteristics of the population being studied.
- **Behavioral Data**: Information about the behaviors and actions of individuals or groups, such as their consumption habits, social interactions, and participation in various activities.
- **Health Data**: Information about the health status and outcomes of individuals, including their medical history, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and health-related behaviors.
- **Environmental Data**: Information about the physical and chemical properties of the environment, such as air quality, water quality, noise levels, and temperature.
- **Economic Data**: Information about the economic conditions and activities of individuals and organizations, such as their income, wealth, employment, and business operations.
- **Social Data**: Information about the social relationships and interactions of individuals and groups, such as their family structures, friendships, and community involvement.
- **Educational Data**: Information about the educational experiences and achievements of individuals, including their academic records, test scores, and graduation rates.
- **Political Data**: Information about the political attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups, such as their voting patterns, campaign contributions, and participation in political activities.
- **Cultural Data**: Information about the cultural practices and beliefs of individuals and groups, such as their language, religion, customs, and traditions.
- **Technological Data**: Information about the use and impact of technology on individuals and society, such as their access to and usage of digital devices, software, and online services.
- **Legal Data**: Information about the legal systems and processes of countries and regions, including their laws, regulations, court decisions, and enforcement mechanisms.
- **Sports Data**: Information about the performance and achievements of athletes and teams in various sports, including their statistics, rankings, and competitions.
- **Sports Data**: Information about the performance and achievements of athletes and teams in various sports, including their statistics, rankings, and competitions.
|
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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NURMIJÄRVEN REITTIKARTTA
1.1.2019-2.6.2019
Julkinen tiedote
MERKKIEN SELITYKSET
11 Aikataulunumero
339 Linjanumero
35 Kivenkyydin linja
Dots Keski-Uudenmaan ja pääkaupunkiseudun väliset linjat
Pink Kuntien sisäiset ja lähialueiden linjat (eri väriä)
Circle Pätepysäkki / kääntopaikka
Arrow Ajosuunta
Las 20,45,49,56,57,458,457,463,464,465
Las 456,457,463-465
Las 456-457,637,463-465,937,3,35,45,48,51,53,55,56
Las 456,457,463-465,937,3,35,45,48,51,53,55,56
Las 31-35,35H,40,40A,47,51-56,57,454-457,480,487,487,454-465
Helsinkiin
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<urn:uuid:9a1b347a-fd96-44d7-9591-67a185c6b3dd>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fin_Latn
| 530
|
ZRUŠENIE ODDLŽENIA PRE NEPOCTIVÝ ZÁMER DLŽNÍKA
Branislav Pospíšil, 2018
Prehľad
- Konanie o zrušení oddlženia
- Účinky rozhodnutia
- Poctivý zámer
Konanie o zrušení oddlženia
- Veriteľ, ktorý bol dotknutý oddlžením.
- má právo domáhať sa zrušenia oddlženia návrhom na zrušenie oddlženia
- podaným voči dlužníkovi alebo jeho dedičom
- do šiestich rokov od vyhlásenia konkursu alebo určenia splátkového kalendára
- na súde, ktorý rozhodol o oddlžení,
- ak preukáže, že dlužník nemal pri oddlžení pociťový zámer.
- Vo veci samej rozhoduje súd rozsudkom.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Viac konania / smrť dlužníka
- Ak je návrhov viac, súd ich spojí na spoločné konanie.
- Ak navrhovateľ na tom trvá, súd v prípade smrti dlužníka pokračuje v konaní s dedičmi, inak konanie zastaví.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Účinky rozhodnutia
- Právoplatné rozhodnutie o zrušení oddlženia je účinné voči všetkým.
- Iné rozhodnutie … nie je prekážkou, aby sa rozhodovalo o novom návrhu na zrušenie oddlženia, ak
- je podaný iným veřiteľom alebo
- sú tu nové dôkazy, ktoré poctivý zámer dlžníka vylučujú.
- Zrušením oddlženia stáva voči všetkým veřiteľom neúčinné. Pohľadávkom sa v plnom rozsahu, v ktorom ešte neboli uspokojené, obnovuje pôvodná vymahateľnosť aj splatnosť.
- Takéto pohľadávky sa nepremičia skôr ako uplynie desať rokov od zrušenia oddlženia.
- Právoplatné rozhodnutie je rozhodnutím o vylúčení podľa § 13a ObZ.
Ex offo konanie
- Súd, ktorý rozhodol o oddlžení (,) na podnet prokurátora, zruší takéto oddlženie, ak zistí, že dlžník nemal pri oddlžení poctivý zámer.
- Takéto konanie možno začať do šiestich rokov od vyhlásenia konkurzu alebo určenia splátkového kalendária.
Poctivý zámer
pozitívne vymedzenie
- Dlhnik má poctivý zámer, ak
- z jeho správania po podaní návrhu
- možno usudzovať, že vynaložil úprimnú snahu nieť svoj dlh v medziach svojich možností a schopnosti,
- najmä ak
- poskytoval správcovi a veriteľom potrebnú súčinnosť,
- vynaložil snahu získať zamestranie, zamestnal sa alebo si zabezpečil iný zdroj príjmov,
- v prípade nie nepatrného dedenia, daru alebo výhry zo stávky alebo hry ponúkol aspoň polovicu takého zdroja dobrovoľne veriteľom na uspokojenie nevymáhatelného dluhu,
- prípadne vynaložil snahu o zaradenie sa do spoločnosti alebo sa do spoločnosti opätovne zaradi.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Poctivý zámer
negatívne vymedzenie
- a) v zozname majetku ani na dopyt správcu neuviedol časť svojho majetku, aj keď o ňom vedel alebo s prihliadnutím na okolnosti musel vedieť; na majetok nepatrnej hodnoty sa neprihliada,
- b) v zozname veriteľov ani na dopyt správcu neuviedol veriteľa fyzickej osoby, v čoho dôsledku veriteľ neprihliadal svoju pohľadávku, aj keď o ňom vedel alebo s prihliadnutím na okolnosti musel vedieť; na drobných veriteľov sa neprihliada,
- c) v návrhu alebo v prílohe návrhu alebo na dopyt správcu uviedol nepravdivú dôležitú informáciu alebo neuviedol dôležitú informáciu, aj keď vedel alebo s prihliadnutím na okolnosti musel vedieť, že ide o dôležitú informáciu,
- d) bez vážneho dôvodu neposkytol správcovi potrebnú súčinnosť, ktorú možno od neho spravodlivo vyžadovať.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Poctivý zámer
negatívne vymedzenie
- e) zo správania sa dížnika pred podaním návrhu možno usudzovať, že sa úmyselne priviedol do platobnej neschopnosti, aby bol oprávnený podať návrh.
- f) v čase podania návrhu dížnik neboli platobne neschopný, aj keď o tom vedel alebo s príhľadnutím na okolnosti musel vedieť.
- g) zo správania sa dížnika pred podaním návrhu možno usudzovať, že pri preberaní záväzkov sa spoliehal na to, že svoje dlhy bude nieť konkúrozom alebo splátkovým kalendárom.
- h) zo správania sa dížnika pred podaním návrhu možno usudzovať, že mal snahu poškodiť svojho vereiteľa alebo zvyhodiť niektorého vereiteľa.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Poctivý zámer
negatívne vymedzenie
- i) bez vážneho dôvodu riadne a včas neplni súdom určený splátkový kalendár.
- j) bez vážneho dôvodu riadne a včas neplni výživné pre dieťa, na ktoré vznikol nárok po rozhodujúcim dni; tohto dôvodu sa môže dovolovať iba dieťa alebo zákonný zástupca dieťaťa.
- k) bez vážneho dôvodu riadne a včas neplni povinnosť vrátiť Centru právnej pomoci hodnotu poskytnutého predpokladu na úhradu paušálnej odmeny správcu; tohto dôvodu sa môže dovolovať iba Centrum právnej pomoci.
- l) dížnik sa domáhal zbavenia dlhov napriek tomu, že na území Slovenskej republiky nemal v čase podania návrhu centrum hlavných záujmov.
B. Pospíšil, 2018
Posudzovanie poctivého zámeru
(3) Súd prihliada **prisnejsie** na skutočnosti ovplyvňujúce poctivý zámer u dížnika, ktorý v minulosti mal alebo stále má významnejší majetok, má skúsenosti s podnikaním, pôsobi alebo pôsobil ako vedúci zamestnanec alebo pôsobi alebo pôsobil v orgánoch právnickej osoby alebo má iné osobitné životné skúsenosti.
(4) Súd prihliada **miernejsie** na skutočnosti ovplyvňujúce poctivý zámer u dížnika, ktorý dosiahol iba základné vzdelanie, je v dochoďkovom veku alebo blízko takéhoto veku, má vážne zdravotné problémy, na čas alebo trvalo stratil obydlie alebo ho v živote postihla iná udalosť, ktorá mu stažila uplatnenie v spoločnosti.
Kde sa skúma poctivý zámer …
- Poctivý zámer dížnika súd skúma iba v konaní o návrhu na zrušenie oddiženia pre nepoctivý zámer.
- V konkurznom konaní ani v konaní o určení splátkového kalendára súd poctivý zámer dížnika neskúma.
Ďakujem za pozornosť!
JUDr. Branislav Pospíšil
B. Pospíšil, 2018
|
<urn:uuid:474bde7d-c356-4b42-9497-3fc68b680913>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
slk_Latn
| 5,450
|
Jefatura de Compras y Suministros
Avellaneda, 28 de julio de 2021
Dirección Gral. De Medios
S_________/_________D
Nos dirigimos a Ud. a efectos de que se sirvan proceder a la Publicación por 2 (dos) días consecutivos, de la licitación de referencia, de acuerdo a los siguientes datos:
SECRETARIA DE OBRAS Y SERVICIOS PUBLICOS
DIRECCION DE PLANEAMIENTO Y VIVIENDA
LICITACION PÚBLICA NRO. 97/2021
EXPEDIENTE 85.922/21
DENOMINACIÓN: "PROVISION DE MATERIAS Y MANO DE OBRA PARA
LAS TAREAS DE MAMPOSTERIA, CAPAS AISLADORAS
Y HORMIGON ARMADO EN LA CONSTRUCCION DE
72 VIVIENDAS, PREDIO MACIEL III (MANZANA 2)"
DECRETO NRO. 2227 DE FECHA 28 DE JULIO DEL 2021.
FECHA DE APERTURA:
25-08-2021.
HORA: 10.00.
VALOR DEL PLIEGO: $ 19.248,93.-
PRESUPUESTO OFICIAL: $ 38.497.866,50.- (Pesos Treinta y Ocho Millones Cuatrocientos Noventa y Siete Mil Ochocientos Sesenta y Seis con 50/100).-
CONSULTA Y/O ADQUISICION DE PLIEGOS: JEFATURA DE COMPRAS Y SUMINISTROS DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE AVELLANEDA – GÜEMES 835 – 2º PISO – AVELLANEDA -
HORARIO: 08:00 A 14:00 HORAS.-
FORMATO PUBLICACION MUNICIPAL
Sin otro particular saludo a usted muy atte.
Jefatura de Compras y Suministros
Güemes 835, 2° piso (B1870AAF) Avellaneda
Tel. (+54 11) 5227-7019/7021
|
<urn:uuid:4fc1bf4f-ec87-4186-9045-fbcf13cde109>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
spa_Latn
| 1,258
|
Product datasheet
Native Trichomonas vaginalis protein ab124009
Description
Product name
Native Trichomonas vaginalis protein
Expression system
Native
Protein length
Full length protein
Animal free
No
Nature
Native
Specifications
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab124009 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Form
Liquid
Additional notes
Cell count: Approximately 3.8 cells per ml before inactivation. 7
Inactivation: Confirmed inactive by no visible growth in permissive media after 5 days compared to positive control.
This protein is derived from a pathogenic organism, and may be involved in a disease process, consequently exposure may have adverse health effects.
Preparation and Storage
Stability and Storage
Shipped on dry ice. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -80ºC. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles.
pH: 7
Preservative: 0.09% Sodium azide
Constituent: 99% Water
General Info
Relevance
Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoa which causes inflammation of the vaginal canal. It is considered to be a sexually transmitted disease.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES"
Our Abpromise to you: Quality guaranteed and expert technical support
Replacement or refund for products not performing as stated on the datasheet
Valid for 12 months from date of delivery
Response to your inquiry within 24 hours
We provide support in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish
Extensive multi-media technical resources to help you
We investigate all quality concerns to ensure our products perform to the highest standards
If the product does not perform as described on this datasheet, we will offer a refund or replacement. For full details of the Abpromise, please visit https://www.abcam.com/abpromise or contact our technical team.
Terms and conditions
Guarantee only valid for products bought direct from Abcam or one of our authorized distributors
|
<urn:uuid:0e512942-e2d9-4300-bf54-d27d20d8fc4c>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 2,086
|
Email –firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com
Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it- Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC
REGOLAMENTO CORSI AD INDIRIZZO MUSICALE
Scuola Secondaria I Grado " T. Tasso "
Email –firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com
Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it- Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC
Il presente regolamento è redatto tenendo conto della seguente normativa vigente in materia di insegnamento dello strumento musicale nella scuola Secondaria di I grado:
- D.M. del 6 agosto 1990 n. 201- Corsi ad Indirizzo Musicale nella scuola MediaRiconduzione e Ordinamento - Istituzione classe di concorso di "Strumento Musicale" nella scuola media.
- D.M. del 6 agosto 1999 n. 235- Riconduzione ad ordinamento dei corsi sperimentali ad indirizzo musicale nella scuola media ai sensi della legge 3.05.1999 n. 124 art.11, comma 9;
REGOLAMENTO DEI CORSI AD INDIRIZZO MUSICALE
SOMMARIO:
Premessa
Art. 1 – Indicazioni generali
Art. 2 – Iscrizione
Art. 3 – Selezione
Art. 4 – Orario delle lezioni
Art. 5 – Organizzazione generale
Art. 6 – Sorveglianza, assenze e ritardi
Art. 7 – Rinuncia
ART. 8 –UDITORI
Art. 9 – Disposizioni finali
ART. 10 MODIFICHE/INTEGRAZIONI
Email –firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com
Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it - Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC
PREMESSA
(Tratta dalle indicazioni generali contenente nell'allegato A al D.M. n. 201/99). L'insegnamento strumentale costituisce integrazione interdisciplinare ed arricchimento dell'insegnamento obbligatorio dell'educazione musicale nel più ampio quadro delle finalità della scuola Secondaria di I grado e del progetto complessivo di formazione della persona. Esso concorre, pertanto, alla più consapevole appropriazione del linguaggio musicale, di cui fornisce all'alunno una piena conoscenza, integrando i suoi aspetti tecnico-pratici con quelli teorici, lessicali, storici e culturali che insieme costituiscono la complessiva valenza dell'educazione musicale; orienta quindi le finalità di quest'ultima anche in funzione di un più adeguato apporto alle specifiche finalità dell'insegnamento strumentale stesso. Sviluppare l'insegnamento musicale significa fornire agli alunni, destinati a crescere in un mondo fortemente segnato dalla presenza della musica come veicolo di comunicazione, spesso soltanto subita, una maggiore capacità di lettura attiva e critica del reale, una ulteriore possibilità di conoscenza, espressione e coscienza, razionale ed emotiva, di sé. Obiettivo del corso triennale, quindi, una volta fornita una completa e consapevole alfabetizzazione musicale, è porre alcuni traguardi essenziali che dovranno essere da tutti raggiunti. Il rispetto delle finalità generali di carattere orientativo della scuola secondaria di I grado non esclude la valorizzazione delle eccellenze.
ART. 1 INDICAZIONI GENERALI
L'iscrizione ai Corsi ad Indirizzo Musicale è opzionale per gli alunni, ma vincolante per gli stessi per tutta la durata del corso di studi nella Scuola secondaria di primo grado. L'insegnamento dello Strumento, una volta scelto, diventa obbligatorio per l'intero triennio a tutti gli effetti e concorre, alla pari delle altre discipline, alla valutazione periodica e finale e al voto degli Esami di Stato al termine del primo ciclo d'istruzione. Le ore di lezione concorrono alla formazione del monte ore annuale e all'ammissione allo scrutinio finale.
ART. 2 ISCRIZIONE
Le indicazioni fornite hanno valore informativo e orientativo, ma non vincolante. L'assegnazione dello strumento è determinata dalla Commissione sulla base della prova orientativo-attitudinale. La Scuola predispone la prova orientativo-attitudinale entro il
Il Corso ad Indirizzo Musicale si articola con gruppi di n. 6 alunni per ogni strumento , quindi la classe sarà composta da 24 alunni. La volontà di frequentare i Corsi ad Indirizzo Musicale è espressa all'atto dell'iscrizione alla classe prima. I genitori dell'alunno possono esprimere all'atto dell'iscrizione l'ordine di preferenza degli strumenti insegnati nel Corso di Strumento Musicale: violino, chitarra, pianoforte, flauto.
Email –firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com
Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it - Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC
termine di scadenza delle iscrizioni e comunque non oltre i dieci giorni dalla scadenza.
ART. 3 SELEZIONE
Il numero di alunni ammessi a frequentare il Corso ad Indirizzo Musicale è determinato tenuto conto delle indicazioni espresse dall'art.2 del D.M. n°201/1999 e dalla Circolare Ministeriale che ogni anno il Ministero redige in materia di iscrizioni scolastiche. Sulla base del punteggio riportato nelle prove è stilata una graduatoria provvisoria, comprendente gli esiti della prova orientativo-attitudinale e l'attribuzione dello strumento di studio, pubblicata sul sito Web dell'Istituto, orientativamente tra febbraio e marzo (in base alle disposizioni ministeriali in merito alle iscrizioni). Entro 10 giorni dalla data di pubblicazione è ammessa rinuncia da parte della famiglia dell'alunno alla frequenza ai Corsi ad Indirizzo Musicale. Superato tale termine la rinuncia è ammessa solo per gravi e giustificati motivi di salute attraverso presentazione di certificato medico attestante l'impossibilità allo studio dello strumento. La graduatoria definitiva sarà pubblicata entro il termine delle attività didattiche, quindi, entro il mese di Giugno.
ART. 4 ORARIO DELLE LEZIONI
Le attività del Corso ad Indirizzo Musicale sono curricolari e hanno la priorità sulle attività extrascolastiche.
Le lezioni del Corso di Strumento Musicale si svolgono in orario pomeridiano a partire dalle ore 13,30 con:
- n. 1 lezione individuale un giorno della settimana da concordare con la famiglia;
- n. 1 lezione collettiva, un giorno alla settimana, di musica d'insieme, teoria musicale, orchestra.
La mancata partecipazione alle prove orchestrali è motivo di esclusione dagli eventi musicali organizzati durante l'anno scolastico. L'articolazione oraria delle attività è deliberata dal collegio dei docenti e approvata dal consiglio d'istituto. Gli orari delle lezioni sono comunicati agli alunni interessati e alle famiglie dai rispettivi insegnanti di strumento musicale tramite comunicazione scritta. Gli orari delle lezioni hanno validità per l'intero anno scolastico e potranno essere modificati solo per particolari esigenze degli alunni e/o dei docenti fatta salva la disponibilità di tutte le parti interessate.
Art. 5 ORGANIZZAZIONE GENERALE
Durante l'anno scolastico saranno possibili prove d'orchestra in orario antimeridiano delle quali sarà dato un congruo preavviso ai colleghi della mattina al fine di organizzare l'attività didattica in modo da non penalizzare gli alunni di Strumento. Le esibizioni dell'orchestra vengono programmate all'inizio dell'anno scolastico. L'esibizione musicale è un momento didattico a tutti gli effetti: gli alunni dimostrano quanto hanno appreso nelle lezioni individuali e nelle prove d'orchestra, affinano la capacità di concentrazione
Email – firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it - Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC e di auto-controllo imparando controllare la performance indipendentemente dall'emozione. Per questo motivo non saranno possibili esibizioni fuori programma. L'orchestra non è formata da professionisti ma da alunni adolescenti che necessitano di tempo per la corretta preparazione dei brani orchestrali. Non sono ammessi passaggi da uno strumento all'altro, tranne per motivi gravi e certificati di salute, valutati dalla Commissione di strumento musicale e autorizzati dal Dirigente scolastico. Ogni alunno frequentante il Corso ad Indirizzo Musicale deve avere uno strumento musicale personale per lo studio quotidiano.
ART. 6 SORVEGLIANZA ASSENZE RITARDI
Il compito della sorveglianza degli alunni, durante la pausa pranzo, e di competenza del Collaboratore Scolastico in servizio nel turno pomeridiano.
Durante le lezioni, la vigilanza è affidata ai rispettivi Maestri di strumento che dovranno far sottoscrivere l'autorizzazione per l'uscita autonoma ( Modello sul Sito ) L'assunzione di responsabilità copre tutto il tempo della loro permanenza a scuola (secondo l'orario comunicato alle famiglie); la responsabilità sui minori resta di competenza dei genitori prima dell'ingresso a scuola e all'uscita una volta terminate le lezioni.
Se un docente di strumento musicale si assenta, è tenuto ad informare in tempo utile, l'Ufficio di segreteria, gli alunni interessati e le famiglie tramite fonogramma. Per le assenze degli alunni valgono le regole generali previste dal Regolamento di Istituto fatta eccezione per il seguente caso: se l'alunno presente la mattina risulta assente di pomeriggio, l'insegnante annota sul registro personale e di classe l'assenza e l'alunno è tenuto a giustificarla il giorno dopo all'insegnante della prima ora.
ART. 7 RITIRO DALLA FREQUENZA
Le famiglie hanno facoltà di inoltrare richiesta di ritiro alla frequenza ai Corsi ad Indirizzo Musicale dei propri figli solo per gravi e giustificati motivi di salute comprovati dalla presentazione di Certificato medico attestante l'impossibilità allo studio dello strumento. La Commissione si riserva il diritto di analizzare ed esprimersi su casi particolari segnalati dalle famiglie. Le richieste di ritiro, indirizzate al Dirigente Scolastico, dovranno pervenire alla Segreteria della Scuola . Per ragioni didattiche, in nessun modo potranno essere accettate richieste di ritiro a iscrizioni avvenute o in corso d'anno, salvo trasferimento dell'alunno ad altro Istituto . La Commissione si riunirà per valutare le richieste di rinuncia presentate dalle famiglie e l'aggiornamento della graduatoria. Gli esiti saranno comunicati formalmente alle famiglie degli alunni interessati entro 5gg dal ritiro.
Email – firstname.lastname@example.org – P.E.C. : email@example.com
Sito web: www.scuolatasso-sa.gov.it - Tel. 089/405294- Fax. 089/799550 – Codice Univoco IPA: UFAFXC
ART. 8 –UDITORI
Per promuovere lo studio della musica, questa scuola consente l'ammissione, alle lezioni pomeridiane, agli alunni cd.uditori, nel rispetto dei seguenti criteri:
1. La famiglia è tenuta a presentare formale e motivata richiesta all'ufficio del protocollo ( non sono ammesse richieste generiche);
2. Sono ammessi massimo n. 3 (TRE) uditori per ogni strumento, previa disponibilità dei rispettivi Maestri;
3. Gli Uditori sono ammessi alle manifestazioni musicali organizzate dalla Scuola, previa formale richiesta dei genitori e solo dopo parere positivo espresso dai Maestri di strumento;
Gli alunni di altre classi, cd.Uditori, non hanno diritto alla valutazione quadrimestrale ( VOTO)
Per tutto il tempo di permanenza a scuola, per attendere alle lezioni, sono affidati alla diretta responsabilità del Maestro di strumento.
L'orario è concordato direttamente con le famiglie.
ART. 9 DISPOSIZIONI FINALI
Il presente Regolamento, approvato dal Consiglio d'Istituto, entra in vigore il giorno successivo alla pubblicazione all'albo online d'Istituto. Per quanto non contemplato dal presente Regolamento valgono le leggi vigenti e le disposizioni ministeriali. Se si presentassero fattispecie non disciplinate dal presente Regolamento, la decisione per la loro risoluzione è pregiudizialmente rimessa al voto favorevole della maggioranza assoluta dei componenti della Commissione dei docenti di strumento, presieduta dal Dirigente Scolastico. Dette fattispecie saranno rese note ai Membri del Consiglio d'Istituto nella prima seduta utile e per le stesse si procederà alla modifica o integrazione del presente Regolamento, come previsto al successivo punto.
ART. 10 MODIFICHE/INTEGRAZIONI
Eventuali modifiche o integrazioni al Regolamento potranno essere apportate dal Consiglio d'Istituto con voto favorevole della maggioranza assoluta dei componenti, sentita la Commissione dei docenti di strumento e previa delibera del Collegio dei docenti per gli aspetti concernenti la didattica.
Allegato al PTOF 2018/ 19 -Approvato dal Consiglio d'Istituto, con Delibera n.70 del 19/10/2018
|
<urn:uuid:8a4f8a9d-804a-4d94-88ad-f0933616e1e5>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 12,363
|
Schedule A
OPT OUT NOTICE
COMPLETE THIS FORM IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO PARTICIPATE IN THE WILSON SECURITY CLASS ACTION
If you complete this form then you will not be affected by the Wilson Security Class Action. You can pursue your own claim separately if you wish.
Federal Court of Australia
District Registry: Western Australia
Division: Fair Work
No. WAD 229 of 2022
PITA AWATERE TE TAU O TE RANGI
Applicant
WILSON SECURITY PTY LTD (ABN 90 127 406 295)
Respondent
To: email@example.com
Subject Line: Opt Out Notice WAD229/2022
OR
Federal Court of Australia Registry GPO Box A30, Perth WA 6001
The person named below as a Group Member in this class action gives notice under s 33J of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) that the Group Member is opting out of the class action.
Choose either A or B below:
A. I am completing this Opt Out Form on my own behalf:
Name of Group Member (print):
Postal address of Group Member:
Wilson Security Employee ID (optional):
Telephone:
Email:
B. I am signing as the solicitor or representative of a Group Member:
Name of person completing this form (print):
Authority of person completing this form (e.g. power of attorney, lawyer):
Postal address of person completing this form:
Telephone of person completing this form:
Email of person completing this form:
Date:
……………………………………
Signature:
……………………………………
Print name:
…………………………………..
|
<urn:uuid:853121c2-d29a-4a77-8446-4f89c1f39298>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 1,418
|
BULGARIA
КОРАДО БЪЛГАРИЯ АД, 5150 гр. СТРАЖИЦА ул. "Гладстон" №28, РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
тел.: +3596161/ 4245, факс: +3596161/ 4242, Пласмент тел: +3596161/ 4230; e-mail - firstname.lastname@example.org
16
ДО Комисия за финансов надзор гр. София, ул. Будапеща №
ДО Българска фондова борса гр. София, ул. Три уши № 10
ДО Централен депозитар АД гр. София, ул. Три уши № 6
УВЕДОМЛЕНИЕ
относно решение на Общото събрание за вида, размера, условия и реда за изплащане на паричен дивидент от „Корадо - България" АД със седалище и адрес на управление гр. Стражица 5150, ул. "Гладстон" № 28, ЕИК 814190902, представлявано от инж. Иржи Ржезничек – Изпълнителен директор
Общото събрание на „КОРАДО - БЪЛГАРИЯ" - АД, проведено на 15.09.2021 година, прие предложениeтo на Надзорния съвет на дружеството за разпределяне на част от печалбата на дружеството за първите шест месеца на 2021 година, както следва:
,
1. От печалбата на дружеството за първото полугодие на 2021, като шестмесечен дивидент на акционерите да бъде разпределена и изплатена брутната сума от 1 316 861.40 лева. Брутната сума за един брой акция от капитала на дружеството е: 0,10 /десет стотинки/.
Правото да получат дивидент имат лицата, вписани в регистрите на „Централен депозитар"АД като такива на 14-ия ден след деня на общото събрание, на което е взето решението за изплащането на годишния дивидент, съгласно разпоредбата на чл. 115в, ал. 3 от Закона за публично предлагане на ценни книжа, или към 29.09.2021 г.
Условия и ред за изплащане на дивидентите
1.Начин на изплащане на дивидента: чрез системата на „Централен депозитар" АД и клоновете на Банка ДСК АД.
Лицата с право на дивидент, имащи открити клиентски сметки при инвестиционни посредници, ще получат дивидента чрез съответния инвестиционен посредник посредством „Централен депозитар"АД, а за лицата без сметки при инвестиционни посредници – чрез клоновете на Банка ДСК АД в страната.
2.
Началната дата на изплащането на дивидента е
: 13.10.2021
година;
BULGARIA
КОРАДО БЪЛГАРИЯ АД, 5150 гр. СТРАЖИЦА ул. "Гладстон" №28, РЕП ПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
.: +3596161/ 4245,: +359616 61/ 4242,
: +3596161/ 4230; e-m mail - email@example.com
тел
факс
Пласмент тел
Брой акции
: 13 168 614;
Номинал
: 1
лв.
Брутен дивидент за една а акция: 0,10 лв.
ISIN код на емисията -BG G11LUSTAT13.
|
<urn:uuid:41bd988e-59b1-4eb9-8773-b5fba182e319>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train
|
finepdfs
|
bul_Cyrl
| 2,326
|
City of Key West, FL
Action Minutes - Final
City Commission
Mayor Teri Johnston Vice-Mayor Sam Kaufman Commissioner Lissette Carey Commissioner Mary Lou Hoover Commissioner Clayton Lopez Commissioner Billy Wardlow Commissioner Jimmy Weekley
Charter Officials
Albert Childress, City Manager Keri O'Brien, City Clerk Ronald Ramsingh, City Attorney
Thursday, October 12, 2023
9:00 AM
City Hall 1300 White Street Key West FL 33040
City Hall
ADA Assistance: It is the policy of the City of Key West to comply with all requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Please call the TTY number 1-800-955-8771 or for voice 1-800-955-8770 or the ADA Coordinator at 305-809-3811 at least five business days in advance for sign language interpreters, assistive listening devices, or materials in accessible format.
FOR VISUAL PRESENTATIONS: For City Commission meetings the City Clerk's Office will need a copy of the presentation for the agenda at least 7 days before the meeting.
MORNING SESSION
CALL MEETING TO ORDER - 9:02 A.M.
ROLL CALL
Commissioner Lopez Absent 1 -
Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Present 6 -
Commissioner Wardlow, Commissioner Weekley and Mayor Johnston
INVOCATION - Reverend Denise McLeod
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE FLAG - Led by Jason Barroso, Fire Marshall
CITIZEN COMMENTS
APPROVAL OF AGENDA - The agenda was unanimously approved as amended
CONSENT AGENDA*
*Item is considered to be routine and enacted by one motion with no separate discussion, unless requested by a Commission Member. The City of Key West may take action on any matter during this meeting, including items that are not set forth within this agenda.
MINUTES
1
*September 7, 2023 (Special)
Minutes
Attachments:
Passed
2
*September 14, 2023 (Regular)
Minutes
Attachments:
Passed
3
*September 18, 2023 (Special)
Minutes
Attachments:
Passed
RESOLUTIONS
4
*Appointing Thaddeus Cohen to the Housing Authority of the City of Key West Board of Commissioners.
Sponsors:
Mayor Johnston
Resolution
Resume
Attachments:
Postponed to November 9, 2023
5
6
7
*Appointing Robert Cintron to the Housing Authority of the City of Key West Board of Commissioners
Sponsors:
Mayor Johnston
Resolution
Resume
Attachments:
Postponed to November 9, 2023
*Authorizing the United States Navy to hold the Annual Veterans Day Parade on Duval Street from 4:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M. (set up starting at 2:00 P.M.) Saturday, November 11, 2023; Authorizing the closure of certain streets or portions thereof for said parade from 4:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M; Waiving all fees for required City services.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Application & Approvals
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-260
*Sponsoring a Holiday Season Parade on Saturday, December 2, 2023, between the hours of 7:00 P.M. and 9:30 P.M. (setting up at around 3:30 P.M. at Bayview Park); Authorizing the closure of certain streets for the Parade.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Application & Approvals
Attachments:
Passed
8
9
*Sponsoring a Martin Luther King Birthday Celebration and March on Monday, January 15, 2024, between the hours of noon and 4:00 P.M. at Nelson English Park; Authorizing the closure of certain streets for the March from 5:00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Application & Approvals
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-262
*Approving a Task Order from Artibus Design, LLC in the amount of $86,012.00 for Professional Engineering Services for Southernmost Point seawall repair; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers; Authorizing the City Manager to execute any necessary documents.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Structural Evaluation Report
Task Order
23-029 Resolution
Attachments:
Passed
11
*Ratifying an emergency transfer of funds and the City Manager's approval of a Task Order under the City's Right of Way Improvements Contract with Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc. in a total amount not to exceed $279,336.08 for asphalt paving and pavement markings on Petronia Street from Duval Street to Fort Street; Ratifying any necessary budget transfers and amendments; Authorizing the City Manager to execute necessary documents upon advice and consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Signed Task Order
Res 22-289
Aerial
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-264
*Approving a Task Order under the City's Right of Way Improvements Contract with Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc. in a total amount not to exceed $132,461.04 to construct a temporary detour roadway for use during construction of the Lofts Project on the 3.2 acre Bahama Village site; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers and amendments; Authorizing the City Manager to execute necessary documents upon advice and consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Site Plan
Task Order Proposal
Attachments:
Passed
13
*Authorizing Purchase Exemptions for Cumulative Expenditures During Fiscal Year 23-24 to Entities Listed in Exhibit A in Excess of $50,000.00.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Exhibit A - Detailed Listing of Exemptions Requested-Blanket
Purchase Orders for Approval.docx
Exhibit B - Blanket PO Acknowledgement
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-266
*Authorizing Key West Port Operations, with the Key West Police Department, to accept Grant Award No. EMW-2023-OU-00396-S01 in the amount of $944,819.00 from the Department of Homeland Security Port Security Grant Program (PSGP) (City match $314,940.00) for acquisition of a Mobile Command Center and Mobile Connectivity Trailer.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Award Package
Application
Attachments:
Passed
15
*Approving a purchase form Ten-8 Fire & Safety, LLC in an amount not to exceed $939,450.00 (with optional pre-payment discount) including the purchase of one 2026 Pierce Impel pumper apparatus including all necessary options and equipment pursuant to Government Contract, Section 2-797(3) of the Code of Ordinances; Authorizing necessary budget transfers or adjustments; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents upon advice and consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Ten-8 Proposal
FSA Contract
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-268
*Approving the attached 'Professional Services Agreement' between the City of Key West and T.C. Adderly for Human Resources Consulting Services; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Agreement
T. C. Adderly Profile LinkedIn 2023
T. C. Adderly Resume
Attachments:
Passed
17
*Approving a "Development Services Review Consulting Agreement" between the City of Key West and the Corradino Group, Inc., for City of Key West Development Services Process Review in the amount of $49,820.00; Authorizing necessary budget transfers and adjustments; Authorizing the City Manager to execute necessary documents, upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
City of Key West Development Services Process Audit Scopt FINAL
The Corradino Group Scope of Work & Estimate
CGA & MT Causley a SAFEbuilt Company Scope of Work &
Estimate
Henry Iler Proposal Declination
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-270
*Approving a Task Order under the City's Professional Planning Services Contract with Stantec Consulting Services, Inc., in a total amount not to exceed $32,552.00 for tasks specific to a Downtown Key West Parking Assessment of the Mallory Square Master Plan; in conjunction with Transportation Coordination Team priorities and the Transportation Alternative Fund; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers and amendments; Authorizing the City Manager to execute necessary documents upon advice and consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Key West Mallory Square Parking Proposal Letter
Key West Mallory Square Parking - Task Order Estimate
City Planning Services Executed Agreement 1.19.23
Attachments:
Passed
*Authorizing the purchase of thirteen (13) Fleet 3 In-Car Camera Systems and related equipment and software from Axon Enterprises, pursuant to Key West Code of Ordinances, Sec. 2-844(a) - Brand Name, 2-797(1)(b) & (c) - Sole Source, and 2-797(4)(b) - Best Interest, for a total amount of $153,199.80, to be in equal installments of $30,639.96 per year, for a period of five years; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents, upon consent of the City Attorney; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Axon Fleet Cam Quote
Axon Sole Source Justification
Master Services and Purchasing Agreement for AgencyV17_Enterprise
Attachments:
Passed
20
*Authorizing the purchase of ten (10) Taser 7s, ten (10) Body Worn Cameras, and related equipment and software from Axon Enterprises, pursuant to Key West Code of Ordinances, Sec. 2-844(a) - Brand Name, 2-797(1)(b) & (1) (c) - Sole Source, and 2-797(4)(b) - Best Interest, for a total amount of $139,293.05, to be paid in equal installments of $34,823.27, for a period of four years; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents, upon consent of the City Attorney; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Axon Taser & BWC Quote
Axon Sole Source Justification
Master Services and Purchasing Agreement for AgencyV17_Enterprise
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-273
*Authorizing the purchase of twenty (20) GETAC B360 Laptops, and related equipment and software from PCN Strategies, pursuant to Key West Code of Ordinances, Sec. 2-797(4)(b) - Best Interest and Sec. 2-844 (a)(b) - Brand Name, for a total amount of $64,724.60; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents, upon consent of the City Attorney; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
PCN Strategies Quote
CDW Quote
Barcode Giant Quote
Attachments:
Passed
*Authorizing a Change Order to the procurement authorized in Resolution 22-033 (PR#020588), adjusting in part the quantity and type of vehicles to twenty-one (21) Ford Police Interceptor EcoBoost SUV vehicles, from twenty-two (22) Ford Police Interceptor Hybrid SUV Vehicles, to be procured from Bartow Ford, through piggybacking on the Charlotte County Purchasing Contract No. 2021000541, pursuant to Section 2-797(3)(a)(b)(c) and 2-797(4)(b) of the Code of Ordinances for use by the Key West Police Department; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Bartow Ford quote
Attachments:
Passed
23
*Authorizing the purchase of twenty-one (21) 2023 Ford Police Interceptor EcoBoost SUVs, for a total cost of $1,276,153.83 from Bartow Ford, through piggybacking on the Charlotte County Purchasing Contract 202100541, pursuant to Section 2-797(3)(a)(b)(c) - Purchase Under Government Contract and Section 2-797 (4)(b) - Best Interest, of the Code of Ordinances; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments; Authorizing the City Manager or designee to execute necessary documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Bartow Ford quote
Charlotte County Letter
Charlotte County Purchasing Contract
Alan Jay response to quote
Resolution Ford Intrcp. SUVs
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-276
*Approving the attached First Amendment to Assignment and Minor Modification of Lease Agreement between A-1 Boat Services, LLD, DBA Spencer's Boat Yard, SBY Key West, LLC and the City allowing elimination of the letter of credit requirement.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
First Amendment to Assignment Agreement
*Large File* Assignment Documents - All Executed Res 21-250
Change Order to Task Order 0223-01 - Seawalls Piers and Docks Replacement - Spencer's Boat Yard 08-28-2023
Attachments:
Passed
25
*Exercise an option to extend the City's lease term under the Lease between the United States of America, acting by and through the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast, and the City of Key West, for the Outer Mole Pier, for an additional five (5) year term; Authorizing the City Manager to execute any necessary documents.
City Manager Childress
Sponsors:
Resolution
Cover Memo
Second Option to Exercise Lease Extension
*Large File* Mole Pier Lease_Executed 19 May2014
Res 21-111 Modification Navy Mole Lease
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-278
*Approving the fees set forth in the attached "Res. 22-073 Compliant Ship Fee Letter" to become effective on November 1, 2023; Providing that rates may be adjusted by the City Commission after one year.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Resolution 22-073 Compliant Ship Fee Letter
Current Cruise Ship Fees (Large Ships)
Resolution 22-073 Mallory Limits
Attachments:
Passed
27
*Approving Amendment #1 to Service Order On-Demand Transit Software as a Service (SAAS) between the City and Via Mobility LLC, to extend the current term of the Service Order from one year to three years with two option years pursuant to the Code of Ordinances Section 2-797(4)(b) Exempt Purchases in the Best Interests of the City in a total amount not to exceed $270,000 over a 5-year period; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments; Authorizing the City manger to execute documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Amendment #1 to Service Order
Resolution 22-141
Via Mobility On-Demand Service Order
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-280
*Approving the attached "Public Transportation Grant Agreement" (PTGA) between the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) and the City of Key West for State Fiscal Year (SFY) 2024 Commuter Assistance Grant Program for the Lower Keys Shuttle (PTGA #G2N25/FM #415173-7-84-01) in a reimbursement amount of up to $616,340.00 in operating assistance (50% of total project cost of $1,232,680.00).
City Manager Childress
Sponsors:
Resolution
Cover Memo
Public Transportation Grant Agreement
Resolution 23-113
Attachments:
Passed
29
*Approving the attached "Public Transportation Grant Agreement" (PTGA) between the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) and the City of Key West for State Fiscal Year (SFY) 2024 State Transit Block Grant for the transit bus service, in the City of Key West (PTGA #G2N24/FM #436702-5-84-01) in a reimbursement amount of up to $290,832.00 in operating assistance (50% of total project cost of $581,664.00).
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Public Transportation Grant Agreement
Resolution 23-113
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-282
*Authorizing a Purchasing Exception pursuant to the Code of Ordinances Section 2-797(3) Purchases and Acquisitions Under Contracts of Federal Government, the State or its Political Subdivisions, and Governmental Purchasing Cooperative Programs to approve the attached 'Consultant Agreement' between the City of Key West and WSP USA Inc. for consultant services to develop the major update to the 10-year Transit Development Plan in a total amount not to exceed $150,000; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers or adjustments; Authorizing the City Manager to execute documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Agreement
Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority Contract
Attachments:
Passed
31
*Ratifying approval authorizing the City Manager to enter into an agreement with the Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation (OLDCC) in the amount of $404,640.00 for the development of a Resilience Plan for the Richard A. Heyman Environmental Protection Facility; Authorizing necessary budget adjustments and transfers; Authorizing the City Manager to execute any necessary documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
City Manager Childress
Sponsors:
Resolution
Cover Memo
Grant Agreement-Signed
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-284
*Authorizing the purchase of an MWI Submersible Pump, from PSI Technologies, Inc. on a sole source basis, pursuant to Section 2-797(1)(b) of the Code of Ordinances, and in the best interests of the City, pursuant to Section 2-797(4), in a total amount not to exceed $122,305.00; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
PCI Quote
Repair Quote
MWI-Sole Source Letter
Sole Source Verification
Attachments:
Passed
33
*Approving a Task Order under the City's General Utilities and Infrastructure Contract with Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc. in a total amount not to exceed $104,664.67 for concrete and leak repairs at the Richard A. Heyman Environmental Protection Facility (RAHEPF) contact basins; Authorizing any necessary budget adjustments; Authorizing City Manager to execute documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
CTS-Task Order Proposal
CTS-Work Order
Resolution 21-125
CTS-GU Contract Executed
Attachments:
Passed
Enactment No: Res 23-286
*Approving a Task Order from Perez Engineering and Development, Inc. in the amount of $111,260.00, for Bid Phase, Permit Renewal Services, and Field-Testing Phase Services for Mechanical Integrity Testing (MIT) of the deep injection well IW-1 and IW-2 (FDEP Permit Number 327710-003004-UO/5W; Authorizing any necessary budget transfers; Authorizing the City Manager to execute any necessary documents upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Task Order
Resolution 23-029
Perez Engineering Agreement
Permit Well Operation
Attachments:
Passed
Approval of the Consent Agenda
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow to Approve the Consent Agenda. The motion was carried unanimously.
COMMENDATIONS
34
Key West High School Band
Sponsors:
Vice Mayor Kaufman and City Commission
Received and Filed
35
Paul Menta
Sponsors:
Mayor Johnston, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Hoover, Commissioner Lopez, Commissioner Wardlow and Commissioner Weekley
Commendation
Attachments:
Received and Filed
PROCLAMATIONS
36 Fire Prevention Week
City Commission
Sponsors:
Proclamation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
37 Key West E-Waste Day
Sponsors:
City Commission
Proclamation
Attachments:
Received and Filed
38 World Polio Day
Sponsors:
City Commission
Proclamation
Attachments:
Received and Filed
39 Hispanic Heritage Month
Sponsors:
City Commission
Proclamation
Attachments:
Received and Filed
40 Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Sponsors:
Commissioner Lopez and City Commission
Proclamation
Attachments:
Received and Filed
DISCUSSION
41 Charter County Presentation - Monroe County Atty Robert
Shillinger
Sponsors:
City Attorney Ramsingh
Presentation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Discussed
City of Key West Employee Service Awards - Bridget Flores, Director of Human Resources
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
42
PRESENTATIONS
45
46
Water Quality Partnership - Quarterly Report - Dr. Patrick Rice, College of the Florida Keys
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Presentation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
44 Mount Sinai Medical Center- Oscar Llorente
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Presentation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
Langton Consulting - Grants Update - Christine Lane, Sr.
Public Affairs Consultant
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Presentation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
Key West Community Sailing Center - Ben Hermelin, Executive Director
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Presentation
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
11:05 A.M. - Meeting went into Recess
11:15 A.M. - Meeting Reconvened
48
Transit Department Presentation - Rod Delostrinos, Director of Transportation
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Presentation
Cover Memo
Additional Information
Attachments:
Received and Filed
Keep Key West Beautiful Award - Jim Young, Director of Code Compliance
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
RESOLUTIONS - Cont'd
Authorizing "Key West Half Marathon, LLC." to conduct their 26th Annual Key West Half Marathon and 5K Run starting with a registration on Friday, January 12, 2024 from 3:00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M. and Saturday, January 13, 2024 from noon to 6:00 P.M. and the Half Marathon on Sunday, January 14, 2024 starting at 6:30 A.M. ( Set up 6:00 A.M.) and a 5K on Sunday, January 14, 2024, at 7:00 A.M. and ending at noon at the Half Shell Raw Bar - 231 Margaret Street; Authorizing certain street closures thereof during the event; Granting a Special Event Permit pursuant to Section 6-86 of the Code of Ordinances from 6:00 A.M. to 7:30 A.M; Pursuant to terms and conditions set forth by the City Manager.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Application
Notices
Newspaper Advertisement
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Resolution be Passed with an amendment to the start location which will be moved further along Trumbo Road and closer to the former MCSD bus depot. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
51
Requesting funding from the Monroe County Land Authority in the amount of $900,000 for the construction of the For Sale Workforce Housing units at the Lofts at Bahama Village Development located at 918 Fort Street (otherwise known as the 3.2 acre site) pursuant to Section 380.0666(3) (a), Florida Statues, and in accordance with the City of Key West Comprehensive Plan Policy 3-1.1.7; Authorizing the City Manager to execute all documents consistent therewith upon consent of the City Attorney.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Resolution No. 22-290
Attachments:
A motion was made by Vice Mayor Kaufman, seconded by Commissioner Hoover, that the Resolution be Passed. The motion carried by the following vote:
Absent: Commissioner Lopez 1 -
Yes:
Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Wardlow, Commissioner Weekley and Mayor Johnston 6 -
Enactment No: Res 23-289
Establishing a "Fantasy Zone" during certain hours and locations during Fantasy Fest 2023 in the City of Key West; establishing responsibilities and procedures for the Tourist Development Association and for City staff
Sponsors:
City Attorney Ramsingh
Cover Memo
Resolution
Exhibit A 2023 Fantasy Zone
Public Comment In Favor - Walsh
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Resolution be Passed. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Res 23-290
CITY MANAGER'S REPORT
52 Department Reports
Building September 2023
Code September 2023
Community Services September 2023
Engineering September 2023
Fire September 2023
Housing and CDO September 2023
HR September 2023
IT September 2023
Parking September 2023
PIO September 2023
Planning September 2023
Police September 2023
Port and Marine September 2023
Property Management September 2023
Transit September 2023
Utilities September 2023
Attachments:
Received and Filed
CITY ATTORNEY'S REPORT
CITY CLERK'S REPORT
January through September 2023
Report
Attachments:
Received and Filed
COMMISSION COMMENTS
RECESS - 12:50 P.M.
53
55
EVENING SESSION
SWEARING IN CEREMONY- Deputy Chief of Police, Captain Randall Smith
RECONVENE - CALL TO ORDER - 5:05 P.M.
ROLL CALL
Commissioner Lopez Absent 1 -
Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Wardlow, Commissioner Weekley and Mayor Johnston Present 6 -
INVOCATION - Rabbi Yaakov Zucker of Chabad of the Florida Keys
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE - Led by Jason Barroso, Fire Marshal
CITIZEN COMMENTS
APPROVAL OF AGENDA - The agenda was unanimously approved as amended
Supporting Israel as it defends itself in the war launched by the terrorist organization Hamas.
Sponsors:
Vice Mayor Kaufman, Mayor Johnston and Commissioner Carey
Resolution
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Resolution be Passed. The motion carried by the following vote:
Absent: Commissioner Lopez 1 -
Yes:
Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Wardlow, Commissioner Weekley and Mayor Johnston 6 -
Enactment No: Res 23-291
PRESENTATIONS
Key West Ambassadors Academy Class #39 Graduation
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Cover Memo
Attachments:
Received and Filed
57
RESOLUTIONS
Appointing Amanda Velazquez to the Citizens Review Board (CRB).
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
Application
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Resolution be Passed. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Res 23-292
Authorizing the City of Key West to enter into the attached "Revocable License Agreement for NonPermanent Use of City Property" with the Key West Film Society (DBA Tropic Cinema, Inc.), a 501(c)3 Corporation, to allow the operation of a free outdoor "Movie Under the Stars" program on Eaton Street between Duval and Whitehead immediately adjacent to 416 Eaton Street on specific dates set forth in the Agreement, upon additional Terms and Conditions contained in the Agreement (November 4, 2023-April 6, 2024).
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Resolution
Cover Memo
License Agreement
Exhibit A
Exhibit B
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Resolution be Passed. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Res 23-293
ORDINANCES – FIRST READING
An Ordinance of the City of Key West, Florida, amending Chapter 90 of the Code of Ordinances, entitled "Administration" by amending Article II, Division 2 titled "Planning Board", Section 90-52, titled "Membership, Terms, and Removal" to amend certain requirements for membership and removal; Providing for severability; Providing for repeal of inconsistent provisions; Providing for an effective date.
Sponsors:
Commissioner Hoover
Ordinance
Cover Memo
CKW Boards Residency Memo
PB RES 2023-13 Amendment to Requirements for Membership
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Vice Mayor Kaufman to approve without the additional residency expansion language in subsection (a). After discussion, the motion was withdrawn.
Then, a motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Carey, to approve as presented. The motion failed with Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Wardlow, and Mayor Johnston voting No and Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, and Commissioner Weekley voting Yes.
A motion was then made by Vice Mayor Kaufman, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Ordinance be Passed to Second Reading without the additional residency expansion language and only the direct removal of appointments and other clean-up language. The motion carried by the following vote:
Absent: Commissioner Lopez 1 -
Yes:
Commissioner Carey, Commissioner Hoover, Vice Mayor Kaufman, Commissioner Wardlow, Commissioner Weekley and Mayor Johnston 6 -
ORDINANCES - SECOND READING (Public Hearing and Proposed Adoption)
60
An Ordinance of the City of Key West, Florida, amending Chapter 30 of the Code of Ordinances, entitled "Fire Prevention and Protection" by amending Section 30-9, to adjust the schedule of inspection fees; Providing for severability; Providing for repeal of inconsistent provisions; Providing for an effective date.
Sponsors:
City Manager Childress
Ordinance
Cover Memo
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Ordinance be Adopted. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Ord 23-32
An Ordinance of the City of Key West, Florida, amending Chapter 2 of the Code of Ordinances, entitled "Administration" by amending Article V, Division 2, entitled "Uniform Provisions for Advisory Boards" Section 2-282, to amend certain requirements for membership appointment and tenure; Amending Section 2-283 to require annual elections for chairperson and vice-chairperson; Providing for severability; Providing for repeal of inconsistent provisions; Providing for an effective date.
Sponsors:
Vice Mayor Kaufman
Ordinance
Cover Memo
CKW Boards Residency Memo
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Carey, seconded by Commissioner Weekley, that the Ordinance be Adopted. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Ord 23-33
62
An Ordinance of the City of Key West, Florida, amending Chapter 2 of the Code of Ordinances, entitled "Administration" by amending Article 22, Division 11, entitled "Bahama Village Redevelopment Advisory Committee" Sections 2-600 through 2-604, to amend certain requirements for membership and removal from the Bahama Village Redevelopment Advisory Committee; Providing for severability; Providing for repeal of inconsistent provisions; Providing for an effective date.
Sponsors:
Vice Mayor Kaufman
Ordinance
Cover Memo
CKW Board Residency Memo
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Ordinance be Adopted. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Ord 23-34
An Ordinance of the City of Key West, Florida, amending Chapter 18 of the Code of Ordinances, entitled "Businesses" by creating Article XIV titled "Fitness Centers", Division 1, entitled "Automated External Defibrillators"; Creating Sec 18-710 titled "Definitions"; Creating Section 18-711 entitled "Regulations"; Providing for severability; Providing for repeal of inconsistent provisions; Providing for an effective date.
Commissioner Weekley
Sponsors:
Ordinance
Cover Memo
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Weekley, seconded by Commissioner Wardlow, that the Ordinance be Adopted. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Ord 23-35
An Ordinance of the City of Key West amending the City of Key West Police Officers' and Firefighters' Retirement Plan codified in Chapter 46, Article IV; Amending the Sections pertaining to disability and death benefits to incorporate the conclusive cancer presumption established by Section 112.18, 112.181 and 175.231, Fla. Stat; amending the Section pertaining to compliance with the Internal Revenue Code; Repealing all Ordinances in conflict herewith and providing an effective date.
Sponsors:
Commissioner Wardlow
Ordinance
Cover Memo - Pension Attorney
Actuarial Study
Business Impact Estimate
Attachments:
A motion was made by Commissioner Wardlow, seconded by Commissioner Weekley, that the Ordinance be Adopted. The motion passed by unanimous vote.
Enactment No: Ord 23-36
ADJOURNMENT - 5:49 P.M.
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<urn:uuid:1cfcf9e8-b9fe-468c-8c57-b9d84ab0859d>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 31,744
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Direttori di agenzia turistica Esito provvisorio lettura ottica profilo
Elenco provvisorio dei candidati ammessi a sostenere la prova successiva
Cognome
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Idoneità
Prova giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
BUONOCORE
ROSSANA
18/02/1971
37
PIETRO
24/09/1986
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
COPPOLA
ANTONELLA
27/03/1977
45,5
LUCA
10/04/1984
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
DE STEFANO
CHIARA
13/02/1989
43,5
FRANCESCO
02/03/1979
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
FALVO
FARANO
Nome
ROSA
FRANCESCO
Data di nascita
20/10/1987
29/12/1974
Punteggio
Prova
42,5
43
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Pagina 5 di 11
Idoneità
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
GUARINO
MARIANNA
31/01/1992
39
AMALIA
18/01/1985
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
LO SANTO
MARIA CONCETTA
23/03/1968
37,5
CARMELA
08/07/1981
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
MULINARO
CARMEN
07/11/1993
46
LAURA
19/10/1990
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
PIPPUCCI
LAURA
25/05/1989
48,5
MARIANNA
25/07/1983
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Prova
Idoneità
ROTOLI
MARIA
24/11/1977
39,5
MARIA SMERALDA
23/11/1980
giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Pagina 10 di 11
Nome
Data di nascita
Punteggio
Idoneità
Prova giovedì 16 novembre 2017
Pagina 11 di 11
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<urn:uuid:76944e9a-f1b5-402a-bb29-0fc562769d8c>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 1,579
|
ITALIANO
ISTRUZIONI DI INSTALLAZIONE PER L'AGGIORNAMENTO SOFTWARE PER DISPOPILOT.GUIDE
Versione: 4 dicembre 2018
1 CONTENUTO DELLA FORNITURA
L'aggiornamento software contiene dati nelle seguenti versioni:
2 COPERTURA PAESI
Nella fornitura sono comprese le carte stradali dei seguenti paesi/regioni:
Serbia, Slovacchia, Slovenia, Spagna, Repubblica Ceca, Turchia, Ucraina, Ungheria, Stato del Vaticano, Bielorussia, Cipro.
I livelli di grigio corrispondono alla relativa copertura delle carte stradali. Più è scura la tonalità, migliore la copertura.
3 CONDIZIONI RICHIESTE
Assicurarsi che siano soddisfatte le seguenti condizioni per l'installazione dell'aggiornamento software.
- Il DispoPilot.guide deve essere collegato ad una sorgente di corrente durante l'intera installazione.
- Scheda microSD con spazio in memoria min. di 16 GB di tipo SDHC con min. UHS-1 e riformattato con FAT32.
- La scheda microSD non è legata a nessun dispositivo. Con una scheda microSD è possibile aggiornare uno dopo l'altro altri dispositivi. Raccomandazione: scheda microSD di qualità «Industrial Grade» con contrassegno «Industrial HC».
- Computer con spazio in memoria min. di 16 GB sul disco rigido e un lettore per schede microSD.
- Connessione Internet veloce con volume in download di min. 16 GB.
Albania, Andorra, Belgio, Bosnia e Erzegovina, Bulgaria, Danimarca, Germania, Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Gibilterra, Grecia, Gran Bretagna, Irlanda, Islanda, Italia, Croazia, Lettonia, Liechtenstein, Lituania, Lussemburgo, Malta, Macedonia, Moldavia, Monaco, Montenegro, Paesi Bassi, Norvegia, Austria, Polonia, Portogallo, Romania, Federazione Russa, San Marino, Svezia, Svizzera,
- L'applicazione per lo scompattamento di file compressi (WinZip o 7-Zip) presente sul computer.
NOTE:
Non utilizzare Windows Explorer per scompattare, poiché è possibile che i file non vengano scompattati correttamente.
La responsabilità per la corretta effettuazione dell'aggiornamento va assicurato in loco.
1, 04.12.2018, ISTRUZIONI DI INSTALLAZIONE PER L'AGGIORNAMENTO SOFTWARE PER DISPOPILOT.GUIDE
4 DOWNLOAD DEI DATI
Il file di installazione si trova in Internet.
1. Inserire nel browser del computer l'URL www.fleetboard.it/aggiornamento-carte
2. Scaricare il file con l'aggiornamento sul disco rigido locale.
3. Inserire una scheda microSD riformattata (FAT32) nel computer.
4. Scompattare il file scaricato dal disco rigido sulla scheda microSD.
5. Per evitare una perdita di dati, assicurarsi che la scheda microSD sia stata correttamente rimossa dal computer.
NOTA:
Opzionalmente, con l'ausilio di un programma di verifica MD5, è possibile assicurare se i file sono stati copiati correttamente sulla scheda microSD. Allo scopo, aprire con un programma di verifica MD5 a scelta il file con estensione «.md5» dalla directory principale della scheda microSD.
5 EFFETTUAZIONE DELL'INSTALLAZIONE
Per installare l'aggiornamento, procedere come di seguito illustrato.
1. Inserire la scheda microSD nello slot predisposto del DispoPilot.guide.
microSD. In questo caso reinserire la scheda microSD.
2. Assicurarsi che il dispositivo sia alimentato.
a. Nel veicolo: Inserire il dispositivo nel supporto.
b. Sulla scrivania: Collegare il dispositivo ad una sorgente di corrente con min. 1A tramite il collegamento USB .
Il collegamento USB del computer fornisce solo 0,5A e non è pertanto sufficiente per l'alimentazione di corrente.
3. Nel menu principale del dispositivo selezionare il campo «INFORMATION».
4. Nella finestra delle informazioni scorrere fino al punto «Software».
5. Per avviare il pro- cesso di aggiorna-
mento, premere sula freccia curvata sul lato de- stro.
6. Viene visualizzata una nuova finestra con informazioni sull'aggiornamento.
7. Selezionare il campo dedicato all'installazione.
Se il dispositivo non è in grado di leggere la scheda microSD, viene mostrata l'indicazione che il dispositivo non riesce a trovare la scheda
8. Ora l'installazione dell'aggiornamento viene effettuata automaticamente. Il dispositivo può essere riavviato più volte dall'applica-zione di installazione.
2, 04.12.2018, ISTRUZIONI DI INSTALLAZIONE PER L'AGGIORNAMENTO SOFTWARE PER DISPOPILOT.GUIDE
9. Confermare le ulteriori domande che vengono eventualmente visualizzate e installare tutti i pacchetti software.
10. L'installazione è conclusa, se non vengono visualizzate ulteriori richieste ed è stato visualizzato il segno di spunta. Ritor-
nare al menu principale con il pulsante Indietro.
11. Verificare se l'installazione dell'aggiornamento è stata completata controllando le versioni di «Software» e «Naviga-
zione» nel menu «Informazione».
12. Completato l'aggiornamento, rimuovere la scheda microSD dal dispositivo.
13. Riavviare l'apparecchio.
NOTE:
Il processo di aggiornamento del materiale cartografico dura ca. 20 minuti. Durante questo periodo di tempo non è possibile utilizzare il dispositivo.
6 SUPPORTO FLEETBOARD
Per chiarimenti sulla centralina Fleetboard o sul DispoPilot.guide rivolgersi al Fleetboard Support:
Indirizzo: Daimler Fleetboard GmbH, 70546 Stuttgart, Germany
Internet: www.fleetboard.it
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
7 COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2018 Daimler Fleetboard GmbH.
Tutti i diritti riservati.
3, 04.12.2018, ISTRUZIONI DI INSTALLAZIONE PER L'AGGIORNAMENTO SOFTWARE PER DISPOPILOT.GUIDE
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<urn:uuid:d4d67364-e631-48f3-a53f-fef70b5256ba>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 5,359
|
INFORME DE AVANCE FÍSICO Y FINANCIERO DE ENTIDADES RECEPTORAS DE SUBSIDIOS O SUBVENCIONES CON RECURSOS DEL ESTADO
Responsable de la actualización de la información: Rodrigo Wer Aguilar
Fecha de actualización: 5/01/2022
Informes correspondiente al mes de: Diciembre de 2021
I. DATOS GENERALES DE LA ENTIDAD RECEPTORA DE SUBSIDIOS O SUBVENCIONES
1. Nombre o razón social: INSTITUTO NEUROLOGICO DE GUATEMALA
2. Código de entidad receptora: 11-23
3. Número de Identificación Tributaria (NIT): 519216-8
4. Domicilio fiscal: 8a. Avenida 6-50 Zona 11, Guatemala
5. Página de internet y números telefónicos: www.institutoneurologicodeguatemala.org
6. Nombre del representante legal: Rodrigo Wer Aguilar
7. Número y fecha del convenio: 14-2021 del 29 de enero de 2021
8. Número y fecha de la disposición legal que autoriza el convenio: Acuerdo Ministerial Número 20-2021 del 05 de febrero de 2021
9. Objetivo general del subsidio o subvención: Prestación de Servicios a Personas con Discapacidad intelectual y/o Personas con Autismo
10. Indicadores y resultados: Las metas fiscales fueron alcanzadas al 100% de lo programado anual
11. Nombre de la institución pública que otorga el subsidio o subvención: Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social
12. Monto anual en Q.: 2,500,000.00
II. INFORMACION DE AVANCE FÍSICO Y FINANCIERO ANUAL
| No. | Metas | Unidad de Medida (1) | Avance Físico de la Ejecución | Avance Financiero de la Ejecución |
|-----|-------|----------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | | | Programada Anual | % de Ejecución Acumulado | Total Programado Anual | Total Transferido Acumulado | Efectuado Acumulado | % de Ejecución | Observaciones (Justificación de variaciones) |
| 1.1 | Fisioterapia | Terapia | 6,000 | 6,001 | 100.02% | 327,549.60 | 327,549.60 | 327,549.82 | 99.97% |
| 1.2 | Terapia de Lenguaje Instr. | Terapia | 2,405 | 2,405 | 100.04% | 209,315.60 | 209,315.60 | 209,374.97 | 100.03% |
| 1.3 | Terapia de Lenguaje Grupal | Terapia | 17,880 | 17,884 | 100.02% | 672,558.00 | 672,558.00 | 672,549.20 | 100.00% |
| 1.4 | Terapias Ocupacionales | Terapia | 5,280 | 5,280 | 100.00% | 180,710.00 | 180,710.00 | 180,785.71 | 100.04% |
| 1.5 | Terapias de Salud Mental | Terapia | 17,880 | 17,884 | 100.02% | 714,270.00 | 714,270.00 | 714,087.64 | 99.97% |
| 1.6 | Servicios de Neurología | Terapia | 150 | 150 | 100.00% | 48,582.00 | 48,582.00 | 48,618.23 | 100.07% |
| 2.1 | Terapias Neuroconductuales | Terapia | 1,360 | 1,360 | 100.00% | 78,837.20 | 78,837.20 | 78,912.94 | 100.09% |
| 2.2 | Terapias Cognitivas | Terapia | 1,360 | 1,361 | 100.07% | 78,477.20 | 78,477.20 | 78,487.68 | 100.01% |
| 2.3 | Terapia de Lenguaje | Terapia | 1,360 | 1,361 | 100.07% | 81,345.20 | 81,345.20 | 81,339.84 | 99.99% |
| 2.4 | Terapias Sensoriales | Terapia | 1,400 | 1,400 | 100.00% | 82,569.20 | 82,569.20 | 82,585.43 | 100.02% |
| 2.5 | Servicios de Neurología | Terapia | 50 | 50 | 100.00% | 25,776.00 | 25,776.00 | 25,798.54 | 100.08% |
| TOTALES | | | 55,125 | 55,137 | 100.02% | 2,500,000.00 | 2,500,000.00 | 2,500,000.00 | 100.00% |
| No. | Metas | Unidad de Medida | Avance | Enero | Febrero | Marzo | Abril | Mayo | Junio | Julio | Agosto | Sept. | Octubre | Noviembre | Diciembre |
|-----|-------|-----------------|--------|-------|---------|-------|-------|------|-------|-------|--------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|
| 1.1 | Fisioterapia | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 74,830.22 | 26317.83 | 25,406.32 | 26,539.30 | 26,532.49 | 27,437.36 | 31,180.62 | 29,945.50 | 28,788.88 | 30,560.90 |
| | | Físico | 382 | 725 | 665 | 678 | 688 | 567 | 723 | 588 | 474 | 355 | 176 | 0 | 0 |
| 1.2 | Terapia de Lenguaje Indiv. | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 45,410.47 | 17072.54 | 16,759.55 | 17,431.41 | 17,379.03 | 17,304.13 | 17,519.73 | 18,241.82 | 18,502.45 | 19,754.34 |
| | | Físico | 177 | 282 | 207 | 207 | 288 | 340 | 340 | 365 | 148 | 91 | 41 | 16 | 0 |
| 1.3 | Terapia de Lenguaje Grupal | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 159,201.81 | 5462.03 | 55,992.41 | 55,315.37 | 55,015.89 | 55,802.94 | 56,313.03 | 60,613.2 | 57,237.64 | 63,102.76 |
| | | Físico | 1,085 | 2,336 | 2,105 | 2,101 | 1,969 | 1977 | 1,675 | 1,383 | 1029 | 760 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1.4 | Terapias Ocupacionales | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 42,565.51 | 15574.98 | 14,488.38 | 15,495.27 | 15,272.27 | 14,265.10 | 14,190.69 | 16,049.74 | 15,861.37 | 17,054.90 |
| | | Físico | 261 | 530 | 437 | 538 | 545 | 385 | 537 | 530 | 582 | 574 | 336 | 0 | 0 |
| 1.5 | Terapias de Salud Mental | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 168,151.10 | 57630.11 | 57/030.31 | 58,348.05 | 58,905.58 | 58,401.06 | 61,961.56 | 64,748.53 | 62,225.51 | 66,679.33 |
| | | Físico | 1,085 | 2,336 | 2,105 | 2,101 | 1,969 | 1977 | 1,675 | 1,383 | 1029 | 760 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1.6 | Servicios de Neurología | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 400,986 | 6733.30 | 8,887.79 | 1,488.70 | 3,957.70 | 6,351.94 | 3,801.99 | 4,881.73 | 3,701.11 | 4,307.11 |
| | | Físico | 9 | 14 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.1 | Terapias Neuropsicológicas | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15,203.46 | 10232.00 | 6,260.99 | 6,459.14 | 6,573.84 | 6,600.03 | 6,411.74 | 6,920.64 | 6,493.18 | 7,789.02 |
| | | Físico | 78 | 153 | 155 | 131 | 120 | 98 | 126 | 176 | 128 | 102 | 93 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.2 | Terapias Cognitivas | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15,111.51 | 10171.39 | 6,239.70 | 6,427.88 | 6,542.03 | 6,560.23 | 6,379.20 | 6,869.28 | 6,912.07 | 7,256.42 |
| | | Físico | 70 | 140 | 151 | 121 | 122 | 98 | 122 | 178 | 157 | 115 | 87 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.3 | Terapias de Lenguaje | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15,831.75 | 10411.14 | 6,473.99 | 6,672.75 | 6,791.28 | 6,815.56 | 6,834.16 | 7,159.21 | 7,151.69 | 7,416.11 |
| | | Físico | 73 | 149 | 154 | 140 | 131 | 97 | 127 | 179 | 128 | 100 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.4 | Terapias Sensoriales | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16,134.42 | 10511.89 | 6,576.66 | 6,775.66 | 6,896.03 | 6,921.35 | 6,741.32 | 7,245.90 | 7,354.24 | 7,526.95 |
| | | Físico | 70 | 149 | 134 | 137 | 124 | 98 | 127 | 160 | 158 | 125 | 118 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.5 | Servicios de Neurología | Financiero | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3,173.35 | 2888.77 | 3,589.20 | 1,112.59 | 1,956.67 | 3,609.48 | 2,376.88 | 2,782.32 | 1,891.25 | 2,470.03 |
| | | Físico | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Departamento | Municipio | Número de personas por rango de edad |
|--------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------|
| | | 0-15 | 16-30 | 31 -45 | 46 y más | Hombres | 31 -45 | 46 y más | Total | Observaciones |
| Guatemala | Guatemala | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Marco | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Villa Nueva | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | San Juan Sac | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | San Miguel Petapa | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Villa Canales | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Chiquirios | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | San José del Golfo | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | San José Pinula | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | San Pedro Sac | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Santa Catarina Pinula | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Amatitlán | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Fraijanes | | | | | | | | | |
| Guatemala | Palencia | | | | | | | | | |
| Sacatepéquez | San Lucas Sacatepéquez | | | | | | | | | |
| Sacatepéquez | Sumapango | | | | | | | | | |
| Chimaltenango| Chimaltenango | | | | | | | | | |
| Chimaltenango| Patzún | | | | | | | | | |
| Izabal | Puerto Barrios | | | | | | | | | |
| Escuintla | Escuintla | | | | | | | | | |
| Totales | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No. | Apellidos y Nombres | Código Único de Identificación (CUI) | Monto del contrato Q. (meses) | Plazo del contrato (meses) | Monto pagado en el mes |
|-----|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------|
| 1 | García Bo, Eva María Lourdes | 1697 55932 0101 | 53,540.00 | 12 | 4,468.00 |
| 2 | Gonzalez Godinez, Astrid Claudia Judith | 2280 26747 1202 | 49,360.00 | 12 | 4,113.33 |
| 3 | Hernandez Castro, Eugenia Elizabeth | 2510 04309 0101 | 52,331.00 | 12 | 4,360.00 |
| 4 | Marroquin Lopez Leyva Paola | 1585 18594 0101 | 68,448.00 | 12 | 5,701.83 |
| 5 | Oxalí Moli, María Isabel | 2453 07389 0101 | 49,624.00 | 12 | 4,134.60 |
| 6 | Yoc Aguilar, Mirian Jameth | 1669 58204 0101 | 45,852.00 | 12 | 3,820.65 |
| 7 | Colantes Garcia, Barbara Raquel | 2641 17662 0101 | 47,316.00 | 12 | 3,943.00 |
| 8 | Barreros Sanchez, Xavier Antonio | 1787 24661 0101 | 41,316.00 | 12 | 3,442.35 |
| 9 | Gálvez Muñoz, Anselmi Vidalina | 2536 39298 1304 | 48,444.00 | 12 | 4,036.44 |
| 10 | Melandez Avilés, Jesúsica Michelle | 1799 17196 0101 | 48,056.00 | 12 | 4,007.35 |
| 11 | Ramirez del Leon, Ana Isabel | 2657 59544 0101 | 39,444.00 | 12 | 3,286.55 |
| 12 | Shiny Moraga, Karol Paola | 2235 98354 0101 | 38,880.00 | 12 | 3,239.88 |
| 13 | Lemus, Lesly Kleana | 2153 68150 0102 | 39,556.00 | 12 | 3,287.55 |
| 14 | Guillen de Estrada, Aura | 2571 81113 0501 | 58,020.00 | 12 | 4,835.08 |
| 15 | Iroy Guizaria, Rosa Maria | 2156 47631 0116 | 36,956.00 | 12 | 3,082.71 |
| 16 | Calderon Gonzalez, Maria de los Ángeles | 1735 89855 0101 | 36,956.00 | 12 | 3,082.71 |
| 17 | Nio Vanegas, Jessica Marie | 2330 67442 0101 | 42,456.00 | 12 | 3,537.94 |
| 18 | Robledo Arriaga, Ciudad Rene | 1941 02246 1207 | 38,316.00 | 12 | 3,202.69 |
| 19 | Téllez Molle, Adela Maria | 2531 30778 0101 | 68,722.00 | 12 | 5,705.33 |
| 20 | Franco Jerez, Karla Alejandra | 2266 10335 0101 | 38,256.00 | 12 | 3,187.37 |
| 21 | Lopez Estévez, Melanie Melissa | 2400 53613 1203 | 38,052.00 | 12 | 3,171.09 |
| 22 | Ezeta Hernandez, Cristian Van | 3392 59121 1105 | 44,652.00 | 12 | 3,670.34 |
| 23 | Molina Tocatl, Zaira Tania | 2433 78863 0101 | 38,016.00 | 12 | 3,168.02 |
| 24 | Corrales Sánchez, Karla María | 2663 74070 0101 | 36,768.00 | 12 | 3,065.88 |
| 25 | Hernández Salguero, Jessica Gabriela | 2935 41242 0101 | 42,036.00 | 12 | 3,502.20 |
| 26 | Castillo Gómez, Alfonso Mishell | 2319 42117 0101 | 42,036.00 | 12 | 3,502.20 |
| 27 | Orellana Sáenz Suazo, Sonia Leónica | 3539 43637 0101 | 41,354.00 | 12 | 3,448.50 |
| 28 | Sosa Contreras, Karina Fabiana | 3000 28990 0101 | 41,280.00 | 12 | 3,440.00 |
| 29 | Ledezma Hurtado, Rocío Fernanda | 3003 43927 0101 | 35,484.00 | 12 | 2,955.50 |
| 30 | González de Borda, Lucía Judith | 1679 66673 0101 | 41,244.00 | 12 | 3,427.45 |
| 31 | Coloma Martínez, Evelyn Judith | 2680 89946 0101 | 37,532.00 | 12 | 3,127.66 |
| 32 | Marroquín Mamet, Diego Alejandro | 3037 76711 0101 | 41,280.00 | 12 | 3,440.00 |
| 33 | Cua Rodríguez, Kevin David | 2588 83826 0101 | 41,280.00 | 12 | 3,440.00 |
| No. | Descripción | Monto ejecutado en el mes | Monto efectuado acumulado |
|-----|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| 1 | Recursos Humanos Suarios | 190,223.68 | 2,249,467.50 |
| 2 | Recursos Humanos Honorarios | 7,543.75 | 50,837.50 |
| 3 | Gastos de Funcionamiento - Agua potable | 412.46 | 12,471.72 |
| 4 | Gastos de Funcionamiento - Energía Eléctrica | 616.36 | 9,236.36 |
| 5 | Gastos de Funcionamiento - Telefonía | 4,452.19 | 39,189.47 |
| 6 | Gastos de Funcionamiento - Papelería y Útiles y Material Didáctico Físico y Virtual | 30,678.73 | 598,803.00 |
**TOTALS**
| | 2,181,652.82 | 2,500,000.00 |
(1) Se referirse al nombre de la Unidad de Medida según el Clasificador
(2) Población Beneficiada Dabe tener relación con los objetivos y metas del convenio
Nota: Este informe se entregará mensualmente a la Contraloría General de Cuentas, Congreso de la República de Guatemala, entidad origen y Ministerio de Finanzas Públicas a través de la Dirección de Evaluación Fiscal, dentro de los 10 días de finalizado el mes.
Firmas y Sello:
RODRIGO WER AGUILAR
PRESIDENTE Y REPRESENTANTE LEGAL
INSTITUTO NEUROLOGICO DE GUATEMALA
INSTITUTO NEUROLOGICO DE GUATEMALA
CONTABILIDAD
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VERBALE DI GARA N. 4
SEDUTA PUBBLICA del 22.11.2018
Oggi, giorno 22.11.2018 ore 09.00 in Grottaferrata (RM), presso la Sede Comunale Palazzo Consoli - Ufficio OO.PP. e Manutenzioni sito in Piazzetta E. Conti 1, viene esperita la procedura di gara: PROGETTAZIONE DEL “SERVIZIO DI RACCOLTA E GESTIONE DEI RIFIUTI SOLIDI URBANI CON IL SISTEMA DEL “PORTA A PORTA” E ALTRI SERVIZI ATTINENTI.
La Commissione giudicatrice, giusta Det. n. 771 del 31 ottobre 2018 è composta dai Signori:
1) Presidente: ENRICO ANTONELLI
2) Commissario: ELISA TROIANI
3) Commissario con funzioni di Segretario verbalizzante: DANIELE GALLETTINO
PREMESSO
- che in data 05.11.2018, in seduta pubblica, la Commissione Giudicatrice ha proceduto all’apertura dei plichi contenenti le offerte ed alla disamina della documentazione amministrativa contenuta ai fini di verificare il possesso da parte delle imprese partecipanti dei requisiti di ordine soggettivo richiesti dal disciplinare di gara;
- che in data 05.11.2018, in seduta riservata, la Commissione Giudicatrice ha proceduto a valutare le offerte tecniche delle imprese SMART ENGINEERING SRL e ESPER SRL ed ha attribuito i relativi punteggi;
- che in data 12.11.2018, in seduta pubblica, la Commissione Giudicatrice ha dato lettura dei punteggi attribuiti alle offerte tecniche ed ha proceduto all’apertura delle offerte economiche; dato atto che l’offerta della soc. SMART ENGINEERING SRL ha presentato carattere di anomalia, la Commissione ha proceduto a richiedere spiegazioni ex art. 97 comma 3 del D.Lgs. 50/2016;
La soc. SMART ENGINEERING SRL ha prodotto – tramite PEC entro il termine stabilito – la documentazione richiesta ai sensi dell’ex art. 97 comma 3 del D.Lgs. 50/2016.
Il R.U.P., a seguito dell’analisi della documentazione prodotta dall’impresa SMART ENGINEERING SRL, ha ritenuto che le spiegazioni sono adeguate ed esaustive e dal loro contenuto si rileva la congruità dei costi che concorrono a determinare il corrispettivo offerto dall’impresa.
Rilevato che nelle gare d’appalto da aggiudicare col criterio dell’offerta economicamente più vantaggiosa è legittima la verifica di anomalia dell’offerta eseguita direttamente dal responsabile unico del procedimento avvalendosi degli uffici e organismi tecnici della Stazione Appaltante, la
Commissione prende atto di quanto evidenziato dallo stesso R.U.P. e ritiene che le spiegazioni prodotte dall’impresa SMART ENGINEERING SRL a motivazione del prezzo complessivo offerto per l’espletamento dei servizi in oggetto, siano sufficienti a dimostrare la non anomalia dell’offerta presentata.
Alla luce di quanto sopra la Commissione propone l’aggiudicazione nei confronti dell’Impresa SMART ENGINEERING SRL con sede in Via Galati 45 – 73024 Maglie (LE) P.IVA 04788690750, a fronte di un ribasso del 33,33% e giusta seguente attribuzione di punteggio:
SMART ENGINEERING SRL: 70,000 punti (offerta tecnica) + 30,000 punti (offerta economica) = 100 punti.
L’impresa seconda classificata risulta la ditta ESPER SRL: 51,962 punti (offerta tecnica) + 18,002 punti (offerta economica) = 69,964 punti.
Al fine dell’efficacia dell’aggiudicazione, ai sensi dell’art. 32 comma 7 del D.Lgs. 50/2016 il Presidente dispone che si proceda alla verifica del possesso dei requisiti di legge.
Alle ore 9.30 il Presidente dichiara chiusa la seduta di gara.
Il Presidente della Commissione
Geom. Enrico Antonelli
Il Commissario
Geom. Elisa Troiani
Il Commissario e Segretario verbalizzante
Geom. Daniele Gallettino
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TACKLING EXTREMISM AND RADICALISATION 2023-4
Policy Statement
Emmanuel College is fully committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of all its student. Every member of staff recognises that safeguarding against radicalisation and extremism is no different to safeguarding against any other vulnerability today. This policy sets out our beliefs, strategies, and procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from being radicalised or exposed to extremist views, by identifying who they are and promptly providing them with support.
The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 places a duty on schools to have due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism ('the prevent duty') and in so-doing have regard to guidance issues by the Secretary of State. The Prevent duty came into force on 1 July 2015. The following national guidelines should also be read when working with this policy; Keeping Children Safe in Education (KCSIE) (September 2023), The use of social media for on-line radicalisation (July 2015), DfE 'The Prevent Duty' (June 2015), DfE 'Social media and travel to Syria and Iraq – a briefing note for schools (undated), CONTEST (counter terrorist strategy) (2011), Channel Duty Guidance (2015).
Aims and Principles
The main aims of this policy are to ensure that staff are fully engaged in being vigilant about radicalisation; that they overcome professional disbelief that such issues will not happen here and ensure that we work alongside other professional bodies and agencies to ensure that our pupils are safe from harm. This policy is intended to provide a framework for dealing with issues relating to vulnerability, radicalisation and exposure to extreme views. We recognise that we are well placed to be able to identify safeguarding issues and this policy clearly sets out how the school will deal with such incidents and identifies how the curriculum and ethos underpins our actions. The objectives are that:
* All staff will understand what radicalisation and extremism is and why we need to be vigilant in school.
* All staff will know what the school policy is on tackling extremism and radicalisation and will follow the policy guidance swiftly when issues arise.
* All students will understand the dangers of radicalisation and exposure to extremist views; building resilience against these and knowing what to do if they experience them.
* All parents and guardians are made aware that the school has policies in place to keep pupils safe from harm and that the school regularly reviews its systems to ensure they are appropriate and effective.
Duties, powers and responsibilities
Section 26 of the Counter Terrorism and Security Act 2015 places a duty upon Local Authorities and all specified settings including Schools in the exercise of their functions to have "due regard to the need to prevent people from been drawn into terrorism". It is applied to bodies in the UK who have significant interaction with people vulnerable to radicalisation. We are required in our functions under section 26 to:
* Know about and identify early indicators in pupils
* Develop the confidence to challenge and intervene
* Assess the risk of our pupils being drawn into terrorism and terrorist ideology
*
Have clear protocols & keep records
* Be monitored by Ofsted in how we exercise these duties
We therefore recognise the Prevent strategy is part of the overall Counter Terrorism Strategy, CONTEST in the UK. The aim of Prevent is to reduce the threat to the UK from terrorism by stopping people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. We understand Channel to be an element of the Prevent strategy aimed at stopping vulnerable people being drawn into terrorism, a programme working to challenge extremist ideas who work with individuals including children and young people. We will work with the Local Authority and with other agencies in making sure we undertake our duties under Prevent.
Definitions and indicators
The Government has given the following definitions as part of the Prevent strategy:
* Extremism is defined as: 'the vocal or active opposition to our fundamental values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and the mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs. This also includes calling for the death of members of the armed forces.'
* Radicalisation refers to 'the process by which a person comes to support terrorism and extremist ideologies associated with terrorist groups.' We recognise that this can mean a person choosing to leave their country to support a terrorist group.
* Terrorism is an action that 'endangers or causes serious violence to a person/people; causes serious damage to property; or seriously interferes or disrupts an electronic system. The use or threat must be designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public and is made for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause.'
We recognise that children/young people can be enticed into radicalisation as they are more vulnerable and susceptible to this. They therefore can be drawn into violence or they can be exposed to the messages of extremist groups by many means especially online and through social media. The school recognise that social media is increasingly a child's or young persons preferred method of communication which can increase their risk to exposure to radicalisation. Messages, views, ideologies that are extremist can come from parents/carers, family members or friends, and/or from direct contact with member groups and organisations. It can come from staff within an organisation, or be brought into a school by staff, governors, or volunteers.
The risk of radicalisation is the product of several factors and identifying this risk requires all our staff at Emmanuel College being able to exercise their judgement in raising any concern and reporting to the appropriate leads within the school.
There is no single way of identifying whether a child is likely to be susceptible to an extremist ideology. Background factors combined with specific influences such as family and friends may contribute to a child's vulnerability. Similarly, radicalisation can occur through many different methods (such as social media or the internet) and settings (such as within the home). As such there is no definitive list of or all indicators or concerns however, it is possible to protect vulnerable people from extremist ideology and intervene to prevent those at risk of radicalisation being radicalised by having a clear understanding of the issues affecting young people and their families. The following indicators are based upon research and from examples of case studies:
* Identity Crisis – distance from cultural/religious heritage and uncomfortable with their place in society around them
* Personal Crisis – family tensions, sense of isolation, adolescence, low self-esteem, disassociation with existing friendship groups, becoming involved in new and different groups of friends, searching for answers to questions about identity, faith and belonging
* Personal Circumstances – migration, local community tensions, events affecting country or region of origin, having a sense of grievance that is triggered by personal experience of racism, discrimination, or aspects of government policy
* Un-met Aspirations – perceptions of injustice, feeling of failure, rejection of civic life
* Criminality – experiences of imprisonment, poor resettlement/reintegration, previous involvement with criminal groups
We recognise the following potential diagnostic indicators identified in the Channel Guidance which include:
* Use of language seen to be inappropriate (e.g., causing distress or alarm and perceived to be prejudiced, inflammatory, or hateful)
* Noticeable behavioural changes
* Expression of extreme views
* Possession of extremist literature
* Advocating violent actions and means
* Seeking to recruit others to an extremist ideology
We also understand these critical risk factors which indicate a possible process of potential grooming/entrapment:
* Changes in faith/ideology
* Sudden name change linked to a different faith/ideology
* Significant changes in appearance
* Secrecy on the internet & access to websites with a social networking element
* Narrow/limited religious or political view
* Attendance at certain meetings e.g., rallies and articulating support for
* "Them" and "us" language/rhetoric
* Justifying the use of violence to solve societal issues
* Isolation from usual friends, family or social groups
* Sudden unexplained foreign travel
Procedures for referrals
We use our in-school safeguarding procedures to raise safeguarding concerns about an individual student and carry a risk assessment if the concern is a Prevent concern. If the concern is a Prevent concern, we will use the guidance and assessment as prescribed by the local authority. These concerns will be dealt with by the Safeguarding team:
* Designated Safeguarding Lead: Mrs A Scott (Assistant Vice Principal) Deputy Designated Safeguarding Lead: Mrs A Gill (Head of Student Welfare)
Staff should ordinarily follow the reporting procedures outlined in the safeguarding policy. However, as emphasised in Keeping Children Safe in Education, any staff member can refer their concerns directly to Children's Social Care and/or the Police if:
* The situation is an emergency and the DSL, Deputy DSL the Principal and/or the Chair of Governors are all unavailable.
* They are convinced that a direct report is the only way to ensure the pupil's safety; or
* For any other reason they make a judgement that a direct referral is in the best interests of the child.
The DSL/DDSL maintain a log of all prevent referrals and actions taken as a result of a referral being made.
Training
As part of our statutory duties and through INSET opportunities we will ensure that all student facing staff are aware of the threats, risks and vulnerabilities that are linked to extremism and radicalisation. This includes being alert to early indicators and how-to respond to and report. This includes staff completing the Home Office E-learning training on Prevent/WRAP. This is incorporated into our staff induction training and annual update training. We will also ensure that volunteers and governors understand Channel and Prevent, early indicators and how to refer a safeguarding concern.
The role of the curriculum
We will work to ensure that our pupils will be skilled and equipped to be resilient and resist involvement in extreme or radical activities through character development in the classroom. We will therefore provide a broad and balanced curriculum within which we aim to support pupils, Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural development (SMSC). SMSC development is promoted through all our subjects, including the ethos of our school where development of positive attitudes and values is central to everything we do. SMSC is also taught through the assembly and tutor reflections programme.
Values underpinning public life in the UK have been summarised as democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect, and the tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs. It is important that our pupils understand this through different approaches using a balanced and broad curriculum and the assembly and tutor reflections programme. This supports our pupils to be responsible citizens and prepares for an adult life living and working in Britain which is diverse and changing.
Pupils are regularly taught about how to stay safe when using the internet and are encouraged to recognise that people are not always who they say they are online. They are taught to seek adult help if they are upset or concerned about anything they read or see on the internet.
School Premises
We will seek to ensure that the school building will not be used to give a platform to extremists and as a school we will take all reasonable steps to promote this. The use of school premises will be monitored and in the event of any behaviour not in keeping with this policy or the Safeguarding and Child Protection Policy, the School will terminate the contact and may in some circumstances contact the police.
Help, support and contacts
Referrals and Assessment Team Gateshead Council 0191 433 2653 email@example.com
Community Safety Team Gateshead Council 0191 433 2701
The National Terrorism Hotline 0800 789 321
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CIRCOLARE n. 281
Al personale docente delle classi quinte dell'IISS "F. De Sanctis"
Alla DSGA
Al sito Web Home page www.iissdesanctis.it
Albo
Atti
Oggetto: Unità formativa relativa alle azioni di sviluppo professionale del personale DOCENTE della scuola a valere sulle risorse di cui all'art. 1 comma 125 della legge 107/2015. Rete di ambito Campania AV0003 – Formazione sugli Esami di Stato conclusivi del II ciclo - Avvio attività.
Si comunica che a partire da Martedì 2 Aprile 2019, nell'ambito dell'UF (Unità Formativa): "Conduzione del nuovo Esame di Stato" sarà attivato un percorso di formazione in modalità online di 8 ore, rivolta ai docenti delle classi quinte delle scuole del II ciclo dell'Ambito AV03. Le attività svolte durante il corso saranno socializzate nei dipartimenti/consigli di classe in modo da disseminare gli esiti della formazione.
I docenti individuati: Lariccia Marisa (Liceo classico), Serpentiello Carmela (Liceo linguistico), GRappone Orazio (Liceo scientifico opzione Scienze applicate), Santoro Nicolino (ITE-AFM), Carpentieri Emilia (Liceo scientifico), Malanga Cinzia (Liceo Scienze umane) riceveranno le credenziali sulla propria mail personale.
I docenti lavoreranno per classi parallele in modo da lavorare e condividere i materiali e tutti gli spunti per le riflessioni necessarie per lo svolgimento dell'Esame di Stato conclusivo del II ciclo.
Motivi della scelta
La revisione dell'Esame di Stato del secondo ciclo prevista dal Decreto legislativo 62/2017 sta progressivamente prendendo forma: le novità sono rilevanti e alcune di queste coinvolgono direttamente i docenti che operano nelle classi quinte e quelli che andranno a costituire la commissione d'esame. In questo ciclo di webinar l'attenzione si concentra su due passaggi che richiedono un processo di elaborazione a livello di scuola: da un lato la gestione e la valutazione del colloquio orale, dall'altro la contestualizzazione delle griglie di valutazione fornite dal MIUR in riferimento alle specifiche prove che saranno oggetto dell'esame. Si tratta di due passaggi che mettono in gioco la responsabilità dei docenti nel gestire in modo professionale il processo valutativo, questione che non riguarda solo l'Esame di Stato.
Il percorso formativo si svolgerà su piattaforma elearning, dove i docenti avranno a disposizione link al webinar live e registrato, materiali di approfondimento ed esempi e un forum di confronto con il relatore.
FORMATORE E AUTORE
Mario Castoldi, docente di Didattica generale all'Università degli Studi di Torino; esperto di didattica e valutazione per competenze.
PROGRAMMA ANALITICO
2 APRILE 2019 h 15.30 – 17.00 (La visione potrà essere fruita in modalità asincrona)
VALUTAZIONE PRIMA E SECONDA PROVA SCRITTA
Come utilizzare gli indicatori di valutazione presenti nei QdR delle prove?
Nei quadri di riferimento elaborati dal MIUR sulla prima e la seconda prova scritta relativa a vari indirizzi vengo fornite delle griglie di valutazione che in realtà si limitano alla individuazione degli indicatori di valutazione e del relativo peso. Per arrivare alla elaborazione di una vera e propria rubrica di valutazione le commissioni d'esame dovranno declinare in modo più operativo il significato degli indicatori in rapporto alla specifica prova da affrontare e precisare i riferimenti per l'attribuzione dei punteggi su ciascun indicatore. Nel webinar si forniranno indicazioni utili alla gestione di questo passaggio attraverso la precisazione dei passaggi operativi necessari e alcune esemplificazioni.
— ATTIVITÀ DI APPROFONDIMENTO E FORUM DOMANDE / RISPOSTE —
11 APRILE 2019 h 15.30 – 17.00
PREDISPOSIZIONE MATERIALI PER L'AVVIO DEL COLLOQUIO ORALE
Come definire le situazioni stimolo della commissione?
Le indicazioni fornite dal MIUR in merito alla gestione del colloquio orale presentano diversi elementi di novità rispetto alle consuetudini più diffuse utilizzate fino ad ora. Uno degli aspetti più rilevanti riguarda la elaborazione delle situazioni stimolo presentate ai candidati per lo sviluppo del colloquio: si tratta di un compito che mette in gioco i Consigli di classe delle quinte in riferimento all'elaborazione del documento del 15 maggio e le commissioni d'esame per il loro impiego operativo. Nel webinar si forniranno indicazioni utili alla gestione di questo passaggio, attraverso la precisazione dei passaggi operativi e alcune esemplificazioni.
Tale incontro è sostitutivo/integrativo dell'attività dipartimentale prevista per il 15/04/2019.
8 MAGGIO 2019 h 15.30 – 17.00
GESTIONE E VALUTAZIONE DEL COLLOQUIO ORALE
Come gestire e valutare il colloquio?
Le indicazioni fornite dal MIUR relativamente alla gestione del colloquio prevedono diversi passaggi che richiedono di essere integrati e armonizzati: la richiesta iniziale di analizzare testi, documenti, esperienze, progetti e problemi inerenti il percorso curricolare svolto, l'esposizione e l'analisi critica delle esperienze svolte nell'ambito dei percorsi ASL, il riferimento ad attività,
percorsi, progetti svolti nell'ambito di Cittadinanza e Costituzione. Si tratta, quindi, di strutturare una gestione dei diversi aspetti che risulti fattibile e integrata e di definire le modalità di valutazione rigorose. Nel webinar si forniranno indicazioni utili alla gestione di questo passaggio attraverso indicazioni operative ed esemplificazioni.
— ATTIVITÀ DI APPROFONDIMENTO E FORUM DOMANDE / RISPOSTE —
ATTESTATO
A tutti i docenti verrà rilasciata attestazione in conformità a quanto indicato nel Piano Nazionale 2016/19, con indicazione delle ore svolte e dei traguardi di competenza maturati nelle Unità Formative.
Per la certificazione, è necessario partecipare ai 3 appuntamenti: GESTIONE E VALUTAZIONE DEL COLLOQUIO ORALE, LA VALUTAZIONE DELLE PROVE SCRITTE.
Sarà, comunque disponibile per tutti gli iscritti anche l'accesso – facoltativo – al terzo appuntamento.
Eventuali variazioni del Calendario delle attività saranno comunicate tempestivamente.
I docenti visioneranno la presente comunicazione sul website e sulla bacheca scuola.
I docenti, altresì, sono tenuti ad annotare sul registro di classe/elettronico l'avvenuta lettura della circolare stessa.
La Dirigenza conta nel vostro consueto e consolidato impegno nel concorrere al buon funzionamento dell'Istituzione Scolastica e al suo continuo miglioramento.
Il Dirigente Scolastico
Prof. Gerardo Cipriano
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LETITIA JAMES ATTORNEY GENERAL
O
FFICE OF THE
A
TTORNEY
G
ENERAL
Writer Direct: (518) 776-2590
September 13, 2021
Hon. Thérèse Wiley Dancks United States Magistrate Judge United States District Court Northern District of New York Federal Building and U. S. Courthouse P. O. Box 7346 Syracuse, NY 13261-7346
Re:
Orr, Alana v. McGinty, Anthony et al Northern District of New York 17-CV-1280 (GLS)(TWD)
Dear Judge Dancks:
This office represents the Defendant, Anthony McGinty, in the above-referenced matter. Please accept this correspondence as Defendant's letter brief in opposition to Defendant's August 30, 2021 letter motion to remove the temporary protective order over the deposition of Defendant McGinty, which was held on August 20, 2021.
Plaintiff did not provide sufficient notice under FRCP 30(b)(3):
As a preliminary matter, the deposition in question was videotaped without sufficient notice, and use of the video should be precluded. Plaintiff did not provide sufficient notice under FRCP 30(b)(3) to the deponent that his deposition would be videotaped, and therefore, the temporary protective order should not be removed. The purpose of FRCP 30(b)(3) is to inform the deponent of the pertinent information, including the manner of recording the deposition. The Notice of Deposition served by Plaintiff in this matter states that "the oral examination will be recorded stenographically and may also be videotaped." (emphasis added). Both the scope and logistics of Judge McGinty's deposition were discussed at great length at the June 30, 2021 Court-ordered conference. At no time during the conference did Plaintiff's counsel indicate an intention to videotape the deposition. The parties engaged in communications thereafter in preparation for the Court-ordered status report regarding depositions in this matter, and again, Plaintiff's counsel did not indicate an intention to videotape the deposition. Plaintiff did not communicate the intention to videotape this deposition until August 9, 2021 in an email to the Court, and even then, Defendant's counsel could not confirm the intention or any details related
WWW AG. NY. GOV.
DIVISION OF STATE COUNSEL LITIGATION BUREAU
September 13, 2021
Page 2
to the manner of such recording until the Court Conference on August 18, 2021, when the deposition in this matter was scheduled for August 20, 2021. Plaintiff did not serve Defendant with a supplemental notice. 1 Because Plaintiff did not provide sufficient notice under FRCP 30(b)(3) to the deponent that his deposition would be videotaped, the temporary protective order should not be removed, and Plaintiff should be precluded from using the video recording.
Plaintiff should not be permitted to harass, embarrass or oppress Defendant:
The Court should not permit Plaintiff to publish the video recording of Judge McGinty's deposition and should maintain the protective order over the video recording during the pendency of these proceedings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c) provides that "the court may, for good cause, issue an order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense including … forbidding the disclosure or discovery;… prescribing a discovery method other than the one selected by the party seeking discovery;… [and] requiring that a deposition be sealed and opened only on court order." Plaintiff's counsel indicated during the August 18, 2021 court conference, that the intended purpose of videotaping Judge McGinty's deposition was to publish the video recording to anyone within the Ulster County Family Court community who would have interest in viewing it. Plaintiff's intention to publish the video recording of Defendant's deposition can have no other purpose but to harass, embarrass or oppress Defendant, and influence the outcome of Plaintiff's underlying family court matter, and therefore release of this video recording should not be permitted during the pendency of this action.
Based on her motion, Plaintiff intends to make the videotape public, the only possible purpose of which can be to harass, embarrass or oppress Defendant. Plaintiff's motion relies on a public access argument; however, the caselaw that Plaintiff puts forth to support Plaintiff's position that "depositions are inherently public in nature" are not relevant to this matter, as they contemplate the use of evidence at trial. Furthermore, "there is no public right of access to materials produced during the initial stages of discovery." Terrorist Attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, 454 F. Supp.2d 220, 222 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
"Generally speaking, dissemination of pretrial discovery materials by the receiving party is not prohibited absent a protective order. Nonetheless, dissemination for non-judicial purposes is unusual and rightly so." Kent v. NY State Pub. Emples. Fedn, 2019 US Dist LEXIS 18719, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2019, No. 1:17-CV-268 (GTS/CFH) citing Am. News & Info. Servs. v Rovella, 2017 US Dist LEXIS 140059, at *6-7 (D Conn Aug. 30, 2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). "The discovery rules are a matter of legislative grace. They compel parties to divulge information for the sole purpose of assisting in the preparation and trial, or the settlement, of litigated disputes. " Am. News & Info. Servs. v Rovella, 2017 US Dist LEXIS 140059, at *6-7 (D Conn Aug. 30, 2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
1 FRCP 30(b)(3), "The party who notices the deposition must state in the notice the method for recording the testimony… With prior notice to the deponent and other parties, any party may designate another method for recording the testimony in addition to that specified in the original notice." (emphasis added)
September 13, 2021
Page 3
While Plaintiff points to this Court's decision in Kent, arguing that media attention alone is not enough to warrant a continued protective order in this matter, this Court's decision in Kent establishes why the Court should maintain the current protective order. This Court recognized in Kent that a "clearly defined and serious injury resulting from disclosure" warrants a protective order. Kent at *9. Judge McGinty is a sworn officer of the Ulster County Family Court, tasked with adjudicating family court matters which impact hundreds of families in Ulster County every year. He has already received one threat, which can be traced to the publicity raised by Plaintiff's recent disclosures to the press, requiring him to recuse himself from an Ulster Family Court matter. Permitting Plaintiff to inappropriately publish the deposition video recording could further endanger the Judge personally and threaten the judicial process.
In Kent, this Court acknowledged that a particular articulated burden, such as, for example, misuse of information for financial or commercial gain, could warrant a protective order Id. at at *10 citing Paisley Park Enter., Inc. v. Uptown Prods., 54 F. Supp.2d 347, 348 (S.D.N.Y .1999) (videotaped deposition of plaintiff, a rock artist, was permitted solely for purposes of an infringement suit, but the court prohibited publication, noting "it is readily apparent that the defendants intend to use any videotape for purposes entirely unrelated to the litigation as well as for the lawsuit itself. Rule 30(b)(2) was amended to permit videotaped depositions as a matter of routine in recognition of the fact that videotapes are a means of presenting deposition testimony to juries that is superior to readings from cold, printed records. It was not intended to be a vehicle for generating content for broadcast and other media. Hence, defendants' likely use of any videotape for purposes unrelated to the resolution of the dispute that is the subject of this lawsuit cuts in plaintiffs' [deponent's] favor.")
At the time her deposition was taken, Plaintiff had not provided notice of intention to videotape Defendant's testimony, but based on Plaintiff's testimony, the only possible use of the video recording is to publicly harass, embarrass or oppress Defendant in order to influence the outcome of her underlying family court matter. At her deposition, Plaintiff testified, in sum, that she believes she cannot get justice with Judge McGinty presiding over her ongoing family court matter. 2 Plaintiff further testified that one of her objectives in bringing this lawsuit is to nullify all the decisions by Judge McGinty in her family court case and have full custody of her daughter returned to her. Despite the fact that the only relief available to Plaintiff in this matter is prospective injunctive relief under the ADA, Plaintiff clearly intends to misuse the judicial process in this matter, including the video recording of Judge McGinty's deposition, to influence the outcome of her underlying family court matter, or otherwise harass or embarrass Defendant.
Accordingly, Defendant requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's letter motion to remove the temporary protective order in this matter, and allow that protective order to remain throughout the pendency of this litigation.
2 Defendant has not yet received Plaintiff's deposition transcript, and therefore a direct quote is unavailable at this time.
Case 1:17-cv-01280-GLS-TWD Document 126 Filed 09/13/21 Page 4 of 4
September 13, 2021 Page 4
Thank you for your consideration of this submission.
Respectfully Submitted,
s/ Kasey K. Hildonen
Kasey K. Hildonen Assistant Attorney General Bar Roll No. 520351 firstname.lastname@example.org
cc: Joshua A. Douglass, Esq. 122 US-44 P.O. Box 481 Millerton, NY 12546
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| Nº de Expediente | Fecha de Inicio de Trámite | Fecha de Emisión de Licencia | Nº de Resolución de Licencia de Habilitación Urbana | Solicitante | Tipo de reconocimiento de Identidad [RUC/DIR] | Nº de Documento [RUC/DIR] | Departamento | Provincia | Distrito | Sub Lote | Tipo Trámite | Modalidades de aprobación | Tipo de Habilitación Urbana | Modalidad de Ejecución | Clasificación de la Modalidad de Ejecución | Área Bruta del Terreno (m²) | Área útil de Lotes (m²) | Área de Vía (m²) | Área de Recreación Pública (m²) | Área para Propósito de Educación (m²) | Área para Otras Fines (m²) | Área para Equipamiento Urbano (m²) | Otras (m²) | Número Total de Lotes |
|------------------|---------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------------|-----------|---------|---------|----------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|----------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| 368210-2014 | 30/12/2014 | Sin Licencia | Resolución Nº 005-2015-MMU-GDU-SPHU, que declara improcedente por extemporanea la solicitud, y Resolución de Cercado Urbano Nº 021-2015, que declara improcedente el recurso de Apelación interpuesto contra la Resolución Nº 005-2015-MMU-GDU-SPHU | FRIONDA SAC | RUC | 20460436771 | Lima | Lima | Cercado Lima | — | — | — | Regulación de Habilitación Urbana Ejecutada | — | — | — | 2,048.08 m² | 2,048.08 m² | 63.92 m² | — | — | 40.96 m² | — | 163.84 m² | Lote Único |
| 168226-2015 | 24/07/2015 | Sin Licencia | Se concorda con Oficio Nº 780-2015-MMU-GDU-SPHU | CORPORACION INMOBILIARIA SUDAMERICANA S.A.C. | RUC | 32050503001 | Lima | Lima | Cercado Lima | — | — | — | Regulación de Habilitación Urbana Ejecutada | — | — | — | 2,767.57 m² | 2,767.57 m² | 0 | 442.81 m² | 55.35 m² | 110.79 m² | — | 55.35 m² | Lote Único |
| 46040-2015 | 12/03/2015 | Sin Licencia | Resolución Nº 96-2015-MMU-GDU-SPHU, que declara improcedente la solicitud | MG METALURGICA S.A.C. | RUC | Lima | Lima | Cercado Lima | — | — | — | Regulación de Habilitación Urbana Ejecutada | — | — | — | 2,112.00 m² | 2,048.08 m² | 63.92 m² | — | — | 40.96 m² | 0 | 163.84 m² | Lote Único |
Nota: El presente listado incluye ingreso de solicitudes de Habilitación Urbana Nueva, en el Cercado de Lima; durante el periodo del 01 de enero al 31 de diciembre del 2015.
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The Gospel of Luke
Lesson 33
As Jesus continues His journey to Jerusalem, a wealthy young leader, intending to justify himself, asks Jesus what to do to inherit eternal life. He is clearly thinking that he had done enough good, observing the requirements of the law, to merit God's acceptance. Jesus, knowing the young man's heart, puts His finger on the what is most important to him— his great wealth.
When Jesus asks him to give away his money and follow Him, the man becomes very sad. Jesus looks at him and says, "How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God" (Luke 18:24). Those who are rich tend to depend upon their wealth and achievements rather than upon Jesus, who is "…the way, the truth and the life." No one comes to the Father apart from Jesus (John 14:6). Peter later declares that "…there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved."
Continuing toward Jerusalem, Jesus takes His disciples aside once more to explain that He will be handed over to the Gentiles to be mocked, tortured and killed. The disciples understood none of this.
As they approach Jericho, a blind man cries out "Jesus, Son of David, have mercy upon me." Although being told to be quiet and not to bother Jesus, the blind man calls even louder, "Jesus, Son of David, have mercy upon me." Jesus asks the blind man what he wants Him to do for him. Hearing the man's request to see, Jesus says, "Receive your sight, your faith has healed you." The blind man receives sight and begins praising God as he follows Jesus.
It is notable that the blind man "saw" Jesus and recognized Him not only as the Son of David but also as One who had power to heal. He also correctly "saw" that Jesus was the Son of God in the flesh, worthy of praise and worthy to follow.
As you begin your study, ask God's Spirit to enable you to see Jesus for who He is and what He has done on your behalf.
Zacchaeus the Tax Collector
1. Read Luke 19:1-10.
A. Referring to Luke 18:18-27, compare and contrast the wealthy ruler with Zacchaeus. Note how each was similar or different to one another in the following ways:
Ruler
Zacchaeus
(1) Rich
(2) Had heard of Jesus
(3) Inwardly self-righteous
(4) Inwardly humble and curious
(5) Teachable
(6) Became aware of his sin
(7) Heard Jesus with Understanding
(8) Responded with repentance
(9) Rejected Jesus
(10) Publicly made restitution
(11) Found salvation in Jesus
(12) Went away sad
(13) Rejoiced in Jesus' presence
(14) Proved that all things are Possible with God
B. Refer to Numbers 5:5-7.
(1) When a person wrongs another, to whom is he being unfaithful? Who is hurt?
(2) According to the Numbers passage, that person is _________________ and must confess ________________.
(3) Furthermore, he must make __________________________.
C. From Luke 19:8, how did Zacchaeus not only meet but also exceed the requirements of the law?
D. From Luke 19:9-10, Romans 3:19-20 and Galatians 2:15-16:
(1) Upon what basis did salvation come to Zacchaeus and his house? Please explain.
(2) From the above passages and Isaiah 64:6-7, why can our "good works" and attempts to keep the law never merit justification?
(3) From Joel 2:32a, Acts 3:19-20 and 4:8-12, and Romans 10:11-13, how can anyone be saved?
E. From your own life, are there any illustrations of your making restitution that ended up being a blessing to you or others because of your salvation by Jesus? Please explain.
F. What lessons of encouragement and warning have you learned from the encounters of the rich man and Zacchaeus with Jesus? How might you apply these lessons today?
E. From your own life, are there any illustrations of your making restitution that ended up being a blessing to you or others because of your salvation by Jesus? Please explain.
F. What lessons of encouragement and warning have you learned from the encounters of the rich man and Zacchaeus with Jesus? How might you apply these lessons today?
The Parable of the Ten Minas
2. Read Luke 19:11-27.
A. From verse 11, why did Jesus tell the people this parable?
B. According to Luke 24:15-27 and 44-49, what events and work needed to be accomplished before the kingdom of God could come in glory?
C. From the above verses and your knowledge of Scripture, in what sense has the kingdom of God already come? In what sense has the kingdom of God yet to appear in fullness and glory?
D. From Luke 19:12, who is the "man of noble birth"?
E. From Luke 19:13, who are the "servants"?
F. What does the nobleman give the servants?
G. How much was a mina worth?
H. On whose behalf were the servants to invest the money?
I. Refer to Matthew 7:12 and Luke 6:31. If money is a metaphor for the talents, gifts and abilities God has given us, how should we employ them? To whom should we dedicate them? For whose glory are we to use them? For whose blessing are they?
J. From Luke 19:14, what attitude do the servants have toward the man of noble birth?
K. From Luke 19:15-27:
(1) Comment upon the following for each of the three servants in the story: attitude, effort, result, reward/judgment, nobleman's evaluation.
First Servant
Second Servant
Third Servant
(2) From Luke 19:26-27, what is the very sobering judgment for the servant who failed to use his gifts? What is the result for the enemies of the nobleman who did not want him to be their king? How might you apply lessons from this parable to your own life?
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Introduction to Mathematical Statistics II
STAT 4202
Course Information
* Instructor: Prof. Yunzhang Zhu 425 Cockins Hall email@example.com
* Teaching assistants:
Fangyi Wang, Email: firstname.lastname@example.org, Tutoring hours: Wednesday 12:40pm-1:35pm (Cockins Hall 122) and 4:10pm - 5:05pm (online via Zoom) Pin Hsun Mao, Email: email@example.com, Tutoring hours: Monday 3:00pm to 3:55pm (Cockins Hall 122)
* Prerequisites: C- or better in 4201, Math 4530, or 5530H, or permission of instructor. Not open to students with credit for 3202, 6201, 6302, or 6802.
* Lecture Time: 3:00 P.M. - 3:55 P.M., M,W,F, University Hall – Room: 014. The instruction mode for this course will be in-person (see https://teaching.resources. osu.edu/StudentInstructionalModes). So please expect to attend most classes in person.
* Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 11:00 A.M. - 11:55 A.M. and by appointment (via email). My office is located at Cockins Hall 425.
* Recitations: It is required to sign up for a lab/recitation session. The TAs will help you review important concepts and do practice problems in these sessions. Quizzes will also be regularly given during the recitations. Homework assignments should be turned in at the beginning of the recitation session.
* Course website: Most course material will be available on Canvas https://carmen.osu. edu/. Please check it regularly for class announcements and class material.
Course textbook
* John E. Freund's Mathematical Statistics with Applications (8th edition) by Irwin Miller and Marylees Miller (reserved at OSU library, available at Amazon)
* The textbook and/or courseware for this course is being provided via CarmenBooks. Through CarmenBooks, students obtain publisher materials electronically through CarmenCanvas, saving them up to 80% per title. The fee for this material is included as part of tuition and is listed as CarmenBooks fee on your Statement of Account. In addition to cost-savings, materials provided through CarmenBooks are available immediately on or before the first day of class. You can access this eBook through the CarmenBooks reader link in the course navigation.
Course Description
This course is the second part in a series of two courses (STAT4201-STAT4202), which cover the fundamentals of mathematical statistics and statistical inference. STAT 4202 focuses on point and interval estimation, statistical tests, and regression, with rigorous mathematical treatments and various applications. A list of tentative topics is given below.
* Chapter 10: Point Estimation (3 weeks)
* Chapter 11: Interval Estimation (2 weeks)
* Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing (2 weeks)
* Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing Involving Means, Variances, and Proportions (3 weeks)
* Chapter 14: Regression and Correlation (2 weeks)
* Chapter 15: ANOVA (1 week)
* Chapter 16 Nonparametric Tests (1 week)
* Chapter 9 Decision Theory (1 week)
Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students should successfully be able to:
* Calculate and evaluate point estimators.
* Formulate, construct and interpret confidence intervals about parameters in a statistical model.
* Formulate statistical hypotheses, construct appropriate hypotheses tests and interpret results.
* Formulate linear regression models, fit these models and interpret the results.
* Formulate one-way ANOVA models, fit these models and interpret the results.
Homework & Quiz
Homework assignments will be posted on the course website. There will be 8 − 10 homework assignments, each containing about 10 problems. Each homework will have some problems graded for accuracy and some graded for completion. You are encouraged to discuss homework problems with other students. There will be 5 − 7 quizzes, each containing 1 or 2 problems. The grades of the first quiz (quiz 0) will not be counted toward to their final grades. All quizzes will be close-book/close-notes. You may bring a calculator, but cheat sheet is not allowed for quizzes. The quiz problem(s) will be similar to homework problems. For most weeks, there will be a quiz and/or a homework assignment due in recitation. Your lowest homework and quiz score will be dropped at the end of the semester, so late homework will NOT be accepted and NO makeup quizzes will be given.
Exams
All exams will be closed-book. Statistical tables will be provided as needed. Calculators may be used on the exams, but the calculators on cell phones, PDAs, or any other communication device are NOT allowed. You may use one 8.5 x 11 inch sheet of paper (both sides, handwritten), with whatever facts, formulas, or explanations you find helpful for both Midterms, and you may bring two such sheets for the final exam.
There will be NO makeup exams. The only excuses for missing an exam are a serious illness requiring hospitalization or a major family crisis. Proof must be provided in the form of an official document. A note from a family member alone is not sufficient.
You have until one week after receiving your grades on the exams to dispute the grade; the same applies to any homework/quiz grade. After that no grade will be changed for any reason. Note that when asking for a question to be re-graded, the entire assignment/exam may be re-graded. So please be aware that you may run the risk of losing more points than you gain back.
Important note: To receive full credit on homework, quizzes and exams, you need to show your justifications for all work. Answers without work will receive only partial credit.
The final exam will be cumulative, but will emphasize more on the recent material. The two midterm exams will be in the regular lecture room University Hall - Room: 014; and the location of the final exam will be posted later according to the university arrangement. The exams are TENTATIVELY scheduled for:
The dates for the exams are tentative and I reserve the right to change the dates; at least one week of notice will be provided in case of a change.
Evaluation
Your final grade for this course will be determined by your performance on homework, quizzes, the midterm, and the final exam. The weights for each are as follows:
Questions about homework and quiz grading should be directed to a teaching assistant first. Exam grading questions should be directed to the instructor.
GE Course Information
This course satisfies the General Education foundation requirement in Mathematical and Quantitative Reasoning or Data Analysis which has the following goals and expected learning outcomes:
Goals: Successful students will be able to apply quantitative or logical reasoning and/or mathematical/ statistical methods to understand and solve problems and will be able to communicate their results.
Expected Learning Outcomes (ELOs): Successful students are able to:
* Use logical, mathematical and/or statistical concepts and methods to represent real-world situations.
* Use diverse logical, mathematical and/or statistical approaches, technologies and tools to communicate about data symbolically, visually, numerically and verbally.
* Draw appropriate inferences from data based on quantitative analysis and/or logical reasoning.
* Make and evaluate important assumptions in estimation, modeling, logical argumentation and/or data analysis.
* Evaluate social and ethical implications in mathematical and quantitative reasoning.
This course also satisfies the Legacy General Education requirement in Data Analysis. which has the following goals and expected learning outcomes:
Goals: Students develop skills in drawing conclusions and critically evaluating results based on data.
Expected Learning Outcomes:
* Students understand basic concepts of statistics and probability.
* Students comprehend methods needed to analyze and critically evaluate statistical arguments.
* Students recognize the importance of statistical ideas.
Other comments
* E-mail correspondence: In order to protect your privacy, all course e-mail correspondence must be made through a valid OSU name.nn account. Please make sure to include "STAT 4202" in the subject line. In addition, I may not respond to questions which can be answered by looking at the syllabus or Carmen, and/or were announced in class. Please allow up to 48 hours for responses to other inquiries made via email.
* Group tutoring: The Mathematics and Statistics Learning Center provides group tutoring. More information can be found at https://mslc.osu.edu/tutoring/statistics-shared-off
* Attendance: While I will not be taking attendance, you are expected to attend every class session. If you miss class then it is your responsibility to get any and all material covered from a classmate. Arriving late or leaving early is distracting to you, your classmates, and me and will not be tolerated.
* Calculators: Please note that at no time will you be permitted to share a calculator with another student, use a calculator with a CAS, or use any internet enabled device (e.g., a cell phone) as a calculator.
* Electronic devices: Use of communication devices and technology for activities other than class work disrupt the learning process for you and others in the class and will not be tolerated. Cell phones and other electronic devices should be turned off or silenced during class.
* Recording of Class: Audio, video, and photographic recording of class content (e.g., lectures) is strictly prohibited without written authorization from the instructor. The transmission or dissemination of all course content onto public, commercial, or social media sites is strictly prohibited.
Academic Integrity
Although students are encouraged to work together on homework assignments, each student must submit their own written work in his or her own words. Academic misconduct will not be tolerated and will be dealt with procedurally in accordance with University Rule (http: //oaa.osu.edu/procedures).
It is the responsibility of the Committee on Academic Misconduct to investigate or establish procedures for the investigation of all reported cases of student academic misconduct. The term "academic misconduct" includes all forms of student academic misconduct wherever committed; illustrated by, but not limited to, cases of plagiarism and dishonest practices in connection with examinations. Instructors shall report all instances of alleged academic misconduct to the committee (Faculty Rule 3335-5-487). For additional information, see the Code of Student Conduct (http://studentlife.osu.edu/csc/).
Disability Statement
The university strives to maintain a healthy and accessible environment to support student learning in and out of the classroom. If you anticipate or experience academic barriers based
on your disability (including mental health, chronic, or temporary medical conditions), please let me know immediately so that we can privately discuss options. To establish reasonable accommodations, I may request that you register with Student Life Disability Services. After registration, make arrangements with me as soon as possible to discuss your accommodations so that they may be implemented in a timely fashion. The Office of Student Life Disability Services is located in 098 Baker Hall, 113 W. 12th Avenue; telephone 614-292-3307; email: firstname.lastname@example.org.
If you are isolating while waiting for a COVID-19 test result, please let me know immediately. Those testing positive for COVID-19 should refer to the Safe and Healthy Buckeyes site for resources. Beyond five days of the required COVID-19 isolation period, I may rely on Student Life Disability Services to establish further reasonable accommodations. You can connect with them at email@example.com; 614-292-3307; or slds.osu.edu.
Religious Accommodation Statement
It is Ohio State's policy to reasonably accommodate the sincerely held religious beliefs and practices of all students. The policy permits a student to be absent for up to three days each academic semester for reasons of faith or religious or spiritual belief.
Students planning to use religious beliefs or practices accommodations for course requirements must inform the instructor in writing no later than 14 days after the course begins. The instructor is then responsible for scheduling an alternative time and date for the course requirement, which may be before or after the original time and date of the course requirement. These alternative accommodations will remain confidential. It is the student's responsibility to ensure that all course assignments are completed.
Statement on title IX
Title IX makes it clear that violence and harassment based on sex and gender are Civil Rights offenses subject to the same kinds of accountability and the same kinds of support applied to offenses against other protected categories (e.g., race). If you or someone you know has been sexually harassed or assaulted, you may find the appropriate resources at http://titleix.osu.edu or by contacting the Ohio State Title IX Coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Disclaimer
Except for changes that substantially affect implementation of the evaluation (grading) statement, this syllabus is a guide for the course and is subject to change with advanced notice.
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CONTENTS
Basic information about the college
Part A: Summary
Information about the college
How effective is the college?
How well is the college led and managed?
To what extent is the college educationally and socially inclusive?
How well are students and trainees guided and supported?
Students' view of the college
Other information
Part B: The college as a whole
Scope of provision
Achievement and standards
Quality of teaching, training and learning
Leadership and management
Basic information about the college
Orchard Hill College
Name of college:
Orchard Hill College
Type of college:
Day, independent, specialist
Principal:
Caroline Allen
The Old Town Hall
Woodcote Road
Wallington
Surrey
Address of college:
SM6 0NB
Telephone number:
020 8254 7820
Fax number:
020 8254 9800
Chair of governors:
Mrs Mavis Peart OBE
Reference number*:
Name of reporting inspector:
Charlie Henry HMI
Dates of inspection:
20 - 24 June 2005
*charity or registered business number of the company running the college
Part A: Summary
Information about the college
Orchard Hill College is a non-residential national specialist college that provides full time and part time education for adults with severe/profound and complex learning difficulties and/or disabilities. Many learners communicate using a range of strategies, both verbal and non-verbal, including the use of alternative and augmentative communication. Some students have additional support needs in relation to their emotional or behavioural challenges. The college also provides education for students requiring specialist support due to their visual or hearing impairments, as well as those with mental health issues. Speech and language therapy, physiotherapy and music therapy are important parts of the curriculum for many of the students.
The college has recently moved from its original base at Orchard Hill in Carshalton where it catered for the further education needs of long stay residents. The College is now situated in Wallington, still within the London Borough of Sutton. The new central location of the College provides students with many opportunities to be part of the local community. In response to growing demand, courses also take place at the Orchard Hill site and at a range of community venues, including students' homes.
The full-time Building Skills for Independence course is designed for school leavers and young adults with learning difficulties and/or disabilities who need a significant level of support within a college environment. It is aimed at those who wish to make a transition from school to adult life, continue a programme of general education and basic skills, increase their independence and develop their autonomy, self confidence and self reliance.
The College also offers a wide range of part time courses, the contents of which are built around the
individual needs of the learners.
Students attend College from surrounding London boroughs and from Surrey. Currently the College receives National Specialist College funding from the LSC for eleven of the 32 students who attend the full time Building Skills for Independence course. The remaining 21 are currently funded by the LSC FE funding stream through a franchise arrangement with a local sector College, apart from one learner who is directly funded by Croydon LEA.
Part time students have various funding streams including the same LSC FE route, funding via adult and community learning (ACL) and some by direct payments.
There are equal numbers of male and female students in the college. Of the total eleven students funded directly by the LSC almost two thirds are female. Almost a third of all students, including about a half of the LSC funded students, are from minority ethnic backgrounds.
How effective is the college?
Orchard Hill College makes satisfactory provision for its students. Teaching and learning are good overall. Students make good progress in their personal and social skills and become more confident. Progress and achievement in communication are satisfactory. The college makes effective use of its position in the community and partnerships with others to promote equality of opportunity for its students. The college's key strengths and areas that should be improved are listed below.
The college's key strengths and areas that should be improved are listed below.
Key strengths
o good personal and social development
* very good personal support
* very good team work
* good monitoring and recording of progress
* effective promotion of the dignity and equality of students
* very good leadership by the principal
What should be improved
o the use of signing and voice output and other communication aids
o provision of speech and language therapy and physiotherapy
o implementation of procedures for safeguarding children and vulnerable adults.
Further aspects of provision requiring improvement are identified in the sections on individual subjects and courses in the full report.
How well is the college led and managed?
Leadership and management are good. The principal provides very good leadership. There is effective strategic planning and formal arrangements to manage the provision work well. The staff work very well together to meet effectively the changing needs of students. The move of the college to its new site has been managed very effectively. Through its thorough self-review and quality assurance processes the college knows what it does well and understands where it can improve. All staff are involved in the procedures and the consequent report is evaluative. Orchard Hill College has committed and hard working governors. Recently acquired statutory responsibilities are not yet fulfilled. Financial management is good and, overall, the college provides the provision defined within the LSC individual learner schedules. The college provides good value for money.
To what extent is the college educationally and socially inclusive?
The college's response to social inclusion is very good; it is good for education inclusion. All of the students have profound or severe and complex learning difficulties. Most have additional communication, physical or sensory disabilities or mental health difficulties. The number of students from minority ethnic backgrounds reflects the proportion within the local community. A new fully adapted college was recently completed providing high quality accommodation to meet the increasingly complex needs of the students. The philosophy of the college with the student at its heart permeates the work of all staff. Students are encouraged to make choices; they are respected and appear happy. The college actively promotes an understanding of all aspects of disability within the community. It fulfils its legislative responsibilities regarding equality of opportunity and diversity. Provision for personal and social development is good; the development of communication skills is satisfactory. There is no provision for key skills as this is not appropriate to the needs of the students.
How well are students and trainees guided and supported?
Support and guidance for students are satisfactory. Personal support for students is very good and focuses on meeting individual needs and supporting students to make choices. Well-planned nursing support is effective at meeting students' personal health and dietary needs. Good communication with parents and carers is maintained through reviews and the college-home diary. Partnership links with the local Connexions service, and other specialist agencies are satisfactory, and are being used to enhance students' preparation for transition from the college. Transition arrangements are satisfactory overall. The implementation of procedures for safeguarding children and protecting vulnerable adults is slow. The college has recently developed policies and procedures for these areas but they are not yet implemented. There is insufficient provision of specialist speech and language and physiotherapy support. Recent arrangements have been made for a speech and language therapist to assess students, to identify their individual support needs and to provide some introductory training for staff. However, these have not yet been fully implemented and staff have not received appropriate training in the use of alternative and augmentative communication methods to enable them to fully support students' communication needs.
Students' view of the college
Students' views about the college were taken into account and a summary of their main comments is presented below:-
What students like about the college
o staff are kind
o painting
o computer work
o swimming
o going to the shops
o playing music.
What they feel could be improved
o students did not identify any aspects of the college they did not like.
Other information
The college inspection report will normally be published 12 working weeks after the inspection. Once published, the college has two months in which to prepare its post inspection action plan and submit it to the local Learning and Skills Council (LSC). The college's action plan must show what action the college will take to bring about improvements in response to issues raised in the report. The governors should agree it before it is submitted to the local LSC. The local LSC should send to Ofsted only action plans from colleges that have been judged inadequate or have been awarded a grade 4 or 5 for curriculum provision, work-based learning and/or leadership and management.
Part B: The college as a whole
Scope of provision
1. All of the eleven LSC-funded students are following three-year individual programmes in communication, social and personal development and independent living skills. Ten of the students are in their first year; the other student is in the second year. All students have severe and complex or profound learning difficulties; many have additional difficulties relating to physical or sensory disabilities, autistic spectrum disorders or mental health difficulties. Curriculum activities include communication, literacy and numeracy, community studies, physical education, creative and cultural studies, information and communication technology and practical living skills. When in their third year, students undertake work experience within the college or within the local community. All students also use community facilities and amenities both for the development of independence skills and for their social and personal development.
Achievement and standards
2. Students make good progress in developing personal and social skills. They make particularly good progress in improving their confidence. For example, in making choices, such as who to pass the ball to next in a games session. Another student shows his increased confidence by being less anxious about being in a room with others and, therefore, leaves the room less frequently. Attention and motivation also increase significantly for most students so that they are happy to spend more time on an activity. They improve their ability to work co-operatively with teachers and assistants and in small groups with other students. One student showed good social development in a music and drama session through the effective use of intensive interaction. The student was required to copy the actions of his member of staff, such as to touch his head; he was then able to lead this activity with the assistant copying from his lead.
3. Students make satisfactory progress in their communication skills. They increase their understanding of pictures and symbols, for example, to understand what they are going to do next or to select the ingredients for a recipe. Many also increase their use of objects of reference, where particular objects are associated to specific activities, for example, a rucksack that contains their spare clothes as the object to indicate they want to go to the toilet. A few students improve their writing, especially their name. A few have also increased their recognition of important signs when they are shopping. Similarly, a few students demonstrate they can count small numbers of items, for example, with items of fruit and vegetables or when scoring in skittles sessions, and can select the correct number card.
4. Progress is good with respect to students' previous attainments. The detailed cumulative summaries of achievements demonstrate how skills are continually built upon. For example, one student has become increasingly independent in her wheelchair and can now undertake simple errands, such as to escort visitors to the principal's office.
5. Retention rates are excellent, in line with similar independent specialist colleges. Since funding by the LSC is relatively recent there have not been any students who have left the provision and for whom destination information is available. Attendance and punctuality during the inspection were also excellent.
Quality of teaching, training and learning
6. The quality of teaching and learning is good. Almost two thirds of lessons observed were good; no lessons were unsatisfactory. A wide range of interesting activities are planned that hold students' interests and increase their attention. There is also sufficient flexibility to alter these plans if necessary, for example, due to behavioural changes for one student that have resulted from medication. The pace of lessons is brisk and ensures that students remain focused on the activities without losing interest. Occasionally a few students are not fully involved in lessons, either because the planned activity requires more staff than are present or because students have to wait for their turn in a group activity.
7. Staff use detailed knowledge and understanding of their students' needs well. They skilfully use this understanding to improve behaviour. Staff negotiate with their students rather than attempt to insist on their compliance. This results in successful participation in activities. A strength of the college is the way that staff work together as a team and they readily provide assistance whenever it is required. While each member of staff has specific students to work with they also have very good awareness of the needs of other students within the group.
8. All staff show very high respect for their students' individual needs and consistently promote their adult status. For example, in the activities they plan for learning and the resources they use, such as the wide range of music that supports work in many lessons. Staff routinely offer choices to students. In an art activity a teaching assistant and student were working together successfully to make a
collage. The member of staff asked if the student wished to stop for a break; the student replied that he wanted to continue with the activity and asked for the break later in the session.
9. Teachers and assistants use a range of resources to improve students' communication including objects of reference and pictures. In some lessons teachers and assistants use signing to help students understand what is being said, and encourage them to respond with signs that they know. However, in many lessons signing is not used sufficiently. For example, on a number of occasions members of staff asked students to sit down to take part in an activity. These requests were more frequently followed when accompanied by signing. Similarly, voice output and other communication aids were not used consistently in many lessons. In one lesson a set of simple communication aids that had pictures of each student were used effectively to encourage choice about who should have the next turn in a game of skittles.
10. There is a good match of the numbers of teachers and teaching assistants to meet the needs of the students. Almost all teachers are qualified, with a very small number currently undergoing training. Staff expertise is developed well through a broad range of professional development opportunities, which are identified through performance management and the college-wide self assessment.
11. The range and use of learning resources are also good. Many new resources were bought at the time of the move of the college to its new site. Information and communication technology resources are used effectively. For example, digital cameras record students' involvement in activities and the images are used for discussion about target setting and for demonstrating progress. Good use is also made of the interactive white boards. New equipment needs are routinely identified and purchased to meet the specific requirements of students. In addition, staff successfully develop their own resources to meet individual needs. A simple yet highly successful teacher-made resource was used in a games activity session. The teacher suspended a large, empty plastic water container from the ceiling directly above a set of skittles. This enabled students who have limited movement consistently to knock over the skittles. Risk assessments are good. There is careful consideration about potential risks in each activity, such as using the hydrotherapy pools, and how these relate to individual students' learning difficulties and/or disabilities.
12. The college accommodation is of high quality. The recent move of site has enabled the college to become a more prominent feature in the centre of the local community. This position is supported by the adult and community learning centre that is due to open on the same site at the beginning of the next term. All classrooms are bright and appealing learning environments; most rooms are spacious. In addition, there are specialist facilities, for example, for food preparation, with suitably adapted facilities for students who are wheelchair users or have other physical difficulties.
13. Monitoring and recording of progress is good overall. Staff have a very clear focus on the assessment of individual student's needs as a basis for planning. This includes their likes and dislikes, and areas for development. In addition, there is very good evaluation and recording of each student's progress towards achieving their personal targets. There is also a record of any significant changes in individual students' lives and any effect these have on their progress and behaviour. At the end of each day staff have a detailed discussion about how well each student has worked and how they might be helped to achieve more. This ongoing assessment provides information for the twice-yearly reviews and an annual summative record of progress and achievement. It also enable the college to build a year-on-year overall picture of progress.
14. Initial assessment is satisfactory but it is not routinely informed by specialist assessment such as speech and language therapy. Initial assessment involves the collection of information prior to the students' start at the college during a visit to their school. This form has recently been modified to include improved collection of information on therapy needs. More detailed initial assessment takes place over the first half-term at the college and includes assessment against the college's core curricular skills. This results in a satisfactory individual learning plan and individual objectives. There is satisfactory development of `moving-on' passports to record progress and experience. This is a summative record of each student's interests, communication needs, achievements and other specific support needs recorded during their time at the college. Since funding by the LSC is relatively recent, the eleven students have not yet been involved in using their own `moving-on'
passports as part of transition planning. The quality of individual student objectives varies. Some individual objectives in the cumulative record of progress are clear and measurable and are built upon to support further progress. In other instances, curriculum objectives are too broad and are not sufficiently specific or measurable. For example, one objective was to watch a task for longer. Another was for the student `to use language to support how he shows how he likes something'.
15. The curriculum is flexible and is well-structured with a good range of options to support the development of individual skills. Student programmes are individualised and are modified in response to the changing needs of individual students' identified through observation. For example, one student who was observed to like music had their programme modified to include music therapy. Good use is made of community facilities. Examples include the use of a college-devised nutritional guide for healthy eating based on food in a local supermarket, and the running of a local church coffee morning to support the development of social interaction and communication skills. Each of the three years of the curriculum is designed to prepare students for the next stage. Year one involves the development of foundation skills in literacy, numeracy and communication, personal and social development as well as community studies, practical living skills, physical education, creative and cultural studies and information and learning technology. There is a range of activities within each foundation area to meet individual needs. Year two involves a focus on developing individual vocational options and choices. Year three focuses on developing skills in preparation for transition.
16. The college has clear arrangements for carefully chosen external work placements for students, including gardening, work in local church coffee shops, and in the local library. Work experience is provided within the college for those students not yet ready for an external placement. Examples include gardening or helping the college's housekeeper. College staff work supportively with students to identify and prepare them for their preferred placement. The LSC-funded students have not yet reached this stage of their time in college. Recognition of achievements is through internally awarded certificates, the display of student photographs around the college and ongoing positive feedback.
17. Support and guidance for students are satisfactory. Personal support for students is very good and focuses on meeting individual needs and supporting students to identify and communicate their choices. Curriculum staff work well in teams to identify and support students' individual needs. Wellplanned nursing support is effective at meeting students' personal health and dietary needs. Good support for six students with visual impairment has been provided through detailed assessment and guidance by the Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB). This guidance has been implemented. The induction of students into the college is satisfactory and includes an initial visit and some preliminary links. Satisfactory information and advice is given to students and to parents and carers at the initial visit. Good communication with parents and carers is maintained through reviews and the college-home diary. The college-home diary includes feedback on students' daily activities and achievements as well as general information and communication on health, medical and behavioural issues. Partnership links with the local Connexions service and other specialist agencies are satisfactory and are being further developed. These links are used to prepare the students for transition from the college. Transition arrangements are satisfactory overall. However, the LSCfunded students have not yet reached the stage of preparing for transition.
18. The implementation of procedures for safeguarding children and protecting vulnerable adults is slow. The college has recently developed policies and procedures for these areas but they are not yet implemented. Staff have not had any training and are unclear who to contact in case of any concerns. The nominated child and vulnerable adult protection manager has not yet received training although this is planned. The policies are reviewed every two years. There is insufficient provision of specialist speech and language and physiotherapy support. Recent arrangements have been made for a speech and language therapist to assess students, to identify their individual support needs and to provide some introductory training for staff. However, these have not yet been fully implemented and staff have not received appropriate training in the use of alternative and augmentative communication methods to enable them to fully support students' communication needs. The college anticipates it will employ a speech and language therapist in the very near future. In addition, three part-time agency physiotherapists have been appointed recently to provide support while the college makes a permanent appointment.
Leadership and management
19. Leadership and management are good. The principal provides very good leadership for the dayto-day life of the college and is an outstanding advocate for the students within the community. The college has recently transferred locations. This complex transition for the people and the organisation has been managed very effectively. Governors and college staff have contributed effectively to the evolution of the college's ethos and their work consistently dignifies students and respects their independence. There is effective strategic planning and decision making. Governors are actively involved and help to determine college policy and strategy. They meet regularly to monitor and evaluate the direction, development and progress the college is making. College staff are very enthusiastic about their work and feel valued and well managed. Day-to-day management of the provision works well.
20. The self-assessment report is clear and rigorous. It provides a very good basis for planning the development and improvement of the college. The self-assessment joins strategy and operational matters into a coherent framework, presenting a comprehensive picture of college priorities and progress towards meeting them. All staff and governors are involved in its construction through the annual college development planning day. Weaknesses are picked up through the annual development plan and action taken is monitored. However, while the college has recognised through its self assessment that both the use of communication aids and the provision of specialist support therapies is unsatisfactory there has been insufficiently swift attention to addressing the problem.
21. Quality assurance procedures promote improvement and are well understood and appreciated by staff. A whole range of college work is subject to regular monitoring by managers and those responsible are given good quality feedback. For example, support for staff is differentiated providing effective formal and informal structures. A recent individual education plan review sampled documents and gave constructive and detailed guidance for improvement. Communication systems between staff and managers work well and help staff to do a good job with students.
22. The staff have formal opportunities to discuss their work with managers and well regarded regular staff meetings to share problems and discuss solutions. Performance management is linked to lesson observations. These observations have recorded outcomes that address characteristics of effective teaching well but are weaker on considering how well students are learning. External observers from Carshalton College effectively support the lesson observation systems adding rigour to the internal process. The outcomes of observations are constructively fed back to staff who appreciate the positive approach to improvement. Where weaknesses recur additional focused training is provided.
23. The college has developed a wide range of external links to develop further the opportunities for students and raise student achievements. Partners working with the college include Sutton LEA, general further education colleges, the Sutton College of Learning for Adults, local churches, the local library, Sutton post -14 partnership and local resident associations.
24. The racial equality policy has recently been updated and takes into account the requirements of the Race Relations (Amendment) Act (2000). Governors do not monitor the impact of this policy with sufficient rigour. The college has only recently taken students under the age of 19 but is slow in implementing the legislative requirements for safeguarding children and vulnerable adults. Governors do not yet monitor the implementation of this legislation with sufficient rigour. Policies relating to the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (2001) (SENDA) have recently been reviewed and take full account of this legislation.
25. The provision of support and training is under constant review and recent and substantial improvement to accommodation has been made possible by energetic and innovative approaches to raising funds. Individual learner schedules are regularly reviewed to ensure that the students receive
the support they need and the contracts with the local LSC are met. The fulfilment of these requirements is confirmed by the inspection. Resources are effectively deployed. Financial management is good. Orchard Hill College provides good value for money.
© Crown copyright 2005. This report may be reproduced in whole or in part for non-commercial educational purposes, provided that the information quoted is reproduced verbatim without adaptation, and the source and date of publication are stated.
Inspection reports are available on the Ofsted website (www.ofsted.gov.uk).
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Comoros Island
CITIZENSHIP By INVESTMENT PROGRAM
www.prandcitizenship.com
ABOUT COMOROS ISLAND
The official name of the country is the Union of the Comoros. It is a sovereign island nation in the Indian Ocean located around Mozambique and Madagascar. Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. The population is estimated at more than 800,000. The Union of the Comoros has three official languages, Comorian, Arabic and French – though French is the sole official language on Mayotte.
The country consists of the four major islands in the volcanic Comoros archipelago: Grande Comore, Mohéli, Anjouan, and Mayotte. The Comoros is the only state to be a member of the African Union, Francophone, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Arab League, and the Indian Ocean Commission
Mahandru Associates is one of the most reputable and authorized institution in the MENA region in regards to Comoros Island Citizenship by investment Program with a great record of success in previous applications of multiple high net worth individuals from different backgrounds. We proud ourselves in being one of the few institutions authorized by the respective authorities in assisting applicants through the investment program while providing the most competitive price.
LEGAL BASIS
The Comoros economic citizenship program was established in 2001 in accordance with the Union of Comoros Constitution. The Program is regulated by the Law on Economic Citizenship as of 27 November 2008. The last significant amendments to the citizenship by investment scheme were made in 2013. The authority responsible for processing citizenship applications is the National Independent Committee. Citizenship is granted solely by decree of the President of the Republic.
GENERAL REQUIREMENT
Main applicants must comply with:
Be at least 18 years old.
Pass strict due diligence checks in regards to past criminal records and source of funds.
Be able to provide personal, business and banker's reference letters.
All identity documents attested and notarized (Passport, Residency Visa, Birth certificate, Marriage Certificate, National ID, Education credentials, Business Registration Records, Employment Contracts)
N.B the following nationalities are restricted from applying for program
Afghans French (i.e. citizens of the French Republic) Russians, Any nationality with the valid UAE resident visa in his passport, nationals of Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, Yemen.
INVESTMENT OPTIONS
DONATION TO A GOVERNMENT FUND:
Members
| Required Contribution (Donation) | Due diligence fees | Processing fees |
|---|---|---|
| $ 45,000 | - | - |
| $ 65,000 | - | - |
| $ 65,000 + $ 10,000 (child > 18 years) + $ 20,000 (child < 18 years) | - | - |
SERVICE AGREEMENT
The client signs a service agreement with Mahandru Associates Dubai for the complete set of services provided.
Initial payment of the program will be credited ( 20% of the total program fees)
Welcome kit will be released
PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTS
Details of current investment and employment record will be collected
All other essential documents will be prepared
Finger prints and specimen signatures will be collected
DUE DILIGENCE AND VERIFICATION
The government will acknowledge that they have received a complete application
The global security and monetary checks will be done on the applicant
Additional documentation will be requested on case to case basis - if required
APPROVAL ON PRINCIPLE
The government will give the go ahead for the investment after a positive result
The client will do the respective donation/ investment immediately
The funds will remain in a government escrow up until a passport is received
APPROVAL AND COLLECTION
Passport and citizenship documents will be released from the government
Final payment of the program will be credited
Passport and citizenship certificates will be collected by the applicant
COMOROS ISLAND CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT :
PROGRAM: ADVANTAGES
Visa - free access to 40 countries (Singapore I South Korea)
Tax amenities and attractive banking options
Lowest Capital Requirement compared to all others citizenship programs
The most affordable citizenship–by–investment Program worldwide
Citizenship may be passed down to future generations without restriction.
Fast and efficient application process of approximately 2 Months from application submission with no visit required.
Permanent lifetime citizenship, protected from changes in government policy or officials.
Corporate Office:
Unit # 1703, International Business Tower - Business Bay, Burj Khalifa Avenue, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
International Office:
Mahandru Associates Sp. z.o.o.o. ul Poznańska 7/2,00 - 680 Warszawa, Poland. Tel # 0048 8848 25510
Contact Center:
00971 4 4375585
00971 4 4375582
00971 55 994 7860
Mahandru Associates
www.mahandruassociates.com
www.prandcitizenship.com
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www.universita.corsica
UNIVERSITÀ DI CORSICA
L'ACTU
À VENIR
POINT HEBDO DU 8 JUILLET 2016
UNIVERSITÀ DI CORSICA L'ACTU À VENIR
SOMMAIRE
CALENDRIER 2016............................................................................................................................. 3
4
9
Actualités de la filière cinéma/audiovisuel de l'IUT.................................................................................................................................................18
CONTACTS PRESSE | SERVICE COMMUNICATION
Sylvia Flore - Responsable de la Communication 04 95 45 02 71 - 06 26 91 95 35 - firstname.lastname@example.org
Jérôme Chiaramonti - Chargé de communication
04 20 20 21 95 - email@example.com
CALENDRIER 2016
JUILLET
UMR LISA / CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE / MUSÉE DE BASTIA
Jusqu'au 17/09
L'exposition "Gênes & Bastia, deux foyers emblématiques d'un art religieux populaire" visible dans la Cour du Musée de Bastia
UMR LISA / CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE / PARC DE SALECCIA
Jusqu'au 21/09
L'exposition "DYNAMICS" présentée au Parc de Saleccia
11/07 UMR LISA Séminaire : "The Impact of Electronic Payments on Bank Cost Efficiency: Nonparametric Evidence"
CONSERVATOIRE BOTANIQUE NATIONAL DE CORSE / OFFICE ENVIRONNEMENT DE CORSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE CORSE
12/07
Journée scientifique en hommage à Jacques Gamisans
CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE / UMR SPE
13/07
Conférence : "Des fleurs attrape-nigauds ? les Aracées de Corse... des expertes"
13/07 UNIVERSITÉ DE CORSE / VILLE DE CORTE Vernissage de l'exposition "Corte mise en regards"
ÉCOLE DOCTORALE
20/07
Soutenance de thèse de Mohamed Ould El Hadj
FUNDAZIONE / FAB LAB CORTI / MUSÉE DE LA CORSE
Du 23/07 au 30/12
L'Université de Corse partenaire de l'exposition temporaire "Le patrimoine vivant. Être et transmettre" du Musée de la Corse
VILLE DE BASTIA / FESTIVAL I SULLEONI
Du 27 au 30/07
La Chaire Esprit méditerranéen Paul Valery partenaire du Festival I Sulleoni
BIENTÔT
ÉQUIPE D'ACCUEIL BIOSCOPE CORSE MÉDITERRANÉE / INSERM
9/09
Journée du réseau Sentinelles
VIE ÉTUDIANTE
Du 12 au 15/09
Animation de rentrée "Allegria"
41
Du 5 au 8/10INSERM / UNIVERSITÉ DE CORSE
ème colloque de la société de neuroendocrinologie
DESIGN NUMÉRIQUE
6/10
Conférence de Marie-Paule Cani : "Modélisation 3D expressive: du design numérique à la création de mondes virtuels animés"
Du 18 au 21/10 FUNDAZIONE / UMR LISA / ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Chaire Esprit méditerranéen Paul Valery
Session de la Chaire Esprit méditerranéen Paul Valery - Invité : Massimo FUSILLO
PLATEFORME D'ORIENTATION ET D'INSERTION PROFESSIONNELLE
20/10
Job Campus
UMR SPE / CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE
25/11
Présentation du projet européen TILOS (Technology Innovation for the Local Scale, Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage)
NOUVEAUTÉS
UMR SPE INSCRIPTIONS
Ouverture des inscriptions administratives à l'Université de Corse
Jusqu'au au 29 juillet puis du 29 août au 16 septembre
Pôle des inscriptions, Bâtiment Desanti Campus Grimaldi, Corte
Les inscriptions pour l'année universitaire 2016/2017, c'est en ce moment. Pour les nouveaux étudiants, le pôle des inscriptions est ouvert depuis le mercredi 6 juillet. Pour les étudiants déjà inscrits à l'Université de Corse, la réinscription se fait uniquement en ligne sur l'ENT (et non sur le pôle des inscriptions).
Pour toute information concernant l'inscription administrative, une adresse est à disposition des étudiants : firstname.lastname@example.org
INSCRIPTION SUR LE PÔLE DES INSCRIPTIONS
Changement cette année, le pôle des inscriptions se situe au rez-de-chaussée du nouveau bâtiment Desanti sur le Campus Grimaldi (avenue du 9 septembre) à Corte.
Le pôle des inscriptions est ouvert jusqu'au 29 juillet, puis du 29 août au 16 septembre.
Toute la procédure d'inscription est disponible sur www.universita.corsica, rubrique « Formation / S'inscrire ».
Le pôle des inscriptions accueille les étudiants uniquement sur rendez-vous.
Le dossier d'inscription, ainsi que les pièces à joindre, sont téléchargeables dans cette même rubrique.
La prise de rendez-vous s'effectue en ligne, toujours dans la rubrique « S'inscrire ».
RÉINSCRIPTION EN LIGNE
Les personnes possédant déjà un numéro d'étudiant de l'Université de Corse doivent obligatoirement se réinscrire en ligne, sans venir physiquement au pôle des inscriptions. La réinscription en ligne permet à un étudiant inscrit à l'Université de Corse d'effectuer sa réinscription totalement à distance. L'étudiant se connecte à son ENT, rubrique « Scolarité centrale / inscription administrative ». Des documents d'aide à la saisie sont disponibles. Une fois ses informations saisies, l'étudiant imprime et expédie son dossier, les pièces justificatives et son paiement à l'adresse qui lui sera indiquée.
CONTACT
04 95 45 06 47 - email@example.com
04 95 45 06 25 - firstname.lastname@example.org
UMR LISA CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE
L'exposition "Gênes & Bastia, deux foyers emblematiques d'un art religieux populaire" installée dans la Cour du Musée de Bastia
Du 7 juillet au 17 septembre
Cour du Musée de Bastia
L'exposition "Gênes & Bastia, deux foyers emblématiques d'un art religieux populaire. Etude iconologique, iconographique et plastique des édicules votifs à l'époque moderne et contemporaine" réalisée par le projet "Identité, Cultures : les Processus de Patrimonialisation" du Laboratoire Lieux, Identités, eSpaces et Activités (CNRS / Université de Corse) sera proposée du 7 juillet au 17 septembre dans la Cour du Musée de Bastia.
"GêNES & BASTIA, DEUX FOYERS EMBLEMATIQUES D'UN ART RELIGIEUX POPULAIRE"
en exergue un axe artistique lié à une tradition populaire qui s'opère à partir de l'époque Moderne (XVI e - XVIII e siècle) dans la capitale ligure et gagnera rapidement la Corse à travers sa capitale. Cet art populaire prend l'aspect d'édicules votifs qui se traduisent sous la forme de niches érigées sur la voie publique comportant une image pieuse à destination des passants. Les édicules votifs illustrent parfaitement un art à la portée du peuple qui s'introduit dans les quartiers, les rues et s'affiche sur les façades des maisons de notables. Ils incarnent la volonté du peuple de bénéficier de la protection divine en dehors des murs sacrés. Ces oratoires seront alors embellis tout au long des siècles tant à Gênes qu'à Bastia. Vénérés, les édicules deviennent des lieux de prière incontournables de l'époque Moderne à l'époque Contemporaine (XIX e - XXI e siècle).
Depuis 1380, date de la fondation de Bastia par la République de Gênes, les deux cités seront liées à la fois sur le plan politique, économique et artistique. À partir du XVI e , Bastia devient la capitale génoise de la Corse et le restera jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle. Ainsi, cette cité deviendra un foyer artistique important pour la Corse et qui sera également reconnu au sein de la Méditerranée. Les chercheurs de l'Université de Corse ont voulu mettre
CONTACT
04 95 45 02 69 - email@example.com
Marie-Françoise SALICETI - Cellule de Valorisation de la Recherche
04 95 45 02 78 - firstname.lastname@example.org
ÉCOLE DOCTORALE
Mercredi 20 juillet à 10h30
Amphi Jean Nicoli, UFR Sciences et Techniques Campus Grimaldi, Corte
Mohamed OULD EL HADJ soutiendra publiquement sa thèse, présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Physique - Mention : Constituants élémentaires, le mercredi à 10h30, Amphi Jean Nicoli (UFR Sciences et Techiques) à Corte.
Rayonnement des trous noirs en interaction avec des champs bosoniques massifs
Directeurs :
M Antoine FOLACCI, Professeur, Université de Corse M Yves DECANINI, Professeur, Université de Corse
Résumé :
L'une des prédictions majeures de la théorie de la relativité générale, cette théorie de l'espace-temps et de la gravitation élaborée par Einstein entre 1907 et 1915, est l'existence d'un nouveau type d'ondes, les ondes gravitationnelles, qui sont des vibrations de l'espace-temps. En septembre 2015, soit un siècle après la description théorique de ces ondes, les deux interféromètres laser kilométriques de type Michelson de l'observatoire américain Avanced LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) ont observé pour la première fois leur passage. L'analyse du signal gravitationnel détecté a de plus confirmé l'existence d'une autre prédiction fascinante de la théorie d'Einstein : les trous noirs. En effet, le spectre des résonances d'un trou noir a des caractéristiques très particulières qui induisent une « sonnerie » amortie que l'on peut considérer comme l'empreinte digitale du trou noir (elle encode ses caractéristiques physiques comme sa masse et sa vitesse de rotation…) et cette sonnerie a été observée.
La relativité générale est une théorie bien établie mais, malgré ses succès, de nombreuses raisons observationnelles et théoriques laissent penser qu'elle n'est peut-être pas une théorie définitive de la gravitation. Du point de vue théorique, la relativité générale ne fournit qu'une description purement classique de la gravitation et, de ce fait, ne rend pas compte de ses aspects quantiques. D'un point de vue expérimental, de nombreuses observations réalisées depuis 1998 viennent transformer radicalement notre vision de la gravitation. Ces observations nous montrent, en particulier et contrairement à ce que la relativité générale semble prédire, que l'Univers est en expansion accélérée. Des modifications de la théorie d'Einstein doivent être inévitablement envisagées. Ainsi, des théories alternatives à la relativité générale ont été récemment proposées afin d'explorer des pistes qui pourront servir de guide à une formulation cohérente et complète de la gravitation. Faire l'hypothèse, par exemple, d'attribuer une masse au graviton, cette particule qui est le médiateur de l'interaction gravitationnelle, en est une.
Le travail établi est relatif à l'excitation des trous noirs par des objets compacts et à la modélisation du spectre d'ondes gravitationnelles associé. Ce travail a été réalisé dans l'approximation du point matériel pour décrire l'objet compact et en supposant sa masse très petite devant celle du trou noir. Une étude sur l'influence de la masse du graviton sur les réponses des trous noirs a également été réalisée. Les résultats ont été comparés à ceux prédits dans le cadre de la théorie d'Einstein. Ont été mis en évidence, les effets inattendus (excitation de résonances d'un nouveau type, sonneries géantes plus ou moins brouillées, effets d'amortissement nouveaux…) qui pourraient être observés par les prochaines générations de détecteurs et qui pourraient trancher en faveur des théories de gravité massive ou confirmer la bonne vieille théorie d'Einstein.
CONTACT
7
Soutenance de thèse de Mohamed OULD EL HADJ
Journée scientifique en hommage à Jacques GAMISANS
Mardi 12 juillet à partir de 9h30 | Amphi Landry, UFR Droit, Campus Mariani, Corte
Le Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse et l'Office de l'Environnement de la Corse, en partenariat avec l'Université de Corse, organisent le mardi 12 juillet, une journée scientifique en hommage au botaniste Jacques Gamisans. De multiples acteurs interviendront au cours de cette journée. Celle-ci débutera dès 9h30 et se déroulera dans l'amphi Landry (UFR Droit), Campus Mariani, à Corte.
Muriel Poli, Maître de conférences à l'Université de Corse, effectuera à cette occasion une communication sur le thème "La phytotoponymie balanine et sa distribution spatiale".
Contact : Laetitia HUGOT - Directrice du Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse
04 95 34 55 61 - email@example.com
Contact :
Marie-Françoise SALICETI
Cellule de Valorisation de la Recherche 04 95 45 02 69 - firstname.lastname@example.org
Università di Corsica Pasquale Paoli BP 52 – 20250 Corti
Directeur de la publication
Paul-Marie Romani, Président de l'Université de Corse
Conception
Service Communication email@example.com
www.universita.corsica
Huitième tribune des chercheurs à Bastia Huitième tribune des chercheurs à Bastia Lundi 20 juin 2016
Organisée annuellement conjointement par la Société des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de Corse et l'Université de Corse, notamment l'Ecole Doctorale et la cellule valorisation de la recherche, la 8 e Tribune des chercheurs s'est tenue le 20 juin dernier dans la salle des délibérations du Conseil Départemental de la Haute-Corse à Bastia.
Cette 8 e édition, placée sous la responsabilité scientifique de Jean-André CANCELLIERI, était consacrée à l'Histoire et à l'Archéologie médiévales. La Corse dans son environnement méditerranéen entre le XI e et le XVI e siècle était ainsi au cœur des interventions : villes et campagnes, rapports entre la Corse, Rome, Gênes et la Couronne d'Aragon, ou encore histoire comparée entre la Corse et la Sardaigne. Ces travaux sont conduits dans le cadre du projet de recherche "Identités, cultures : les processus de patrimonialisation (axe Paysages insulaires et méditerranéens)" par des doctorants, docteurs et des enseignants-chercheurs du Laboratoire Lieux, Identités, eSpaces et Activités (Université de CorseCNRS). Ces derniers ont ainsi effectué plusieurs interventions en lien avec cette thématique :
> Paola CAMUFFO, docteur, est intervenue sur "Les cités fortifiées dans la Corse de la fin du Moyen Âge". Elle s'est focalisée sur l'étude du Palais des Gouverneurs à Bastia, siège du pouvoir politique militaire et économique de la Republique de Gênes en Corse, à travers l'analyse archéologique du bâti et l'étude des sources écrites conservées à l'archivio di Stato di Genova.
> Dans sa présentation "Paysages du nord de la Corse au temps du second gouvernement de SaintGeorges : Permanences et mutations (1483-1540)", Damien BROC, docteur, démontre notamment qu'en cette période de forte croissance démographique, l'exploitation du sol se faisait toujours plus intense et la polyculture corse continuait de progresser dans les zones de montagnes et les espaces naturels littoraux.
> Maxime VUILLAMIER, doctorant, a exposé ses recherches sur "Spanu en Balagne : la mutation d'un domaine monastique médiéval en territoire touristique contemporain". La mise en corrélation de la dimension spatiale et de la dimension temporelle est le fil conducteur de cette recherche centrée sur un territoire-témoin privilégié des mutations profondes, au fil des siècles, des activités humaines, des virtualités économiques et des paysages humanisés des secteurs littoraux de la Balagne et même plus largement d'une partie importante de la Corse.
> Michèle FERRARA, doctorante, s'est intéressée à "L'image de la femme dans la Corse du XV e
siècle à travers les chroniqueurs Giovanni della Grossa et Pietro Cirneo", dont les textes sont les premières sources narratives corses contribuant à la connaissance de la situation des femmes dans la société insulaire médiévale.
> Corrado ZEDDA, docteur, a présenté une contribution sur le "Contexte ecclésiastique et pouvoirs politiques en Corse au temps de la réforme grégorienne : la réorganisation des diocèses". Il explique notamment que le système diocésain de la Corse a été reconstitué sous l'influence directe des pontifes qui se sont succédés à la fin du XI e et au début du XII e siècle.
> Philippe COLOMBANI, docteur, a abordé la "Symbolique du pouvoir et signes de légitimité dans la Corse aragonaise, XIV e -XV e siècles". Etudier la mise en place des symboles du pouvoir et la pratique des signes de légitimité, comprendre la façon dont les insulaires les intègrent à leur propre univers politique et mental, constitue un domaine de recherche encore inexploité mais riche de perspectives permettant une meilleure compréhension de la société médiévale corse, dans son cadre méditerranéen.
> À travers sa communication "La Corse au miroir de la Sardaigne. Approche comparée des révoltes arborense et cinarchese au bas Moyen Âge", Vannina MARCHI VAN CAUWELAERT, Maître de conférences en Histoire, a proposé quelques pistes de réflexions comparatives sur l'histoire politique de la Corse et de la Sardaigne au bas Moyen Âge (XIV e -XV e siècles). Son étude s'appuie notamment sur les grandes révoltes aristocratiques qui se sont produites à cette époque.
Les actes de cette journée seront publiés dans la revue : "Corse d'hier et de demain".
La Tribune des chercheurs poursuit plusieurs objectifs. Elle permet, notamment à des doctorants et jeunes chercheurs, de s'exprimer en public. Leurs communications, exercices de vulgarisation, permet de diffuser de l'information scientifique. Pour l'Université de Corse, cette manifestation constitue une véritable vitrine, lui donnant l'occasion de valoriser et promouvoir ses activités de recherche auprès du grand public. 10
FORMATION
UMR SPE INVITATION PRESSE
Ouverture du Diplôme Double-compétence Manager entrepreneur
EDF Corse, Oscaro, Corstyrène, Demeures Corses, Gloria Maris, Orange, Les Charpentiers de la Corse, Mavela, Akuo Energy, Kyrnolia, Caisse d'Epargne Provence-Alpes-Corse
soutenu par les entreprises insulaires
L'Université de Corse et son école universitaire de management (IAE de Corse) ouvrent à la rentrée 2016 un nouveau diplôme Manager Entrepreneur, en étroit partenariat avec une dizaine d'entreprises insulaires.
D'une durée d'un an, il associe un cursus en formation initiale adossé au Master Administration des Entreprises à un enseignement spécifique de Manager Entrepreneur élaboré pour répondre plus spécifiquement aux besoins de l'île.
L'ambition de ce DU, est de développer des compétences au plus près des besoins du territoire, de former des managers entrepreneurs de haut niveau, aux compétences transversales, pouvant allier culture scientifique et esprit managérial, au service du développement et de l'innovation des entreprises corses. En complément des enseignements, l'étudiant est accompagné tout au long de son cursus par l'une des entreprises partenaires, qui l'accueille et l'encadre au sein de son établissement. Il s'agit de proposer aux étudiants un dispositif complet permettant de développer leur potentiel d'adaptabilité, de confronter leurs projets à la réalité de la vie en entreprise, de rechercher les ressources nécessaires aux objectifs qui leur sont fixés, de s'aguerrir aux futurs postes que cette formation peut leur ouvrir. Ce dispositif est complété par un stage à l'étranger de 5 mois.
Le DU est accessible, après sélection, aux étudiants diplômés de Master 2 de l'Université de Corse (et de son école d'ingénieurs Paoli Tech), et de toute autre université ou école supérieure.
La richesse des enseignements de ce cursus de double-compétence, complétée par une ressource entrepreneuriale marquée et l'ouverture vers l'externe, vise l'excellence des profils sélectionnés et leur rayonnement dans l'île et au-delà.
Modalités de candidature sur www.universita.corsica
Le coût d'inscription au DU est pris en charge par les entreprises partenaires.
Le coût d'inscription au Master Administration des Entreprises (environ 262 €) est à charge de l'étudiant.
Entretien à la mi-juillet et en septembre en présence du corps enseignant et des chefs d'entreprises partenaires Information : Marine Colombani +33 (0)4 95 45 06 17 - firstname.lastname@example.org
CONTACT
UNIVERSITÉ DE CORSE VILLE DE CORTE
Mercredi 13 juillet à 18h
Place d'Armes Haute Ville, Corte
Mercredi 13 juillet aura lieu le vernissage de l'exposition "Corte mise en regards" réalisée en partenariat par l'Université de Corse et la Ville de Corte. Le vernissage débutera à 18h sur la Place d'Armes, dans la Haute Ville à Corte, en présence d'Antoine Sindali, Maire de Corte, et de Paul-Marie Romani, Président de l'Université de Corse.
Depuis de nombreuses années l'Université de Corse et la Ville de Corte ont été amenées à travailler ensemble sur plusieurs actions communes et sont maintenant liées par une convention-cadre de partenariat. Cette collaboration a pris un relief artistique original avec le projet « Corte mise en regards », proposé en mai 2014 par la Fondation de l'Université de Corse dans le cadre de la chaire Développement des Territoires et Innovation, sur une idée originale de Jean-Joseph Albertini, enseignant en Arts plastiques à l'Université.
L'élaboration d'un itinéraire culturel à travers la vieille ville, fleuron du patrimoine, met en valeur le travail de peintres et de photographes qui ont porté leur regard sur des lieux de la cité paoline entre le XIX° et le XX° siècle. Treize bornes donnent à voir des reproductions de leurs œuvres in situ, pour le promeneur, qu'il soit local ou touriste.
La conceptualisation de cette exposition a été le fruit d'un travail collaboratif à la fois technique et artistique pour laquelle élus, enseignants et personnels administratifs se sont mobilisés.
Sur chacun des totems un flashcode renverra le promeneur vers un site internet (http://corte-mise-en-regards.universita.corsica) qui proposera des informations historiques et artistiques.
UN PARCOURS ARTISTIQUE DANS CORTE
Une déambulation dans Corte pour sensibiliser le visiteur à l'espace, aux points de vue, aux variations d'échelles, aux traces du temps. Suivre le fil de ces treize œuvres dans la ville permet de retrouver avec précision les lieux de passage de sept artistes de la fin du XIX° à la fin du XX° siècle.
Des images installées dans la ville sur les lieux de leur origine, nous donnent accès aux perceptions multiples d'un même paysage urbain. Le dispositif de "Mise en regards" propose un parcours dans la ville telle qu'elle a été peinte, dessinée, photographiée au cours de son histoire par des artistes reconnus. En confrontant la reproduction de l'œuvre et son environnement, cette déambulation renforce l'expérience vécue du lieu et permet d'éprouver l'écart esthétique proposé par l'artiste.
CONTACT
Vernissage de l'exposition "Corte Mise en regards"
UMR SPE CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE
Conférence : " Des fleurs attrape-nigauds ? les Aracées de Corse … des expertes"
Mercredi 13 juillet à 18h | Centre de recherches scientifiques Georges Peri | Vignola
Le Laboratoire Sciences Pour l'Environnement (Université de Corse-CNRS) organise le mercredi 13 juillet, en association avec la Cellule de Valorisation de la Recherche de l'Univeristé de Corse, une conférence sur le thème "Des fleurs attrape-nigauds ? Les Aracées de Corse... des expertes". Ouverte à tous, celle-ci se déroulera à 18h au Centre de recherches scientifiques Georges Peri à Vignola et sera animée par Marc Gibernau, chercheur du Laboratoire Sciences Pour l'Environnement.
Des fleurs attrape-nigauds ? Les Aracées de Corse... des expertes
Certaines fleurs dupent leurs insectes pollinisateurs pour assurer leur reproduction. Les insectes naïfs visitent ces fleurs sans obtenir de ressources mais assurent tout de même leur pollinisation. Les Aracées de Corse ont développé de manière très poussée cette stratégie de pollinisation par duperie qui se joue des insectes nigauds qui se font attraper.
Contact : Marie-Françoise SALICETI - Cellule de la Valorisation de la Recherche | 04 95 45 02 69 - email@example.com
PARTENARIAT
L'Université de Corse partenaire du Restonica Trail
Du jeudi 7 au samedi 9 juillet Corte
Ancrée dans son territoire et engagée dans le développement socio-économique de l'île, l'Université de Corse s'associe pour la troisième année au «Restonica Trail», course phare de l'année en Corse, dont la 8 ème édition se tiendra du jeudi 7 au samedi 9 juillet 2016 à Corte.
L'engagement de l'Université de Corse se traduira cette année encore par la participation de ses personnels et étudiants à l'organisation logistique de la course (ravitaillement, pointage...). L'Università contribuera également à la promotion de l'événement à travers ses différents outils de communication. Une collaboration plus large sur le thème des sports de nature, entamée l'année précédente, se poursuit.
A PROPOS DU RESTONICA TRAIL
Créée en 2008 et composée de 20 membres, l'association Restonica Trail organise 3 courses dans l'année : le Trail Blanc en janvier (au profit de La Marie Do), le Restonica Trail en juillet et l'Urban Trail en novembre (au profit du Téléthon). L'association s'investit également dans la préservation de l'environne ment et du patrimoine par l'ouverture de sentiers, la construction de fontaines dans le Tavignanu...
CONTACT
04 95 45 06 78 - firstname.lastname@example.org
Jean-Baptiste CALENDINI - Vice-président Stratégie, Territoires et Communication de l'Université de Corse
UMR LISA CELLULE DE VALORISATION DE LA RECHERCHE
L'exposition "Dynamics" présentée au Parc de Saleccia
Du 6 juillet au 21 septembre
Route de Bastia Monticello
Le Laboratoire Lieux, Identités, eSpaces et Activités (Université de Corse-CNRS) présente, en appui avec la Cellule de Valorisation de la Recherche de l'Université de Corse, l'exposition DYNAMICS du 6 juillet au 21 septembre au Parc de Saleccia.
Associée au projet scientifique de l'Université de Corse portant le même nom (DYNAmiques d'urbanisation du littoral Méditerranéen et Conséquences sur l'usage des Sols), l'exposition a vocation à présenter les faits saillants issues de l'analyse dans le temps long des conséquences de l'urbanisation du littoral balanin, de la naissance des premières villes au Moyen Âge jusqu'à la pression urbano-touristique contemporaine. Elle éclaire le citoyen comme le décideur public soucieux d'un développement équilibré.
L'exposition DYNAMICS
Or, depuis un demi-siècle, la Balagne connaît une pression résidentielle et touristique inédite qui pose avec acuité la question de la durabilité de son développement. La Corse, qui se singularise en Méditerranée par une géographie montagneuse, une biodiversité et un endémisme remarquables tout autant que par une identité et une culture préservées, est devenue l'une des premières destinations de l'industrie touristique européenne. Pourtant, entre Belgodere, Calenzana et les ports de L'Île-Rousse ou de Calvi, rien ne semble encore définitivement joué en matière d'occupation des terres et d'aménagement de l'espace.
Tel le « Jardin de la Corse », c'est ainsi que la Balagne apparaît dans l'imaginaire des insulaires et des continentaux depuis la fin du XVIIe siècle. Enserré par la mer, la montagne et les déserts du nord-ouest de l'île, ce territoire d'à peine 1 000 km² laisse une indéniable impression de richesse, celle d'un terroir où abondent la vigne et les arbres fruitiers. Mais la Balagne est aussi depuis le Moyen Âge un pays de petites villes, telles Calvi ou Algajola, relais économiques et politiques entre la Corse et les cités italiennes et françaises.
En se centrant sur la notion d'« urbanisation », ce travail retrace la géographie, l'histoire et l'économie de l'occupation humaine sur le littoral balanin durant un millénaire (xie - xxie siècle). Les chercheurs établissent les continuités et les ruptures dans l'utilisation de ses ressources, en particulier foncières et en mesurent l'impact territorial. Menée de la naissance des premières villes au Moyen Âge jusqu'à la pression urbano touristique contemporaine, l'analyse comparatiste montre comment, à trois moments clés de son évolution, le système territorial balanin a fait preuve de résilience.
Cette recherche fine vient apporter sa pierre à l'édifice d'une analyse plus globale des conditions d'habitabilité du littoral méditerranéen.
Responsables scientifiques :
Jean-André Cancellieri, Professeur d'Histoire médiévale à l'Université de Corse Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis, Professeur de Science Économique à l'Université de Corse
CONTACT
04 95 45 02 69 - email@example.com
Marie-Françoise SALICETI - Cellule de Valorisation de la Recherche
Johan JOUVE - UMR LISA
04 20 20 21 61 - firstname.lastname@example.org
Séminaire : "The Impact of Electronic Payments on Bank Cost Efficiency : Nonparametric Evidence"
Lundi 11 juillet à 14h | salle DE 01, ufr Droit | campus Mariani, corte
Le Laboratoire Lieux, Identités, eSpaces et Activités (Université de Corse-CNRS) organise le lundi 11 juillet un séminaire sur le thème "The Impact of Electronic Payments on Bank Cost Efficiency: Nonparametric Evidence"(Changement de titre). Animé par Federico Crudu, Professeur en Statistiques à l'Université Pontificale Catholique de Valparaíso (Chili), celui-ci se déroulera à 14h en salle DE01 de l'UFR Droit (Campus Mariani) à Corte. La manifes tation est placée sous la responsabilité scientifique de Claudio Detotto, Maître de conférences en Science Économique à l'Université de Corse.
Contact : Corinne IDDA - UMR LISA | 04 20 20 21 64 - email@example.com
17 17
UFR LETTRES, LANGUES,
ARTS, SCIENCES HUMAINES
ET SOCIALES
IUT
FILIÈRE CINÉMA /
AUDIOVISUEL
Actualités de la filière cinéma/audiovisuel de l'IUT
> Films en sélection
"Toutes les couleurs de la nuit" d' Éléonore Berrubé (du creatacc 2014-15)
> Marfa Film Festival, qui se déroule entre le 13 et le 17 juillet (Texas, Etats-Unis).
Synopsis : Léa et sa soeur Colette se retrouvent une dernière nuit dans leur maison d'enfance vendue depuis que leur mère est morte. Chacune à leur manière, elles vont dire adieu à ce qui n'existe plus et qui est pourtant toujours là. Sélection
"Terra Nostra" de Marie Verstaevel (du creatacc 2014-15)
Sélections
Synopsis : Sur un terrain appartenant à la communauté des gens du voyage, les travaux rythment la vie quotidienne et l'instinct de propriété s'installe peu à peu entre les voisins.
> Partie(s) de Campagne, catégorie "Compétition documentaire", qui se déroule du 13 au 17 juillet 2016 à Ouroux-en-Morvan (Bourgogne).
> All Lights India International Film Festival, catégorie "Short film corner" (Kakkanad, Inde) qui se déroule du 24 au 27 septembre 2016.
Retrouvez l'Université de Corse sur www.universita.corsica et les réseaux
RÉSEAUX SOCIAUX
RÉSEAUX
PROFESSIONNELS
Service Communication - Università di Corsica Pasquale Paoli Bâtiment Jean-Toussaint Desanti - Avenue du 9 septembre Campus Grimaldi - BP52 - 20250 Corti
Sylvia Flore Responsable de la communication 04 95 45 02 71 - 06 26 91 95 35 firstname.lastname@example.org
Jérôme Chiaramonti Chargé de communication 04 20 20 21 95 email@example.com
Gaëlle Piferini Chargée de communication 04 95 45 06 59 firstname.lastname@example.org
Rédaction / Conception : Jérôme Chiaramonti
SMARTPHONES
Philippe Rocchi Chargé de communication 04 95 45 06 49 email@example.com
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MORE THAN JEALOUSY AND HONOUR – FEMICIDES AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON?
SPEAKERS:
DR. NIL MUTLUER (SOCIOLOGIST, HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN)
AS SPEAKER ON FEMICIDE IN TURKEY
PAULINA TREJO MÉNDEZ (SOCIAL SCIENTIST AND FEMINIST ARTIST)
AS SPEAKER ON FEMICIDE IN MEXICO
MARLENE PARDELLER (MEMBER OF THE INITIATIVE #KEINEMEHR AND FILMMAKER)
AS SPEAKER ON FEMICIDE IN GERMANY
MODERATION: ÇILER FIRTINA
DATE: 22ND NOVEMBER 2018
ADMISSION: STARTING 5:00 PM
TIME: 5:30 PM – 8:00 PM
(POSSIBILITY OF INFORMAL GATHERING AT THE END)
LOCATION: JUGENDHERBERGE KÖLN-RIEHL, ROOM: PEKING, AN DER SCHANZ 14, 50735 KÖLN
an event by
Gefördert durch:
aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages
an event in cooperation with
Time and again, the phenomenon of femicide is being projected on non-(West) European societies as well as on refugees and persons with migration background by media reports and in public debate. This eventually leads to the invisibility of the crimes committed by white, ethnic German perpetrators. Imputation due to racism is thus a virulent part of the debate, while at the same time a depoliticisation of femicide is taking place: patriarchal power relations that constitute the context in which the murders are being perpetrated are barely addressed.
This approach to the topic raises urgent questions:
Aren’t femicides in fact a global phenomenon? What roles do patriarchal structures play in relation to femicide? How do women in different countries fight against these structures?
On the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women (25th November), Dachverband der Migrantinnenorganisationen (DaMigra e.V.) in cooperation with Bundesverband der Migrantinnen extends an invitation to the event “More than Jealousy and Honour – Femicide as a Global Phenomenon?”. Three speakers will discuss and contribute their respective expertise on femicide in Turkey, Mexico and Germany. We will then invite all participants to an open discussion round.
Speakers:
Dr. Nil Mutluer (sociologist, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) as speaker on femicide in Turkey
Paulina Trejo Méndez (social scientist and feminist artist) as speaker on femicide in Mexico
Marlene Pardeller (member of the initiative #keinemehr and filmmaker) as speaker on femicide in Germany
Moderation: Çiler Fırtına
After the event there will be an opportunity for informal discussion with drinks and snacks.
The event will take place in English. Translations into German, Turkish and Arabic are possible. Please indicate your requirements when registering. Please register by 17th November 2018.
Date: 22nd November 2018
Admission: starting 5:00 pm
Time: 5:30 pm – 8:00 pm
(possibility of informal gathering at the end)
Location: Jugendherberge Köln-Riehl,
An der Schanz 14, 50735 Köln
Room: Peking
To sign up, please use the online form.
(https://www.damigra.de/termine/frauenmorde-als-globales-phaenomen/)
In case you have any questions regarding the event, please do not hesitate to contact
Ms. Daria Ankudinova via: email@example.com,
telephone +49 345 61409866 or mobile +49 152 52782153.
The organisers reserve the right to exclude persons from the event who attract attention through racist, sexist or other disrespectful remarks.
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May 27, 2008
A Career in Teaching
5662 South Staples, Suite 220
Corpus Christi, TX 78411
Attn: Adrian Fernandez
Dear Mr. Fernandez,
Atascocita High School has had some excellent interns from A Career in Teaching-ACP (Humble). It is very evident that these interns understand quality work ethic and have shown in just one year, successful teaching can be accomplished.
I do know that these interns have been through intern training which emphasized assessment strategies, classroom management, communication skills, and various instructional strategies. Many of our first year teachers from A Career in Teaching-ACP such as Elton Ervin, Maria DeVyra, and Yvonne Taylor have strived to improve in these areas. Interns have been observed continuously by the program’s field supervisor and have been successful in completing many of their goals as first year educators.
Again, thank you for providing Atascocita High School with such qualified teachers. If I can ever be of any assistance, please contact me at 281-641-7510.
Sincerely,
Dania Rovegno
Associate Principal
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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OMB APPROVAL
OMB Number: 3235-0045
Estimated average burden
hours per response............38
2016
24
Notice of proposed change pursuant to the Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Act of 2010
Section 806(e)(1) *
Section 806(e)(2) *
Security-Based Swap Submission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Section 3C(b)(2) *
Exhibit 2 Sent As Paper Document
Exhibit 3 Sent As Paper Document
has duly caused this filing to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
19b-4(f)(6)
19b-4(f)(5)
Provide a brief description of the action (limit 250 characters, required when Initial is checked *).
(Name *)
NOTE: Clicking the button at right will digitally sign and lock this form. A digital signature is as legally binding as a physical signature, and once signed, this form cannot be changed.
Assistant General Counsel
(Title *)
02/25/2016
Date
Provide the name, telephone number, and e-mail address of the person on the staff of the self-regulatory organization prepared to respond to questions and comments on the action.
Assistant General Counsel
Title *
Contact Information
19b-4(f)(4)
19b-4(f)(2)
19b-4(f)(3)
Extension of Time Period for Commission Action *
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 Form 19b-4
Withdrawal
Fax
Chris
Last Name *
Filing by BATS Exchange
Pilot
- *
Amendment No. (req. for Amendments *)
File No.* SR -
Solgan
firstname.lastname@example.org
(646) 856-8723
Telephone *
E-mail *
First Name *
Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
Section 19(b)(3)(A) *
Section 19(b)(3)(B) *
Initial *
Amendment *
Pursuant to Rule 19b-4 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Description
Bats BZX Exchange, Inc. (f/k/a BATS Exchange, Inc.) proposes a rule change to amend Rule 11.23, Auctions, to lengthen the auction information dissemination periods for the opening and closing auctions in BZX listed securities.
email@example.com
Chris Solgan
By
Section 19(b)(2) *
19b-4(f)(1)
Page 1 of * 20
Rule
Date Expires *
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
For complete Form 19b-4 instructions please refer to the EFFS website.
Form 19b-4 Information *
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The self-regulatory organization must provide all required information, presented in a clear and comprehensible manner, to enable the public to provide meaningful comment on the proposal and for the Commission to determine whether the proposal is consistent with the Act and applicable rules and regulations under the Act.
Exhibit 1 - Notice of Proposed Rule Change *
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Exhibit 1A- Notice of Proposed Rule Change, Security-Based Swap Submission, or Advance Notice by Clearing Agencies *
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Exhibit 2 - Notices, Written Comments, Transcripts, Other Communications
Exhibit Sent As Paper Document
Exhibit 3 - Form, Report, or Questionnaire
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Exhibit 4 - Marked Copies
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Exhibit 5 - Proposed Rule Text
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Partial Amendment
The Notice section of this Form 19b-4 must comply with the guidelines for publication in the Federal Register as well as any requirements for electronic filing as published by the Commission (if applicable). The Office of the Federal Register (OFR) offers guidance on Federal Register publication requirements in the Federal Register Document Drafting Handbook, October 1998 Revision. For example, all references to the federal securities laws must include the corresponding cite to the United States Code in a footnote. All references to SEC rules must include the corresponding cite to the Code of Federal Regulations in a footnote. All references to Securities Exchange Act Releases must include the release number, release date, Federal Register cite, Federal Register date, and corresponding file number (e.g., SR-[SRO] -xx-xx). A material failure to comply with these guidelines will result in the proposed rule change being deemed not properly filed. See also Rule 0-3 under the Act (17 CFR 240.0-3)
The Notice section of this Form 19b-4 must comply with the guidelines for publication in the Federal Register as well as any requirements for electronic filing as published by the Commission (if applicable). The Office of the Federal Register (OFR) offers guidance on Federal Register publication requirements in the Federal Register Document Drafting Handbook, October 1998 Revision. For example, all references to the federal securities laws must include the corresponding cite to the United States Code in a footnote. All references to SEC rules must include the corresponding cite to the Code of Federal Regulations in a footnote. All references to Securities Exchange Act Releases must include the release number, release date, Federal Register cite, Federal Register date, and corresponding file number (e.g., SR-[SRO] -xx-xx). A material failure to comply with these guidelines will result in the proposed rule change, security-based swap submission, or advance notice being deemed not properly filed. See also Rule 0-3 under the Act (17 CFR 240.0-3)
Copies of notices, written comments, transcripts, other communications. If such documents cannot be filed electronically in accordance with Instruction F, they shall be filed in accordance with Instruction G.
Copies of any form, report, or questionnaire that the self-regulatory organization proposes to use to help implement or operate the proposed rule change, or that is referred to by the proposed rule change.
The full text shall be marked, in any convenient manner, to indicate additions to and deletions from the immediately preceding filing. The purpose of Exhibit 4 is to permit the staff to identify immediately the changes made from the text of the rule with which it has been working.
The self-regulatory organization may choose to attach as Exhibit 5 proposed changes to rule text in place of providing it in Item I and which may otherwise be more easily readable if provided separately from Form 19b-4. Exhibit 5 shall be considered part of the proposed rule change.
If the self-regulatory organization is amending only part of the text of a lengthy proposed rule change, it may, with the Commission's permission, file only those portions of the text of the proposed rule change in which changes are being made if the filing (i.e. partial amendment) is clearly understandable on its face. Such partial amendment shall be clearly identified and marked to show deletions and additions.
1. Text of Proposed Rule Change
(a) Pursuant to the provisions of Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Act"), 1 and Rule 19b-4 thereunder, 2 Bats BZX Exchange, Inc. (the "Exchange" or "BZX") (f/k/a BATS Exchange, Inc.) is filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Commission") a proposed rule change to amend paragraphs (b)(2)(A) and (c)(2)(A) of Rule 11.23, Auctions, to lengthen the auction information dissemination periods for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities. 3 The Exchange has designated this proposal as "non-controversial" and provided the Commission with the notice required by Rule 19b-4(f)(6)(iii) under the Act. 4
The text of the proposed rule change is attached as Exhibit 5. Material proposed to be added is underlined. Material proposed to be deleted is enclosed in brackets.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) Not applicable.
2. Procedures of the Self-Regulatory Organization
The proposed rule change was approved by senior management of the Exchange pursuant to authority delegated by the Board of Directors of the Exchange on February 11, 2014. Exchange staff will advise the Board of Directors of the Exchange of any action taken pursuant to delegated authority. No other action is necessary for the filing of
1 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).
2 17 CFR 240.19b-4.
3 A BZX listed security is a security listed on the Exchange pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Exchange's Rules and includes both corporate listed securities and Exchange Traded Products ("ETPs").
4 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6)(iii).
the rule change.
The persons on the Exchange staff prepared to respond to questions and comments on the proposed rule change are:
Eric Swanson EVP, General Counsel (913) 815-7000
Chris Solgan Assistant General Counsel (646) 856-8723
3. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change
a. Purpose
The Exchange proposes to amend paragraphs (b)(2)(A) and (c)(2)(A) of Rule 11.23, Auctions, to lengthen the auction information dissemination periods for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities. In sum, Users 5 may begin to enter orders to participate in the Opening or Closing Auction at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time, the beginning of the Pre-Opening Session. 6 Orders designated to participate in the Opening Auction will be queued until 9:30 a.m. Eastern Time, at which time they will be eligible to execute in the Opening Auction. Orders designated to participate in the Closing Auction will be queued until 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, at which time they will be eligible to execute in the Closing Auction.
Currently, the Exchange begins to disseminate at 9:28 a.m. Eastern Time the Reference Price, 7 Indicative Price, 8 Auction Only Price, 9 and the lesser of Reference Buy
5 See Exchange Rule 1.5(cc).
6 See Exchange Rule 11.23(b)(1)(A) and (c)(1)(A). The Pre-Opening Session is defined in Exchange Rule 1.5(r).
7 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(19).
8 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(10).
9 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(2).
Shares 10 and Reference Sell Shares 11 (collectively, the "BZX Auction Information") associated with the Opening Auction. The Exchange begins to disseminate the BZX Auction Information for the Closing Auction at 3:55 p.m. Eastern Time. For both the Opening and Closing Auction, the BZX Auction Information is updated and disseminated every five (5) seconds via electronic means to subscribers to the BZX Depth 12 and BZX Auction Feed 13 market data products and is also made available to other market participants by market data vendors. The BZX Auction Information is also made available on the Bats public website.
The Exchange now propose to lengthen the periods during which it disseminates BZX Auction Information for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities. As amended, Rule 11.23(b)(2)(A) would state that the Exchange will begin to disseminate BZX Auction Information for the Opening Auction at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time, rather than 9:28 a.m. Eastern Time. Rule 11.23(c)(2)(A) would be amended to state that the Exchange will begin to disseminate BZX Auction Information for the Closing Auction at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time, rather than 3:55 p.m. Eastern Time. 14
b. Statutory Basis
The Exchange believes that the proposed rule change is consistent with the requirements of the Act and the rules and regulations thereunder that are applicable to a
10 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(18).
11 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(21).
12 See Exchange Rule 11.22(a) and (c).
13 See Exchange Rule 11.22(i).
14 The order entry cut off times for the Opening and Closing Auctions under Rules 11.23(b)((1)(A) and (c)(1)(A), respectively, will remain unchanged.
national securities exchange, and, in particular, with the requirements of Section 6(b) of the Act. 15 Specifically, the proposed change is consistent with Section 6(b)(5) of the Act, 16 because it is designed to promote just and equitable principles of trade, to remove impediments to, and perfect the mechanism of, a free and open market and a national market system, and, in general, to protect investors and the public interest. Specifically, the proposal supports the objectives of perfecting the mechanism of a free and open market and the national market system because lengthening the periods when which BZX Auction Information will be disseminated for the Opening and Closing Auctions will provide market participants with more information and time for them to evaluate the market for the security. The Exchange believes lengthening the dissemination period will enable greater participation in the Opening and Closing Auctions because it will provide periodic information about the ability of investors to execute orders at particular sizes and prices over a longer period of time in advance of the auction. Finally, having greater knowledge about the trading interest in the BZX Book prior to the execution of the Opening and Closing Auctions will enable the market participants to make more informed decisions regarding their participation in the Opening or Closing Auctions. Therefore, the Exchange believes the proposed rule change promotes just and equitable principles of trade, removes impediments to, and perfects the mechanism of, a free and open market and a national market system.
4. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Burden on Competition The Exchange does not believe that the proposed rule change will impose any
15 15 U.S.C. 78f(b).
16 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(5).
burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the act. To the contrary, the proposal will promote competition because the Exchange believes lengthening the dissemination period will enable greater participation in the Opening and Closing Auctions by providing market participants with more information and time to evaluate the market for the security. The proposed rule change is, in effect, pro-competition as it promotes fair and orderly markets and protects investors, which, in turn, will buttress investor confidence and attract more investors to participate in the U.S. equities markets.
5. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Comments on the Proposed Rule Change Received from Members, Participants, or Others Not applicable.
6. Extension of Time Period for Commission Action Not applicable.
7. Basis for Summary Effectiveness Pursuant to Section 19(b)(3) or for Accelerated Effectiveness Pursuant to Section 19(b)(2)
The Exchange has designated this rule filing as non-controversial under Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act 17 and paragraph (f)(6) of Rule 19b-4 thereunder. 18 The Exchange asserts that the proposed rule change: (1) will not significantly affect the protection of investors or the public interest, (2) will not impose any significant burden on competition, (3) and will not become operative for 30 days from the date on which it was filed, or such shorter time as the Commission may designate. In addition, the Exchange provided the Commission with written notice of its intent to file the proposed rule change, along with a
17 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(3)(A).
18 17 C.F.R. 240.19b-4.
brief description and text of the proposed rule change, at least five business days prior to the date of filing. 19
The Exchange believes that the proposed rule change meets the criteria of subparagraph (f)(6) of Rule 19b-4 20 because it would not significantly affect the protection of investors or the public interest; rather, the proposed rule change will benefit investors because lengthening the periods when which BZX Auction Information will be disseminated for the Opening and Closing Auctions provides market participants with more information and time to evaluate the market for the security. Increased disclosure regarding the Opening and Closing Auctions is in the public interest because it will provide investors information regarding their ability to execute orders at particular sizes and prices over a longer period of time in advance of the auction. The Exchange also notes that the proposed dissemination periods for both the Opening and Closing Auctions are identical to those currently in place on NYSE Arca, Inc. ("NYSE Arca") for opening and closing auctions in their listed securities. 21 As proposed, the Exchange would disseminate information regarding the overall trading interest entered to participate in the auction as well as the price at which the most shares may be matched on the same timeframes as NYSE Arca. While the scope of the information to be disseminated differs between the Exchange and NYSE Arca, the Exchange does not believe these differences
19 17 C.F.R. 240.19b-4(f)(6)(iii).
20 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6).
21 See NYSE Arca Rules 7.35(c)(1)(A)(1) (stating that NYSE Arca will begin disseminating at 5:00 a.m. Pacific Time (8:00 a.m. Eastern Time) the information related to their opening auction). See also NYSE Arca Rule 7.35(e)(1)(A) (stating that NYSE Arca will begin disseminating at 12:00 p.m. Pacific Time (3:00 p.m. Eastern Time) the information related to their closing auction).
are material. The Exchange also notes that these differences exist today, albeit for a shorter period of time, during the Exchange's current dissemination periods for its Opening and Closing Auction. For example, the Exchange disseminates more detailed pricing information by disclosing the Reference Price, Indicative Price, and Auction Only Price. NYSE Arca disseminates the Indicative Match Price, 22 which is essentially identical to the Exchange's Indicative Price. NYSE Arca also disseminates the volume of all market and limit orders available to trade at their Indicative Match Price as well as the Market Imbalance 23 and Total Imbalance. 24 The Exchange disseminates the Reference Buy and Sell Shares, which, in sum, represent total number of buy (sell) orders priced equal to or greater (lower) than the Reference Price. NYSE Arca disseminates information regarding their opening and closing auction in real-time, while the Exchange disseminates updated BZX Auction Information every five seconds. The Exchange does not believe these differences are material as these differences exist today and the price and volume information disseminated by both the Exchange and NYSE Arca is designed to enable investors to properly analyze the market for the security. Therefore, the Exchange believes that the proposed rule change does raise any new or novel regulatory issues not previously considered by the Commission. Based on the foregoing, the Exchange has designated this rule filing as "non-controversial" under Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act 25 and paragraph (f)(6) of Rule 19b-4 thereunder. 26
22 See NYSE Arca Rule 1.1.
23 Id.
24 Id.
25 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(3)(A).
26 17 CFR 240.19b-4.
The Exchange respectfully requests that the Commission waive the 30-day operative delay period after which a proposed rule change under Rule 19b-4(f)(6) becomes effective. Waiver of the operative delay is consistent with the protection of investors and the public interest because it will allow the Exchange to provide market participants with increased information regarding the Opening and Closing Auction in a timely manner. 27 Absent a waiver of the operative delay, the dissemination periods for the Opening and Closing Auction that occur during the operative delay period would remain unchanged and investors would not receive BZX Auction Information over the proposed extended timeframes. Waiver of the operative delay is, therefore, consistent with the protection of investors and the public interest because it will enable to the Exchange to implement the proposed rule change as soon as possible and provide market participants BZX Auction Information under the proposed timeframes during the operative delay period.
At any time within 60 days of the filing of the proposed rule change, the Commission may summarily temporarily suspend such rule change if it appears to the Commission that such action is: (1) necessary or appropriate in the public interest; (2) for the protection of investors; or (3) otherwise in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. If the Commission takes such action, the Commission shall institute proceedings to
27 The Exchange notes that it recently issued a trading notice informing market participants that it expects to implement the proposed rule change on February 26, 2016, pending filing and publication by the Commission. See BATS BZX Exchange to Lengthen Auction Information Dissemination Periods for Opening and Closing Auctions, available at http://cdn.batstrading.com/resources/release_notes/2016/BATS-BZX-Exchangeto-Lengthen-Auction-Information-Dissemination-Periods-for-Opening-andClosing-Auctions.pdf.
determine whether the proposed rule should be approved or disapproved.
8. Proposed Rule Change Based on Rules of Another Self-Regulatory Organization or of the Commission
Not applicable.
9. Security Based- Swap Submissions Filed Pursuant to Section 3C of the Act Not applicable.
10. Advance Notices Filed Pursuant to Section 806(e) of the Payment, Clearing and Settlement Supervision Act
Not applicable.
11. Exhibits
Exhibit 1 – Form of Notice of Proposed Rule Change for Publication in the Federal Register.
Exhibit 5 – Text of the Proposed Rule Change.
EXHIBIT 1
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (Release No. 34-_____________; File No. SR-BATS-2016-24)
Self-Regulatory Organizations; Bats BZX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a Proposed Rule Change to Amend Rule 11.23, Auctions, to Lengthen the Auction Information Dissemination Periods for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX Listed Securities.
Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Act"), 1 and Rule 19b-4 thereunder, 2 notice is hereby given that on ________________________, Bats BZX Exchange, Inc. (the "Exchange" or "BZX") (f/k/a BATS Exchange, Inc.) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Commission") the proposed rule change as described in Items I and II below, which Items have been prepared by the Exchange. The Exchange has designated this proposal as a "non-controversial" proposed rule change pursuant to Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act 3 and Rule 19b-4(f)(6)(iii) thereunder, 4 which renders it effective upon filing with the Commission. The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons.
I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change
The Exchange filed a proposal to amend paragraphs (b)(2)(A) and (c)(2)(A) of Rule 11.23, Auctions, to lengthen the auction information dissemination periods for the
1 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).
2 17 CFR 240.19b-4.
3 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(3)(A).
4 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6)(iii).
Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities. 5
The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange's website at www.batstrading.com, at the principal office of the Exchange, and at the Commission's Public Reference Room.
II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change
In its filing with the Commission, the Exchange included statements concerning the purpose of and basis for the proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these statements may be examined at the places specified in Item IV below. The Exchange has prepared summaries, set forth in Sections A, B, and C below, of the most significant parts of such statements.
(A) Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change
1. Purpose
The Exchange proposes to amend paragraphs (b)(2)(A) and (c)(2)(A) of Rule 11.23, Auctions, to lengthen the auction information dissemination periods for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities. In sum, Users 6 may begin to enter orders to participate in the Opening or Closing Auction at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time, the beginning of the Pre-Opening Session. 7 Orders designated to participate in the
5 A BZX listed security is a security listed on the Exchange pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Exchange's Rules and includes both corporate listed securities and Exchange Traded Products ("ETPs").
6 See Exchange Rule 1.5(cc).
7 See Exchange Rule 11.23(b)(1)(A) and (c)(1)(A). The Pre-Opening Session is defined in Exchange Rule 1.5(r).
Opening Auction will be queued until 9:30 a.m. Eastern Time, at which time they will be eligible to execute in the Opening Auction. Orders designated to participate in the Closing Auction will be queued until 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, at which time they will be eligible to execute in the Closing Auction.
Currently, the Exchange begins to disseminate at 9:28 a.m. Eastern Time the Reference Price, 8 Indicative Price, 9 Auction Only Price, 10 and the lesser of Reference Buy Shares 11 and Reference Sell Shares 12 (collectively, the "BZX Auction Information") associated with the Opening Auction. The Exchange begins to disseminate the BZX Auction Information for the Closing Auction at 3:55 p.m. Eastern Time. For both the Opening and Closing Auction, the BZX Auction Information is updated and disseminated every five (5) seconds via electronic means to subscribers to the BZX Depth 13 and BZX Auction Feed 14 market data products and is also made available to other market participants by market data vendors. The BZX Auction Information is also made available on the Bats public website.
The Exchange now propose to lengthen the periods during which it disseminates BZX Auction Information for the Opening and Closing Auctions in BZX listed securities.
8 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(19).
9 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(10).
10 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(2).
11 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(18).
12 See Exchange Rule 11.23(a)(21).
13 See Exchange Rule 11.22(a) and (c).
14 See Exchange Rule 11.22(i).
As amended, Rule 11.23(b)(2)(A) would state that the Exchange will begin to disseminate BZX Auction Information for the Opening Auction at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time, rather than 9:28 a.m. Eastern Time. Rule 11.23(c)(2)(A) would be amended to state that the Exchange will begin to disseminate BZX Auction Information for the Closing Auction at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time, rather than 3:55 p.m. Eastern Time. 15
2. Statutory Basis
The Exchange believes that the proposed rule change is consistent with the requirements of the Act and the rules and regulations thereunder that are applicable to a national securities exchange, and, in particular, with the requirements of Section 6(b) of the Act. 16 Specifically, the proposed change is consistent with Section 6(b)(5) of the Act, 17 because it is designed to promote just and equitable principles of trade, to remove impediments to, and perfect the mechanism of, a free and open market and a national market system, and, in general, to protect investors and the public interest. Specifically, the proposal supports the objectives of perfecting the mechanism of a free and open market and the national market system because lengthening the periods when which BZX Auction Information will be disseminated for the Opening and Closing Auctions will provide market participants with more information and time for them to evaluate the market for the security. The Exchange believes lengthening the dissemination period will enable greater participation in the Opening and Closing Auctions because it will provide
15 The order entry cut off times for the Opening and Closing Auctions under Rules 11.23(b)((1)(A) and (c)(1)(A), respectively, will remain unchanged.
16 15 U.S.C. 78f(b).
17 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(5).
periodic information about the ability of investors to execute orders at particular sizes and prices over a longer period of time in advance of the auction. Finally, having greater knowledge about the trading interest in the BZX Book prior to the execution of the Opening and Closing Auctions will enable the market participants to make more informed decisions regarding their participation in the Opening or Closing Auctions. Therefore, the Exchange believes the proposed rule change promotes just and equitable principles of trade, removes impediments to, and perfects the mechanism of, a free and open market and a national market system.
(B) Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Burden on Competition
The Exchange does not believe that the proposed rule change will impose any burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the act. To the contrary, the proposal will promote competition because the Exchange believes lengthening the dissemination period will enable greater participation in the Opening and Closing Auctions by providing market participants with more information and time to evaluate the market for the security. The proposed rule change is, in effect, pro-competition as it promotes fair and orderly markets and protects investors, which, in turn, will buttress investor confidence and attract more investors to participate in the U.S. equities markets.
(C) Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Comments on the Proposed Rule Change Received from Members, Participants or Others
The Exchange has neither solicited nor received written comments on the proposed rule change.
III. Date of Effectiveness of the Proposed Rule Change and Timing for Commission Action
Because the foregoing proposed rule change does not: (A) significantly affect the protection of investors or the public interest; (B) impose any significant burden on competition; and (C) by its terms, become operative for 30 days from the date on which it was filed or such shorter time as the Commission may designate it has become effective pursuant to Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act 18 and paragraph (f)(6) of Rule 19b-4 thereunder, 19 the Exchange has designated this rule filing as non-controversial. The Exchange has given the Commission written notice of its intent to file the proposed rule change, along with a brief description and text of the proposed rule change at least five business days prior to the date of filing of the proposed rule change, or such shorter time as designated by the Commission.
At any time within 60 days of the filing of the proposed rule change, the Commission summarily may temporarily suspend such rule change if it appears to the Commission that such action is: (1) necessary or appropriate in the public interest; (2) for the protection of investors; or (3) otherwise in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. If the Commission takes such action, the Commission shall institute proceedings to determine whether the proposed rule should be approved or disapproved.
IV.
Solicitation of Comments
Interested persons are invited to submit written data, views and arguments concerning the foregoing, including whether the proposal is consistent with the Act.
Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:
18
15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(3)(A).
19
17 CFR 240.19b-4.
Electronic Comments:
* Use the Commission's Internet comment form (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml); or
* Send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org. Please include File No. SR-BATS2016-24 on the subject line.
Paper Comments:
* Send paper comments in triplicate to Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090.
All submissions should refer to File No. SR-BATS-2016-24. This file number should be included on the subject line if e-mail is used. To help the Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, please use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on the Commission's Internet website (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml). Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments, all written statements with respect to the proposed rule change that are filed with the Commission, and all written communications relating to the proposed rule change between the Commission and any person, other than those that may be withheld from the public in accordance with the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be available for website viewing and printing in the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549, on official business days between the hours of 10:00 am and 3:00 pm. Copies of such filing will also be available for inspection and copying at the principal office of the Exchange. All comments received will be posted without change; the Commission does not edit personal identifying information from submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make available publicly. All submissions should refer to File No. SRBATS-2016-24 and should be submitted on or before [_______21 days from publication
in the Federal Register].
For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated authority. 20
Robert W. Errett Deputy Secretary
20
Exhibit 5
Note: Proposed new language is underlined. Proposed deletions are enclosed in [brackets].
Rules of Bats BZX Exchange, Inc.
* * * * *
Rule 11.23. Auctions
(a) (No change).
(b) Opening Auction
(1) (No change).
(2) Opening Auction Process. The Exchange will conduct an Opening Auction for all BATS listed securities.
(A) Publication of Bats Auction Information. Beginning at [9:28]8:00 a.m. and updated every five seconds thereafter, the Reference Price, Indicative Price, Auction Only Price, Reference Buy Shares, and Reference Sell Shares associated with the Opening Auction will be disseminated via electronic means.
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(c) Closing Auction
(1) (No change).
(2) Closing Auction Process. The Exchange will conduct a Closing Auction for all BATS listed securities.
(A) Publication of Bats Auction Information. Beginning at 3:[55]00 p.m. and updated every five seconds thereafter, the Reference Price, Indicative Price, Auction Only Price, Reference Buy Shares, and Reference Sell Shares associated with the Closing Auction will be disseminated via electronic means.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff, v.
DNH INTERNATIONAL SARL, DYNO NOBEL, INC., EL PASO CORP., and COASTAL CHEM, INC.,
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Defendants.)
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COMPETITIVE IMPACT STATEMENT
Plaintiff United States, pursuant to Section 2(b) of the Antitrust Procedures and Penalties Act ("APPA" or "Tunney Act"), 15 U.S.C. § 16(b)-(h), files this Competitive Impact Statement relating to the proposed Final Judgment submitted for entry in this civil antitrust proceeding.
I. NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE PROCEEDING
On August 6, 2003, Defendant DNH International Sarl ("DNH"), through its wholly owned subsidiary Defendant Dyno Nobel, Inc. ("Dyno"), agreed to purchase certain assets of Defendant Coastal Chem, Inc. ("Coastal"), a subsidiary of Defendant El Paso Corporation ("El Paso"). These assets include two industrial grade ammonium nitrate ("IGAN") plants, one located in Cheyenne, Wyoming and the other in Battle Mountain, Nevada. Dyno currently owns a 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC, which owns an IGAN production facility in Vineyard, Utah (the "Geneva facility").
Case No. 1 : 03CV02486
JUDGE: Gladys Kessler
DECK TYPE: ANTITRUST
DATE STAMP: January 21, 2004
On December 2, 2003, the United States filed a civil antitrust lawsuit alleging that the proposed acquisition would violate Section 7 of the Clayton Act, as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 18. The Complaint alleges that Dyno's acquisition of Coastal's IGAN production facilities would substantially lessen competition in the production of IGAN for sale in Western North America. Coastal and one other firm are the primary suppliers of IGAN consumed in Western North America, accounting for over 80 percent of IGAN sales in that region, while Dyno's interest in the Geneva facility makes it the best located of the three fringe IGAN producers that supply the region. The acquisition would combine Coastal's Cheyenne and Battle Mountain facilities with Dyno's 50 percent interest in the Geneva facility. Such a reduction in competition would result in consumers of IGAN in the western United States paying higher prices for IGAN. Accordingly, the prayer for relief in the Complaint seeks (1) a judgment that the proposed acquisition would violate Section 7 of the Clayton Act and (2) a permanent injunction that would foreclose DNH or any of its subsidiaries from purchasing Coastal's Cheyenne and Battle Mountain IGAN production facilities.
At the same time the Complaint was filed, the United States filed a proposed settlement that would permit Dyno to complete its acquisition of the two Coastal IGAN production facilities but require Dyno to divest its interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC in such a way as to preserve competition in the Western North American IGAN market. The settlement consists of a Hold Separate Stipulation and Order and a proposed Final Judgment.
According to the terms of the settlement, Dyno must divest its interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC to a person acceptable to the United States, in its sole discretion, within ninety (90) calendar days after the filing of the Complaint in this matter, or within five (5) days after notice of entry of the Final Judgment, whichever is later. The United States, in its sole discretion, may extend the time period for divestiture by an additional period of time, not to exceed sixty (60) calendar days. If Dyno does not complete the divestiture within the prescribed time period, then the United States may nominate, and the Court will appoint, a trustee who will have sole authority to divest Dyno's interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC. If the trustee is unable to divest Dyno's interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC in a timely manner, it shall, as directed by the United States in its sole discretion, divest the Battle Mountain facility that Dyno is acquiring from Coastal.
The parties have stipulated that the proposed Final Judgment may be entered by the Court after compliance with the Tunney Act. Entry of the proposed Final Judgment would terminate this action, except that the Court would retain jurisdiction to construe, modify, or enforce the provisions of the Judgment and to punish violations thereof.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENTS GIVING RISE TO THE ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE ANTITRUST LAWS
A. The Defendants and the Proposed Transaction
DNH, a Luxembourg corporation headquartered in Oslo, Norway, is one of the world's largest explosives producers. DNH reported sales in 2002 of approximately $630 million. Its Dyno subsidiary is a Delaware corporation operating out of Salt Lake City, Utah. Dyno, which reported 2002 sales of roughly $31 6 million, is one of the two largest producers of explosives in North America.
El Paso, a Delaware corporation headquartered in Houston, Texas, reported 2002 sales of approximately $12 billion. El Paso is the leading provider of natural gas services and the largest pipeline company in North America. Its Coastal subsidiary, which also is incorporated in
3
Delaware and located in Houston, is one of the two largest IGAN producers in Western North America, reporting 2002 sales of roughly $146 million.
On August 6, 2003, Dyno agreed to purchase Coastal's IGAN production facilities in Battle Mountain, Nevada and Cheyenne, Wyoming. The acquisition would combine the two Coastal facilities with Dyno's 50 percent interest in the Geneva facility, which is the best located of the three fringe IGAN facilities that supply Western North America.
B. The Effects of the Transaction on Competition in the IGAN Market
1. The Relevant Market Is the Production of IGAN for Sale in Western North America.
The Complaint alleges that the production and sale of IGAN constitutes a relevant product market within the meaning of Section 7 of the Clayton Act. IGAN, which is in the form of low-density, porous prills (or granules), is an essential ingredient used in the production of blasting agents, one of two types of explosives used in the mining and construction industries. Blasting agents accounted for nearly all of the explosives sold in North America last year. They are used principally to mine coal, rock and other nonmetals, and metals such as gold and copper. The purchase of blasting agents constitutes a relatively small portion of the total costs of the mining or other industrial operations in which the blasting agents are used.
The other type of explosive commonly used in the mining and construction industries, high explosives, includes products such as dynamite. High explosives are much more expensive than blasting agents and are far more sensitive to detonation; high explosives can be detonated with only a blasting cap, while blasting agents are detonated using high explosives.
Virtually all blasting agents used in North America contain ammonium nitrate in the form of IGAN, and essentially all IGAN sold in North America is used to make blasting agents. The most widely used blasting agent is known as ANFO, which is made by soaking IGAN in fuel oil (Ammonium Nitrate plus Fuel Oil). Although ammonium nitrate is also available in an agricultural grade, which is in the form of high-density prills, only the more porous, lower density IGAN prills are used to make ANFO. The greater porosity of the IGAN prill allows for significantly better absorption of the fuel oil and makes an explosive with a much higher sensitivity to detonation. IGAN is also used to make explosive slurries, gels, and emulsions, which can be used as blasting agents either alone or in combination with ANFO.
A small but significant increase in the price of IGAN would not cause consumers of IGAN to use sufficiently less IGAN so as to make such a price increase unprofitable. Accordingly, the production and sale of IGAN is a line of commerce and a relevant product market within the meaning of Section 7 of the Clayton Act.
The Complaint further alleges that "Western North America" constitutes a relevant geographic market in which IGAN is sold. The Complaint defines Western North America as the eleven contiguous western-most states in the United States and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.
IGAN typically is shipped to customers in bulk either by rail or by truck. Freight costs are a significant component of the total delivered price of IGAN and limit the geographic area that an IGAN production facility profitably can serve. The physical characteristics of the product impose additional limitations on the geographic reach of an IGAN production facility. IGAN degrades over time as moisture in the air causes it to "cake," rendering it much less economical to use as an ingredient to make blasting agents. Also, the more IGAN is handled between production and use, the more the IGAN prills break down into unusable fine particles.
IGAN produced at Coastal's Battle Mountain, Nevada and Cheyenne, Wyoming facilities is regularly sold within Western North America. IGAN produced at the Geneva facility, in which Dyno has a 50 percent interest, is also regularly supplied into Western North America. Only three other firms own facilities that regularly produce IGAN for sale in Western North America. One of those three firms is Orica Limited ("Orica"), which owns the remaining 50 percent interest in the Geneva facility and also owns an IGAN facility located in Alberta, Canada. The other two facilities are located in Benson, Arizona and Manitoba, Canada.
No other firm owns an IGAN production facility from which it supplies IGAN on a regular basis to Western North America. Apart from the facilities referenced above, the IGAN facilities closest to Western North American customers are located along the Mississippi River. The additional transportation costs associated with supplying IGAN to Western North America from these facilities, coupled with the increased risk of degradation of the IGAN due to prolonged shipping and handling of the product, significantly limit the ability of these distant facilities to supply Western North America. A small but significant increase in the price of IGAN produced for sale in Western North America would not cause consumers of IGAN in Western North America to purchase sufficient amounts of IGAN produced at facilities that do not already regularly supply Western North America such that a price increase would be unprofitable. Accordingly, Western North America is a relevant geographic market, within the meaning of Section 7 of the Clayton Act, in which to assess the competitive effects of the proposed acquisition.
2. The Proposed Acquisition Would Result in Anticompetitive Effects.
The Complaint alleges that Dyno's acquisition of Coastal's Battle Mountain and Cheyenne IGAN production facilities likely will substantially lessen competition in the production of IGAN for sale in Western North America, eliminate actual and potential competition between Dyno and Coastal in the production of IGAN for sale in Western North America, and increase prices for IGAN produced for sale in Western North America.
Specifically, the Complaint alleges that two firms–Coastal and Orica–account for over 80 percent of IGAN sales in Western North America, which in 2002 exceeded $150 million, and that Dyno's interest in the Geneva facility makes it the best located of the three fringe producers that supply the market. After the proposed acquisition, the two dominant firms together would control roughly 90 percent of such sales, with Dyno and Coastal combined having a share of approximately 50 percent.
In Western North America, most IGAN-containing blasting agents are consumed in mines located in one of three areas: the Powder River Basin in Wyoming (coal mines); Northern Nevada (gold mines); and the so-called "Four-Corners Area" surrounding the junction of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona (coal mines). Coastal and Orica have facilities that are well-positioned to supply the Powder River Basin and Northern Nevada. The Geneva plant, which has an annual capacity of about 100,000 tons and is equally owned by Orica and Dyno, is located roughly equidistant from Northern Nevada, the Powder River Basin, and the Four-Corners Area and is well-positioned to serve all three areas. In contrast, the two other fringe firms that produce IGAN for sale in Western North America are located at the outer reaches of the relevant geographic market.
The proposed transaction, which would combine Coastal's Battle Mountain and Cheyenne facilities with Dyno's 50 percent interest in the Geneva facility, thus would eliminate independent competition from the best located of the three fringe IGAN producers that supply Western North America.
Successful entry into the Western North American IGAN market would be expensive and time-consuming, and thus would be unlikely to constrain an increase in the price of IGAN in Western North America. To be successful, a new entrant likely would require an efficient IGAN facility that could produce at least one-quarter of total IGAN sales in Western North America in order to cover the estimated $70 million cost of constructing such a facility. An IGAN facility with that capacity would take over two years to complete. Considering the time and capital expense required to construct such a production facility, entry is unlikely to occur in response to a small by significant increase in the price of IGAN in Western North America.
III. EXPLANATION OF THE PROPOSED FINAL JUDGMENT
The proposed Final Judgment will preserve competition in the production of IGAN for sale in Western North America. The Judgment requires that within ninety (90) calendar days after the filing of the Complaint in this matter, or within five (5) days after notice of entry of the Final Judgment, whichever is later, Dyno must sell its 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC, the owner of the Geneva facility, to an acquirer acceptable to the United States. The United States may extend this time period for divestiture for one additional period, not to exceed sixty (60) calendar days. Dyno must use its best efforts to divest its 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC as expeditiously as possible.
If Dyno does not accomplish the ordered divestiture within the prescribed time period, the United States will nominate, and the Court will approve and appoint, a trustee to assume sole power and authority to complete the divestiture of Dyno's 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC. Should the trustee determine that this divestiture cannot be accomplished expeditiously, the trustee shall notify the United States and the parties and provide the reasons supporting its conclusion. Upon receipt of such notice from the trustee, the United States, in its sole discretion, shall have the right to direct the trustee to sell Coastal's Battle Mountain facility instead.
The United States considers the sale of Dyno's 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC to be satisfactory relief. The sale of that half-interest to a buyer that does not already produce IGAN for sale in Western North America would leave the post-acquisition market essentially the same as the pre-acquisition market, with the buyer replacing Dyno in the marketplace as the best positioned of the three fringe producers of IGAN in the region. The United States is optimistic that an acceptable buyer for Dyno's 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC can be found in a timely manner. If not, the United States is satisfied that the sale of Coastal's Battle Mountain facility to a buyer acceptable to the United States would be a suitable alternative divestiture. Although the Geneva facility is better located than the Battle Mountain plant with respect to the majority of IGAN-consuming customers in Western North America – those located in the gold mining region of Northern Nevada, and in the coal mining industries found in the "Four Corners Area" and the Powder River Basin – Dyno's share of the Geneva facility's output is less than the capacity of the Battle Mountain plant. Because of this capacity advantage, the competitive significance of an independent Battle Mountain facility should be comparable to that of the better-located Geneva facility.
DNH, Dyno, El Paso, and Coastal must cooperate fully with the trustee's efforts to divest either Dyno's 50 percent interest in Geneva Nitrogen LLC or, should the United States so direct, Coastal's Battle Mountain facility to an acquirer acceptable to the United States, and they must report periodically to the United States on their divestiture efforts. If the trustee is appointed, defendant DNH will pay all costs and expenses of the trustee. The trustee's commission will be based in part on the price obtained for the divested assets and the speed with which the divestiture is completed, thus providing an incentive for the trustee to accomplish a speedy divestiture. After its appointment becomes effective, the trustee will file monthly reports with the parties and the Court, setting forth the trustee's efforts to accomplish the divestiture. If the divestiture has not been accomplished within six months of the trustee's appointment, the trustee and the parties will make recommendations to the Court, which shall enter such orders as may be appropriate to carry out the purpose of the Final Judgment, including extending the trust and the term of the trustee's appointment.
IV. REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO POTENTIAL PRIVATE LITIGANTS
Section 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 15) provides that any person who has been injured as a result of conduct prohibited by the antitrust laws may bring suit in federal court to recover three times the damages the person has suffered, as well as costs and reasonable attorneys' fees. Entry of the proposed Final Judgment will neither impair nor assist the bringing of any private antitrust damage action. Under the provisions of Section 5(a) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 16(a)), the proposed Final Judgment has no prima facie effect in any subsequent private lawsuit that may be brought against the defendants.
V. PROCEDURES AVAILABLE FOR MODIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED FINAL JUDGMENT
The parties have stipulated that the proposed Final Judgment may be entered by the Court after compliance with the provisions of the APPA, provided that the United States has not withdrawn its consent. The APPA conditions entry upon the Court's determination that the proposed Final Judgment is in the public interest.
The Tunney Act provides a period of at least sixty days preceding the effective date of the proposed Final Judgment during which any person may submit to the United States written comments regarding the proposed Final Judgment. Any person who wishes to comment should do so within sixty days of the date of publication of this Competitive Impact Statement in the Federal Register. The United States will evaluate and respond to the comments. All comments will be given due consideration by the Department of Justice, which remains free to withdraw its consent to the proposed Final Judgment at any time prior to entry by the Court. The comments and the response of the United States will be filed with the Court and published in the Federal Register.
Written comments should be submitted to:
Maribeth Petrizzi Chief, Litigation II Section Antitrust Division United States Department of Justice 1401 H Street, NW, Suite 3000 Washington, D.C. 20530
The proposed Final Judgment provides that the Court retains jurisdiction over this action, and the parties may apply to the Court for any order necessary or appropriate for the modification, interpretation, or enforcement of the Final Judgment.
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VI. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED FINAL JUDGMENT
The United States considered, as an alternative to the proposed Final Judgment, a full trial on the merits against defendants DNH, Dyno, El Paso, and Coastal. The United States could have continued the litigation to seek preliminary and permanent injunctions against Dyno's acquisition of Coastal's IGAN production facilities. The United States is satisfied, however, that the proposed relief, once implemented by the Court, will preserve and ensure competition in the relevant market.
VII. STANDARD OF REVIEW UNDER THE APPA FOR PROPOSED FINAL JUDGMENT
The APPA requires that proposed consent judgments in antitrust cases brought by the United States be subject to a sixty-day comment period, after which the Court shall determine whether entry of the proposed Final Judgment "is in the public interest." In making that determination, the Court may consider--
(1) the competitive impact of such judgment, including termination of alleged violations, provisions for enforcement and modification, duration or relief sought, anticipated effects of alternative remedies actually considered, and any other considerations bearing upon the adequacy of such judgment;
(2) the impact of entry of such judgment upon the public generally and individuals alleging specific injury from the violations set forth in the complaint including consideration of the public benefit, if any, to be derived from a determination of the issues at trial.
15 U.S.C. § 16(e). As the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has held, the APPA permits a court to consider, among other things, the relationship between the remedy secured and the specific allegations set forth in the government's complaint, whether the decree is sufficiently clear, whether enforcement mechanisms are sufficient, and whether the
decree may positively harm third parties. United States v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448, 1458-62 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
In conducting this inquiry, "the Court is nowhere compelled to go to trial or to engage in extended proceedings which might have the effect of vitiating the benefits of prompt and less costly settlement through the consent decree process." 1 Rather, absent a showing of corrupt failure of the government to discharge its duty, the Court, in making its public interest finding, should . . . carefully consider the explanations of the government in the competitive impact statement and its responses to comments in order to determine whether those explanations are reasonable under the circumstances.
United States v. Mid-America Dairymen, Inc., 1977-1 CCH Trade Cas. ¶ 61,508, at 71,980 (W.D. Mo. 1977).
Accordingly, with respect to the adequacy of the relief secured by the decree, a court may not "engage in an unrestricted evaluation of what relief would best serve the public." United States v. BNS, Inc., 858 F.2d 456, 462 (9th Cir. 1988) (citing United States v. Bechtel Corp., 648 F.2d 660, 666 (9th Cir. 1981)); see also Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1460-62. Courts have held that
[t]he balancing of competing social and political interests affected by a proposed antitrust consent decree must be left, in the first instance, to the discretion of the Attorney General. The court's role in protecting the public interest is one of insuring that the government has not breached its duty to the public in consenting to the decree. The court is required to determine not whether a particular decree is the one that will best serve society, but whether the settlement is "within the reaches of the public interest." More elaborate
1119 Cong. Rec. 24598 (1973); see also United States v. Gillette Co., 406 F. Supp. 713, 715 (D. Mass. 1975). A "public interest" determination can be made properly on the basis of the Competitive Impact Statement and Response to Comments filed by the Department of Justice pursuant to the APPA. Although the APPA authorizes the use of additional procedures, 15 U.S.C. § 16(f), those procedures are discretionary. A court need not invoke any of them unless it believes that the comments have raised significant issues and that further proceedings would aid the court in resolving those issues. H.R. 93-1463, 93rd Cong. 2d Sess. 8-9, reprinted in (1974) U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 6535, 6538.
requirements might undermine the effectiveness of antitrust enforcement by consent decree.
Bechtel, 648 F.2d at 666 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). 2
The proposed Final Judgment, therefore, should not be reviewed under a standard of whether it is certain to eliminate every anticompetitive effect of a particular practice or whether it mandates certainty of free competition in the future. Court approval of a final judgment requires a standard more flexible and less strict than the standard required for a finding of liability. "[A] proposed decree must be approved even if it falls short of the remedy the court would impose on its own, as long as it falls within the range of acceptability or is 'within the reaches of public interest.'" United States v. AT&T, 552 F. Supp. 131, 151 (D.D.C. 1982) (citations omitted) (quoting Gillette, 406 F. Supp. at 716), aff'd sub nom. Maryland v. United States, 460 U.S. 1001 (1983); see also United States v. Alcan Aluminum Ltd., 605 F. Supp. 619, 622 (W.D. Ky. 1985) (approving the consent decree even though the court would have imposed a greater remedy).
Moreover, the Court's role under the APPA is limited to reviewing the remedy in relationship to the violations that the United States alleges in its Complaint, and does not authorize the Court to "construct [its] own hypothetical case and then evaluate the decree against that case." Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1459. Because the "court's authority to review the decree depends entirely on the government's exercising its prosecutorial discretion by bringing a case in the first place," it follows that "the court is only authorized to review the decree itself," and not to
2 Cf. BNS, 858 F.2d at 463 (holding that the court's "ultimate authority under the [APPA] is limited to approving or disapproving the consent decree"); Gillette, 406 F. Supp. at 716 (noting that, in this way, the court is constrained to "look at the overall picture not hypercritically, nor with a microscope, but with an artist's reducing glass"). See generally Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1461 (discussing whether "the remedies [obtained in the decree are] so inconsonant with the allegations charged as to fall outside of the 'reaches of the public interest'").
"effectively redraft the complaint" to inquire into other matters that the United States did not pursue. Id. at 1459-60.
VIII. DETERMINATIVE DOCUMENTS
There are no determinative materials or documents within the meaning of the APPA that were considered by the United States in formulating the proposed Final Judgment.
Dated: January 21, 2004
Respectfully submitted,
/s/
Michael K. Hammaker D.C. Bar No. 233684 U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, Litigation II Section 1401 H Street, NW, Suite 3000 Washington, DC 20530
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, Joshua P. Jones, hereby certify that on January 21, 2004, I caused copies of the foregoing Competitive Impact Statement to be served on Defendants DNH International Sarl, Dyno Nobel, Inc., El Paso Corporation, and Coastal Chem, Inc., by facsimile and by mailing these documents first-class, postage prepaid, to duly authorized legal representatives of those parties, as follows:
Counsel for DNH International Sarl and Dyno Nobel, Inc.
Raymond J. Etcheverry, Esquire Parsons, Behle & Latimer 201 South Main Street, Suite 1800 Salt Lake City, UT 84111
Counsel for El Paso Corporation and Coastal Chem, Inc.
Eric H. Queen, Esquire John R. Ingrassia, Esquire Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson One New York Plaza New York, NY 10004
/s/
Joshua P. Jones GA Bar No. 091645 Antitrust Division U.S. Department of Justice 1401 H Street, NW, Suite 3000 Washington, DC 20530 (202) 307-1031
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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research of Educational Administration and Management (ICREAM 2020)
Analysis of Antecedents Visit Intention on Thousand Islands Tourism Moderated by Travel Motivation and Employee Education and Training on Improving Performance in Providing Services
Mohamad Surya Atmaja, Nico Lukito* Magister Management Program Trisakti University Jakarta, Indonesia *firstname.lastname@example.org
Abstract—The purpose of this study is to analyze Antecedents Visit Intention in Kepulauan Seribu Tourism as moderated by Travel Motivation. The problems of this research are : Is there an effect of Travel Motivation on Visit Intention, the influence of constraints on Visit Intention, the effect of perceived travel risks on Visit Intention, can Travel Motivation moderate the effect of perceived travel risks on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation can moderate the effect of constraints on Visit Intention. This research uses explanatory type using quantitative. The sample used for this study was 118 respondents living around Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tanggerang, Bekasi JABODETABEK. Data collection used in this study is a survey that must answer the questions given by researchers. Analyze with descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of the questionnaire were processed using a Structural Equation Model (SEM).The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the variable dimensions Travel Motivation does not have a positive influence on Visit Intention, Constraints have a positive influence on Visit Intention, Perceived Travel Risk has a positive influence on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation can moderate the effect of Perceived Travel Risk on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation can moderate the influence of constraints on Visit Intention.This study uses a sample size of 118 respondents which may not represent the total view of the community. The next researcher must emphasize post-visit evaluation to investigate the role of Travel Motivation moderation in Risk Perception, Constraints and Behavioral Intention.The conceptual variable framework in this study adds the construct of using Travel Motivation as an independent variable on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation as a moderation of the Constraints and Perceived Travel Risk variables.
I. INTRODUCTION
As the capital city of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta Province, has a lot of tourism potential that is not less competitive with other areas in other parts of Indonesia, there are many kinds of tourist attractions that can be enjoyed by tourists who want to visit DKI Jakarta, including old historic buildings, dark tourism, which is a tour that provides experiences about dark and creepy history, to marine tourism located in North Jakarta in the Jakarta Administration District, the Kepulauan Seribu, which offers the charm of beaches and small islands as well as various water rides because its beauty is still maintained.
The islands in the Kepulauan Seribu are actually not like the names of 1000 islands, but as many as 112 islands. Of the total 112 islands consisting of small islands and large islands; classified back into two types of islands, namely island residents and resort islands. The Administration of the Kepulauan Seribu District Administration is divided into 2 Districts and 6 Sub-Districts, the two Districts are the South Kepulauan Seribu District, and the North Kepulauan Seribu District [1].
The Kepulauan Seribu have a special charm that attracts tourists to visit. Researchers argue that motivation has the most importance in travel behaviour such as choice of destination and visit intention [2]. With the large number of visitors, it further motivates potential visitors to visit the Kepulauan Seribu.
Keywords—travel motivation, constraint, perceived travel risk, visit intention, Kepulauan Seribu
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
TABLE I. NUMBER OF TOURIST VISITS TO LEADING TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN 2015-2018
Source: The Seribu Islands Administration for Tourism and Culture Sub-Department.
Based on table 1 above, we can see a trend that shows that domestic tourists fluctuate every year. The number of leading tourist sites in the Kepulauan Seribu that can be visited has its own charm. The number of tourist arrivals in the Kepulauan Seribu has fluctuated every year. From the existing data, it can be seen that the number of domestic tourists was 748,591 and foreign tourists as many as 28,417 in 2018, so that the total number of tourists in 2018 was 777,008, decreasing by 2.6% from 2017. In 2017, it increased by 2.2% to 797,218 from 2016 as many as 779,004. However, in 2016 there was a significant decrease of 4.2% from 2015 of 812,257 [1,3-5].
Tourist visits to tourist attractions are supported by tourism management including travel management that provides the best service to tourists. Travel parties who accompany tourists are the key to impressing a tourist visit. Therefore a competent and understanding companion is needed in travel management. One of the ways to form and improve the ability of travel employees is to use educational and training activities for employees.
Domestic tourist data shows a fluctuating trend every year. The number of tourists each year has increased in 2016 by 48% from 2015, and in 2017 by 24%, and in 2018 by 3%. From the percentage increase in the number of foreign tourists from year to year, the increase is slightly (not significant) [1,3-5] participate and enjoy recreational activities [6]. Perceived Travel Risk, namely consumer perceptions of possible risks from actions that can create hazards so that it will influence travel decisions from the perceived danger if it has exceeded the limit. However, Roehl and Fesenmaier [7] argue that a situation in which the only possible outcome is the loss of some magnitude is not a risk. In travel decision making, perceived risk is very important because of its ability to change decisions [8].
Visit Intention is a perception felt by tourists to visit certain destinations in a certain period [9]. Visit Intention is also considered a mental process and a transformation from Travel Motivation into behavior [10]. Travel intention for tourists can be seen by developing insights into issues such as attitudes or perceptions of goals with the main key being constraits, and the perceived level of perceived personal control over the resources needed to achieve targeted behavior [11].
Previous research has shown that there is an effect of education and job training and work motivation on employee performance [12,13]. So it can be concluded that trained and competent employees will improve performance so that it affects the intensity of visiting a tourist spot because the services provided are good.
II. REVIEW THEORY AND STUDY RESEARCH RESULTS
Motivation is a condition that comes from the psychological of an individual which arises because of the desire to take an action. According to Li and Cai [2], motivation is a tendency or frame of mind that arises out of need so that it becomes an impetus for an individual to take various types of actions to meet those needs. In tourism, motivation is a psychological / biological need that awakens, directs, and integrates a person to behave and do activities [14]. Travel Motivation is a driving factor that can influence tourists to show tourist behavior [15].
Travel constraints are a key factor that keeps people from starting or continuing a journey [16]. Travel constraints refer to the factors that hinder travel on an ongoing basis, result in the inability to increase or maintain the frequency of travel, cause the inability to initiate trips, and result in negative effects on the quality of the journey [17]. In other words, Travel Constraints are factors that limit the desire to spend leisure
time and inhibit or prohibit people's desire to participate and enjoy recreational activities [6]. Perceived Travel Risk, namely consumer perceptions of possible risks from actions that can create hazards so that it will influence travel decisions from the perceived danger if it has exceeded the limit. However, Roehl and Fesenmaier [7] argue that a situation in which the only possible outcome is the loss of some magnitude is not a risk. In travel decision making, perceived risk is very important because of its ability to change decisions [8].
Visit Intention is a perception felt by tourists to visit certain destinations in a certain period [9]. Visit Intention is also considered a mental process and a transformation from Travel Motivation into behavior [10]. Travel intention for tourists can be seen by developing insights into issues such as attitudes or perceptions of goals with the main key being constraits, and the perceived level of perceived personal control over the resources needed to achieve targeted behavior [11].
III. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
Researchers argue that motivation has the most importance in travel behavior such as choice of destination and visit intention [2,18]. Kale and Weir [19] found that would-be Western travelers feel positively about India's culture and history, exotic environments, unique customs, and food. Huang and Hsu [18] found a positive effect of motivation (new and relaxed enjoyment) on attitudes toward return visit intentions. Lam and Hsu [20] measured motivation as behavioral beliefs and subjective norms and found motivation to predict in choosing goals. Jang et al. [10] found Taiwan seniors motivated by the new quest were more likely to travel to Hong Kong. Leong et al. [21] found that nostalgia as a motivational boost had a significant positive effect on an individual's future visit intentions. Based on this research, a hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
H1: Travel Motivation has a positive effect on Visit Intention.
Potential travelers adopt constraint negotiation measures to minimize their influence in travel decision making [17,18]. Early literature such as Blazey [22] defined a lack of money, time, family support or interest, and ill health as perceived constraints affecting travel intentionsprospective American students had a negative effect on their travel intentions. Chen et al. [23], while examining the mediating effect of destination images on travel constraints and visit intention, found a significant negative relationship between visit intention and travel constraints. Based on this research, a hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
H2: Constraints have a positive effect on Visit Intention.
Perceived risk was first described in consumer purchases as physical, financial, psychological, social, and time risks and was adopted in travel purchases [24]. Roehl and Fesenmaier [7] explored these risks in travel research as pre- and post-trip risks for happy travelers. Subsequently, Fuhs and Reichel [25] conducted an extensive study to identify perceived risks in transit by conducting factor analysis and identifying nine dimensions of risk caused by humans, socio-psychological, quality of service, financial, natural disasters, food safety issues, weather and accidents. Kozak et al. [26] found varying degrees of difference in risk perception among tourists from different cultures. They also found that tourists attributed certain types of risk to certain areas of travel. Hung and Petrick [17] describe information gathering as a tool to minimize risk perceptions among potential travelers. Based on this research, a hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
H3: Perceived Travel Risk has a positive effect on Visit Intention.
Travel constraints are factors that require spending free time and spending or people's desire to enjoy and enjoy recreational activities [6]. Psychological / biological needs that awaken, direct and integrate individual behavior and activities [14,27,28]. However, researchers argue that providing precise reasons why many people want to travel and what they want to enjoy, is difficult because of the complex nature of humans [29]. Researchers also argue that motivational drives are influenced by perceived risks and constraints that can change people's travel behavior [30,31]. Previous studies have examined the that moderate role of travel motivation in the context of vacation and travel and found that and a person's choice of destination. Hung and Petrick [17] found that travel constraints for travel motivation can strengthen or weaken the relationships between different variables. Individuals who score high in risk-taking and sensation-seeking motivation prefer more active, spontaneous, fast and less comfortable vacations [15]. Based on this research, a hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
H4: Travel Motivation can moderate the effect of Perceived Travel Risks on Visit Intention.
In the context of high perceptions of travel constraints, Jackson et al. [32] that travel motivation may have an intervening role in individual decision-making processes and may interact with perceptions of constraints. They also argue that participation in travel activities can be determined by relative motivational strength in relation to perceived constraints. In addition, research shows that highly motivated individuals are less likely to perceive high levels of resistance or they are better prepared to overcome obstacles and are more likely to participate in travel activities [33,34]. Based on this research, a hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
H5: Travel Motivation can moderate the influence of Constraints on Visit Intention.
The following conceptual framework is developed from the research of Mohammad J Khan, Shankar Chelliah, Firoz Khan, Saba Amin [35] and Mohammad J Khan, Shankar Chelliah, Sahrish Ahmed [36]. Travel Motivation, Constraint, Perceived Travel Risk and Visit Intention variables were taken from the research of Mohammad J Khan, Shankar Chelliah, Firoz Khan, Saba Amin [35] and the moderating variable Travel Motivation
was taken from the research of Mohammad J Khan, Shankar Chelliah, Sahrish Ahmed [36 ] (See Figure 1).
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Population
In this study, 118 people distributed questionnaires around JABODETABEK for one month in collecting respondent data. The technique used for sampling in this study is purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling technique is a technique in collecting data based on criteria in a particular study [20]. In this study, the authors used criteria aimed at the community around Jabodetabek. This research in determining the number of samplesto be used is by using the formula from Walpole which is commonly used to determine the size of the sample in the infinite or non-permanent population of the teacher. In calculating the sample using the following formula:
Where:
N = Number of Samples
α = Estimated Level of Trust (= 5%)
e = Alleged error (e = 9%)
Z = Normal value
- The first step:
The Z value of 0.025 when viewed in the distribution table is 1.96 which is obtained from (1,9 + 0,060).
- Second step:
Based on the formula above, the authors took a sample of 118 respondents in this study.
B. Sources and Data Collection Techniques
The way to collect the data itself is by distributing questionnaires where the content of the questionnaire itself comes from the items of each existing variable and is entered into the Google form. In order for the data obtained to be more valid, it will be added to the start page of Google form some of the required Population and Sample criteria requirements. If they meet the requirements, the respondent can continue filling out the existing questionnaire. Distribution of questionnaires via Whatsapp from December 2019 to February 2020.
V. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Characteristics of Respondents
The following are the characteristics of the respondents from this study table 2.
TABLE II. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Source: Questionnaire Data.
B. Hypothesis Test Results
Testing of the hypothesis is carried out using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method. The basis of the hypothesis test decision making is to compare the amount of p-value with a level of significance of 5% (alpha 0.05). If the p-value is more than alpha 0.05 then the null hypothesis (Ho) fails to be rejected, which means that there is no significant effect between the two variables and vice versa if the p-value is lower than alpha 0.05 then the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected table 3.
TABLE III. HYPOTHESIS TESTING RESULTS
1) Hypothesis 1: Based on the results of statistical testing, it is known that the Estimate of Travel Motivation is 0.370,
meaning that the higher the perception of Travel Motivation, the higher the perception of Visit Intention. The test results show a p-value of 0.196> 0.05 (alpha 5%), so it is concluded statistically at the 95 percent confidence level there is no positive influence of Travel Motivation on Visit Intention.
2) Hypothesis 2: Based on the results of statistical testing, it is known that the Estimate of Travel Motivation is -0.457, meaning that the higher the perception of constraint, the higher the perception of Visit Intention. The test results show a pvalue of 0.000 <0.05 (alpha 5%), so it is concluded that statistically at the 95 percent confidence level there is a positive influence on Visit Intention.
3) Hypothesis 3: Based on the results of statistical testing, it is known that the Estimate of Perceived Travel Risk is 0.552, meaning that the higher the perception of Perceived Travel Risk, the higher the perception of Visit Intention. The test results show a p-value of 0.000 <0.05 (alpha 5%), so it is concluded statistically at the 95 percent confidence level there is a positive influence of Perceived Travel Risk on Visit Intention.
4) Hypothesis 4: Based on the results of statistical testing, it is known that the Estimate of Perceived Travel Risk is 0.002, meaning that the higher the perception of Perceived Travel Risk, the higher the perception of Visit Intention. The test results show a p-value of 0.068 <0.01 (alpha 10%) using a significant value of p-value <(10%) the p-value does not have to be (5%) so it is concluded statistically at a 95 percent confidence level. Travel Motivation can moderate the influence of Perceived Travel Risk on Visit Intention.
5) Hypothesis 5: Based on the results of statistical testing, it is known that the size of the Estimate of Constraints is 0.002, meaning that the higher the perception of Constraints, the higher the perception of Visit Intention. The test results show a p-value of 0.068 <0.01 (alpha 10%) using a significant p-value <(10%) the p-value does not have to be (5%) so it is concluded statistically at a 95 percent confidence level. Travel Motivation can moderate the influence of constraints on Visit Intention.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Testing of research problems shows that Travel Motivation has no positive influence on Visit Intention, Constraint has a positive influence on Visit Intention, Perceived Travel Risk has a positive effect on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation can moderate the effect of Perceived Travel Risk on Visit Intention, Travel Motivation can moderate the influence of constraints on Visit Intention. The results of this study should be used by management to increase Visit Intention by paying attention to Constraints, Perceived Travel Risk and being moderated by Travel Motivation. In this research, which is a tourism marketing study, this study is expected to be useful for the tourism industry, how to plan marketing strategies based on customer experience in highly competitive tourism business competitions. Further researchers should emphasize post-visit evaluations to investigate the moderating role of Travel
Motivation on Risk Perception, Constraints and Behavioral Intention. The majority of respondents are in the younger age group and their opinions cannot be generalized to other age groups. In addition, further research is needed in different age groups and geographic areas to establish a generalized research framework.
REFERENCES
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[6] K. Hung and J. Petrick, "Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model," Tourism Management, vol. 33, pp. 855-867, 2012.
[7] W.S. Roehl and D.R. Fesenmaier, "Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 30, pp. 17-26, 1992.
[8] S. Sönmez and A.R. Graefe, "Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 37, pp. 171-177, 1998.
[9] T. Ahn, Y. Ekinci, and G. Li, "Self-congruence, functional congruence, and destination choice," Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, pp. 719– 723, 2013.
[10] S. Jang, B. Bai, C. Hu, and C.M.E. Wu, "Affect, Travel Motivation, and Travel Intention: A Senior Market," Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, vol. 33, pp. 51–73, 2009.
[11] J.R. Sparks and Y. Pan, "Ethical Judgments in Business Ethics Research: Definition, and Research Agenda," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 91, pp. 405-418, 2010.
[12] N.R. Andayani and P. Makian, "Pengaruh Pelatihan Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Bagian PT. PCI Elektronik International," Jurnal Akuntansi, Ekonomi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, vol. 4, no. (1), pp. 41-46, 2016.
[13] Y.Y. Darmawan, W.G. Supartha, and A.G. Rahyuda, "Pengaruh pelatihan terhadap motivasi kerja dan kinerja di Prama Sanur BeachBali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 6(3), 12651290, 2017.
[14] D.B. Park and Y.S. Yoon, "Segmentation by Motivation in Rural Tourism: A Korean Case Study," Tourism Management, vol. 30, pp. 99108, 2009.
[15] A. Pizam, Y. Neuman, and A. Reichel, "Dimensions of tourist satisfaction with a destination area," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 5, pp. 314-322, 1978.
[16] D. Kerstetter, I-Yin Yen, and C. Yarnal, "Plowing Uncharted Waters: A Study of Perceived Constraints to Cruise Travel," Tourism Anaysis, vol. 10, pp.137-150, 2005.
[17] K. Hung and J. Petrick, "Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 37, pp. 206-228, 2010.
[18] C.H.C. Hsu and S.S. Huang, "Effects of Travel Motivation, Past Experience, Perceived Constraint, and Attitude on Revisit Intention," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 48, pp. 29-44, 2009.
[19] S.H. Kale and K.M. Weir, "Marketing third world countries to the Western traveler: The case of India," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 25, pp. 2-7, 1986.
[20] T. Lam and C.H.C. Hsu, "Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a Travel destination," Tourism Management, vol. 27, pp. 589-599, 2006.
[21] A.M.W. Leong, S-S.Yeh, Y.C. Hsiao, and T.C. Huan, "Nostalgia as Travel motivation and its impact on tourists' loyalty," Journal of Business Research, vol. 68, pp. 81–86, 2015.
[22] M.A. Blazey, "The Differences Between Participants and Nonparticipants in a Senior Travel Program," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 1, 1987.
[23]
P-J. Chen, N. Hua, and Y. Wang, "Mediating perceived Travel constraints: The role of destination image," Journal of Travel & Tourism
Marketing, vol. 30, pp. 201–221, 2013.
[24] P.M. Simpson and J.A. Siguaw, "Destination Word of Mouth: The Role of Traveler Type, Residents, and Identity Salienc," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 1, 2008.
[25] G. Fuchs and A. Reichel, "Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel," Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, Vol. 14, pp. 83-108, 2006.
[26] M. Kozak, J.C. Crotts, and R. Law, "The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers," International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 9, pp. 233–242, 2007.
[27] Y. Yoon and M. Uysal, "An Examination of the Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model," Tourism Management, vol. 26, pp. 45-56, 2005.
[28] G.M.S.Dann, "Tourist motivation an appraisal," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 8, pp. 187-219, 1981.
[29] J.Y. Kluin and X.Y. Lehto, "Measuring Family Reunion Travel Motivations," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, pp. 820-841, 2012.
[30] A. Lepp and H. Gibson, "Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 30, pp. 606-624, 2003.
[31] N-S. Kim and L. Chalip, "Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints," Tourism Management, vol. 25, pp. 695-707, 2004.
[32] E.L. Jackson, D.W. Crawford, and G. Godbey, "Negotiation of leisure constraints," Leisure Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 1-11, 1993.
[33] B. Carroll and K. Alexandris, "Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece," Journal of Leisure, vol. 29, pp. 279-299, 1997.
[34] C.H.C. Shu and S.K. Kang, "Chinese Urban Mature Travellers Motivation and Constraints by Decision Autonomy," Journal of Traveler and Tourism Marketing, vol. 26, pp. 703-721, 2009.
[35] M.J. Khan, S. Chelliah, F. Khan, and S. Amin, "Perceived risks, Travel constraints and visit intention of young women Travelers: the moderating role of Travel motivation," Journal Tourism and Hospitality, vol. 74, pp. 726-733, 2018.
[36] M.J. Khan, S. Chelliah, and S. Ahmed, "Intention to visit India among potential Travellers: Role of Travel motivation, perceived Travel risks, and Travel constraints," Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 1, pp. 312, 2018.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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CORFE MULLEN TOWN COUNCIL Towers Way, Corfe Mullen, Wimborne Dorset, BH21 3UA 01202 698600 email@example.com
Minutes Of The Community Services Committee held on Tuesday 11 August 2020 at 2.30pm on Zoom online
Present:
Councillors
S Jefferies (Chair)
M Barron
P Holland
J Lortie
D Mattocks
P Purvis
D Sowry-House (Mayor)
In Attendance: Nicola Gray (Town Clerk)
CS 20/01
To Receive and Accept apologies for absence
(LGA 1972 s85 (1))
Apologies were received and accepted from Cllr A Craven.
CS 20/02 To Record any declarations of interest Members to declare any interests, including Disclosable Pecuniary Interests they may have in agenda items that accord with the requirements of the Town Council's Code of Conduct and to consider any prior requests from members for Dispensations that accord with Localism Act 2011 s33(b-e) (NB this does not preclude any later declarations)
There were no declarations of interests.
CS 20/03
CS 20/04
To Approve minutes of meeting held on 10 March 2020
LGA 1972, sch 12, para 41
The minutes of the meeting held on 10 March 2020 were approved.
To Approve Accounts for Payment
It was RESOLVED to approve the Accounts for Payment.
CS 20/05 To Consider revision of arrangements for Parish Tour
Members considered the report in respect of the arrangements for the Parish Tour.
It was RESOLVED that Councillors would carry out the tour under the organisation of Councillor Jefferies who would email out dates, times and information of areas within the parish to be looked at.
Initials ……………
A
B
CS 20/06 To Consider the following items relating to the Allotments: Individual Sheds
Members considered and discussed at length the report previously circulated.
It was RESOLVED to allow sheds on allotments to a maximum size of 8'x6', purchased by the Council and charged to a maximum of £350 per shed and up to £100 per base if supplied by the Council as paving slabs or purpose built plastic base, as per the report. Plot holders may install their own paving slab or plastic base. Installation of sheds would be carried out by the Grounds Staff Team, with plot holders permitted to assist if they wish. A maximum of 10 sheds per year would be permitted. Maintenance of sheds would be the responsibility of plot holders with exterior painting to be from a set colour scheme, details of which to be held in the Town Council office.
Polytunnels and Structures
It was RESOLVED to allow polytunnels up to a maximum size of 10'x12' and 6' in height which are propriety not homemade.
It was RESOLVED the Clerk would ask a planning officer to attend the allotments and provide opinion as to whether any of the existing structures were in breach of planning. Once the opinion was received the tenancy agreement should be altered to specify the allowed structure sizes, and all plot holders advised accordingly.
It was RESOLVED to carry out six monthly inspections to ensure compliance of both the sheds and other structures in accordance with these resolutions and any planning advice given.
Communal Shed
It was RESOLVED the Clerk to obtain 3 quotes for repair of the communal shed and report back to the next meeting.
Compost toilet
It was RESOLVED the Clerk to liaise with the Allotment Association for their consideration on taking over the compost toilet cost and maintenance. If they declined the opportunity the toilet would be removed form site.
Request for Compensation
It was RESOLVED to decline the application for compensation as there was no clear evidence that the plants would have survived if they had been planted at the allotments given they had been planted at the plot holders home garden and died.
CS 20/07 To Consider fence at Towers Way area
Members considered the previously circulated report.
It was RESOLVED the fence and hedge at Towers Way amenity area are not replaced in the current financial year and standard maintenance be carried out until a budget can be identified for works to be done.
D
CS 20/08 Tree Planting Scheme
Members considered the recommendation from Full Council on 28 July 2020 for the Community Services Committee to carry out a scoping exercise for tree planting.
It was RESOLVED the Clerk would produce A3 colour plans of the parish to enable members to consider areas throughout the parish for ownership identification where tress may possibly be planted.
CS 20/09 Updates on the following:
Henbury Play Area
The Clerk noted the previously circulated report and advised the final sections of jungle mulching would be laid over the coming week. In addition, the Grounds Staff would cut back the vegetation and Covid-19 signs would be put up, with the play area being opened by 15 August 2020.
Recreation Ground Toilets
The Clerk noted the content of the previously circulated report with cleaning in place. Cllr Jefferies noted a member of the public had advised the toilet had been closed due to no paper towels, toilet paper or soap and the Clerk noted it may be a mistaken interpretation of the notice advising the toilets only had hand sanitiser, no soap or paper towels. The Clerk would check and report back to members.
Finger Posts
The Clerk noted the information from Cllr Mattocks included within the previously circulated report. Cllr Mattocks expanded on the information by advising members that in addition to his own involvement, the work was also being carried out by volunteers from "Men's Shed" organisation and HMP. However, both organisations remained in lockdown, so work had not progressed as quickly as hoped but was ongoing.
Cllr Purvis provided an update on Waterloo Valley noting Dorset Council had been out and cleared all the drains, along with preparations for road markings being laid down. The news was welcomed by members.
CS 20/10 To Note Dog Warden Report for March 2020
The Clerk advised the Dog Warden had recommenced duties on 27 July 2020.
The report was NOTED.
1
CS 20/11 Matters for Forthcoming Agendas No decisions can be taken
* Bi-annual Footpath inspection – preparatory work to be carried out with maps of the footpaths/rights of way/bridleways being collated from the office, with a checklist to be sent out to members and the matter would be included on the next Full Council Agenda.
* Road Resurfacing – the identification of roads within the parish which require resurfacing for reporting from the Town Council to Dorset Council.
1 Councils cannot lawfully decide items of business which are not specified in the summons/agenda (LGA1972 sch 12, paras 10(2)(b) and Longfield Parish Council v Wright (1918) 88 LJ Ch 119)
E
F
G
CS 20/12 To Agree a date and time for the next meeting – the date and time of the next meeting will be 2.30pm on Tuesday 8 September 2020 via Zoom.
Signed as a correct record of the meeting…………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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Appendix 3: Randomization Algorithm:
Following is the executable R code that we will use to conduct the randomization. This code ensures that that the two level III NICU clusters are assigned to different steps. It also ensures that every step has at least one rural cluster. It proceeds by determining the number of each type of cluster in each step, and then randomly assigns the clusters to steps accordingly.
```
### Create a list with steps steps <- vector(3,mode="list") names(steps) <- c("Step_1","Step_2","Step_3") ### Randomly sample number of level_III and rural clusters in each step df_ns <- data.frame(n_level_III=sample(c(0,1,1),3,replace=FALSE), n_rural = sample(c(1,1,2),3,replace=FALSE)) ### Determine the number of urban clusters such that total number ### of clusters per step is 4 df_ns <- within(df_ns,{ n_urban <- 4-(n_level_III+n_rural) }) ### Randomly assign the level_III sites III_sites <- c("level_III_site_1","level_III_site_2") for(i in 1:3){ ### need to ensure the loop can handle the step with no level III NICU ### The following is for steps assigned to have a level III NICU if(df_ns$n_level_III[i]==1){ ### Identify vector index for level III site for step i idx <- sample.int(length(III_sites),df_ns$n_level_III[i]) steps[[i]]$level_III <- III_sites[idx] ### Remove the sampled level III site from the vector of ### sites to be assigned III_sites <- III_sites[-idx] } else { ### for step with no level III NICU, assign empty character steps[[i]]$level_III <- character(0) } } ### Randomly assign the rural units rural_sites <- c("rural_site_1","rural_site_2","rural_site_3","rural_site_4")
```
```
for(i in 1:3){ idx <- sample.int(length(rural_sites),df_ns$n_rural[i]) steps[[i]]$rural_sites <- rural_sites[idx] rural_sites <- rural_sites[-idx] } ### Randomly assign urban sites urban_sites <- c("urban_site_1","urban_site_2","urban_site_3", "urban_site_4","urban_site_5","urban_site_6") for(i in 1:3){ idx <- sample.int(length(urban_sites),df_ns$n_urban[i]) steps[[i]]$urban_sites <- urban_sites[idx] urban_sites <- urban_sites[-idx] } ### Assemble assignments into a data frame step_assignments <- as.data.frame(t(sapply(steps,unlist))) names(step_assignments) <- c("Cluster_1","Cluster_2","Cluster_3","Cluster_4") step_assignments
```
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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PROREKTORAT FORSCHUNG
FORSCHUNGSKOMMISSION
MERKBLATT
UNTERSTÜTZUNGSANTRÄGE AN DIE FORSCHUNGSKOMMISSION DER UNIVERSITÄT LUZERN (FOKO)
1. Budget der FoKo
Die FoKo verfügt für die Forschungsförderung über ein jährlich festgelegtes Budget, das sich aus dem Betrag für die Anschubfinanzierung von For schungsprojekten und dem Forschungskredit zusammensetzt.
2. Eingabeadresse
Gesuche für Unterstützungsbeiträge sind über das FIS-Modul myFoKo an die Fokozuhanden der Präsidentin oder des Präsidenten der FoKo zu senden.
3. Eingabetermine, Umlaufverfahren und Bescheide
Die FoKo behandelt keine rückwirkenden Gesuche.
a) Ordentliche Gesuche
Die FoKo legt jährlich die Eingabetermine für Gesuche fest, die sie den antragsberechtigten Personen kommuniziert sowie auf der Website der Uni versität Luzern unter Forschung veröffentlicht.
b) Gesuche im Umlaufverfahren 1
Gesuche für Unterstützungsbeiträge bis maximal CHF 12'000.– können lau fend an die FoKo mit der Bitte um einen dringlichen Entscheid im Umlauf verfahren eingereicht werden. Die Dringlichkeit muss stichhaltig begründet werden. Die FoKo entscheidet gemäss § 8.1 des FoKo-Reglements nach ein fachem Mehr der stimmberechtigten Mitglieder, die an der Abstimmung beteiligt sind. Eine allfällige Diskussion wird per E-Mail geführt.
c) Präsidialentscheide
FoKo-Gesuche im Umlaufverfahren bis zu einer Gesuchshöhe von CHF 2'000 liegen gemäss § 8.2 des FoKo-Reglements in der Entscheidungskompe tenz der FoKo-Präsidentin oder des FoKo-Präsidenten.
d) Mitteilung an die Gesuchstellenden
Die Präsidentin oder der Präsident der FoKo teilt die Entscheide den Gesuch stellenden nach den Sitzungen, nach dem Umlaufverfahren und Präsidialent scheid möglichst rasch mit.
1 Formal angepasst. FoKo-Sitzung, 14.10.2021.
4. Unterstützungsbereiche
Die FoKo fördert Forschungsvorhaben in der Regel im Sinne von § 2 und § 7 des Reglements der Forschungskommission mit einem engen Bezug zur Uni versität Luzern.
Die FoKo fördert:
4.1 Forschungsprojekte und Beitragshöhe
Forschungsprojekte und -teilprojekte (z.B. empirische Datenerhebungen, Recherchen) werden von der FoKo in der Regel mit Beiträgen in der Höhe von minimal CHF 1'000 bis maximal CHF 30'000 unterstützt.
4.2 Anschub und Abschluss
a) Anschubfinanzierung von Projekten für die Antragsausarbeitung an
Drittmittelstellen
Anschubfinanzierungen ermöglichen die Ausarbeitung qualitativ hochstehen der Projektanträge an Drittmittelstellen. In der Regel kann eine zwei- bis drei monatige Unterstützung bis zu einem Maximalbeitrag in der Höhe von CHF 20'000 gewährt werden. Die Ausarbeitung von Personenförderungsanträgen (z.B. bei SNF, Karriere) kann nicht gefördert werden. Eine Anschubfinanzie rung endet ohne abweichende FoKo-Verfügung mit der Antragseinreichung.
b) Anschubfinanzierung plus Bridge auf Doktorats- und Habilitationsstufe
Ergänzend zu einer Anschubfinanzierung (4.2 a) kann ein Antrag auf das För derinstrument Anschubfinanzierung plus Bridge gestellt werden. Eine Bridge ist in der Regel nur mit Anschubfinanzierung möglich und finanziert eine maximal sechsmonatige Fortsetzung der Projektmitarbeit vom Zeitpunkt der Gesuchseingabe an bis zum Bescheid der Drittmittelstelle. In begründeten Ausnahmefällen ist auch eine Bridge ohne Anschubfinanzierung möglich. Ziel der Bridge ist die Förderung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses auf Doktorats- und Habilitationsstufe. Die Hauptkriterien zur Gewährung sind hohe Bewilligungschancen des Drittmittelantrages und das Potenzial der zu fördernden Person im Hinblick auf eine wissenschaftliche Karriere. Die Prio rität liegt bei SNF-Eingaben. Das Salär richtet sich nach den Ansätzen der Universität für Doktorierende und Postdocs bei einem 50%-Pensum. Die geförderte Person verpflichtet sich zur Arbeit an der Dissertation bzw. Habili tation. Es werden in der Regel maximal fünf Anschubfinanzierungen plus Bridge pro Jahr unterstützt. Die Unterstützung endet ohne abweichende FoKo-Verfügung mit dem Bescheid der Drittmittelstelle.
c) SpeedUp: Sabbatical für Nachwuchsforschende (Postdocs)
Ziel von SpeedUp ist es, die Fortsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Qualifikation auf Postdoc-Ebene zu fördern. Das Sabbatical ermöglicht den Nachwuchs forschenden eine Auszeit (temporäre Entlastung in Lehre und Administra tion) von maximal sechs Monaten bei fortlaufender bezahlter Anstellung, um fokussiert an der Habilitation arbeiten zu können. Pro SpeedUp stehen dem Seminar oder Institut CHF 25'000 für eine Ersatzanstellung zur Verfügung. Antragsberechtigt sind Oberassistierende sowie Assistenzprofessorinnen und -professoren ohne Tenure Track. Die FoKo vergibt in der Regel zwei Sabbati cals pro Jahr.
4.3 Publikation und Vermittlung von Forschung
a) Publikationsunterstützung
Die FoKo kann Unterstützungen für Publikationen (Druck und Open Access) zusprechen, die einen engen Bezug zur Forschungsleistung der Universität Luzern haben. Sie übernimmt höchstens die Hälfte der Kosten, welche für die Antragstellenden anfallen, maximal CHF 5'000. Die Publikationen sollen gemäss der Open Access Richtlinien der Universität Luzern veröffentlicht werden. Die Unterstützung muss in der Publikation erwähnt werden, falls möglich mittels Logo der Forschungskommission.
Unterstützung für individuelle Qualifikationsarbeiten (Dissertationen, Habilitationen) gewährt die FoKo nicht (siehe FoKo-Reglement, § 4.). Publi kationskosten für ausgezeichnete Dissertationen werden vom Rektorat der Universität Luzern unter den dort festgelegten Bedingungen übernommen.
b) Lektorate fremdsprachiger Texte
Die FoKo unterstützt Lektorate fremdsprachiger Texte bis maximal CHF 5'000 unter folgenden Bedingungen:
– Für fremdsprachige Angehörige der Universität ist die Unterstützung des Lektorats eines deutschen Textes möglich.
– Die Autorinnen und Autoren der Texte müssen Angehörige der Universität Luzern sein.
– Übersetzungen werden nicht unterstützt.
– In den Gesuchen muss der Publikationsort erwähnt sein.
– Working Papers und Konferenzmanuskripte sind ausgeschlossen.
– Die Unterstützung der FoKo muss in der Publikation erwähnt werden, falls möglich mittels Logo der Forschungskommission.
– Der FoKo ist eine Kopie des publizierten Textes zuzustellen.
c) Vermittlungsprojekte
Die Universität Luzern will ihre Forschungsaktivitäten gegenüber der Öffent lichkeit sichtbar machen und Forschungsresultate einem breiteren Publikum vermitteln. Die FoKo unterstützt Vermittlungsprojekte in unterschiedlichen Formaten (z.B. Veranstaltungen, Ausstellungen) mit Beiträgen in der Höhe bis maximal CHF 10'000.
4.4 Austausch und Vernetzung
Die FoKo fördert den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs innerhalb der Universität sowie auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene.
a) Organisation wissenschaftlicher Tagungen (mit und ohne Tagungsband)
Die FoKo unterstützt die Organisation wissenschaftlicher Tagungen mit einem Beitrag (Honorare, Spesen, Logistik usw.) in der Höhe von maximal CHF 15'000. Darin eingeschlossen ist auch die Finanzierung eines allfälligen Tagungsbands, die in der Regel in demselben Gesuch zu beantragen ist.
Ansätze für die Organisation wissenschaftlicher Tagungen an der Universität Luzern:
Abweichungen davon und die Benutzung von Autos (CHF 0.65/Km) müssen begründet werden. Angehörige der Universität Luzern erhalten keine Honorare.
b) Teilnahme an wissenschaftlichen Tagungen
Die Teilnahme an wissenschaftlichen Tagungen kann unterstützt werden, wenn ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der Tagung zu einem laufenden oder geplanten Forschungsprojekt der antragsstellenden Person besteht.
Die FoKo behandelt solche Gesuche nur unter der Bedingung, dass vorgängig und nachweislich vergeblich versucht wurde:
– zusätzliche Unterstützung beim SNF oder einer anderen Förderungsein richtung zu erhalten,
– die Kosten dem Forschungsprojekt zu belasten,
– ein Gesuch beim entsprechenden Dekanat der Universität zu stellen.
Bei den Ansätzen für die Reisespesen und das Taggeld inkl. Übernachtungen und Frühstück gelten das Spesenreglement der Universität Luzern und die Richtlinien für SNF-Forschende. Abweichungen davon müssen begründet werden.
c) Austausch innerhalb der Universität
Die FoKo unterstützt ausseruniversitäre Retraiten mit Beiträgen in der Höhe von maximal CHF 5'000, die sich zum Ziel setzen, Ideen und Konzepte von Forschungsvorhaben zu reflektieren und entwickeln, unter folgenden Bedingungen:
– unterzeichnete Absichtserklärung der Beteiligten für eine Forschungszusammenarbeit
– Beteiligung von mindestens drei Professuren aus drei Fachbereichen oder zwei Fakultäten
– detailliertes Budget (gemäss Spesenreglement der Universität Luzern und Richtlinien für SNF-Forschende, ohne Honorare)
d) Internationaler Austausch
Die FoKo unterstützt den Aufbau und die Pflege internationaler Netzwerke mit Beiträgen in der Höhe von maximal CHF 5'000, die sich zum Ziel setzen, Ideen und Konzepte von Forschungsvorhaben zu reflektieren und entwickeln. Es soll Forschenden ermöglicht werden, Auslandaufenthalte zu absolvieren oder ausländische Gäste einzuladen, unter folgenden Bedingungen:
– unterzeichnete Absichtserklärung der Beteiligten für eine Forschungszusammenarbeit
– Beteiligung von mindestens zwei ausländischen Forschenden
– detailliertes Budget (gemäss Spesenreglement der Universität Luzern und Richtlinien für SNF-Forschende, ohne Honorare)
5. Inhalt des Forschungsantrages
Die Gesuche müssen mittels Antragsformularen eingereicht werden, die auf dem FIS-Modul myFoKo zugänglich sind.. Die Formulare enthalten eine Auf listung der benötigten Gesuchsunterlagen und sind mittels myFoKo einzureichen.
6. Begutachtung der Anträge
Die Anträge werden nach den im FoKo-Reglement unter § 7 festgelegten Kri terien und Prioritäten begutachtet.
7. Abschluss des Projektes 2
Für alle genehmigten Vorhaben muss ein Schlussbericht mittels myFoKo zuhanden der Präsidentin oder des Präsidenten der FoKo bis spätestens drei Monate nach Projektende vorgelegt werden. Hierfür ist das aufgeschaltete FoKo-Schlussberichtsformular zu verwenden und sind die nötigen Beilagen abzugeben. Zudem muss allen Schlussberichten eine vom Finanz- und Rech nungswesen geprüfte Schlussabrechnung (inkl. Drittmittel, wenn vorhanden) beigelegt werden. Allfällige inhaltliche und finanzielle Modifikationen müssen deklariert und begründet werden.
Bei Publikationsunterstützungen sind zwei Belegexemplare einzureichen, bei Open Access ein pdf. Die beiden Belegexemplare werden der Zentral- und Hochschulbibliothek übergeben.
Die Schlussberichte werden von der FoKo geprüft und genehmigt. Im Fall von Unzulänglichkeiten werden sie mit Überarbeitungsauflagen zurückgegeben.
Luzern, 1. Januar 2021
Prof. Dr. Alexander Trechsel, Präsident der Forschungskommission
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ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ‐ΠΡΟΣΚΛΗΣΗ ΕΝΔΙΑΦΕΡΟΝΤΟΣ ΘΕΣΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΑ ΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΙΑΣ ΣΤΑ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ
Τίτλος:
Ειδικός Επιστήμονας Διδασκαλίας
Κατηγορία:
Με συμβόλαιο για ένα εξάμηνο (Θερινό Εξάμηνο 2020/2021)
Τόπος Εργασίας: Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου, Λευκωσία
Το Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου δέχεται δηλώσεις ενδιαφέροντος για την πλήρωση θέσεως Ειδικού Επιστήμονα Διδασκαλίας (ΕΕΔ) στα Αρχαία Ελληνικά για το Τμήμα Κλασικών Σπουδών και Φιλοσοφίας, καθορισμένης διάρκειας, με σύμβαση μερικής απασχόλησης ορισμένου χρόνου για διδασκαλία (Θερινό Εξάμηνο 2020/2021).
Η πλήρωση της θέσεως υπόκειται στη διαθεσιμότητα χρηματοδότησης και στη συμπλήρωση του ακροατηρίου του μαθήματος.
ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΥΘΥΝΕΣ:
Διδασκαλία του μαθήματος:
ΑΕΦ 257 «ΧαρίτωνοςΚαλλιρόη»
ΑΠΑΡΑΙΤΗΤΑ ΠΡΟΣΟΝΤΑ:
Διδακτορικός Τίτλος στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Φιλολογία.
ΟΡΟΙ ΑΠΑΣΧΟΛΗΣΗΣ:
Η αμοιβή των Ειδικών Επιστημόνων διδασκαλίας με Διδακτορικό Τίτλο είναι €63 την ώρα (μικτά). Η πληρωμή γίνεται ως εξής: αμοιβή x 6 ώρες διδασκαλίας την εβδομάδα (ένα μάθημα αντιστοιχεί σε 6 ώρες διδασκαλίας) x 7 εβδομάδες που διαρκεί το Θερινό Εξάμηνο.
Οι ενδιαφερόμενοι δεν είναι απαραίτητο να είναι πολίτες της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας.
Σε περίπτωση που ο υποψήφιος που θα επιλεγεί απασχολείται στον Δημόσιο Τομέα ή στον ευρύτερο Δημόσιο Τομέα, θα πρέπει ο ίδιος να εξασφαλίσειεκ των προτέρων σχετική άδεια από το αρμόδιο Τμήμα/Υπουργείο ή τον ευρύτερο Δημόσιο Τομέα.
Οι ενδιαφερόμενοι παρακαλούνται να υποβάλουν:
1. Επιστολή εκδήλωσης ενδιαφέροντος για την εν λόγω θέση
2. Πλήρες Βιογραφικό Σημείωμα (περιλαμβανομένων της διεύθυνσης επικοινωνίας και του αριθμού τηλεφώνου)
3. Φωτοαντίγραφα τίτλων σπουδών
4. Σχεδιάγραμμα μαθήματος. Το σχεδιάγραμμα μαθήματος θα πρέπει απαραιτήτως να περιλαμβάνει:
- Την περιγραφή και τους στόχους του μαθήματος
- Βιβλιογραφία (υποχρεωτική και προαιρετική)
- Την κατανομή των διδακτικών ενοτήτων ανά εβδομάδα (για 7 εβδομάδες)
Οι ενδιαφερόμενοι καλούνται να υποβάλουν αίτηση ηλεκτρονικά στον σύνδεσμο https://applications.ucy.ac.cy/recruitmentσυμπληρώνοντας όλα τα αντίστοιχα πεδία και ανεβάζοντας σε μορφή PDF όλα τα απαιτούμενα έγγραφα και πιστοποιητικά μέχρι την Παρασκευή 16 Απριλίου και ώρα 12 μ.
Ο υποψήφιος που θα επιλεγεί θα κληθεί να προσκομίσει φωτοαντίγραφα τίτλων σπουδών πιστοποιημένα από το Υπουργείο Παιδείας (όσον αφορά τίτλους σπουδών από Ιδιωτικές Σχολές/ Πανεπιστήμια στην Κύπρο) ή από την Εκδίδουσα Αρχή (όσον αφορά Πανεπιστήμια του Εξωτερικού).
Για περισσότερες πληροφορίες, οι ενδιαφερόμενοι μπορούν να αποτείνονται στη Γραμματεία του Τμήματος. Τηλέφωνο: 22893850, e‐mail: email@example.com ή firstname.lastname@example.org.
Τουλάχιστον οι τρεις επικρατέστεροι/ες υποψήφιοι/ιες ανά θέση που πληρούν τα απαιτούμενα προσόντα θα κληθούν για συνέντευξη ενώπιον τριμελούς Επιτροπής.
Με την υποβολή της αίτησης σας, σας διαβεβαιώνουμε ότι η διαχείριση και επεξεργασία των προσωπικών σας δεδομένων θα γίνεται με ασφάλεια και εχεμύθεια και θα υπόκειται στις σχετικές απαιτήσεις του Γενικού Κανονισμού για τα Προσωπικά Δεδομένα 2016/679(ΕΕ).
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train
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ell_Grek
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MIGLORCANE PRESTIGE
DOPPIO MENU GUSTOSO DI BOCCONCINI IN SALSA
Confezione: Busta da 100 x 4 g
ALIMENTO COMPLETO PER CANI DI PICCOLA TAGLIA
Prestigioso menu di gustosi boconcini creato su misura per soddisfare i palati raffinati dei cani di piccola taglia. Questo delizioso pasto realizzato con ingredienti selezionati è ideale per fornire loro tutti i nutrienti necessari con tutto il gusto delle materie prime di altissima qualità.
CARATTERISTICHE NUTRIZIONALI
COMPOSIZIONE:
Boconcini con pollo e tacchino: Carni e derivati (pollo 4%, tacchino 4%), sostanze minerali.
Boconcini con pollo, selvaggina e verdure: Carne e derivati (pollo 4%, selvaggina 4%), ortaggi 4%, sostanze minerali.
COMPONENTI ANALITICI:
Umidità 81%, Proteina grezza 8 %, Grassi grezzi 4.5 % Fibre grezze 0.3 %, Ceneri grezze 2%.
ADDITIVI:
Additivi nutrizionali /kg: Vitamina D3 192 mg, Vitamina E 154 mg, Zinco (Solfato di zinco monoidrato) 12.4 mg, Manganese (Solfato manganoso monoidrato) 0.8 mg.
ISTRUZIONI D’USO:
Il prodotto è pronto all’uso, somministrare a temperatura ambiente.
MODALITA DI CONSERVAZIONE:
Conservare il prodotto in un luogo fresco e asciutto, non esporre direttamente ai raggi solari. Una volta aperto, il prodotto si conserva per 2-3 giorni in frigorifero.
DOSE GIORNALIERA CONSIGLIATA
| Peso ideale (kg) | 2 | 4 | 6 |
|------------------|-----|-----|-----|
| Dose giornaliera (g) | 100 | 350 | 500 |
*Dividere la dose giornaliera in almeno due pasti
DATI LOGISTICI
CARATTERISTICHE IMBALLO:
• Imballo primario: Flowpack in plastica
• Imballo secondario: Scatola in cartone
PALLETIZZAZIONE STANDARD:
• N° sacchi/scatola: 12
• N° scatole totali: 72
• N° scatole/strato: 12
• N° strati: 6
• Peso netto (kg): 346
• Tipologia pallet: EPAL 80x120
Versione 1 - Data 03/05/2024
CODICE PRODOTTO: 02402
SHELF LIFE: 36 mesi
Morando S.p.A. Via Chieri 61 – 10020 Andezeno (TO) – Italy
Factory Number: Andezeno IT 000094 TO – Molfetta IT 000001BA
Tel. +39 011 9433311 – mail: firstname.lastname@example.org – web: www.morando.it
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4. DON'T USE SCARE TACTICS
While it is important for parents to tell children that drug and alcohol use can come with dire consequences, it may be a good idea to focus on the positives, too. For example, they can explain that by avoiding substances and effectively managing issues such as peer pressure, it might make it easier for them to benefit from more important things like getting into a good college or performing well in sports and other extracurricular activities. It is recommended that if parents do have very serious fears about their children using drugs and alcohol, such as overdosing or dying in a car crash, they may want to share those with a friend or therapist before they frighten their teen.
5. Call a professional
If parents truly find that they cannot have this conversation with their children themselves, it's best to call a professional. A family counselor can sit with parents and children and make sure they are having heartfelt and productive discussions, rather than just sitting in awkward silences or getting into a fight that will cause more harm to their relationship than good
"Restoring Lives – One Person at a Time"
Psalm 23 Transition Society is a non-profit Canadian Charity and operates an Addiction Treatment Centre at 59 Mile House, BC for men 18+ and also operates a Living Sober Home in Abbotsford, BC for men completed treatment and looking to transition back into society in a clean, safe, structured and supportive environment.
Psalm 23 also serves families who are seeking direction and help for their loved ones. Psalm 23 provides interventions along with speaking engagements.
PSALM 23 TRAINING CENTRE
115 Highway 97 Box 387 Clinton, BC V0K 1K0
Office 250-459-2220 Fax 250-459-2260
Email –
email@example.com
Website –
www.psalm23society.com
LIVING SOBER HOME
Abbotsford, BC Southern, BC 604-835-0855
"A Ministry of Love, Hope & Support"
5 Tips for Talking to Teens About Drugs & Alcohol
"Here are some tips to help parents talk to their teens about drugs and alcohol"
Some parents feel uncomfortable when it comes to discussing more sensitive subjects with their teens. As intimidating as it may be, the topic of drug and alcohol use should not be avoided. Long before parents suspect their children may be abusing substances, they should talk with them about the dangers of drugs and alcohol—a conversation that could indeed decrease the chances of having to talk with them about seeking help for a problem down the road.
1. Set your terms
2. Avoid accusations
Unless parents have hard evidence that their children are drinking or abusing drugs, they should not start the conversation by confronting them with demands, assumptions and accusations. Instead, they should start by asking their kids what they know about drugs and what may be happening in their schools and social circles. Coming from a place of inquisitiveness may make it less likely for teens to be defensive or lie. If parents seem open and comfortable, so will their children.
Before even having the discussion, parents should tell their teens that they have something important they would like to talk to them about, and ask them when they would like to have this conversation. The last thing parents want to do is catch their children offguard when they are busy and are less likely to want to have this important talk. If teens set the time and place for the discussion, there's a good chance they'll be more actively engaged.
3. Act early
Live Science explains that 62 percent of teens who said that they drank reported they had their first drink before the age of 15 – not including simply taking a sip. This is why it is best for parents to talk to their kids about drugs and drinking around age 12, 13 or 14, since it is likely they will already have been offered substances by then.
TALK TO YOUR CHILDREN BEFORE OTHERS DO!
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Student's Name
Professor's Name
Course Name and Number
Assignment Due Date
Descriptive Annotated Bibliography: History of Vaccination
Isaacs, David.
Defeating the Ministers of Death: The Compelling Story of Vaccination, One of
Medicine's Greatest Triumphs
. HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2019.
From David's perspective, vaccination's history is replete with instances of observation and experimentation, sabotage, and success. It contains the agony of lost lives, drama of rivalry and discovery, the accountability for faulty testing, and the achievement of effective, lasting immunity. Nonetheless, with the annihilation of some of humanity's most lethal adversaries in the first world, complacency has crept in certain corners. COVID-19 puts the world once again on the lookout for a vaccination. The narrative of prior successes and disappointments enables us to keep the race and the optimism in perspective. David Issacs delves into the evolution of the knowledge of immunity from the fifth century BC to the current day, thrilling us with the rising success of each of the 14 vaccinations that a kid regularly gets today.
Saleh, Amr, et al. "Vaccine Development throughout History." Cureus, vol. 13, no. 7, 26 July 2021, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.16635.
In Vaccine Development Throughout History, the authors evaluate the work of Edward Jenner, the first scientist who introduced infective organisms into the body of a boy aged eight years who had cowpox lesions. The procedure later granted strong immunity against smallpox. Approximately 80 years later, Louis Pasteur successfully created and introduced an effective vaccine against rabies. The authors assess the scientific efforts by experts such as Koch in
discovering more microorganisms, which led to the introduction of toxoids and eventually the development of the first vaccine generation. They analyze the significant developments that followed the release of the first generation of vaccines, including the discovery of tetanus and influenza vaccines. The authors attribute the creation of yellow fever and influenza vaccines to incorporating certain viruses on chick embryos' chorioallantois membranes. They affirm that the golden age of vaccines was marked by the development of the polio vaccine in 1950, which was enabled by the cell culture evolution.
Tahamtan, Alireza, et al. "An Overview of History, Evolution, and Manufacturing of Various Generations of Vaccines." Journal of Archives in Military Medicine, vol. 5, no. 3, 26 Sept. 2017, https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.12315.
The authors strongly believe that the people of the middle east and China initiated the concept of vaccination in the 17th Century. According to Tahamtan et al., the Chinese used pustule liquid of patients diagnosed with smallpox to protect people from getting infected or reinfected by the virus. Edward Jenner later conducted a scientific study and used the cowpox virus to inject a human body. The authors explain that the discovery of immunization science and the efforts of research scientists including Louis Pasteur, Paul Ehrlich, and Robert Koch marked a new era in vaccine development. They believe that the era led to extensive research in all parts of the world, and numerous vaccines were created against tetanus, rabies, pertussis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, and typhoid. At the onset of World War II, the motivation for mass production of vaccines increased. Moreover, supporting foundations such as research institutes and the World Health Organization began to play a vital role in producing vaccines against influenza, Japanese encephalitis B, and polio. By the second half of the 20th Century, the new generation of vaccines was released, and more vaccines were produced against mumps, rubella, measles, and later
chickenpox. After the 1980s, conjugated vaccines and recombinant vaccines were created. The discovery of DNA vaccines against non-infectious and infectious diseases marked the final phase of vaccine development in 1990.
Works Cited
Isaacs, David. Defeating the Ministers of Death: The Compelling Story of Vaccination, One of Medicine's Greatest Triumphs. HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2019.
Saleh, Amr, et al. "Vaccine Development throughout History." Cureus, vol. 13, no. 7, 26 July 2021, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.16635.
Tahamtan, Alireza, et al. "An Overview of History, Evolution, and Manufacturing of Various
Generations of Vaccines."
Journal of Archives in Military Medicine
, vol. 5, no. 3,
26 Sept. 2017, https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.12315.
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finepdfs
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TNS Gallup Oy
Miestentie 9 C / P.O. Box 500, 02151 Espoo, Finland t +358 (0)9 613 500 f +358 (0)9 6135 0510
www.tns-gallup.fi www.tnsglobal.com
Lehdistötiedote marraskuu 2013
MEDIAMAINONNAN LASKU LOIVENI HIEMAN
TNS Gallupin Ad Intelligencen seurannan mukaan heinä-syyskuussa 2013 mediamainonnan määrä laski 6,1 % suhteessa vuoden 2012 vastaavaan aikaa. Mainonnan trendi on siis edelleen laskusuuntainen, mutta hieman loivempi kuin alkuvuonna. Investoinnit mediamainontaan olivat vuoden kolmannen kvartaalin aikana 215 milj. €.
Mediamainonnan muutos kvartaaleittain 2010 – 2013
TNS Gallupin Media Intelligence -yksikkö kuuluu yli 20 maan kansainväliseen Kantar Media Ad Intelligence -ketjuun ja saimme puolen vuoden kehitystrendejä muutamista maista. Mainonnan määrä on kehittynyt positiivisesti maailman suurimmilla mediamarkkinoilla eli USA:ssa, jossa kasvua oli 2 %. USA:n Ad Intelligence -yksikön mukaan laskua on ollut radio- ja sanomalehtimainonnassa, muissa mediaryhmissä oli puolestaan varovaista kasvua. Mediamainonta on kasvanut myös Venäjällä (2,2 %), Puolassa (12 %), Slovakiassa (7 %), Vietnamissa (12 %) ja Kiinassa jopa 25 %. Suurin osa länsimaista kuitenkin noudattelee Suomen markkinoiden laskevaa trendiä. Tanskassa mediamainonta oli laskenut tammi-kesäkuussa 5 %, Ruotsissa ja Ranskassa molemmissa noin 2 %, Unkarissa 4,7 % ja Espanjassa peräti 14 %.
Mediamainonnan määrä mediaryhmittäin
Sanomalehtimainonta väheni vuoden 2012 kolmanteen kvartaaliin verrattuna 13,3 %. Toimialoista suurimpia sanomalehtimainonnan vähentäjiä olivat esimerkiksi telepalvelut ja elintarvikemainostajat. Vakuutusyhtiöt olivat puolestaan panostaneet sanomalehtiin vuodentakaista enemmän. Lisäksi sanomalehtimainonnan pudotukseen vaikuttaa avoimien työpaikkojen ja kiinteistöjen ilmoittelun laskun jatkuminen. Aikakauslehtimainonta laski 7,5 % ja toimialoista merkittävästi panostuksiaan vähensivät pukeutuminen ja kustannusala sekä vakuutusyhtiöt. Moottoriajoneuvojen ja pankkitoimialan mainonta aikakauslehdissä puolestaan kasvoi hieman. Kaupunki- ja noutolehtien haasteen jatkuvat, sillä mainonnan määrä kaupunki- ja noutolehdissä laski 11,9 %. Panostusten merkittävään vähenemiseen vaikutti kaupunkilehtien lakkauttamisen lisäksi mm. elintarvikemainonnan, vähittäiskaupan sekä erityisesti luokitellun ilmoittelun voimakas yli 20 % lasku kaupunkilehdissä.
Televisiossa mainonta kasvoi 0,6 %. Isoimmista toimialoista voi mainita vähittäiskaupan 6 %, pukeutumisen 30 % sekä lääkemainonnan 11 % kasvaneet panostukset tv-mainontaan. Elintarvikemainostajat ovat vähentäneen panostuksia televisioon. Radiomainonta kasvoi 3,8 %, erityisesti syyskuu oli hyvä kuukausi radioiden mediamyynnille. Radiomainontaa kasvattivat toimialoista esimerkiksi elintarvikkeet, moottoriajoneuvot ja finanssiala.
Elokuvamainonta on edelleen myötätuulessa, sillä kolmannen kvartaalin aikana investoinnit kasvoivat 17,9 %. Kasvua oli kodin elektroniikassa, kaupan mainonnassa sekä luokitellussa ilmoittelussa. Ulkomainonta laski viime vuodesta 6 %, mutta toisaalta elintarviketoimialan mainostajat olivat edelleen kasvattaneet investointejaan ulkomainontaan, kasvua peräti 23 %.
Verkkomainonnan osalta TNS Ad Intelligencen kuukausiseurannassa ovat display- ja luokiteltumainonta, joista display kasvoi peräti 17 %, mutta suhdanneherkkä luokiteltu mainonta laski 14 %. Kokonaiskasvu oli 6 % viime vuoden kolmanteen kvartaaliin verrattuna. Tosin on huomioitava, että osa displayn kasvusta johtuu verkon mediaseurannan laajentumisesta vuoden 2013 alussa. Verkkomainonnan suhteen panostuksiaan kasvattivat muun muassa elintarvikkeiden ja kosmetiikan mainostajat sekä kaupan ja matkailualan toimijat. Seuraavassa graafissa on esitetty verkkomainonnan muutosprosentti TNS Ad Intelligencen kuukausiseurannan mukaan.
IAB Finland raportoi hakumainonnan, sähköisten hakemistojen sekä Facebook-mainonnan panostukset kvartaaleittain. Panostukset hakumainontaan kasvoivat 3,6 % ja sähköisiin hakemistoihin 12,5 %. Facebook-mainontaan panostukset laskivat lähes 11 % vuoden 2012 kolmanteen kvartaalin verraten.
Mediaryhmäkohtaiset muutokset Q2/2013
Mediamainonta toimialoittain
TNS Ad Intelligence seuraa mediamainontaa myös toimiala- ja tuoteryhmäkohtaisesti.
Toimialakohtaisessa tarkastelussa positiivista kehitystä näkyy lääketoimialan 8,5 % kasvussa sekä matkailualalla, jonka toimijat ovat edelleen nostaneet panostuksiaan 2012 tilanteeseen verrattuna, kolmannen kvartaalin kasvu siis lähes 8 %. Taantuma näkyy edelleen voimakkaimmin työpaikkailmoittelussa, joka laski 26 %. Myös muilla tärkeimmillä toimialoilla mainonnan määrä on laskenut merkittävästi.
Toimialakohtaiset muutokset Q2/2013
Suurimmat mainostajat Q3/2013
Lisätietoja
TNS Gallup Oy Marja Honkaniemi
Puh. (09) 6135 0767
firstname.lastname@example.org
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Followers of Christ obey His Law from the Heart
St. John’s Lutheran Church
September 1, 2024
Welcome to St. John’s
Thanks for being here today! We feel blessed that you’re here and truly pray you find the warmth of our Christian family, the powerful truth of God’s Word and the peaceful assurance of His promises. If we can assist you in any way, please ask. To start, everything for our worship is projected on the screens up front and printed here in the service folder. God bless your time with us today. We hope you can worship with us again!
If You’re New to St. John’s:
You and your kids are welcome. We really love and enjoy having kids in worship and encourage the worshiping family! In fact, our worship often includes a children’s message with little ones in mind. And if your children are acting up, please know it’s never a bother to our worship service. However, if you do need a quiet place to calm a child, a nursery room is available with screens immediately to the left as you exit the sanctuary. There are also changing stations in each bathroom.
Restrooms are located in the entrance as you came into the building.
Make yourself at home. You don’t have to rush off after service today. Light refreshments are usually provided in our social hall after worship. If you feel comfortable, please stay and follow up with one of our pastors; we’d be honored if you took a moment to introduce yourself!
Don’t feel obligated. Our members give financial offerings to the Lord as an expression of thanks and praise for his amazing love. Please know that you are our guests and we’re simply happy you’ve come to hear about Jesus and His Word today. You’re not expected to give an offering; it’s your choice.
Cell Phones. To remove as many distractions as possible from worshiping God today, we kindly ask you to silence your phone before the service.
Fill out a Connection Card. We’d love to know you were here and help you take the next step. There are Connection Cards inserted in the worship folders, or they can be completed online. Text “Connect” to 651-401-1400, scan the QR code, or visit www.StJohnsLutheran.com/connection-card to complete the card online.
In Christ Alone
1 In Christ alone my hope is found; he is my light, my strength, my song;
this cornerstone, this solid God in helpless babe; this gift of love and righteousness,
world by darkness slain; then bursting forth in glorious ground,
firm through the fiercest drought and storm.
scorned by the ones he came to save.
up from the grave he rose again!
2 In Christ alone, who took on flesh, fullness of God in helpless babe; this gift of love and righteousness,
till on that cross as Jesus died, the wrath of God was satisfied; for ev'ry sin on him was laid;
and as he stands in victory, sin's curse has lost its grip on me; for I am his and he is all;
here in the love of Christ I stand.
3 There in the ground his body lay, light of the world by darkness slain; then bursting forth in glorious day,
up from the grave he rose again!
what heights of love, what depths of peace, when fears are stilled, when strivings cease!
my comforter, my all in all; here in the love of Christ I stand.
CW 510 sts. 1–3
We Worship with God’s Blessing
In the name of the Father and of the + Son and of the Holy Spirit.
Amen.
Our Honest Confession; God’s Gracious Forgiveness
If we claim to be without sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us.
If we confess our sins, God is faithful and just
and will forgive us our sins
and purify us from all unrighteousness.
Let us confess our sins to the Lord.
Holy God, gracious Father,
I am sinful by nature
and have sinned against you in my thoughts, words, and actions.
I have not loved you with my whole heart;
I have not loved others as I should.
I deserve your punishment both now and forever.
But Jesus, my Savior, paid for my sins
with his innocent suffering and death.
Trusting in him, I pray: God, have mercy on me, a sinner.
Silence for meditation and reflection
Our gracious Father in heaven has been merciful to us. He sent his only Son, Jesus Christ, who gave his life as the atoning sacrifice for the sins of the whole world.
Therefore, as a called servant of Christ and by his authority, I forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the + Son and of the Holy Spirit.
Amen.
4 No guilt in life, no fear in death, this is the pow’r of Christ in me; from life’s first cry to final breath, Jesus commands my destiny.
No pow’r of hell, no scheme of man can ever pluck me from his hand; till he returns or calls me home, here in the pow’r of Christ I’ll stand.
CW 510 st. 4
Prayer of the Day
Let us pray.
Almighty and everlasting God, give us an increase of faith, hope, and love; and that we may obtain what you promise, make us love what you command; through your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and forever.
Amen.
God’s Word for Our Hearts
Romans 9:30—10:4
30What then shall we say? That the Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have obtained it, a righteousness that is by faith; 31but the people of Israel, who pursued the law as the way of righteousness, have not attained their goal. 32Why not? Because they pursued it not by faith but as if it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone. 33As it is written:
“See, I lay in Zion a stone that causes people to stumble
and a rock that makes them fall,
and the one who believes in him will never be put to shame.”
1Brothers and sisters, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for the Israelites is that they may be saved. 2For I can testify about them that they are zealous for God, but their zeal is not based on knowledge. 3Since they did not know the righteousness of God and sought to establish their own, they did not submit to God’s righteousness. 4Christ is the culmination of the law so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes.
The Word of the Lord.
Thanks be to God.
Gospel Acclamation
Jeremiah 15:16
Alleluia. When your words came, I ate them; they were my joy and my heart’s delight. Alleluia.
The Pharisees and some of the teachers of the law who had come from Jerusalem gathered around Jesus and saw some of his disciples eating food with hands that were defiled, that is, unwashed. (The Pharisees and all the Jews do not eat unless they give their hands a ceremonial washing, holding to the tradition of the elders. When they come from the marketplace they do not eat unless they wash. And they observe many other traditions, such as the washing of cups, pitchers and kettles.)
So the Pharisees and teachers of the law asked Jesus, “Why don’t your disciples live according to the tradition of the elders instead of eating their food with defiled hands?”
He replied, “Isaiah was right when he prophesied about you hypocrites; as it is written:
‘These people honor me with their lips,
but their hearts are far from me.
They worship me in vain;
their teachings are merely human rules.’
You have let go of the commands of God and are holding on to human traditions.”
Again Jesus called the crowd to him and said, “Listen to me, everyone, and understand this. Nothing outside a person can defile them by going into them. Rather, it is what comes out of a person that defiles them.”
For it is from within, out of a person’s heart, that evil thoughts come—sexual immorality, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, lewdness, envy, slander, arrogance and folly. All these evils come from inside and defile a person.”
The Gospel of the Lord.
Praise be to you, O Christ!
O God, My Faithful God
1 O God, my faithful God, O Fountain ever flowing,
who good and perfect gifts in mercy are bestowing,
give me a healthy frame, and may I have within
that I do what I should while trusting you to bless.
2 Grant me the strength to do with ready heart and willing
whatever you command, my calling here fulfilling,
but when within my place I must and ought to speak,
Help me, as you have taught, to love both great and small.
3 Keep me from saying things that later need recalling;
grant that no idle words may from my lips be falling,
a conscience free from blame, a soul unhurt by sin.
the outcome for my good, for you must give success.
4 Lord, let me win my foes with kindly words and actions,
and let me find good friends for counsel and correction.
then fill my words with grace lest I offend the weak.
and by your Spirit’s might to live in peace with all.
Today's Message based on Deuteronomy 4:1-2,6-9
1Now, Israel, hear the decrees and laws I am about to teach you. Follow them so that you may live and may go in and take possession of the land the LORD, the God of your ancestors, is giving you. 2Do not add to what I command you and do not subtract from it, but keep the commands of the LORD your God that I give you.
6Observe them carefully, for this will show your wisdom and understanding to the nations, who will hear about all these decrees and say, “Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.” 7What other nation is so great as to have their gods near them the way the LORD our God is near us whenever we pray to him? 8And what other nation is so great as to have such righteous decrees and laws as this body of laws I am setting before you today?
9Only be careful, and watch yourselves closely so that you do not forget the things your eyes have seen or let them fade from your heart as long as you live. Teach them to your children and to their children after them.
Message Notes: Things for me to remember this week...
Our Confession of Faith: Nicene Creed
We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen.
We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one being with the Father. Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation, he came down from heaven, was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the virgin Mary, and became fully human. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate. He suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end.
We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who in unity with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified, who has spoken through the prophets. We believe in one holy Christian and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come. Amen.
Be seated
Our Offering of Thanks & Love
“Whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him” - Colossians 3:17
Our offerings are both an expression of thankfulness for what our Savior has done for us, and a way of supporting the spread of the gospel through the Church’s work. Guests need not feel obligated to contribute.
Ways to Give Electronically
Choose one of 3 Simple, Safe Options for Offering Thanks
- Text “give” to 651-401-1400
- Go to www.StJohnsLutheran.com/give
- Scan the QR code
Prayer and The Lord’s Prayer
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done on earth as in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours now and forever. Amen.
The Sacrament
Preface
The Lord be with you.
And also with you.
Lift up your hearts.
We lift them up to the Lord.
Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
It is right to give him thanks and praise.
It is truly good and right that we should at all times and in all places give you thanks, O Lord, holy Father, almighty and everlasting God, through Jesus Christ our Lord, who promised that wherever two or three come together in his name, there he is with them to shepherd his flock until he comes again in glory. Therefore, with believing and repentant hearts, we offer our humble thanks and praise as we hear again your promises in this Supper:
Words of Institution
Our Lord Jesus Christ, on the night he was betrayed, took bread; and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples, saying, “Take and eat; this is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”
Then he took the cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you; this is my blood of the new covenant, which is poured out for you for the forgiveness of sins. Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.”
The peace of the Lord be with you always.
Amen.
**Lamb of God**
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, grant us your peace.
Amen. Amen. Amen.
Be seated
**A note to our guests:** God’s Word speaks of the spiritual blessings of this Sacrament (Matthew 26:28). God’s Word also warns us against the spiritual danger in sharing this Holy meal (1 Corinthians 11:27-29). Because we deeply care about you and don’t want to see anyone’s faith harmed, we ask that only those persons who are members of our church or fellowship join us in this intimate expression of oneness (1 Corinthians 10:17; Amos 3:3). We are not judging your love for Jesus; we are showing our love for Jesus by obeying his commands (John 14:15,21). Please feel free to ask one of our pastors for more information. We are eager to listen and share over an open Bible. Thanks!
Distribution Hymn: Lord Jesus Christ, You Have Prepared CW 667
1 Lord Jesus Christ, you have prepared this feast for our salvation; it is your body and your blood, and at your invitation they behold your glory, all excelling, everywhere and with your congregation.
2 Although you did to heav’n ascend, where angel hosts are dwelling, and in your presence habilitation, but you are present Word believing that your true body
3 Yet, Savior, you are not confined to any daring hand or subtle craft and cunning naught you can not do, for you, Lord, are almighty.
4 We eat this bread and drink this cup, your precious and your blood, our lips are here receiving.
as weary souls, with sin oppressed, we come to and though your people shall not see your glory Firm as a rock this truth shall stand, unmoved by This Word remains forever true, and there is you for needed rest, for comfort, and for pardon. and your majesty till dawns the judgment morning, an- y dar-ing hand or sub-tle craft and cun-n ing. naught you can-not do, for you, Lord, are al-might-y.
(continued on the next page)
5 Though reason cannot understand, yet faith this truth embraces: your body, Lord, is doubt as sail me. Remember that I Lord, our Savior, and, truly grieving out all ages! Preserve it, for in even now at once in many places. am but dust, and let my faith not fail me. for our sins, may prove by our behavior ev’ry place the world against it rag-es.
I leave to you how this can be; your Word a- Your supper in this vale of tears re-fresh-es that we are thank-ful for your grace and day by Grant that this sac-ra-ment may be a bless-ed lone suf-fic-es me; I trust its truth un-fail-ing. me and stills my fears and is my price-less trea-sure. day may run our race, in ho-li-ness in-creas-ing. com-fort un-to me when liv-ing and when dy-ing.
Give thanks to the Lord, for he is good;
his mercy endures forever.
Whenever we eat this bread and drink this cup,
we proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes.
We give thanks, almighty God, that you have refreshed us with this saving gift. We pray that through it you will strengthen our faith in you and increase our love for one another. We ask this in the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and forever.
Amen.
Blessing
The Lord bless you and keep you.
The Lord make his face shine on you and be gracious to you.
The Lord look on you with favor and ✠ give you peace.
Amen.
Oh, That the Lord Would Guide My Ways
1 Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways to keep his statutes still!
2 Order my footsteps by your Word, and make my heart sincere;
3 Assist my soul, too apt to stray, a stricter watch to keep,
Oh, that my God would grant me grace to know and do his will!
let sin have no dominion, Lord, but keep my conscience clear.
and should I e’er forget your way, restore your wan’d’ring sheep.
Take the Next Step
If this is your first time with us, we’re so glad that you took a big step and came to worship. What’s your next step?
Come back next week
Connecting with God at worship is a great way to spend time during your weekend.
Try “God & Me”
God & Me is the place to learn more about God’s word in your life, for both long time-members and beginners who want to learn more about God’s love, the Bible, and St. John’s. A new session of classes will be starting soon. Connect with Pastor and/or check the box on your Connection Card if you’d like to know more.
Join a Grow Group
Grow Groups are small groups that get together in person or online to learn about God’s Word. It’s a safe, comfortable atmosphere to discuss the way God’s love intersects our daily lives. If you are interested in joining or starting a Grow Group or Bible Study, mark the box on your Connection Card and we will reach out to you.
Service Opportunities
There are multiple areas to volunteer each Sunday to make worship happen well for those in person and online: Guest Services & Hospitality Team, Tech Team, & Worship Prep Team. Are you interested in serving? Mark the box on your Connection Card today!
Staff
Dennis Harbach | Pastor
firstname.lastname@example.org
(262) 402-2664
Jon Zimpelmann | Pastor
email@example.com
(651) 829-4574
Michelle Schulte | Office Admin
firstname.lastname@example.org
(651) 438-3730
Visit us online: StJohnsLutheran.com
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Kontinuumsmechanik / Prof. Popov / Vorlesung 9
Kontinuitätsgleichung, Bernoullische Gleichung
Lit.: 1. G.P. Ostermeyer. "Mechanik III", Gross, Hauger, Schnell und Wriggers, „Technische Mechanik 4"
I. Geschwindigkeitsfeld und Stromlinien in einer Flüssigkeit
Z.B. im Gravitationsfeld ( ) gz :
Beispiel 1: Sich verjüngendes Rohr
II. Flüssigkeitsbewegung in einer Stromröhre
A. Kontinuitätsgleichung
Stationäre Strömung Bei A1 fließt gleich viel Masse ein, wie bei A2 ausströmt:
M
1 1 1
2 2 2
Av t
A v t
. Somit
B. Die vom Flüssigkeitsdruck geleistete Arbeit:
Annahmen: keine viskosen Kräfte, inkompressible Flüssigkeit. Die Arbeit, die an der bei A1 eintretenden Flüssigkeit geleistet wird, ist 1 1 1 p Av t . Die Arbeit an der bei 2 A austretenden Flüssigkeit 2 2 2 p A v t . Die gesamte Arbeit ist gleich der Energiezunahme einer Masse M , die sich von A1 nach 2 A bewegt:
p Av
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 1
tpAvtEE
kinetische Energie pro Masseneinheit
Nach Division durch M :
p
2
2
1
2
1
1 p
2
1 1
2 2
v
v
oder
1
2
2
(Bernoullische Gleichung)
Aus
p
der
Bernoulli-Gleichung folgt
2
2
2
1
1
1 p
2
1
2
2
v
v
.
Aus der Kontinuitätsgleichung folgt 2 1 v v . Deshalb ist 2 1 p p . In Bereichen mit größerer Geschwindigkeit (in engeren Bereichen) ist der Druck kleiner!
Beispiel 1a: Ein Flügel
Die Druckverteilung ist symmetrisch. Die Gesamtkraft ist Null.
Beispiel 3: Messung des Volumenstroms Der Volumenstrom Q ist konstant im Rohr, deshalb gilt
v
1
1
/ Q A ,
v
2
2
/ Q A .
Einsetzen in
(1) liefert
Beispiel 4: Messung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit (Prandtl-Rohr)
Die Geschwindigkeit im Punkt A (Staupunkt) ist Null.
Die Bernoulli-Gleichung:
Beispiel 5: Ausfluss aus einem Gefäß mit einer Spiegelgröße s A und einer kleinen Öffnung A
Bernoulli-Gleichung:
v 2
aus gh
(Ausfluss- formel
von
Toricelli)
Die
Ände- rung
der
Spiegelhöhe
ist dh
s
v
dt
.
Die Kontinuitätsgleichung ergibt
A v
s s
aus
Av /
s
aus s
v Av A
.
Aus beiden Gleichungen
Trennen der Veränderlichen und Integration liefert.
Beispiel 6: Ausströmgeschwindigkeit einer Flüssigkeit
III. Kompressible Medien
Im allgemeinen Fall gilt für eine stationäre Strömung ( / 0 v t ):
(entlang einer Stromlinie!)
Für kompressible Medien mit ( ) p
Die Bernoulli-Gleichung nimmt die Form 2 1 2 ( ) v p const
an, oder
Ausströmungsgeschwindigkeit eines Gases (s. Beispiel 6)
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Míchaná vejce se zeleninou
Obtížnost:
Čas přípravy: 5min , Čas vaření: 20min
Celkový čas: 25min , Porce: 4
1269 kalorií , 12 g cukrů , 101 g tuků , 65 g bílkovin
Autor: Kantarina
Odkaz: https://srecepty.cz/michana-vejce-se-
zeleninou
Ingredience
8 vajec
100 g mrkve
150 g hrášku
1 cibule
špetka soli
50 g strouhaného sýra
50 g másla
2 lžíce pažitky
2 lžíce kečupu
Kategorie
Obyčejný den, Česká, Vegetariánská, Celoročně, Finančně nenáročné, Mléčné výrobky a vejce , Rychlovka, Rodina, Svačinka
Příprava
Mrkev a cibuli nastrouháme na hrubém struhadle, promícháme s okapaným hráškem a vše osmahneme na másle. Podlijeme trochou vody a dusíme doměkka. Vejce částečně rozšleháme a vmícháme do zeleniny. Osolíme a mícháme do zhoustnutí vajec. Na talířku posypeme strouhaným sýrem, pokapeme kečupem a ozdobíme nasekanou pažitkou.
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Praktikumsplatz
Anforderungen / Bemerkungen
geeignet für
Zeitraum
Juni
Standort(e)
Siek 19, 24616 Brokstedt
Firma / Institution
Alten- und Pflegeheim "Elisabeth Wiese"
Adresse
Betriebsgröße
11 - 50 Personen
Telefon
04324 89 79 0
E-Mail
firstname.lastname@example.org
Bewerbung
per Post
Alten- und Pflegeheim "Elisabeth Wiese"
Anja Wiese
Siek 19
24616 Brokstedt
Alten- und Pflegeheim "Elisabeth Wiese"
Annalen Nannen
Siek 19
24616 Brokstedt
per E-Mail
Anja Wiese email@example.com
Annalen Nannen firstname.lastname@example.org
Ausbildungsplätze
Altenpflegehelfer/-in (m/w/d)
Pflegefachmann/-frau (m/w/d)
Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr! Stand:22.10.2020 - Seite 1 von 1
Powered by TCPDF (www tcpdf org)
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FORM 2
NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPLY FOR GRANT OR RESEAL OF A GRANT
Rule 33
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TASMANIA
PROBATE REGISTRY
In the matter of the Estate of:
MARY ANN HOLMES
Date of death:
16/07/2022
Last known residential address of deceased:
Tyler Village Home 320 Westbury Road PROSPECT TAS 7250
Address in Will:
Queenstown in Tasmania
Date of Will:
24/09/2010
Executor named in Will:
MARGARET LOUISE WILLIAMS
Executor named in Will:
CHARLES DAVID WILLIAMS
Full name of applicant:
MARGARET LOUISE WILLIAMS
Address of applicant:
13 West Park Drive
WEST LAUNCESTON TAS 7250
Relationship of applicant to deceased:
Daughter
Full name of applicant:
CHARLES DAVID WILLIAMS
Address of applicant:
13 West Park Drive WEST LAUNCESTON TAS 7250
Estate of:
MARY ANN HOLMES
DX:
Not applicable
Applicant/Firm name:
Address:
Bishops Barristers & Solicitors 19 Paterson Street LAUNCESTON TAS 7250
Tel:
Email:
Practitioner:
(03) 6334 1667
firstname.lastname@example.org
F H Jones
Relationship of applicant to deceased:
Son-in-law
Australian legal practitioner acting for applicant:
Bishops Barristers & Solicitors
Address for service:
19 Paterson Street
LAUNCESTON TAS 7250
TAKE NOTE:
After 14 days from the date of publication of this notice an application for a grant of:
probate of the Will dated 24/09/2010
in the aforementioned estate will be made to the Probate Registry of the Supreme Court of Tasmania.
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Taking Care of Business
Included in this section:
- Taking Care of Business Overview
- Booster Club Information Sheet
- Financial Report Information & Formats
- Review Report Information & Formats
Booster Clubs have many responsibilities to the federal government, the state, the District, and to the students they support. Part of this responsibility is to keep accurate and updated records so that the organization may complete the necessary filing requirements with the state and the IRS. In addition, these records will help you prepare your annual Financial Report and Review Report due to the Sponsor, the Principal, and the Internal & Systems Control Department by September 15th of each year.
This section includes information that must be submitted to pertinent District personnel including the Booster Club Information Sheet that must be submitted to the Internal & Systems Control Department and the School Principal or Administrator (if the Booster Club is not located at a school) by September 15th of each school year and as officers change. In addition, this section will also guide you in preparing the Financial Report and related Review Report.
Most of the reporting requirements of a Booster Club are dependent on the financial records kept as discussed in the Day-to-Day Responsibility section, therefore, the office of Booster Club Treasurer is an extremely important and vital position that should not be taken lightly. Even though the Treasurer may assign certain duties to another person (i.e., Fund-raiser Chairperson – Catalog Sales), the Treasurer is ultimately responsible for assuring that all financial records are maintained accurately and on a timely basis for the Booster Club.
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NOTICE
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya invites application and expression of interest (EOI) for participation in auction of banana orchard var. Gran Naine (approx.. 150 plants) from interested individual/group/trader with following terms and conditions. Application and EOI to be submitted to the Director of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O. Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. Nadia, West Bengal, Pin code 741252, within 15 days from the date of publication of this notice in University website.
Terms & conditions:
1. **Duration of auction**: Two years: (October, 2024 to October, 2026)
2. **Rate of auction**: Interested participants may visit the banana var. Gran Naine (approx.. 150 plants) at RIDF-23 project (FBMC) BCKV, Dharampur hostel, N24 Pgs during office hours on any working day and accordingly may decide and submit their offered money in sealed envelope addressed to the Director of Research, BCKV.
3. **Maintenance**:
i) University will have no liability for maintenance.
ii) They have to perform the orchard operations as per POP of BCKV, including harvesting and sale at their own expense.
iii) Compensation shall be applicable in case any damage done to University property.
4. **Material permitted**:
i) Fruit, male bud and central core (harvested plant) of banana.
ii) Full access for experiment (imposing treatment and taking observations) is reserved with provision of sampling (soil, leaf, fruits) of 1% of total plants.
5. **Money deposit**: Offered money, if accepted by the University, to be deposited to BCKV in concerned code RSO/025 (pay to “Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya”). RSO/025, A/C No. 0759010132596
6. University reserves the right to reject one or all offers submitted. Any dispute thereafter to be informed in written to university authority.
As per decision of the 60th meeting of LTC held on 20.09.2024 notice is allowed to publish as per rule.
(Director of Research)
BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia
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February 28, 2019
The Honorable Mike Petersen, Chairperson Senate Committee on Transportation Statehouse, Room 345-S Topeka, Kansas 66612
Dear Senator Petersen:
SUBJECT: Fiscal Note for SB 187 by Senate Committee on Ways and Means
In accordance with KSA 75-3715a, the following fiscal note concerning SB 187 is respectfully submitted to your committee.
SB 187 would make the following adjustments to permit fees on oversize or overweight vehicles beginning July 1, 2020:
1. Single-trip permits would increase from $20 to $40 for each permit;
2. Single-trip permits for a large structure would increase from $30 to $60 for each permit;
3. Single-trip permits for a superload would increase from $50 to $100 for each permit;
4. Five-year permits for vehicles authorized to move bales of hay on non-interstate highways would increase from $25 to $50;
5. Annual permits would increase from $150 to $300 for each permit; and
6. Special vehicle combination permits would increase from $2,000 to $4,000, plus $100 per year for each power unit.
The bill would sunset the current fees prior to January 1, 2020.
Phone: (785) 296-2436 email@example.com http://budget.kansas.gov
The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) estimates SB 187 would decrease revenues to the State Highway Fund by approximately $1.4 million. KDOT notes that because the bill sunsets the current schedule of fees prior to January 1, 2020, but would not implement the new fees until July 1, 2020, there would be a six-month period in FY 2020 in which no fees would be in effect. KDOT estimates the bill would increase revenues to the State Highway Fund by approximately $2.7 million annually beginning in FY 2021. KDOT indicates the bill would require additional expenditures to update the agency's Kansas Trucking Routing and Intelligent Permitting System (K-TRIPS). However, KDOT estimates these expenditures could be handled within existing resources. Any fiscal effect associated with SB 187 is not reflected in The FY 2020 Governor's Budget Report.
Sincerely,
Larry L. Campbell Director of the Budget
cc: Ben Cleeves, Transportation Lynn Robinson, Department of Revenue
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Programme for the Enhancement of Research Capacity (PERC) SEMINAR
Date: Thursday 4 July 2013
Time: 12h15* for 12h30-14h30
Venue: Seminar Room, Research Office
DIGNITY AND HUMILIATION STUDIES: TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN PRACTICE
*the seminar will be preceded by lunch
Space is limited Booking essential
RSVPs to: JUDITH RIX email@example.com tel: 021-650-5152
by Tuesday 2 July
Enquiries to: Professor Robert Morrell Co-ordinator – PERC email: firstname.lastname@example.org Tel: 021-650-2433
Our location:
Research Office Department of Research & Innovation 2 Rhodes Avenue, Mowbray (cnr. Main Rd/Rhodes Avenue) Parking available above Shoprite presented by Dr Evelin Lindner, University of Oslo, Norway
Overview:
Although most people recognize that the world is becoming 'a global village,' learning institutions are racing to keep pace with this transformation. What they have not done so far is bring into focus the social-relational changes that lead to feelings of humiliation— feelings that can foment violence—and the ways in which such dynamics infiltrate the institution of education itself. In this workshop, Evelin Lindner will use the efforts of the Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS) network and its World Dignity University initiative as an example of an innovative learning organization that builds knowledge by tapping into the intellectual wisdom of an inclusive global community to study the dynamics of dignity and humiliation as a focus for educational efforts. The workshop begins by outlining the historical conditions that bring concerns about the dynamics of human dignity and its most divisive violation, humiliation, to the fore. It will suggest that learning based on equal dignity and realised through 'right relationships' is not only a promising approach to interrupting cycles of humiliation, it may be a path to building knowledge that will help humankind survive on this planet. Finally, it will describe the initial steps of a new global initiative to advance equal dignity through transformative higher education.
Biography:
Evelin Lindner is the Founding President of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS, www.humiliationstudies.org), a global transdisciplinary fellowship of concerned academics and practitioners who wish to promote dignity and transcend humiliation. She is also a Co-founder of the World Dignity University initiative (www.worlddignity.org), which includes Dignity Press and World Dignity University Press (www.dignitypress.org).
Evelin has a dual education as a Medical Doctor and a Psychologist, with two PhD's (Dr Med and Dr Psychol). She lives and teaches globally. She is a research fellow at the University of Oslo since 1997, affiliated with Columbia University in New York City since 2001 (with the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity, AC4), and with the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme in Paris since 2003.
Her first book 'Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict' was honoured as "Outstanding Academic Title" by the journal Choice for 2007 in the USA. Her other writings include 'Emotion and Conflict' (2009), 'Gender, Humiliation, and Global Security' (2010) and 'A Dignity Economy' (2012). She has also written numerous articles and book chapters, see www.humiliationstudies.org/whoweare/evelin02.php. She has received several awards, among them the "Prisoner's Testament" Peace Award in 2009.
Map to UCT Research Office 2 Rhodes Avenue, Mowbray
Directions from Airport
1. Travel in from the airport on the N2, towards Cape Town
2. Take Exit 6 (left) – which is indicated as "M3 Muizenberg", or "Observatory", just after you have travelled under the bridge (Main Road)
3. Once on the M3, Take the first exit "6D Mowbray" at the Windmill (Rhodes Avenue).
4. Research Office is located at the bottom of Rhodes Avenue, on the corner of Main Road, Mowbray.
From UCT Upper Campus
1. Travel down Woolsack Drive to intersection with Main Road.
2. Turn left and travel along Main Road until you reach Shopright on your left.
3. Turn left into Rhodes Avenue, Research Office will be immediately on the right.
From Medical School
1. Travel along Main Road towards Rondebosch until you see the old Mowbray Town Hall and Library on your Right.
2. Turn right at the traffic lights / intersection with Rhodes Ave, entrance to Research Office is in Rhodes Avenue.
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E de quase tudo se faz escultura
Uma janela para o atelier e obra recente de Fernanda Fragateiro
Com alguns milímetros de espessura, as novas esculturas de Fernanda Fragateiro, na Galeria Filomena Soares, em Lisboa, fugiram da folha de papel. Numa artista prolífera e omnívora, a sua escultura caminha em direcção à desmaterialização num intenso diálogo com o desenho.
Isabel Salema
Sózinha no seu atelier durante os meses de confinamento obrigatório, quando os seus assistentes ficaram em casa por causa da pandemia, Fernanda Fragateiro aproximou-se do silêncio das paredes, conversou de forma mais intensa com este belo espaço.
Para uma artista em que quase tudo à sua volta tem potencial para se transformar em matéria de trabalho – restos de demolições, um jardim abandonado, uma carpintaria em desuso ou livros em segunda mão –, o diálogo estabeleceu-se com um fantasma geograficamente mais próximo, João Daniel Santa-Rita (1929-2001), o arquitecto que projetou o seu atelier dos Olivais Sul.
"Para mim foi uma total ruptura, porque nós somos quatro a cinco pessoas sempre a trabalhar juntos no atelier. Fiquei sózinha. Não tinha ninguém com quem partilhar ideias, pedir opiniões para me ajudarem a solucionar problemas", conta Fragateiro, 58 anos, que inaugurou a exposição A Monotonia É Fixe na Galeria Filomena Soares, em Lisboa, o espaço comercial que passou a representá-la em Portugal.
Com os seus oito metros de pé-direito, este e outros três ateliers vizinhos foram desenhados nos anos 70 a pedido da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa para artistas que se dedicavam a fazer escultura pública durante o Estado Novo, mas resta muito pouca informação sobre a concepção do espaço construído em blocos de betão pré-fabricado. Quem chega à Rua Cidade de Lobito quase não dá pelos ateliers implantados nas traseiras da Bedeteca de Lisboa, porque o arquitecto Santa-Rita optou por enterrar o volume do edifício e reduzir a altura das fachadas, o que permitiu criar no interior à volta do grande espaço central de trabalho algumas zonas com uma escala mais doméstica.
Estamos sentadas numa mesa do pequeno quintal das traseiras do atelier de Fragateiro, um pequeno jardim que já fez parte da antiga Quinta do Contador-Mor, memórias que o Plano de Urbanização dos Olivais Sul não deixou apagar e um exemplo lisboeta da cidade jardim que foi sonhada pelos arquitectos do século XX, aqui já em modo de revisão crítica do projecto moderno. "Olhem para a beleza destas vigas, como com quatro lâminas de betão se consegue definir o pátio. O atelier é uma coisa muito brutalista, construída com materiais muito baratos, mas com um desenho muito rigoroso. Acho que estes ateliers deviam ser classificados."
Vemos para o quintal dominado por uma velha ameixeira à procura do melhor ângulo para ver as gelosias desenhadas por João Daniel Santa-Rita que protegem os grandes planos de vidros virados a norte, a inspiração mais palpável da nova exposição de Fragateiro. "As grades são muito bem esgalhadas e articuladas com o edifício, mas ninguém sabe se faziam parte do projecto original ou se foram colocadas depois por questões de segurança", afirma. São de um rosa desmaiado, riscam finas diagonais sobre o vidro das janelas que captam a luz baixa desta época do ano, uma iluminação difusa ideal para quem trabalha em escultura.
"Criei esta exposição toda durante esses meses em que estive mais isolada. É óbvio que a existência destas grades e grelhas que nos separam, passaram, de certo modo, a fazer mais sentido."
As nuvens escondem o sol de Outono e entramos no pequeno escritório do atelier que se esconde nas traseiras, onde o pé-direito foi drasticamente comprimido e onde é notório, comenta a artista, que Santa-Rita foi buscar as medidas aos ensinamentos de Le Corbusier, um mestre do Movimento Moderno.
O atelier-prisão
Na Filomena Soares, as grades das janelas do atelier transformaram-se numa escultura de mais de sete metros que se atravessa a toda a largura do espaço logo que entramos na galeria. "Não querendo ser narrativa, ou usar directamente imagens do real, estou a trabalhar com essa grade que é uma cópia de um objecto que existe." É uma das oito esculturas em metal que a artista concebeu para a exposição e intitula-se Barreira Anti-Motim.
"O que tento fazer é ligar, sobrepore, a linguagem da..."
Vistas da exposição A Monotonia é Fixa na Filomena Soares: no topo, esculturas To Hold, To Stamp Itself Out (primeiras em cima); a meio, escultura Barreira Anti-Motim e Structures of Thought 1 e 2; a artista no seu atelier concebido por João Daniel Santa-Rita, com as grades que serviram de inspiração ao fundo
À esquerda, Exposição na Sala Sul (1990), Caixa para Guardar o Vazio (2005-2020), escultura da série For Us a Book (Vila Nova da Barquinha, 2012), 6 de Maio (2018), Jardim das Ondas, 1998; à direita, A Monotonía é Fixe, e a escultura
arte – no caso desta exposição uma linguagem extremamente abstracta, embora leve, poética e transparente – com uma realidade que está acontecer no exterior. Para mim, essa ligação entre a arte e a vida é muito importante. Ao mesmo tempo que estou no atelier a trabalhar esta exposição, estou a acompanhar e a viver o que se está a passar no mundo. Durante estes últimos meses tivemos todas aquelas situações nos EUA em que grande parte da população veio para a rua numa manifestação anti-racista muito clara.”
Nas paredes da galeria, mesmo ao lado de Barreira Anti-Motim, está também Escadas, agora “uma cópia exacta” de uma estrutura de acesso ao telhado presente na fachada dos Olivais. Tal como no atelier, os degraus apresentam-se desconcertadamente desalinhados. “Começamos a ver que para uns as grades são usadas como objectos de protecção e para outros são vistas como objectos de repressão. Essa dicotomia interessou-me imenso. E se calhar enquanto artista o espaço e as grades do meu atelier também funcionam nessa dicotomia: até que ponto estas grades, este atelier, são uma protecção ou uma forma de me conter?” Serão as escadas um mecanismo de escape ao qual o artista não tem acesso e o atelier do artista a sua própria prisão? – interroga-se numas notas que escreveu para a inauguração da exposição.
Em Janeiro, a grade rosa do atelier já tinha emergido numa pequena escultura que vímos aplicada na janela de uma loja de plantas da Madragoa, também em Lisboa, num projecto comissariado por Luísa Teixeira de Freitas que desafia artistas a trabalhar nesse lugar mínimo mas muito público. “Eram três grades colocadas dentro do vão da janela, quase como se tivessem sido encaixadas à força. Nunca estavam paralelas ao vidro nem entre si. Criavam uma tensão e um desenho que se ia modificando conforme o nosso ponto de vista.” Intitulada To Hold, To Stamp Itself Out, é uma das esculturas mostradas agora, num projecto que já tinha tido uma apresentação na feira Art Toronto, no Canadá, igualmente numa janela de rua.
Numa artista com uma obra marcadamente interdisciplinar, a relação deste novo corpo de trabalho com a arquitectura tornava-se mais óbvia na exposição da Madragoa, embora a presença da janela também lembrasse que esta é a forma mais tradicional da arte ocidental pensar uma pintura. É uma imagem que nos vem directamente do Renascimento, juntamente com a ilusão de que podemos representar um espaço tridimensional a partir da sobreposição de vários planos colocados em perspectiva, em que os ensinamentos do desenho, quase como se tratasse de um método científico, se tornam fundamentais.
Três mulheres
Não vamos explicar a relação do arquitecto austríaco Bernard Rudofsky com o projecto da janela – podemos apenas dizer que passa por uma exposição sobre moda e o fetiche em redor de sapatos de mulher – e regressamos às outras influências mais explícitas da exposição na Filomena Soares. Dos arquivos de Fernanda Fragateiro, do seu laboratório de materiais, de onde também fazem parte livros e revistas antigos, surgem as vidas e obras de três mulheres que questionaram o sistema artístico em que estavam integradas: Agnes Martin, Charlotte Posenenske e Cady Noland, as duas primeiras já desaparecidas.
Nesta reflexão sobre a memória das vidas de mulheres artistas, um pequeno desenho de Agnes Martin, Aspiração (1960), ganhou um papel mais visível nesta nova exposição, com as iniciais A.M. da norte-americana a serem plasmadas no nome de uma das peças. As suas grelhas – bem como a frase de Posenenske que dá título à exposição, “A monotonia é fixe” – são uma entrada para o tema da repetição modular, do minimalismo, em última análise.
A artista tem repetido nas visitas guiadas à exposição que pensou nas oito esculturas como um todo capaz de construir uma instalação imersiva, onde a leitura das obras possa ser feita sempre através de sobreposições, permitindo ao espectador alterar o desenho a partir da movimentação do corpo e do olhar. “Uma exposição também é uma forma de resolver um problema e se calhar aqui o que me interessava mais era, de facto, aproximar a escultura do desenho. Quando entramos naquela exposição parece que estamos a ver um enorme desenho no espaço, mas quando nos movimentamos percebemos que são esculturas. Foi esse o exercício que pus a mim própria, criar um grande desenho com esses planos que constroem espaços mas que visto de longe, se semicerramos os olhos, parece que estamos a ver uma coisa bidimensional.”
Fernanda Fragateiro gosta de usar como boutade que não tem muita imaginação, ironizando sobre a possibilidade de ter sido egípcia numa encarnação anterior, porque na sua vida de escultora trabalha essencialmente com o plano. “Isto não é necessariamente uma qualidade, é quase uma impossibilidade de ver de outra maneira. Desde o início que as minhas esculturas têm muito a ver com o plano. Não sou o tipo de escultora, se calhar como os escultores que habitaram este atelier antes, que trabalha com a massa, com os volumes. Eu não vejo no espaço. Perco-me. Essa incapacidade levou-me a encontrar estratégias para ler e construir o espaço que é muito feita através de planos.” São planos monumentais que sobem aos cinco metros ou se estendem, como dissemos atrás, até aos oito.
A afinidade do seu trabalho com a arquitectura ou com a obra de outros arquitectos surge muito cedo na sua obra, diz. Mesmo o seu interesse por grelhas e por uma arquitectura de gosto brutalista não é de agora, como se pode observar nas esculturas que mostra na Fundação Botín, em Santander, que pertencem à série For Us a Book Is a Small Building (2018), numa referência directa ao trabalho do famoso casal de arquitectos ingleses Alison e Peter Smithson e ao mal-amado complexo de habitação social Robin Hood Gardens, que tal com os Olivais data dos anos 70. “Nessa exposição, que foi a última que fiz na Galeria Baginski, apresentei uma obra em alumínio que copiava o alçado de um dos edifícios dos Robin Hood Gardens. Esta peça foi construída enquanto o próprio edifício estava a ser demolido, em Londres.”
Foi em 2013 que Fernanda Fragateiro veio ocupar o atelier dos Olivais, vinda da Rua da Madalena, mas não acha que a mudança para um espaço construído no século XX tenha exacerbado a presença da arquitectura moderna no seu trabalho. Elenca uma série de obras que recuam até 1998, até à exposição Casa com Pátio, a primeira que fez na Galeria Elsa Benítez, em Madrid, que a representa em Espanha, onde que já dialogava com Mies van der Rohe e Piet Mondrian. Mas há também obras com referências a Le Corbusier e Charlotte Perriand (Galeria Presença, Porto, 2001), Lúcio Costa e Rem Koolhaas (instalação Casa da Música, em 2007), novamente a Mies, mas desta vez com Lilly Reich (Galeria Arratia Beer, Belém, 2010), para não falar de esculturas mais recentes à volta de Lina Bo Bardi e Denise Scott Brown ou do uso constante que faz de materiais de demolições de edifícios, nomeadamente do bairro autoconstruído 6 de Maio, tão presentes na pequena antológrico que o MAAT lhe dedicou em 2017. “Posso dizer que o meu interesse pelo modernismo vem desde sempre, dos tempos de estudante na Escola António Arroio onde o ensino tinha muitas...
“O que tento fazer é ligar, sobrepor, a linguagem da arte — no caso desta exposição uma linguagem extremamente abstracta, embora leve, poética e transparente — com uma realidade que está acontecer no exterior. Para mim, essa ligação entre a arte e a vida é muito importante”
influências da Bauhaus, mas, a partir de 1998, aquilo que era influência torna-se matéria do meu trabalho.”
Em Portugal, vemos que as afinidades de Fernanda Fragateiro se foram estabelecendo quase naturalmente como a comunidade de arquitectos. “Acabei por criar grandes relações de amizades com arquitectos que nascem a partir de relações de trabalho: Manuel Aires Mateus, João Pedro Falcão de Campos, João Maria Trindade, Rui Mendes, João Gomes da Silva, Vitor Beira-Mar Dimis, João Luís Carriço da Graça, Sofia Pinto Basto, Paula Santos, Ricardo Bak Gordon… São pessoas com quem aprendi muito. A minha primeira instalação são grandes construções em madeira, que muitas pessoas entenderam como estando eu a olhar para as barracas, porque estamos a falar dos anos 90, em que havia grandes zonas de habitação autoconstruída em Lisboa.”
Interessa-lhe muito a escala a que os arquitectos intervêm, mas também como o seu trabalho consegue estar muito ligado à vida das pessoas. “Depois da minha primeira grande intervenção no espaço da cidade, que é na Expo-98, eu faço projectos que, de certo modo, requalificam o espaço público. São objectos que podem tornar mais amável o espaço e dar uma certa experiência de liberdade. O exemplo máximo é o Jardim das Ondas, mas também a escultura que faço para Vila Nova da Barquinha, peças em betão que se convertem num playground para crianças. Fiz várias peças dentro dessa lógica, em que podemos usar as esculturas de muitas maneiras, para sentar, para deitar, para usar como mesa, como palco.”
**O único livro**
Do seu laboratório de materiais, que acabou de ser tema de uma exposição que Fragateiro fez no Verão na Appleton Square (Lisboa), em que emerge de uma forma absoluta a importância da investigação no processo de trabalho e de tudo o que se passa no atelier, estão quase ausentes nesta última exposição os livros em segunda mão, recolhidos em todo o tipo de bibliotecas ou comprados em alfarrabistas, que a artista gosta de usar como se fossem tijolos ou blocos de cimento. Com eles constrói esculturas – às vezes estruturas com vários metros feitas de milhares de páginas coladas –, vendendo o acesso do espectador ao seu conteúdo. Na Filomena Soares sobra apenas um, a versão inglesa da *Dialectica Negativa* do filósofo alemão Theodor Adorno, que muito discretamente fecha a exposição e está acessível apenas através da capa dura forrada a tecido. “É um livro que me interessou muito pelo título porque estou a trabalhar com situações de dicotomia, a ideia de negativo como uma coisa positiva.”
O livro pode ser encarado como um objecto que permite construir narrativas sem necessariamente passarmos da capa e do título, diz a artista – “ninguém me vai perguntar o que é que quero dizer com um tijolo ou uma pedra, para mim um livro é a mesma coisa”; é uma metáfora de como a artista vê a arte, porque “um livro também é um pequeno edifício”, parafraseando Alison Smithson.
“A forma como uso os livros vem de um pensamento de Walter Benjamin, a ideia de que a arte funciona como uma espécie de pressentimento do mundo. Quando temos acesso só ao título de um livro, dependendo do grau de conhecimento que temos sobre ele, ou sobre literatura, filosofia, o que for, tentamos adivinhar do que é que trata. Podemos ser grandes entendidos e sabermos exactamente o que é, e então a nossa leitura da escultura é uma, ou não sabemos nada e começamos a tentar perceber porque é que aquele livro está lá. Essa ideia de pressentimento, de a arte ser algo que não vemos mas atravessamos, de que está lá tudo, mas que depende da nossa vontade ou possibilidade saber mais ou menos. Podemos ler uma frase, podemos ler umas palavras, podemos ler um capítulo. Entramos por camadas.”
O pensamento dialético que vai buscar a Adorno, o pensamento como resistência, dá título às gigantes esculturas que têm menos de três milímetros de espessura. São *Structures of Thought 1 e 2*: “O desenho é uma forma de pensamento e essas esculturas são desenhos gigantes que eu torno autónomos: eles vivem fora da folha do papel.”
Fernanda Fragateiro está a tentar desmaterializar a escultura, numa estratégia em que nos fará voltar brevemente às três mulheres que inspiraram esta exposição e a ideia do atelier como prisão. “Eu faço as esculturas, elas existem no espaço, têm matéria, mas o desenho permite que elas sejam levadas à mínima possibilidade de presença. Aproximo-as, cada vez mais, de uma ideia de pensamento, de algo imaterial.” O livro de Adorno, um crítico do capitalismo, é de 1966, a mesma época em que, decepcionadas, Charlotte Posenenske e Agnès Martin criticam o sistema da arte, iniciando processos de afastamento ou de reclusão. “Essas mulheres, tal como Gady Noland, viraram as costas ao mundo da arte ou questionaram o sistema onde estavam integradas. Eu ainda não disse ‘não’, ainda não virei as costas, continuo a trabalhar, mas tenho consciência que estou sempre próxima de um limite.”
Numa artista com um percurso artístico nacional e internacional com bastante visibilidade, de onde vem essa sensação de contínua instabilidade? – perguntamos a Fernanda Fragateiro. “Não tem nada a ver com uma dor qualquer de poder sentir alguma rejeição, antes pelo contrário. Estas mulheres que se afastaram momentaneamente ou para sempre do mundo da arte como forma de protesto não se desresponsabilizaram mas encontraram uma maneira de ser activas ao não compactuarem com certas situações.”
Não ultrapassar o limite para Fernanda Fragateiro é encontrar uma forma de proteger o seu trabalho e conseguir continuar a negociar enquanto artista, seja com o poder político, com as instituições ou com as galerias. “É preciso encontrar um ponto em que sentimos que o nosso trabalho está sempre acima de tudo, que nessa negociação não perdemos valores essenciais. Ter total liberdade, independência e sentirmos que estamos a participar na construção de um mundo melhor. Ser artista só para vender obras de arte, que fazem parte de um circuito muito privado, não me interessa. Sou uma artista que, cada vez mais, se interessa por projectos públicos, que envolvem o máximo de pessoas da comunidade. Que não sejam super selectivos, que não sejam só para aqueles que podem. É isso a que eu tenho que estar sempre muito atenta.”
Charlotte Posenenske, que vendia o seu trabalho a preço de custo, também não anda longe desta reflexão de Fragateiro.
Nesta exposição, pela primeira vez, os desenhos que serviram de estudos para fazer as esculturas foram integrados na exposição e considerados parte da obra da artista. Recortados em cartão, mantêm os vestígios do papel queimado pelo corte a laser. “Estamos a falar de desenhos tridimensionais, que são maquetas que faço para as peças grandes e que resultam nuns belos materiais. Ao apaixono-me por eles, sinto que podem ser obra.” Como são peças únicas, com uma escala mais pequena, mas que constituem uma série grande, tornam-se muito mais acessíveis. “É maravilhoso poder ver amigos meus a comprar algumas dessas obras.”
Afirmar-se como escultora, reconhece, continua a ser uma tomada de posição, porque no grupo de vários colegas da sua geração consegue apenas identificar outra mulher escultora, Ângela Ferreira, com quem se irá encontrar à hora do almoço para verem as exposições uma da outra. “Ser escultora é trabalhar com o espaço, se pensarmos na diferença com a pintura. Gosto de dizer que sou escultora, porque acho bonito, mas reconheço que faço uma escultura muito relacionada com a pintura, com o desenho, com o texto, com a arquitectura. Podia dizer que era uma artista visual, mas a escultura soa a uma coisa antiga e como também é uma área, tal com a arquitectura, ainda dominada pelos homens, sinto que ser mulher, artista e dizer que sou escultora é também um statement.”
**Exposição A Monotomia é Fixe: em baixo, Barreira Anti-Motim; à direita, Escadas**
“Para uns as grades são e para outros são vistas E se calhar enquanto artista também funcionam nessa este atelier, são uma de me conter?”
A Monotonia é Fixe
De Fernanda Fragateiro
Lisboa, Galeria Filomena Soares, Rua da Manutenção nº 80 (Nabão), 12h30 às 19h, Sábado das 10h às 19h. Até 14 de Novembro
Cada exposição de Fernanda Fragateiro tem a capacidade de se revelar uma cuidada experiência de observação do mundo. Não no sentido das obras serem descritivas ou realistas, mas no sentido de os elementos com que as obras dialogam, que prolongam e com que criticamente se relacionam, serem sempre “coisas” concretas: elementos de edifícios, maquetas de arquitectura, livros, outras artistas. O elenco destes materiais de trabalho foi apresentado numa instalação chamada Laboratório de Materiais (2017) que tem vindo a conhecer diferentes apresentações, tendo a última sido na Appleton Square em 2020.
Esta nota é importante para mostrar que apesar do aspecto abstracto, minimal e distante de qualquer relação mimética com a realidade, as obras desta exposição revelam estratégias comuns no trabalho da artista, no modo como utiliza o quotidiano como elemento desencadeador do processo criativo, mas que depois é integrado em novas formas, gestos e espaços. Em momento algum o trabalho é descritivo: as referências não são imediatamente reconhecíveis e nem a exposição constitui qualquer comentário acerca de um conjunto mais ou menos coerente de referências. Os elementos que a artista traz para o espaço expositivo servem-lhe, sobretudo, como lugares de diálogo e ao mesmo tempo como forma de incluir outros contextos, outros tempos, outros nomes. Quase podemos pensar que através da ocupação espacial feita pelos diferentes elementos escultóricos, Fernanda Fragateiro propõe não uma experiência concreta e definida mas inventa um espaço de experiências possíveis. E é nesta invenção que esta exposição é mais notável.
Cada escultura assente no chão ou suspensa na parede não só enquadrá a experiência daquela sala mas, sobretudo, dá-lhe uma direcção, um ritmo e uma cor. Como se estivéssemos face a uma investigação de geometria fundamental na qual não são os objectos concretos que importam, mas a exploração das possibilidades espaciais de todos os objectos. Ou seja, gestos e procedimentos geométricos que mais do que afirmarem “coisas”, mostram as condições de possibilidade de habitabilidade: como podemos habitar uma sala, uma forma, o mundo.
Para além da organização espacial operada por estas esculturas que introduzem no espaço o dentro/fora, o cima/baixo, a frente/verso, é impossível não pensar nas questões da serialidade, da repetição e do que resulta destes processos que correspondem a modos de pensar e estabelecer ordens no campo visual. Procedimentos comuns aos artistas minimalistas e a algumas abordagens modernistas ao espaço e que a artista tanto aprecia.
“Repetição” e “serialidade” poderiam servir como título da exposição não só porque anunciam os seus procedimentos internos mas também porque reforçam a ideia de ordem e organização implicados no pensar geométrico. Não no sentido de a geometria dar uma ordem, mas por ela possibilitar todas as ordens, todas as relações, todas as existências. A geometria não é prescritiva, mas possibilita o mundo e a experiência física e orgânica que fazemos dele. Repetição e serialidade são mais formas poéticas de pensar o espaço do que mecanismos de projecção de uma certa ordem. A estratégia da repetição surge através da artista Agnes Martin e do seu desenho Aspiration (1960). É uma artista em quem Fragateiro reconhece importante referência e que, no desenho virtualmente presente nesta exposição, preenche uma folha de papel com uma quadricula rigorosa e intensa e que se prolonga nas grades-esculturas da exposição.
Haveria muito a dizer sobre a relação entre serialidade e monotonia ou sobre como a incessante repetição, quando pensada não como processo automático de trabalho que embrutece a criatividade, se pode revelar estratégia poética de desdobramento que não significa a afirmação do mesmo mas acrescenta camadas de sentido. Mas para lá das referências com que Fragateiro constrói a sua família artística e intelectual, o elemento decisivo é a sua capacidade em construir espacialidades que se afirmam como um espaço poético que torna possível as experiências individuais de cada um de nós. Espaços onde inventamos as nossas próprias experiências e onde afirmamos a nossa individualidade.
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d010ffe6-868d-48ae-8fb5-082ec69bd8ea
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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por_Latn
| 24,702
|
Zahájení zasedání zastupitelstva
Zasedání Zastupitelstva obce Vodochody (dále též jako „zastupitelstvo“) bylo zahájeno v 19.04 hodin p. Lomnickým „dále jako „předsedající.
Informace podle § 93 odst. 1 zákona o obcích byla na úřední desce Obecního úřadu Vodochody zveřejněna v souladu se zákonem, a to od 26.04.- 03.05.2021. Současně byla zveřejněna na „elektronické úřední desce“.
Předsedající schůze dále konstatoval, že přítomno je 6 členů zastupitelstva z celkového počtu 9 členů zastupitelstva.
Omluveni: p.Veselý, p.Paračka, pí Kinkorová (příchod 19.06 hod.)
Zastupitelstvo je usnášení schopné (§ 92 odst. 3 zákona o obcích).
Bod 1 - Určení ověřovatelů a zapisovatele
Předsedající navrhl určit ověřovateli zápisu p. Jana Veselého, p. Vojtěcha Kinkora, zapisovatelku pí. Hanu Sobotkovou.
K návrhu nebyly vzneseny žádné protinávrhy. Před hlasováním dal předsedající možnost vyjádřit se přítomným.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody určuje ověřovateli zápisu pana Jana Veselé a pana Bc. Vojtěcha Kinkora, zapisovatelku pí. Hanu Sobotkovou.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 6, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Usnesení č. 1 bylo schváleno.
Pí Kinkorová – příchod 19.06 hod.
Bod 2 - Schválení programu.
Předsedající seznámil přítomné s návrhem programu v souladu s pozvánkou zaslannou členům zastupitelstva a v souladu s informací zveřejněnou na úřední desce.
Navržený program:
1. Určení ověřovatelů zápisu (§ 95 odst. 1 zákona o obcích) a zapisovatele
2. Schválení programu
3. IPODEC a.s. - Dohoda o výběru poplatků a předávání dokladů
4. USK- smlouva o dílo
5. TJ Sokol Vodochody- darovací smlouva
6. Královská kolegiátní kapitula - návrh pronájem pozemku
7. Vodochody „Kanalizace ulice nad Školou, stoka B3“ - výběrové řízení
8. Různé
Předsedající dal hlasovat o schválení programu.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje návrh programu v předloženém znění.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č. 2 bylo schváleno.
Bod 3a) IPODEC a.s. - Dohoda o výběru poplatků a předávání dokladů
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům upravený návrh dohody o výběru poplatků a předávání dokladů od společnosti IPODEC- Čisté Město, a.s., Praha 8, která zajišťuje v obci svoz odpadu.
Návrh dohody plyne ze zákona č. 541/2020/Sb, o odpadech.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje dohodu o výběru poplatku společnosti IPODEC – Čisté Město, a.s., Praha 8 a pověřuje starostu podpisem dohody.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č.3 bylo schváleno.
Bod 3b) IPODEC a.s. - plná moc
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům návrh plné moci od společnosti IPODEC - Čisté Město, a.s., Praha 8, která zajišťuje v obci svoz odpadu. Návrh plné moci plyne ze zákona č. 541/2020/Sb, o odpadech.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje udělení plné moci společnosti IPODEC – Čisté Město, a.s., Praha 8 a pověřuje starostu jejím podpisem.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č.4 bylo schváleno.
Bod 4) USK- smlouva o dílo
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům návrh smlouvy o dílo SD-005-21 s firmou USK Mladá Boleslav na opravu místní komunikace ulice Průběžná a vybudování parkovacího stání u MŠ Vodochody za celkovou nabídkovou cenu 409.004,14 Kč včetně DPH.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje smlouvu o dílo SD-005-21 s firmou USK Mladá Boleslav na opravu místní komunikace za celkovou částku 409.004,14 Kč včetně DPH a pověřuje starostu podpisem smlouvy.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č.5 bylo schváleno.
Bod 5) TJ Sokol Vodochody - darovací smlouva
Ve spolupráci s firmou Semmelrock (p. Jiřoušek) provádí obec výstavbu předzahrádky u kabin.
Firma Semmelrock darovala materiál TJ Sokol Vodochody, tento materiál je předmětem darovací smlouvy.
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům návrh darovací smlouvy s TJ SOKOL Vodochody.
Předmětem daru je materiál v celkové hodnotě 41.691,- Kč.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje darovací smlouvu v celkové hodnotě 41.691,- Kč s TJ Sokol Vodochody a pověřuje starostu podpisem smlouvy.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 6, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 1 (p. Aron).
Unesení č.6 bylo schváleno.
Bod 6) Královská kolegiátní kapitula - návrh pronájem pozemku
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům návrh na pronájem pozemků od Královské kolegiátní kapituly sv. Petra Pavla na Vyšehradě.
Předmětem pronájmu jsou pozemky p.č. 35/1 o výměře 1679 m2, 35/4 o výměře 1043 m2, 37 o výměře 16 369m2 vše k.ú. Drasty a pozemek p.č. 116/1 o výměře 9522 m2 k.ú. Vodochody u Prahy celkem 28 613 m2.
Doba pronájmu a) na neurčito s 3 měsíční výpovědí b) na 10 let
Cena pronájmu 15.000,- Kč ročně včetně inflace.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje záměr o návrhu na pronájem pozemků od Královské kolegiátní kapituly sv. Petra a Pavla na Vyšehradě p.č. 35/1, 35/4 v k.ú. Vodochody u Prahy a p.č. 116/1 v k.ú. Drasty o celkové výměře 28 613 m2 a pověřuje starostu přípravou smlouvy na dobu 10 let s opčním právem.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7 , Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č.7 bylo schváleno.
Bod 7a) Vodochody „Kanalizace ulice nad Školou stoka B3“ - výběrové řízení
Předsedající předložil zastupitelům návrh zadávací dokumentace na akci „Kanalizace ulice Nad Školou “ Otevřená výzva k podání nabídky – zadávací podmínky pro veřejnou zakázku malého rozsahu“.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje návrh zadávací dokumentace na akci Kanalizace ulice Nad Školou s doplněním o následující body:
- předpokládaná cena zakázky 1,300.000,- Kč,
- kritéria s následujícími váhami – 60% výše nabídkové ceny, 20% délka záruky a 20% referenční zakázky,
- veřejná výzva bude podána do 15.05.2021,
- lhůta pro podání cenových nabídek do 15.06.2021 v 9.00 hodin,
- předpokládaný termín realizace – možný nástup 15.07.2021 max. lhůta dokončení 15.10.2021
a pověřuje místostarostu k vyvěšení shora uvedené výzvy.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č. 8 bylo schváleno.
Bod 7 b) Jmenování komise k otevírání obálek, hodnocení a posouzení nabídek
Předsedající navrhuje 3 člennou komisi k otevírání obálek, hodnocení a posouzení nabídek a 3 členy komise- náhradníky.
Předsedající navrhl do hodnotící komise: Josefa Veselého, Ing. Petra Lomnického a Bc. Vojtěcha Kinkora
Předsedající navrhl náhradníky: Blanku Křižovou, Václava Arona a Oldřicha Tichého
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje tříčlennou komisi pro otevírání obálek, hodnocení a posouzení nabídek na akci „Kanalizace ulice Nad Školou“ v následujícím složení: Josef Veselý, Ing. Petr Lomnický, Bc. Vojtěch Kinkor.
Náhradníky pro otevírání obálek, hodnocení a posouzení nabídek na akci „Kanalizace ulice Nad Školou“ v následujícím složení: Blanka Křižová, Václav Aron, Oldřich Tichý.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 7, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 0.
Unesení č. 9 bylo schváleno.
Bod 8) Různé
a) Volba předsedy kontrolního výboru
Předsedající v souvislosti s rezignací Oldřicha Tichého ke dni 30.04.2021 navrhuje do funkce předsedy kontrolního výboru p. Václava Arona.
Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům sdělit své stanovisko
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Vodochody schvaluje do funkce předsedy kontrolního výboru p. Václava Arona s platností od 03.05.2021.
Výsledek hlasování: Pro: 6, Proti: 0, Zdrželi se: 1 (p. Aron).
Usnesení č. 10 bylo schváleno.
Předsedající ukončil zasedání ve 20.23 hod.
Přílohy zápisu:
Zápis vyhotoven dne 05.05.2021
Zapisovatelka: Hana Sobotková
Ověřovatelé:
Bc. Vojtěch Kinkor ...........................................dne 13.5.2021
Jan Veselý .........................................................dne 13.5.2021
Místostarosta obce
Ing. Petr Lomnický .............................................dne 13.5.2021
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b5ea9902-f5d9-4f0e-9997-80bde2907b3b
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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ces_Latn
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: : : : : INTERNET - PRINTED INFORMATION - LOCAL SOURCES The MA Department of Conservation & Recreation has three booklets on pond information . Requests for the booklets can be made by sending an email, including your home address, to: email@example.com. - The Massachusetts Lake and Pond Guide -A Guide to Invasive Non-native Aquatic Species in Massachusetts - A Guide to Aquatic Plants in Massachusetts w ww.apcc.org/nativeplants/ Photos and descriptions of 14 great native plants for your property. firstname.lastname@example.org Master Gardener Help Line - 617-933-4929 www.onlineplantguide.com Photos and information on about 3,500 plants in all categories. www.newenglanwild.org New England Wild Flower Society - Photo gallery of invasive plants and a list of native plant alternatives. Nasami Farm Native Plant Nursery www.ipane.org Invasive Plant Atlas of New England www.capecodextension.org/horticulture-entomology-ticks/hort-clinic/ Information on soil testing as well as nutrient, organic matter and other soil data T own of Chatham Conservation Agent - Kristin Andres - 508-945-5164 Contact to obtain permission for a landscape project less than 100' from a wetland, pond or stream. Google – How to Grow a Falmouth Friendly Lawn - Read over and/or print environment.
2 … INTRODUCTION and CONTENTS Pages 3 -13 … Invasive Plants with Recommended Native Plant Listings Page 14 … ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES Page 15 … INTERNET - PRINTED INFORMATION - LOCAL SOURCES Page 16 … RECOMMENDED READING and BOOKLET CREDITS Why plant native species? Because they adapt to local conditions, are CONTENTS The Friends of Chatham Waterways - Pond Study Group - inspired this second 2015 edition of The Green Pages . The purpose is to increase reader's ability to identify invasive plants growing in Chatham ponds and landscapes and to further the effort to control or destroy these invasive plants. Both knowledge and action are key elements in mitigating the spread of these harmful plants. This printing includes information about why planting native trees and shrubs is a win for Chatham residents and our environment. In the summer of 2014, pond stewards collected water quality data from Stillwater, Lover's, and Emery, White, Schoolhouse and Barclay ponds. Stewards will continue recording data so that historical comparisons can be made. Recommended best practices and readings that promote protection of our natural environment are also included. FCW hopes that all who love the natural beauty of Chatham will promote environmentally friendly ways to design and care for their landscape. This booklet is meant to be a helpful reference guide to expand your knowledge regarding actions you can take to help maintain the health of our fragile the flyer for your records.
Rake up fallen seeds, dry the seeds and then place in plastic bag, bake them in the sun and dispose at the * recycle center. Using a trowel or spade dig up saplings removing the entire root sysA Weed Wrench can be rented to remove large saplings up to three If over three inches in diameter consider girdling. Using an axe cut a deep notch around the circumference of the trunk about six inches from Zelimir Borzan, Bugwood.org
SWITCH GRASS Shenandoah' Four feet tall by eighteen inches wide. Noted for its red tipped foliage in summer and its red and orange blades in the fall. The plant is drought tolerant once established. 'Northwind' 'Cloud Nine' Height, six feet with a spread of two to three feet. Large vase-shaped form, late summer blooms in clouds of silvery fawn color that remain attractive in winter. Severe weather will knock down this grass. Height, four to five feet. Spread, two to three feet. Blue/green summer color blades, silvery flowers in late summer. In late fall blades turn yellowish wheat color. This grass remains upright through any winter weather and is drought tolerant once established.
Euonymus alatus Acer pseudoplatanus arboreum
Sassafras albidum
Quercus palustris
EVERGREEN WILD GINGER Asarum shuttleworthii ALUMROOT Heuchera americana , H. villosa and H. sanguinea Two foot height by one and a half foot spread. Clump forming plant that grows on sunny edges of the woodland. White flowers appear in early summer. Many cultivars are available in the trade. Geranium maculatum Six inches high by one foot spread. Woodland plant with heart shaped often marbled leaves. Purple flowers hide beneath leaves in spring.
: : : : : RECOMMENDED NATIVE GROUND COVERS Evergreen leathery leaves in the heath family. Likes sun and sandy nutrient-poor soil. Benefits from a symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi in the soil by an ability to use available nitrogen. Two to four inches high and two feet or more spread. White flowers in spring and red B.Cotnam, FCW
Ligustrum obtusifolium Highbush Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Hydrangea quercifolia - 'Oak Leaf Hydrangea', 'Alice' and 'Snow Queen'
Spicebush Lindera benzoin Inkberry , 'Cape Cod' Ilex glabra Red Chokeberry Aronia arbutifolia, Winterberry Ilex verticillata, ' Northern Bayberry Myrica pensylvanica Hamamelis virginiana 'Autumn Embers' is a colorful cultivar Hamamelis vernalis
* ‘Kermesina’
JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera japonica Both shrub & vine honeysuckles are invasive. Tatarica. - Leaves opposite, fast growing woody
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Sex Offender Treatment: Engagement and Satisfaction
By
Stephan I. Pennix
A thesis submitted to the faculty of Radford University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in the Department of Criminal Justice
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Margaret Pate
May 2017
Copyright 2017, Stephan I. Pennix
Dr. Margaret Pate
Thesis Advisor
Dr. Lori Elis
Committee Member
Dr. Shelly Wagers
Committee Member
Abstract
Sexual offending has become one of the most important and controversial areas in the field of criminal justice. One component of particular importance is the rehabilitation of sex offenders. Each day sexual offenders are released back into society and sexual reoffending becomes one of the biggest concerns for researchers and policy makers. Treatment programs have attempted to address sexual reoffending, but few have sought to understand the perceptions of sexual offenders and their levels of engagement while in treatment. The purpose of this study is to understand sex offenders’ level of satisfaction with the treatment they received while attending treatment in rural South-Western, Virginia. Sex offenders were surveyed about their experience in treatment and their satisfaction with the treatment they received. Sex offender engagement was also measured through facilitator-completed monthly progress reports: examining attendance, participation rating score, and phase in treatment. Ultimately, sex offenders who engage in the treatment process may be more likely to be satisfied with the treatment they received.
Stephan I. Pennix, M.A.
Department of Criminal Justice, 2017
Radford University
# Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................. iii
List of Tables and Figures .................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................. 6
Group Therapy ................................................................................................... 7
Sex Offender Treatment and Recidivism .......................................................... 9
Limitations in Measuring Effectiveness ............................................................ 12
Satisfaction ....................................................................................................... 19
Group Engagement ............................................................................................ 23
Satisfaction and Engagement .......................................................................... 24
Treatment Variables and Recidivism .............................................................. 25
Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 26
Chapter 3: Methodology ..................................................................................... 29
Procedure ......................................................................................................... 29
Data Collection ................................................................................................. 30
Instrumentation ............................................................................................... 31
Variables .......................................................................................................... 33
Analytic Strategy ............................................................................................. 35
Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................... 37
Chapter 5: Discussion ......................................................................................... 47
Limitations ....................................................................................................... 52
Conclusion and Implications .......................................................................... 58
References ........................................................................................................... 60
Appendices .......................................................................................................... 78
Appendix A ...................................................................................................... 78
Appendix B ...................................................................................................... 80
List of Tables and Figures
Table 1. Group Location ID ................................................................. 70
Table 2. Group Leaders ................................................................. 70
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for Background Information .................. 71
Table 4. Type of Offense(s) ............................................................. 72
Table 5. Satisfaction Domains ....................................................... 72
Table 6. Attendance ................................................................. 73
Table 7. Participation Rating Score .............................................. 73
Table 8. Phase in Treatment ....................................................... 73
Table 9. Correlation Matrix of All Variables ................................... 74
Figure 1. Content Satisfaction by Group Leader ............................ 75
Figure 2. Group Leader by Rating Score ........................................ 76
Figure 3. Overall Satisfaction by Phases in Treatment ..................... 77
Chapter 1
Introduction
Sex offenders have received a substantial amount of attention in recent years from both policymakers and the public. This is due at least in part to the widespread and deep impact that sex crimes have on victims and the larger community. In the United States, it is estimated that every two minutes an American is sexually assaulted, with approximately 288,820 victims, ages 12 or older, raped and sexually assaulted each year (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network, 2016). It is also estimated that 1 out of every 6 American women and 1 out of 10 American men will be the victim of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. Currently, 20 million out of 112 million women (18%) in the United States have been raped or sexually assaulted during their lifetime, with the number steadily increasing daily (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016). In most instances, perpetrators of sex crimes have close relationships with their victims, interacting as family, friends, babysitters, childcare providers, or even neighbors, which can increase the traumatic impact on victims and their families (Lievore, 2003).
Sex crimes have been defined as criminal offenses of a sexual nature (Blasko, 2016; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Simons, 2000). These include rape, sexual battery, lewd conduct, child molestation, possession and distribution of child pornography, indecent exposure, and penetration of the genital or anal region by a foreign object. While rates of violent crime have substantially decreased since the late 1990s, sex crimes have remained a large concern for law enforcement and political officials (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016). Currently, there are approximately 747,408 registered sex offenders nationwide in the United States and 265,000 total sex offenders under the supervision of a corrections agency (Greenfeld, 1997; National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2015). Of the sex offenders who are arrested and attend the pretrial release/adjudication process, about 5 out of 10 are released prior to trial and 8
out of 10 convicted for a sex crime have entered a guilty plea to a given offense (Greenfeld, 1997). Sentences of guilty offenders often range from 5-13 years, with additional penalties such as a fine, victim restitution, and/or required treatment (Greenfeld, 1997). As convicted sex offenders enter the criminal justice system every day, the same sex offenders will eventually be released from the system that is required to treat and hold these offenders accountable.
Similar to many other criminal behaviors, the misconception that all sex offenders will repeat their deviant behavior in the future still remains, with society speculating that resources like treatment will not effectively reduce their rates of reoffending. Currently, the effectiveness of treatment is debatable, with some researchers indicating that treatment is effective (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009), while others find it ineffective (Doren & Yates, 2008; Harkins & Beech, 2007; Keeling, Rose, & Beech, 2007; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994). However, research regarding the effectiveness of treatment has been primarily measured on the concept of recidivism, which in this case means being rearrested for another sexual offense. In the largest single study of sex offender recidivism conducted to date, Langan et al. (2003) examined the recidivism patterns of 9,691 male sex offenders released from prisons in 15 states in 1994. They found a sexual recidivism rate of 5.3% for the entire sample of sex offenders based on an arrest for a sexual offense during the 3-year follow up period. Langan et al. (2003) also found that “violent and overall arrest recidivism rates for the entire sample of sex offenders were much higher; 17.1% of sex offenders were rearrested for a violent crime and 43% were rearrested for a crime of any kind during the follow-up period” (p. 8).
Hanson et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis of 23 studies examining recidivism based on outcomes to determine whether the risk, need, and responsivity principles associated with
effective interventions for general offenders also apply to sex offender treatment. They found that when examining only sexual offenses, on average treated sex offenders have a recidivism rate of 10.9%, compared to untreated offenders who have a recidivism rate of 19.2%, based on an average follow up period of 4.7 years. Losel and Schmucker (2005) also found positive findings with their meta-analysis studying the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. In the analysis, Losel and Schmucker (2005) included 69 independent studies and combined a total of 22,181 subjects. The researchers found that when examining only sexual offenses, on average treated sex offenders have a recidivism rate of 11.1%, compared to untreated offenders who have a recidivism rate of 17.5%, based on an average follow up period of 5 years.
A review of existing research also indicates that the efficacy of sex offender treatment has primarily used recidivism as the measure of treatment effectiveness (Cabeen & Coleman, 1960; Hall, 1995; Harris & Hanson, 2004; Harkins & Beech, 2007; Moertl, Buchholz, & Lamott, 2010; Nelson, 2007;). Using this outcome variable, the effectiveness of treatment is based solely on whether or not an offender reoffends over a particular period. Research has found that methodological flaws were inherently associated with examining sex offender treatment and could lead to inconclusive treatment effects when measuring rates of recidivism (Jones & Tatman, 2007). In addition, simply measuring treatment efficacy through rates of recidivism is difficult because only a small fraction of all sexual offenses are reported, and of those reported, only a small segment are prosecuted, causing a natural bias in the data (Jones & Tatman, 2007).
Although recidivism is the most commonly used measure of treatment effectiveness, some researchers have argued that other measures and factors can contribute to an understanding of the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Some examples include client attainment of therapeutic goals, treatment implementation, therapist characteristics, and in-treatment
behavioral changes (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014; Marshall et al., 2002; Marshall, 2005). Levenson et al. (2009, 2010, & 2014) found that examining offenders’ level of satisfaction and engagement in the overall treatment could ultimately help to ensure that treatment is relevant and responsive to patients’ needs, which will lead to positive post-treatment outcomes.
Past research findings by Levenson et al. have shown to be favorable, indicating that surveying sex offenders’ perceived importance of treatment content, satisfaction with the help they receive, and engagement in therapeutic services can help ensure that treatment meets the need of offenders to reduce sexual recidivism outcomes (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). The current study seeks to add to the literature by assessing the perception of sex offenders only in rural environments where crime rates are not as high or observed. In addition, this study extends Levenson’s past work by excluding the use of self-reported engagement to prevent the possibility of over-desirability and over-reporting their engagement in treatment. Instead, this study uses a new group engagement measure that examined facilitator-completed monthly progress reports that assess offenders’ level of engagement by looking at the number of absences, participation rating score, and phase in treatment. Lastly, this study used Levenson’s self-reported satisfaction survey to assess level of satisfaction among sex offenders in treatment groups in rural environments. Using these measures, the current study will address the following research question: Is there a relationship between engagement in treatment and satisfaction with treatment? As an extension of previous research, this study has proposed the following hypotheses:
\[ H_1 \] – As the total number of absences increases, the level of satisfaction will decrease.
H₂ – As the facilitator’s participation rating score increases, the level of satisfaction will increase.
H₃ – The further a patient is in the treatment process, the level of satisfaction will increase.
Chapter 2
Literature Review
In the field of criminal justice, there is a general understanding that the primary objectives of the criminal justice system are to stop criminal activity and prevent criminal offenders from reoffending. These objectives are still apparent in the fight to combat sex crimes in United States. To facilitate consistency, integrity, and effectiveness, sex offender treatment programs have been used as models of change to enhance interpersonal skills and redirect deviant sexual behavior and attitudes of offenders to prevent future sex crimes. Currently, the cognitive behavioral approach is the most widely used model of treatment for both juvenile and adult sex offenders (McGrath, Cumming, & Burchard, 2003). Cognitive behavioral therapy addresses the interrelatedness of thoughts, emotions, and most importantly behavior, through modes of skill building, reinforcement, and intervention centered around replacing maladaptive thoughts and unhealthy coping strategies with positive strategies (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2005). This approach has been designed to assist offenders with meeting several goals, including impulse control, developing and enhancing interpersonal skills, practicing healthy coping skills, and expanding positive support systems.
Prior research has evaluated the effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs by examining the relationship between the sex offenders’ experiences while in treatment programs and changes in their sex offending behavior. Several studies have found that sex offender treatment programs that utilize psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, and motivational enhancement therapy are effective at reducing recidivism (Hall, 1995; Harkins & Beech, 2006; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994; Moertl, Buchholz, & Lamott, 2010; Nelson, 2007). Although the purpose of treatment is to prevent recidivism (Furby, Weinrott, & Blackshaw, 1989; Hall, 1995; Harris & Hanson, 2005), each
therapeutic approach seeks to provide relief from stress and anxiety that comes from feelings of isolation, while offering support and understanding (Nelson, 2007). Nelson (2007) found that therapy, simply as a mechanism, not only enhances self-esteem, but addresses compassion and remorse towards the victims. In most cases, group treatment utilizes lectures, discussions, exercises, instruction videos, movies, written and oral treatment plans, homework assignments, role-playing, and daily journals (Nelson, 2007). Since sexual aggression and deviance is a serious offense, ultimately it demands an effective solution.
**Group Therapy**
Today, most treatment programs for sex offenders are delivered in a group setting (Hall, 1995; Harkins & Beech, 2006; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994; McGrath, Cumming, & Burchard, 2003; Moertl, Buchholz, & Lamott, 2010; Nelson, 2007). Researchers have found group treatment to have a series of advantages, not including its resources and time efficiency. Group treatment provides the opportunity for sex offenders to go through the rehabilitation process with other offenders who can relate to them. Treatment in a group format also increases offenders’ receptiveness to feedback because it comes from peers, allows for positive interactions and skill building with peers, and instills self-efficacy through observing the progress of other offenders (Berenson & Underwood, 2000; Jennings & Sawyer, 2003; Marshall, Anderson, & Fernandez, 1999; McGrath, Cumming, & Burchard, 2003).
Within the context of the principles and goals of group treatment, implementing effective intervention, which will affect rates of recidivism, has remained the primary treatment goal. Researchers have stated that recidivism is most likely to be reduced when the treatment primarily targets reoffending predictors such as deviant sexual interests, antisocial personality, intimacy deficits, and pro-offending attitudes (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). Therefore, treatment providers
should focus their efforts on the factors that are most frequently associated with sexual recidivism. However, a large majority of treatment programs have sought to also target non-criminogenic needs such as self-esteem, social skills, stress management, trauma resolution, and victim awareness. Unfortunately, when non-criminogenic needs are addressed over criminogenic needs in treatment, the overall impact of the program may become undermined because the content does not match with the goals to change the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of the offender (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). Latessa and Lowenkamp (2005) found that while a vast majority of treatments focus on non-criminogenic factors, these types of treatment programs will not have much effect on reducing criminal conduct, because many non-criminogenic factors have not been found to be correlated with criminal behavior. In a more recent study, Gendreau et al. (2002) found that criminogenic needs targeted were strongly related to program effectiveness in reducing rates of recidivism. They found that programs that focused on four to six more criminogenic than non-criminogenic needs reduced recidivism by 30%. While programs that targeted one to three more criminogenic than non-criminogenic needs were associated with a small rate of recidivism (Gendreau, French, & Gionet, 2002).
Nevertheless, researchers have still found positive findings regarding group therapy, especially when comparing its effectiveness to individual therapy. In 2003, Garrett et al. sought to understand the clients’ perception of the treatment they received while enrolled at an outpatient therapy facility. They found that 97% of all group members identified their treatment experience as positive (Garrett, Oliver, Wilcox, & Middleton, 2003). Most importantly, they found that about half of all clients preferred group therapy to individual therapy, with only about 13% identifying individual therapy as preferable. Specifically, the researchers found that group
members believed that sharing thoughts, supporting, learning, and relating to others were the most beneficial components to treatment and their individual recovery.
Researchers have found that recidivism rates among sexual offenders enrolled in individual treatment and group treatment do not significantly differ from one another (Looman, Abracen, & Fazio, 2014; Serran, Marshall, Marshall, & O’Brien, 2013). However, group treatment does appear to offer unique benefits in comparison to individual treatment. According to Looman et al. (2014), group treatment was more time consuming as group members were more likely to identify factors that contribute to reoffending (pro-offending attitudes, deviant arousal, and antisocial orientation) and develop new social skills. In addition, group treatment allows group members to focus on social and relationship skills by sharing thoughts and learning from others. Serran et al. (2013), through their meta-analysis, found that there were more benefits to running group treatment that make it somewhat different than individual treatment. They found the following benefits: (1) therapists are able to treat far more offenders; (2) group treatment can be offered at a lower cost; (3) offenders can benefit by learning from others; (4) offenders develop trust and social support from a group; and (5) offenders are able to deal with issues they may have, such as shame, anxiety, and antisocial orientation.
**Sexual Offender Treatment and Recidivism**
Since group treatment seeks to target proximate outcomes to see whether treatment brings about change, researchers have used these mechanisms to measure if those participating in treatment have been successfully treated. Typically, researchers have focused on the concept of recidivism to understand the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Recidivism is a concept that is measured by whether an individual has been rearrested and reconvicted for a new sexual offense (Harris & Hanson, 2004). To evaluate the efficacy of group sex offender treatment,
researchers have primarily focused on measuring recidivism rates post-treatment. Marques et al. (1994) conducted one of the few early studies yielding promising results regarding the effectiveness of group treatments. Interested in the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral treatment among sex offenders, Marques et al. (1994) chose to examine three groups: a treatment group, a volunteer control group, and a non-volunteer control group. Treatment group subjects were sex offenders who volunteered for the treatment program and were randomly selected for the treatment program. Volunteer control group subjects were sex offenders who volunteered for the treatment program but were not randomly selected for treatment. They were matched to the treatment subjects on the characteristics of age, offense type, and criminal history. Non-volunteer control group subjects qualified for the program but chose not to participate. Like the volunteer controls, they were matched to the treatment subjects on the characteristics of age, offense type, and criminal history. The researchers found promising results, with treatment subjects being less likely to commit new sex offenses than non-volunteers. Marques et al. (1994) found that the treatment group had a sexual re-offense rate of 7.9%, the volunteer control group had a sexual re-offense rate of 10.1%, while the non-volunteer control group rate was 12.8%. In addition, researchers found that early treatment dropouts were at a greater risk for committing new sex crimes, than were those who stayed in the group program for a year or more.
In 2005, Losel and Schmucker completed a meta-analysis of 80 comparisons between treatment and control groups containing a total of more than 22,000 individuals. Known as one of the largest meta-analyses, Losel and Schmucker (2005) assessed the effectiveness of sex offender treatment by examining 69 studies. Losel and Schmucker (2005) found significant differences between treated and untreated offenders, with an average sexual recidivism rate of 11.1% for treated sex offenders and 17.5% for untreated sex offenders, based on an average
follow-up period of just over 5 years. According to Losel and Schmucker (2005), treated offenders were able to reflect and visualize goals and think about techniques that allow them to arrive at a better self-understanding of their actions. Lastly, Losel and Schmucker (2005) found that sex offenders who complete treatment in one of the three invention mechanisms (including cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, or psychological therapy) had lower rates of recidivism than those offenders who dropped out or went untreated. A lack of completed treatment doubled the odds of recidivating.
Examining sex offenders in group settings, MacKenzie (2006) and Hanson et al. (2009) also found that treated sex offenders have lower rates of recidivism than untreated offenders. MacKenzie (2006) found that treated sex offenders had a sexual recidivism rate of 12% after enrolling in group treatment compared to untreated sex offenders who recidivated at a rate of 22%. MacKenzie (2006) also found that the use of relapse prevention treatment, cognitive-behavioral treatment, behavioral treatment, and even hormonal medication had a significant impact on sex offenders as it reduced the rate of sexual recidivism. According to MacKenzie (2006), relapse prevention treatment, cognitive-behavioral treatment, behavioral treatment, and even hormonal medication had better human service delivery, allowing facilitators to teach to the needs of each offender as well as target criminogenic and dynamic risk factors among sex offenders. Ultimately, by focusing on the individual changes or cognitive transformation, offenders will experience a significant change in their criminal lifestyle over time (MacKenzie, 2006).
Hanson et al. (2009) also found similar results in their comparative study, finding that treated offenders were less likely to recidivate after experiencing group treatment. On average, treated sexual offenders had a sexual and overall recidivism rate of 10.9%, and 31.8% based on a
follow-up period of 4 years. In comparison, untreated offenders had an average sexual and overall recidivism rate of 19.2% and 48.3%. Hanson et al. (2009) found that treatment programs adhering to the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) (i.e. whether or not treatment components bring about change) principles of effective intervention increased treatment effectiveness. Ultimately, treatment programs that adhered to criminal thinking/cognitive restricting, self-improvement, management, and development of interpersonal or life skills were more likely to result in effective outcomes among sex offender groups.
Harris and Hanson (2004) conducted one of the largest meta-analyses assessing the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Harris and Hanson (2004) found that most sexual offenders do not reoffend over time. In most cases, 73% of sex offenders are not charged with, nor convicted of, another sex offense. However, when examining sex offenders’ recidivism rates, Harris and Hanson (2004) suggest that not all sex offenders should be treated the same. Ultimately, higher risk sex offenders should have higher levels of intervention and supervision, while lower level offenders should receive a lower level of response and monitoring as it fits the needs of the offenders.
**Limitations in Measuring Effectiveness**
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment has long been an important research topic and has been extensively studied using a variety of methodological designs (Doren & Yates, 2008; Harkins & Beech, 2006; Keeling, Rose, & Beech, 2007; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994). These methodological designs include random assignment, descriptive studies, risk band analysis, incidental cohort, statistical control, change within treatment, and meta-analysis. However, in spite of the significant efforts and numerous studies, empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of sex offender treatment may not be as
conclusive as many studies would suggest, because research has rarely evaluated effectiveness through understanding the perceptions of patients who are able to reflect on the content and treatment they receive. While a sufficient amount of studies would suggest that sex offender treatments have positive outcomes (Hanson & Bussiere, 1998; Jones & Tatman, 2007; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Rice & Harris, 2003), some studies have methodological inadequacies and inconsistent results, which has created criticism regarding the efficacy of sex offender programs such as cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological treatment and behavioral therapy (Hanson, Steffy, & Gauthier, 1993; Looman, Abracen, & Nicholaichuck, 2000; Marques, Day, Nelson, & West, 1994; Miner & Dwyer, 1997).
Different methodological designs introduce different ways to examine the effectiveness of therapy, with varying outcomes. However, the flaws that are currently found in most studies originate from sampling issues. Some researchers have been found to manipulate their study’s groups by only reporting their recidivism rates without capturing or using a comparison group of untreated offenders (Bate, Falshaw, Corbett, Patel, & Friendship, 2004; Miner & Dwyer, 1997). With no control group, researchers are not able to determine whether differences observed are actually due to the intervention or due to other factors. Also, most studies tend to select the less dangerous offenders for treatment and those who are believed to be less likely to recidivate or reoffend (Hanson & Bussiere, 1997). Hanson and Bussiere (1997) found that offenders who completed treatment are traditionally at lower risk of reoffending than those who do not participate in treatment, drop out, or fail out of treatment. This allows researchers to not only make assumptions, but to examine and record one-sided variable outcomes from non-controlled experiments that do not entirely constitute proof that treatment is effective.
Many studies also experience problems in their treatment and process components of their research. In an evaluation of sex offender treatment efficacy, researchers Harkins and Beech (2007) stated that although many studies provide adequate examinations about the ways treatment and intervention are applied to a particular sex offender group, many studies are biased because they do not allow a systematic examination of how well sex offenders adhere to treatment components.
Harkins and Beech (2007) also found an inconclusive outcome in a review of various methods (i.e. random assignment, descriptive, risk band analysis, incidental cohort, matched comparison, within treatment change, and meta-analysis) for examining treatment effectiveness. According to Harkins and Beech (2007), in most studies (Hanson, Steffy, & Gauthier, 1993; Looman, Abracen, & Nicholaichuck, 2000; Marques, Day, Nelson, & West, 1994; Miner & Dwyer, 1997), researchers were not considering treatment integrity, the inclusion of dropouts and refusers, the type of outcome variables examined, and acceptable length of follow-up. As mentioned previously, sampling issues in many studies created problems with internal validity because they did not take into account comparison groups to determine that differences observed are actually due to the intervention and not to other factors.
A review of existing research also indicates that the efficacy of sex offender treatment has primarily used recidivism as the measure of treatment effectiveness (Cabeen & Coleman, 1960; Hall, 1995; Harris & Hanson, 2004; Harkins & Beech, 2007; Nelson, 2007; Moertl, Buchholz, & Lamott, 2010). Using this outcome variable, the effectiveness of treatment is based solely on whether or not an offender reoffends over a particular period. In an evaluation of sex offender treatment efficacy, Furby et al. (1998) reviewed 42 comprehensive descriptive reviews and meta-analyses on treatment; they found that most researchers displayed no real evidence that
clinical treatment of sexual offenders, in general, could successfully reduce recidivism. Furby et al. (1998) found that studies are typically flawed in their group comparisons of treated and untreated offenders because they only examine trends and patterns based on single designs and data collection. Ultimately, researchers limit means of assessing multiple statistical differences between groups. Lastly, Furby et al. (1998) found that given the underreporting of sex offenses, many studies have been too short and need longer follow-up periods to examine if there are greater percentages of sex offenders who committed another sex offense or criminal offense. Furby et al. (1998) suggested that to examine the number of sex offenders who continued their sexual behavior, researchers would need long-term follow-up periods to obtain a greater understanding of recidivism rates and treatment effectiveness over time.
In an evaluation of sex offender treatment efficacy, researchers Jones and Tatman (2007) found methodological flaws were inherently associated with examining sex offender treatment and could lead to inconclusive treatment effects when measuring rates of recidivism. According to Jones and Tatman (2007), sexual reoffending is relatively low, as compared with other types of offending behavior, with recidivism rates ranging from 20% to 30% (also see Hanson & Bussiere, 1997; Prentky & Lee, 2007). Similar studies examining sex offenders often use quasi-experimental designs, which seek to identify a comparison group that is as similar as possible to the treatment group. Measures of recidivism simply assess whether a person returns to prison for another sexual offense. While there is no right measure of recidivism, studies have commonly used comparison and pre- and post-test analysis. Unfortunately, empirically identifying a significant treatment effect would require researchers to identify a large comparison group to compensate for this low rate of reoffending. By using comparison groups, researchers can capture what would have been the treatment outcome if a subject did not experience the program.
SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
Ultimately, the treatment would be responsible for any differences in outcome between the treatment and comparison groups.
Farrugia et al. (2011) state that the design of any study should be chosen based on the specific question(s) and hypotheses to be investigated. A very broad question also makes it difficult to calculate a specific sample size and choose the outcome variable (Farrugia, Petrisor, Farrokhyar, & Bhandari, 2010). In some cases, the process by which researchers arrange the comparison group is inappropriate. For instance, for some studies it is not proper to withhold the program from one group while it is being given to another. As studies seek to acquire large sample sizes, some subjects do not meet the criteria for one single treatment category. Another issue with acquiring a comparison group is that different individuals function under different environmental influences. Since many subjects may not come from one location, selecting a comparison group can often be challenging as a subject’s environmental difference may influence the individual’s willingness to participate or follow protocols of the program. Assigning participants to a comparison group may create a great chance of selection bias within the selection process.
Jones and Tatman (2007) also suggest that simply measuring treatment efficacy through rates of recidivism is difficult because only a small fraction of all sexual offenses is reported and of those reported only a small segment is prosecuted, causing a natural bias in the data. Therefore, only 20% of offenders will be reported and re-arrested or re-convicted for another sexual act, leaving 80% of the offender treatment effectiveness unidentifiable (Jones & Tatman, 2007). As mentioned, quasi-experimental design is the primary approach to evaluate treatment effectiveness, using a comparison of pre-test and post-test measures that examine how treatment programs work over time. To conduct a large study with a perfectly randomized treatment and
comparison group, researchers must implement treatment follow-up, which allows researchers to analyze if the treatment received helps participants in their recovery. However, the criticism regarding follow-up periods are often due to the length of the follow-up itself (Lievore, 2003). Researchers who have used experimental design have used follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. However, many studies indicate that when examining sexual recidivism usually 5- to 10-year follow-up periods are generally regarded as adequate (Lievore, 2003). Typically, longer follow-up periods compensate for delays between arrest and conviction, as the observation periods are wider. Most studies acknowledge the need for a long follow-up period, but only a few are able to implement these measures (Lievore, 2003). This is largely due to budget, relocation of participants, and personnel to track offenders during the study.
Therefore, the lack of methodologically sound studies does not permit the conclusion that sex offender treatment reduces recidivism (Doren & Yates, 2008; Harkins & Beech, 2006; Keeling, Rose, & Beech 2007; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994). Harkin and Beech (2007) stated that to overcome some of the shortcomings of recidivism outcomes, researchers must examine more proximate outcomes, such as change within treatment, to provide a better understanding of the usefulness of treatment. Often the results from comparison groups and control groups alike are one-dimensional as they look at one effect of the intervention (commonly recidivism). Ultimately, this suggests that other research methods and outcome variables are needed to understand the causes of reoffending after participation in a treatment program.
Researchers have argued that other outcome measures can contribute to an understanding of the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. In 2010, researchers Moertl et al. found a positive treatment effect in a qualitative data analysis involving 11 male sex offenders from a group
treatment setting in Germany. Specifically, the researchers examined 21 videotapes of the prison group’s therapy sessions where offenders talked about their crimes and other personal stories. The treatment used in this study sought to enable understanding and insight into intra and interpersonal conflicts, relating to the offenders’ crimes, thus trying to provide better strategies regarding social behavior, self-esteem, and unsolved internal conflicts (Moertl, Buchholz, & Lamott, 2010). Moertl et al. (2010) found that psychotherapy and behavior modification treatment allowed sex offenders to talk about and reflect on techniques that allow them to arrive at a better self-understanding of their actions. Ultimately, Moertl et al. (2010) found that after treatment, offenders had increased accountability, self-image, and personal responsibility by approaching their individual images and relationship fantasies, which allowed them to reflect and visualize goals. Arguably, research would suggest that increasing accountability and personal responsibility, and allowing offenders to understand their sexual arousal, would help prevent recidivism. According to Hanson and Morton-Bourgon (2015), major predictors of general and violent recidivism were variables associated with antisocial orientation and sexual arousal.
Sexual deviancy and antisocial orientation are major predictors of sexual recidivism because they are strongly associated with rule violation and impulsive behavior, reckless behavior, and willingness to engage in risk/unsafe practices. Ultimately, as treatment groups focus on major predictors of recidivism that are associated with pro-offending attitudes, antisocial orientation, and sexual arousal, this should decrease rates of recidivism as treatment seeks to identify and change characteristics of persistent sexual offenders.
In 2007, Jones and Tatman examined sex offenders sanctioned to 24 months of outpatient group treatment; they found that by participating in the treatment group, sex offenders significantly improved in their personalities. Specifically, the researchers found that after being
in the treatment program, offenders had improved in their emotional and cognitive maturity (Jones & Tatman, 2007). Also, offenders who originally had difficulty with distorting reality to fit their wants and needs later illustrated the ability to identify and process personal thought and feelings, and improved their levels of self-esteem and interpersonal interaction with others. Since improvements in psychological and interpersonal behavior were factors known to predict sexual recidivism, Jones and Tatman (2007) indicate that these positive changes were positive indicators that sex offender treatment effectively impacts criminogenic factors such as sexual reoffending.
**Satisfaction**
Although recidivism is the most identifiable outcome measure of treatment effectiveness, some researchers have argued that measures other than recidivism can contribute to an understanding of the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Some examples include client attainment of therapeutic goals, treatment implementation, therapist characteristics, and in-treatment behavioral changes (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014; Marshall et al., 2002; Marshall, 2005). However, with clinical debates about the efficacy of sex offender treatment, this begs the question of how patients feel about their treatment, what they find to be most important, and what can be learned from patients’ thoughts. Only a few studies have examined the perspective of sex offenders themselves and factors that contribute to successful treatment such as engagement and satisfaction (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014). Levenson et al. (2009, 2010, & 2014) found that through understanding measures of engagement and satisfaction, researchers
could understand key factors that may eventually contribute to the possible success and efficacy of sex offender treatment.
Using the rationale of Levenson et al. in their numerous studies, this study argues that obtaining views of sex offenders can add to the limited research about sex offender treatment and improve treatment effectiveness overall. Since sex offenders are the targeted audience when examining sex offender treatment, it is only appropriate to explore their individual thoughts of the treatment they are receiving daily. Measurements of satisfaction have been one of the most common ways to assess the thoughts of people of all sorts. For example, commercial enterprises have used satisfaction surveys to assess the way consumers view the services they have received or products they purchased (Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2011). Satisfaction measures have also been used in the world of treatment, especially among sex offender treatment groups. In 1995, using a consumer report survey, researcher Martin Seligman analyzed data from a group of patients who responded to a survey about their experiences in psychotherapy. Seligman (1995) found that a large majority of clients reported that psychotherapy helped, and that through therapy they experienced a reduction in symptoms and an increase in their overall well-being. Seligman (1995) specifically found that consumer report surveys not only showed how the treatment worked, but how participants felt about the process, by capturing measures of self-reported changes, interpersonal relations, well-being, insight, and growth. Seligman (1995) also found that consumer report surveys leave little doubt about the human significance of their findings because respondents answered questions directly about how much therapy helps the problem that led them to treatment. Lastly, Seligman (1995) stated that consumer report surveys overall have the ability to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy and many other treatment types, as it is performed in the field with the population that seeks positive treatment outcomes.
Hartman and Zepf (2003) also found consumer report surveys to be successful with their replication of Seligman’s 1995 study. Using a sampling 2,147 German patients, Hartman and Zepf (2003) sought to assess the effectiveness of several kinds of psychotherapeutic treatment of psychological disturbances from the patients’ viewpoint. This includes the process, the content, duration, and resources/benefits. Using a consumer report survey Hartman and Zepf (2003), “found that patient’s positive relationship between duration of treatment and rate of improvement, long-term produced more changes in behavior than short-term therapy, with an overall improvement with 7-11 months’ treatment as well as with more than 2 years of treatment” (p. 236).
Levenson et al. (2009) used a consumer satisfaction survey constructed of questions drawn from previous surveys asking about clients’ perceptions of various components of cognitive behavioral treatment in several domains (importance and satisfaction). Using the consumer satisfaction survey, Levenson et al. (2009) found that sex offenders believed treatment to be helpful in learning to prevent re-offense. Levenson et al. (2009) also found that a majority of patients reported that they were comfortable in their treatment and agreed that program policies and procedures about tardiness, attendance, and successful completion were clear and fair. Approximately 75% of the participants felt that they needed to be in treatment and they enjoyed the treatment program better than they originally thought they would. Lastly, Levenson et al. (2009) found that a vast majority of patients rated their experience in a treatment program as positive, and felt that they gained a great deal of understanding about their past issues and patterns. They also believed that learning how to meet their needs in more adaptive ways and to create more satisfying lives for themselves were very important.
Using a consumer satisfaction survey, Levenson et al. (2010) surveyed 88 adult male sex offenders, and Levenson et al. (2014) surveyed 123 adult male sex offenders about their level of satisfaction with the treatment received. According to their findings, a majority of participants rated treatment processes as very important. Levenson et al. (2010; 2014) found that participants believed the most helpful items within their treatment program were: accepting responsibility, victim empathy, understanding triggers and factors, relapse prevention, and learning how to create a more rewarding life for oneself. Patients also found support and help from other group members to be the most useful to their recovery (Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010). Similar to previous studies (see Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, and Cotter, 2009), Levenson et al. (2010; 2014) found that a majority of respondents agreed that program policies and procedures concerning tardiness, attendance, and successful completion were clear and fair.
While some studies have found positive outcomes from a consumer satisfaction survey (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014; Marshall et al., 2002; Marshall, 2005), some scholars have argued that consumer satisfaction surveys have methodological limitations (Seligman, 1995; Goldfried & Wolfe, 1998). These limitations include sampling bias, lack of control groups, and inadequate outcomes. However, unlike many other research designs, consumer satisfaction surveys are not only able to examine the efficacy of treatment programs, but also capture how and to whom treatment is delivered (Seligman, 1995). Therefore, in this study, I do not seek to address all these flaws, but to simply examine the satisfaction based on upon the research question used to inquire on the perception of patients. Sampling bias, control groups, and inadequate outcomes are not a concern because each subject had the opportunity to participate and express true thoughts of the treatment without being forced by another individual.
Group Engagement
Similar to consumer satisfaction, group engagement methods (GEM) can also inform researchers and improve treatment effectiveness (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014; Macgowan 1997; Macgowan & Newman, 2005). Since most sex offenders do not enter treatment voluntarily, but are mandated to treatment by the court system, many offenders may initially lack interest and only feel compelled to enter treatment to escape legal consequences and remain out of incarceration. Ultimately, offenders may only be compelled to attend treatment but not be as engaged in the overall structure of the treatment program. In 1997, researcher Mark J. Macgowan chose to examine the role of group engagement through assessing the process of group work and levels of engagement for members of therapeutic groups. This led to the creation of a GEM that can be used in therapeutic settings to understand treatment groups (Macgowan & Newman, 2005). Macgowan (1997) developed a 37-item GEM arranged across seven dimensions: (1) attendance, (2) contributing, (3) relating to the worker, (4) relating with members, (5) contracting, (6) working on their own problems, and (7) working on other members’ problems. Using a confirmatory factor analysis involving a combined clinical and nonclinical sample of 207 adults, Macgowan and Newman (2005) found that two of the seven dimensions, attendance and contracting, contributed marginally to the engagement model, “while the five dimensions of contributing, relating to worker, relating with members, working on own problems, and working on other members’ problems appeared to be the most robust elements of engagement across groups, as group members may engage in some areas more than others” (p.113).
In two separate studies, Levenson et al. (see Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009) used Macgowan’s original 1997 Group Engagement instrument to measure the level of engagement of offenders and to examine the relationship between engagement in group therapy and satisfaction rating. Levenson et al. (2009; 2010) found a significant relationship between engagement and treatment satisfaction by calculating the bivariate correlation between the total GEM score and the overall satisfaction subscale. Specifically, Levenson et al. found that the strongest correlations were between engagement and the satisfaction scales related to process and group therapy, suggesting that a positive, empowering therapeutic environment fosters engagement and leaves clients feeling satisfied with the services they receive (Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Levenson and Macgowan (2004) found that engagement in treatment was indirectly correlated with denial and positively associated with treatment progress. Levenson and Macgowan’s (2004) results show that sex offenders who were more actively engaged in treatment had significantly higher levels of accountability, less distorted thinking or pro-offending attitudes, and displayed increased progress toward treatment goals.
**Satisfaction and Engagement**
As noted earlier, sexual offender treatment remains controversial with some studies calling into question its effectiveness; ultimately, this has prompted researchers to analyze the relationship between engagement and satisfaction (Bate, Falshaw, Corbett, Patel, & Friendship, 2004; Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Marques, Wiederanders, Day, Nelson, & van Ommeren, 2005; Miner & Dwyer, 1997). When an offender engages in the therapeutic process, the more satisfied the offender is with the treatment and its practices, which are relevant for reducing recidivism
A majority of researchers also found that by gathering the perspective of therapy patients, they will be able to learn how to meet the needs of these individuals in more adaptive ways and create more satisfying lives for sex offenders. As mentioned earlier, engagement and satisfaction have been examined to understand sex offenders’ outcomes and treatment progress. Levenson and Macgowan (2004) found that sex offenders who indicated that they were engaged and were satisfied with treatment had greater levels of accountability and less distorted thinking about their offenses, which creates more progress toward treatment goals. Levenson et al. (2014) also found that when an offender is engaged and satisfied with the treatment process and experiences a true connection, the offender could become more motivated to develop and practice skills that are relevant for reducing recidivism risk.
**Treatment Variables and Recidivism**
While Levenson et al. (2004; 2010; 2014) highlight the importance of satisfaction and engagement, other studies have surveyed clients to measure direct and indirect constructs that may have direct correlations to lower rates of recidivism. Previous studies have found that indirect mechanisms such as group cohesion, motivation, and accountability, which are positively correlated with satisfaction, tend to decrease rates of recidivism among sex offenders (Beech & Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2005; Mullen & Copper, 1994; Shea & Sedlacek, 1995; Yalom, 1995).
A number of studies have described cohesiveness as indirect in nature as it indirectly relates to predictor variables such as dropout rates and wanting to stay in the group. Shea and Sedlacek (1997) completed a correlation analysis regarding differences in group cohesiveness
and client satisfaction in therapy; they found that both variables showed to have a significant, positive correlation. Shea and Sedlacek (1997) found that as cohesion within the group process increased, so would a client’s level of satisfaction. Ultimately, this level of satisfaction would affect an offender’s rate of attendance in treatment and the probability of reoffending during or while enrolled in the treatment group. Since variables such as attendance impact how much knowledge offenders retain, learn, and most importantly, how willing they are to change, indirect satisfaction can potentially reduce the likelihood of reoffending among offenders (Shea & Sedlacek, 1997).
**Conceptual Framework**
This study explores the relationship between engagement in treatment and satisfaction in a group therapy program. Previous studies have found correlations between engagement and satisfaction by looking primarily at urban areas and using self-report measures of satisfaction and engagement (see Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). The current study seeks to add to the literature by exploring the relationship between group engagement and offender satisfaction in a rural area, moving away from self-reports of engagement that can be misleading, and instead using a measure of group engagement through a facilitator report of participation in a group. While Levenson et al. (2009; 2010; 2014) found positive results when examining engagement through self-report measures, this study seeks to move beyond self-reports of engagement because of the issues with over desirability and the possibility that offenders overreport the level of engagement in the treatment program. Using facilitator-completed monthly progress reports, this study seeks to identify a possible relationship between engagement and satisfaction because (1) the fewer absences a patient has will ensure that the individual receives treatment information; (2)
participation rating scores will show how active an offender is in treatment; and (3) phase in treatment will dictate how far along and possibly adjusted to the treatment program an individual is. Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute to the literature by bringing light to rural environments and sex offender treatment programs in these environments. Typically, research has been examined in urban environments where large sample sizes can easily be obtained (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). However, this study believes it is important to look at sex offender treatment in all environments to ensure that all treatment programs seek to reduce rates of recidivism and help offenders who are enrolled in these programs.
Patient satisfaction and engagement are also important to the foundation of this study. As stated in previous sections, exploring satisfaction and engagement provides us an understanding of the treatment process. First, satisfaction is the best indicator of each patient’s opinion on the treatment received (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Asking patients to rate their level of satisfaction with the treatment program in a survey allows the facilitators and researchers to understand whether they are satisfied with the service, whether they find it important, and whether they are at risk of dropping out. Patient satisfaction is also important because it can help improve services and prevent treatment failure (Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014). Also, by understanding patients’ level of satisfaction, researchers can identify the least helpful and the most helpful components in treatment.
Patient engagement is also an important part in the prevention of recidivism. In most cases, treatment programs are created with the patients’ perspectives in mind and are encouraging greater patient participation to ensure development and growth. Researchers have
also found that engagement leads to a reduction in health care cost, improves patient outcomes, and most importantly motivates patients to develop and practice skills that are relevant for reducing recidivism risk (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). According to Levenson et al. (2014), actively engaging in treatment also indicates increased levels of accountability and less distorted thinking about crime, and more progression toward treatment goals.
Although engagement and satisfaction are two separate variables, when patients are more satisfied and engaged, it establishes an atmosphere in which patients are more likely to trust one another, treatment facilitators, and the treatment itself (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Examining the effects of engagement on satisfaction means a better understanding of treatment and the potential effects of treatment.
Unlike past research, this study uses a self-report of satisfaction, but a facilitator report of engagement. In previous studies, researchers have highlighted potential issues with self-reports of engagement. It is relatively evident that participants are less likely to be dishonest about their satisfaction with treatment because it only reflects their personal needs, emotions, and feelings. Since self-reports of engagement showed to be a limitation in previous studies, this study has chosen to use facilitator report of engagement because the document is something that has been used in the facility and is recorded by trained personnel. Since each facilitator does not have a specific agenda when recording information, there is less chance of bias because it is simply a form required by the Blue Counseling Center.
Chapter 3
Procedure
The data utilized in this research comes from clients attending sex offender treatment programs in Virginia. Between January 16, 2017 and February 9, 2017, I visited five counseling centers throughout Southwestern, Virginia to gather information on satisfaction and engagement. Before entering each facility, I was given permission by the owner and operating officials of the Blue Ridge Counseling Center to attend group therapy sessions to ask patients if they would be willing to participate in a study designed to explore their satisfaction with the sex offender treatment they were currently attending. Upon entering each group therapy session, the group facilitator would introduce me to the treatment group. After being introduced to the group, the introductory script was read to all patients who were in attendance. The statement read: “this study is conducted independent of the Blue Ridge Counseling Group, and there will be no penalties for not participating and all information you give will remain confidential except when required by law to disclose. You can choose not to be in this study. If you decide to be in this study, you may choose not to answer certain questions or not to be in certain parts of this study. If at any time, you want to stop being in this study, you may stop being in the study without penalty or loss of benefits by speaking with myself or the Radford University’s Department of Criminal Justice during the group session”.
After reading the introductory script, an informed consent sheet was handed out to all patients in attendance (see Appendix A). Patients were asked to read over the consent form carefully and ask any questions they may have. Once questions were addressed, those who were willing to participate were given writing utensils to sign the forms and return it. Those who consented to completing the satisfaction survey, allowing me access to their facilitator-completed
monthly progress report to examine level of engagement, were then handed the satisfaction survey. After each patient completed the satisfaction survey, each individual was asked to bring the consent form and survey to the front of the room where each survey and consent form was given a participant ID for confidential purposes. Upon adding a participant ID, each survey and consent form was separated into different sealed folders. Lastly, monthly progress reports were assessed to record each consenting patient’s number of absences, participation rating score, and phase in treatment. Progress reports were completed by the group facilitators once at the start of each month that the offender was in treatment. Only the most recent monthly progress report was collected from the facility.
**Data and Methods**
**Data Collection**
Data for this study has been gathered from a consumer satisfaction survey and monthly progress reports. The consumer satisfaction survey was administered to the sex offenders, but their group facilitator completed the monthly progress reports. Approximately one hundred surveys were distributed throughout eight groups to sex offender treatment clients, and the most recent monthly progress report of those who volunteered to participate in the study was collected to examine their current status of engagement and satisfaction. Each survey contains seven domains about satisfaction, which serve as my main dependent variable. The research participants were guaranteed confidentiality although they were asked to write their names on the informed consent form to identify each participant’s file. None of their identifying information was linked with their responses. Surveys were distributed and returned during a regularly scheduled group therapy session. Each patient’s most recent progress report was assessed independently and recorded quantitatively after the collection of each sex offender’s survey. The
monthly progress reports are documents used by the counseling center to evaluate each sex offender’s progress while in treatment. This study examines each patient’s most recent progress report, which reflects the four group therapy sessions that occurred throughout the month. As documented, each participant’s monthly progress report is a critical tool for evaluating engagement because it helps to demonstrate the total number of absences over the course of treatment, lists the participation rating score based on four independent therapy sessions, and how far along this individual is in the treatment process. Through the use of both the consumer satisfaction survey and monthly progress report, this study examined the relationship between group engagement and satisfaction among sex offenders.
**Instrumentation**
The survey instrument employed in this research is a consumer satisfaction survey (see Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson & Prescott, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014), in which three domains are used to assess clients’ perceptions of (1) treatment importance, (2) treatment satisfaction, and (3) satisfaction with treatment components while attending the Blue Ridge Counseling Center. Dr. Jill S. Levenson and colleagues developed the survey by drawing from questions described in previous surveys used in sex offender research and adding other questions not used in prior research (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson & Prescott, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014). The survey inquires about a patient’s level of satisfaction with various components of sex offender treatment, including process, therapists, policies, content, and overall treatment requirement. Levenson et al. (2009; 2010; 2014), in three separate studies, have found the consumer satisfaction survey to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84 and higher in all three domains).
The first domain in the consumer satisfaction survey (treatment importance) includes 20 items asking about the importance of the treatment content at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center to each patient’s recovery, rated on a 5-point scale (“not important” to “very important”). These 20 items have been summed together to create a subscale of “content importance.”\(^1\) The second area in the treatment importance domain includes five items asking about the importance of the group process at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center to the patient’s recovery, rated on a 5-point Likert scale (“least important” to “most important”). These five items also created a subscale called “group process importance.”
The second domain in the consumer satisfaction survey is treatment satisfaction. This section includes 20 items asking patients to rate their satisfaction with treatment at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center using a 5-point Likert-type scale (“not helpful” to “very helpful”), creating a “content satisfaction” scale. The second area in the treatment satisfaction domain includes five items asking about how satisfied each patient is with the group process areas at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center, rated on a 5-point Likert scale (“not helpful” to “very helpful”). These five items also created a subscale called “process satisfaction.”
The third domain measured satisfaction with program components, which includes 32 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (“strongly disagree” to “agree strongly”). It included eight items about a patient’s satisfaction with group therapy. Patients were also asked about their level of satisfaction with individual therapy (5 items). Next, patients were asked to disclose their satisfaction with the group leader (10 items). Patients were also asked to rate their level of satisfaction with the program policies and procedures (9 items). The final subscale asked patients
\(^1\) A factor analysis was not implemented because the sample size was not large enough to run this analysis.
to rate their overall satisfaction with the Blue Ridge Counseling Center (5 items). The final sections of the consumer satisfaction survey asked for a patient’s background information; these included age, race, income, education, length in the treatment program, criminal background, and victim characteristics.
**Independent Variables**
Although some researchers have attempted to examine group engagement using a validated measure of self-reported level of engagement in treatment (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009), a self-report group engagement measure may not have high validity among sex offenders. Sex offenders in treatment may be more motivated to portray themselves in a positive light than the traditional psychiatric populations for which the group engagement measure was developed (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). In this study, monthly progress reports have been used to assess the patient’s level of engagement in treatment. The monthly progress report is already implemented in all Blue Ridge Counseling Center facilities throughout Virginia.
In this study, I have identified three independent variables from the monthly progress reports used by the Blue Ridge Counseling Center; all three independent variables assess the concept of group engagement. The first independent variable collected from the monthly progress reports is the total number of absences since the onset of treatment. The second independent variable collected from the monthly progress reports is the facilitator’s participation rating score. This measure examines each offender’s level of engagement in treatment by rating the offender’s participation on a 4-point Likert scale from (1) “participation in group is mostly negative and characterized by behaviors such as blaming, complaining, poor response to
confrontation, failure to complete homework assignments and using group time on nonconstructive discussions” to (4) “participation in group includes not only discussing his/her issues and presenting treatment work but by keeping the group focused, effectively confronting peers, encouraging peers and taking an active role in orienting new grow members.” The final independent variable is the phase of treatment to which each offender has currently progressed.
**Dependent Variable**
The dependent variables are based on the seven domains indicated in the self-report satisfaction survey that seeks to measure patients’ satisfaction with the treatment they received at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center. As mentioned previously, a reliability analysis was run to examine internal consistency among items in each domain. Through the use of the reliability analysis, the majority of the domains (see results) in the satisfaction survey used in this study had a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha scores of 0.8 or higher). Patients have been asked a series of questions represented in each of three domains of the consumer satisfaction survey labeled as treatment importance, satisfaction, and satisfaction with treatment components. As mentioned before, patients are invited to rate their perspective of treatment importance, satisfaction, and satisfaction with treatment components on numerous 5-point Likert scales.
**Control Variables**
Several control variables that were used in previous studies by Levenson et al. have been included in this analysis (Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009; Levenson & Prescott, 2009; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Prescott, & Jumper, 2014). As a part of the implementation of the survey, patients have been asked to give background information.
These include age, race, education level, time in treatment, group location, facilitator ID variable, whether they have been in treatment before, type of offender, and gender of victims.
**Analytic Strategy**
In this study, participant satisfaction with group treatment was examined by looking at the overall mean scores from each domain in the satisfaction survey component. I also examined background information about the sample such as age, race, education, length of time in treatment, employment, facilitator ID, and group location using descriptive statistics/frequencies.
In this study, my three independent variables, (1) number of absences (continuous), (2) facilitator’s participation score (continuous), and (3) phases in treatment (categorical), were also examined using descriptive statistics. The continuous variables, number of absences and the participation rating score, have been examined using measures of central tendency and measures of variability, while the categorical variable has been reported using the frequency of each value.
Since this study is testing whether engagement is related to patients’ level of satisfaction, I first ran a correlational analysis to determine whether the dependent variables, independent variables, and control variables were significantly correlated. Before running the correlation analysis, phase in treatment was recoded into three dummy variables to examine each phase separately. I created a “Phase 3” variable with 0 equaling all other phases and 1 equaling the individual is in phase 3. The “Phase 2” variable had 0 equaling all other phases and 1 equaling the individual is in phase 2. The “Phase 1” variable had 0 equaling all other phases and 1 equaling the individual is in phase 1.
Using my total sample, bivariate correlations were used to examine the relationship between engagement variables (number of absences, participation rating score, and phase in treatment), satisfaction variables, and control variables, including age, race, education, time in
treatment, group location, and group facilitator ID. If necessary, significant bivariate correlations were followed up with a one-way analysis of variance.
Chapter 4
Results
The counseling centers visited were in Covington, Martinsville, Radford, Roanoke, and Rocky Mount, Virginia (see Table 1). All of these locations are rural areas (excluding Roanoke) and made up of a predominantly White/Caucasian demographic (United States Census, 2017). All treatment centers were only visited once to minimize the amount of time taken away from the treatment process. All patients who were absent the day of the survey did not have the chance to participate. Patients who did attend the counseling center were asked to participate in the study, and of those asked to participate, only those who voluntarily agreed to participate are currently represented in this study. Among all five counseling centers, there were more than 75 total patients that were asked to participate within this study. Each treatment group was facilitated by one of four staff members; all are licensed therapists and Certified Sex Offender Treatment Professionals (CSOTP). Two thirds of all current facilitators have been leading the current treatment groups for more than six months or longer. Group facilitator 1 led a majority of the treatment groups; facilitator 1 led a group for 63.60% of the patients. Approximately 27.2% of the patients were instructed by group facilitator 2 or group facilitator 4, and 9.1% of all patients were instructed by group facilitator 3 (see Table 2).
The sample consisted of 44 adult male sex offenders (see Table 3). A majority of patients were White (77.3%) and between the age of 25 and 49 years old. Almost half (40.9%) of all patients have never been married, and 29.5% were currently married. More than half (56.8%) of the patients were high school graduates or earned their GED, and 29.5% were college graduates. About 52.2% earned an annual income of less than $19,000 per year.
About 40% of participants reported that they spent 6 months to 1 year in treatment, while only 11.4% reported spending more than 2 years in treatment. Most patients at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center remained in treatment for an average length of 2 years. Approximately 43.2% of participants reported that they had been in their current treatment program for up to 6 months to 1 year; 27.3% reported less than 6 months; 22.7% reported 1 year to 2 years; and 4.5% reported they had been in the current treatment program for more than 2 years. The percentage of current participants who reported that they had not been in a previous treatment program prior to entering the current program was 68.2%.
All of the sex offenders attending treatment at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center were convicted of felony sex crimes (i.e. aggravated sexual battery, indecent liberties, rape, and object sexual penetration) (see Table 4). All subjects reported being arrested at least one time, while the average number of arrests was estimated as 1.43. Approximately 75% reported having minor victims ages 17 years old and younger. More than half (52.3%) of patients reported having victims they knew but were not related to, 36.4% had a victim that was a family member, and 31.8% had a victim that was a stranger. A majority of patients reported having female victims (90.9%) and 15.9% reported victimizing a male. Percentages for the victim variables do not add up to 100% because some individuals indicated having multiple victims of varying relationships to the offender, as well as both male and female victims. Patients were also asked to disclose information regarding violence, and 77.3% reported that they have never used any form of force or violence when committing a sex offense. Almost all patients reported that they have never used a weapon during the commission of a sex offense (97.7%), while 15.9% reported that they have physically injured a victim while committing a sex offense. Patients were also to disclose their total number of victims, and they reported having at least one victim (although one patient
stated vicariously). However, the average number of victims reported by patients was 9.93. There were three patients who noted that they had more than 30 victims (one patient said he had more than 240 victims), which greatly skewed the mean of the number of victims reported.
While it may be considered a limitation that the treatment groups are both (1) in different locations and (2) have different facilitators, each treatment group is contracted through Blue Ridge Counseling Center and each group has specific guidelines and components sanctioned to help suppress sexual arousal, enhance accountability and victim empathy, and most importantly, behavior modification. Therefore, regardless of the treatment group, each of the eight groups should receive the same quality of therapy because each phase is designated to touch on a particular prevention method assigned by the counseling center. To account for different facilitators and locations, I created a group facilitator ID and group location ID variable. Ultimately, to control for each variable, I ran bivariate analysis to assess the relationship between the facilitator and location variables among other controlled variables as well as the engagement and satisfaction.
**Descriptive Statistics for Satisfaction Survey**
Descriptive statistics were used to obtain the results from each domain of the satisfaction survey (Table 5). Each domain uses content items relating to one of three content areas regarding patients’ satisfaction with the treatment program. The first domain asked patients to rate what they found to be important within the treatment they received in each content area. Table 5 displays how patients rated content importance (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.975). Patients were able to rate each content item on a scale of *not important* (1) to *very important* (5). Importance recorded a minimum score of 69 and a maximum score of 100. The mean for content importance was 90.67 (SD = 9.61). The majority of patients rated the content areas as very important with very
few indicating a single content item lower than somewhat important. The items that were noted to be most important were accepting responsibility, understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in the offender’s life, and developing a relapse prevention plan. The items individuals rated as least important were basic life skills, basic human sexuality, and learning new relationship and communications skills.
The second domain was patients’ level of satisfaction with the treatment they received in each content area (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.959). Individuals could rate each content item on a scale that ranged from *not at all helpful* (1) to *very helpful* (5). Satisfaction recorded a minimum score of 31 and a maximum score of 100. The mean for content satisfaction was 87.78 (SD = 14.56). The majority of patients rated the content areas as very helpful, with very few indicating a single content item lower than somewhat helpful. The items that were most helpful were accepting responsibility, understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims, understanding triggers and risk factors, understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in the offender’s life, and developing a relapse prevention plan. The least helpful items were again basic life skills and basic human sexuality.
Patients were also asked to rate their level of satisfaction with the treatment components by examining separately their satisfaction with their treatment group, individual therapy, group leader, and the center’s policies and procedures. Using a scale that ranged from *strongly disagree* (1) to *strongly agree* (5), patients disclosed their level of comfort and degree of trust in the treatment group. Group treatment recorded a minimum score of 22 and a maximum score of 40 (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.781). The mean for group treatment was 33.69 (SD = 4.24). Approximately 56.3% of patients agreed that they had a high level of comfort with the treatment group. Over half of patients also strongly agreed that they felt comfortable participating (54.5%)
and helping others (56.8%) while in group. When examining patients’ trust with the group, 70.5% of patients stated that they agreed or strongly agreed that they trusted the other members in their group.
Individual therapy recorded a minimum score of 5 and a maximum score of 21 (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.498). The mean for individual therapy was 14.90 (SD = 4.05). When asked about their satisfaction with individual therapy, the majority (63.6%) of patients stated that they never attended individual therapy at any given time. On the other hand, 13.6% stated that they have attended therapy and do so once per week; 11.4% went a few times per year; 6.8% rarely attended; and 2.3% said they attended individual therapy once or twice per month. However, when asked about if they wish they could attend individual therapy more often, patients’ responses were spread out. About half (45.4%) of patients said that they agreed or strongly agreed they wish they could attend individual therapy more often.
Group leaders were also viewed positively by most patients. Group leader satisfaction recorded a minimum score of 32 and a maximum score of 50 (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.915). The mean for content importance was 46.06 (SD = 4.80). Approximately, 88.6% of patients either agreed or strongly agreed that their group leaders made them feel comfortable and safe in therapy sessions. A majority of patients also agreed or strongly agreed that their group leaders were mostly non-judgmental and tried to understand them individually. Patients were also asked about trust; a majority of patients said that they strongly agreed that they trusted their group leaders (65.9%) and felt comfortable with sharing personal information with their group leaders (56.8%). About 6.8% of patients reported having a female group leader; 84.1% had a male group leader; and 6.8% reported having both male and female. When asked about comfort with a group leader’s gender, 52.3% of patients expressed no preference regarding the gender of their group
Approximately 36.4% of patients said that they were more comfortable with a male group leader, and 6.8% were more comfortable with a female group leader.
Patients were also asked about satisfaction with program policies and procedures. Program policies and procedures recorded a minimum score of 18 and a maximum score of 38 (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.726). The mean for program policies and procedures was 31 (SD = 4.97). A majority of patients agreed or strongly agreed that program policies and procedures with regard to attendance, lateness, and successful completion were fair and clear. About 60% of all patients strongly agreed that their confidentiality was respected and that the staff at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center treated them with the utmost respect. When asked about homework and assignments, 84.1% reported that they received just the right amount of homework and assignments. For treatment length, 54% of patients thought that length of treatment was just right, while 31.8% felt it was too long.
Overall, patients appeared to be satisfied with the treatment program at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center (see Table 5). Overall satisfaction recorded a minimum score of 8 and a maximum score of 25 (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.885). The mean for overall satisfaction was 20.67 (SD = 4.37). More than half (56.9%) of patients agreed or strongly agreed that they were in treatment because they needed to be in the program. About 80% of all patients reported that their experience in the treatment program had been a positive experience, and through treatment they had gained a great deal of understanding about their offense and preventing future offenses.
**Descriptive Statistics for Group Engagement Measures**
Within this study group, engagement was measured several ways to examine the relationship between engagement and treatment satisfaction. These multiple measures included attendance, patients’ participation rating score given by the group facilitator, and phase in
treatment. As an open-ended measurement, the number of absences was recorded with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 15. The mean number of absences was 2.02 (SD = 3.372) (see Table 6). However, this finding may have been affected by the treatment program’s policy, which requires each participant to attend treatment one time per week. When asked about the number of sessions they missed, 50% of patients reported they never missed a session, and 13.6% missed one session (see Table 6).
The participation rating score had a minimum score of 2 and a maximum score of 4, and the mean of the participation rating score was 2.59 (SD = 0.622) (see Table 7). Since group leaders reported participation rating scores, patients were only rated based on the perspective of the group leaders using a 4-point scale. Table 7 displays that about half (rating score 2; 47.7%) of all patients were rated as attentive and appropriate in group, but participated only minimally; 45.5% (rating score 3) of patients were rated as active participates: relevant issues, presenting treatment assignments, and taking responsibility for their own behavior; and only 6.8% (rating score 4) discussed their issues, effectively confronting peers and taking an active role in orienting new groups.
Table 8 displays phases in treatment by examining each patient and which of the three phases in treatment they were currently in, as rated by the group leader. Overall, 40% of patients were in phase 3 at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center. One fourth of patients were in phase 1 of treatment. Approximately 34.1% were in phase 2. Phase in treatment was also a measure that was completed by the group facilitator and part of the client’s legal file.
**Bivariate Analysis**
Table 9 displays a correlation matrix of the bivariate relationships between the engagement, satisfaction, and control variables. A majority of the variables did not have a
significant relationship between engagement and satisfaction. However, when calculating the bivariate correlations, there was a significant relationship between several of the survey components, including significant correlations between content satisfaction and overall satisfaction ($r = 0.577; p = 0.000$), content importance ($r = 0.569; p = 0.000$) and group leader ($r = -0.373; p < 0.21$).
Table 9 also displayed significant relationships between other variables included in the analysis. Phase in treatment was significantly correlated with overall satisfaction ($r = 0.396; p = 0.009$) and length in treatment ($r = 0.538; p = 0.000$). Therefore, as phases in treatment increase, so does offenders’ overall satisfaction with treatment. Also, as length in treatment increases, so does phase in treatment. Attendance had a significant correlation with education ($r = -0.340; p = 0.024$); as education increases, the number of absences decreases. Those who previously attended treatment had a lower number of absences ($r = -0.327; p = 0.030$).
Upon running a bivariate analysis, I found that participation rating score was also significantly correlated with group leader ID ($r = 0.374; p < 0.012$). Since group leader ID is a multiple nominal category variable, which means it has no true order within a sequence, it is highly favorable to run a follow-up analysis of variance to assess the level of significance between both variables. Length in treatment had a negative correlation with type of offender ($r = -0.373; p = 0.015$). Since length in treatment and type of offender are represented as two categorical variables from a single sample, a chi-square was used to determine whether there was a significant association between the two variables. Ultimately, running the chi-square analysis, I found that the amount of time a patient receives treatment is not dependent on the type of patient. Finally, there was a positive correlation between length in treatment and group location ID ($r = 0.315; p = 0.042$). Since length in treatment and group location were also represented as two
categorical variables in this study, a chi-square analysis was necessary to determine whether there was a significant association between the two variables. After running the chi-square analysis, I also found that the amount of time a patient receives treatment is not dependent on the group location.
Since there were very few significant relationships between the engagement measures and satisfaction measures specifically within the bivariate correlation, running a regression would prove unfruitful to determine the relationship between satisfaction and engagement. Using the results from the bivariate correlation showed only one significant relationship between the overall satisfaction and phase in treatment.
**Analysis of Variance**
Since a regression was not necessary to examine the relationship between satisfaction and engagement, I utilized an analysis of variance to assess potential differences in categorical and continuous variables that had statistically significant correlations. Of the correlations listed in Figure 1, I found that group leader (nominal) had a significant correlation with the content satisfaction. Specifically, by looking at the bivariate analysis, this meant that group leaders may actually predict how satisfied each participant is with treatment. Ultimately, this prompted the current study to run an analysis of variance to assess how statistically significant the relationship was, or if the correlation simply happened by chance. However, running the analysis of variance, I found that there was not a significant interaction between different group leaders and content satisfaction, $F(3, 34) = 4.65, p = 0.091$. People were equally satisfied with treatment content regardless of the group leader they had. Of the correlation listed in Figure 2, group leader (nominal) also had a significant correlation with the participation rating score. However, after running the analysis of variance, I found that there was not a significant interaction between the
different group leaders and the participation rating score, $F(3, 40) = 2.298, p = 0.092$. Therefore, participants were given similar participation rating scores regardless of the group leader they had.
To examine the statistically significance of the relationship between overall satisfaction and phases in treatment, an analysis of variance was completed. Through running the analysis of variance, I found that there was a significant difference in overall satisfaction across the different levels of phase in treatment, $F(2, 39) = 4.438, p = 0.018$ (see Figure 3). Individuals in phase 3 had the highest mean overall satisfaction score (Mean = 22.41; SD = 2.59). This may be due to the length of time patients have been in treatment, and those who have been in treatment the longest are the most adjusted to the treatment program.
Chapter 5
Discussion
As noted earlier, sex offenders have received a substantial amount of attention in recent years from both policymakers and the public. Some researchers have called into question the effectiveness of treating sex offenders, with some researchers finding treatment programs to be effective when examining satisfaction (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009), while others measuring recidivism find it ineffective (Doren & Yates, 2008; Harkins & Beech, 2006; Keeling, Rose, & Beech 2007; Losel & Schmucker, 2005; Marques, Nelson, West, & Day, 1994). The present study sought to examine sex offender treatment by looking beyond the concept of recidivism as a measure of effectiveness, focusing on the satisfaction of sex offenders to explore whether engagement in treatment and satisfaction with treatment were correlated. This study did not find a significant relationship between a majority of the engagement and the satisfaction variables using bivariate correlations. Ultimately, running an ordinary least square regression to examine the relationship between engagement and satisfaction would not have been helpful because the regression indicated that there was not a significant relationship between engagement and satisfaction. Since the bivariate analysis could identify which variables were significant versus those that were not significant, I was able to run alternative analyses to assess the results of the bivariate analysis. Therefore, running several regressions to predict the satisfaction measures using the engagement measures would have been unfruitful. Since the sample size in my study was too small, the statistical power was not as reliable, which made it unable to detect relationship between engagement and satisfaction. However, there was a significant interaction between one engagement measure, phase in treatment, and one satisfaction measure, overall satisfaction. Individuals in phase 3 of treatment were more satisfied with treatment overall than
individuals in phase 1 or 2. This finding speaks to the importance of each phase in treatment. Each phase in treatment seeks to ensure that the patient acquires more accountability, understanding, and tools needed to prevent recidivism. Table 15 displayed that phase 3 had the largest group of participants (38.6%), while phase 2 had 34.1%, and phase 1 had 25%. Findings were similar when examining rates of satisfaction and phases. Phase 3 had a higher mean overall satisfaction rating than any other phase in treatment (Phase 3 mean = 22.41, Phase 2 mean = 18.8, and Phase 1 mean = 18.3). It seems that when offenders move along in the treatment process, they become more satisfied with treatment and, hopefully, receptive to the role of treatment in motivating them to develop and practice new skills that are relevant for reducing recidivism risk.
The present study overall provides some confirmation that a portion of participants believe that they are satisfied with the treatment they received at the Blue Ridge Counseling Center. Most of the empirical research in this area has found that self-reports of sex offender engagement positively predict self-reports of satisfaction (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Unfortunately, for the current study I did not find a direct relationship between engagement and satisfaction, which may have resulted from several limitations within the study. Using only self-reports of satisfaction in the current study, participants’ perceived thought about the content areas provided in the Blue Ridge Counseling Center’s treatment groups were found to be important and helpful, with only a small portion of participants stating one or more items were not as helpful or important.
A majority of the participants in this study were very similar to samples that Levenson and her colleagues recruited from outpatient programs in Illinois, Florida, and Minnesota,
because participants rated items related to accepting responsibility, victim empathy, and arousal control as much more important than other items (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). When asked about content importance, patients rated the importance of three treatment items higher than any other items that they received while at the counseling center. These included (1) accepting responsibility, (2) understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in their life, and (3) developing a relapse prevention plan. Since treatment programs incorporate several activities that seek to help clients better understand their behavior, accepting responsibility, understanding the impact of their crime, and developing a relapse prevention plan may be three of the most helpful tools for behavioral change. First, accepting responsibility indicates that patients are taking accountability for their actions and decisions (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Second, understanding the impact of their crime on victims indicates that patients have an understanding that their actions and decisions contribute to the victimization and harm of others (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Finally, developing a relapse prevention plan may help to suppress the need to engage in sexually deviant activity, as the prevention plan acts as a reminder to control their deviant arousals (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009).
In addition, patients’ level of satisfaction may also reflect the level of emphasis each facilitator placed on accountability, victim empathy, and relapse prevention management. Since facilitators seek to change the behaviors that have brought patients into treatment programs, I believe it is reasonable to assume that facilitators affect how much content the clients receive
overtime, allowing them to have a voice and express themselves, and helping with many of their insecurities. As treatment items used to help patients, these three are important factors because they not only allow offenders to come to terms with their own deviant behavior, but contribute to the assumption that patients will change their behaviors (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). The content areas that patients deemed not as important were basic life skills, basic human sexuality, learning new relationships, and communications skills. Patients may have found these to be least important because facilitators chose not to discuss them or may not have placed a sufficient emphasis on these items within the treatment program.
The content areas that participants perceived as important were also content areas that they perceived as most helpful to their treatment progress. These included accepting responsibility for sexual offense(s), understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in the offender’s life, and developing a relapse prevention plan. It is not surprising that the areas they found most helpful overlap with areas they found most important because their overall scores for both importance and satisfaction were significantly correlated. When asked about their level of satisfaction with the program’s treatment components, patients stated that the items that were most helpful were accepting responsibility, understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims, understanding their triggers and risk factors, understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in their life, and developing a relapse prevention plan. Again, the least helpful items were basic life skills and basic human sexuality.
The results also show each patient’s level of satisfaction with treatment components, individual therapy, group leaders, and overall treatment. Overall, a majority of patients stated that their individual groups established an atmosphere of trust and group cohesion. More than
half of the participants stated that they felt a high level of comfort within their treatment group, and they felt comfortable participating and helping others while in group. Levenson et al. (2010) also stated that the vast majority of patients were comfortable with their group and therapist, and did not mind sharing personal information with either party. Ultimately, Levenson et al. (2014) stated that “group cohesion can model healthy intimacy while offsetting the loneliness of and alienation often felt by sex offenders who have held on to their deviant secret with deep shame” (p. 490). Therefore, patients who have secured a bond or level of trust with others are more likely to express their own deviant thoughts after hearing the perspective of others who they believe would not judge them. A majority of the patients in this study stated that they trusted other members in the treatment program, and that being able to talk with other people who have committed sex offenses was very helpful.
When asked about their satisfaction with individual therapy, most patients stated that they never attended an individual therapy session. However, many of the participants stated that if they had the opportunity to take individual therapy, they would have liked to participate in those sessions. When asked about their group facilitators, many of the participants reported that the group leaders established a positive atmosphere for trust, comfort, and safety. Participants reported that their group leaders were non-judgmental and tried to get a full understanding of each individual patient. Patients had also reported having feelings of comfort about sharing things with the group leaders, and that being comfortable made the individual willing to receive feedback or advice from group leaders.
Finally, three fourths of all patients reported that their experience in the treatment program had been a positive experience, and that through treatment they gained a great deal of understanding about their offense and preventing future offenses.
Limitations
Problems regarding the lack of findings within this study are likely due to the several limitations. The engagement measurement used in this study influenced the first limitation. Since there is reasonable suspicion that self-reports of engagement create possible chances of social desirability, this study chose to examine participant engagement by using monthly progress reports completed by the group facilitators. The monthly progress reports were used to examine three specific engagement measures: (1) attendance, (2) participation rating scores, and (3) phases in treatment. Although licensed sex offender counselors completed the monthly progress reports, measurement validity is a potential concern. Measurement validity seeks to ensure that measurements distinctly measure what they are presumed to measure (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). In retrospect, the measurements used by the counseling center may not have appropriately measured engagement. Attendance may not have been an appropriate measure of engagement because offenders were court sanctioned to attend treatment. As a requirement of the court, offenders who did not attend treatment were rearrested for violation of their probation. Ultimately, the offenders are less likely to miss treatment to ensure that they would not be reprimanded. Therefore, attendance may not measure engagement because offenders are not making the purposeful decision to attend group out of their own willingness to go and talk, but to escape repercussions.
The participation rating score may also not be a true measurement of engagement. The participation rating score was decided by the group facilitator and intended to evaluate how engaged each participant was using a range from (1) being mostly negative, blaming, complaining, poor response to confrontation, to (4) willingness to discuss his/her own issues, effectively confronting peers, and taking an active role in orienting new group. However,
facilitators never gave a participant lower than a 2 on the participation rating scale. Measurement validity should be called into question with this specific measure because it seems odd that no individual participant was given the lowest participation rating score. It is possible that facilitators may have been more inclined to award participants moderate participation rating scores to avoid negative consequences for the offenders.
Of all variables represented in this study, phases in treatment may have been the most objective variable of measuring engagement. Each of the five counseling centers has a strict rubric regarding phases in treatment and what allows a patient to move to the next phase in treatment. Phase in treatment could be considered the only variable that measured engagement because of the strict guidelines among facilitators for when to designate whether a patient should be moved along in treatment. While phase in treatment did have a significant relationship with overall satisfaction in treatment, it is worth discussing that phase in treatment may also not truly measure engagement. It is possible that facilitators may have moved patients through treatment simply based upon the amount of time they spent in treatment rather than their participation in group and acknowledgement of their issues.
Measurement validity was also a concern for the satisfaction survey. As stated previously, the satisfaction survey that was used in this study was the exact survey that Levenson and colleagues used in their engagement and satisfaction studies. While the survey sought to examine satisfaction, it is a possibility that the importance and helpfulness many not actually measure how satisfied they are with the treatment. As a researcher, I can only hope that the satisfaction survey was evaluated and tested to properly measure satisfaction.
The sample size influences the second limitation for this study. Samples are one of the most important components in research as they represent statistical power. Specifically, sample
sizes have the ability to statistically test the relationship between the samples and show traits that exist in an entire population (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). As a sample size decreases, the power associated with that sample also decreases. Ultimately, if the sample size of a study is too small, then the statistical power of a study is not as reliable because researchers are unable to detect medium to small effect sizes (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). This notion is apparent in this study because of the small sample of participants represented in my study. Specifically, in this study there were only 44 participants. Since there was a low number of participants, I was unable to find a significant relationship between engagement and satisfaction. In addition, with the total number of participants being lower than past studies (see Levenson 2009, 2010, & 2014), the total number of participants does not have enough statistical power to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between variables in the study. For example, when running the bivariate analysis, overall satisfaction was the only satisfaction domain that demonstrated having a relationship with engagement (phases in treatment). The purpose of estimating an appropriate sample size is to produce a study that has the ability to detect relevant differences (Faber & Fonseca, 2014).
Although I was able to determine small relationships between select variables with this sample, it is likely that the number of participants was too small to detect a relationship between engagement in treatment and satisfaction with treatment if one existed. Levenson et al. (2009, 2010, & 2014) indicated a sample size as high as 338 and as low as 66 participants. Given the range among participants in previous studies, using only a sample of 44 adult sex offenders, it is reasonable to assume that my sample size was not large enough to detect whether a true relationship was present between the key variables in this study. Using a G*Power analysis, I also found that in order to find a relationship between the engagement and satisfaction variables
in this study, with a medium to large effect, there should have been a total of 55-120 participants. I originally sought to collect 100 participants for my study. After attending treatment centers, I only acquired 44 total participants. Therefore, I can conclude that the overall lack of significant relationships between the independent and dependent variables may be attributed to the small sample size in this study.
The third limitation of this study is the location. As a result, the area where a participant lives can influence this study’s ability to gather a reasonable sample size. Since rural environments typically have smaller populations, it is understandable why I did not acquire a large sample. However, among the five counseling centers, there were more than 75 patients currently enrolled in the treatment program, so I believed that I would acquire a sample size that would have statistical power. Working in an environment that is almost completely rural, acquiring an appropriate sample size is difficult because rates of crimes are not as high. At the time of this study, the counseling centers had nine patients or fewer in each treatment group; therefore, obtaining a reasonable amount of participants may have been difficult from the beginning.
The fourth limitation is the low rate of responses from the participants. While many of the problems mentioned in this study come from inadequacy with sampling, another issue that was present in this study was the ability to use each participant’s data. Response rates help to signify the number of surveys completed by individual respondents who were assembled in the sample (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). Typically, a survey’s response rate is the result of dividing the number of participants who completed the survey by the total of number of people in the population who were eligible to participate in the study (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). However, in this study low response rate was also the result of having missing data. Initially, this study
acquired a sample of 53 total participants who agreed to participate. While assessing the responses of patients who completed the survey, several participants were removed from the sample for answering too few questions or simply not answering questions. If participants were missing items from any of the satisfaction domains, they had to be removed in order to have properly calculated scores for each satisfaction domain. By removing participants with missing data, the overall sample size in this study decreased.
The fifth limitation is the potential of nonresponse bias. Similar to previous studies, this study may have yielded a systematic bias as a result of patients refusing to participate in the study (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). Nonresponse bias is based on the concept that individuals who do not participate differ than those who choose to participate in research (Bachman & Schutt, 2014). Although I collected data from a decent number of respondents, when examining the overall population from which the sample was selected, the rate of nonresponse is considerable. In this study, non-respondents may have differed from those who did participate, meaning that those who did not give consent may have a tendency to not be satisfied with treatment, compared to those who participated in the study. Since a majority of participants had been in treatment for longer than 6 months, acquiring the perspective of non-respondents could provide some important and valuable information that may have influenced the relationship between engagement and satisfaction. Non-respondents who had been in treatment for the same amount of time as respondents acquired the same amount of information; therefore, they may have viewed things differently that could have an effect on the relationship between the variables. In this study, the assumption that certain groups were more inclined to answer is worth exploring because not all participants were satisfied with treatment, especially potentially those who chose not to participate in this study. Since there was no true way to compare the responders to nonresponders, it is impossible to estimate the extent to which selection bias influenced the results. Ultimately, participants have the right to choose not to participate in research, but my findings are limited because they did not express all individuals’ satisfaction with the treatment program and the treatment they have received since joining the counseling center. In addition, I could not compare demographic differences across those who participated and those who did not because I would need consent from each patient to access personal files.
As mentioned previously, those who participated in this study perceived content areas from the Blue Ridge Counseling Center’s treatment program as important and helpful, with only a small portion of participants stating that one or more items were not helpful or important. However, limitations regarding validity and accuracy are also worth mentioning. Problems of self-report data are inherent in any survey study (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Although the surveys used in this study only examined satisfaction and not engagement, it is possible that some participants slanted their responses in a socially desirable manner, which could create bias within the findings. Social desirability may have presented itself the moment participants were asked to participate in this study. Although participants consented to participate in the study, patients may have felt coerced to participate from the fear of negative consequences from the program (Levenson & Macgowan, 2004; Levenson, Prescott, & D’Amora, 2010; Levenson, Macgowan, Morin, & Cotter, 2009). Although participants were assured that their results and information would be confidential, it is possible that patients may have overreported their satisfaction with the program.
Another issue for validity is that reports of satisfaction may have been skewed toward positive responses due to a lack of understanding of the content areas (Bachman & Schutt, 2014).
More than half of all participants in this study reported having only a high school diploma or GED. Past research has found that education levels are correlated to comprehension skills and literary abilities (Pearson, 1985). Therefore, participants may have been more inclined to choose very important and very helpful without reading or comprehending the item’s description.
**Conclusion and Implications**
While this study did not identify a significant relationship between measures of engagement and self-reports of satisfaction, the current study did offer some valuable information about sex offender treatment. However, if I were to do this study over, I would seek to address the limitations stated above. These include acquiring a larger sample size and using a better measurement of engagement. In this study, sampling was one of the greatest limitations. To acquire a larger sample size, I would attend different treatment centers until I acquire the designated number of participants. Upon acquiring the selected number of participants for the study, I would run the same analytic strategies planned for this study.
Since there were limitations with the engagement measures, I would not use facilitator-completed monthly progress reports to measure engagement. Instead, I could measure engagement in three different ways: (1) examine the number of assignments (classwork/homework) participants complete; (2) observe treatment groups in person; and (3) create a group engagement measure using the phase in treatment component. First, using counseling center assignments should be quite promising to measure engagement because as a part of treatment, patients are typically evaluated on the content and assignments they complete. Examining the total number of assignments each participant completes by the total number of assignments that should be completed in each program could help to develop a better measure of engagement. Second, measuring engagement through observation may be also favorable because
as a researcher, I will be able to have firsthand understanding of how frequently an individual engages in the session. There are still limitations with this, as it may create social desirability because participants may engage since an outside individual is examining them. The observations may also take away from the treatment groups. However, observing the group firsthand may ensure more objectivity and accuracy because participants are not able to lie, nor are the facilitators able to rate the participants in an ambiguous manner. Finally, I could alter the phases in treatment measure that was previously used in this study, by examining components that each patient must acknowledge to move to the next phase in treatment. This means that I would categorize the items in each domain to understand how engaged each patient is in the treatment program.
Overall, while this study did not find a significant relationship between the engagement and satisfaction variables, this research study did add to the literature by highlighting rural environments. Since most researchers often overlook rural environments, acknowledging patients in these specific areas in this study helps research to have an overall view of sex offenders in all environments. This study also adds to the literature by examining the ways in which sex offenders’ treatment can be evaluated. As mentioned previously, past researchers have focused on rates of recidivism; my research contributes by examining engagement and satisfaction with a smaller sample. Although my findings did not show significant relationships, I did find that examining engagement and satisfaction is worth pursuing to contribute to the quest to improve the study of sex offender treatment outcomes. Since sex offenders are a vulnerable population to study, I was able to contribute to the literature by making sure that patients in treatment programs are heard by allowing them to express their overall feelings about the treatment they are receiving.
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Table 1. Group Location ID
| Location | Mean (SD) or % |
|--------------|----------------|
| Radford | 15.9% |
| Roanoke | 63.6% |
| Covington | 6.8% |
| Rocky Mount | 13.6% |
| Martinsville | 0.0% |
Table 2. Group Leaders
| Leaders | Mean (SD) or % |
|---------------|----------------|
| Group Leader 1| 63.6% |
| Group Leader 2| 13.6% |
| Group Leader 3| 9.1% |
| Group Leader 4| 13.6% |
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for Background Information
| Variables | Mean (SD) or % |
|----------------------------------|----------------|
| **Age** | --- |
| Under 25 years old | 2.3% |
| 25 to 49 years old | 54.5% |
| 50 to 64 years old | 31.8% |
| 65 years old or more | 11.4% |
| **Marital Status** | --- |
| Never Married | 40.9% |
| Married | 29.5% |
| Divorced | 20.5% |
| Separated | 6.8% |
| Widowed | 2.3% |
| **Race** | --- |
| White/Caucasian | 77.3% |
| Minority | 22.7% |
| **Education** | --- |
| 8th grade or less | 4.5% |
| Some high school | 9.1% |
| High school graduate or GED | 56.8% |
| College graduate | 29.5% |
| **Household Income** | --- |
| Under $10,000 | 29.5% |
| $10,000 to $19,000 | 22.7% |
| $20,000 to $29,000 | 22.7% |
| $30,000 to $49,000 | 13.6% |
| $50,000 or more | 11.4% |
| **Length in Treatment Program** | --- |
| Less than six months | 15.9% |
| Six months - one year | 38.6% |
| One year - two years | 29.5% |
| More than two years | 11.4% |
| **Length in Current Treatment Program** | --- |
| Less than six months | 27.3% |
| Six months - one year | 43.2% |
| One year - two years | 22.7% |
| More than two years | 4.5% |
| **Length with Current Facilitator/Primary Therapist** | --- |
| Less than six months | 20.5% |
| Six months - one year | 43.5% |
| One year - two years | 29.5% |
| More than two years | 4.5% |
### Age of Victims
| Age Range | Percentage |
|----------------------------|------------|
| 5 years old or less | 9.1% |
| 6 to 9 years old | 18.2% |
| 10 to 12 years old | 6.8% |
| 13 to 17 years old | 40.9% |
| 18 years old or more | 13.6% |
### Table 4. Type of Offense(s)
| Crimes | Mean (SD) or % |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Indecent Liberties | 15.9% |
| Child Pornography Related | 18.2% |
| Sexual Battery | 4.5% |
| Attempted Rape | 2.3% |
| Aggravated Sexual Battery | 6.8% |
| Rape | 2.3% |
| Forcible Sodomy | 2.3% |
| Attempted Forcible Sodomy | 2.3% |
| Sodomy | 2.3% |
| Carnal Knowledge | 9.1% |
| 3rd Degree sexual assault with intent to commit sexual penetration | 2.3% |
| Two or more crimes | 25.0% |
| Three or more crimes | 4.5% |
| Produce, Distribute, Facilitate Child Pornography | 2.3% |
### Table 5. Satisfaction Domains
| Domain | Mean (SD) or % |
|---------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Importance | 90.67 (9.60) |
| Satisfaction | 87.78 (14.56) |
| Group Component | 33.69 (4.24) |
| Individual Therapy | 14.90 (4.05) |
| Group Therapist | 46.06 (4.80) |
| Policies and Procedures | 31.00 (4.97) |
| Overall Satisfaction | 20.18 (4.37) |
Table 6. Attendance
| Absences | Mean (SD) or % |
|----------|----------------|
| 0 | 50.0% |
| 1 | 13.6% |
| 2 | 9.1% |
| 3 | 9.1% |
| 4 | 6.8% |
| 6 | 2.3% |
| 9 | 2.3% |
| 10 | 2.3% |
| 11 | 2.3% |
| 15 | 2.3% |
Table 7. Participant Rating Score
| Rating Score | Mean (SD) or % |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Mostly negative: blaming, complaining, poor response to confrontation | 0.0% |
| Attentive and appropriate in group but participates only minimally | 47.7% |
| Actively participates: relevant issues, presenting treatment assignments and taking responsibility for own behavior | 45.5% |
| Discussing his/her own issues, effectively confronting peers, and taking an active role in orienting new group | 6.8% |
Table 8. Phase in Treatment
| Phases | Mean (SD) or % |
|--------|----------------|
| Phase 1| 25.0 |
| Phase 2| 34.1 |
| Phase 3| 38.6 |
Table 9. Correlation Matrix of All Variables
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
|-------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Con. | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sat. | .577** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ovr. Sat. | -.011 | .396** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Phases | -.081 | .162 | .218 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Absence | -.219 | .063 | .308* | .160 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rating | -.569** | -.421** | .054 | .029 | -.009 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Se. Con. | -.020 | -.047 | -.038 | .201 | .058 | -.126 | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
| Inp. | -.232 | .075 | -.042 | .183 | .080 | -.183 | .144 | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| Age | -.092 | -.014 | -.027 | -.340* | .201 | -.189 | -.071 | -.136 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Race | .317 | .276 | .538** | .256 | .106 | .197 | .061 | -.261 | -.275 | 1 | | | | | | |
| Edu. | .038 | -.087 | -.060 | -.327* | -.101 | -.094 | .193 | -.328* | .158 | -.151 | 1 | | | | | |
| Prev. Treat. | -.133 | .220 | .049 | .163 | -.028 | -.150 | .047 | .083 | .066 | .110 | -.005 | 1 | | | | |
| Female | .137 | .068 | -.157 | -.022 | -.014 | .182 | -.128 | -.061 | .267 | -.119 | -.164 | -.374* | 1 | | | |
| Vic. Male | -.316 | -.240 | -.147 | -.191 | .259 | -.211 | .024 | -.027 | .082 | -.373* | .290 | -.168 | -.014 | 1 | | |
| Vic. Type | .108 | .281 | .232 | .086 | .098 | -.002 | .189 | -.138 | .287 | .315* | -.088 | .164 | .053 | -.224 | 1 | |
| Off. Location | -.373* | -.117 | .166 | .120 | .374* | -.091 | -.076 | -.234 | .149 | -.028 | .126 | -.312* | -.108 | .239 | .149 | 1 |
*p < .05; **p < .01
Figure 1. Content Satisfaction by Group Leader
Figure 2. Participation Rating Score by Group Leader
Figure 3: Overall Satisfaction by Phases in Treatment
Title of Research: Sex Offender Treatment Satisfaction from the Offenders' Perspective
Researcher(s): Dr. Margaret Pate, email@example.com
Stephan Pennix, firstname.lastname@example.org
We ask you to be in a research study designed to explore your perceptions of and overall satisfaction with the sex offender treatment you are currently attending. If you decide to be in the study, you will be asked to complete a survey during our session with you. We are also requesting permission from you to view your one most recent monthly progress report from your file at Blue Ridge Counseling. These reports are completed by your group facilitator. Approximately 90 people from Blue Ridge Counseling’s sex offender treatment program will be asked to participate in the study.
This study has more risk you may find in daily life. Given that you are currently enrolled in a sex offender program, any information you provide us could have potentially negative social consequences. However, all information that you give us will be treated as strictly confidential. We are also maintaining confidentiality by only collecting identifying information from you (i.e. your name) on your consent form in order to determine which clients have granted us permission to access their files. Your name will not be linked to the data and a unique code number will be used to link surveys to progress reports. Please do not write your name or others’ names on your survey. No information that could potentially identify you will be published or made available to the police, probation, corrections, or anyone else.
There are only two situations when information about you may be reported. First, if you report that you intend to harm yourself or someone else. Second, if you report current or past abuse of a child. In those cases we may be legally required to pass that information on to make sure that no one is hurt. None of our survey questions ask you to provide this type of information.
There is no compensation from being in this study.
There are no direct benefits to you for being in the study.
You can choose not to be in this study. If you decide to be in this study, you may choose not to answer certain questions or not to be in certain parts of this study. If at any time you want to stop being in this study, you may stop being in the study without penalty or loss of benefits by speaking with Dr. Pate or Stephan during the group session.
If you have questions now about this study, ask before you continue on.
If you have any questions later, you may talk with Dr. Margaret Pate.
SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
If this study raised some issues that you would like to discuss with a professional, you may discuss this with your group facilitator at Blue Ridge Counseling.
This study has been approved by the Radford University Institutional Review Board for the Review of Human Subjects Research. If you have questions or concerns about your rights as a research subject or have complaints about this study, you should contact Dr. Dennis Grady, Dean, College of Graduate and Professional Studies, Radford University, email@example.com, 1-540-831-7163.
It is your choice whether or not to be in this study. What you choose will not affect any current or future relationship with Radford University or the Radford Counseling Group, Inc.
If all of your questions have been answered and you would like to take part in this study, then please indicate through s response to one the options below and sign at the bottom.
_________ I voluntarily consent to allow information from my monthly progress report to be used AND to participate in the survey portion of this study
_________ I do not voluntarily consent to the survey portion or to the collection of information from my monthly progress report (if you select this option, you do not need to sign below).
__________________________________ _________________________________ ____________
Signature Printed Name Date
I/We have explained the study to the person signing above, have allowed an opportunity for questions, and have answered all of his/her questions. We believe that the subject understands this information.
__________________________________ _________________________________ ____________
Signature of Researcher Printed Name Date
SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
Note: A copy of this consent will be provided for your records upon request.
Appendix B
Satisfaction Survey
REMINDER: Please do NOT write your name anywhere on this survey.
Thank you agreeing to take part in this survey about sex offender treatment. Please read each statement below carefully and choose the answer that best describes how you feel about it. If you feel an item does not apply to you, please do your best to answer it anyway.
Please tell us your opinion about the importance of the following treatment content areas by putting a check in the appropriate box.
| | Not Important 1 | Slightly Important 2 | Moderately Important 3 | Important 4 | Very Important 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|----------------------|------------------------|-------------|------------------|
| 1. Accepting responsibility for my sexual offense(s) | | | | | |
| 2. Learning about different types of denial | | | | | |
| 3. Understanding my own tendency to distort, deny, and make | | | | | |
| excuses | | | | | |
| 4. Understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and | | | | | |
| others in my life | | | | | |
| 5. Understanding my offense chains, cycles, and patterns | | | | | |
| 6. Understanding my triggers and risk factors | | | | | |
| 7. Learning about what motivated me to offend | | | | | |
| 8. Learning about my grooming patterns or the behaviors I | | | | | |
| used to gain access to victims or offending | | | | | |
| 9. Developing a relapse prevention plan. (This would include | | | | | |
| a “maintenance” plan) | | | | | |
| 10. Learning to change or control my deviant arousal | | | | | |
| 11. Learning to identify and recognize cognitive distortions | | | | | |
| 12. Learning to change (restructure) cognitive distortions | | | | | |
| 13. Understanding the development of my sexual behavior | | | | | |
| problems | | | | | |
| 14. Understanding how early experiences and family life | | | | | |
| affected me | | | | | |
| 15. Learning new relationship and communication skills | | | | | |
| 16. Understanding the needs I met through sexual abuse and | | | | | |
| learning how to meet my needs in healthier ways | | | | | |
| 17. Learning how to create a more satisfying life for myself | | | | | |
| 18. Basic Life Skills | | | | | |
| 19. Basic Human Sexuality | | | | | |
| 20. Controlling Compulsive Sexual Behavior (including | | | | | |
| masturbation & pornography) | | | | | |
Please tell us your opinion about the importance of the following group processes by putting a check in the appropriate box.
| | Not Important 1 | Slightly Important 2 | Moderately Important 3 | Important 4 | Very Important 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|----------------------|------------------------|-------------|------------------|
| 21. Sharing my experiences with other sex offenders | | | | | |
| 22. Feeling as though I can relate to the other members of | | | | | |
| my group | | | | | |
| 23. Hearing other perspectives and viewpoints | | | | | |
| 24. Getting help and support from others. | | | | | |
| 25. Confrontation among the group members. | | | | | |
Please tell us your opinion about your satisfaction with the following treatment content areas by putting a check in the appropriate box.
| | Not Important 1 | Slightly Important 2 | Moderately Important 3 | Important 4 | Very Important 5 |
|---|-----------------|----------------------|------------------------|-------------|------------------|
| 28. Accepting responsibility for my sexual offense(s). | | | | | |
| 27. Learning about different types of denial. | | | | | |
| 28. Understanding my own tendency to distort, deny, and make excuses. | | | | | |
| 29. Understanding the impact of sexual abuse on victims and others in my life. | | | | | |
| 30. Understanding my offense chains, cycles, and patterns. | | | | | |
| 31. Understanding my triggers and risk factors. | | | | | |
| 32. Learning about what motivated me to offend. | | | | | |
| 33. Learning about my grooming patterns or the behaviors I used to gain access to victims or offending. | | | | | |
| 34. Developing a relapse prevention plan. (This would include a “maintenance” plan) | | | | | |
| 35. Learning to change or control my deviant arousal. | | | | | |
| 36. Learning to identify and recognize cognitive distortions. | | | | | |
| 37. Learning to change (restructure) cognitive distortions. | | | | | |
| 38. Understanding the development of my sexual behavior problems. | | | | | |
| 39. Understanding how early experiences and family life affected me. | | | | | |
| 40. Learning new relationship and communication skills. | | | | | |
| 41. Understanding the needs I met through sexual abuse and learning how to meet my needs in healthier ways. | | | | | |
| 42. Learning how to create a more satisfying life for myself. | | | | | |
| 43. Basic Life Skills | | | | | |
| 44. Basic Human Sexuality | | | | | |
| 45. Controlling Compulsive Sexual Behavior (including masturbation & pornography) | | | | | |
**Group Process:** Please RANK the following topics from 1-5 in order of their helpfulness to your recovery, with 5 being MOST helpful and 1 being LEAST helpful.
| | Not Important 1 | Slightly Important 2 | Moderately Important 3 | Important 4 | Very Important 5 |
|---|-----------------|----------------------|------------------------|-------------|------------------|
| 46. Sharing my experiences with other sex offenders | | | | | |
| 47. Feeling as though I can relate to the other members of my group. | | | | | |
| 48. Hearing other perspectives and viewpoints. | | | | | |
| 49. Getting help and support from others. | | | | | |
| 50. Confrontation among the group members. | | | | | |
Please rate your agreement with the following statements by circling the item that best describes your agreement:
1- strongly disagree
5- strongly agree
| Statement | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------|----------------|-------|----------------|
| 51. My group usually feels comfortable | | | | | |
| 52. My group has enough structure. | | | | | |
| 53. My group members are pretty open and honest most of the time. | | | | | |
| 54. My group members are pretty non-judgmental most of the time. | | | | | |
| 55. It is useful to be able to talk with other people who have committed sex offenses. | | | | | |
| 56. I feel comfortable participating in my group. | | | | | |
| 57. I feel comfortable helping others in my group. | | | | | |
| 58. I trust the other members in my group. | | | | | |
**Individual Therapy**
| Statement | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------|----------------|-------|----------------|
| 59. My individual therapy has been helpful. | | | | | |
| 60. I wish I could attend individual therapy more often. | | | | | |
| 61. The reason I don’t attend individual therapy more often is because I don’t request it. | | | | | |
| 62. I would rather attend individual therapy instead of group therapy. | | | | | |
| 63. I usually attend individual therapy about this often: (circle the answer that best applies to you) | never | rarely | A Few Times Per Year | 1-2 times per month | once per week |
Please rate your agreement with the following statements about your group leaders (sometimes called therapists, counselors, or facilitators):
| Statement | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------|----------------|-------|----------------|
| 64. Usually, my group leaders make me feel comfortable and safe in therapy sessions. | | | | | |
| 65. I get along well with my group leaders. | | | | | |
| 66. I feel that my group leaders try to understand me. | | | | | |
| 67. My group leaders are pretty non-judgmental most of the time. | | | | | |
| 68. I usually feel comfortable sharing personal things with my group leaders. | | | | | |
| 69. I usually feel comfortable with the feedback or advice my group leaders offer me. | | | | | |
| 70. My group leaders are good at bringing out important points during group therapy. | | | | | |
| 71. My group leaders deal with difficult moments well in group therapy. | | | | | |
| 72. I feel my group leader has a positive attitude toward the group members. | | | | | |
| 73. I trust my group leaders. | | | | | |
74. My current group leader is
- [ ] Male
- [ ] Female
- [ ] both
75. I am more comfortable with a group leader who is:
- [ ] Male
- [ ] Female
- [ ] no preference
Please rate your agreement with the following statements about Program Policies and Procedures:
| Statement | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Disagree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------|-------------------|-------|----------------|
| 76. The rules about attendance are fair. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 77. The rules about lateness are fair. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 78. My confidentiality is respected. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 79. I agree with my treatment plan. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 80. The expectations for successful completion and graduation are clear. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 81. The expectations for successful completion and graduation are fair. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 82. I am treated with respect by the staff. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 83. I am given the right amount of homework and assignments. | Too Little | Just Right | Too much |
| 84. The length of time of this program is fair to ensure that I will not reoffend. | Too Short | Just Right | Too Long |
Please rate your agreement with the following statements about Your overall feelings about this treatment program:
| Statement | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Disagree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------|-------------------|-------|----------------|
| 85. I am here because I need to be here. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 86. Now that I know what this program is like, I like it better than I thought I would. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 87. Overall, my experience in this treatment program has been a positive one. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 88. I have gained a great deal of understanding about my offenses from this program. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 89. I have gained a great deal of understanding about preventing future offenses from this program. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
30. Please use the space below to offer any comments you want to share about your personal experience in sex offender treatment.
SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
REMINDER: Please do NOT write your name anywhere on this survey
Basic information: Circle the choice that best applies to you.
1) What is your age?
- Under 25 years old ....... 1
- 25 to 49 years old ....... 2
- 50 to 64 years old ....... 3
- 65 years old or more .... 4
2) Which of the following best describes your current marital status?
- Never Married ............ 1
- Married .................. 2
- Divorced .................. 3
- Separated .................. 4
- Widowed .................. 5
3) Which of the following best describes your racial background?
- White/Caucasian .......... 1
- Minority .................. 2
4) What is the number of years of school you completed?
- 8th grade or less ........ 1
- Some high school ........ 2
- High school graduate or GED .... 3
- College graduate ........ 4
5) Which of the following categories best describes your household's total income before taxes last year? (or, in the last year that you earned income)
- Under $10,000 ............. 1
- $10,000 to $19,999 ........ 2
- $20,000 to $29,999 ........ 3
- $30,000 to $49,999 ........ 4
- $50,000 or more .......... 5
Please answer the following questions (#10-21) thinking about ALL your victims, even those you haven't been arrested for.
10) I have had female victims.
- NO ☐ YES ☐
11) I have had male victims.
- NO ☐ YES ☐
12) I have had family member victims.
- NO ☐ YES ☐
13) I have had victims who I knew but was not related to.
- NO ☐ YES ☐
14) I have had victims who were strangers.
- NO ☐ YES ☐
15) How many times have you been arrested for a sex crime?
________
16) How many TOTAL victims do you think you have had (including those you were not arrested for)? ________
17) Have you ever used force or violence when committing a sex offense?
- NO ☐ YES ☐
18) Have you ever used a weapon when committing a sex offense?
- NO ☐ YES ☐
19) Have you ever physically injured a victim while committing a sex offense?
- NO ☐ YES ☐
20) Have you ever been in sex offender treatment before entering this program?
- NO ☐ YES ☐
21) If you answered yes to #20, where were you in treatment?
- In the community ☐ In prison ☐ both ☐
Thank you for taking the time to answer this survey. Your responses will help researchers learn more about treating sex offenders and preventing sexual abuse.
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1dd6bd58-a37f-440d-b36e-7ed3ed0b1dd3
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 168,467
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Inhalt
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REPORT 4/2013 (36. Jg.) | 4 |
Martin Fromm
Strukturlogische Aspekte der Didaktik der Erwachsenenbildung
Dieser Aufsatz unternimmt den Versuch einer strukturlogischen Rekonstruktion didaktischen Handelns in der Erwachsenenbildung. Didaktik wird als eine spezifische Praxis mit einer immanenten Eigen-Logik aufgefasst. Damit ist eine Perspektive eröffnet, um relevante Aspekte erwachsenengerechter Didaktik zu identifizieren. Diese ergeben sich nicht nur aus der Aufklärung sachlogischer Gelingensbedingungen des Lernens im Erwachsenenalter, sondern auch aus strukturlogisch bedingten Herausforderungen hinsichtlich Disziplinierung, Zu-Mutungen und Autorität – solchen Strukturmerkmalen also, die eine Bildungsarbeit mit Erwachsenen durch spezifische Artikulationsformen regulieren muss, um sie auf erwachsenengerechte Weise gestalten zu können.
Criteria of Adult Education Didactics
This contribution suggests a reconstruction of didactic behavior in the context of adult education. Didactics is perceived as a specific kind of practice that can be analyzed with respect to its immanent significances. Thus, criteria of adult education didactics can be identified. These criteria are not only empirically found aspects concerning the conditions of success. Incorporated challenges concerning disciplining, impositions of teaching and authority matter as well. Notwithstanding adult education has to deal with these aspects and to design a form of managing adult education requirements.
Ulrich Müller/Ulrich Papenkort
Didaktik für Erwachsene und Didaktiken der Weiterbildung
Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die Ableitung einer Didaktik der Erwachsenenbildung aus Besonderheiten des Erwachsenenalters nötig und möglich ist. Die Verfasser plädieren dafür, die Didaktik der Erwachsenenbildung in der Kontinuität der Lebensspanne als Modifikation einer dezidiert allgemeinen Didaktik zu verstehen und sie an den Merkmalen der sozialen Situation Erwachsener zu orientieren. Eine solche allgemeine „Didaktik für Erwachsene" solle um spezielle „Didaktiken der Weiterbildung" ergänzt werden, die jeweils spezifische institutionelle Aspekte in den Blick nehmen: Didaktik der abschlussbezogenen, wissenschaftlichen, praktischen, interessenbezogenen und zielgruppenorientierten Weiterbildung.
Didactics for Adult Education in the Continuity of the Lifespan
The article discusses whether it is necessary and possible to deduce the didactics of adult education from the particularities of the adult age. The authors make the case for understanding didactics of adult education in the continuity of the lifespan and as a modification of general didactics. It should be related to the characteristics of the social situation of adults. Such "didactics for adults" should be complemented by
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specific "didactics of further education" which focus on specific institutional aspects: didactics of certificate-related, scientific, practical, interest-based, and target-group oriented further education.
Stephen Frank/Carola Iller
Kompetenzorientierung – mehr als ein didaktisches Prinzip
Mit der Umsetzung von Kompetenzorientierung in der Didaktik sind weitreichende Konsequenzen für die Zielbestimmung, Inhaltsauswahl und methodische Gestaltung von Lehr-/Lernsituationen verbunden. Damit ist sie mehr als ein didaktisches Prinzip, das synonym für eine Handlungs- oder Teilnehmendenorientierung stehen kann. Ausgehend von einem Verständnis des Kompetenzbegriffs als didaktischer Kategorie und Ziel kompetenzorientierter Lehre wollen wir einen Beitrag zu einer Diskussion leisten, aus der ein umfassendes didaktisches Modell entstehen kann, das sowohl inhaltsdidaktisch wie auch prozessdidaktisch theoretisch begründete Orientierung für die praktische Bildungsarbeit gibt.
The Orientation on the Concept of Competencies – More than a Didactical Principle
The concept of competencies has expansive effects for the definition of goals, contents and methods in teaching. The orientation on competencies therefore is more than a didactic principle like active-learning or learner-centered instruction. Coming from a concept of competencies as a didactical category as well as an aim of teaching, we will argue, that a comprehensive theoretical approach is needed, which delivers a theoretical founded orientation for both the decisions on contents and the methods.
Rainer Silberbauer
Entstehung von Erinnerung in kommunikativen Prozessen im Kontext der Amateurfotografie
In diesem Beitrag soll anhand der Dokumentarischen Methode nach Ralf Bohnsack gezeigt werden, wie Erinnerung in kommunikativen Prozessen entsteht. Dabei wurden im Rahmen einer Studie Amateurfotos aus dem Besitz von Senioren für Interviews herangezogen. Die Aussagen der Senioren wurden im Vergleich analysiert, ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse im Zusammenhang mit der einschlägigen Literatur diskutiert.
The Genesis of Memory in Communicative Processes in the Context of Photography
Using the documentary method according to Ralf Bohnsack, it is shown in this essay how memory in communicative processes with senior citizens develops. Amateur photographs were used to discuss with the seniors. The conversations took place in two small groups and were analyzed in comparison. Furthermore, the statements of the interviewees were evaluated and discussed in the light of relevant literature.
Editorial
Mit dem Schwerpunktthema „Erwachsenengerechte Didaktik" widmet sich der REPORT erneut einem Thema, das wohl auch einen zentralen Kern des (teil-)disziplinären Selbstverständnisses betrifft. Denn mit dem Aufschwung und der Etablierung der Erwachsenenbildung seit den 1970er Jahren ging auch eine Selbstlegitimierung einher, die wesentlich auf die domänenspezifische Theoretisierung und Bereitstellung eines eigenen, genuinen Diskurses und Umsetzungsanspruchs im Bereich des Lehrens und Lernens setzte.
Wohl ein starker Anspruch ist bis heute daher die Abgrenzung von schulpädagogischer und kindzentrierter Bildung und ihrer didaktischen Ausgestaltung. Der Fokus ist der erwachsene Teilnehmer, der weitgehend selbstgesteuert sich mit Inhalt und Lernformen auseinandersetzt und diese auch reflektiert. Hans Tietgens' Anspruch der Erwachsenenbildung als „Lernwissenschaft" wurde – das wurde schon des Öftern festgestellt – allerdings nur partiell gelöst, denn es herrscht(e) eine starke Lehrer- und weit weniger einer Lernerorientierung vor (vgl. Ludwig 2000, S. 11). Statt weitere didaktische Detailperfektionierungen voranzutreiben, gelte es – so wurde gefordert – eine fina lisierte Intentionaldidaktik aufzugeben und „die Entscheidung über Ziele und Inhalte der Wissensaneignung in die Verantwortung der Lernenden" zu verlagern (Dräger/Günther 1997, S. 83). Der Pädagogik und insbesondere der Didaktik wurde eine insgesamt zu ausschließliche Fixierung auf Schule und Unterricht vorgehalten, die sich darüber hinaus auf die Altersgruppe der Kinder und Jugendlichen begrenze. Gegenüber einer solchen, oft gar noch als „Allgemeine Didaktik" titulierten Vermittlungstheorie gelte es, eine besondere Theorie und vor allem Praxis des Lehrens zu entwickeln, die eben – in einer subjektorientierten Aneignungsperspektive – die Situation des Erwachsenen als Ausgangspunkt nehme, zielgruppenbezogen ausgerichtet sei und darüber hinaus im Sinne der Entwicklung von Lernkulturen (vgl. Arnold/Schüßler 1998) sich gegenüber kognitivistischen oder behavioristisch angehauchten Ansätzen abgrenze. Lernen sollte daher nicht – wie so häufig von lernpsychologischer Seite vorexerziert – als „ortloses" Geschehen definiert werden, sondern vielmehr als eine raum-zeitliche Situativität gelesen werden, die gleichzeitig auch eingebunden sei in einen sozialen Kontext.
Aufgrund dieser Ausgangslage, wie sie sich vor der Jahrtausendwende manifestierte, schien es angebracht, einmal den heutigen Stand der Diskussion auszuloten. Im Nachgang zum bekannten Diktum „Erwachsene sind lernfähig, aber unbelehrbar" (Siebert 1997, S. 23), welches den Diskussionsstand der Erwachsenendidaktik auf den Punkt brachte, stellt sich die Frage, wo die heutige Reflexion und allfällige empirische Forschung stehen geblieben oder allenfalls weiter gekommen ist. Umso mehr überraschte im Vorfeld dieses angekündigten Themenschwerpunktes, dass es sehr schwer war, hinreichend viele Beiträger für eine solche Ausgabe des REPORT zu „begeistern".
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Immerhin ist es nun doch gelungen, einige Autorinnen und Autoren zu gewinnen, die – vorwiegend reflexiv – innovative Aspekte und Vorschläge bezüglich einer erwachsenengerechten Didaktik formulieren.
Rüdiger Rhein thematisiert in seinem Beitrag „Strukturlogische Aspekte der Didaktik der Erwachsenenbildung" die Frage, wie sich sachlogische Gelingensbedingungen mit fremd arrangierten Lehr-/Lernsituationen bzw. Strukturen der Disziplinierung, Zu-Mutung und Autorität in der Erwachsenenbildung vereinbaren lassen. Diese seien über einen Kontrakt zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden auflösbar und müssten im Rahmen didaktischen Handelns angemessen reflektiert werden.
Ulrich Müller und Ulrich Papenkort fragen – quer zum gängigen Credo – in ihrem Beitrag, ob eine spezifische Erwachsenendidaktik tatsächlich notwendig sei. Ihre Antwort ist insofern überraschend, als sie einer solchen skeptisch gegenüberstehen, immerhin aber für eine „allgemeine Didaktik für Erwachsene" plädieren, die um spezielle Didaktiken der Weiterbildung zu ergänzen wäre, die im Besonderen die Lernenden und die Institutionen fokussiert.
Der Beitrag von Stephen Frank und Carola Iller widmet sich der Frage, inwiefern die Kompetenzorientierung, die auch die Erwachsenenbildung erreicht, diese verändert, bzw. ob sie selbst als didaktische Erneuerung und als Entwicklungspotenzial zu verstehen sei. Die Autorin und der Autor begreifen in diesem gewandelten begrifflichen und bildungspolitischen Umfeld Kompetenz als Chance, sehen aber noch einen größeren Bedarf an Reflexion und Ausbau von didaktischen Modellen, um durch entsprechende Lehre kompetentes Handeln zu generieren.
Allen hier aufgenommenen Beiträgen gemeinsam ist eine eher reflexive Zugangsweise zur Frage, ob und wie eine erwachsenengerechte Didaktik sinnvoll ist. Sie eröffnen damit Zugänge zu weiteren Überlegungen und Modellbildungen, die möglicherweise einer weiteren Prüfung bedürfen, ob sie denn auch empirisch operationalisierbar wären.
Im FORUM thematisiert Rainer Silberbauer in einer ausführlicheren Darstellung den Vorgang des Erinnerns von Senioren anhand von Amateurfotografien. Erinnerung wird zu einem sozial-kommunikativen Vorgang, welcher durch die Kraft der Bilder gestützt wird, der auch vorläufige Identitätszuweisungen und -angebote möglich macht. Damit leistet der Autor einen innovativen Beitrag, der an der Schnittstelle von Bildwissenschaft und Biografieforschung zu verorten ist.
Literatur
Arnold, R./Schüßler, I. (1998): Wandel der Lernkulturen. Darmstadt
Ludwig, J. (2000): Lernende verstehen – Lern- und Bildungschancen in betrieblichen Modernisierungsprojekten. Bielefeld
Dräger, H./Günther, U. (1997): Das Infrastrukturmodell als Antwort auf die Krise der bildungstheoretischen Didaktik. In: Dräger, H./Günther, U./Thunemyer, B.: Autonomie und Infrastruktur. Frankfurt a.M.
Siebert, H. (1997): Didaktisches Handeln in der Erwachsenenbildung. Didaktik aus konstruktivistischer Sicht. Neuwied
Philipp Gonon
Zürich, Oktober 2013
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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deu_Latn
| 11,375
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ilrestodelcarlino.it
Contemporary Wedding
Nozze etero, gay, esotiche e di design. L' amore trionfa in Fiera
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ilrestodelcarlino.it
< Segue
Contemporary Wedding
esilarante venditrice della Giochi Golosi scoperta in tv da Italia' s Got Talent, o che si materializzerà tra gli stand con le incursioni degli attori di 16lab e le loro scene da un' unione civile, che coinvolgeranno anche gli spettatori durante le loro performance improvvisate. Nella serata di apertura si esibirà anche il Komos, coro gay di Bologna, e sfilerà l' abito di sposa che ha trionfato all' ultima edizione di The Italian Miss Alternative. Per quanto riguarda le mete dei viaggi di nozze, al top delle richieste ora c' è il Giappone. «Un viaggio in un mondo a sé dove tradizione e modernità si incontrano spiega Roberta Braga, responsabile turismo di CartOrange, la più grande azienda italiana di consulenti di viaggio, specializzata in lune di miele . Il punto di forza di un itinerario in questo Paese sta nella possibilità di arricchirlo con esperienze uniche: dal pernottamento in un ryokan, le abitazioni tradizionali in legno, dove si dorme sui futon, ai workshop per imparare a preparare il sushi, alle sessioni di meditazione nei templi». Ma è tutto l' Oriente a vivere un momento favorevole: nel borsino delle destinazioni salgono Thailandia, Indocina e Birmania. E, sempre sulla scia della ricerca dei grandi spazi e dei paesaggi mozzafiato, sono in ascesa anche il Canada e la Nuova Zelanda. Riproduzione riservata.
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Framtidens högskola
I detta avsnitt får du bekanta dig med olika högskolor och studerande. På videorna berättar studerande hur en hållbar framtid syns i deras högskolor. På videor finns även internationella studerande som delar sina egna erfarenheter.
Inledning till temat
Gymnasieundervisningen ska nuförtiden ordnas så att man har mångsidiga möjligheter att få information om och erfarenheter av högskolestudier, och att övergången från gymnasiet till högskolestudier och arbetslivet ska ske smidigare. Det bästa sättet att bekanta sig med högskolor är att höra intervjuer av personer som studerar vid högskolor och vi har strävat efter att få intervjuer från olika studieprogram.
En hållbar framtid hör till många högskolors studieprogram. Till exempel Helsingfors universitet och Tammerfors universitetsgemenskap anger att hållbarheten finns med i varje utbildningsområde, och vissa utbildningsprogram har byggts helt runt teman kring hållbar utveckling. Du får närmare bekanta dig med högskolornas studie- och klimatprogram när vi presenterar högskolornas studieprogram för en hållbar framtid.
Källor:
Grunderna for gymnasiets läroplan 2019:
https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/grunderna_for_gymnasiets_laroplan_ 2019.pdf s. 24
Kestävyys koulutuksessa:
https://www.helsinki.fi/fi/tutustu-meihin/kestavyys-ja- vastuullisuus/kestavyys-koulutuksessa
Kestävä kehitys koulutuksessa: https://www.tuni.fi/fi/tutustu-meihin/kestava-kehityskorkeakouluyhteisossa/kestava-kehitys-koulutuksessa
Studerandeberättelse
Från bilmekaniker till person som avgör klimatkrisen – nytta av examen på andra stadiet även om man senare skulle byta bransch.
Läs studerandeberättelsen: https://stadinao.fi/autonasentajasta-ilmastokriisinratkojaksi-toisen-asteen-tutkinnosta-hyotya-vaikka-koko-ala-myohemminvaihtuisi/?fbclid=IwAR2FogH66soTZX9pFXG_5ZX4BxXqW72A- ywhb96I1z_i2u_xVSeYjuFoLa8
Testa vad du skulle kunna studera för att som vuxen lösa utmaningar med hållbar utveckling
Vilken studieplats skulle motsvara dina värden och intressen? I vilket yrke skulle du kunna göra världen bättre? Tryck på länken.
Vad skulle du kunna studera för att som vuxen lösa utmaningar med hållbar utveckling? https://skol.teknologiateollisuus.fi/fi/tulevaisuus-suunnittelualalla/testaamita-voisit-opiskella-ratkaistaksesi-isona-kestavan-kehityksen
Universitetens 12 teser för att nå toppen av hållbar utveckling
Mänskligheten står inför stora utmaningar – som en följd av sina egna handlingar. Den minskade biodiversiteten, ojämlikheten och klimatförändringen är globala kriser som kräver både lokala och världsomfattande åtgärder. Universiteten har en central roll när det gäller att bekämpa och lösa dessa kriser, skapa den sakkunskap som behövs och värna om ett tryggt och stabilt samhälle. Högtidstalens tid är över. Nu är det är dags att agera.
Koldioxidneutralitet före 2030, en hållbar utveckling i kärnan av strategierna och ett starkt stöd till Finlands regerings klimat- och mångfaldighetsmål. De finländska universiteten siktar till allt detta med sina teser för hållbar utveckling och ansvarsfullhet.
Läs mer om de tolv teserna: https://www.unifi.fi/viestit/teser-om-hallbar-utvecklingoch-ansvarsfullhet/
Metropolias podcast: Korkeakoulu kestävän kehityksen mahdollisuuksien äärellä
Du kan gå direkt till 3,56 då man börjar prata om ämnet.
Lyssna på podcasten (på finska): https://podcast.metropolia.fi/korkeakoulu-kestavankehityksen-mahdollisuuksien-aarella/
Högskolornas klimatprogram
Helsingfors universitet: "Vi främjar hållbar utveckling, jämställdhet och jämlikhet i all vår verksamhet. Vi är Finlands största och äldsta vetenskapsuniversitet vars styrka är långsiktig forskning. Vi värnar om vår historia genom att samtidigt arbeta aktivt för en bättre framtid. Med vetenskapens – för världens bästa bidrar vi till att uppnå FN:s mål för hållbar utveckling." Helsingfors universitet
Åbo universitet: "Vi bygger modigt en hållbar framtid. Vi utbildar problemlösare för mångfaldiga vetenskapliga och samhälleliga utmaningar inom samhällets olika sektorer. Vi är en globalt ansvarstagande och initiativtagande utvecklingspartner. Vi söker lösningar och erbjuder kunnande för vår tids största utmaningar och byggande av en hållbar framtid." Åbo universitet
Åbo Akademi: "Vi ökar vår synlighet i Norden och profilerar oss som ett aktivt och ansvarstagande universitet som särskilt värnar om en positiv och hållbar utveckling av hela Östersjöregionen." Åbo Akademi
Tammerfors universitetsgemenskap: "Vi bygger en verksamhetskultur som främjar hållbar utveckling i gemenskapens verksamhet, undervisning, forsknings-, utvecklings-, och innovationsverksamhet samt i den samhälleliga dialogen. Vi söker branschövergripande, imponerande svar på att främja hållbar utveckling lokalt och globalt. Vi skapar lösningar för klimatförändringen, tryggande av naturmiljön och byggande av välbefinnande och hållbarhet i samhällena." Tammerfors universitetsgemenskap
Jyväskylä universitet: "Vårt universitets mål är att agera som banbrytare för hållbar utveckling och ansvarsfullhet i Finland och ute i världen. Genom att planera vår verksamhet och agera ansvarsfullt skapar vi förutsättningar för en hållbar framtid och går målmedvetet mot en hållbar framtid. Vi värnar om det ekologiska, ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella arvet som vi lämnar för kommande generationer." Jyväskylä universitet
Östra Finlands universitet: Verksamheten vid vårt universitet styrs av etik och målen för hållbar utveckling. Vi värnar om hållbarhet och ansvarsfullhet i forskning, undervisning och partnerskap. En hållbar utveckling täcker i vårt universitet alla dess dimensioner, både den ekologiska och sociala och ekonomiska och kulturella hållbarheten." Östra Finlands universitet
Vasa universitet: "Vi spelar en viktig roll i bekämpningen av klimatförändringen och många andra kriser. Vi gör ett nationellt och internationellt samarbete bland annat inom ansvarsfullhet och samhälleligt påverkande. Vi strävar efter koldioxidneutralitet före 2030. Dessutom integreras arbetet för ansvarsfullhet och hållbar utveckling i all vår verksamhet. Ansvarighetsarbetet är ständig ansträngning och utveckling i olika områden: i forskningsprojekt, undervisning och samarbete med universitetets partner." Vasa universitet
Uleåborgs universitet: "Hållbar utveckling som ständig och handledd samhällelig förändring strävar efter att säkerställa möjligheter för ett gott liv. Vi har förbundit oss att agera ansvarsfullt för samhället och miljön, söka lösningar för hållbar användning av jordens resurser och göra ekologiskt ansvarsfulla val i våra funktioner. Vi främjar en hållbar utveckling genom utbildning, forskning, samhällelig dialog och utveckling av campuset." Uleåborgs universitet
Lapplands universitet: "Vi har förbundit oss att beakta vårt miljöansvar i vår verksamhet. Vårt mål är för vår del att stöda den ekologiska hållbarheten och minska vår miljöbelastning. För att nå detta deltar vi i WWF:s nätverk Green Office." Lapplands universitet
Metropolia: "En hållbar framtid uppstår av kompetens och verkningsfulla lösningar. Hållbarhetskrisen är verklighet. Vi håller på att göra enorma satsningar och har skapat en detaljerad plan genom vilken ansvarsfullhet och hållbar utveckling införs i verksamheten vid Metropolia. Ta dig modigt på en resa mot förändring som påverkar oss och genom oss hela världen omkring." Metropolia
Arcada: "Hållbar utveckling och ansvarsfullhet är en central del i vårt kvalitets- och utvecklingsarbete. Hållbarhet och samhällsansvar genomsyrar all verksamhet i Arcada och är synligt i utbildning, forskning, organisationskultur och på campus. På Arcada beaktar vi hållbarhet ur ett brett perspektiv – såväl ekonomisk, kulturell som social hållbarhet är avgörande. Arcada
Högskolornas studieprogram för en hållbar framtid
Helsingfors universitet: "Vårt mål är att utbilda experter som förändrar världen. Hållbarhetsfrågorna är förknippade med alla utbildningsområden och vid Helsingfors universitet erbjuder vi perspektiven för hållbar utveckling som en del av flera utbildningsprogram, kurser och studiehelheter." Helsingfors universitet
Åbo universitet: "Utbildningsprogrammet för hållbar utveckling (KEKO) är en biämneshelhet som erbjuds för studerandena vid alla fakultet vid Åbo universitet. Programmet bidrar till att söka lösningar för utmaningar med hållbar utveckling och skapa intellektuellt kapital hos studerande för arbetsmarknaden." Åbo universitet
Tammerfors universitetsgemenskap: "Tammerfors universitetsgemenskaps mål är att alla vetenskaps- och utbildningsområden i gemenskapen igenkännligt kan delta i en hållbar utveckling av samhället. Temana för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullhet lyfts naturligt fram i många delar av den mångprofessionella utbildningen. Hållbar utveckling är en väsentlig del av universitetsgemenskapens utbildningsutbud och den har integrerats i utbildningsprogrammen. Många utbildningsprogram har byggts helt runt temana för hållbar utveckling." Tammerfors universitetsgemenskap
Jyväskylä universitet: "I studieavsnittet i hållbar utveckling (KEKE) byggs ett samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv för hållbar utveckling genom att granska dess ekologiska, ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella dimension. Hållbar utveckling och dess dimensioner granskas ur perspektiven för sociologi, samhällspolitik, socialarbete, statslära, filosofi och utvecklingsforskning. Syftet med studieavsnittet är identifiering av miljöproblemens samhälleliga dimensioner och hantering av dem och analysering av deras effekter." Jyväskylä universitet
Östra Finlands universitet: "Vill du söka lösningar för regionala och världsomfattande frågor kring miljön, hållbar utveckling och välbefinnande? Studierna i geografi och miljöpolitik behandlar aktuella teman kring miljön. Som huvudämne kan du välja förutom geografi och miljöpolitik även samhällsgeografi." Östra Finlands universitet
Uleåborgs universitet: "Vid Uleåborgs universitet har hållbar utveckling inkluderats i studieprogram i alla branscher och studieutbudet inom hållbarhet utvecklas aktivt. I studiernas innehåll betonas frågor kring arktiska områdens hållbarhet och tvärvetenskaplig forskning vid universitetet. För studerande erbjuds studieavsnitt som förknippas med hållbarhet vid alla fakultet och den tvärvetenskapliga biämnesundervisningen i hållbar utveckling börjar hösten 2022." Uleåborgs universitet
Lapplands universitet: "I kandidat- och magisterprogrammet i hållbarhetsfostran utbildas experter inom fostran som förstår betydelsen för centrala uppgifter och kunskaper som behövs för att bygga en hållbar framtid. Programmet grundar sig på en kritisk reflektion över hållbarhetsfrågor och studieavsnitt som utvecklar hållbarhetstänkande. I avsnitten studerar man kollektivt och kreativt samt framtidsorienterat i många slags lärmiljöer." Lapplands universitet
Metropolia: "När studeranden har avlagt studieavsnittet känner hen igen perspektiven och delområdena för hållbar utveckling både i sitt liv och inom sin bransch samt kan främja hållbar utveckling i sin verksamhet. Hen känner igen och kan analysera komplexa lokala och globala fenomen och deras beroenden med tanke på ekonomin, miljön och samhället. Hen kan samla in och analysera information och bilda en motiverad uppfattning om ärendenas läge, bakgrunder och framtid. Hen kan i grupp delta i planering, genomförande och bedömning av åtgärder som stöder hållbar utveckling." Metropolia
Arcada: "Vi tillämpar UNESCO:s Education for Sustainable Development: innovativa studiemetoder och examinationsformer som uppmuntrar studenten att omfatta ett tvärvetenskapligt, holistiskt och kritiskt synsätt i sina studier. Vår ambition är att våra studenter och medarbetare har förmåga och vilja att verka för hållbarhet både lokalt och globalt. Arcadas utbildningar har nyligen reviderats och de beaktar hållbarhet på bred front. Bland annat nya inriktningar inom teknikutbildningarna är ett led i hållbarhetsarbetet och möter samhällets efterfrågan på ingenjörer med kunnande inom cirkulär ekonomi och hållbarhet." Arcada
Tre högskolor berättar hur en hållbar framtid syns i dem
Följ länkarna nedan för att bekanta dig med tre högskolors studieprogram där de berättar hur en hållbar framtid syns i deras studier.
1. Helsingfors universitet: Agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten (4.22-9.52)
2. Aalto-universitetet: Högskolan för elektroteknik (4.58-11.07)
Högskoleskuggning
Syftet med högskoleskuggningen är att ge gymnasister möjlighet att bekanta sig med högskolestudier och det studieprogram som mest intresserar genom att följa en högskolestuderande under en dag. Samtidigt kan gymnasisten fråga och samtala om fortsatta studier med högskolestuderanden.
en del av gymnasierna har testat högskoleskuggning och studerandena har varit nöjda med skuggningsdagen. De upplevde att de fick mycket nyttig information om och insyn i högskolestudier. Förutom att kunna följa studierna och bekanta sig med högskolornas lokaler ansåg gymnasisterna viktigt att få samtala med högskolestuderande. Med hjälp av skuggningen fick en del av studerandena en bekräftelse för sina planer för fortsatta studier.
Se videon nedan där studerandena berättar mer om sina erfarenheter av högskoleskuggningen.
Källor:
Lukiolaiset varjostamassa korkeakouluopiskelijoita:
https://tralla.fi/tuotekortit/lukiolaiset-varjostamassa-korkeakouluopiskelijoita-2
Video på svenska: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFx4Vvq99Vk&t=1s
Högskolornas studieutbud för studerande på andra stadiet
Många högskolor erbjuder gymnasister introduktionskurser. Gymnasister kan modigt gå och testa olika kurser och de kan tillgodoräknas som en del av gymnasiestudierna. Studierna är till exempel orienterande studier för universitetet och studier som introducerar i olika branscher och studier i högskolan. Genom studierna kan man också hitta nya alternativ till stöd för karriärplanering samt känna
/
igen och stärka de egna styrkorna som studerande. Studiernas omfattning är vanligen 1–5 studiepoäng.
Kommunerna, samkommunerna, gymnasierna och läroinrättningarna kan ingå ett samarbetsavtal med högskolor, då studerandena som studerar i de läroinrättningar som omfattas av avtalet kan studera gratis vid öppna universitetet. Därför lönar det sig att säkerställa om gymnasiet har ingått ett avtal med en högskola. I vissa högskolor kan man studera oavsett boendekommun eftersom en del av högskolorna erbjuder studier på nätet.
Det lönar sig att inleda högskolestudierna redan i gymnasiet eftersom studeranden då kan
- studera ett ämne som det egna gymnasiet inte undervisar
- bekanta sig med studier i olika ämnen och hitta en egen bransch
- testa sina förmågor i högskolestudier
- starta studierna i förväg om planerna för framtiden redan är klara.
Många högskolor har kurser som förknippas med hållbar framtid och man kan bekanta sig med dem redan under gymnasiestudierna.
Källor:
Yhteistyö lukioiden ja toisen asteen oppilaitosten kanssa:
https://www.uef.fi/fi/yhteistyo-lukioiden-ja-toisen-asteen-oppilaitosten-kanssa
Opinnot toiselle asteelle: https://www.avoin.jyu.fi/fi/opintotarjonta/opinnot-toiselle-
asteelle/opinnot-toiselle-asteelle
Avoin ammattikorkeakoulu lukiolaisille: https://www.xamk.fi/koulutus/avoin-
amk/avoin-ammattikorkeakoulu-lukiolaisille/
Kurkistuskurssi: https://www.laurea.fi/koulutus/avoin-
ammattikorkeakoulu/Kurkistuskurssit/
Avoin yliopisto: https://www.tuni.fi/fi/tule-opiskelemaan/avoimet-
korkeakouluopinnot/avoin-yliopisto
Toinen aste: https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/tutkinnot-ja-opiskelu/avoin-amk/toinenaste/
Avoimen yliopiston opintotarjonta toisen asteen opiskelijoille:
https://www.oulu.fi/fi/joy/avoin-yliopisto/avoimen-yliop i ston -o p i nto tarj onta - to i se n - asteen-opiskelijoille
Maistiaiskurssit: https://karelia.fi/maistiaiskurssit/
Internationalitet och högskolor
Internationalisering har upptäckts ge gymnasisten en mångsidigare upplevelsevärld, vidga hens världsbild och stärka hens färdigheter att agera på ett hållbart sätt i en globaliserad värld full av utmaningar och möjligheter. Internationalisering som en del av dina studier utvidgar dina kunskaper. Språkkunskaperna uppskattas i högskolorna eftersom studierna delvis eller helt kan avläggas på engelska. Även arbetsgivarna uppskattar mångsidiga språkkunskaper och agerande som en del av en mångkulturell arbetsgemenskap.
Högskolorna erbjuder många möjligheter till internationalisering. I högskolan kan du till exempel avlägga studier eller en obligatorisk praktik utomlands. Mångsidiga studier ger ett betydligt mervärde för examen. Högskolestudierna måste inte bara avläggas i Finland, utan du kan också självständigt gå och studera utomlands antingen enskilda kurser eller hela examen. När du planerar att gå och studera utomlands, är det bra reservera mycket tid för att jämföra alternativen och ta reda på saker och ting. I utlandet finns det en mängd olika kurser från språkkurser till kurser som enskilda universitet erbjuder. En del kan du även studera på nätet.
Högskolorna har många internationella studerande som antingen har ett utbyte i Finland eller som har kommit till Finland för att avlägga hela examen.
Källor:
Grunderna for gymnasiets läroplan 2019:
https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/grunderna_for_gymnasiets_laroplan_ 2019.pdf s. 26
Studier: https://www.maailmalle.net/sv/studier
Examenssturier: https://www.maailmalle.net/sv/examensstudier
Erasmus+
Det populäraste sättet för studentutbyte i ett annat europeiskt land är programmet Erasmus+. Det är Europeiska unionens utbildnings-, ungdoms- och idrottsprogram som finansierar det europeiska samarbetet inom dessa områden. Programmet stöder högskolornas samarbete och rörlighet i Europa. Deltagandet i programmet har konstaterats utveckla deltagarnas språkkunskaper, kunnande inom sitt område och färdigheter i ett internationaliserat arbetsliv. Erasmus är en lätt kanal för studentutbyte eller arbetspraktik i Europa.
Studentutbytet Erasmus+ pågår i 3–12 månader. Du kan åka på studentutbyte en gång under studierna, men du kan dessutom åka på en praktik via Erasmus+. Länderna inom Europeiska unionen och inom det Europeiska ekonomiska samarbetsområdet kan delta i alla Erasmus+-program. Dessutom finns det partnerländer som kan delta i program om kriterierna och villkoren för dem uppfylls.
Hur kommer jag in i Erasmus+-programmet?
Personen som deltar i Erasmus+-programmet ska vara inskriven i en högskola och studera i en utbildning som leder till examen. Om du studerar för lägre högskoleexamen, ska du studera för andra året för att gå till Erasmus+-utbyte.
Studerandens egen läroinrättning och den mottagande läroinrättningen ska ha ett högskoleavtal så att Erasmus+-utbytet är möjligt.
Kostnader?
Du kan få Erasmus+-stöd för att finansiera rese- och levnadskostnaderna. Erasmus+-studerandena behöver inte betala några avgifter till den mottagande läroinrättningen för undervisning, inskrivning och tentor eller för att använda laboratorier och bibliotek. Små avgifter för försäkringar eller medlemskap i elevkåren kan tas ut.
Praktikant kan få Erasmus+-stöd för res- och levnadskostnaderna samt extra stöd för praktiken. Stödbeloppet varierar enligt skillnaderna i levnadskostnaderna i avgångsoch mottagarlandet, antalet personer som ansöker om stöd, avståndet mellan länderna och tillgången till övriga stöd. Praktiken ska också stöda studerandens examensspecifika kunskapsmål och i mån av möjlighet ingå i hens studieprogram.
De flesta utbytesuniversiteten ordnar en bostads för Erasmus+-studerande till exempel i högskolans egen studentboende förutsatt att studeranden i tillräckligt god tid har ansökt om bostad. Studentbostädernas storlek och nivå varierar. Studeranden kan också själv ansöka om bostad.
Språk?
I Erasmus+-utbytet kan studierna ofta avläggas på engelska. Ibland kräver det mottagande universitet dock att studeranden som åker på utbyte kan studera på mottagarlandets språk, och därför skickas de studerande som inte har studerat mottagarlandets språk i regel inte på utbyte.
Källor:
Erasmus+: https://www.opiskeleulkomailla.fi/erasmus-4518
Länder som får delta: https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/sv/programme- gui d e/part -
a/eligible-countries
Studera utomlands: https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/sv/vad-kan-jag-gora/for- enskilda-deltagare/students/studera-utomlands
Studier utomlands intresserar
Om du ännu inte är säker på vad och var du skulle vilja studera, ger Maailmalle.net goda tips för att få ordning på dina tankar till exempel med hjälp av följande frågor:
- Varför vill du studera utomlands?
- Var vill du studera?
- Vilka studieområden intresserar dig?
- På vilken nivå vill du avlägga en examen?
- På vilka språk är du beredd på att studera?
- Är högskolans rykte viktigt för dig?
- Hur finansierar du dina studier?
På webbplatsen hittar du även fler tips som du bör beakta innan du söker dig till studier utomlands.
Källor:
Studier: https://www.maailmalle.net/sv/studier
Examensstudier: https://www.maailmalle.net/sv/examensstudier
Video på högskolor
Vi intervjuade några högskolestuderande. Se videorna och bekanta dig med tre olika högskolestuderande.
Video Högskolestuderandenas intervjuer: https://youtu.be/sLMaelAyf5k
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International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
The Effects of Interest Rate on Financial Performance of Micro Enterprises: A Case Study of Makutano Township in West Pokot County
Stephen A. Mnang'at 1 , Prof. G. Namusonge (Ph.D) 2 , Evans B. Oteki 3
1 Masters, Business Administration, 2 Senior, 3 PhD scholar, Jomo kenyatta university of agriculture and technology
Abstract: The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine the effect of risk free rate on micro enterprises in Makutano Township in West Pokot County. The study employed a survey research design to select micro enterprises in West Pokot County. The study targeted 5 micro enterprises in West Pokot County which comprised of 10 micro enterprise managers and 108 employees. Hence, the target population of the study comprised of a total of 118 respondents.The study used census sampling as the study population thus the sample size of the study was 102 of the respondents. The study used questionnaires and interview schedule to gather the relevant information under the area of the study and data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study results revealed that there was a significant relationship between risk free rate and financial performance (p=0.000). The study recommended that government should empower the SMEs to access and get credits from the commercial banks through formal and informal entrepreneurship education for SMEs to develop their managerial capabilities, accounting skills and overall, be more credit worthy.
Keywords: Expected inflation, interest rate, maturity premium, micro enterprise.
1. INTRODUCTION
Kimutai (2013) expresses interest rate as the price one pays for using borrowed money or loans. In monetary economies money creates claims because it is an asset, store of value as well as a medium of exchange. Therefore those who lend money expect to be compensated for handing over their claims for the period of the loans to those who borrow money. This interest rate also covers the expose to credit risk by lenders. Therefore interest rate can be defined as the price lenders expect (and borrowers pay) for exchanging current claims for greater future claims to goods and services. Interest rates represent the cost of money. Ingram (2011) states that interest rates are important because they control the flow of money in the economy. High interest rates curb inflation but also slow down the economy. Low interest rates stimulate the economy, but could lead to inflation. When interest rates are high, people do not want to take loans out from the bank because it is more difficult to pay the loans back, and the number of purchase of real assets goes down. The opposite is also true. The effects of a lower interest rate on the economy are very beneficial for the consumer. Micro enterprises being small businesses that may employ nine people or fewer, and having a balance sheet or turnover less than a certain amount (Accion,2011). Microenterprises typically have little to no access to the commercial banking sector; they often rely on micro-loans or microcredit in order to be financed. Microfinance institutions often finance these small loans, particularly in the Third World. The financial institutions in question usually place an interest rate on loans that may allow the small enterprises to access the loans with ease and at an appropriate time frame and allow them to have sufficient time frame to repay the loan (Kelvin, 2010). In Africa, access to loans and credit facilities has been a major problem for a large portion
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com of South African society (Aryeetey, 2015). The problem is most significant amongst the disadvantaged and especially in rural areas where the majority of people don't have access to formal banking services due to lack of collateral. The lack of physical access to banking facilities and the unattractiveness of this large section of society to the banking sector have contributed to millions of unbanked and under-banked South Africans (Wood,2009). Access to credit allows financial leverage and financial leverage creates wealth (Levine,2012). The emergence of the micro lending industry in South Africa can be ascribed to a 2012amendment of the Usury Act that exempted loans of less than R6000 from its provisions. This was designed to open up the market for servicing small borrowers. The micro lenders are opening shops everywhere and the industry grew from nothing into a multibillion Rand industry between 2012 and 2010. Interest rates are typically a topical and emotional subject in the micro finance industry all over the world. The obvious and emotionally compelling arguments to highly subsidized credit to the world's poor communities can be persuasive, particularly towards the cause of political expediency. Offering cheap credit can often win quick political points for those who champion such approach (AMEDP, 2015). One of the key factors influencing the lack of supply of credit to small enterprises is the nonrecoverability of costs. Charging a rate of interest on credit is the main source of income for many organizations in micro lending industry. It is the only way by which they can recover their costs financial, operating and risk (Aryeetey and Nissanke, 2010). The components of an interest rate in a small loan includes, Cost of capital, Sufficient return to cover the risk of loan loss or bad debt, Operating costs and a profit margin. Given these, the micro-lending institutions can only survive by fully recovering all the costs of the first three components, and grow if they can also receive the third component (Agbelie, 2011). These components were calculated based on information provided by the Micro Finance Regulatory Council (MFRC). The detailed information supplied by the MFRC and the financial statements of institutions also supplied by the MFRC were merged in one database reflecting a sample of 90 institutions drawn from the more than 800 registered institutions as at the endof February 2010(Bevan and Danbolt, 2010). In Kenya, lower rates can make borrowers to be more dependent on donor's money while high rates can lead to higher regulatory scrutiny and attract the worst borrowers (adverse selection). The question around fair rates is therefore key to policymakers and MFIs. Most micro-finance institutions in Kenya charge interest rates that range from between1.8 per cent to 2.5 per cent per month. Others, on the other hand, charge at least 0.5 percent per week (Atieno, 2011). This translates to between 21.6 per cent and 30 per cent per year. The institutions have repayment periods of weekly and monthly depending on the size of the loan, lending rules and how one agrees with other members of the group ran by the micro-finance institution, who jointly act as guarantors of the loan. Loans offered by such institutions do not have grace period, borrowers start servicing the loans as soon as they receive them.
1.1 Problem Statement:
The ability of SME to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring and innovation (Ayyagari et al., 2011). The rate of SMEs failure in developing countries as well as developed countries is alarming 33% to 41% of new SMEs fail within the first five years of their business operation (Thaimuta, 2014). Three out of five SMEs fail within their first three years of operation in Kenya (RoK, 2011). It is therefore widely recognized that 'bank lending gap' exists in the provision of modest amounts of finance to SMEs since all investments need capital. SMEs continue to face constraints caused by many common factors including commercial bank's lending policies. In line with this argument, bank lending has influence on performance of SMEs (Sabana, 2014). In contrary, (Ifeakachukwu 2013) found out that bank lending to the SME sector had insignificant impact on their performance. Most SMEs use credit from the MFls to finance their operations. According to Mwindi (2012), higher amounts of credit granted to SMEs are charged higher levels of interest rates but enable them to meet more of their planned operations. This result in higher profitability to the SMEs hence a positive relationship exists between the interest rates charged by MFls and the profits of the SMEs mainly because of the amount of credit associated with these high interest rates. It is therefore evident that the above mentioned local studies have focused more on the impact of microfinance on growth and performance of SMEs in Kenya. This study examined and evaluated on the effect of interest rate on micro enterprises and make necessary recommendations based on the findings of the study.
1.2 General Objective:
The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of interest rate on micro enterprises in in Makutano Township, West Pokot County.
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
1.3 Specific Objective:
To examine the effect of risk free rate on financial performance of micro enterprises in Makutano Township, West Pokot County.
1.4 Research Question
1. What is the effect of risk free rate on financial performance of micro enterprises in Makutano Township, West Pokot County?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between risk free rate and financial performance of micro enterprises in Makutano Township, West Pokot County.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Review:
2.1.1 Classical Theory of Interest Rates:
The classical theory of interest rates applies the classical theory of economics to determining interest rates. It defines the interest rate as the element that equates savings to investment. The theory compares the supply of savings with the demand for borrowing. Using supply and demand curves the equilibrium rate is calculated by determining the curves intersection point. Thus if savings are greater than investments the interest rate drops until they reach equilibrium and vice versa, if savings are less than investment the interest rate increases until the reward for savings encourages increased savings rates causing the market to again reach equilibrium (Gorder 2009).
Other proponents of the classical theory of interest rates look at it differently. Marshal argues that interest rate is the price paid for the use of capital and that it is determined by the intersection of aggregate demand and supply of capital. According Keynes, interest rates definitely influences the marginal propensity to save. He concludes that the rate of interest should be at a point where the demand curve for capital at different rates intersects the savings curve at a fixed income level. However the classical theory of interest rates fails to account for factors besides supply and demand that may affect interest rates such as the creation of funds, the importance of income and wealth and changes in the primary borrowers in an economy.
2.1.2 Interest Rate Parity Theory:
Interest Rate Parity (IPR) theory is used to analyse the relationship between at the spot rate and a corresponding forward (future) rate of currencies. The IPR theory states interest rate differentials between two different currencies will be reflected in the premium or discount forthe forward exchange rate on the foreign currency if there is no arbitrage the activity of buying shares or currency in one financial market and selling it at a profit in another. The theory further states size of the forward premium or discount on a foreign currency should be equal to the interest rate differentials between the countries in comparison (Bleaney, andFielding, 2012).
The theory of interest rate parity, relates the difference between foreign and domestic interest rates with the difference in spot and future exchange rates. This parity condition states tha tthe domestic interest rate should equal the foreign interest rate plus the expected change of the exchange rates. If investors are risk-neutral and have rational expectations, the future exchange rate should perfectly adjust given the present interest-rate differential. For example, if the differential between one-year dollar and pound interest rates is five percent with thepound being higher, risk neutral, rational investors would expect the pound to depreciate byfive percent over one year thereby equalizing the returns on dollar and pound deposits. If theexchange rate did not adjust, then arbitrage opportunities would exist. Consequently, thecurrent forward rate should reflect this interest rate differential as a forward contract locks inthe future exchange rate.
2.2 Conceptual Framework:
Conceptual framework is a figure that indicates the independent and dependent variable of the study. The study ought to investigate the effects of interest rate on micro enterprises: a case study of Makutano Township in west Poko County. The study independent variable has its indicator of risk free rate.
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Independent Variable
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework
Dependent Variable
Interest Rate
Financial Performance
Risk free rate
Financial Performance
2.3 Empirical Review:
2.3.1 Risk free rate and Micro Enterprises:
Micro enterprises is not a new development. Its origin can be traced back to 1976, when Muhammad Yunus set up the Grameen Bank, as experiment, on the outskirts of Chittagong University campus in the village of Jobra, Bangladesh. The aim was to provide collateral free loans to poor people, especially in rural areas, at full-cost interest rates that are repayable in frequent installments. Borrowers were organized into groups and peer pressure among them reduces the risk of default (Khan and Rahaman, 2011). Von (2011) maintains that micro finance came into being from the appreciation that micro entrepreneurs and some poorer clients can be bankable, that is, they can repay both the principal and interest, on time and also make savings, provided financial services are tailored to suit their needs. Ledgerwood (2009), Christen and Rosenberg (2010) perceive the concept of micro finance as the provision of financial and non-financial services by micro finance institutions (MFIs) to low income groups without tangible collateral but whose activities are linked to income generating ventures. These financial services include savings, credit, payment facilities, remittances and insurance. The non-financial services mainly entail training in micro enterprise investment and business skills. Roth, (2012) believes that micro finance encompasses microcredit, micro savings and micro insurance. Webster and Fidler (2015) advocate that in many cases, basic business skill training should accompany the provision of micro loans to improve the capacity of the poor to use funds. Micro enterprise investment training mainly addresses capital investment decisions, general business management and risk management. Capital investment decisions include allocation of the micro enterprise limited capital funds most effectively in order to ensure the best return possible. Therefore, a wrong decision can have long
3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This study employed a survey research design to select micro enterprises in West Pokot County. The study targeted 5 micro enterprises in West Pokot County. The target population for the study was the micro enterprises managers and employees or staff members. The study targeted 10 managers and 108 employees. The target population for the study comprised of a total of 118 respondents. The sample size was 118 respondents which were composed of micro Enterprise Managers. The researcher used questionnaires and interview schedule to gather the relevant information under the area of the study. The data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Qualitative analysis assisted in analysing the interview schedules responses while quantitatively; descriptive statistics were employed in analysing the questionnaire data. The Regression analysis technique was used to determine the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
4. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Effect of risk free rate on financial performance:
The study sought to examine the effect of risk free rate on financial performance of micro enterprises; the study results were as follows;
Table 4.1: Effect of risk free rate on financial performance
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
The study results indicated that 26.5% were undecided that risk free rate allows borrowers to repay both the principal and interest on time and also make savings, 54.9% agreed that risk free rate allows borrowers to repay both the principal and interest on time and also make savings while 18.6% strongly agreed that risk free rate allows borrowers to repay both the principal and interest on time and also make savings The study results indicated that 37.4% were undecided that less risk free rate interest rate on loan may enhance micro enterprises to drop out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans; 53.3 agreed that less risk free rate interest rate on loan may enhance micro enterprises to drop out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans while 9.3% strongly agreed that less risk free rate interest rate on loan may enhance micro enterprises to drop out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans.
The study results also indicated that 18.8% were undecided that SMEs are dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions; 61.3% agreed that SMEs are dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions while 19.9% strongly agreed that SMEs are dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions.
The study findings indicated that 26.5% were undecided that interest rate charged has dire consequences on business operations in the form of high cost of production and prices which slow down business progress; 62.8% agreed that interest rate charged has dire consequences on business operations in the form of high cost of production and prices which slow down business progress while 10.6% strongly agreed that interest rate charged has dire consequences on business operations in the form of high cost of production and prices which slow down business progress.
The study results indicated that 42.7% were undecided that low interest rate charged on credits strategically boost the chances of their business growth; 56.0% agreed that low interest rate charge on credits strategically boost the chances of their business growth while 1.3% strongly agreed that low interest rate charge on credits strategically boost the chances of their business growth.
The study results indicated that 79.4% (mean=3.92) were of the view that risk free rate allows borrowers to repay both the principal and interest on time and also make savings; 74.2% (mean=3.71) were of the view that less risk free rate interest rate on loan may enhance micro enterprises to drop out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans whereas 80.0% (mean=4.01) were of the view that SMEs are dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions; 76.8% (mean=3.84) were of the view that interest rate charged has dire consequences on business operations in the form of high cost of production and prices which slow down business progress while 71.8% (mean=3.59) were of the view that low interest rate charge on credits strategically boost the chances of their business growth.
These study findings indicated that majority of the respondents were of the view that SMEs are dissatisfied with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions.
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
This shows that the loan processing procedure might be too long and even to access the credit takes a much longer period. In this case the money anticipated surpasses the needs of the SMEs due to the duration it takes to get the credit.
These study findings are in line with results by Mochona (2010) who noted that only a few of the women clients reported increased incomes from their micro enterprise activities. It was also noted that dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan. Most present and ex-clients faced major risks in running their businesses and therefore dropped out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans. Although savings were made regularly, majority of the women clients of Gasha Microfinance Institution were unable to build key assets since the savings were dismal.
Table 4.2: Regression Model Analysis
The study results indicated that the regression model was significant at p=0.000 and that 89.6 percent of the data was used to compute the regression model. This implies that the regression model was correctly computed and therefore it was fit for the study.
Table 4.3: Relationship between Study Variables
The regression equation was modelled as follows; Y= ß0 + ß1X1+ e. The regression equation computed was; Y = 0.015 + 0.367 + 0.500 Y (Financial performance) = 0.015 + 0.367 (Risk free rate) The regression equation indicated that term structure was the most important variable to financial performance contributing 50.0 per cent followed by maturity premium which contributed 49.0 per cent to financial performance and risk free rate contributed 36.7% The study results revealed that there was a significant relationship between risk free rate and financial performance (p=0.000); there was a significant relationship between term structure and financial performance (p=0.000).
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings:
The study results indicated that 79.4% (mean=3.92) were of the view that risk free rate allows borrowers to repay both the principal and interest on time and also make savings; 74.2% (mean=3.71) were of the view that less risk free rate interest rate on loan may enhance micro enterprises to drop out of the micro finance program as they were pushed into indebtedness and could not repay the loans whereas 80.0% (mean=4.01) were of the view that SMEs are dissatisfaction with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions.
The study findings indicated that 76.8% (mean=3.84) were of the opinion that high interest rates curb inflation but also slow down the economy whereas low interest rates stimulate the economy thus lead to inflation; 84.4% (mean=4.22) were of the opinion that low inflation is a unique problem for micro enterprises and it remains that bottom interest rates could have the desired effect while 82.4% (mean=4.12) of the respondents were of the opinion that high interest rates lead people not to borrow loans out from the bank because it is more difficult to pay the loans back and thus introducing inflation in the economy.
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (22-29), Month: September - December 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
5.2 Conclusion:
The study concluded that SMEs are dissatisfied with the loan processing procedure and time taken to secure the loan after risk free rate are induced by banks and lending institutions. This shows that the loan processing procedure might be too long and even to access the credit takes a much longer period. In this case the money anticipated surpasses the needs of the SMEs due to the duration it takes to get the credit. The study concluded that low inflation is a unique problem for micro enterprises and it remains that bottom interest rates could have the desired effect.The study concluded that maturity matching between debts on loans with high interest rate plays an important role in deciding the length of the debt maturity. This implies that maturity matching between debt and the life of assets plays an important role in deciding the length of the debt maturity. Short-term debt is positively correlated with firm's growth opportunities. Short-term debt is the best financing tool because it is perceived to be cheaper.
5.3 Recommendations:
The findings of the paper imply that the government should formulate policies that compel commercial banks to relax their restrictive regulations and operations which may discourage borrowing and offer more credit facilities for SMEs. The government should empower the SMEs to access and get credits from the commercial banks through formal and informal entrepreneurship education for SMEs to develop their managerial capabilities, accounting skills and overall, be more credit worthy.
5.4 Areas for further research:
Areas for further research are suggested below: Effect of managerial competence, information availability and other factors that affect the general performance of SMEs.
There is need to research further on the external factors that have an impact on the access to credit by the Small and Medium Enterprises like the adequacy of the financial systems, regional imbalances in the economy among others.
REFERENCES
[1] Accion C. (2011). Mayor Emmanuel Announces Formation of Non-Profit Micro-lending Institute to invest $1 Million in the City's Small Businesses. Retrieved November 5, 2012,
[2] Agbelie, B. (2011). Small firm growth, access to capital markets and financial structure: Review of issues and an empirical investigation, Small Business Economics, Vol.8, pp. 59-67
[3] Aryeetey, E, (2015). Rural Finance in Africa-institutional Development and Access for the Poor, Annual World Bank Conference Report on Development Economics, Washington D.C, 149-73.
[4] Aryeetey, E. & Nassanke, M. (2010). Institutional Analysis of Financial Market Fragmentation in Sub- Saharan Africa-Risk-Cost Configuration Approach, Advance Development Management Program, Series No. 36, Sophia University Institute of Comparative Culture, Japan.
[5] Atieno, R. (2011). Formal and informal institutions‟ lending policies and access to credit by small-scale enterprises in Kenya: An empirical assessment African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, Research Paper 111.
[6] Ayyagari M, Beck T, & Demirguc-Kunt A. (2011). Small and medium enterprises across the globe. Small Business Economics 2011; 29(4): 415-434
[7] Ayyagari M, Demirguc-Kunt, A. & Vojislav M. (2010). How Important Are Financing Constraints? The Role of Finance in the Business Environment. World Bank Policy Research,2010; Working Paper 3820.
[8] Bett, J. K. (2013). Effects of lending interest rates on profitability of savings, credit and cooperative societies in Kenya. Unpublished MBA project. University of Nairobi.
[9] Bevan, A. A., & Danbolt, J. (2010). Dynamics in the Determinants of Capital Structure in the United Kingdom Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow;
[10] Christen RP, Rosenberg R (2010). The Rush to Regulate: Legal Frameworks for Microfinance. Occasional Paper CGAP. Washington DC, CGAP.
[11] Cooper.J.N. (2012). The impact of microfinance services on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Kenya Unpublished MBA Dissertation. University of Nairobi.
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[12] Ehrmann, M.(2010). Firm size and monetary policy transmission: evidence from German business survey data, unpublished working paper 21; European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany.
[13] Field, A. (2015). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2nd Ed. SAGE Publications. London.
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Gertler, M., Gilchrist, S., (2014).Monetary policy, business cycles and the behavior of small manufacturing firms.
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[15] Greenwood, R., (2013). Evidence for a debt financing channel in corporate investment. Unpublished working paper. Harvard Business School, Harvard, MA.
[16] Ifeakachukwu, A.S. (2012). Economic analysis of loan repayment capacity of small-holder cooperative farmers in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. African. Journal of Agricultural Research 2012; 7(13).
[17] Ingram, D. (2011).The Effects of low Interest Rates on the Economy.
[18] Kelvin, K (2010).Small Business Research Summary: An Analysis of Small Business and Jobs. Publication No. 359, 2.
[19] Khan, A.M, & Rahaman, A. M. (2011). Impact of Micro finance on living standards, empowerment and Poverty Alleviation of poor People: A Study on Microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. India.
[20] Kimutai G, (2013). Regulation and supervision of microfinance institutions Occasional Paper, the Microfinance Network.
[21] Kothari, C.R. (2010). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques", 2Ed, Delhi: Wishwarakashan.
[22] Ledgerwood J (2009). Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective, Sustainable Banking with the Poor. Washington DC, World Bank.
[23] Mochona, S. (2010). Impact of Micro finance in Addis Ababa: The case of Gasha Micro Finance Institution. Ethiopia.
[24] Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A. (2013). Research methods; Quantitative and Qualitative approaches; Nairobi, African Center for Technology Studies (ACTS).
[25] Mwindi, A. G. (2012). The relationship between interest rates charged by micro finance institutions and the performance of micro and small enterprises in Nairobi. Unpublished MBA Thesis. University of Nairobi.
[26] Ogula, A. S. (2009). Determinants of Smallholders: Transaction Cost of Procuring Non-Bank Loans inNigeria. Savings and Development: Quarterly Review 2009; 1(XXIII): 95-108
[27] Republic of Kenya (2015) Sessional Paper No.2, Development of micro and small Enterprises. Nairobi.
[28] Roodman, D., (2011). Due Diligence: An Impertinent Inquiry into Microfinance, 19 December 2011, Centre for Global Development.
[29] Roth, J. (2012) Microfinance: Handbook on Development Policy and Management. Gloucester, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd
[30] Sabana, M.B. (2014). Entrepreneur financial literacy, financial access, transaction costs and performance of micro enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2014.
[31] Saunders, A and CornettM. M. (2011).Financial Markets and Institutions: An Introduction to the Risk Management Approach, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill
[32] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2011). Research Methods for Business Students (4thedn).Pearson Education Limited, England.
[33] Thaimuta, J.M & Moronge M. (2012). Factors affecting the performance of matatu paratransit venture in small and medium enterprises in Nairobi County. International Journal of Current Business and Social Sciences 2014; 1(2): 117.
[34] Von PJD (2011). Finance at the Frontier: Debt Capacity and the Role of Credit in the Private Economy. Washington DC, World Bank.
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Selection of a student for Annual Excellence Award: An application of Trapezoidal Fuzzy AHP
Received: 24 October 2022, Revised: 26 November 2022, Accepted: 29 December 2022
M. Tirumala Devi 1 , Sameena Afreen 2 , G. Mahender Reddy 3 , Abdul Majeed 4 and V. Shyam Prasad 5
1,2Department of Mathematics, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org
3Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India email@example.com
4Muffakham Jah college of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India firstname.lastname@example.org
5Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India email@example.com
Key words
Analytical Hierarchy Process, Fuzzy AHP, Extended Extent Analysis Method, Trapezoidal fuzzy number.
Abstract
Performance evaluations and awards have a tremendous impact on attracting, motivating, and maintaining talented students at educational institutions. Using an objective, systematically constructed reward system would be a just and fair approach to distribute awards. This paper aims to present a Fuzzy AHP Extended Extent Analysis Method for selecting a student for the annual excellence award for the academic year 2021–2022. Six criteria and six alternatives were taken into account in this case study. A trapezoidal fuzzy number is used to evaluate the outcomes and order the criteria according to weights when comparing these criteria pairwise. Buckley used trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to indicate the decision-assessment maker's options in relation to each criterion. The results of this study can be used to formally recognize and reward outstanding students. Additionally to increasing system openness, this would motivate students to produce results that the institution cares about. This paper presents the Excellence Award for Students in Educational Institutions using the Analytical Hierarchy Process.
1. Introduction
Numerous sectors, including education, business, management, research, and technology, among others, face Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) difficulties that combine qualitative and quantitative factors. The quantitative MCDM methods are insufficient to account for human decisions, particularly in the fields of capital budgeting decisions, risk analysis, GIS applications, agriculture, water resource management, resource allocation, energy planning, and environmental applications. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy AHP, Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality, Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), and Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) are just a few of the MCDM methods that have been proposed by researchers so far. AHP was widely used in these techniques to solve numerous issues in the actual world. Saaty TL[13] invented AHP, which is used to solve a variety of real-world problems and drew the attention of numerous academics due to its straightforward mathematical features. Authors referred [12] to comprehend decision-making basics and prioritization theory. In this approach, the weights of the decision alternatives are determined by placing the decision criteria in a hierarchical sequence. Numerous Fuzzy AHP techniques were proposed in decision-making. Among these, Chang DY's, Extent analysis method on Fuzzy AHP[3] was well-liked and used to solve many real-world issues by determining the weights of different options. Effective incentive
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programs can boost an organization's performance[15], [6]. Researchers have found that performance based reward system can inspire and is an important instrument to promote students' potentials and talents [5], [11].
In this case study, Vaagdevi Degree College, Warangal has been considered to grant annual excellence award for the selection of a best student— one among the students studying B.ScM.P.C(Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry), M.P.Cs(Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science), M.St.Cs(Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science), M.E.Cs(Mathematics, Electronics, Computer Science), M.C.Cs(Mathematics, Chemistry, Computer Science), M.P.E(Mathematics, Physics, Electronics)as alternatives for the year 2021–2022. For the purpose of awarding this prize, six criteria— academics, sports, co-curricular activities, communication skills, aptitude/reasoning skills and soft skills were identified. Here, a new scale was built utilizing trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and used the FAHP extended analysis approach to calculate weights using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with six criteria and six alternatives while choosing a student for the annual excellence award.
2. Literature Review
The idea of Effective Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior[2] and Influence of performance appraisal fairness and job satisfaction through commitment on job performance[14], is emulated in assessing student's academic performance and commitment. The right evaluation of a student's performance and recognition positively affect his/her performance in academics, co-curricular and extracurricular activities. It is reflected through their academic commitment and in their pursuit of excellence.
AHP is applied for selection of a student in an Engineering college who is eligible for All Round Excellence Award for the year 2004-05 by taking subjective judgments of decision maker in [7], [8]. Authors also reviewed FAHP approach with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers in finding Alternatives for Student Absenteeism in Engineering Colleges[10], to understand usage of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers instead of triangular fuzzy number in Chang extent analysis method on Fuzzy AHP, because trapezoidal fuzzy numbers pose several advantages over triangular fuzzy numbers as they are more generalized form.
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number 𝐴= (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑) is defined
Table 1 describes about Trapezoidal Fuzzy Scale.
Table 1: Trapezoidal Fuzzy Scale
3. Case study
The Vaagdevi Degree College in Warangal offers a Bachelor of Science degree course with about 440 intake of the students in the six programs viz.-M.P.C, M.P.Cs, M.St.Cs, M.E.Cs, M.C.Cs, and M.P.E. for the present paper. The B.Sc. graduating class of this institution for the academic year 2021–2022 was considered as case study. The Vaagdevi Degree College was established in 1993 at Warangal. This is a Co-Educational college affiliated to Kakatiya University.
4. Physical importance of each Criteria
Academics(C1): The student's cumulative grade point average should be consistently higher than 75% throughout the duration of the course.
Sports(C2): A student must compete in sports such as those offered during intra-college or inter-college competitions and win prizes.
Co-Curricular activities(C3): A student must take part in co-curricular activities such as paper presentations, debates, group discussions, quizzes,
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etc., whether they are inter-college or intra-college, and they must place well in order to receive rewards.
Communication skills(C4): To improve their communication abilities, students must take part in competitions and compete for awards.
Aptitude/Reasoning skills(C5): To improve their aptitude and thinking abilities, students must take part in several competitions and compete for awards.
Soft skills(C6): In order to develop their soft skills, students must take part in competitions and compete for awards.
5. Physical importance of each Alternative
The graduating class of B.Sc. students of Vaagdevi degree college, with the six specializations in 2021– 2022 was considered.
M.P.C(Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry)(A1): B.Sc M.P.C is a highly sought-after and prestigious degree program offered at the graduate level and is the undergraduate degree of choice for scientific students. In addition to the physical sciences and engineering, mathematics also has a wide range of applications in the social, management, and life sciences.
M.P.Cs(Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science)(A2): One of the most well-liked programs in the IT industry is B.Sc M.P.Cs. A student's career may advance if he/she works in this area. As the business and demand expand, there are numerous job opportunities in India and overseas in this steadily expanding profession.
M.St.Cs(Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science)(A3): The aim of this course are made to guarantee that it achieves its goal of teaching students a broad foundation in a variety of mathematics and computing science while avoiding overspecialization and giving them a good range of possibilities. (i) (ii)
development of logical models and tools that may be utilized to solve a variety of real-world situations.
M.C.Cs(Mathematics, Chemistry, Computer Science)(A5): B.Sc, M.C.Cs is fundamentally altering the way we perceive the world by creating new applications in science, engineering, and business. Students who complete this program will be prepared to make a contribution to this fascinating profession that is rapidly changing.
M.P.E(Mathematics, Physics, Electronics)(A6): A three year undergraduate program B.Sc M.P.E concentrates on the study of communications, Analog electronics, electromagnetic, engineering materials, and mathematics. This program tries to educate viewers on the various devices' functions and intended uses.
6. Methodology
Triangular Fuzzy Numbers were developed by Laarhoven and Pedrycz[9] in Fuzzy AHP. Extent Analysis method on Fuzzy AHP was proposed by Chang DY[3]. This approach was used in a variety of real-world situations. Triangular Fuzzy Numbers were used in this manner to reflect the opinions of experts. A system was devised to express the opinions of the experts as Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers since Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers were a more general form when compared to Triangular Fuzzy Numbers.
According to Abhinav Bansal[1], the arithmetic operators for trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are:
Let 𝑀 ̃ 1 = (𝑒1, 𝑓 1, 𝑔1, ℎ1 ) and 𝑀 ̃ 2 = (𝑒2, 𝑓 2, 𝑔2, ℎ2 ) be two trapezoidal fuzzy numbers then
M.E.Cs(Mathematics, Electronics and Computer Science)(A4): As part of the course's primary goal, students will learn numerous concepts that aid in the (iii)
6.1 Extended Extent Analysis Method:
The matrix for each level of hierarchy is
This represents the judgments for the alternatives and criteria.
First Step: Fuzzy synthetic extent value with respect to i th object is defined as
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------- (1)
To obtain 𝑅𝑆𝑖 , perform the fuzzy addition operation of 𝑛 extent analysis values for a particular matrix such that
Second Step: As 𝑀 ̃ 1 = (𝑒1, 𝑓 1, 𝑔1, ℎ1 ) and 𝑀 ̃ 2 = (𝑒2, 𝑓 2, 𝑔2, ℎ2 ) are the two trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, the possible degree of 𝑀 ̃ 2 = (𝑒2, 𝑓 2, 𝑔2, ℎ2) ≥ 𝑀 ̃ 1 = (𝑒1, 𝑓 1, 𝑔1, ℎ1 ) is defined as
Figure 1 explains the intersection between two trapezoidal fuzzy numbers 𝑀 ̃ 1 and 𝑀 ̃ 2 .
Figure 1: Intersection between 𝑀 ̃ 2 and 𝑀 ̃ 1 Third Step: A possible degree for convex fuzzy numbers is defined by
𝑑
′
(𝐴
2
)
𝑑
′
(𝐴
𝑛
)
𝑛
∑
𝑑
′
(𝐴
𝑖
)
, … . . , 𝑑(𝐴
) =
Here W is a non-
𝑖=1
fuzzy number.
7. Results
Table 2 displays the combined pair wise comparison matrix of all the expert opinions. In the pair wise comparison, this demonstrates the criteria that are more dominant than the others. The consolidated pair wise comparison matrix was used to generate the criteria weights, which are shown in Table 3. The relative importance of each criterion in respect to the others is shown by these criteria weights. Table 3 also shows the ranking of the criterion based on the criteria weights. Table 4 to Table 7 shows weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 3 to Criteria 6 respectively. Table 8 shows weights of all Criteria.
Notations: n=size of the matrix=6, Consistency Index=CI = λ max −n n−1 where 𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the largest eigen value of the matrix of size n, RI= Ratio Index=1.24
for 6X6 matrix, Consistency Ratio=
CR =
CI
RI.
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981–988
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛
∑
𝑑
′
(𝐴
𝑖
)
.
Table 3: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 2
λ
max
= 6.395 ,
CI = 0.079, RI = 1.24, CR
= 0.0637
Table 2: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 1
𝜆
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 6.279, 𝐶𝐼= 0.0558 ,
𝑅𝐼= 1.24, 𝐶𝑅= 0.045
𝜆
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 6.577, 𝐶𝐼= 0.1154, 𝑅𝐼= 1.24, 𝐶𝑅
= 0.09306
Table 4: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 3
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𝜆
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 6.10205 , 𝐶𝐼= 0.02041, 𝑅𝐼= 1.24, 𝐶𝑅
= 0.01645
Table5
: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 4
𝜆
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 6.058, 𝐶𝐼= 0.0116 , 𝑅𝐼= 1.24, 𝐶𝑅
= 0.0093
Table6
: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 5
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Table7: Fuzzy options showing weights of alternatives with respect to Criteria 6
Table 8: Fuzzy options showing weights of all Criteria
Table 9: Ranking of Alternatives
8. Conclusion
This study applies AHP to a multi-criteria decisionmaking problem with the goal of prioritizing the requirements for a system of student annual excellence awards. It initially established several criteria that might be used to gauge student achievement, and it then used AHP to order the criteria based on the opinions of experts. The findings of this study can be utilized to formally identify and honor exceptional students. This would not only increase system transparency but would also encourage students to reach the outcomes that the institution sets for them. The AHP application described in this study could be made available to other institutions for comparable purposes. The criteria and their priority weights may change, but the approach will remain the same.
The outcomes from AHP show that the criteria(consistency ratio<0.1) are prioritized with consistency of judgment. Consistency in judgment proves the soundness of the judgment's priority[4]. As a result, the suggested priority weights and ranking from this study can be regarded as accurate and reliable for evaluating the institution's annual excellence awards. B.Sc M.St.Cs is the most crucial criterion for the yearly excellence award, according to the ordering of the criteria weights.
9. Acknowledgment
The management of Vaagdevi Degree College, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Anurag University and Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus are gratefully acknowledged by the authors for their active engagement in facilitating this work.
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References
[1] Abhinav Bansal, Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (a, b, c, d): Arithmetic Behavior, International Journal of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. 2011; (2): 39-44.
[2] Ajlouni WME, Kaur G, Alomari SA, Effective Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Using Fuzzy Logic to Obtain the Optimal Relationship, Quality Management in Healthcare. 2021; 30(1): 13-20.
[3] Chang DY, Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP, European Journal of Operational Research. 1996; 95(3): 649-655.
[4] Dubois D, Prade H, The use of Fuzzy Numbers in Decision Analysis, Fuzzy information and Decision Process. 1982: 309-321.
[5] Ismail A, Ridwan M, Abd Razak, Performancebased reward administration as an antecedent of job satisfaction: A case study of Malaysia's fire and rescue agencies, Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2016; 12(7): 107118.
[6] Kafabih F, Budiyanto U, Determination of Annual Employee Salary Increase and Best Employee Reward Using the Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method, 8 th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT). 2020:1-5.
[7] Kousalya P, Mahender Reddy G, Selection of a student for All Round Excellence Award using fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS methods. 2011; 1(4): 1993-2002.
[8] Kousalya P, Mahender Reddy G, Supraja S, Shyam Prasad V, Analytical Hierarchy Process approach-An application of engineering education, Mathematica Aeterna. 2013; 2(10): 861-878.
[9] Laarhoven PJM, Pedrycz W, A fuzzy extension of Saaty's priority theory, Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 1983; 11(1-3): 229-241.
[10] Mahender Reddy G, Kousalya P, FAHP approach with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers in Finding Alternatives for Student Absenteeism in Engineering Colleges-A Comparative Study, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2015; 11(2): 70-75.
[11] Rai A, Ghosh P, Chauhan R, Singh R, Improving in-role and extra-role performances with rewards and recognition: Does engagement mediate the process?, Management Research Review. 2018; 41(9): 902-919.
[12] Saaty TL, Fundamentals of Decision Making and Priority Theory, 2 nd Ed., Pittsburgh, PA: RWS Publications. 2000.
[13] Saaty TL, The analytic hierarchy process, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1980.
[14] Setiawati T, Ariani ID, Influence of Performance Appraisal Fairness and Job Satisfaction through Commitment on Job Performance, Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research. 2020; 9(3): 133-151.
[15] Wang YM, Elhag TMS, On the normalization of interval and fuzzy weights, Fuzzy sets and systems. 2006; 157(18): 2456–2471.
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Fwd: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
Date:
Tuesday, July 7, 2020 12:04:25 PM
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Amy Beinart| Legislative Aide/Chief of Staff Office of Supervisor Hillary Ronen 415.554.7739 | firstname.lastname@example.org https://sfbos.org/supervisor-ronen-district-9
From: Strang, Carlyn <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, July 7, 2020 11:57:39 AM
To: Breed, Mayor London (MYR) <firstname.lastname@example.org>; BOS-Supervisors <bos-
email@example.com>; BOS-Legislative Aides <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Subject: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
Hello,
I am writing in support of Supervisors Haney, Ronen, Walton, Preston, and Mar's Charter Amendment that would finally address the state of our streets and to create oversight commissions for the Department of Public Works and the new Department of Sanitation and Streets.
San Francisco is one of the only major cities in Americawithouta Department of Sanitation.
Especially during the time of COVID-19 and heightened fears about the spread of infectious disease, creating a new Department of Sanitation and Streets is common sense: it is a solution to keep our city clean with data-driven decision making and real accountability and oversight. The new department will be dedicated to making sure our streets and sidewalks are cleaned, that we have trash cans for litter, and that we have public bathrooms available for people to use.
The Department of Sanitation and Streets will make a huge impact on our streets and the quality of life for all San Franciscans. While our streets continue to get more dirty, the current department tasked with street cleaning has been full of fraud and corruption. We need oversight and we need it now.
Please support Supervisor Haney's charter amendment. Our city needs this change now!
Thank you.
Fwd: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
Date:
Tuesday, July 7, 2020 12:08:07 PM
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Amy Beinart| Legislative Aide/Chief of Staff Office of Supervisor Hillary Ronen 415.554.7739 | email@example.com https://sfbos.org/supervisor-ronen-district-9
From: Saad, Nabil <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Sent: Tuesday, July 7, 2020 11:48:50 AM
To: Breed, Mayor London (MYR) <email@example.com>; BOS-Supervisors <bos-
firstname.lastname@example.org>; BOS-Legislative Aides <email@example.com>
Subject: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over
Departments!
This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
Hello!
I am writing in support of Supervisors Haney, Ronen, Walton, Preston, and Mar's Charter Amendment that would finally address the state of our streets and to create oversight commissions for the Department of Public Works and the new Department of Sanitation and Streets.
San Francisco is one of the only major cities in America without a Department of Sanitation.
Especially during the time of COVID-19 and heightened fears about the spread of infectious disease, creating a new Department of Sanitation and Streets is common sense: it is a solution to keep our city clean with data-driven decision making and real accountability and oversight. The new department will be dedicated to making sure our streets and sidewalks are cleaned, that we have trash cans for litter, and that we have public bathrooms available for people to use.
The Department of Sanitation and Streets will make a huge impact on our streets and the quality of life for all San Franciscans. While our streets continue to become dirtier, the current department tasked with street cleaning has been full of fraud and corruption. We need oversight and we need it now.
Please support Supervisor Haney's charter amendment. Our city needs this change now!
Best Wishes, Nabil Saad Davidson '21, Poli-Sci Major Presidential Scholar Sp '18 ΑΦΑ
Fwd: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
Date:
Tuesday, July 7, 2020 2:41:34 PM
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Amy Beinart| Legislative Aide/Chief of Staff Office of Supervisor Hillary Ronen 415.554.7739 | firstname.lastname@example.org https://sfbos.org/supervisor-ronen-district-9
From: Agree, Ava <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, July 7, 2020 2:19:26 PM
To: Breed, Mayor London (MYR) <firstname.lastname@example.org>; BOS-Supervisors <bos-
email@example.com>; BOS-Legislative Aides <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Subject: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over
Departments!
This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
Hello,
I am writing in support of Supervisors Haney, Ronen, Walton, Preston, and Mar's Charter Amendment that would finally address the state of our streets and to create oversight commissions for the Department of Public Works and the new Department of Sanitation and Streets.
San Francisco is one of the only major cities in Americawithouta Department of Sanitation.
Especially during the time of COVID-19 and heightened fears about the spread of infectious disease, creating a new Department of Sanitation and Streets is common sense: it is a solution to keep our city clean with data-driven decision making and real accountability and oversight. The new department will be dedicated to making sure our streets and sidewalks are cleaned, that we have trash cans for litter, and that we have public bathrooms available for people to use.
The Department of Sanitation and Streets will make a huge impact on our streets and the quality of life for all San Franciscans. While our streets continue to get more dirty, the current department tasked with street cleaning has been full of fraud and corruption. We need oversight and we need it now.
Please support Supervisor Haney's charter amendment. Our city needs this change now!
Thank you,
Ava Agree JD Candidate, May 2021 UC Hastings, College of the Law email@example.com (973) 479-5819
FW: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
Date:
Tuesday, July 7, 2020 3:33:28 PM
<<<<<<>>>>>>
Amy Beinart| Legislative Aide/Chief of Staff
Office of Supervisor Hillary Ronen
firstname.lastname@example.org https://sfbos.org/supervisor-ronen-district-9
From: Krea Gomez <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, July 7, 2020 3:28 PM
To: Breed, Mayor London (MYR) <firstname.lastname@example.org>; BOS-Supervisors <bos-
email@example.com>; BOS-Legislative Aides <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Subject: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
Greetings Mayor Breed and Board of Supervisors
I am writing in support of Supervisors Haney, Ronen, Walton, Preston, and Mar's Charter Amendment that would finally address the conditions of our streets and to create a much needed oversight commissions for the Department of Public Works and the new Department of Sanitation and Streets.
San Francisco is one of the only major cities in America without a Department of Sanitation. A fact that both astounds me and that makes so much sense considering the condition our city has been in.
With us on the beginning of a statewide second wave of COVID-19 and increasing concerns about the spread of infectious disease, creating a new Department of Sanitation and Streets is necessary now more than ever and is just plain good old common sense: it is a solution to keep our city clean with data-driven decision making and real accountability and oversight. The new department will be dedicated to making sure our streets and sidewalks are cleaned, that we have trash cans for litter, and that we have public bathrooms available for people to use.
The Department of Sanitation and Streets will make a huge impact on our streets and the quality of life for all San Franciscans. While our streets continue to get more dirty, the current department tasked with street cleaning has been full of fraud and corruption. We need oversight and we need it now.
Please support Supervisor Haney's charter amendment. Our city needs this change now!
--
In Community,
Krea Gomez, Education Director
Pronouns: she/her/they/them
Cell: 510-953-8358
The Young Women's Freedom Center 832 Folsom Street, Suite 700 San Francisco, CA 94107
Office: 415-703-8800
FW: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments! Tuesday, July 7, 2020 3:50:54 PM
Date:
Hi, Victor, are you receiving these when they go to email@example.com? Is there a best way to get them to the public record?
<<<<<<>>>>>>
Amy Beinart| Legislative Aide/Chief of Staff
Office of Supervisor Hillary Ronen
415.554.7739|
firstname.lastname@example.org https://sfbos.org/supervisor-ronen-district-9
From: Anne De Ocampo <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, July 7, 2020 3:49 PM
To: Breed, Mayor London (MYR) <firstname.lastname@example.org>; BOS-Supervisors <bos-
email@example.com>; BOS-Legislative Aides <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Subject: San Francisco Needs a Department of Sanitation and Streets and Oversight Over Departments!
This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
Hello,
I am writing in support of Supervisors Haney, Ronen, Walton, Preston, and Mar's Charter Amendment that would finally address the state of our streets and to create oversight commissions for the Department of Public Works and the new Department of Sanitation and Streets.
San Francisco is one of the only major cities in America without a Department of Sanitation.
Especially during the time of COVID-19 and heightened fears about the spread of infectious disease, creating a new Department of Sanitation and Streets is common sense: it is a solution to keep our city clean with datadriven decision making and real accountability and oversight. The new department will be dedicated to making sure our streets and sidewalks are cleaned, that we have trash cans for litter, and that we have public bathrooms available for people to use.
The Department of Sanitation and Streets will make a huge impact on our streets and the quality of life for all San Franciscans. While our streets continue to get more dirty, the current department tasked with street cleaning has been full of fraud and corruption. We need oversight and we need it now.
Please support Supervisor Haney's charter amendment. Our city needs this change now!
Thank you, Anne De Ocampo
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COMMUNIQUÉ / ANNOUNCEMENT
Jacques Montagne (1925-2016)
P.-H. Benamou
© Lavoisier SAS 2017
Le Docteur Jacques Montagne, radiologue, est décédé à Antibes le 19 décembre 2016.
Par voie testamentaire, il a souhaité que l'on ne fasse pas d'in memoriam, mais seulement un rappel de ses titres :
Président d'honneur de la SFMCP, 156, avenue J.-F. Kennedy, F-
92160 Antony, France
e-mail : firstname.lastname@example.org
Médaille d'argent de la ville de Paris pour sa thèse de médecine et son diplôme de radiologie
Docteur ès science en géologie (Paris Sorbonne)
Diplôme de l'Institut Pasteur de Paris pour ses recherches en microbiologie du sol
Fondateur avec Jean Lelièvre du Collège International de Podologie (CIP) en 1959. Il en sera le Président de 1990 à 1993
Fondateur avec Paul Galmiche de la Société Française de Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied (SFMCP), dont il sera Secrétaire Général de 1998 à 2000
Avec une infinie tristesse, la Société Française de Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied adresse toutes ses condoléances à Laurence Ollivier, à ses enfants Catherine, Éric, Jean-Marc, ainsi qu'à ses petits-enfants.
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FÖLDES NAGYKÖZSÉG POLGÁRMESTERE
4177
FÖLDES
, Karácsony Sándor tér 5.
: (54) 531 – 000
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Iktatószám: F/2015-2/2022.
BESZÁMOLÓ
– a Képviselő-testülethez –
a Földes Önkéntes Tűzoltó Egyesület 2021. évben végzett munkájáról II.
Előterjesztő: Jeneiné dr. Egri Izabella polgármester
Készítette: Matkó Mária az egyesület elnöke
KÉPVISELŐ-TESTÜLET FÖLDES, 2022. JÚNIUS 30.
19.
FÖLDES NAGYKÖZSÉG ÖNKORMÁNYZATA KÉPVISELŐ-TESTÜLETÉNEK …./2022. (VI.30.)
HATÁROZAT-TERVEZETE
a Földes Önkéntes Tűzoltó Egyesület 2021. évben végzett munkájáról II.
A Képviselő-testület
a Földes Önkéntes Tűzoltó Egyesület 2021. évben végzett munkájáról szóló beszámolót a határozat melléklete szerint e l f o g a d j a .
Felhatalmazzaa polgármestert, hogy a Képviselő-testület döntéséről tájékoztassa az illetékest.
Határidő:
azonnal
Felelős: Jeneiné Dr. Egri Izabella polgármester
Földes, 2022. június 30.
Jeneiné Dr. Egri Izabella polgármester
Dr. Polgárné dr. Katona Gabriella jegyző
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"Cadenas de valor competitivas"
Bases para presentar propuestas de proyectos para el fortalecimiento de la competitividad y sostenibilidad de las cadenas de valor priorizadas en el marco del Programa SeCompetitivo
Modalidad: Convocatoria Abierta Fase III del Programa SeCompetitivo
Noviembre, 2023
1
Contenido
2
1 Introducción
Después de un crecimiento excepcional de la economía peruana de 2004 a 2013 (6,4% anual en promedio), el país ha experimentado una desaceleración en su crecimiento económico y reducción de la pobreza (3% en promedio entre 2014 y 2019). En 2020, la pandemia causada por la COVID 19 afectó a tal punto que provocó una caída del PBI del 11% y un aumento de la pobreza que alcanzó el 30%, aproximadamente 10 puntos porcentuales por encima del nivel de 2019. Sin embargo, el Perú se recuperó en 2021 con un 13,3% de crecimiento del PIB, liderado por los sectores de manufactura, construcción y servicios.
Si bien en el 2022, el crecimiento anual alcanzó un 2.7%, sostenido por el consumo privado y las exportaciones, en medio de una aguda situación en el aspecto social y los rezagos de la pandemia, el crecimiento positivo del PBI esperado en los próximos años (2,5% en promedio en 2022-2025), esto no es suficiente para reducir significativamente la pobreza. La recuperación a largo plazo de la economía y la aceleración de la reducción de la pobreza requieren un aumento de la competitividad y, por lo tanto, de la productividad 1 . Entre 1950 y 2015, mientras que Perú creció 3.9% en promedio por año, el crecimiento de la productividad fue cercano al 0%, lo que resultó en una productividad laboral actual de alrededor de 1/5 en comparación con las economías desarrolladas 2 .
En este contexto, el Programa SeCompetitivo es una iniciativa de la Cooperación Suiza – SECO que busca apoyar al Perú en la mejora de la competitividad del sector privado, contribuyendo así al desarrollo económico sostenible y la reducción de la pobreza. El programa se ejecuta en colaboración con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas – MEF, a través de la su Viceministerio de Economía – VME y la Secretaría Técnica del Consejo Nacional de Competitividad y Formalización – CNCF, como Contraparte Nacional, y cuenta con HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, en el rol de Facilitador Nacional. El Comité Estratégico (CE) es la máxima instancia de gobernanza del Programa SeCompetitivo 3 .
Asimismo, la tercera fase del Programa, la cual inició el 01 de julio de 2023 y tendrá una duración de 48 meses, se enfocará en las siguientes áreas estratégicas:
I. Desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible para el acceso a mercados: buscamos mejorar la productividad, calidad y capacidad de innovación de las cadenas de valor priorizadas; fomentar bienes y servicios de mayor valor agregado; y apoyar la integración de empresas y organizaciones a mercados competitivos.
II. Mejora del clima de negocios, la facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento: se tiene por finalidad simplificar trámites para impulsar la formalización; promover el acceso a servicios financieros; facilitar y reducir el costo del comercio transfronterizo.
1 La competitividad es un concepto multidimensional en el que la productividad es un elemento importante. Por lo tanto, aumentar la productividad de un país es primordial para aumentar su competitividad.
2 Céspedes, N; P. Lavado y N. Ramírez (2016). Productividad en Perú: Medición, determinantes e implicaciones. 1ª ed. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico.
3 El Comité Estratégico está integrado por representantes de SECO, el Viceministerio de Economía (VME) y el Consejo Nacional de Competitividad y Formalización (CNCF) del Ministerio de Economía y Finanza (MEF), la Agencia Peruana de Cooperación Internacional (APCI),
EL Consejo Privado de Competitividad CPC) en representación del sector privado, la Cámara de Comercio de La Libertad (CCLL) en representación del sector privado regional y HELVETAS Swiss Interccoperation, en su calidad de Facilitador Nacional.
III. Fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del mercado: Para incrementar la productividad del trabajo y mejorar la oferta de formación, certificación, información en las cadenas priorizadas.
Se pondrá especial atención a las contribuciones que se puedan generar en favor de los temas transversales: equidad de género, adaptación y/o mitigación al cambio climático y la incorporación de la digitalización, como parte de las soluciones a ser desarrolladas con apoyo del programa.
Del mismo modo, el Programa seguirá contando con los siguientes tres mecanismos para operativizar su implementación:
A. Mecanismo A - Iniciativas de Política Pública: Asistencia técnica a entidades públicas en el diseño y/o implementación de políticas que conduzcan a una mayor productividad y competitividad, en concordancia con las políticas nacionales en materia de competitividad.
B. Mecanismo B - Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor Competitivas: Fortalecimiento de cadenas de valor a nivel regional a fin de aumentar la productividad, la oferta exportable y la generación de empleo.
C. Mecanismo C - Asesoría especializada: Asesoría especializada y asistencia técnica con el apoyo de una red de instituciones y expertos suizos (Swiss Expert Network – SEN) para: i) Orientación estratégica en la estructuración de las iniciativas o proyectos que hayan sido preseleccionados en la etapa de expresiones de interés, ii) Asesoría técnica especializada y desarrollo de capacidades durante la etapa de implementación de iniciativas y proyectos, iii) Intercambio de experiencias afines a las iniciativas y proyectos en marcha y iv) abordar prioridades críticas del gobierno en materia de competitividad y apoyar a las autoridades a alcanzar estándares internacionales.
En este contexto, las presentes Bases describen los lineamientos orientadores que deberán seguirse en la Convocatoria Abierta para presentar propuestas de proyectos que buscan promover la competitividad y sostenibilidad de las cadenas de valor priorizadas en las regiones de intervención, en el marco del Mecanismo B del Programa SeCompetitivo.
2 Objetivos y alcance de la Convocatoria
2.1 Objetivo
Identificar y seleccionar propuestas innovadoras, de alto impacto y relevancia orientadas a aumentar la productividad, la diversificación productiva y el valor agregado de la oferta exportable a fin de contribuir con la generación y/o retención de más y mejores empleos y de fortalecer la competitividad y sostenibilidad de las cadenas de valor priorizadas en las regiones de Piura, San Martín y La Libertad.
2.2 Alcance
El alcance temático de los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor en la Fase III del Programa SeCompetitivo 4 se orienta a temas prioritarios como: 1) el desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible que facilite el acceso a los mercados; 2) la promoción de un entorno favorable para la actividad empresarial, la facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento; y 3) el fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del sector privado en concordancia con lo señalado en el capítulo introductorio y el siguiente capítulo de estas bases.
El alcance de las propuestas a presentar en esta convocatoria debe estar enmarcado en los temas prioritarios del Programa señalados en detalle en el Capítulo 3, tomando en cuenta los criterios de elegibilidad que son descritos en el capítulo 12.2.
Los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor priorizadas se implementarán prioritariamente en el ámbito de las regiones de San Martín, Piura y la Libertad. Sin embargo y previa justificación técnica, los proyectos podrían incluir adicionalmente alguna otra región, tomando en cuenta la continuidad y proximidad geográfica y la interdependencia o interacción económica entre regiones en el marco de un enfoque de cadena de valor.
Las Cadenas de Valor priorizadas por SeCompetitivo en esta Convocatoria Abierta son aquellas que muestran rasgos y características comunes como: (1) capacidad competitiva y exportadora, (2) relevancia económica en la(s) región(es) priorizada(s), (3) potencial para la generación de mayor valor agregado, (4) impacto significativo en la promoción del empleo y/o la inclusión de pequeños productores y MYPE, y (5) un enfoque amigable con el medio ambiente, sostenible y resiliente al cambio climático. Las cadenas de valor que el Programa priorizará que están alineadas con estas características son:
A. Café y sus derivados: cultivo de café, café procesado (tostado y/o molido), otros derivados y subproductos del café en base a residuos, descarte y desperdicios.
B. Derivados del cacao: elaboración de chocolate y otros derivados del cacao, así como subproductos en base a residuos, descarte y desperdicios del cacao.
C. Agroindustria: a) Alimentos Procesados 5 , y b) ingredientes (naturales 6 , funcionales 7 y aditivos especializados 8 ).
4 El alcance temático del Mecanismo A de apoyo a las iniciativas de políticas públicas nacionales y regionales está alineado a temas prioritarios señalados en el Capítulo 3 y el Programa buscará desarrollar sinergias y complementariedades entre los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor y las Iniciativas de Políticas Públicas, allí donde sea pertinente para potenciar los resultados. De igual manera la Asesoría especializada las instituciones y expertos suizos, Mecanismo C, se orientará a apoyar el desarrollo y estructuración de los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor y la implementación de los mismos Proyecto por el requerimiento de las entidades implementadoras. 5 Los alimentos procesados, sin ser una lista exhaustiva incluyen, cadenas de: verduras frescas, congeladas, envasadas y/o troceadas (palta, espárrago, alcachofa, etc); frutas frescas, congeladas, envasadas y/o troceadas (mango, arándano, etc), procesamiento del descarte de productos de agroexportación (en congelados, deshidratados, harinas, etc) y/o procesamiento y puesta en valor de los desechos y desperdicios de los cultivos de exportación para alimentación, salud y cosmética, entre otras cadenas de valor relevantes de las regiones.
6 Ingredientes naturales como extractos vegetales directos con poca transformación obtenido de la producción agrícola o mediante un procedimiento físico y que puede ser utilizado como insumo de un alimento procesado (semillas, frutos secos, condimentos etc). 7 Ingredientes funcionales es decir componentes activo presente en cualquier materia prima agrícola (fruta, hortaliza, cereal, leguminosa, etc.), que gracias a la tecnología puede ser extraído e incorporado a otros alimentos otorgándoles propiedades benéficas sobre la salud, nutrición y cuidado personal (ingredientes nutritivos, nutracéuticos, antioxidantes, energizantes, fibras, ácidos grasos esenciales, etc.)
8 Aditivos especializados son aquellos productos de origen vegetal más saludables que reemplazan ingredientes químicos que permuten la preservación, texturización, estabilización, mejora del color o realzar los sabores y aromas de los productos para la alimentación, salud y cosméticas (los aditivos puede ser colorantes o pigmentos naturales, preservantes, espesantes, aceites esenciales o esencias naturales aromáticas, etc).
D. Turismo: el sector de turismo sostenible, naturaleza, aventura y otros segmentos promisorios.
Sectores / Cadenas
Café y derivados
Derivados de Cacao
Agroindustria
Alimentos procesados
Ingredientes naturales,
funcionales y aditivos
especializados
Turismo sostenible
3 Temas prioritarios
La Fase III de SeCompetitivo brindará apoyo en las siguientes áreas temáticas: 1) Desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible que facilite el acceso a los mercados; 2) Mejora del clima de negocios, la facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento; y 3) Fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del mercado.
Los proyectos por financiar deberán centrarse en alguno(s) de los siguientes temas prioritarios:
3.1 Desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible para el acceso a mercados
Mejora de la productividad, calidad y capacidad de innovación de las cadenas de valor priorizadas
Se promoverá la transferencia tecnológica y/o la difusión de innovaciones validadas para (1) el incremento de la productividad y la eficiencia de los procesos, (2) la mejora de la calidad y (3) la garantía de inocuidad de los productos e insumos, a lo largo de la cadena de valor, así como (4) para promover una producción sostenible y resiliente al cambio climático, con enfoques de economía circular, ecoeficiencia en el uso de recursos. De manera transversal, se impulsará la incorporación de herramientas digitales y tecnologías de la industria 4.0.
Se apoyará los esfuerzos de las empresas, los productores y sus organizaciones (1) para la optimización de sus procesos productivos y de gestión y (2) para la agregación de valor en procesos críticos de la cadena, que en conjunto permitan la mejora de la rentabilidad e ingresos de los productores, cooperativas y empresas.
Se auspiciará el fortalecimiento y articulación de los servicios de desarrollo productivo, favoreciendo innovaciones colaborativas con las instituciones públicas y privadas de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación (I+D+i).
Desarrollo de bienes y servicios de mayor valor agregado
Se promoverá la transferencia de tecnologías e innovaciones validadas, con el soporte de los expertos de la academia, de los socios comerciales o compradores y/o de proveedores de servicios y tecnología, (1) para el desarrollo y diversificación de productos con valor agregado y potencial de mercado, (2) para la agregación de valor en procesos críticos en los eslabones de la cadena; y (3) para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de gestión, innovación y digitalización, con enfoque de ecoeficiencia y economía circular.
Integración de empresas y organizaciones a mercados competitivos
Se desarrollará capacidades para la adecuación y optimización de procesos productivos y de gestión de las empresas, organizaciones y productores para (1) el cumplimiento de normas internacionales (p.e.: regulación europea sobre cero deforestación y producción orgánica), (2) así como de las certificaciones sostenibles de los productos para favorecer su acceso a los mercados internacionales.
Con la finalidad de lograr economías de escala que fortalezcan su integración a los mercados, complementariamente, se buscará fortalecer, de un lado, (1) la asociatividad horizontal de las MIPYME, los productores y sus organizaciones en las cadenas agroindustriales y de turismo, y de otro lado, (2) la articulación vertical con empresas anclas comercializadoras, industriales y/o proveedores de la agroindustria de insumos, equipos, accesorios y servicios.
3.2 Promoción de un entorno favorable para la actividad empresarial, facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento
Mejorar procedimientos de formalización
Apoyar la participación del sector privado y las cadenas de valor para identificar obstáculos y oportunidades de mejora en los procesos de simplificación y digitalización de los diversos procedimientos, registros y requisitos para la formalización de las empresas y/o productores en diversas entidades públicas nacionales y subnacionales.
Facilitar la difusión y transparencia de la información, y la capacitación en formalización de productores, cooperativas y MIPYME.
Promover el acceso de las cadenas de valor a servicios financieros
Promover el acceso del sector privado a los servicios financieros mediante educación financiera, asesoría financiera especializada y orientación sobre mecanismos innovadores para mejorar la inclusión financiera, el cumplimiento de las exigencias de las entidades financieras, el acceso a la diversidad de nuevos servicios financieros (p.e. micro leasing, garantías, factoring o financiamiento para capital de inversión) y medios de pago para las MIPYME, cooperativas, y los productores, de acuerdo, al diagnóstico de sus necesidades financiera y según su nivel de desarrollo productivo.
Facilitar y reducir el costo del comercio
Se promoverá el desarrollo e implementación de (1) herramientas y sistemas de información relevantes para apoyar la trazabilidad de los productos de las cadenas de valor priorizadas, de manera que se pueda responder ante regulaciones en los mercados de destino (por ejemplo, la legislación europea sobre commodities libres de deforestación y las mayores exigencias de la producción orgánica), considerando la aplicación de soluciones digitales; (2) mecanismos y herramientas asociativas, desde el sector privado, para que se pueda realizar de manera conjunta compras de bienes e insumos y/o contratación de servicios para reducir los costos operativos, logísticos y de transporte a lo largo de la cadena de valor, y (3) capacidades de incidencia con evidencia, de los actores privados sobre reglamentos y normas técnicas de los mercados de destino que limitan el acceso de las cadenas de valor.
3.3 Fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del sector privado
Mejorar la oferta de formación técnico-productiva
Se impulsará el desarrollo de capacidades en el ámbito regional, tanto para fortalecer la oferta
de capacitación, como para articular las instituciones regulares de educación para el trabajo y los proveedores privados de capacitación con el sector productivo y sus necesidades específicas.
Normalización, certificación y capacitación en competencias laborales
Se impulsará la participación del sector privado de las cadenas de valor en los espacios de coordinación o consejos técnicos sectoriales y regionales para la generación de normas de competencia laborales en coordinación con el sector público (nacional y subnacional) de acuerdo a sus necesidades.
Se promoverá el desarrollo de capacidades de los recursos humanos de las cadenas de valor y el fortalecimiento de los centros de certificación de competencias laborales, con énfasis en los perfiles ocupacionales que se requieren para fortalecer cadenas de valor sostenibles, generar valor agregado e incorporar competencias digitales y de economía circular.
Nota: El cambio climático, la eficiencia de los recursos, el género y la digitalización son temas transversales que se buscará integrar en los proyectos de cadenas de valor.
4 Impactos, resultados y productos esperados
Los proyectos deben buscar la competitividad y sostenibilidad de las cadenas de valor en el marco de los temas prioritarios del Programa SeCompetitivo considerando los objetivos en sus diversos niveles:
(a) A nivel de impactos esperados, se espera que las propuestas contribuyan a indicadores del empleo y/o las exportaciones a favor de los beneficiarios intermedios y finales, de acuerdo con el marco lógico del programa.
(b) A nivel de los resultados se espera que las propuestas generen procesos de cambio para agregación de valor en los eslabones de las cadenas, que se puedan evidenciar a través de indicadores de aumento de la productividad, de diversificación y transformación productiva, de implementación de innovaciones, mejoras de la eficiencia y la rentabilidad, a nivel de los beneficiarios intermedios y finales.
(c) A nivel de productos, se espera que las propuestas promuevan una significativa cobertura y acceso a mercados y servicios de los beneficiarios intermedios y finales, que se puedan evidenciar a través de indicadores de cobertura de los servicios de capacitación y asistencia técnica de los proyectos; y de indicadores de acceso a mercados, financiamiento, insumos y tecnologías entre otros.
Asimismo, se espera que puedan contribuir de manera significativa y consistente a alguno(s) de los siguientes impactos, resultados, productos y los respectivos indicadores, si fueran pertinentes, que forman parte del marco lógico del programa SeCompetitivo:
Tabla 1: Listado de impactos, resultados, productos e indicadores de SeCompetitivo – Fase III
5 Etapas
Las etapas de la presente convocatoria abierta de proyectos de cadenas de valor son:
i. Etapa de Expresiones de Interés
* Se difundirá por medios virtuales las presentes Bases entre las entidades privadas (gremios, asociaciones empresariales y de cooperativas, entidades educativas, empresas o instituciones privadas nacionales o internacionales) y las instituciones públicas de alcance nacional y subnacional que sean relevantes para la cadena de valor y los temas prioritarios del Programa.
* Además, para facilitar y aclarar la información de la convocatoria, así como favorecer la articulación "temprana" de instituciones relevantes se desarrollarán Talleres Informativos e Integradores en las regiones de priorizadas de La Libertad, Piura y San Martin.
* Luego de los Talleres Informativos e Integradores las Entidades Proponentes tienen una oportunidad adicional de realizar consultas sobre el contenido de las presentes Bases que serán respondidas de acuerdo al Calendario establecido. De esta manera las Bases actuales se precisan con las respuestas a las Consultas a las Bases.
* Luego de ello las entidades proponentes podrán preparar y presentar una Expresión de Interés, adjuntando una Nota Conceptual (en el Formato del Anexo 02) y los documentos requeridos que describan la fortalezas y capacidades de la entidad proponente y sus alianzas estratégicas y la propuesta resumida de Proyecto.
* Las Expresiones de Interés, con la Nota Conceptual y los documentos que las entidades proponentes deberán adjuntar, serán evaluados y preseleccionados por un Comité Técnico Evaluador del Programa, quien recomendará al Comité Estratégico (CE), como máxima instancia de decisión de SeCompetitivo, el listado de Notas Conceptuales priorizadas, destacadas y alineadas a los criterios de preselección establecidos en el Capítulo 12 de las presentes Bases.
* La preselección de las Notas Conceptuales por el Comité Estratégico de SeCompetitivo, con las observaciones y recomendaciones que sean pertinentes, permitirá que la Entidad proponente preseleccionada pueda pasar a la siguiente etapa que consiste en el proceso de desarrollo y estructuración del Proyecto de Cadena de Valor Definitivo.
ii. Etapa de Desarrollo y Estructuración de los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor
* Se invitará a las entidades proponentes preseleccionadas por el Comité Estratégico del Programa para la planificación de reuniones de Trabajo bilaterales Informativas con la participación de cada entidad proponente, los socios o aliados establecidos en la Expresión de Interés y otros que se consideren pertinentes, con el propósito
de orientar la preparación de la nueva propuesta y propiciar alianzas que la fortalezcan.
* Las Notas Conceptuales identificadas y aprobadas por el Comité Estratégico serán desarrolladas y estructuradas con la asesoría y el acompañamiento técnico del Programa y de expertos suizos del SEN que facilitarán la incorporación de los aspectos metodológicos y temáticos relevantes para el adecuado desarrollo y estructuración de dichas propuestas. Luego de enviar una retroalimentación a las Notas Conceptuales de las Entidades Proponentes preseleccionadas; HELVETAS en su calidad de Facilitador Nacional del Programa, trabajará en estrecha colaboración con los proponentes, sus socios y aliados, para estructurar e integrar los proyectos en su versión definitiva. En este sentido, HELVETAS podrá proporcionar a las entidades participantes asesoría y acompañamiento de especialistas en aspectos técnicos y metodológicos.
* De manera especial, se buscará la complementariedad y sinergias entre las instituciones participantes (proponentes, socias y aliadas); así como se definirá con mayor precisión la estructura y marco lógico del Proyecto, con los impactos y los resultados esperados, y sus respectivos indicadores, poniendo énfasis en la teoría del cambio, la estrategia de intervención y su alcance. Se evaluará la cadena lógica de resultados con la finalidad de determinar de qué manera los recursos y presupuestos usados eficientemente para implementar las actividades permiten desarrollar los productos esperados, y a su vez estos productos como conducen de forma consistente, coherente y eficaz a los impactos y resultados esperados en los plazos establecidos. En la definición de actividades, productos y resultados, de ser el caso, se podría explorar sinergias y complementariedades con los Proyectos del Portafolio de SECO 9 para potenciar los resultados a favor la población objetivo. En esta fase también se realizará la estructuración del esquema de Financiamiento Basado en Resultados y el diseño e implementación de la línea de base. Finalmente, se establecerá la gobernanza y precisarán los roles y compromisos de los participantes.
* Las entidades proponentes presentarán su propuesta de Proyecto definitivo para su evaluación y aprobación. La aprobación de los proyectos estará a cargo del Comité Estratégico (CE), máxima instancia de decisión del Programa SeCompetitivo. Dicha priorización tendrá como insumo la evaluación y las recomendaciones que brinde un Comité Técnico Evaluador, conformado por profesionales de SECO y HELVETAS, pudiendo invitarse a un evaluador externo de considerarse pertinente.
6 Entidades participantes en las propuestas: perfiles y roles
Durante la preparación de las propuestas se promoverá el fortalecimiento y reconformación de alianzas interinstitucionales para la implementación de los proyectos. En ese sentido se prevén
9 Los proyectos de SECO se aprecian en el Anexo 7.
tres categorías de participantes en los proyectos, cuyos perfiles y roles se describen a continuación:
6.1 Proponentes
* Perfil: Entidad privada, con liderazgo, representatividad, capacidad de incidencia y/o relevancia económica tanto en la cadena de valor como en el territorio donde opera. Se espera una entidad proponente con capacidad técnica y experiencia comprobada en la implementación y gestión de proyectos en la cadena de valor respectiva.
Se admitirá como entidades proponentes a las empresas, organizaciones de productores, gremios empresariales, Instituciones educativas y entidades técnicas.
* Rol: Responsable de los contenidos y los compromisos de la propuesta de proyecto. Así como de conducir la implementación y monitoreo técnico y financiero del proyecto y aportan contrapartida.
6.2 Socios
* Perfil: Organizaciones o empresas privadas o instituciones públicas, nacionales o internacionales con capacidades y experiencias pertinentes desarrolladas en la cadena de valor respectiva y que contribuirá técnica y financieramente a las acciones que se implementarán en el Proyecto, para favorecer la competitividad de la cadena de valor. Se espera en la medida de lo posible que las entidades socias hayan desarrollado un trabajo conjunto con la entidad proponente
* Rol: Asumen el compromiso de realizar una o más acciones dentro de proyectos y aportan una contrapartida monetaria y no monetaria.
6.3 Aliados
* Perfil: Empresas y/o organismos nacionales o internacionales especializados, privados o públicos, con capacidades y experiencias relevantes y con competencias técnicas, metodológicas y conocimiento tecnológico especializado e innovador relevantes para las acciones que desarrollarán en el Proyecto para favorecer la competitividad de la cadena de valor.
* Rol: Brindan su apoyo técnico o financiero para el desarrollo de una o más acciones dentro de un proyecto o facilitan asesoría estratégica
7 Duración y co-financiamiento
Los proyectos contarán con una duración máxima de 36 meses y el cofinanciamiento de SECO ascenderá a un presupuesto en promedio de USD 400,000 para cada propuesta durante su periodo de ejecución.
Se espera cofinanciar entre 06 y 07 proyectos para la competitividad de las cadenas de valor, que en conjunto recibirán un cofinanciamiento no reembolsable que no superará los USD 2´800,000 (Dos millones ochocientos mil dólares americanos 00/100).
El cofinanciamiento no reembolsable que otorgará SeCompetitivo será de hasta 60% del presupuesto de cada proyecto.
Dice: Esta contribución está sujeta a una contrapartida, conformada por los aportes monetarios y/o no monetarios 10 provenientes de las entidades integrantes, entidades socias y aliadas, que permita cubrir por lo menos el 40% del presupuesto. Asimismo, el 20% de la contrapartida debe ser aporte monetario.
Debe decir: Esta contribución está sujeta a una contrapartida, conformada por los aportes monetarios y/o no monetarios provenientes de las entidades integrantes, entidades socias y aliadas, que permita cubrir por lo menos el 40% del presupuesto. Asimismo, por lo menos la mitad de dicha contrapartida debe ser en aporte monetario (es decir cuando menos el 20% del presupuesto total del proyecto debe ser aporte monetario).
El monto definitivo del cofinanciamiento de SeCompetitivo para cada proyecto dependerá de la naturaleza (alcance, tiempo, alianzas) de las mismas, pudiendo presentar modificaciones en la etapa de Desarrollo y Estructuración (entre ellas, la incorporación del esquema de Financiamiento Basado en Resultados), y de la Evaluación de los proyectos.
Finalmente, es importante señalar que el co-financiamiento no reembolsable que otorgará SeCompetitivo será transferido progresivamente a la Entidad Proponente por HELVETAS, en su calidad de Facilitador Nacional, de acuerdo a un esquema de desembolsos trimestrales asociados al reporte de avance físico y financiero del proyecto.
8 Financiamiento Basado en Resultados
La Fase III del Programa SeCompetitivo incorporará el mecanismo de Financiamiento Basado en Resultados (FBR) con el fin de incrementar el impacto y los resultados de la intervención del Programa. Este es un mecanismo de gestión de resultados en el que se condiciona parte o todo el financiamiento al logro o superación de las metas de resultados medibles, preacordados, y establecidos según el marco lógico del proyecto (métricas de pago).
El uso de FBR beneficiará tanto al Programa como a los implementadores. Este enfoque dirige la atención de los implementadores hacia resultados clave y les provee una mayor flexibilidad para adaptar su implementación según las necesidades cambiantes de la población o ecosistema objetivo del Programa. Además, fomenta la generación de evidencia de resultados, que contribuye a fortalecer la toma de decisiones durante la implementación y a identificar aprendizajes relevantes a futuro. Esto le permitirá al Programa SeCompetitivo mejorar el
10 Se consideran "aportes monetarios" al valor monetario de los bienes y servicios que serán adquiridos/contratados por las entidades participantes durante la ejecución del proyecto con sus propios recursos para la realización de las actividades específicas que la conforman; por ejemplo: contratación de consultorías, organización de eventos, gastos de viajes, entre otros. En cambio, se consideran "aportes no monetarios" a la valorización de los recursos (humanos o materiales) de la entidad, la cual los dispone de manera parcial o integral para el desarrollo del proyecto; por ejemplo: proporción de los honorarios del personal destinado del proyecto.
desempeño de los proyectos seleccionados y hacer un uso eficiente de los recursos al condicionar su desembolso al logro de sus objetivos.
El diseño del mecanismo de FBR se realizará durante el proceso de desarrollo y estructuración de las propuestas, de acuerdo con la evaluación técnica que realice Helvelas, para definir la viabilidad del FBR en los proyectos y la orientación a determinadas áreas específicas del proyecto donde los implementadores muestren su disposición y compromiso para optimizar y/o maximizar los impactos y los resultados del proyecto.
En este proceso, las métricas de pago seleccionadas se vincularán a los indicadores de impacto y resultado (final o intermedio) correspondientes a las 3 áreas estratégicas del programa (desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible para el acceso a mercados, promoción de un entorno favorable para la actividad empresarial, facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento; y fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del sector privado). Se buscará que las métricas de pago seleccionadas cumplan con (1) ser objetivas y fáciles de medir, (2) estar estrechamente relacionadas con los impactos y resultados esperados por el programa, (3) encontrarse relativamente dentro del control manejable de la entidad implementadora y (4) limitar la generación de incentivos perversos. Adicionalmente, se seleccionará un número reducido de métricas de pago para enfocar los esfuerzos de los implementadores en los resultados de principal interés del Programa.
También se definirá un proceso de medición de estos resultados que provea confiabilidad sobre el desempeño recompensado. Además, se diseñará una estructura de pagos que traducirá los resultados logrados en desembolsos del programa. Esto se hará considerando criterios tales como el nivel de riesgo que el implementador puede tolerar, el flujo de caja que requiere, y la importancia y dificultad relativa de cada métrica de pago.
9 Acciones y Gastos elegibles
9.1 Gastos elegibles de cofinanciamiento
Asimismo, se podrá cofinanciar los siguientes conceptos de gasto, siempre y cuando tengan estrecha vinculación con las acciones y objetivos que persigan los proyectos y sean debidamente sustentados 11 :
a) Equipo técnico y administrativo del Proyecto
b) Servicios de consultoría, asesorías especializadas y servicios de capacitación
c) Servicios de terceros (organización de eventos, publicaciones, entre otros relacionados directamente con la ejecución de los proyectos)
d) Bienes, Materiales e insumos para el proyecto.
e) Gastos de viajes, relacionados directamente con la ejecución de las actividades que forman parte de los proyectos.
f) Equipos que el Proyecto requiere.
g) Línea de base, evaluaciones, sistematizaciones.
11 Si bien en la etapa de preparación de las Notas Conceptuales a ser presentadas por las entidades proponentes preseleccionadas no se prevé la presentación de un presupuesto detallado, se considera oportuno proporcionar esta información en el presente documento a fin de informar a las entidades proponentes sobre los aspectos que deberán considerar durante la etapa de desarrollo y estructuración del Proyecto.
h) Gastos de Comunicaciones
i) Gastos financieros (mantenimiento de cuenta corriente y otros gastos financieros)
9.2 Acciones posibles
El apoyo de SeCompetitivo a los proyectos permitirá realizar acciones como:
1) Capacitación para el aprendizaje y fortalecimiento de competencias en las personas.
2) Asesoría y asistencia técnica especializada en los temas prioritarios
3) Asesoría técnica y gerencial especializada en desarrollo de modelos y planes de negocios
4) Facilitación de información especializada.
5) Fortalecimiento y desarrollo organizacional/institucional y desarrollo de capacidades.
6) Facilitación de la coordinación interinstitucional entre los actores públicos y privados.
7) Gestión del conocimiento, sistematización de experiencias y mejores prácticas.
8) Comunicaciones y difusión.
9.3 Gastos no elegibles
El Programa se reserva el derecho de observar o rechazar el tipo de gasto a ser propuesto y el presupuesto previsto por la "Entidad Proponente" para el co-financiamiento. A continuación, presentamos una lista no exhaustiva de gastos no elegibles:
a) Capital de trabajo, capital para activos productivos o para bienes muebles e inmuebles que generen beneficios netamente particulares y/o aquellos recursos físicos que se pueden obtener mediante instituciones financieras. Solo podría financiar aquellos bienes y/o servicios que generen beneficios de carácter público para el íntegro de la cadena de valor.
b) Gastos por personal administrativo de planta (permanente) de la Entidad Proponente (excepto la persona encargada de la Administración del proyecto).
c) Contribuciones laborales, previsionales y aportes a la seguridad social del personal a ser contratado con el proyecto, CTS y cualquier otro tipo de beneficio laboral. Este concepto podrá ser cubierto por la contrapartida monetaria.
d) Gastos financieros (mantenimiento de cuenta corriente y otros gastos financieros) de otras cuentas que maneje la organización diferente a la cuenta única asignada al proyecto.
e) Adquisición y/o alquiler de equipos, bienes duraderos e insumos no vinculados con la naturaleza y ejecución del proyecto; o por encima del monto global o porcentaje establecido.
f) Adquisición de inmuebles.
g) Adquisición de bienes usados.
h) Financiamiento de deuda.
i) Compra de acciones.
j) Tecnologías y equipamiento que tengan impacto negativo en el medio ambiente.
k) Obras de infraestructura.
l) Arrendamiento de locales para oficinas administrativas y alquiler de equipos de oficina.
m) Proyectos relacionados con armas, juegos de azar y actividades ilegales o prohibidas.
n) Otros que no estén expresamente señalados en 10.2
El Programa se reserva el derecho de observar o rechazar el tipo de gasto a ser propuesto y el presupuesto previsto por la "Entidad Proponente" para el cofinanciamiento.
10 Presentación de propuestas
La fecha y hora límite para la presentación de expresiones de interés será el 15 de enero del 2024, a las 5.00 pm.
Las expresiones de interés deberán ser remitidas vía correo electrónico a la dirección firstname.lastname@example.org, bajo el asunto "SeCompetitivo – Convocatoria Proyectos cadenas de valor" y proporcionando los siguientes datos en el cuerpo del mismO:
* Nombre de proyecto
* Nombre de la entidad proponente
* Nombre, cargo y datos de contacto de la persona quien envía el correo electrónico
Del mismo modo deberá adjuntarse la documentación señalada en el Capítulo 11.
11 Contenido de las propuestas
Las propuestas deberán contener los siguientes documentos firmados y escaneados:
a) Carta de Expresión de Interés, suscrita por el representante legal de la Entidad Proponente, según el Formato Anexo 1.
b) Nota Conceptual, según el Formato en Anexo 2.
c) Lista de Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor ejecutados, directa o indirectamente por la Entidad Proponente, según el formato del Anexo 3.
d) Cartas de Compromiso de las Entidades Socias, según Modelo de Anexo 4.
e) Cartas de Compromiso de las Entidades Aliadas, según Modelo de Anexo 5.
f) Ficha de RUC de la Entidad Proponente.
g) Opcional: Carta de compromiso de participación en el financiamiento basado en resultado (FBR), según Modelo de Anexo 8.
12 Criterios de admisión y evaluación
12.1 Requisitos mínimos obligatorios de admisión
Para la admisión de la propuesta de proyecto de cadena de valor al proceso de evaluación deberá cumplir como mínimo los siguientes requisitos:
1) Cumplir con perfil de proponente.
2) Presentar la documentación formal solicitada, particularmente la Ficha de RUC.
3) Entrega de documentación firmada.
4) Focalización en los temas prioritarios.
5) Focalización en las regiones prioritarias.
6) Contrapartida mínima según estas bases.
HELVETAS se reserva el derecho de hacer una verificación de la documentación presentada y hacer una Debida Diligencia 12 de la Entidad Proponente, y según sea el caso de sus socios y aliados.
12.2 Criterios de elegibilidad de las Expresiones de Interés
La evaluación y preselección de las Expresiones de Interés y sus Notas Conceptuales de propuestas de Proyectos de cadenas de valor, se realizará en base a los criterios descritos en la Tabla 2.
La selección de las Expresiones de Interés estará a cargo del Comité Estratégico (CE), máxima instancia de decisión del Programa SeCompetitivo. Dicha priorización tendrá como insumo la evaluación y las recomendaciones que brinde un Comité Técnico Evaluador, conformado por SECO y HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, pudiendo invitarse a un evaluador externo de considerarse pertinente.
Tendrá una especial valoración:
- La participación institucional de:
❑ Entidades públicas relevantes y especializadas en las soluciones propuestas, particularmente las instituciones públicas regionales
❑ Entidades académicas de formación o investigación
❑ Alianzas público - privadas para movilizar inversiones
- Compromiso de incorporar esquema de FBR (ver Anexo 8)
12 El objetivo de la debida diligencia es evaluar la viabilidad y la integridad de la entidad proponente, identificando riesgos potenciales. Para ello la debida diligencia examinará diversos aspectos, como el cumplimiento de sus compromisos legales, regulatorios, tributarias, financieras, antecedentes de directivos entre otros.
Los criterios de elegibilidad que deberán cumplir las Expresiones de Interés de las Entidades Proponentes son los siguientes:
Tabla 2: Criterios de elegibilidad de las Expresiones de Interés y sus Notas Conceptuales
13 Consulta a las bases
La Etapa 1 "Expresiones de interés" contempla la oportunidad de realizar consultas a las presentes Bases. Para tal efecto, se deberá enviar un correo electrónico a la dirección electrónica email@example.com, indicando en el Asunto "Consulta a las Bases – Convocatoria de Cadenas" y proporcionando los siguientes datos en el cuerpo del mismo:
- Nombre de la persona que realiza la consulta
- Institución a la que pertenece
La fecha límite de presentación de consultas a las bases será el 11 de diciembre de 2023. Las consultas a serán absueltas y publicadas en la página web de la Cooperación Suiza – SECO en el Perú (www.cooperacionsuizaenperu.org.pe/seco), a más tardar el 15 de diciembre de 2023.
14 Calendario
Tabla 3: Calendario de actividades e hitos
El Programa SeCompetitivo se reserva el derecho de modificar las fechas del calendario de actividades señalado, cambios que serán comunicados a las entidades proponentes.
ANEXO 1: MODELO DE CARTA DE EXPRESIÓN DE INTERÉS A LA INVITACION
…........................de…......de 2023
Señores Programa SeCompetitivo SECO Lima,
Asunto
: Expresión de Interés en la Convocatoria de "Cadenas de valor competitivas" de SeCompetitivo – Fase III
Tengo el agrado de dirigirme a ustedes, en representación de ___________________ [nombre de entidad proponente,], con RUC Nº ___________ a fin de manifestar nuestra expresión de interés en participar de la Convocatoria "Cadenas de valor competitivas" con la propuesta de Proyecto "_________________".
Para tal fin, adjuntamos al presente la Hoja Resumen de la mencionada propuesta de Proyecto, la cual se ajusta a los lineamientos y recomendaciones consideradas en las pautas de esta Convocatoria, cuyo contenido declaramos conocer en su totalidad.
Para la ejecución del Proyecto contaremos con entidades socias: _______________ [nombre(s) de las entidades socias]; así como con las entidades aliadas: _____________ [nombre(s) de las entidades aliadas]; los cuales han suscrito las respectivas cartas de compromiso que adjuntamos.
Del mismo modo, declaramos que toda la documentación adjunta es fidedigna y reconocemos que, si se demostrase cualquier falsedad o distorsión en la documentación presentada, el Programa SeCompetitivo tiene el derecho de descalificar nuestra participación y/o cancelar el proyecto, incluso si estuviese en ejecución.
Para toda futura coordinación sobre el particular, les agradeceremos considerar como persona alterna de contacto a ________________ [nombre, cargo, número de teléfono y dirección de email]
Atentamente,
.............................................................
[Nombre y Firma de Representante de la Entidad Proponente]
ANEXO 2: FORMATO DE NOTA CONCEPTUAL DE PROYECTO 13
(máximo 20 páginas)
1) Datos generales (máximo 01 páginas)
Título del Proyecto: Deberá expresar la idea general de la propuesta de Proyecto
Temas prioritarios a abordar: (Marcar el o los temas prioritarios que abordará el Proyecto)
Desarrollo productivo innovador y sostenible para el acceso a mercados
Mejora del clima de negocios, la facilitación del comercio y el acceso a financiamiento
Fortalecimiento de competencias orientadas a las necesidades del mercado
Entidad Proponente:
Entidades socias:
Entidades aliadas:
Focalización territorial:
- Precisar el ámbito de influencia geográfica (a nivel de región y provincia) del Proyecto.
Período de implementación: Indicar el número de meses. En ningún caso será mayor de 36 meses. No existe ampliación de plazo
Presupuesto total (US$): Precisar el costo global del proyecto: cofinanciamiento del Programa y contrapartida.
Cofinanciamiento Solicitado a SeCompetitivo (US$): Precisar los aportes requeridos al Programa SeCompetitivo
Contrapartida (US$): Precisar los aportes totales a ser realizados por las Entidades Participantes.
Número de RUC de la Entidad Proponente:
Fecha de presentación: Lima, dd/mm/2024 (Ver el Calendario)
13 Para la mayor comprensión de algunos conceptos en la presente Nota Conceptual se puede recurrir al Anexo 6 sobre el Marco Conceptual de los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor como una referencia
2) Resumen Ejecutivo del Proyecto (máximo 02 páginas)
Breve descripción de los problemas, soluciones propuestas, resultados, acciones principales y presupuesto.
3) Descripción de los participantes (máximo entre 03 páginas)
a) Entidad Proponente (máximo 1.5 página)
i) Fortaleza y capacidad institucional de la Entidad Proponente
Descripción de rol, posición de liderazgo, representatividad, capacidad de incidencia y/o relevancia técnica o económica tanto en la cadena de valor como en el territorio donde opera. En el caso de empresas y organizaciones productivas se debe destacar la facturación y/o valor de las exportaciones del proponente.
ii) Capacidad para la ejecución de proyectos:
Experiencia en la implementación y gestión de actividades y/o proyectos en la cadena de valor respectiva con logros para afrontar problemas / oportunidades para la competitividad y sostenibilidad que se busca superar / potenciar. Lo que se puede demostrar mediante:
1) Actividades y/o proyectos ejecutados directamente: (i) en los últimos tres años, ó (ii) en proceso de ejecución
2) Actividades y/o proyectos ejecutados indirectamente: gestionados a través de socios y/o aliados, con participación activa del proponente en la ejecución
La experiencia en implementación de actividades y/o proyectos incluye los que se realizan con fondos de cooperación internacional, con fondos públicos o con fondos propios (cuando se trata de una gran empresa o una asociación con fines de responsabilidad social empresarial).
b) Capacidad y calidad institucional de los socios y aliados: (máximo 0.5 página por cada entidad)
Experiencia, competencia temática, liderazgo y participación activa de las entidades socias o aliadas.
c) Trabajo conjunto (máximo 0.5 página)
Demostración de la complementariedad y/o la experiencia de trabajo conjunto del proponente, socios y aliados para liderar e implementar procesos colectivos con el sector público y privado en el nivel regional/nacional con resultados efectivos. De ser el caso, se debe precisar si la entidad proponente, los socios o aliados han desarrollado acciones con los Proyectos del Portafolio de la Cooperación Suiza - SECO en el Perú.
d) Beneficiarios, ámbito de acción (máximo 0.5 página)
i) Beneficiarios
Se deberá cuantificar y describir los beneficiarios y los tipos de beneficiarios del proyecto (productores, emprendedores, trabajadores, empresas, organizaciones productivas e instituciones).
ii) Ámbito de acción
Precisar el nivel de cobertura geográfica del proyecto
4) Relevancia (máximo 02 página)
Importancia de la cadena de valor y la pertinencia de los problemas / oportunidades claves para la competitividad y sostenibilidad que se abordará con el proyecto (máximo XX página)
a) Importancia / alcance de la Cadena de Valor: Deberá precisarse la masa crítica de productores, empresas, organizaciones productivas y emprendedores de la cadena de valor y una caracterización de la importancia de la cadena de valor en el ámbito de acción donde operarán el Proyecto 14 , la relevancia para la competitividad regional de la cadena de valor intervenida 15 y su potencial exportador 16 . Se sustentará el peso e importancia social y económica en la generación de empleo, producción y exportaciones de las cadenas de valor, tanto a nivel nacional como en las regional priorizadas por SeCompetitivo en su III Fase.
b) Tendencias, problemas y oportunidades para la competitividad de la cadena de valor a ser abordados
Describir las tendencias comerciales y tecnológicas en la cadena de valor, los problemas que limitan la competitividad de la cadena y oportunidades que no se aprovechan por brechas productivas, tecnológicas, comerciales, financieras, institucionalidad entre otras. Debe hacerse una sustentación de la importancia, relevancia e influencia de dichos problemas y/o oportunidades y cuáles son sus principales efectos y causas directas e indirectas, basándose en evidencia disponible. Se espera que la entidad proponente presente esta información mediante un árbol de problemas.
5) Descripción de la propuesta de solución y estrategias de intervención del Proyecto (máximo 09 páginas):
Se presentará la propuesta de solución y estrategias de intervención del Proyecto con en base a la restructura lógica siguiente:
a) Impacto esperado
Se debe señalar y describir los impactos o la finalidad del proyecto, que busca enfrentar los efectos del problema central descritos anteriormente.
Se espera que las propuestas contribuyan al empleo y/o las exportaciones a favor de los beneficiarios intermedios y finales, de acuerdo a los indicadores del marco lógico del programa; sin embargo, puede considerarse otros indicadores económicos, sociales y ambientales.
14 Por ejemplo, medida por el número de unidades productivas (productores / MYPE / autoempleados) que forman la cadena de valor en la(s) región(es); por los empleos directos o indirectos que estas generan o por la cantidad de personas de las cadenas de valor que están en pobreza o pobreza extrema.
15 Por ejemplo, medida por el VAB que aporta la cadena de valor en el PBI agrario o en el PBI Regional; medida por la tasa de crecimiento de las principales variables de la cadena de valor en los últimos años (por ejemplo: Superficie Cosechada, Producción, Productividad).
16 Por ejemplo, medida por las Exportaciones actuales en Valor FOB y/o Peso Neto de los productos o derivados de dicha cadena de valor; medida como porcentaje de las exportaciones regionales o nacionales; medida por la tasa de crecimiento de las exportaciones de dicha cadena de valor en los últimos 5 – 10 años.
b) Resultado final
Se debe señalar y describir el resultado final que busca enfrentar al problema central. Dicho resultado debe estar alineado a alguno(s) de los indicadores propuestos por el Programa SeCompetitivo.
c) Resultados intermedios o componentes
Se debe señalar y describir el / los resultados intermedios o componentes parciales de cambio que buscan enfrentar las causas principales del problema central. Los Resultados intermedios son el resultado del desarrollo de los productos necesarios para generar los cambios parciales. Se debe considerar unos indicadores alineados con los propuestos por el Programa SeCompetitivo.
d) Productos
Se debe señalar y describir el / los productos que se requiere construir para lograr lo resultados intermedios que buscan atacar las causas principales del problema central. Los productos son los entregables o hitos que se construyen a partir de un conjunto de actividades, relacionadas entre sí, que generan productos específicos y que el proyecto debe realizar para lograr sus resultados intermedios Se debe considerar unos indicadores alineados con los propuestos por el Programa SeCompetitivo.
e) Actividades
Indicar las actividades o acciones que una vez ejecutadas permitirán lograr los productos y lograr los resultados intermedios.
f) Marco Lógico del Proyecto
g) Presupuesto
(*) El Presupuesto Total incluye todos los impuestos de ley que le sean aplicables
NOTA INFORMATIVA: Recomendaciones para la propuesta de solución y estrategias de intervención del Proyecto
A continuación, se describe algunas recomendaciones y criterios a ser tomadas en cuenta en la elaboración de la presente propuesta Nota Conceptual 17 :
i. Orientación al mercado y viabilidad de la(s) solución(es) o innovación(es) propuesta(s) para el logro de los impactos y resultados esperados, sustentando con evidencia la demanda y la coherencia y consistencia de las actividades para lograr los productos, resultados, e impactos de la propuesta.
ii. Las soluciones propuestas deben generar bienes o beneficios públicos lo que significa que buscan resolver problemas o factores críticos comunes y ampliamente extendidos en la cadena de valor que limitan el desarrollo de la competitividad de los actores productivos, produciendo y sistematizando conocimientos que quedarán disponibles y accesibles para ser utilizados, escalados, replicados y/o mejorados para beneficio de los diversos actores de la cadena de valor.
iii. En el marco de la estrategia de intervención las entidades proponentes, entidades socias y aliadas deberán hacer explícitos sus roles, compromisos y aportes. Deben precisar sus compromisos en las acciones o productos a lo que van a contribuir dentro de proyectos, así como precisar sus aportes de contrapartida.
iv. El Programa promueve un enfoque a la transformación productiva y generación de valor agregado a lo largo de la cadena de valor y se valorará, de un lado, las propuestas de diversificación productiva y generación de productos con valor agregado y potencial de mercado, para la agregación de valor en procesos críticos en los eslabones de la cadena; y de otro lado, que las soluciones promuevan la transferencia tecnológica y/o la difusión de innovaciones validadas para el incremento de la productividad y la eficiencia de los procesos, la mejora de la calidad y la garantía de inocuidad de los productos e insumos, a lo largo de la cadena de valor. con enfoque circular y digital.
17 Estos elementos y criterios serán precisados y profundizadas, si la Nota Conceptual es preseleccionada para la siguiente etapa de desarrollo y estructuración de los Proyectos de Cadenas de Valor
6) Enfoque a la Sostenibilidad y escalabilidad (máximo 01 página)
Las Entidades Proponentes deberán definir estrategias de sostenibilidad y escalabilidad de las propuestas de solución para los problemas / oportunidades de la cadena de valor. Para diseñar e implementar estas estrategias las entidades proponentes podrán considerar acciones para:
a. Incidencia en política pública: Impulsar procesos de incidencia política en la institucionalidad pública que permita que las innovaciones / soluciones desarrolladas por los proyectos logren institucionalizarse y ser sostenibles vía las políticas e instrumentos públicos, normatividad y fortalecimiento institucional y se facilite el escalamiento hacia más productores beneficiarios, organizaciones productivas, empresas, actores públicos y privados y regiones. Para ello las propuestas deben sustentar su alineamiento, concordancia y aportes a las políticas y planes nacionales y/o regionales de desarrollo de las cadenas de valor priorizadas.
b. Desarrollo del Mercado de Servicios: Promover el desarrollo de un mercado de proveedores de productos / servicios basados en las innovaciones / soluciones desarrolladas por los proyectos, mediante la transferencia tecnológica y el desarrollo de capacidades y competencias en los proveedores.
c. Costo Efectividad: Se valorará el esfuerzo por desarrollar soluciones e innovaciones "costo - efectivas" que faciliten la sostenibilidad, escalabilidad y amplia cobertura de las soluciones para los beneficiarios intermedios y finales. Se apreciará que sean soluciones innovadoras de amplia cobertura y bajo costo.
7) Enfoques transversales (máximo 02 páginas)
Para esta sección se recomienda que tomen en cuenta los criterios indicados para la implementación de los proyectos. Deberá describirse brevemente cómo enfoque el proyecto cada criterio transversal y, en caso de que alguno de ellos no aplicara para el proyecto planteado, sustentar el por qué.
a) Enfoque de género
Aspectos que puedan contribuir a la reducción de la inequidad de las relaciones de género en las cadenas de valor, incluyendo medidas para el empoderamiento económico, participación y desarrollo de capacidades de la mujer.
b) Enfoque de Cambio climático
Aspectos para promover mejoras en la gestión de los recursos naturales y que generen soluciones y medidas para una producción sostenible y resiliente al cambio climático, con enfoques de economía circular y de adaptación o mitigación.
c) Enfoque de Digitalización
Aspectos que contribuyan a la utilización de tecnologías digitales para lograr una mejora de la gestión y técnica de las cadenas de valor.
ANEXO 3: LISTA DE PROYECTOS DE CADENAS DE VALOR EJECUTADOS, DIRECTA O INDIRECTAMENTE POR LA ENTIDAD PROPONENTE
(La lista de Proyectos del presente Formato incluye los Proyectos ejecutados por la Entidad Proponente directa o indirectamente. En este mismo Formato las Entidades Socias y las Entidades Aliadas también deberá presentar, si los hubiera, la Lista de proyectos ejecutados, sin incurrir en doble registro)
…………………………………………….., Representante Legal de la Entidad …………..[nombre de la Entidad Proponente, Socia o Aliada) declaro que los Proyectos de la cadena de valor priorizada y que figuran en la relación siguiente, han sido ejecutados directa o indirectamente (a través de socios/aliados) en: i) los últimos 3 años anteriores a la presente convocatoria, ii) se encuentran actualmente o iii) están programados para ser ejecutados próximamente, según el detalle siguiente:
* Monto total administrado para uno o varios Contratos firmados con la misma fuente financiera / Estado ** Si la idea del proyecto es priorizada se solicitará los medios de verificación de los mencionados Proyectos
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOMBRE Y FIRMA DEL REPRESENTANTE LEGAL 25
ANEXO 4: MODELO DE CARTA DE COMPROMISO PARA ENTIDADES SOCIAS
............................de.........de 2023
Señores Programa SeCompetitivo SECO Lima,
Asunto :
Convocatoria "Cadenas de valor competitivas"
Referencia :
Propuesta de Proyecto "_______________".
En representación de _______________ [nombre de la entidad socia], le expresamos nuestro interés en participación en la Convocatoria "Cadenas de valor competitivas", en calidad de entidad socia de la Idea de Proyecto denominada "_________________", la cual es liderada por __________ [nombre de entidad proponente.
Manifestamos que conocemos el contenido presentado en la Propuesta Proyecto de Cadenas de valor, en el cual se delimita nuestro apoyo a la misma, el cual consiste en:
En este contexto, expresamos nuestro compromiso de cumplir con dichos roles y atribuciones, en el caso se apruebe el Proyecto en cuestión.
Asimismo, ratificamos que __________ [nombre de entidad proponente], es la entidad encargada de la coordinación general del Proyecto.
Finalmente, DECLARO BAJO JURAMENTO en mi calidad de representante de _______[nombre de la entidad socia], que toda la información contenida en el presente documento es fidedigna.
.............................................................
[Nombre y Firma de Funcionario de la Entidad Socia]
ANEXO 5: MODELO DE CARTA DE COMPROMISO PARA ENTIDADES ALIADAS
............................de.........de 2018
Señores Programa SeCompetitivo SECO Lima,
Asunto : Convocatoria "Cadenas de valor competitivas"
Referencia : Propuesta de idea de Proyecto "_______________".
En representación de _______________ [nombre de la entidad aliada], le expresamos nuestro interés en participación en la Convocatoria "Cadenas de valor competitivas", en calidad de entidad socia de la Idea de Proyecto denominada "_________________", la cual es liderada por __________ [nombre de entidad proponente].
Manifestamos que conocemos el contenido presentado en la Propuesta de Proyecto de Cadenas de valor, en el cual se delimita nuestro apoyo a la misma, el cual consiste en:
Resultado /
Componente
Actividad
Principales roles y atribuciones de __________
[nombre de la entidad aliada]
[indicar cómo participará a través de apoyo técnico o
financiero]
En este contexto, expresamos nuestro compromiso de cumplir con dichos roles y atribuciones, en el caso se apruebe el proyecto en cuestión.
Finalmente, DECLARO BAJO JURAMENTO en mi calidad de representante de _______[nombre de la entidad aliada], que toda la información contenida en el presente documento es fidedigna.
.............................................................
[Nombre y Firma de Funcionario de la Entidad Aliada]
ANEXO 6: MARCO CONCEPTUAL DE LA INTERVENCION EN LAS CADENAS DE VALOR
Una cadena de valor es un sistema constituido por actores productivos, de servicios y soporte interrelacionados y articulados por relaciones de competencia y cooperación en los mercados que desarrollan sucesivamente procesos y operaciones de producción, transformación y comercialización de los insumos, productos o grupo de productos agregando valor a lo largo de la cadena, como se puede apreciar en el siguiente Gráfico 1. En el marco de este sistema la cadena de valor conecta las organizaciones, recursos y fuentes de conocimiento involucrados en la creación y entrega de valor al consumidor final 18 .
Las empresas cuentan con importantes incentivos para participar en cadenas de valor. De manera restringida, el incentivo para participar en cadenas de valor puede explicarse a través de una corriente bien conocida en la teoría económica, según la cual las empresas optan racionalmente por externalizar etapas de producción cuando los costos de que otras empresas realicen determinados procesos, sumados a los costos de transacción de coordinar tales procesos a través del mercado, son inferiores a los costos de realizar dichos procesos internamente (Coase, 1937). De manera amplia, el incentivo para participar en cadenas de valor puede explicarse a través de una serie de motivos que se exponen en la literatura sobre organización industrial. Entre dichos motivos de encuentran: i) favorecer la posición en el mercado mediante alianzas estratégicas a lo largo de la cadena de valor; ii) incrementar la competitividad en el mercado interno y/o global, creando alianzas que permitan reducir costos y obtener economías de escala, mejorar la eficiencia, reforzar la superioridad en ciertos segmentos del mercado, o acceder a nuevos segmentos; iii) fortalecer el desarrollo del producto y elaborar nuevos productos a través de alianzas que favorezcan la innovación; y iv) diversificar y reducir riesgos, distribuyéndolos entre más de un actor (Dess et al., 2010).
18 Tomado de la "Metodología Link, Una guía participativa sobre modelos empresariales incluyentes con pequeños agricultores" desarrollada por Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, noviembre 2012
Entre los beneficios más significativos de las cadenas de valor, según CEPAL 19 , destacan: i) la preservación y fortalecimiento del tejido industrial; ii) la generación de empleo; iii) el fomento de la productividad y competitividad empresarial; iv) la inserción de la MIPYME en nuevos procesos productivos creadores de valor; v) la atracción de nuevos capitales y la concreción de nuevas inversiones; vi) la creación de redes horizontales o de abastecimiento; vii) un incremento en la recaudación tributaria, y viii) una mejoría en la relación de los sectores público y privado destinada a la generación de sistemas productivos territoriales basados en conglomerados.
El enfoque de cadenas de valor permite identificar los puntos críticos que frenan la competitividad y las ventajas competitivas que potencian la cadena de valor, para luego definir e impulsar estrategias de acción concertadas entre los principales actores involucrados 20 .
Una cadena de valor es competitiva cuando sus actores han desarrollado capacidades y condiciones para mantenerse y aumentar su participación en el mercado de manera sostenible. La competitividad de una cadena tiene que ver con las habilidades, actitudes, talentos, competencias, visión empresarial de sus actores. Algunos autores hablan de competitividad sistémica para hacer entender que una cadena es competitiva no solo cuando una empresa o un grupo de actores tienen productividad y rentabilidad, sino que el conjunto de actores es competitivo.
Teniendo en cuenta que SeCompetitivo a través de esta ventanilla apoyará los proyectos que buscarán promover el fortalecimiento, sostenimiento y escalamiento de procesos o innovaciones claves para el desarrollo de la competitividad y sostenibilidad de la cadena de valor, consideraremos procesos o innovaciones claves aquellos que buscan enfrentar factores críticos de las mismas que se constituyen en restricciones internas (de capacidad), restricciones externas (de acceso a mercados de bienes, servicios o inputs) o factores del ambiente o entorno de los negocios y las cadenas de valor que limitan el desarrollo de sus ventajas competitivas y/o impiden el pleno aprovechamiento de oportunidades del mercado y potencialidades de la cadena de valor.
19 CEPAL, Ramón Padilla Pérez Editor, Editor, Fortalecimiento de las cadenas de valor como instrumento de la política industrial. Metodología y experiencia de la CEPAL en Centroamérica, Santiago de Chile, mayo de 2014.
20 Guía Metodológica para el Análisis de Cadenas Productivas, de Van der Heyden, Camacho editado por RURALTER -SNV, Ecuador 2006.
Las restricciones de capacidad, de acceso y del entorno de los negocios y las cadenas de valor se asocian con algunas fallas de mercado como: i) la naturaleza de bien público de determinados servicios críticos y escasos, ii) las externalidades que impiden el desarrollo de una oferta sostenible de servicios para solucionar los problemas de la cadena de valor, iii) las asimetrías de información que dificultan la interacción entre los actores y la articulación productiva de los eslabones de las cadenas de valor, y iv) los costos de transacción que limitan los procesos de coordinación para desarrollar acciones colectivas que promuevan la competitividad de las cadenas de valor.
A fin de superar estas limitaciones a la competitividad de las cadenas de valor, y de acuerdo con las buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas de la experiencia del desarrollo económico 21 , se ha identificado las siguientes estrategias:
1. Colaboración entre actores
2. Vinculación efectiva al mercado
3. Gobernanza transparente
4. Acceso equitativo a servicios
5. Innovación incluyente
6. Medición de resultados
Este marco conceptual solamente referencial y podrá ser tomado en cuenta dependiendo de la naturaleza y alcance de la idea del Proyecto a ser propuesta.
21 METODOLOGÍA LINK, Una guía participativa sobre modelos empresariales incluyentes con pequeños agricultores. CIAT, Cali, noviembre 2012
Las siguientes definiciones y elementos conceptuales se pueden tomar en cuenta y considerar en un proyecto de cadenas de valor:
1) Carácter de bien público
Se orienta a generar beneficios o soluciones de carácter público en favor de la competitividad de la cadena de valor, afrontando problemas y desafíos comunes para un amplio espectro de empresas, organizaciones productivas, productores e instituciones de la cadena de valor; o que puedan generar externalidades y resultados susceptibles de ser aprovechados mediante el escalamiento y réplica de los beneficios o soluciones obtenidos hacia otros beneficiarios, territorios diferentes, eslabones de la misma cadena o hacia otras cadenas de valor.
2) Sostenibilidad
El enfoque de sostenibilidad espera que los beneficios y soluciones a alcanzar para superar las restricciones y problemas críticos de la cadena de valor, así como los impactos obtenidos, propuestos por las ideas de proyectos sean sostenibles en el tiempo y puedan permanecer y/o escalar más allá de la intervención temporal de un Proyecto. Para sustentar la sostenibilidad del Proyecto en su dimensión económica, social y/o ambiental deberán desarrollar estrategias de intervención que incluyan fortalecimiento institucional, empoderamiento de actores, vínculos sostenibles con el mercado o la política pública.
A modo de ejemplo, algunos beneficios y/o soluciones sostenibles en el tiempo pueden ser:
(i) Sostenibilidad económica: flujo sostenible de las exportaciones, de los turistas, de la productividad entre otros.
(ii) Sostenibilidad social, permanencia de los empleos creados o de las mejores condiciones sociales de las personas entre otros
(iii) Sostenibilidad ambiental, los beneficios ambientales y/o servicios ecosistémicos a los que contribuye el proyecto puedan permanecer y/o mejorar en el tiempo, la permanencia de prácticas de manejo sostenible de recursos naturales y/o adaptación al cambio climático.
(iv) Autosostenibilidad general: la idea de proyecto debe sustentar que los efectos e instrumentos que genere puedan permanecer en el tiempo más allá de la intervención del Proyecto (p.e. un servicio o una técnica).
3) Escalabilidad y replicabilidad
Se espera que las propuestas de proyectos puedan escalar y/o hacer extensivos los beneficios y/o soluciones en la propia cadena de valor y/o replicarlos en otras regiones u otras cadenas de valor. Las ideas de proyectos podrían ser escalables por ejemplo a través de alianzas público – privadas, modelos de negocios innovadores con alto potencial de crecimiento, diseminación y gestión de conocimiento entre otros.
4) Impacto socio económico
Se espera que las propuestas de Proyectos produzcan cambios positivos sostenibles entre los beneficiarios y el conjunto de la cadena de valor, que modifiquen el estado actual de las
restricciones y/o problemas críticos que afectan la competitividad de un número significativo de productores, MIPYME, personas etc. Algunos ejemplos de impacto centrales pueden ser: .
(i) Impacto Económico: La acción del Proyecto generará mejoras significativas, razonables y verificables en el presente o futuro de variables económicas, como aumentos de los ingresos, reducción de costos, diversificación de productos y actividades económicas, certificación de estándares de calidad y sostenibilidad, reducción de la vulnerabilidad y riesgos de mercado etc. en un número significativo de unidades productivas / personas u organizaciones de productores de la cadena de valor.
(ii) Impacto Tecnológico: La acción del Proyecto generará cambios / mejoras significativas, razonables y verificables de variables productivas y tecnológicas, tales como aumentos de productividad o rendimiento, mejora de la eficiencia en los procesos productivos, innovaciones de productos, proceso y tecnologías, mejoramiento genético etc.; entre las organizaciones de productores, unidades productivas y/o personas que las conforman.
(iii) Impacto Social: La acción del Proyecto generarán cambios / mejoras significativas, razonables y verificables en el empleo (consolidar y/o generar más y/o mejores empleos), en las condiciones de equidad de género, o en las condiciones socioeconómicas o de pobreza de las unidades productivas y/o personas que las conforman.
Estos impactos se espera que puedan ser demostrados y puestos en evidencia, mediante indicadores específicos a nivel de los impactos y resultados de las ideas de proyectos.
5) Orientación al mercado y la demanda
Se espera que las propuestas de proyecto respondan a:
(i) Oportunidad de mercado: El Proyecto debe responder a una oportunidad clara de mercado de los bienes, servicios, insumos y factores de producción de la cadena de valor (por ejemplo y en el caso del cacao, pueden ser los mercados de exportación del cacao, mercado de los insumos, del mercado financiero o el mercado de servicios de la cadena del cacao, entre otros). Ello significa que el Proyecto debe sustentar la existencia de una demanda efectiva y/o cuando menos una demanda potencial de los bienes, servicios, insumos y factores de producción de la cadena de valor cuya competitividad se espera mejorar con la intervención del Proyecto.
(ii) Necesidades y demandas de los actores públicos y privados: El proyecto debe responder a las necesidades y demandas de soluciones priorizadas y más valoradas por los actores públicos y privados de la cadena de valor.
6) Innovación, desarrollo tecnológico y valor agregado
Se espera que las propuestas de proyectos con actividades que propongan la adaptación y aplicación de conocimientos validados fomentando la innovación, desarrollo tecnológico y el valor agregado, en alguno de los siguientes aspectos:
(i) Contemplen acciones, medidas e incentivos que difundan y promuevan la innovación.
(ii) Consideren la transferencia, adaptación y desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas validadas a las cadenas de valor.
(iii) Fomenten el desarrollo y diversificación de productos y servicios con valor agregado.
(iv) Promueven innovaciones institucionales y de modelos de negocios, financiamiento y servicios.
7) Equidad de género
La intervención de los proyectos busca identificar las inequidades de género y favorecer la equidad de género en el ámbito de las cadenas de valor a ser abordado por el Proyecto mediante acciones orientadas a:
(i) Desarrollo de capacidades; proponiendo acciones para contribuir a que las mujeres puedan acceder en condiciones de equidad de los servicios de los proyectos. Considerar facilidades y medida con enfoque de equidad de género para que accedan a servicios de capacitación, asistencia técnica, participación comercial y acceso al financiamiento
(ii) Empoderamiento económico de la mujer; buscando el reconocimiento del rol de las mujeres en los diferentes eslabones como en el eslabón productivo y fortalecimiento de sus proyectos de emprendimiento o autoempleo.
(iii) Participación de la mujer en la empresas, cooperativas y sociales; facilitando sus capacidades de liderazgo, comunicación y desarrollo gremial, así como las condiciones para desarrollar un ambiente de trabajo seguro con respeto a los derechos y sin discriminación de género.
8) Digitalización
Las consideraciones que debe ser tomadas para la incorporación de tecnologías e innovaciones digitales pasa por los siguientes pasos
1. Identificar la relevancia del problema / oportunidad a ser abordado con digitalización
2. Mapeo de soluciones digitales y proveedores disponibles: internet de las cosas, inteligencia artificial, geolocalización, blockchain, marketplace
3. Pertinencia y viabilidad técnica de la solución digital propuesta para resolver el problema / oportunidad a ser abordado considerando si se trata de una:
a. Solución existente que requiere ser adoptada, porque responde específicamente a las necesidades
b. Solución existente que requiere ser adaptada a las necesidades específicas
c. Solución que debe ser desarrollada porque no existe actualmente
4. Costo - Beneficios e impactos esperados de la implementación de la solución digital
ANEXO 7: PROYECTOS DEL PORTAFOLIO DE LA COOPERACIÓN SUIZA – SECO
a) Programa Suizo de Promoción de Importaciones - SIPPO
El Programa Suizo de Promoción de Importaciones (SIPPO) de la Cooperación Suiza – SECO busca dinamizar las exportaciones a través de la generación y fortalecimiento de las capacidades en Organizaciones de Promoción de Exportaciones, mejorando el alcance y calidad de sus servicios para sus usuarios y clientes, principalmente Pymes exportadoras y con potencial exportador.
SIPPO es implementado por Swisscontact y conecta los sectores de exportación relevantes de 11 países socios con importadores de Suiza, Europa y otros mercados objetivos.
En el Perú, SIPPO se concentra en el sector alimentos procesados agroindustriales, ingredientes naturales y el sector de turismo sostenible.
El objetivo principal es dinamizar las exportaciones a través de la generación y fortalecimiento de las capacidades en Organizaciones de Promoción de Exportaciones (BSO), mejorando el alcance y calidad de sus servicios para sus usuarios y clientes, principalmente Pymes exportadoras y con potencial exportador. SIPPO busca fortalecer a las siguientes BSO: PROMPERU, Cámara de Comercio de Lima (CCL), Sierra y Selva Exportadora (SSE) y la Cámara Nacional de Turismo del Perú (CANATUR).
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/proyecto/programa-suiza-de-promocion-deimportaciones-sippo/
Web SIPPO: https://www.sippo.pe/
b) Paisajes de Cacao Sostenibles en la Región San Martín - PCS
El Proyecto Paisajes de Abastecimiento Sostenible de Cacao, para San Martín con el apoyo de la Cooperación Suiza SECO, a través de la Plataforma Suiza para el Cacao Sostenible (SWISSCO), facilitado por HELVETAS, tiene como meta que los paisajes gestionados de manera sostenible contribuyan a la mejora de la competitividad, los sistemas de producción de cacao resistentes al clima y los medios de vida de la población local. Con esa mirada, las partes interesadas de entidades públicas, privadas y la sociedad civil puedan gestionar de manera sostenible los paisajes de cacao y garantizan la provisión de servicios ambientales y sociales esenciales; los agricultores aumenten su productividad, en calidad y volúmenes; así como, ventas de sistemas de producción de cacao diversificados y resistentes al clima. Los resultados esperados del Proyecto establecen que:
* Las partes interesadas de los sectores público, privado y comunitario gestionan de forma sostenible los paisajes cacaoteros de acuerdo con su visión conjunta, que incluye el crecimiento verde y las emisiones cero
* Productores incrementan productividad (calidad y volumen) y ventas, basado en sistemas de producción sostenibles, económicamente viables, diversificados, climáticamente resilientes y libre de deforestación
* Partes interesadas públicas y privadas a nivel regional y nacional reconocen los modelos de gestión de paisaje para promover la producción sostenible y libre de deforestación
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/paisajes-sostenibles-de-cacao-para-san-martinarticulando-a-todos-los-actores-de-la-cadena/
Web
HELVETAS:
somos/siguenos/Noticias/Paisajes-Sostenibles-de-Cacao-un-modelo-hacia-el-abastecimiento- sostenible-de-cacao-de-San-Martin-al-mundo_pressrelease_8164
c) GQSP - Programa Global de Calidad y Estándares. Fortalecimiento de la calidad en café y cacao del Perú.
El Proyecto GQSP Perú es un proyecto de cooperación de la secretaria de Estado para Asuntos Económicos de Suiza SECO (Cooperación Suiza) y la Organización de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial ONUDI, en cogestión con el Instituto Nacional de Calidad INACAL, que contribuye a mejorar la competitividad de las exportaciones de las cadenas de valor del café y el cacao del Perú, promoviendo la implementación de servicios de infraestructura de calidad. El Proyecto GQSP, aspira a lograr:
* La competencia técnica y sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Infraestructura de la Calidad para servicios en las Cadenas de Valor del café y el cacao ha mejorado.
* El cumplimiento por parte de las Pymes de los estándares y reglamentos técnicos internacionales de las Cadenas de Valor seleccionadas (café, cacao) ha mejorado.
* La promoción de la conciencia y cultura de la calidad.
El objetivo principal es contribuir a la mejora de la competitividad de las exportaciones de las cadenas de valor del café y el cacao del Perú, por medio del aseguramiento de la implementación de servicios de infraestructura de calidad en regiones piloto. De esta manera, el proyecto apoya y complementa la implementación del plan de la Política Nacional para la Calidad de INACAL.
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/proyecto/programa-global-de-estandares-decalidad/
Web GQSP: https://www.gqspperu.org/
Brochure: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Brochure-GQSP-
Peru.pdf
d) PESIPRO - Proyecto Peruano-Suizo en Propiedad intelectual
A fin de facilitar la aplicación del Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC), Suiza se comprometió a brindar cooperación técnica y financiera en favor de los países en desarrollo y menos desarrollados. Como respuesta directa, la Cooperación Suiza SECO promueve el Programa Global de Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, que es implementado por el Instituto Federal de Propiedad Intelectual de Suiza – IPI, y en cuyo marco se desarrolla PESIPRO.
El Programa tiene como objetivo principal fortalecer el uso de determinados Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual en el Perú a fin de contribuir a una mayor competitividad, más valor agregado a los productos peruanos y a un impacto positivo en el desarrollo económico peruano.
El Programa brindará asistencia técnica para aumentar la capacidad del sistema de indicaciones geográficas del Perú y mejorar la valoración de productos con denominación de origen peruanas, incrementar los niveles de sensibilización de la industria creativa y las agencias de gobierno sobre el uso del derecho de autor y patentabilidad de los inventos.
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/proyecto/programa-de-derechos-de-propiedadintelectual-pesipro/
Hoja informativa: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/wp- content/uploads/2021/06/PROYECTO-PERUANO-SUIZO-EN-PROPIEDAD-INTELECTUALPESIPRO-2019-2021-alta-res-1.pdf
e) GCP - Programa Commodities Verdes
El Programa de Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo (PNUD) a través del Programa de Commodities Verdes (GCP) busca mejorar el desempeño económico, social y ambiental de las materias primas verdes a nivel nacional, para así mejorar los medios de vida rurales, mitigar los efectos del cambio climático, mantener los servicios ecosistémicos y la resiliencia de los paisajes.
En el Perú, con el apoyo de la Cooperación Suiza – SECO, el Programa de Commodities Verdes de PNUD busca favorecer los procesos de diálogo y la acción colectiva entre las múltiples partes interesadas para la sostenibilidad de la caficultura en el país.
El proyecto está diseñado para fortalecer la capacidad del gobierno de articular y movilizar al sector público y privado (APP), y sus respectivos grupos de interés, en el diseño de un plan de desarrollo sostenible del sector, integrando la caficultura peruana con un enfoque de paisaje.
El objetivo principal es contribuir a fomentar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de la participación de múltiples interesados en el proceso de conformación de una plataforma nacional del sector café que, a su vez, facilite la implementación del "Plan Nacional de Acción del Café".
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/proyecto/programa-de-commodities-verdes/ https://www.undp.org/facs
f) Swiss EP – Programa Suizo de Emprendimiento
Swiss EP tiene como objetivo principal la creación de empleo a través de la formación, crecimiento y escalamiento de emprendimientos innovadores y dinámicos (startups).
Swiss EP busca lograr este objetivo fortaleciendo sus socios que son un grupo de organizaciones del ecosistema, principalmente incubadoras, aceleradoras y redes de inversionistas ángeles. El programa también busca facilitar la colaboración entre organizaciones del ecosistema emprendedor.
Nos dedicamos a fortalecer las propuestas de valor de nuestros socios que brindan servicios emprendedores innovadores y dinámicos e/o inversionistas ángeles. Recibiendo mejor asesoría y mayor inversión inteligente, los emprendedores podrán formar y crecer sus startups– lo cual generará más empleos.
En su segunda fase y a nivel de los 7 países, Swiss EP espera la creación de más de 4,800 empleos por las startups de los socios fortalecidos; la captación de 38.5 millones CHF de capital movilizado por estas startups in más de 2300 startups impactadas.
Web SECO: https://www.cooperacionsuiza.pe/proyecto/programa-de-emprendimiento/
ANEXO 8: MODELO DE CARTA DE COMPROMISO DE PARTICIPACIÓN EN EL FINANCIAMIENTO BASADO EN RESULTADO (FBR) (OPCIONAL)
...........................de.........de 2023
Señores Programa SeCompetitivo SECO Lima,
Por intermedio de la presente manifestamos nuestro compromiso de participar en el mecanismo de Financiamiento Basado en Resultado (FBR) establecido por el Programa SeCompetitivo, que tiene como propósito mejorar el desempeño de los proyectos seleccionados por SeCompetitivo en términos de los resultados e impactos en sus principales temas estratégicos. En tal sentido, de ser preseleccionada la presente Expresión de Interés, nos comprometemos a participar en el proceso de diseño y estructuración del mecanismo FBR en el marco del proyecto presentado y de acordar dicha participación, suscribir el convenio de implementación del mecanismo FBR y los términos que se establezca.
Atentamente,
.............................................................
[Nombre y Firma de Representante de la Entidad Proponente]
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Carissimi Capi Clan/Fuoco
Se un vostro rover/scolta ha deciso di partecipare alla proposta de "l'arte dei piccoli passi", gli eventi di progressione personale a partecipazione individuale 2021- questo testo è dedicato a voi!
Questi EPPPI, a causa del distanziamento sociale, saranno vissuti in maniera "speciale" sperando che possano essere un'occasione utile per i vostri ragazzi in questo tempo difficile. È un'opportunità che i vostri ragazzi hanno colto e che, grazie ai capi evento, potranno vivere per fare un "piccolo passo" nella propria progressione personale.
Vogliamo sottolineare che questi eventi non saranno vissuti prettamente "on line" ma avranno una forte dinamica esperienziale nel territorio di appartenenza.
Per questo motivo il vostro contributo e il vostro accompagnamento saranno necessari per far vivere ai ragazzi questa esperienza.
La proposta si compone di tre fasi. In ognuna di questa voi capi clan/fuoco avrete un ruolo importante: cerchiamo di darvi qualche indicazione qui di seguito.
Indicazioni e suggerimenti per una proposta efficace
I vostri ragazzi riceveranno una mail che gli chiederà di vivere un'esperienza/incontro significativo. Questa mail arriverà anche a voi per avere contezza della proposta. Vi chiediamo di stimolare il ragazzo a costruire questa esperienza/incontro e siamo certi che lo staff e la comunità R/S si metterà a disposizione per dare una mano al Rover/Scolta che partecipa.
Oltre a questa esperienza/incontro verrà chiesto al R/S di preparare e vivere un incontro di condivisione dell'esperienza di fede, secondo lo sguardo nuovo del "parlami di Lui", mettendosi davanti alla Parola di Dio insieme a un compagno di strada. Anche in questo caso il supporto dei capi e della comunità R/S potrà essere fondamentale.
E' anche utile che il Rover/Scolta partecipante condivida con la comunità R/S il percorso che sta vivendo.
I capi evento (dei quali avrete i contatti) saranno a vostra disposizione per chiarimenti e supporto. Non esitate a contattarli.
Gli R/S iscritti verranno invitati a una videochiamata con i capi evento e con un testimone e dovranno condividere l'esperienza fatta con altri R/S partecipanti allo stesso EPPPI.
Voi capi R/S potreste aiutare il R/S a fare sintesi e a condividere al meglio l'esperienza.
Alla fine della videochiamata verrà dato un mandato: fare una semplice azione concreta nel territorio che possa lasciare il mondo un po' migliore, nello spirito dei "piccoli passi".
Il vostro ruolo in questa fase sarà quello di supportare e accompagnare l'RS nella costruzione di questa azione e - perché no - coinvolgere anche la comunità RS in qualche modo!
Queste sono le piccole attenzioni da avere per aiutare i vostri ragazzi a vivere al meglio l'esperienza dei piccoli passi. Crediamo che, nonostante la modalità anomala, possa essere davvero un'occasione per ricucire una relazione educativa tra capi e ragazzi e tra questi ultimi e il territorio. Essendo una proposta di lungo respiro, a voi toccherà fare da pungolo affinché i ragazzi non perdano l'entusiasmo e non si sentano soli in questo percorso.
Siamo sicuri che il vostro supporto e il vostro incoraggiamento saranno gli elementi essenziali dei piccoli passi. E vi ringraziamo per la dedizione e per il coraggio che ogni giorno dimostrate nel mantenere viva la relazione educativa in questo tempo.
Per qualsiasi informazione o chiarimento non esitate a chiamare i capi evento.
Buona Strada!
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KRISTER FRÖJDH
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
PROXIMION AB
Jan 2013-current: VP R&D. Responsible for R&D at
Proximion AB. Also manager of IT.
PROXIMION FIBER SYSTEMS AB
Jul 2012-Dec 2012: Chief engineer R&D. Chief engineer for grating writing.
Sep 2009-Jun 2012: R&D Manager Core Technology. Head and Chief Engineer of the grating writing R&D group. Also many engineering tasks in programming, analysis andsystem engineering.
ZARLINK
Mar 2009-Aug 2009: Research Engineer VCSEL. Worked with development of Vertical Cavity Emitting Laser Diodes. Included measurement and modeling.
PROXIMION
Dec 2007-Feb 2009 : Senior Expert. Mainly software development
May 2006-Nov 2007: Research Manager: Head of the optics R&D team. Reporting to CEO. Member of the management team. Project manager for a software project for automation of grating writing
Mars 2005-April 2006: Optical Engineer and Project Manager: Project manager for the development of a new grating writing machine. Worked with the development of process and production equipment for UV-writing of Bragg gratings. Tasks include project management, software for control and measurements in LabVIEW, analysis of data using Matlab, measuring data storage using XML, analogue design using Orcad, optical measurements.
OPTILLION
May 2000 — Feb 2005: Senior Expert Optoelectronics and Project Manager, Was project manager and lead designer of a direct modulated 10 Gbit/s 1310 nm DFB and a 1550 nm 10 Gbit/s EML from design into full scale production The work included laser design, mask design, process design, software and set-ups for research and production test and full documentation. Also worked in the 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Task force. Member of the patent group.
ERICSSON
1998 — 2000 R&D Engineer at Ericsson Microelectronic, Opto electronic products. Work included optimization of electro absorptions modulators as well as project management of a joint project with a Chinese research institute in optimization of MBE grown MQWs for uncooled lasers.
1997-1998 Research Engineer at Ericsson Fiber Optic Research Center (FORC). Work included FTTH lasers and building practice. Hands on experience from work in an InP semiconductor fab.
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (KTH), STOCKHOLM
1990-1996 PhD Student at the department of optics. Developed a device simulator of MQW devices including dynamic simulation of transport properties. Also performed experimental work with semiconductor characterization. Worked 33% as a teacher in optics and other physics.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
1996 Ph.D. in Laser Physics at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Department of Optics
1990 Master of Engineering Degree in electrical engineering Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
1985 Engineer Examine in medical electronics.
SKILLS
- Quick learner of a new technology.
- System design with integration of software, electronics and mechanics.
- Focus on goals, results (deliverables) and profitability.
- Project management: Experience from a number of product development project, several research project and production projects
- Documentation: Efficient producer of technical documentation (specifications, report and instructions) both for internal and external use.
- Line Manager: 4 years experience as a line manager over a group of approximate eight persons (several with PhD in physics). Experience includes recruitment of technical experts and being a member of the management team.
- Optical communication: Deep knowledge of dispersion compensation. Considerable experience of 10 Gbit/s transmission, especially using EAM transmitters.
- Measurements: Long experience with optical measurements. Also experience with HF opto-electrical measurements and optical vector analyzers.
- Optical components: Design of DFB-lasers and EAM. Design of Fiber Bragg Gratings. Design of VCELs. Lifetest and qualification. Specifications.
- Measurement automatization: Long experience with building and programming computer controlled measurement set-ups.
- Data mining: Long experience of handling and analyzing large measurement data sets including data base sources.
- Programming: LabVIEW, Matlab, C, C++ .
- Analog design. Experience with simpler analogue design including simulation and schematics (using OrCAD)
- Languages: English, Swedish and some German (passively)
- Patents: Both creating and managing.
- Teaching/presentation: Considerable experience of teaching and oral presentation.
ACHIEVEMENTS
- Two lasers from development into industrialized product including production test
- One standard: IEEE 802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet
- Two dispersion compensation grating products.
- One grating writing machine from development into full scale production
- Nine Patents
- Numerous computer programs for research, production test and data analysis
MEMBERSHIPS
- Worked in the IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gbit Ethernet task force in the optical serial group.
- Member IEEE since 1988
- Member of the board of the Swedish electronics and computer engineer society SER 2005-2007
HOBBIES
Music, photographing and sailing.
FAMILY
Married with five children: born 1990 to 2006. Live in a house in Älvsjö, a suburb approx. 10 km south of Stockholm city. Born 1965 in Stockholm, Sweden
CONTACT INFORMATION
Nyckelpigsvägen 32 125 57 Älvsjö
Home: +4686475756
Mobile: +46765588440
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
PATENTS
11 patents in the field of optical communication and semiconductor lasers:
- WO 00/36448 AN OPTICAL TRANSMITTER–RECEIVER MODULE
- WO 01/52369 INTEGRATED WAVELENGTH MONITOR
- WO 01/90794 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PASSIVE ALIGNMENT
- WO 02/49173 DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASER WITH VARYING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE FOR UNIFORM GAIN INSIDE THE OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE
- WO 03/047057 METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AN OPTICAL DEVICE
- WO 03/034121 OPTICAL SUB-ASSEMBLY
- WO 03/026084 COOLING OF OPTICAL TRANSMITTER MODULES
- WO 03/032491 REDUCTION OF RINGING AND INTER-SYMBOL INTERFERENCE IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
- WO 03/007443 MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS HAVING GRATINGS
- WO 05/110004 DRIVING CIRCUIT FOR ELECTRO ABSORPTION MODULATOR
- WO 05/122348 WAVELENGTH STABILIZED LASER MODULE.
PUBLICATIONS
1. S. Marcinkevicius , K. Fröjdh and K. Naudzius, "Photoluminescence study of carrier transfer into InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells under different excitation intensities" J.. Luminescence, 54, 89-93 (1992). (abstract)
2. K. Fröjdh, U. Olin and R. Planel, "Space-charge-induced interband optical nonlinearities in asymmetric coupled quantum wells" Optical and Quantum Electr. 26, S565-S569 (abstract)
3. S. Marcinkevicius , K. Fröjdh and K. Naudzius, "Photoluminescence study of carrier transfer into InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells under different excitation intensities" J.. Luminescence, 54, 89-93 (1992). (abstract)
4. K. Fröjdh, U. Olin and R. Planel, "Space-charge-induced interband optical nonlinearities in asymmetric coupled quantum wells" Optical and Quantum Electr. 26, S565-S569 (abstract)
5. K. Fröjdh, S. Marcinkevicius, U. Olin, C. Silfvenius, B. Stålnacke, and G. Landgren. "Interwell carrier transport in InGaAsP multiple quantum well laser structures. " Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3695-3697 (1996).
6. S. Marcinkevicius, H. Hillmer, R. Lösch, K. Fröjdh and U. Olin: "Interwell carrier distribution in InAlGaAs quantum well laser structures. "Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 204, 577-580 (1997).
7. S. Marcinkevicius, K. Fröjdh, H. Hillmer, R. Lösch and U. Olin: "Vertial carrier transport in InP-based quantum well laser structures." Materials Science and Engineering B51, 30 (1998).
8. S Bischoff, J Mørk, T Franck, S D Brorson, M Hofmann, K Fröjdh, L Prip and M P Sørensen "Monolithic colliding pulse mode-locked semiconductor lasers" 1997 Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 9 655-674
9. M. Hofmann, K. Fröjdh, S. D. Brorson, and J. Mørk: "Temporal and spectral dynamics in Multiquantum well semiconductor saturable absorbers", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9, 622 (1997).
10. M. Hofmann, S. Bischoff, T. Franck, L. Prip, S.D. Brorson, J. Mørk and K. Fröjdh: "Chirp of monolithic colliding pulse mode-locked diode lasers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2514 (1997).
11. K Fröjdh "Carrier transport effects in semoconductor hetersotructures for optical application" Doctroal Thesis, 1996 KTH Stockholm.
12. P. Granestrand, K. Fröjdh, O. Sahlén, B. Stoltz, J. Wallin," Gain characteristics of QW Lasers, European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC'98), pp. 431-432, Sept. 1998.
13. K. Fröjdh, "New Manufacturing of Ultra-Long FBG's (> 10 m) whilst Maintaining High Performance Characteristics," in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper BMA1.
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SINDACO:
La pratica numero 7 all’o.d.g.: «Approvazione al bilancio di previsione finanziario 2015-2017 del bilancio di previsione esercizio 2015 e del bilancio pluriennale 2015-2017». Prima di cedere la parola alla collega Arimondo... volutamente ho richiesto che ci fosse la presenza dei funzionari perché in questi mesi ho apprezzato l'impegno in questa giungla e in questo balamme normativo nel dover sviluppare quello che è un documento fondamentale per la vita degli Enti e via discorrendo e come ho già più volte accennato in questi mesi quando sistematicamente si parlava di bilanci è chiaro che non mi sono mai trovato nella condizione di dover interpretare a volte gli sguardi smarriti dei miei colleghi funzionari e tutti e i miei colleghi Consiglieri e Assessori in quello che è uno stato normativo che ci sta portando a non comprendere più quali possono essere gli spazi di manovra e le possibilità che questa o quell'altra Amministrazione questo o quell'altro gruppo consiliare possa, effettivamente, fare. Giorni fa mi sono trovato per richiesta specifica del Comune di Sanremo, del Sindaco di Sanremo a dover fare una disquisizione, proprio esercitare un grido di allarme su quello che era un concetto, si voleva esprimere un concetto in merito alla sicurezza che è venuta meno grazie al dispositivo “sblocca Italia” del 20 giugno che tanto aspettavamo e di fatto ha ulteriormente appesantito la situazione in un momento storico come quello estivo che ci dovrebbe vedere ancora più impegnati in merito all’ordine pubblico. Di fatti i tagli e le limitazioni sono stati ancora più pesanti, quello era l’oggetto all’ordine del giorno di quella conferenza stampa, di fatto siamo finiti a denunciare pubblicamente che un Governo così definito da me, come da tutti gli altri colleghi, miope su tutte le situazioni, sta appesantendo questa azione. Sorridevamo tutti perché era l’indomani della straordinaria affermazione, da parte del Presidente del Consiglio, che i Sindaci avrebbero dovuto lavorare un po’ di più per fare qualche cosa di più, interpretando quello che il documento dello sblocca Italia, io, presumo, più che rimboccarci le maniche fisicamente andare a fare le pulizie o far qualcos’altro non credo ci sia più necessario, che qualsiasi Sindaco possa pensare di fare qualche altra azione di natura amministrativa perché non ve ne sono le possibilità. Detto questo, faccio i miei più grandi ringraziamenti ai funzionari che sono qui presenti per il lavoro straordinario che hanno svolto, grazie. Passo la parola alla collega Arimondo per l’illustrazione della pratica.
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Buonasera a tutti, un momento difficile e sudato per quanto uno magari pensi che non si possa pensare che non sia così, in realtà la formazione del bilancio viene da un lavoro che parte, grosso modo, gennaio - febbraio è già per altri versi, anche sull’anno prima. Però soffre di lungaggini che non dipendono da noi e sono un po’, poi magari li vedremo, se ci saranno delle domande a riguardo, sono un po’ il frutto, la situazione che sta vivendo tutta la realtà italiana e poi la nostra in modo particolare per complicanze che sono derivate dalla situazione TRADECO e dalla situazione Rivieraqua. La premessa la faccio ma è, probabilmente, la stessa che avrei fatto l’anno scorso, mi auguro sempre che non sia quella da fare in futuro ma parte sempre da uno stato di fatto immutabile: il taglio e il patto di stabilità che deprimono la capacità degli amministratori di fare altro se non la riscossione delle tasse, il mantenimento dello status quo, dove possibile e grazie ai bandi a cui si riesce a partecipare, ai fondi che si riescono ad avere, però coprono totalmente una spesa e quindi non ci viene richiesta, qualche opera e nient’altro. Come avevo già detto, forse in una occasione, non c’eravate voi ma c’era lui, è difficile essere giudicati per amministrare in questa maniera, perché soffriamo di questa rigidità, perché quanto meno se noi facessimo qualcosa, si potrebbero avere una serie di opinioni, per cui “è bello, è brutto” eccetera. In questo frangente, di nuovo, non si prospetta molto all’orizzonte e io si vede anche dalle indicazioni di bilancio, anche se, ovviamente, siamo molto contenti di aver potuto portare a termine e il solo quando si realizzano questo si può dire, che siano effettivamente definitivo le opere per l’assestamento, si chiama, antisismico, io non sono un geometra, però opere di riqualificazione, assestamento della scuola, il parcheggio e la strada che portano un sistema di viabilità, un po’ modificato a San Bartolomeo dovrebbero decongestionare Via Roma, almeno per certi aspetti poi magari la cosa si vedrà più in futuro e la rotonda che dovrebbe sorgere al posto del semaforo, sono comunque delle grandi opere, se ne vedono, credo, poche in giro e siamo riusciti a farlo. Per il resto, voi sapete già, che la linea dell’Amministrazione è quella di cercare di mantenere i servizi, quelli che oggi (…) quindi le manifestazioni, i servizi alle associazioni, oppure i contributi che diamo alle associazioni, le scuole e quant’altro. Vogliamo dare questi servizi, abbiamo chiesto un sacrificio attraverso l’aumento dell’IMU che è pesato soprattutto sulle seconde case, pochi giorni fa abbiamo chiesto un sacrificio a chi invece ha la prima
casa in termini di TASI e siamo stati anche in grado di reperire internamente quel gap che comunque era 150 mila euro e ci mancava per il raggiungimento di quella che è stata la richiesta del fondo di solidarietà, mi ricordo la determinazione è arrivata a giugno, e non è l'ultimo dei problemi che abbiamo avuto per mettere il bilancio in piedi. Lascerei le domande perché a questo punto poi avremo spunto per parlare di altre questioni.
SINDACO:
Grazie collega Arimondo. Ci sono degli interventi? Collega Franceschini.
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Buonasera a tutti, ascolto sempre con interesse le considerazioni sul bilancio, anche se, così come leggendo il DUP e facendo vagare la mente su quello che leggevo, ugualmente ascoltando l'intervento del Consigliere Arimondo, continuo ad avere questa sensazione di déjà vu nel senso che le cose che ci diciamo questa sera sono le stesse che ci siamo dette in occasione dell'ultimo Consiglio Comunale, nel quale sono state approvate le aliquote IMU, TASI, TARI e confermati eccetera. Purtroppo anche io, entro certi limiti, dovrò essere ripetitiva-magari leggermente più analitica in funzione di quello che è contenuto all'interno del documento unico di programmazione, però poi alla fine gli ambiti all'interno dei quali ci si muove sono quelli. La prima cosa che evidenzio positivamente, quest'anno il DUP ha un contenuto che è effettivamente attinente a quella che è la vita di San Bartolomeo al Mare mentre lo scorso anno, se vi ricordate, era stata rilevata l'assoluta asetticità dei numeri che erano stati inseriti all'interno di questo documento. Sia chiaro, in maniera bonaria, mi fa tuttavia un po' ridere leggere che l'economia e lo sviluppo economico locale vedono nell'agricoltura il nuovo punto di forza dell'economia, di tutta l'economia della nostra zona, quando contemporaneamente nella determinazione del sistema tariffario viene evidenziato che l'uso dell'acqua potabile ai fini irrigui viene concessa proprio perché il settore agricolo è in difficoltà, quindi decidete un attimino se è un settore in espansione o se è un settore che ha bisogno di essere sostenuto, poi in realtà so benissimo per carità che non è l'acqua ad uso irriguo che crea problemi. Qui chiedo, anche se non c'entra nell'immediato, delucidazioni circa l'ordinanza come residente di Chiappa c'era l'ordinanza che era stata fatta è che, a quanto mi consta, non è mai stata revocata e quindi sapere un attimino cosa ci aspetta per il futuro. Andando avanti poi nella lettura del documento unico di programmazione osservo che nessuna considerazione e valutazione viene fatta a proposito dell'unione, ma proprio del tipo...
(Voce da fuori microfono)
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
No, c'è attività e note su considerazioni e valutazioni.
CONSIGLIERE ARIMONDO:
Un piccolo trafiletto c'è. Adesso lo cerco.
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
No, esatto, io intendo dire, scusa, forse tu fai riferimento all'unione quando si parla della Polizia Municipale.
(Sovrapposizioni di voci)
SINDACO:
Ti segni le domande e poi rispondi...
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Parlando di organismi gestionali ed erogazione dei servizi si fa riferimento all'università, a Rivieracqua e all'unione dei Comuni del Golfoadianese ma poi se non viene accompagnato da nessun tipo di considerazione circa quello che è lo stato della situazione. Questa sera, parecchie volte, ho sentito richiamare il fatto che sicuramente l'azione amministrativa viene mortificata fortemente dalla presenza di una legislazione che è estremamente ballerina e poi eccessivamente burocratica. Purtroppo, io però, devo sottolineare che ci sono anche delle situazioni nelle quali non sempre l'azione amministrativa — e qui mi vado a ricollegare al discorso dell'ex Ordina — forse è stata propriamente lineare e correttissima, perché a quanto mi risulta lo SUA di iniziativa pubblico è stato respinto, nel senso che l'interesse privato rispetto a quanto presentato nell'aprile del 2014 è stato considerato prevalente rispetto all'interesse pubblico, adesso sintetizzo poi quale
considerazione dare delle due, per cui anche attenzione, mi rendo conto che l’80% delle situazioni sono dei problemi di carattere normativo, però forse una maggior ponderazione nell’azione amministrativa potrebbe portare dei risultati sicuramente, maggiormente, soddisfacenti. In ultimo, sarà brevissima in queste considerazioni, parliamo effettivamente di sviluppo sostenibile e tutela dell’ambiente, ossia discorso spazzatura, discorso Rivieracqua e io mi permetto di aggiungere – perché anche di questo non c’è menzione da nessuna parte – discorso patto dei Sindaci. Signori, abbiamo approvato il PAES l’anno scorso ci siamo incontrati una pluralità di volte anche per l’allegato energetico e di questo non c’è più menzione, doveva essere approvata all’interno di un Consiglio Comunale nel gennaio 2015 ed è caduto nel dimenticatolo più totale. Queste, secondo me, sono delle mancanze amministrative, una carenza di attenzione a determinate situazioni che poi alla fine hanno un costo assolutamente nullo o limitato per l’Amministrazione ma che comunque possono rappresentare dei segnali di azione amministrativa. Per quanto riguarda, specificatamente, la raccolta rifiuti, sappiamo tutti benissimo la questione TRADECO com’è andata, com’è stata, com’è andata a finire e magari, visto che sono uscite alcune notizie sui giornali, potrebbe essere anche piacevole, in questa sede, riuscire a sapere quale sarà il futuro del nostro Comune. Quello di cui, io, avverto la mancanza – leggendo questo documento unico di programmazione – è non tanto il disegno operativo immediato sul 2015 quanto il disegno strategico, ossia il desiderio di andare dove ha questa Amministrazione? E questo io lo sento in maniera particolarmente pesante quando parliamo di spazzatura, perché proprio se noi siamo sempre vissuti con (…) all’interno di un indifferenziato totale abbiamo avuto l’appalto TRADECO che aveva lasciato sperare in una seria raccolta differenziata, in realtà è stata una delusione, alla luce di questa esperienza negativa, dove si vuole andare? Il Comune di San Bartolomeo con gli altri Comuni di un eventuale consorzio comprensorio che si andrà a costituire in quest’anno, qualche mese fa io avevo partecipato a un incontro con il Dottor Favoino che è uno dei responsabili del Parco di Monza zona nella quale c’è la più alta percentuale di raccolta differenziata e il Dottor Favoino, in quella occasione era presente anche il Dottor Podestà che era l’Assessore di Imperia aveva detto, essendo venuto a conoscenza di tutti i problemi di Imperia che c’era assolutamente la disponibilità da parte della loro organizzazione di fornire un’azione di supporto gratuita a favore dei Comuni, in modo da poter arrivare il giorno che si fosse risolto o comunque scioltò il rapporto che legava a TRADECO ad una modalità di raccolta più seria di quella che si stava vivendo in quel momento. Io mi domando, adesso, il nostro Comune ha valutato questa possibilità, ma proprio per diventare un interlocutore, scusatem, preparato, al di là di quelle che sono le situazioni contingenti sullo smaltimento, per quanto riguarda Rivieracqua, che è stata costituita nel 2012 e io leggo, sorridendo, che attualmente la società è una realtà poco più che formale e mi cadono le braccia per terra, perché sono passati tre anni dalla sua costituzione e io nostro servizio integrato è stato affidato a questi soggetti. Allora, anche qui mi domando: qual è l’azione che l’Amministrazione svolge rispetto a Rivieracqua? Mi dispiace sono andata proprio questa sera sul sito della Camera di Commercio per verificare se per caso era già stato pubblicato l’ultimo bilancio di Rivieracqua, non solo non è stato pubblicato, non sono ancora assegnate le variazioni che sono avvenute nel Consiglio di Amministrazione e di conseguenza l’ultima informazione che io ho su Rivieracqua è che all’assemblea per l’approvazione del bilancio di Rivieracqua il Comune nostro ha fatto partecipare un soggetto terzo assolutamente estraneo, non consulente, che è il Dottor Negro, se non ricordo male. Anche qui il bilancio del 2013 approvato nell’aprile 2014 eh! Delega al Dottor Giorgio Negro sì, è stata data, soggetto che…che legame ha con il Comune di San Bartolomeo? Perché questa persona ha partecipato per conto del Comune di San Bartolomeo all’assemblea di Rivieracqua? Questo è il fatto perché faccia questa faccia perplessa mi preoccupo ulteriormente tenendo presente che questo è il soggetto gestore.
SINDACO:
Non è che è detto che lei dica che c’è una delega del Comune di San Bartolomeo il Dottor Giorgio Negro perché io…
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Allora così risulta agli atti ufficiali, sui verbali c’è scritto, Comune San Bartolomeo al Mare, X percentuale quota…
SINDACO:
A che atto si riferisce, mi scusi?
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Verbale di assemblea per l'approvazione del bilancio 2013 Rivieracqua, mi dispiace non ce l'ho, se vuole gliela stampo e glielaporto, ce l'ho in ufficio, stampata dalla Camera di Commercio, pubblico registro. L'altra cosa sempre su Rivieracqua che mi suscita parecchie perplessità e devo essere sincera in questi giorni ho avuto veramente poco tempo, quindi non ho verificato e mi sarebbe piaciuto verificare presso il Geometra Cassini, non so se c'è qualcuno che è in grado di darmi una risposta circa il nuovo programma per il collettamento al depuratore di Imperia. Io sono ferma al cronoprogramma che doveva vedere il collettamento concluso entro il 31 dicembre 2015 ma immagino che sia stato, ampiamente, superato. Perché il problema è – come viene evidenziato qua – c'è un investimento di 10 milioni di euro, tre mila forniti dalla Regione, tramite fondi comunitari e la differenza dei Comuni, peccato che però, se il cronoprogramma non viene rispettato, non solo si perde il finanziamento ma ci sono anche delle sanzioni a carico dei soggetti inadempienti. I soggetti inadempienti diventiamo noi, per cui direi che i tempi, non so fino a che punto Rivieracqua, trattandosi dei nostri Comuni, fino a che punto si accolla la mancata realizzazione dell'investimento, per cui secondo me è una rischio che va comunque tenuto presente. In ultimo, ho visto che nel 2013 è stato richiesto un contributo di gestione per i costi, chiamiamoli così, fissi di Rivieracqua di 50 centesimi ad abitante, l'anno scorso 1 euro e 40, 2014, quest'anno? Non si sa ancora nulla? No, nel senso che se la progressione è di questo tipo direi che c'è di preoccuparsi rispetto alla gestione di Rivieracqua. Finito.
(Voce da fuori microfono)
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Posso? Ah scusate un'ultima cosa, va beh l'imprecisione ma che me l'ha già chiarita Davide, sul fatto che alla fine c'è scritto che dal primo aprile 2015 non ci sono più gli stipendi dei dipendenti in realtà sono dipendenti in distacco, quindi all'interno del bilancio, compaiono sempre, come partita di giro ma compaiono, eh.
SINDACO:
Sì, Laura mi dai solo un'opportunità di chiarire sull'ordinanza, per quanto riguarda Chiappa e l'ordinanza, allora l'ordinanza si è resa necessaria perché impropriamente c'è stato un sovraccarico di utilizzo di acqua da parte dell'acquedotto Civico nella località di Chiappa e immediatamente per quelli che sono i sistemi strumentali si è evidenziato chi abusasse di questo tipo di erogazione. Al che si è resa necessaria l'ordinanza che ancora ora è in atto, immediatamente abbiamo fatto l'incontro Chiappa, dove abbiamo illustrato quali potessero essere degli strumenti o delle azioni, estremamente semplici che tutti coloro che sono titolari di acquedotto irriguo e lo stesso consorzio facendo delle semplici azioni in giorni predeterminati, prestabiliti, della settimana, di fatto determinasse che non vi fosse nessuna carenza idrica e così è stato. C'eravamo programmati da quell'incontro, da lì a poco di continuare a monitorare la situazione, di revocare l'ordinanza, sennonché credo la domenica sera a fronte che il martedì fosse revocata questa ordinanza, di nuovo il proprietario di un fondo ha utilizzato in modo inappropriato l'acqua e alcune residenza idriche residenziale a livello più basso della vasca di fatto ne hanno immediatamente avuto delle conseguenze, delle criticità di erogazione, di approvvigionamento. Detto questo, si è pensato di mantenere ancora l'ordinanza in tal senso, per monitorare e abbiamo scritto una lettera con l'Assessore Fedozzi e l'Assessore Barreca ai proprietari di utenze idriche irrigue e quindi formalizzando che qualora vi fosse ancora un utilizzo sbagliato di questo strumento a quel punto lì la possibilità dietro segnalazione di Rivieracqua di porre tutti quelli che possono essere anche degli aspetti sanzionatori in tal senso. Ciò di fatto ha creato sicuramente la giusta attenzione a tutti quanti e ad oggi non sono evidenziati delle ulteriori gravi situazioni, ciò sta comportando che lunedì mattina dovrebbe essere il giorno in cui venga revocata l'ordinanza. Collega Arimondo.
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Ci stiamo accavallando nella volontà di rispondere, provo a rispondere per quello che riguarda il bilancio, intanto su alcune cose posso rispondere, una riguarda il patto dei Sindaci, poi proseguirà lui, ma c'è attualmente, credo, una ditta che sta studiando, perché il patto dei Sindaci nasce per ridurre le immissioni di Co2 che vengono per la stragrande maggioranza del loro livello, prodotte nell'ambito urbano, quindi attualmente, c'è, credo, qualcuno che sta lavorando a fare uno studio a riguardo, perché quello potrebbe poi un domani arrivare la proposta di investimenti in tal senso e quindi di riduzione anche non sono delle emissioni ma anche dei costo, forse qualcosa in più sa Adriano.
CONS. RAGNI:
Io vorrei proprio solo dire una cosa: l'allegato energetico sarà portato in Consiglio Comunale, entro il 20 di settembre, ho chiesto a che punto era, perché sono uscito a posta, perché c'era la Marina Senarega che è in ferie. Per quello che riguarda questo lavoro lo sta facendo uno stagista, il lavoro di cui parlava la collega Arimondo, della SARGO, che c'ha messo gratuitamente, al momento all'Amministrazione non costa niente, sta facendo tutta una verifica sui consumi dell'ENEL e società collegate, su tutti i consumi elettrici, per poter arrivare ad avere veramente, realmente, la situazione di tutti i consumi nostri e vedere dove fare delle proposte. C'è questo lavoro di recepimento dati, purtroppo è un lavoro che porta via tantissimo tempo e per fortuna ce lo stanno facendo in questo modo perché senzò gli uffici sarebbero impazziti sicuramente.
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Poi per quanto riguarda quello che ho scritto in bilancio non poteva che essere, vista la situazione di Rivieracqua e TRADECO in quel momento insomma embrionale. Io ricordo sulla vicenda TRADECO che fino al 10 di luglio, qualcosa del genere, la risoluzione portata avanti dal Comune di Imperia, che è il Comune capofila dell'ambito, che include tutta la provincia, era un piano di una rescissione in danno, quindi con delle grandissime incognite su quello che sarebbe stato effettivamente il danno, perché sicuramente in queste ipotesi lì noi avremmo chiesto (...) però magari TRADECO avrebbe fatto valere le sue ragioni, anche perché discariche previste non sono state realizzate, San Bartolomeo si trova in una posizione, leggermente migliore, ma questo non lo esonera dalla responsabilità concorsuale di tutti i contraenti... Cosa è successo? Nel giro di 7 giorni la risoluzione si tramuta in consensuale, allora a questo punto viene previsto che, per una situazione di emergenza si può derogare a un articolo solo della normativa della gara di appalto che è quello che in specifico prevede la gara a basta. Il resto della normativa sugli appalti non è stata derogata, ragion per cui, anche nella ricerca che poi è avvenuta successivamente di un gestore diverso in questa situazione di emergenza e premetto che l'ambito continua a rimanere quello che copre tutta la provincia, quindi non c'è verso per ora di comportarsi in una maniera diversa ecco questa cosa qua è stata fatta mantenendo quelle che erano le indicazioni del capitolato. Cercando delle ditte, poi interpellando quelle che avevano fatto richiesta di presentare un preventivo, però avvisandole che il preventivo sarebbe dovuto essere con i termini del capitolato. Per quei servizi e per quel costo, ragion per cui anche laddove si è ottenuto un cambio un reale miglioramento magari della situazione non si è visto dappertutto, perché? Perché il capitolato era già pensato sbagliato. Perché non prevedeva tutta una serie di cose, e noi che siamo una città di mare abbiamo visto questo l'estate scorsa, abbiamo visto questo tutto l'inverno, abbiamo intravisto di nuovo la stessa situazione all'inizio dell'estate mancava proprio l'organizzazione della struttura raccolta rifiuti pensata per un posto che d'estate quadruplica, quintuplica la sua popolazione, non avevamo neanche la disponibilità di cassonetti in più da inserire in determinate aree o cose del genere. Perciò la ricerca è stata svolta con questa prerogativa ed è fatta sempre in un'ottica di emergenza, deve essere fatta per sei mesi più sei e più sei, la nostra scelta, anche di non seguire Diano magari posso dire la mia, può essere supportata o meno, ma credo che legittimamente possa anche essere derivata dal fatto che Diano ha voluto entrare in partecipazione, l'ATA SpA, per fornire un servizio uguale allo stesso costo chiedeva una partecipazione di 5 anni e a parte i nostri vincoli, legati alla nuova contabilità che vuole il consolidamento dei conti della partecipata con i nostri conti, quindi con una serie infinita di problemi non risolti da nessuno fino adesso, neanche da una giurisprudenza, questa entrata e vincolo per 5 anni, si concilia molto male come concetto di emergenza e con una deroga che è stata fatta per un ambito tutto resistente che prevede sei più sei più sei al massimo. Quello che auspichiamo noi è che nel momento in cui o gli ambiti verranno distinti, o si avrà una nuova gara di appalto, si terranno conto di tutte quelle cose interessanti che vogliamo tutti una differenziata fatta bene, magari un porta a porta, non è che noi non siamo attenti, io credo che sia una cosa che vogliamo tutti a cui oggi facciamo tutti attenzione. Non so voi ma, personalmente, ho sviluppato in questi mesi un'attenzione quasi morbosa alle situazioni che vedo in giro, ormai, invece di andare a vedere vetrine guardo i cassonetti, vedere come sono posizionati. Mi rendo conto, anche, di problemi strutturali che la TRADECO si è portata dietro e non si risolveranno certamente in questo periodo, visto che poi il personale è quello, però devo dire che in questo mese che abbiamo fatto il servizio con TRADECO ho visto che determinati elementi si sono dati sul serio da fare, nel senso che oltre a rendersi disponibili per straordinari, cosa che per esempio non è successo a Diano Marina, non c'è stato nessuno a fare la raccolta serale, almeno la pulizia intorno alle fesi, era un piacere passare per strada e vedere che la Via Aurelia a San Bartolomeo era piuttosto curata o che, a una determinata ora, non ci fossero quegli ammassi, sarebbe la normalità certamente, però partiamo da un appalto pensato sulla carta, credo, e i risultati si sono visti. Noi ci siamo sempre mossi per chiedere che venisse potenziato un servizio, che venissero potenziate delle posizioni, ma la risposta, visti i problemi economici, è stata sempre
negativa, comunque è solo al 17 di luglio che finalmente possiamo dire "va bene la tariffa la manteniamo come quella dell'anno scorso" perché dobbiamo andare a fare questo tipo di cernita, quindi sicuramente sopra quella cifra non ci dobbiamo andare.
Per quanto riguarda, invece, il fondo di solidarietà ve lo dico dopo, però vorrei dirvi due cosine un attimo, anche su questa cosa: per quanto riguarda Rivieracqua, è vero è una realtà embrionale, è stata scelta dall'Ente d'ambito a livello provinciale, come gestore del servizio idrico integrato, poi l'Ente d'ambito cosa ha fatto? È andato avanti nel suo percorso come ha presentato una proposta di tariffa nuova perché oggi la tariffa dovrebbe essere commisurata al costo di gestione reale del servizio e quindi con presupposti totalmente diversi da quelli che si sono avuti fino a ieri. Questo ha determinato una tariffa di questo genere che richiede le competenze di chi se ne è occupato fino all'altro giorno, e chi se ne è occupato fino all'altro giorno erano quelle società che non entreranno in Rivieracqua ma che hanno gestito il servizio fino adesso, quindi parlo della AMAIE, AMGA e (...), insomma tutti questi qua, le quali, oltretutto escluse dalla scelta si sono trovate in causa con Rivieracqua perché era l'Ente individuato per svolgere il servizio idrico integrato. L'Ente d'ambito a un certo punto ha ipotizzato un costo, ha ipotizzato una tariffa e questa tariffa è soggetta all'approvazione dell'autorità per l'energia elettrica, gas e oggi anche per il servizio idrico, la quale, solo con delibera del 25 giugno decide di sospendere la nuova tariffa e di chiedere un'informativa aggiuntiva, visto e posto che, non sol magari sul costo del servizio non si hanno i dettagli sufficienti, sono stati richiesti anche ai Comuni, ma vi potete immaginare in due giorni che razza di risposta potessero arrivare, ma proprio anche perché il problema di Rivieracqua è che non ha avuto il suo cronoprogramma rispettato, oggi rimane un Ente embrionale, nel 2015 qualcuno è già entrato, perché mi risulta che oltre alla gestione del depuratore di Vallecrosia, ci sia Diano Marina, ci sia San Bartolomeo e ci sia Pormassio, nel 2014 quando queste pratiche sono iniziate non c'erano i problemi di bilancio, c'erano le solite cose, quindi essendo che Rivieracqua non ha ancora avuto i passaggi dei 30 Comuni che inizialmente dovevano entrare è ancora un'entità embrionale, quindi va bene, datemi informazioni, sostanzialmente l'autorità dice questo, sul costo di gestione ulteriori e ponetevi degli interrogativi su Rivieracqua e sul perché non va avanti, questo è stato chiesto. Questo cosa ha significato in termini di bilancio? Prima del 25 di giugno supporte una tariffa sarebbe stato peggiorativo in bilancio, si attendeva questa delibera, è arrivata la tariffa è tornata ad essere quella dell'anno precedente, posto questo, adesso è un problema che è più grosso di noi, nel senso che noi lo step lo abbiamo fatto, abbiamo passato le nostre competenze, come ho scritto, siamo i primi interessati per questa grande opera che risale a mille anni fa, prima ancora dell'individuazione. Voi sapete le vicende del depuratore di Imperia? Sono vicende ventennali, credo, trentennali, il depuratore è stato messo in funzione, probabilmente, due anni fa, da poco perché ricordo che questo problema c'è stato, ma in realtà questo impianto di collettamento e la sua confluenza verso il depuratore di Imperia sono decisioni che risalgono a prima che noi fossimo... probabilmente, io dico, ero probabilmente all'università o qualcosa del genere, sono poi la realizzazione è tutta da vedere, ma diciamo che quello era il programma, tutto qui, adesso noi siamo partiti, bisogna vedere cosa decideranno gli altri Comuni, perché nel frattempo anche la Giunta Provinciale sta ripensando a tutta la cosa, o almeno, quelle sono le notizie che riusciamo ad avere, ma sono problemi più grossi di noi. Stiamo andando avanti, perché l'unica chance che abbiamo per fare questa grossa opera di revisione in tutto l'acquedotto è, comunque, avere un'entità che raggruppi le risorse di tutti e lo faccia collettivamente. Questo per quanto riguarda la Rivieracqua. Per quanto riguarda il fondo di solidarietà volevo solo dire questo, tutti abbiamo ricevuto la lettera del Prefetto che siamo in ritardo, la lettera è partita il 14 di agosto, solo sapevano già da una settimana che avevamo fissato la data per l'approvazione del bilancio al 21, è imprecisa perché riporta una delibera, cioè dice anche di deliberare su una cosa che in realtà era già stata fatta. Io avevo fatto una ricerca sia sulla situazione degli altri Comuni, mi risulta che stanno approvando i bilanci adesso, non sono ancora pubblicate le delibere all'albo pretorio, in molti casi, però si trovano, a volte, gli avvisi di convocazione del Consiglio e sono tutti ad agosto ad esclusione di San Lorenzo al Mare che se non ho sbagliato io a guardare, ha approvato il bilancio il 7 di luglio. Non so come però ci sono riusciti. Adesso siamo tutti in queste condizioni, dove non mi risulta la pubblicazione della delibera, immagino, che sia in pubblicazione o che comunque debba avvenire a giorni, ma sempre mese di agosto è, e per quanto riguarda il fondo ho tirato i dati dal sito sul fondo di solidarietà per studiarmi le determinazioni, è sono dei dati che io non comprendo, perché ho cercato di interpretarli per numero di abitanti no? Ho detto vediamo un po' i Comuni dell'area litorale, vediamo un po' che tipo di richieste hanno e mi trovo un San Bartolomeo con 844 mila euro e 589 a fronte di 3.125 abitanti, seconde case si, ho Ospedaletti che ne ha 3.300 e la richiesta di 90 mila euro in meno, ho Riva Ligure che ha 2.900 abitanti e ha una richiesta di 181 mila euro 683, suona quasi ridicolo, ho uno Spotorno che più o meno è in linea con noi, perché 969 mila euro e rotti per 3.900 abitanti, quindi ci sono delle cifre, poi anche Diano Marina, che ha più del doppio nei nostri abitanti in proporzione
gli viene richiesto un 25-30% in più, gli viene richiesto molto meno di Celle che ha meno abitanti di altri Comuni limitrofi, quindi non riesco a comprendere il criterio. È uscito anche un interessante articolo su Italia Oggi di luglio che dice che tra i 7.400 e rotti Comuni di Italia ce ne sono 747 o 746 che non pigliano più una lira dallo Stato. Indovinate chi c'è? Da qualche parte ho detto che forse non prendevamo più niente ma i dati di bilancio parlano chiaro, non c'è un arrivo e noi siamo tra quei Comuni che non piglia più niente, perché i trasferimenti che abbiamo visto dallo Stato, gli unici sono quelli derivanti dalle opere, dai bandi e dalle gare vinte per far quelle opere, come la scuola e la rotonda, parcheggio eccetera. Non ci arriva più una lira e sono soldi per cui noi non vediamo nessuno sconto su niente, non è che ci dicono "datecene di più però voi magari vi potete sbloccare un pochino delle vostre disponibilità per fare il tetto della bocciofila", perché rimangono e sono in bilancio rimangono come idea. Vado anche a rispondere alla circostanza per cui il bilancio non sembra avere un programma pluriennale, la condizione è se vogliamo un programma pluriennale ce l'ha, mantenere la situazione che c'è, quello è un programma pluriennale, ed è a tutti gli effetti quello che rappresentiamo li. Poi nelle note da qualche parte abbiamo messo "guardate che resta sempre nella nostra testa di fare quello che ci siamo preposti probabilmente sarà seguito da chi verrà dopo perché la bocciofila è una cosa che ormai ci aspettiamo tutti da anni, il ponte, diciamo, che collega a Cervo è una cosa che ci aspettiamo tutti da anni, la vorremmo tutti. Magari quando arriverà la ciclabile a posto della ferrovia sarà anche una bella cosa, sono cose che rimangono nell'idea però i numeri, oggi, non si possono programmare assolutamente no quindi è tranciante la questione, non è che ci sia altra scelta. Ci vendiamo, magari, i pezzi buoni perché anche volessimo gestirli noi eccetera non ci possiamo permettere il costo di costruzione, di risanamento e gestione con cosa? Abbiamo sempre lo stesso personale, sempre le stesse risorse perché è chiaro che ci piacerebbe fare molto di più, quindi andiamo di anno in anno, monitoriamo la presenza di bandi che ci possono interessare anche no perché magari non sono state considerate argomento che però possono parere interessanti e, per esempio, dal punto di vista delle questioni energetiche, poi in realtà a pagina 48 gli obiettivi, saranno importanti anche interventi di risparmio energetico, quindi si cerca di porre attenzione anche a queste cose. L'agricoltura sì è in espansione è un mestiere che ha preso il sopravvento, che si sta espandendo per il fatto che comunque altri mestieri non ce ne sono, non c'è un commercio che oggi tenga, c'è un volume di affari molto più blando, io ho visto i risultati delle mie aziende, dal 2011 al 2014 hanno perso, non dico la metà, ma un 40% del volume d'affari, quindi, secondo me...
SINDACO:
L'edilizia.
CONS. ARIMONDO:
L'edilizia non ne parliamo, è ferma, secondo me qual è la realtà di oggi? Che tanti giovani magari che fanno un mestiere estivo presso qualche bar si reinventa agricoltore ce n'è anche a Chiappa insomma, sono realtà che fanno anche piacere, realtà che monitoriamo, che poi siano in difficoltà si non sono un settore tipo pianura padana, sono settori che risente del rischio agricolo, molto più elevato di quello di uno che si gestisce il suo negozio perché possono perdere, effettivamente, il raccolto sono in difficoltà, quindi è ovvio che l'aiuto sull'acqua per l'irrigazione, o cose del genere, rientrano in questa ottica. Di unione dei Comuni è una complicazione, anche li un'aggregazione richiesta dallo Stato, che ha degli assurdi perché viene richiesta a grandi linea con un quadro normativo che però manca delle cose operative e mettere, a quanto pare, insieme più teste non è facile, perché mancano anche indicazioni di sorta, sarebbe una delle vie indicate come quelle che permetterebbero di derogare un pochino al patto di stabilità ma poi non sono tanto sicura che questo sia il risultato, non lo so e dovrebbe partire con quei servizi, paradossalmente, già gestiti comunque con delle convenzioni e quindi hanno già un rodaggio, da questo punto di vista e non riesce a partire. Non so, se poi qualcuno vuole aggiungere qualcosa di più perché con i numeri il discorso è molto freddo.
SINDACO:
Grazie collega Arimondo, ci sono altri interventi? Collega Franceschini.
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Solo una cosa velocissima anche io sono stata lontana dai numeri perché in parte ce li eravamo già detti, come ho detto nello scorso Consiglio Comunale questo discorso dei tagli eccetera, eccetera, e poi sono quelli che in misura minore riescono a trasmetterti il sentimento di quella che è una situazione, però a me quello che spiacce, poi alla fine, è che io quando ho detto che non vedo una strategia amministrativa intendo dire che non vedo un disegno che coinvolga anche situazioni nella quali poi alla fine il costo per l'Amministrazione
potrebbe essere pressoché pari a zero. Ti faccio un altro esempio, la protezione civile: il piano di protezione civile approvato, incontri con la cittadinanza mai fatti, informazioni inesistenti. Anche qui, volendo, ci sono tanti margini nei quali si potrebbe comunque trasmettere il messaggio che un'Amministrazione che è presente con dei costi nulli o limitatissimi ma in realtà queste cose rimangono tutte così un pochettino sotto traccia, poi che per carità il problema oggi sia quello di far quadrare i conti e quindi si considerano prioritari determinati aspetti piuttosto che altri, queste sono scelte vostre.
Dal mio punto di vista vedo delle carenze sotto il profilo comunicativo e amministrativo, proprio perché ci sono tanti ambiti all'interno dei quali si potrebbero dare dei segnali anche in maniera non palese, per carità importantissimo il risanamento della scuola media, però io sono sicura che quattro quinti delle persone di San Bartolomeo se gli vai a chiedere se è successo qualcosa alla scuola media, tra l'inizi del 2015 e la fine del 2015 dicono "no, no è sempre uguale". Il discorso è anche questo, capite?
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Posso replicare? Io direi questo, è vero che della scuola non si accorge nessuno, salvo poi come è successo al liceo classico di Imperia trovare sul giornale "da oggi vi muovete tutti al liceo scientifico perché il vostro edificio è inagibile", ed è inagibile da una vita oltretutto, ma ci si chiede "ma se è inagibile da una vita, come mai non sono intervenuti".
SINDACO:
Ma comunque non è proprio così.
Sovrapposizioni di voci
CONSIGLIERE FRANCESCHINI:
No, no, no stava facendo un esempio
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Sto facendo un esempio su quello che notano le persone, alle volte ci sono dei lavori che non sono sommersi e io dico anche è vero che in questi mesi oltretutto, ripeto, abbiamo cercato di lavorare a delle situazioni comunque pesanti per cui, pesanti vuol dire che c'è da andare in galera, essere superficiali e ovviamente fare i propri interessi, perciò pesanti anche perché si sono tutti determinati tra il 15 di giugno e il 17 di luglio, quindi c'era da farsi venire i capelli diritti, perché io sono qua da febbraio, perché da febbraio doveva arrivare la determinazione del fondo di solidarietà no? Ecco! Su un bilancio di previsione a febbraio è arrivata a giugno vicenda TRADECO intricatissima, per le conseguenze che poteva avere no? Però sono tutte esperienze che oltre a non dipendere totalmente da noi, oppure richiedere l'intervento di competenza che oggi non ci possiamo permettere, perché abbiamo appena approvato una delibera sugli incarichi, abbiamo quelle obbligatorie, per cui abbiamo un buone range di azione, diciamo, abbiamo invece delle prestazioni, dove potremmo e vorremmo magari chiedere noi per essere più sicuri su come muoverci e su che cosa fare e abbiamo un limite di spesa che è ridicolo. Si è lavorato tanto sul filo del raschio in questi mesi, anche io è la prima volta che ho fatto questo confronto con il bilancio un po' più full immersion, chiaramente con il lavoro che facciamo non è neanche facile, richiedeva dei gran pomeriggio passati lì e tanto stress in una situazione in cui ho cercato informazioni anche al di fuori, per cercare di confrontarmi. Le ho attinte veramente da tutti, per cercare di capire quelle situazioni pelose in cui anche noi, è vero, dobbiamo avere una strategia, però quando le decisioni per norma sono prese da un Ente superiore, noi al massimo possiamo esortare, possiamo rompere le palle, possiamo scrivere, perché poi questi dati, come a noi, sono serviti ad altri Comuni, quindi siamo tutti nella stessa barca. Però, c'è qualcosa a livello superiore che non possiamo controllare, allora se vogliamo fare veramente una battaglia, secondo me, bisogna andare sopra, con tutte le armi che possiamo avere, che siano da uno schieramento o dall'altro e cominciamo a muoverci sullo stesso orizzonte, cioè vedere realizzati questi passaggi. Che sia magari una gestione migliore della spazzature, un nuovo appalto fatto bene e veloce, la riduzione di questo carico enorme di fondo di solidarietà, qualche cosa che si è pensato per un Comune turistico, perché poi è quello che fa marciare parte dell'economia italiana, ora totti i grossi Comuni ma la gente poi se ne va al mare d'estate, ci passa tre mesi, una volta, tanti anni fa ai tempi buoni ci si viveva, c'era gente che si comprava uno, due appartamenti alla fine della stagione, tre, erano delle ricchezze folli che oggi ci sogniamo, però una minima gestione per fare le cose un po' meglio. Dico solo anche questo: è un periodo brutto anche per i nostri operatori economici, perché per esempio al mare potrebbero aprire la loro attività a maggio, o portarla fino a ottobre, il tempo è bello, la gente a Pasqua c'è
già, magari una sdraio se l'affitterebbe si prenderebbe un caffè al mare, non c'è nessuno che lo faccia. Perché? Perché con questo cappio al collo delle concessioni demaniali che devono ruotare, chi investe più? Chi ci fa un dehor e spende dei soldi che già sai che non è tuo? Ci sono delle cose che sono proprio incongruenti, che non aiutano. Scende la qualità però, perché un conto è prendere la roba, lo sappiamo tutti insomma. Ci sono tante cose, poi valutate voi, ma il piano è quello di mantenere i servizi, quelli che ci sono e quindi cercare di fare il possibile, vediamo cosa succede l'anno prossimo, però poi si sono spenti una serie di passaggi anche tra la Provincia e le Regioni e il Comune, lo IAT lo sapete è stato cancellato dalla faccia della terra da un giorno all'altro, non si pensava che potesse accadere ma noi ce lo gestiamo però non ci arrivano più i 10 mila euro, che erano un contentino ma erano qualcosa, troviamo ancora quella cifra, mi sembra, a bilancio poi non ne troviamo più, lo stesso per i servizi sociali, riceviamo qualcosa dalla Regione sempre meno tutti gli anni, comunque è una cifra ridicola di nuovo. Dallo Stato, ricordatevelo, non riceviamo niente, vogliamo portare avanti una battaglia è quella secondo me.
SINDACO:
Collega se mi dà un attimo, ho la memoria sicuramente più corta della sua in merito a un passaggio, poi la mia collega ha spaziato un po' su tutti quelli che erano i quesiti posti, abbastanza in modo approfondito e puntuale, dico solo una cosa la carenza di desiderio strategico, credo che le argomentazioni snocciolate dalla mia collega siano ampiamente esaustive per quello che può essere il desiderio strategico, credo che il desiderio strategico di ognuno di noi sia decisamente quello che ha sempre arricchito il libro dei sogni di ogni Amministrazione di ogni programma, di ogni presentazione di ognuno di noi, è chiaro che ognuno di noi vorrebbe avere tutte quelle disponibilità amministrative, che poi si traducono anche volgarmente economiche, per poter avere tutto quel tipo di rilancio che possa dare lustro a un'azione amministrativa. Mi spiacce che, io trovo un po' semplicistico e riduttivo, chi fa Amministrazione e fortunatamente con onore e in maggioranza da tanti anni che non ci siano delle attente valutazioni, si parla oggi del desiderio strategico finalizzato a questo momento storico, dilungo di nuovo su questi aspetti normativi che ci obbligano ad avere questo tipo di inerzia e, come diceva la collega, oggi l'azione è la gestione del mantenimento dei servizi e basta, tutto il resto viene così. Questa Amministrazione è compresa dei 10 anni del mandato del Sindaco Ragni in merito alla raccolta dei rifiuti ha sempre posto un'attenzione particolare, abbiamo assunto l'incarico di governare San Bartolomeo al Mare, la raccolta differenziata che era ancora pionieristica, sicuramente in Liguria mentre vi erano già alcune realtà italiane che si affacciavano con questi concetti in modo più puntuale, più preciso più attento ha assunto l'incarico Adriano Ragni come Sindaco e la raccolta differenziata in quel Comune era l'8%, oggi non abbiamo raggiunto nessuna di quelle che sono le indicazioni di legge e ne avremo la triste considerazione alla fine dell'anno, che quando non avrai raggiunto questo tipo di percentuale, quella che impone la legge, pari al 65% sicuramente ne pagheremo o verranno emessi degli aspetti sanzionatori, verso questo o quell'altro Comune. Da quel giorno il Comune di San Bartolomeo ha fatto un percorso e oggi che mi possa piacere o meno, è qui che dico che sarebbe bene analizzare anche queste cose qui, siamo all'oltre 45%, anche all'interno di piccoli ambiti anche se giustamente, come ha precisato la collega Arimondo, oggi l'ambito riconosciuto, perché diventerà un aspetto fondamentale, per quello che sarà l'aspetto strategico in merito alla raccolta dei rifiuti solidi urbani e quello imperioso ha, ancora, 35 Comuni, noi abbiamo mandato un'istanza che gradiremmo ci venisse riconosciuto un ambito del Golfo dianese, per lavorare strategicamente su questo, per cercar di costruire tutte quelle azioni da mettere in campo in merito alla raccolta dei rifiuti per portarci ad avere dei risultati sempre più ottimali. Tutte queste sono, sicuramente, nelle nostre corde, abbiamo intenzione di raggiungere queste cose qua, dovessimo farlo oggi, singolarmente per quello che è il periodo transitorio mi viene da pensare che l'unica cosa che possiamo fare, con la nostra esperienza, strutturare qualcosa, con ciò non accantonano come idea, può darsi che sia anche perseguibile, perché laddove perdurasse il sistema transitorio con i servizi al minimo come siamo, purtroppo, non vedremo una lungimiranza in questo servizio, vedremo sempre il solito appiattimento e quindi, se volessimo ricercare questo probabilmente dovremmo chiedere un ulteriore sforzo ai contribuenti, mettendo in campo, caso mai, delle azioni più mirate, delle azioni che possano dare nuovo lustro a questa cosa (...) al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di legge, però casomai con dei costi maggiori. Non lo stiamo accantonando, può darsi che sia anche una strada da percorrere e quindi non è vero che non c'è lungimiranza da parte nostra o non ci vuole essere, il momento storico determina questo, ha citato la protezione civile, secondo me andrebbe analizzato che invece alcuni passaggi sono stati fatti, poi se il collega Auteri vuole confermarlo lui in prima persona in merito all'approvazione del piano operativo della protezione civile, Claudio vuoi dirlo tu? Di azioni che sono messe in campo.
CONS. AUTIERI:
A giugno ci siamo incontrati con gli amministratori, il capo della protezioni civile, l'Ingegner Muraglia abbiamo presentato il nuovo piano di protezione civile e una brochure che è stata preparata per essere presentata nel condominio a tutti i condomini. Ci siamo fermati perché a settembre aspettiamo che si allineino i sistemi di allerta meteo, con Lombardia e Piemonte, passeremo da un'allerta 1-2-3 a un verde – giallo e rosso e quindi aspettiamo questo allineamento per poter preparare quel volantino e una eventuale ordinanza e poi tutti gli incontri che saranno necessari per comunicare queste disponibilità.
SINDACO:
Grazie collega. Per segnalare che laddove ci possano essere degli interventi a costo zero o delle azioni a costo zero, io penso che questa Amministrazione e quella passata si sia sempre caratterizzata consapevole del fatto che si finiva, come ha anche descritto il collega Ragni, in una situazione sempre più complessa e difficile gestionale, in un'attenzione particolare, in una lungimiranza, quindi non voglio rigettare le vostre critiche, nel modo più assoluto, quello che oggi è nelle nostre possibilità a fare, forse non al 100% ma sicuramente vengono percorse. Arimondo.
CONS. ARIMONDO:
Breve, ci sono delle idee ma non sono traducibili in numeri quindi mettere in un bilancio e poi non vederle realizzate offre il fianco magari a una critica ancora più semplice. Ma la situazione è quella, io credo che sia d'obbligo la prudenza, perché anche lì approvare un bilancio ad aprile o a giugno, senza queste determinate fondamentali sarebbe stato da incoscienti, dal mio punto di vista, è vero se abbiamo tirato la corda, ma l'abbiamo tirata tutti, tutti, una ragione evidentemente c'è, che non è così semplice non è che se essere sulla stessa barca legittimi totalmente ad agire alla stessa maniera, ma evidentemente l'ordine dei problemi di fronte ai quali ci si trova non è di semplice risoluzioni. Le approvazioni cambiano di 10 giorni, 8 giorni ma sono li, ecco volevo solo dire che non è traducibile oggi in numeri.
SINDACO:
Collega Ragni.
CONS. RAGNI:
Come Capogruppo, adesso, non volevo parlare dopo il Sindaco, perché è lui che chiude, ma mi sembra di aver colto, se non ho capito male, da parte della Capogruppo di minoranza, una indicazione che condivido e che mi piacerebbe, ripetutamente, che la Giunta e il Sindaco ne tenessero conto, cioè che è quella di un maggior coinvolgimento della cittadinanza nel grosso lavoro che si fa, perché mi sembra di aver colto questo, la mancanza di un'adeguata divulgazione di tutto quello che si fa e mi auguro però, non è stato detto chiaro, quindi non sono sicuro se ho capito bene, di un maggiore coinvolgimento di tutto il Consiglio comunale in quelle scelte che possono essere in momento di questo tipo magari non costose ma importanti.
SINDACO:
Grazie collega Ragni. Collega Franceschini.
CONS. FRANCESCHINI:
Non era esattamente questo il senso, ma va bene lo stesso, in realtà diciamo che, allora rispetto a quello che ha detto il Sindaco prima mi dispiace, io mi rendo conto perfettamente, e l'ho già detto più volte, di tutte quelle che sono le problematiche di carattere finanziario però, sinceramente, la politica del chi si accontenta gode, per cui siamo partiti dall'8 e siamo arrivati al 40 è richiesto il 65 per cui veniamo comunque sanzionati, mi dispiace ma e me non è che poi vada benissimo. Perché comunque stiamo parlando di un arco di tempo piuttosto lungo, ci sono, Comuni come Ortovero o come Taggia stessa che nel giro di un anno sono arrivati al 70% Ortovero è uno dei Comuni ricicloni da anni, e stiamo parlando di una realtà che è simile alla nostra, Ortovero, Armaeo, io continuo a citare l'esempio di Taggia propri perché ha una situazione simile alla nostra, se non ancora peggiore, nel senso che tra Taggia e Arma sono sue realtà assolutamente diversificate come necessità, perché Taggia residente, Arma fondamentalmente è località turistica, con il trait d'union che è rappresentata dalle Levà. Dall'altro lato io vorrei dire che il bilancio non è fatto di soli numeri ha è fatto anche di una parte descrittiva, esiste una nota integrativa che ha il valore che può avere, ma soprattutto esiste un documento unico di programmazione, all'interno di questo documento non sono tenuta a dare, non so come dire, le spiegazioni esclusivamente dei numeri che ci sono all'interno del bilancio,
all'interno della tabella, posso anche prospettare, farla diventare, eventualmente, anche un cahier dei sogni, semplicemente, ecco però come ti dico, dare conto, quando io ho detto dare conto di quello che si sta facendo, che a un certo punto come dico, quando mi si dice "la protezione civile, si continuerà a potenziare l'azione della protezione civile così importanti nei drammatici momenti di calamità naturale", scusami tanto è proprio quanto di più banale e generico si possa dire a proposito della protezione civile, scusatemi tanto, è questo che a me non piace, da quel documento unico di programmazione e questo, così chiudiamo...
SINDACO:
Sì, sì, chiudiamo
CONSIGLIERE FRANCESCHINI:
...come dico pur con il massimo rispetto per il lavoro di tutto, la massima comprensione per i rischi e le limitate risorse finanziarie che sono a disposizione, il nostro è un voto contrario ovviamente.
SINDACO:
Qualcuno vuole aggiungere ancora qualcosa? Grazie poniamo in votazione la pratica numero 7 all'o.d.g.
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Download File PDF Der Zauberberg Die Welt Der Wissenschaften In Thomas Manns Roman Mit Einer Bibliographie Der Forschungsliteratur Book
Der Zauberberg Die Welt Der Wissenschaften In Thomas Manns Roman Mit Einer Bibliographie Der Forschungsliteratur Book Short Reviews
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Der Zauberberg Die Welt Der
Der umfangreiche Roman besteht aus sieben Kapiteln, die wiederum in einzelne Kurzkapitel gegliedert sind. Er beginnt mit einer Vorbemerkung. Darin unterstreicht der Erzähler, dass die folgende Geschichte einer völlig anderen Ära als der Gegenwart angehöre.
Der Zauberberg - Zusammenfassung - Inhaltsangabe.de
Blick aus dem Flugzeug, Foto: Tine Vogeltanz. Im „Zauberberg" von Thomas Mann trifft In der abgeschlossenen Welt eines Sanatoriums im Davoser Hochgebirge der junge Hans Castorp auf weltentrückte Figuren, die ihn mit Politik, Philosophie, aber auch Liebe, Krankheit und Tod konfrontieren.
Andreas Kablitz: Der Zauberberg – Die Zergliederung der Welt
‚Die Zergliederung der Welt': Wie der Untertitel dieses Buches anzeigt, steht in seinem Mittelpunkt die Rekonstruktion von Thomas Manns ‚analytischem Erzählen' im ‚Zauberberg'. Verstanden ist darunter eine narrative Darstellung, die gleichbedeutend mit einer rationalen Analyse des Dargestellten ist.
Der Zauberberg: Die Zergliederung der Welt Neues Forum für ...
[READ] Der Zauberberg die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas Manns Roman Mit einer Bibliographie der Forschungsliteratur PDF Free Reading Der Zauberberg die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas Manns Roman Mit einer Bibliographie der Forschungsliteratur PDF, This is the best place to open Der Zauberberg die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas Manns
Der Zauberberg die Welt der ... - 76.45.robotsfor.me
Die Liebe mit der Russin Chauchat führt dazu, dass er nach ihrer Abreise nicht aufhört darauf zu hoffen, dass sie eines Tages zurückkehren wird. Castorp genießt das Sein auf dem „Zauberberg", wo alles so seltsam entrückt scheint.
Der Zauberberg von Thomas Mann - buchhexe.com
Der Zauberberg" - die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas Manns Roman Mit einer Bibliographie der Forschungsliteratur Herausgegeben von Dietrich von Engelhardt HansWißkirchen Mit 17 Abbildungen Schattauer. Inhalt Krankheit und Medizin, Patient und Arzt in Thomas Manns Zauberberg {1324)
Der Zauberberg - die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas ...
Drei Wochen will der angehende Hamburger Ingenieur Hans Castorp seinen Cousin im Lungensanatorium Berghof nahe Davos besuchen. Doch hoch in den Schweizer Alpen, fernab jedweder Gesetzmäßigkeit und Norm des »Flachlands« ist die Welt aus der Zeit gefallen, hat sich eine Gesellschaft
Copyright : tsawwassenalliance.org
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Der Zauberberg
Thomas Manns Roman DER ZAUBERBERG erschien im Jahr 1924. Im Mittelpunkt dieses epischen, sprachlich ungeheuer reichen Werkes steht der junge Hans Castorp, der sich, statt in der großen weiten Welt sein Glück zu suchen, in ein Sanatorium für Lungenkranke in den Schweizer Bergen bei Davos zurückzieht und dort mit den unterschiedlichsten philosophischen und politischen Auffassungen der ...
Der Zauberberg (UA) - Theater Lüneburg - theater-lueneburg.de
DIE WELT Der Zauberberg von Bosnien. Veröffentlicht am 03.06.2006 | Lesedauer: 8 Minuten . Von Ulli Kulke . In der Nähe von Sarajewo soll sich eine Pyramide verbergen. Es wäre die erste in Europa.
Der Zauberberg von Bosnien - WELT
Der Zauberberg ist ein 1924 erschienener Bildungsroman von Thomas Mann. Während seines siebenjährigen Aufenthalts in der abgeschlossenen Welt eines Sanatoriums im Hochgebirge trifft der junge Hans Castorp auf weltentrückte Figuren, die ihn mit Politik, Philosophie, aber auch Liebe, Krankheit und Tod konfrontieren.
Der Zauberberg – Wikipedia
Thomas Mann Der Zauberberg (1925) ©Angster "Vorsatz" Zeitgestaltung 1.Kapitel Ankunft. Der erste Tag 2.Kapitel Rückblenden: Tod der Eltern, Großvater und Onkel Tienappel 3.Kapitel Der zweite Tag 4.Kapitel Der dritte Tag Die erste Woche Die zweite Woche Die dritte Woche [Achse der Entzeitlichung] 5.Kapitel Drei Wochen Sieben Wochen (nach…
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Research Article Nurses' Job Involvement and Their Personality Traits in Teaching Hospitals Affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 2013
1Health Human Resource Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran 2Student Research Committee, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran 3Department of Statistics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
Ramin Ravangard 1,*; Zolaykha Mohamadi 2; Zahra Sajjadnia 3; Zahra Ghanavatinejad 2
*Corresponding author: Ramin Ravangard, Health Human Resource Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7112340774, Fax: +98-7112340039, E-mail: email@example.com Received: September 28, 2013; Revised: November 12, 2013; Accepted: December 13, 2013
Materials and Methods: using a multi-stage sampling method including cluster sampling, stratified sampling proportional to size, and simple random sampling methods. The required data were collected using two questionnaires that measured nurses' job involvement and their personality traits. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS16.0 software on the basis of statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), ANOVA, independent-samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression (Stepwise method). A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed that the studied nurses' personality traits and job involvement were moderate. Moreover, the results of
Background: Job involvement is a work-related attitude which helps to increase the effectiveness of the organization. On the other hand, individuals corresponding to a specific personality type behave in a certain way and have certain expectations, objectives and needs. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the level of nurses' job involvement and its association with their personality traits in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2013. This was an applied, cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study. A sample of 110 nurses was determined
Results: the multiple linear regression indicated that the studied nurses' job involvement had significant and positive associations only with achievement orientation (P < 0.001) and being formal and official nurses (P = 0.034). According to the results of the present study and to increase employees' job involvement, hospital administrators should
Keywords: Employee Performance Appraisal; Personality; Nurses; Hospitals, Teaching
Conclusions: establish an equitable employee performance system and provide appropriate rewards and incentives, adequate career advancement and job promotion opportunities, opportunities for making mistakes and learning from those mistakes for employees and providing a greater job security for contract employees.
1. Background
Job involvement refers to the degree to which people are identified psychologically with their jobs (1). High job involvement is a desirable feature. People with high job involvement have a higher job satisfaction, show a positive attitude at work and express high commitment to their organization and colleagues. Such people rarely think about quitting their job, and they are expected to work for their organization for many years (2). Job involvement is an important variable which helps to increase the effectiveness of organization, so that the higher the level of employees' job involvement in an organization, the more effective this organization would be (3). Litinger (1982) has linked job involvement to the achievement motivation. He has described employees with high job involvement as the goal-oriented people. However, those employees with low job involvement are characterized by an intense fear of failure (4). Job involvement is defined as a measure of the extent to which employees are engaged in their jobs. If the employees have the authority of decision-making, responsibility and the speed of work, their job involvement would be increased (5). Job characteristics such as variety, autonomy, task identity, feedback can result in job involvement (6, 7). Job involvement can provide information leading to a better use of human resources, because it results in the employees to search for the meaning of their jobs (8). To increase the employees' job involvement, a comprehensive and realistic approach should be taken with respect to its predictors. The most realistic perspective on job involvement among various ones is that it is a function of personality and organizational climate (3). Personality is a set of relatively stable characteristics
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Nurses' job involvement had significant associations with some personality traits and employment status. This finding could prove useful in selecting the right personal for a specific medical or surgical department and also for the employers to elaborate an equitable employee performance system and provide appropriate rewards and incentives, and also adequate career advancement opportunities. Copyright © 2014, Health Promotion Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
which distinguishes an individual from others (9). Matching the organizational and job characteristics with the employees' personalities can provide more employees' satisfaction and intrinsic motivation as well as improve their efficiency, creativity and accountability (10). It is obvious that individual variations can cause many differences in human behavior and the most important reason for these differences is human personality, because the results of some researches have shown that many organizational problems are associated with employees' personality traits. That is to say, these personality traits would commit persons to behave differently in various situations (11). Personality can be considered as the most fundamental topic of psychology because it discusses about domains such as learning, motivation, perception, thinking, emotions and intellect. In other words, these factors are the building blocks of personality (12). Management experts, also, consider personality, besides environmental and organizational factors, as a factor influencing the success of the organization. They believe that employees should have two important characteristics: specialized characteristics which means having plenty of knowledge and expertise, and personality traits, which means having specific traits such as self-confidence, risktaking and internal locus of control (13). By conducting a careful study on personality, some in-
2
structions or guidelines can be found to improve employees' performance and increase the effectiveness of their recruitment and promotion processes (14). Overall, the individuals corresponding to each type of personality behave in a certain way, have certain expectations, motivations, and objectives, and have unique and different abilities, behavioral skills and needs. Therefore, the working environment and conditions for each type of personality should be different (9). The results of some studies have shown that personality traits have effects on job stress (15), organizational commitment (16), entrepreneurship (17), etc. In the present research, the studied personality traits were "risk-taking orientation", "internal locus of control orientation" and "achievement orientation". "Risk-taking orientation" refers to a condition in which a person accepts doing something or taking responsibility where the individual is likely to fail. Taking risk may be dependent on individual awareness of the issue or the person may even be unaware of its possible consequences (18). "Internal locus of control orientation" refers to the extent to which a person thinks that he or she can control his or her own destiny and considers himself or herself as the main reason for the personal failures and successes (8, 19). "Achievement orientation" is willingness to work at high standards for achieving success in competitive situations (19) and the extent to which a person goes after responsibility, self-challenge and self-realization (8). On the other hand, researchers in the fields of industrial and organizational psychology and management have acquired a growing awareness about the differences in the employees' attitudes towards their jobs and the behavior related to their attitudes. Job involvement is a work-related attitude which has been defined as a psychological response to work and its related responsibilities (20-22). The results of several studies have shown that job in-
2. Objectives
volvement has significant associations with employees' commitment (5), achievement measures (including achievement striving, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, and need for achievement) (23, 24), professional burnout, social support from colleagues, performance feedback, leadership, job control, task variety, learning and development opportunities and training facilities (10), job satisfaction and job circumstances (24, 25), work role salience, the personal-psychological class of antecedents (24), self-expression, and the circumferential dimension of the organizational career (26). However, personality traits play an important role in ensuring how people react in special situations. Therefore, understanding the association between personality traits and job involvement is necessary (27). Considering the effect of job involvement on increasing the organizational efficiency and effectiveness, determining the personality traits that have strong associations with job involvement are very important, because these characteristics should be used in the organizational processes of selection and recruitment of required employees according to the job specifications.
Due to the low number of similar studies in Iran, especially in health sector, this study aimed to determine the level of nurses' job involvement and its associations with their personality traits in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2013.
3. Materials and Methods
method. Each of the studied hospitals was considered as a cluster among which seven hospitals were randomly selected. Then, 110 nurses were selected in these seven hospitals using the stratified sampling proportional to size method and the simple random sampling method using random numbers table. The required data were collected using two questionnaires: - Nurses' job involvement was measured using a 20-item
This was an applied, cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study. The population study was represented by all nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2013. A sample of 99 nurses was initially determined using the findings of previous studies, the results of the pilot study, as well as the following formula, assuming α = 0.05, β = 0.3 and r = 0.25. However, for increasing the accuracy of this study and according to the potential loss of data, 110 nurses were finally selected. This sample was selected using a multi-stage sampling
questionnaire developed by Gholipoor (2008) with confirmed validity and an inter-item consistency score (α = 0.84) which was found to be adequate for the analysis purpose (28). - Nurses' personality traits were measured using anoth-
Four-point Likert scales were used to measure nurses' job involvement and their personality traits, whereby 1 refers to strongly disagree and 4, strongly agree. Also, respondents were questioned about their demographic profiles such as gender, age, marital status, education level, job experience, and service unit. In this study, for job involvement and personality traits and its studied dimensions, the mean of 2.8 - 4 was considered as desirable, the mean of 1.6 - 2.8 as moderate, and the mean of less than 1.6 as undesirable status. Informed consent was obtained from all nurses participating in this study. The SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, the USA) was used for statistical work-up. Several statistical tests including KolmogorovSmirnov (KS), ANOVA, independent-samples t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression (stepwise method) were used to analyze the collected data. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
er questionnaire developed by Hosseini Aghdam (2012) with a validity and inter-item consistency score (α = 0.86) confirmed as well (19). This questionnaire consisted of 24 items including risk-taking orientation (eight items), internal locus of control orientation (eight items), and achievement orientation (eight items).
4. Results
The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test showed that the data distributions were normal (P > 0.05). Most participants were female (95.5%), married (56.4%), officially employed and formally (76.4%) working in the surgery unit (42.7%) and had a bachelor degree or higher (88.2%) (Table 1). The mean and SD of studied nurses' personality traits were 2.03 ± 0.4, which was moderate. Among personality traits dimensions, risk-taking orientation and achievement orientation had the highest (2.42 ± 0.57) and lowest (1.70 ± 0.50) mean and SD, respectively, which were moderate as well. Moreover, the mean and SD of job involvement were 2.21 ± 0.31 which was moderate (Table 2). The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that job involvement did not have any significant correlations with age and job experience. However, there was a positive and significant correlation between personality traits and age (r = 0.209, P = 0.028). Also, among personality traits dimensions, risk-taking orientation (r = 0.205, P = 0.032) and internal locus of control (r = 0.244, P = 0.010) had positive and significant correlations only with the age. On the other hand, the results showed that personality traits and job involvement did not have any significant associations with nurses' gender, marital status, education level and service unit (P > 0.05).
Although nurses' personality traits did not have any significant association with their employment status, there was a significant association between job involvement and employment status (P = 0.039), so that the job involvement in official and formal nurses was greater than that in contract nurses (2.25 ± 0.31 vs. 2.11 ± 0.25). Furthermore, the results of Pearson Correlation Coefficient showed that nurses' personality traits and their dimensions had positive and significant correlations with their job involvement (P < 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Studied Nursesa
a The mean and SD of age and job experience were 30.81 ± 7.46 and 8.26 ± 7.12, respectively.
Table 2. Dimensions of Personality Traits and Job Involvement for Studied Nurses
3
Finally, the results of multiple linear regression showed that nurses' job involvement had significant associations only with achievement orientation (P < 0.001) and being official and formal nurses (P = 0.034) (Table 4).
5. Discussion
reach their goal of achieving success. In addition, formal and official nurses, due to their job security, care about their work and tasks and commit to their jobs more than contract nurses. They devote more time to their work and spend a lot of time performing their tasks as well as accomplishing their tasks with more encouragement and self-confidence. The findings of Mills (2011) (23), Li et al. (2007) (8) and Aryee's studies (1994) (24) confirm the results of the present study. However, the results of some other research conducted personality traits and job involvement were moderate. Also, the results of multiple linear regression indicated that the studied nurses' job involvement had significant and positive associations only with achievement orientation and being formal and official nurses. Employees who have a high need for success and achievement try to be more involved in the tasks and activities through accepting greater responsibilities and ta k in g highe r risks to
to study the association between job involvement and personality traits have indicated that job involvement has significant associations with factors including independence, perseverance, internal locus of control (27), agreeableness, extroversion and openness interaction (29), obstinacy, orderliness, rigidity and superego (30), etc. The limitation of the present study was its cross-sectional design and the use of a single method (i.e. questionnaire) for data collection. Based on the results of the present study and to increase employees' job involvement, hospital administrators and managers should establish an equitable employee performance system and provide appropriate rewards and incentives, adequate career advancement and job promotion opportunities, as well as opportunities for making mistakes and learning from those mistakes for employees, so that they can meet their predetermined goals. Last but not least, when it is not possible to employ the required human resources formally and officially or change the available employment status of the employees from contract basis to a formal and official one, a greater job security for contract employees should be provided so that they can perform their duties with more encouragement and self-conf dence.
Today, the necessary condition for the survival of any organization is paying enough attention to the human resources. Identifying various factors that influence the job involvement of employees working in the private and public institutions is useful in decision making. Because increasing employees' job involvement can result in an improvement in organizational efficiency and effectiveness, determining the employees' personality traits that affect their job involvement becomes very helpful and important. In addition, when recruiting needed employees managers can select those who have characteristics that influence and increase their job involvement to achieve the organization's goals and objectives faster (14). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of nurses' job involvement and its association with their personality traits in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The results of this study showed that the studied nurses'
Table 3. The Studied Nurses' Personality Traits and Their Dimensions' Correlations with Their Job Involvement
i
Associated Factors with the Studied Nurses' Job Involvement using Multiple Linear Regression
4
Acknowledgements
Authors' Contribution
We would like to thank the studied hospitals' heads and nursing staff for their kind cooperation with the researchers in collecting and analyzing data. This article was extracted from a research project supported financially by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (grant number 92-01-07-5810).
Ramin Ravangard, Zahra Sajjadnia and Zolaykha Mohamadi developed the conceptualization and design of the study. Zolaykha Mohamadi and Zahra Ghanavatinejad collected the data. Zahra Sajjadnia analyzed and interpreted the data. Both Ramin Ravangard and Zahra Sajjadnia cooperated in writing and editing of the materials and methods, results and discussion sections of the manuscript.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Financial Disclosure
Funding/Support
The study was supported by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
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Změna způsobu zasílání korespondence
V rámci zkvalitnění a zefektivnění služeb družstva souhlasím se zasíláním veškeré korespondence, tj. nové předpisy měsíčních úhrad spojených s užíváním bytu, vyúčtování služeb, případných upomínek a jiných sdělení družstva přednostně na elektronickou adresu:
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Současně beru na vědomí, že korespondence zaslaná elektronicky se má za doručenou v okamžiku jejího odeslání na výše uvedenou e-mailovou adresu.
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Jméno a příjmení nájemce: ………………………………………………………………………………..
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Datum:
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L'ALPHA E IL BETA
11 dicembre 2017
Il rompicapo della curva americana
L'appiattimento della curva americana è uno dei temi "caldi" delle ultime settimane. Siamo in presenza di un nuovo rompicapo, come disse Greenspan nel 2005, o c'è qualche risposta plausibile?
Nel corso del 2017 la struttura dei rendimenti americana si è progressivamente appiattita, facendo sollevare più di un sopracciglio.
Una curva dei tassi si definisce "piatta" quando si restringe la differenza di rendimento tra i titoli a breve scadenza e i titoli a scadenza più lontana nel tempo. La curva americana è la madre di tutte le curve e il differenziale tra le scadenze a due e dieci anni è un riferimento tra i più seguiti. Negli ultimi giorni il titolo a due anni ha continuato a salire portando la differenza con il decennale attorno ai cinquanta punti base (0,50%), un restringimento che non si vedeva dal 2007.
La preoccupazione degli osservatori è dovuta al fatto che un appiattimento della curva è generalmente interpretato come anticipatore della fine imminente del lungo ciclo espansivo, quasi tutte le fase recessive del secondo dopoguerra sono state precedute da una curva invertita, una condizione in cui i tassi a breve sono superiori di quelli a più lunga scadenza.
Tangram, antichissimo rompicapo cinese
Gli operatori continuano a mostrare olimpica indifferenza al fatto che la Fed abbia aumentato i tassi quattro volte dal 2015 e abbia annunciato la riduzione del suo bilancio. I rendimenti dei Treasury sono diminuiti e l'appiattimento della curva ricorda il "conundrum" di Greenspan, il rompicapo che a metà degli anni 2000 l'allora presidente della Fed non riusciva a spiegare.
Tra il giugno 2004 e il dicembre 2005 la banca centrale americana impresse una direzione decisa alla politica monetaria, i tassi passarono da 1% a 4,25%. In quello stesso arco di tempo il rendimento del Treasury decennale diminuì anziché aumentare, un movimento che prese di sorpresa gli operatori e gli stessi banchieri centrali, Greenspan parlò appunto di rompicapo.
Dal dicembre 2016 i rendimenti a lungo termine dei Treasury a dieci anni sono scesi, la curva si è appiattita come a metà anni Duemila, e sembra prossima all'inversione, foriera di scenari sinistri.
Siamo di fronte a un nuovo rompicapo, come alcuni hanno già ricordato? Oppure questa volta ci sono spiegazioni plausibili?
Secondo noi non siamo di fronte a una riedizione del rompicapo di Greenspan, e la spiegazione è nella regola "segui l'inflazione" (ne abbiamo parlato in più occasioni, vedi anche L'Alpha e il Beta del 6.10.2017).
L'assenza di surriscaldamento dei prezzi in un'economia in piena occupazione costituisce a sua volta un rompicapo, come ha ammesso la stessa Janet Yellen a fine settembre. I dati di inflazione, sia nominale che di fondo, continuano a deludere le aspettative di lungo periodo. La cartina di tornasole è il rendimento dei TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities), i titoli legati all'inflazione. Nell'ultimo anno il compenso aggiuntivo del titolo decennale determinato dall'inflazione è sceso dello 0,13%, una conferma al fatto che "l'inflazione ha avuto un ruolo decisivo nell'appiattimento della curva nel corso del 2017" scrive Michael Bauer della Fed di San Francisco, che avverte come di conseguenza sia caduto anche il premio al rischio per l'inflazione, il compenso per il rischio sui rendimenti reali futuri. Non siamo davanti a un nuovo rompicapo, l'appiattimento della curva è spiegato dall'affievolimento delle aspettative di inflazione, dall'abbassamento delle stime sul livello di lungo periodo del tasso naturale, dai molti focolai di incertezza, sia economici che politici, dall'abbondante liquidità ancora presente nei mercati dei capitali che continua ad alterare le regole del gioco.
Qualcuno pensa che l'appiattimento sia destinato a trasformarsi in inversione nel corso del 2018, classico segnale anticipatore di recessioni.
Nell'arte del teatro esiste la cosiddetta regola di Cechov, secondo la quale se una pistola appare nel corso del primo atto di una rappresentazione teatrale, nel terzo atto sarà certamente usata per fare fuoco. Una regola teatrale che non necessariamente si applica all'economia: la crescita economica globale è solida e incontrovertibile, negli Stati Uniti la riforma fiscale darà forza all'economia confermando la Fed nei suoi propositi di normalizzazione. Nessun rompicapo sull'appiattimento della curva dunque, bassa inflazione, liquidità e incertezza politica spingono all'ingiù i tassi a più lungo termine, i mercati scommettono sull'aumento dei tassi a breve e non vedono pericoli di inflazione nel lungo periodo.
Il rompicapo dei quadrati: quanti quadrati vedi nell'immagine?
Il veleno nella coda è qui, nel rischio di inflazione percepito: se questa dovesse davvero riemergere, inattesa e non annunciata, il premio al rischio aumenterebbe rapidamente. Si tratta di un evento che oggi ha poche probabilità di accadere ma, se accadesse, avrebbe conseguenze dirompenti.
Un fattore di vulnerabilità che evoca i principi dell'antivulnerabilità di cui sta trattando in queste settimane il professor Legrenzi nell'appuntamento settimanale de "I soldi in testa".
"Il segreto della protezione è l'ammissione di non poter procedere alla scelta di una via sicura" scrive Legrenzi "la differenziazione prende in considerazione tutte le eventualità".
L'esposizione in obbligazioni è la più vulnerabile, dopo decenni di tassi in discesa e performance stellari dell'obbligazionario ora il gioco è cambiato e il profilo rischio-rendimento della componente obbligazionaria si è fatto negativamente asimmetrico, la caduta dei prezzi a fronte di un incremento dei tassi darebbe origine a perdite in conto capitale, più o meno severe rispetto all'ampiezza del movimento dei tassi.
In uno scenario di così elevata incertezza, tassi in salita, ma molto gradualmente, inflazione non allarmante, ma chissà per quanto, curve piatte, ma non è detto che invertano, volatilità bassa, ma non più nelle valute e nei tassi, la gestione attiva e le strategie flessibili nel reddito fisso e nelle soluzioni multi-asset sono a nostro avviso le più adeguate.
Carlo Benetti è Head of Market Research and Business Innovation di GAM (Italia) SGR S.p.A.
www.gam.com seguiteci anche su:
Disposizioni importanti di carattere legale
I dati esposti in questo documento hanno unicamente scopo informativo e non costituiscono una consulenza in materia di investimenti. Le opinioni e valutazioni contenute in questo documento possono cambiare e riflettono il punto di vista di GAM nell'attuale situazione congiunturale. Non si assume alcuna responsabilità in quanto all'esattezza e alla completezza dei dati. La performance passata non è un indicatore dell'andamento attuale o futuro.
Copyright © 2017 GAM (Italia) SGR S.p.A. - tutti i diritti riservati
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FORENINGEN NORDEN
REFERAT AF FORRETNINGSUDVALGSMØDE
ONSDAG DEN 14. SEPTEMBER 2011 KL. 10.00 – 15.30 PÅ FORENINGEN NORDENS LANDSKONTOR
Til stede: Arne Nielsen (landsformand), Bente Dahl, Susanne Prip Madsen, Georg Møller, Erik Rasmussen, Merete Riber og Svend Tychsen.
Referat: Peter Jon Larsen.
1. Godkendelse af dagsorden
Dagsordenen blev godkendt.
2. Godkendelse af referat fra 2. marts 2011
Forretningsudvalget godkendte referatet.
I tilknytning til referatet rejste Svend Tychsen spørgsmål til om FNF havde drøftet spørgsmålet om en anden kontingentfordeling mellem landene.
Arne Nielsen gjorde opmærksom på, at det havde været drøftet og sagen nu lå i direktørkollegiet, som skulle komme med en indstilling til næste præsidiemøde ultimo november.
Georg Møller gjorde opmærksom på, at redaktørens kontrakt udløber med udgangen af 2011, og han bad forretningsudvalget give generalsekretæren mandat til at forhandle en ny kontrakt med den nuværende redaktør for 2012, hvilket Forretningsudvalget gjorde.
Susanne Prip Madsen meddelte, at DANFØ, hvor hun repræsenterer Foreningen NORDEN, havde møde i Gdansk i oktober, hvor Tyskland overtager formandskabet. Alle var meget glade for Norden og Foreningen NORDENs indsats.
Arne Nielsen berettede fra aktivitetsudvalgets seneste møde hvor kredsenes tilbagemeldinger i forhold til vedtægtsændringerne nu drøftes på den kommende tillidsmandsdag. Endvidere er udvalget begyndt drøftelserne om den nye Strategi- og Handlingsplan, som skal strammes meget op.
Georg Møller erindrede om vedtagelse af, at vi skulle præsentere det svenske studiekredsmateriale om Nordisk Union til lokalafdelingerne i samarbejde med et oplysningsforbund.
Bente Dahl erindrede om den nye folkeoplysningslov, som bestemmer at kommunerne nu skal etablere folkeoplysningsudvalg, hvor vi bør opfordre lokalafdelingerne til at melde sig som deltagere.
Merete Riber berettede om det seneste møde i foreningens Skole- og Biblioteksudvalg, hvor drøftelserne om en nordisk samordning ikke mindst i forhold til hjemmesiden www.skoleninorden.dk .
3. Meddelelser, herunder eventuelle vedtagelser a. forberedelse af landsstyrelsesmødet den 29. oktober
Svend Tychsen mente, at der skulle ske en orientering om arbejdet med den nye Strategi- og Handlingsplan 2012-2014.
Georg Møller ville tage spørgsmålet om Foreningen NORDENs hæderspris op, og foreslog Claus Meyer.
Arne Nielsen mindede om, at der skulle et tema på landsstyrelsesmødet og Bente Dahl forslog Det trængte Civilsamfund med baggrund i professor Ove Kaj Petersens bog Konkurrencestaten, hvilket forretningsudvalget tilsluttede sig.
Arne Nielsen foreslog af mødet blev afholdt i Århus.
b. økonomi
Peter Jon Larsen henviste til den udsendte halvårsbudgetopfølgning, som var sat over for halvårsbudgetopfølgningen 2010 og årets budget. Han gennemgik enkelte periodeforskydninger og mente, at tallene viste, at budgettet 2011 kunne holde.
Arne Nielsen bad om, at forretningsudvalget i lighed med sidste år fik et regnskabsestimat for året sammen med tredje kvartals budgetopfølgning.
Forretningsudvalget tog, med udgangspunkt i budgetopfølgningen og generalsekretærens udmelding om at budgettet ville holde, redegørelsen til efterretning.
4. Drøftelse af foreningens fremtid og visioner for arbejdet
Arne Nielsen henviste til de fremsendte papirer og gjorde opmærksom på, at det ville blive en åben drøftelse, hvor kun de konklusioner alle var enige i, blev refereret.
a. medlemmer
Forretningsudvalget var enigt om, at der skulle arbejdet på 1. fastholdelse og 2. nyrekruttering.
b. lokalafdelinger
Forretningsudvalget understregede vigtigheden af, at lokalafdelingernes aktivitet skulle være nordisk, både i indholdet for sæsonprogrammet og for andre aktiviteter, f. eks. rejseaktiviteterne. Det blev også understreget, at der oftest ville være tale om kulturelle aktiviteter i bred forstand, men mere idepolitiske initiativer, der byggede på foreningens formålsparagraf ville være velkomne. Tillidsmandsdagen 2012 ville have rekruttering som tema, herunder et forsøg på sammen med FNU at lave et oplæg om nyrekruttering. Forretningsudvalget var meget opmærksomt på behovet for en organisationskonsulent, men var også klar over, at der pt. ikke fandtes midler til en sådan. I forbindelse med de anstrengte ressourceforhold i foreningen (arbejdsmæssigt og økonomisk) var man enige om løbende at forsøge at trimme arbejdet og beslutningsprocesserne.
Forretningsudvalget bad Susanne Prip Madsen tage kontakt til FNU med henblik på at få temaet til næste års Tillidsmandsdag forberedt.
c. kredse
Forretningsudvalget var enigt om at kredsenes opgave var at sikre gode og synlige lokalafdelinger i kredsen og hjælpe/genoplive nødlidende lokalafdelinger samt at kredsen udgør et valgforum til valg af landsstyrelsesmedlemmer.
Forretningsudvalget var endvidere enigt om at følge drøftelserne om kredsenes status på den førstkommende Tillidsmandsdag. Forretningsudvalget ville derefter tage spørgsmålet om kredsenes vedtægtsmæssige forhold op på næste forretningsudvalgsmøde.
d. landsforening
Forretningsudvalget ville overveje en reformering af strukturen i landsforeningen med henblik på en omfordeling af ressourcerne, herunder at styrke sekretariatsressourcerne.
Forretningsudvalget var som valgudvalg klar til at styrke den politiske deltagelse i foreningens strukturer.
Med hensyn til udvalgsstrukturen gav Merete Riber tilsagn om at fortsætte som formand for skoleog biblioteksudvalget frem til det kommende konstituerende landsstyrelsesmøde 12. maj 2012. Forretningsudvalget ville bede landsstyrelsen, der nedsætter udvalgene, vurdere i hvor høj grad, der var brug for sagsforberedende organer og på hvilke områder.
Forretningsudvalget var enigt i at indstille til landsstyrelsen, at næste års repræsentantskabsmødes tema skulle være: Sprog, og at invitere Bodil Aurstad fra Gang i Sproget til at holde en nordisk peptalk!
e. nordisk samarbejde
Forretningsudvalget var enigt om at arbejdet i FNF skulle fokuseres mere på kerneområder og være operativt. FNFs opgaver skulle være 1. Talerør for foreningerne vis a vis Nordisk Råd og Nordisk Ministerråd 2. Administrere nordiske projekter og derudover 3. at fokusere på en styrkelse af den nordiske indsats på skole- og biblioteksområdet og informationsområdet bl.a. med opbygning af et fællesnordisk nettidsskrift og udveksling af artikler til de enkelte landes blade.
Forretningsudvalget bad landsformanden drage omsorg for at dette indgik i de drøftelser, der pt. foregår i FNF om FNFs fremtid. Forretningsudvalget bad også landsformanden om at udvirke, at Norden-foreningernes informationsudvalgsformænd og redaktører mødte for at komme med konkrete forslag til, hvordan informationsarbejdet kunne styrkes.
5. Eventuelt – herunder fastsættelse af kommende møde(r)
Merete Riber spurgte til skole- og biblioteksudvalgets oplæg til en fællesnordisk skolekonference. Arne Nielsen lovede at tage sagen op i FNF.
Forretningsudvalget besluttede, at næste møde blev holdt
ONSDAG DEN 23. NOVEMBER 2011 KL. 10 - 15 I KØBENHAVN
PJL/pjl 19.09. 2011.
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<urn:uuid:3b69e284-6597-4af3-a420-5e7f2a45fcfe>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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dan_Latn
| 7,108
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City of Spearfish
Special Alcohol License and Permit Policies
The following licenses and permit are available upon application. The fee is due at the time of submission along with a copy of the liquor liability insurance and approval by the Spearfish City Council or City Administrator. These licenses and/or permit are required if alcohol is being consumed or sold within the City of Spearfish.
Special Malt Beverage Retailers License:
❖ The fee is $50 per day.
❖ To be eligible, approval of this special alcohol license must be in conjunction with a special event for any civic, charitable, educational, fraternal or veteran's organization or any licensee licensed as an on-sale liquor licensee or on & off sale malt beverage licensee. (RL or RB)
❖ There is a limit of 15 consecutive days.
❖ No person or entity may be issued more than twenty (20) special alcohol licenses per calendar year.
❖ Public hearing is required unless applicant already holds a retail license within the City of Spearfish.
Special On-Sale Wine Retailers License:
❖ The fee is $50 per day.
❖ To be eligible, approval of this special alcohol license must be in conjunction with a special event for any civic, charitable, educational, fraternal or veteran's organization or any licensee licensed as an on-sale liquor licensee or on & off sale wine licensee. (RL, RW)
❖ There is a limit of 15 consecutive days.
❖ No person or entity may be issued more than twenty (20) special alcohol licenses per calendar year.
❖ Public hearing is required unless applicant already holds a retail license within the City of Spearfish.
Special On-Sale Liquor License:
❖ The fee is $100 per day.
❖ To be eligible, approval of this special alcohol license must be in conjunction with a special event for any civic, charitable, educational, fraternal or veteran's organization or any licensee licensed as an on-sale liquor licensee. (RL, RR)
❖ There is a limit of 15 consecutive days.
❖ No person or entity may be issued more than twenty (20) special alcohol licenses per calendar year.
❖ Public hearing is required unless applicant already holds a retail license within the City of Spearfish.
Special Off-Sale Package SD Farm Wine Dealers License:
❖ The fee is $50 per day.
❖ To be eligible, approval of this special alcohol license must be in conjunction with a special event for any civic, charitable, educational, fraternal or veteran's organization or any licensee licensed as an off-sale liquor licensee, and on & off sale wine licensee. (PL, RW)
❖ There is a limit of 15 consecutive days.
❖ No person or entity may be issued more than twenty (20) special alcohol licenses per calendar year.
❖ This temporary license is limited to selling wine produced by a South Dakota Farm Winery.
❖ Public hearing is required unless applicant already holds an off-sale license within the City of Spearfish.
Brown Bag Permit:
❖ The fee is $40.00 per day and may not exceed (24) hours.
❖ This permit allows the applicant the approval for consumption, but not the sale, trade, barter or exchange of any alcoholic beverage while on city-owned property.
❖ The hours of authorized consumption may not exceed those permitted for on-sale licenses.
❖ The applicant must be at least (21) years of age and provide an acceptable form of identification.
❖ Brown bag permit applications are available at the Public Works Department in City Hall or you may call 605-642-1333.
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<urn:uuid:af4b9b09-b027-4dcf-b293-8c218113aeab>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 3,421
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Chromatic Resolving Power of Prism
The chromatic resolving power of prism represents its ability to form separate spectral lines for wavelengths very close together. It is measured by \( \frac{1}{d\lambda} \), where \( d\lambda \) is the smallest wavelength difference that can be just resolved by the prism at the wavelength \( \lambda \).
Let \( ABC \) be the section of prism. Let a plane wavefront \( BP \) of light of wavelength \( \lambda \) and \( \lambda + d\lambda \) be incident on the prism placed in the position of minimum deviation. Let \( CQ \) and \( CQ' \) be the emergent wavefronts for \( \lambda \) and \( \lambda + d\lambda \).
Let \( \delta \) and \( (\delta - d\delta') \) be the angles of deviation and \( n \) and \( (n - dn) \) the refractive indices corresponding to wavelength \( \lambda \) and \( \lambda + d\lambda \) respectively. Clearly,
\[ \angle Q'CQ = d\delta \]
By Fermat's principle, the optical path between the incident and the emergent wavefront for any wavelength must be the same. Hence for the
wavelength $\lambda$, we have
$$PA + AQ = \mu BC \quad \text{--- (1)}$$
and for the wavelength $\lambda + d\lambda$, we have
$$PA + AQ' = (\mu - d\mu) BC \quad \text{--- (2)}$$
Subtracting (2) from (1) we get
$$AQ - AQ' = d\mu BC$$
But from figure $AQ' \approx AR$, so that
$$AQ - AQ' = AQ - AR = RQ$$
$$\therefore RQ = d\mu BC$$
or, $CQd\delta = d\mu BC$
If $CQ = e$ and $BC = t$ then
$$ed\delta = d\mu t$$
or, $d\delta = \frac{\pm d\mu}{e} \quad \text{--- (3)}$
The emergent beam has rectangular cross-section. The prism may also be considered as rectangular aperture of width $e$ which is the width of the emergent beam. Hence the diffraction pattern for each wavelength is equivalent to that due to a rectangular aperture of width $e$.
According to Rayleigh's criterion, the two lines are just resolved when the principal maximum of one fall on the first minimum of the other. This means that the angular separation $d\theta$ between the principal maximum and the first minimum of $\lambda$. The latter angle, from the results of Fraunhofer diffraction at a simple slit, is given by
$$e \sin \theta = \lambda$$
or, $e \sin \theta = \lambda$ (as $\theta$ is small, $\sin \theta = \theta$)
or, $d\theta = \frac{\lambda}{e} \quad \text{--- (4)}$
For just resolution $d\delta = d\theta$. Hence from eqn (3) and (4), we get
$$\frac{t \, du}{c} = \frac{\lambda}{e}$$
or, $t \, du = \lambda$
Hence the resolving power of the prism
$$\frac{1}{dx} = t \frac{du}{dx}$$
This shows that the resolving power of a prism varies directly as the width of the base of the prism, and also as the rate of change of refractive index with wavelength.
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<urn:uuid:21f4eed6-523b-47a2-a19e-af9dce4f1ecb>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 2,699
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Bidragsytere
CanSat
Overordnet læringsutbytte
CanSat-kampanjen har hovedtemaene integrasjon og inspeksjon av CanSat'en samt rutiner og sikkerhet rundt CanSat-kampanjer. I løpet av kampanjen skal dere få økt kunnskap om og erfaring med
Integrasjon og testing av CanSat
Teknisk inspeksjon og verifisering av CanSat'ens funksjoner
Rutiner og sikkerhet under kampanjer ved Andøya Space
Analyse av reelle måledata
Aktiviteten ved Andøya Space
Integrasjon og testing av CanSat
Teknisk inspeksjon og verifisering av CanSat'ens funksjoner
Rutiner og sikkerhet under kampanjer ved Andøya Space
Analyse av reelle måledata
Aktiviteten ved Andøya Space
– tirsdag 7.mars 2023 - Ankomst
Velkommen!
– Onsdag 8.mars 2023 - CanSat
Læringsutbytte
Dere skal få økt kjennskap til
- Integrasjon og testing av CanSat
- Aktiviteten ved Andøya Space
- Rutiner og sikkerhet under kampanjer ved Andøya Space
- Satellitteknikk og bruk av satellitter
– Torsdag 9.mars 2023 – CanSat og droner
Læringsutbytte
Dere skal få økt kjennskap til og erfaring med
- Gjennomføring av en CanSat-kampanje
- Analyse av reelle måledata
- Fredag 10.mars 2023 - Presentasjoner
Læringsutbytte
Dere skal få økt kjennskap til og erfaring med
- Analyse av reelle måledata
Takk for besøket, vel hjem!
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<urn:uuid:3d88f85c-71e8-4925-9d5b-03df0312b3aa>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nob_Latn
| 1,283
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Original Research Paper
Radiodiagnosis
POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND EXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY FOR ACHALASIA CARDIA USING LOW DOSE MULTI DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY WITH ORAL CONTRAST
Background: Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) is a promising new endoscopic method for the treatment of achalasia cardia. Available current data from various meta-analyses shows short term success with minimal adverse events. Here we aim to study the post procedural adverse events of POEM procedure using postoperative low dose multi detector CT chest with oral contrast. A retrospective study involving 43 patients who underwent POEM procedure for achalasia, were evaluated on Methods: postoperative day 1 chest CT study with oral contrast. 30 out of the 43 patients (69.8%) had pleural effusion. 29 cases (67.5%) had small Results: pleural effusion and one case (2.3%) had moderate effusion. None had large pleural effusion. Small left pneumothorax was noted in 1 patient (2.3%), which was however not severe enough to produce respiratory complaints or necessitated intercostal drain tube placement. One patient had 2 mucosal defects in the lower oesophagus with submucosal and extra luminal contrast leak, causing mediastinal collection and communication with left pleural cavity resulting in empyema which required intercostal drainage. Minimal intramural contrast leak with no extraluminal leak or mediastinal collection was present in 5 patients (11.6%), and all 5 were managed with second clipping. Bilteral lower lobe consolidation was noted in 1 case (2.3%), suggesting the possibility of aspiration. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course obviating the necessity of any further specic management. Minimal basal atelectasis were seen in 8 patients (18.4%), few linear opacities suggestive of pneumonitis were seen in 2 patients (4.6%), pneumomediastinum was found in 11 patients (25.5%), pneumoperitoneum in 24 patients (60.5%) and subcutaneous emphysema in 12 patients (28%). None of them were severe enough to produce clinical effects and none required any specic intervention. POEM procedure being preferred now in the management of achalasia cardia, it is of pertinent importance for the Conclusion: radiologists to be aware of the adverse events that could occur post procedure, and to differentiate the expected postoperative ndings from the more sinister complications like perforation, which causes signicant morbidity and mortality. ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS : Dysphagia; Achalasia; per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM).
INTRODUCTION
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
Achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder characterized by a combination of impaired lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) opening and absent peristalsis in the oesophagus in response to deglutition. The most widely used treatment options include endoscopic balloon dilation and laparoscopic or open Heller myotomy [1,2]. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) was recently introduced novel method which is less invasive as it is carried out through orice naturalis. This procedure has shown promising short-term results reported by few smaller studies, though it is too early to predict long term results for such a recently introduced procedure [3,4]. The procedure includes four steps, the incision of lower oesophageal mucosa, creating a submucosal tunnel, myotomy and closure of the mucosal incision. This procedure is associated with few post procedure adverse events such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pleural effusion, subcutaneous emphysema, and submucosal and extraluminal mucosal leaks. These adverse events can be identied by crosssectional imaging, and shows the necessity of post- POEM CT study [5,6,7]. Our study aims to study the post procedural adverse events of POEM procedure, using postoperative low dose multi detector CT chest with oral contrast.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It is a cross sectional study at a tertiary care centre involving 43 patients who underwent per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedure for achalasia cardia, and evaluated on postoperative day 1 by low dose chest CT scan with oral contrast. The period of study was for 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019. Approval from institutional ethical committee was obtained. The study included 20 female and 23 male patients and their mean age was 40.4 years.
Patients who underwent POEM procedure for primary achalasia cardia were included. The diagnosis of achalasia was done based on the clinical symptoms and barium oesophagogram demonstrating typical bird's beak appearance of the lower oesophageal sphincter and delay in the emptying time of the barium.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Patients for whom the diagnosis of achalasia could not be conrmed by manometry.
2. Patients with oesophageal or upper gastric tumours.
Details regarding patient demographics, clinical course, during and after the procedure were retrospectively analysed using data from the medical records department. Non contrast and post-contrast chest CT with oral contrast were taken on postoperative day 1. Images were taken in the axial sections and reformatted in sagittal and coronal planes. Continuous serial axial sections were taken, of thickness 5mm, with interval of 5mm and large FOV in cranio-caudal direction from the level of suprasternal notch to the upper abdomen, before and after administration of oral contrast (10-20ml water soluble iodinated contrast 350mg iodine/ml in 500-1000ml distilled water).
The CT chest was evaluated to look for the following ndings. The number and position of the oesophageal clips and to rule out any clip dislocation. The presence of pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum and retroperitoneal free air were noted. The post procedural oesophageal dilatation and narrowing at GE junction, if any, were noted. Free ow of contrast into the stomach ensured. Most importantly the presence of submucosal or extraluminal oral contrast extravasation or mediastinal collection/ hematoma to be ruled out, as they may indicate oesophageal mucosal/
wall perforation, as they are associated with high morbidity. Bilateral lung elds and pleura were also assessed.
Figure 1(A,B): Low dose MDCT chest with oral contrast shows post surgical clips (bold arrows) in the right lateral wall and posterior wall of mid-lower thoracic oesophagus. There is a moderate dilatation of oesophagus. No oral contrast extravasation. No evidence of mediastinal loculations. Contrast is freely going in to stomach. Minimal right pleural effusion (dotted arrow).
Pneumothorax was reported based on manual volume estimation using CT by the radiologists. Pneumothorax was quantied as small if volume was less than 30ml and as large if volume was 30ml or larger [8]. The need for intervention was dened as a pneumothorax greater than 30% of the volume of hemithorax, developed in patients after or during the procedure, as seen on CT or bedside radiography. Such cases were to be managed with central venous catheter or intercostal drainage tube inserted at the third or fourth intercostal for drainage. In addition, clinical symptoms such as apparent dyspnea were also considered.
The amount of pleural effusion on CT imaging is classied as small, moderate, or large according to the anteroposterior (AP) quartile. First AP quartile effusions are small, second AP quartile effusions are moderate, and third or fourth AP quartile effusions are large [9].
Small effusions in this study, measuring < 25% of the hemithorax, needed no drainage, unless, if needed clinically. In such cases they have to be managed with ultrasonography guided thoracocentesis. Moderate effusions, measuring 25% to 50% of the hemithorax, are generally managed with ultrasonography guided thoracentesis. In large effusions, measuring >50% of the hemithorax, thoracocentesis can be performed even without ultrasonography guidance. Symptomatic patients or patients with persistently high temperature underwent an ultrasonography guided drainage.
The selective circular muscle myotomy is suggested to prevent the endoscope entering the pleural space which is however technically difcult because the longitudinal muscle bers of the esophagus are very thin, and therefore sometimes splitting of these bers occur during POEM. Also electrocauterisation, CO2 insufation can result in splitting of the longitudinal muscle layer and adventitia. This causes communication with the mediastinum or peritoneum, resulting in pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum respectively, and subsequently into the subcutaneous plane of neck and thorax resulting in subcutaneous emphysema. Patients were usually discharged on the third postoperative day if there were no symptoms or fever. The clinical endpoint of this study was the date of hospital discharge.
RESULTS
All the data were shown in tables and gures are analysed in the below sections. Statistical correlation was based on proportion and percentage. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). Descriptive statistics were used to depict the patients' characteristics (mean and standard deviation as well as median and range). Univariate analysis of clinical characteristics and operation factors was performed by using the Chi square test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically signicant. 43 patients were evaluated, 20 females and 23 males, and the mean age was found to be 40.4 years (standard deviation 15.6 years).
30 out of the 43 patients (69.8%) had pleural effusion. 29 cases (67.5%) had small pleural effusion, effusion within rst AP quartile. One case (2.3%) had moderate effusion within second AP quartile, and was managed with ultrasound guided pleural tapping. None had large pleural effusion. 20 cases had(46.5%) had bilateral pleural effusion, of which 8 cases had more effusion on the right side and 1 case had predominant left pleural effusion. 11 cases had more or less same amount of effusion on both sides. Isolated right sided pleural effusion was seen in 8 patients (18.6%) and isolated left sided pleural effusion was present in 2 patients (4.6%).
Small pneumothorax was noted in 1 patient (2.3%), on the left pleural cavity. Pneumothorax volume was 8% of the left hemithorax. However, it was not severe enough to produce respiratory complaints or necessitated intercostal drain tube placement.
One patient, whose postoperative day 1 CT scan was normal except for the wall thickening in the lower thoracic oesophagus and OG junction, with no evidence of contrast leak, on repeat CT on the postoperative day 15 for vague epigastric pain and fever, showed 2 mucosal defects in the lower oesophagus, measuring about 11 x 25 mm along the lower aspect of the clips and the other measuring about 9 x 18 mm in the posterior mucosa just below the former. Contrast leak into submucosal space was seen with extra thoracic tracking of the contrast in to the lower mediastinum on left side. Mediastinal collection measuring about 4.5 x 2 x 2.6 cm (Volume – 12cc) was seen communicating with left pleural cavity. Moderate left pleural effusion with loculation was noted along the left posteromedial paravertebral region (volume around 250cc) and upper posterior chest wall (~160cc), suggestive of empyema. Contrast was seen freely entering into the stomach and there was no evidence of OG junction wall thickening. Intercostal drainage tube was placed for the empyema and the patient put was under antibiotic cover and follow up. Contrast taken 10 days later on postoperative day 25 showed decrease in the size of the mediastinal collection (Volume – 12cc) and near complete resolution of the empyema (Volume – 20cc) with ICD in situ. Postoperative day 42 CT showed nil contrast leak. There was complete resolution of the mediastinal collection. Mild wall thickening of the lower thoracic oesophagus and GE junction was present and free ow of contrast into the stomach was seen.
Minimal intramural contrast leak with no extraluminal leak was noted in the oesophagus just adjacent to the metallic clips in 5 patients (11.6%). None of these 5 cases had pneumomediastinum or mediastinal collection. Free ow of contrast into the stomach was noted. All 5 cases were managed with second clipping, and repeat CT taken after 4 days showed signicant decrease in the intramural contrast leak.
Fig 2 (A,B): CT thorax with oral contrast showing extraluminal contrast leak with mediastinal collection (dotted arrow), which is extending towards the left pleural cavity. Left empyema (curved arrow) seen in close proximity to the mediastinal collection. Wall thickening of the lower thoracic oesophagus (arrow) seen.
Consolidation was noted in 1 case, a 33 year old male had bilateral lower lobe consolidation with no constitutional signs and symptoms of infection. The patient had nil signicant adverse respiratory history preoperatively, thus suggesting the possibility of aspiration. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course obviating the necessity of any further specic management. Minimal basal atelectasis were seen in 8 patients (18.4%), few linear opacities suggestive of pneumonitis were seen in 2 patients (4.6%) and were of little clinical signicance and did not necessitate specic management.
Pneumomediastinum were found in 11 patients (25.6%), pneumoperitoneum in 26 patients (60.5%), retroperitoneal free air in 11 patients (25.6%) and subcutaneous emphysema in 12 patients (28%). These ndings were very minimal on CT, and did not cause any clinical sign or symptom on follow up. No specic intervention was required for them.
| Adverse events | No. of cases | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Pleural effusion Small effusion Moderate effusion Large effusion Bilateral pleural effusion Isolated right sided effusion Isolated left sided effusion | 30 29 1 0 20 8 2 | 69.8 67.5 2.3 0 46.5 18.6 4.6 |
| Pneumothorax Small pneumothorax Large pneumothorax | 1 1 0 |
|---|---|
| Pneumomediastinum | 11 |
| Pneumoperitoneum | 26 |
| Retroperitoneal air | 11 |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | 12 |
| Pneumonitis Consolidation | 3 1 |
| Minimal basal atelectasis | 8 |
| Intramural leak | 5 |
| Pleural Effusion present | Pleural Effusion absent |
|---|---|
| 18 (16.05) [0.24] | 5 (6.95) [0.55] |
| 12 (13.95) [0.27] | 8 (6.05) [0.63] |
Chi-square statistic is 1.691. The p-value is 0.193
| | | | PLEURAL EFFUSION | | | | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Absen t | Small | Moderat e | Larg e | |
| AGE GROU P | <20 | Count | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 2.3% | 0% | 0% | 4.6% |
| | 21-30 | Count | 6 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| | | Percentage | 14% | 16.3% | 0% | 0% | 30.2 % |
| | 31-40 | Count | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| | | Percentage | 0% | 18.5% | 0% | 0% | 18.5 % |
| | 41-50 | Count | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| | | Percentage | 7% | 16.3% | 0% | 0% | 23.3 % |
| | >50 | Count | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
| | | Percentage | 7% | 14% | 2.3% | 0% | 23.3 % |
| Total | | Count | 13 | 29 | 1 | 0 | 43 |
| | | Percentage | 30.3% | 67.4% | 2.3% | 0% | 100.0 % |
Chi-square statistic is 3.399. The p-value is 0.906
| Crosstab | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | | PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM |
| AGE GROUP | <20 | Count | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 0% |
| | 21-30 | Count | 4 |
| | | Percentage | 9.3% |
| | 31-40 | Count | 4 |
| | | Percentage | 9.3% |
| | 41-50 | Count | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% |
| | >50 | Count | 2 |
| | | Percentage | 4.6% |
| Total | | Count | 11 |
| | | Percentage | 25.5% |
Chi-square statistic is 4.384. The p-value is 0.356
| AGE GROUP | <20 | Count |
|---|---|---|
| | | Percentage |
| | 21-30 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | 31-40 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | 41-50 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | >50 | Count |
| | Percentage | 11.6% |
|---|---|---|
| Total | Count | 26 |
| | Percentage | 60.5% |
Chi-square statistic is 3.736. The p-value is 0.443
| Crosstab | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | | RETROPERITONEAL AIR |
| AGE GROUP | <20 | Count | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% |
| | 21-30 | Count | 5 |
| | | Percentage | 11.5% |
| | 31-40 | Count | 4 |
| | | Percentage | 9.2% |
| | 41-50 | Count | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% |
| | >50 | Count | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 0% |
| | | Count | 11 |
Chi-square statistic is 7.798. The p-value is 0.099
| AGE GROUP | <20 | Count |
|---|---|---|
| | | Percentage |
| | 21-30 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | 31-40 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | 41-50 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | >50 | Count |
| | | Percentage |
| | | Count |
Chi-square statistic is 3.361. The p-value is 0.499
| Crosstab | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | PNEUMONITIS | BASAL ATELECTASIS |
| AGE GROUP | <20 | Count | 1 | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 0% |
| | 21-30 | Count | 1 | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 2.3% |
| | 31-40 | Count | 1 | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 2.3% |
| | 41-50 | Count | 0 | 3 |
| | | Percentage | 0% | 6.9% |
| | >50 | Count | 0 | 3 |
| | | Percentage | 0% | 6.9% |
| Total | | Count | 3 | 8 |
| | | Percentage | 6.9% | 18.4% |
Chi-square statistic is 6.629. The p-value is 0.577
| Crosstab | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | INTRAMU RAL LEAK | EXTRAMUR AL LEAK |
| AGE GROU P | <20 | Count | 2 | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 4.6% | 0% |
| | 21-30 | Count | 1 | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 0% |
| | 31-40 | Count | 0 | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 0% | 0% |
| | 41-50 | Count | 1 | 0 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 0% |
| | >50 | Count | 1 | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 2.3% | 2.3% |
| Total | | Count | 5 | 1 |
| | | Percentage | 11.6% | 2.3% |
Chi-square statistic is 6.453. The p-value is 0.597
Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) is a novel endoscopic method for the treatment of achalasia cardia showing good results in terms of reduced recurrence and decreased duration of hospital stay. Present reports from various meta-analytic studies show short term promising results with minimal adverse events.
More than 2/3rd of the study population had pleural effusion. Of the 30 patients (69.8%) who had pleural effusion, 20 patients (46.5%) had bilaterally. Hence right sided effusion was more common with 27 (62.8%) cases in total, as compared to 14 cases (32.6%) with left sided effusion. Pleural effusion was the most common complication in our study (69.8%). None of the 30 patients with pleural effusion needed aspiration or drainage. However one patient with extraluminal contrast leak eventually developed left empyema, for which intercostal drainage tube was kept.
In the study by Ming-Yan Cai et al.[10] pleural effusion was the most commonly detected CT nding (66.7%), similar to our study, of which only 1% (2/200)+ of patients with pleural effusion needed aspiration because of clinical symptoms. Also in the study by Williams et al [11] pleural effusion was the most common complication (66%).
Small pneumothorax was noted in 1 patient (2.3%) in our study. The patient had no respiratory distress, and did not require any case specic management for it.
In the study by Ming-Yan Cai et al [10] the incidence of pneumothorax was higher (16.7%). In that study, pneumothorax were detected in 50 patients (16.7%), with 17 patients having pneumothorax volume >30% requiring drainage (large pneumothorax). All of these patients had dyspnea. 32 patients had small (<30%) pneumothorax, and they were asymptomatic. One patient with borderline pneumothorax (30%) reported slight shortness of breath, who improved with oxygen, and no intervention was required. All cases of pneumothorax requiring drainage were observed only in the initial periods of the study when room air was used instead of CO2 insufation, and did not occur after that. Similarly, the rates of small pneumothorax also decreased from 16.7% to 2.1% after the introduction of CO2 insufation. This later rate of pneumothorax incidence was very similar to that of our study. In our study the procedure was routinely performed using CO2 insuffulator.
Similar to the above study, in the study by Williams et al [11] pneumothorax was reported in 17% cases, however the usage of CO2 insuffulator has not been commented.
One patient had 2 mucosal defects in the lower oesophagus along the lower aspect of the clip, with extra luminal contrast leak, causing mediastinal collection and empyema. Empyema was managed with ICD tube. Follow up CT scan showed radiological improvement with reduction in the mediastinal collection and near complete resolution of the empyema. Minimal intramural contrast leak with no extraluminal leak was present in 5 patients (11.6%), none of them had mediastinal collection or associated complications. They were managed with second clipping.
In the study by Patel et al [12] mediastinal leak with clinical signicance was extremely rare, being reported in 0.3% cases. Of the 43 patients evaluated including 20 females and 23 males, pneumomediastinum were found in 11 patients (25.5%), pneumoperitoneum in 24 patients (60.5%) and subcutaneous emphysema in 12 patients (28%). None of them required any intervention.
Similar results were reported in the study by Ming-Yan Cai et al [10] pneumomediastinum was present in 48.3% and pneumoperitoneum in 37.7% patients, but they did not require any intervention. Eighty-six patients (28.7%) had subcutaneous emphysema, which resolved spontaneously.
Pneumonitis was seen in 3 cases (6.9%). One case had bilateral lower lobe consolidation with nil signicant adverse respiratory history preoperatively, suggesting the possibility of aspiration. The patient however had an uneventful postoperative course obviating the necessity of any further management. The remaining 2 patients with pneumonitis did not have clinical manifestation mandating specic management. Basal atelectasis was seen in 8 cases (18.4%) and they did not cause any serious clinical manifestation. They did not warrant specic management and were clinically insignicant.
In the study by Ming-Yan Cai et al [10] pneumonitis was detected in 52.7% of patients, 69 unilateral and 89 bilateral. All of them were mild and did not cause serious clinical manifestation and no specic management was required.
In the study by Williams et al [11] pneumonitis and focal atelectasis were present in 52% and 21% of the cases respectively, and none caused any signicant clinical manifestation.
One other expected complication is delayed bleeding, which has been reported in 0.7% of the cases in a large case study by Rawlings et al [13] which involved 428 patients. In our study we did not come across any case of bleeding or hematoma. Hematemesis with or without chest pain requires an emergent endoscopy and removal of the clips or sutures from the mucosal entry so that the submucosal tunnel and muscle can be assessed. In the aforementioned series, the bleeding point was identied in 2/3 cases and in the third patient there was no focus found and the patient was effectively treated with a SengstakenBlackmore tube. It is important to note that hematoma in the tunnel can result in pressure necrosis of the mucosal ap with potentially disastrous consequences. The safety of the Sengstaken-Blackmore tube in this setting is also debated as it can potentially result in pressure necrosis of the already devascularized mucosa.
CONCLUSION
Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedure off late has become the more preferred management of achalasia cardia. Hence the radiologists must be aware of the postoperative complications which are expected of the procedure and their clinical implications. Also more importantly the rare and more adverse complication like perforation which causes high morbidity and mortality has to be looked for, as their early detection may have signicant impact on the prognosis.
REFERENCES
1. Pohl D, Tutuian R. Achalasia: an overview of diagnosis and treatment. J Gastrointest Liver Dis 2007;16:297-303.
2. Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2011;364:180716.
3. Costamagna G, Marchese M, Familiari P, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for oesophageal achalasia: preliminary results in humans. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44:82732.
4. von Renteln D, Inoue H, Minami H, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of achalasia: a prospective single center study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:411-7.
5. Inoue H, Minami H, Kobayashi Y, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Endoscopy 2010;42:265-71.
6. Swanstrom LL, Rieder E, Dunst CM. A stepwise approach and early clinical experience in peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of achalasia and esophageal motility disorders. J Am Coll Surg 2011;213:751-6.
7. Minami H, Isomoto H, Yamaguchi N, et al. Peroralendoscopicmyotomy (POEM) for diffuse esophageal spasm.Endoscopy2014;46(suppl1)UCTN:E79-81.
8. Röhrich, S., Schlegl, T., Bardach, C. et al. Deep learning detection and quantication of pneumothorax in heterogeneous routine chest computed tomography. Eur Radiol Exp 4, 26 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-020-00152-7
9. Moy, M. P., Levsky, J. M., Berko, N. S., Godelman, A., Jain, V. R., & Haramati, L. B. (2013). A New, Simple Method for Estimating Pleural Effusion Size on CT Scans. Chest, 143(4), 1054–1059
10. Ming-Yan Cai, Ping-Hong Zhou, Li-Qing Yao, Bo-Qun Zhu, Liang Liang, Quan-Lin Li. Chest CT in the management of post-POEM achalasia; Gastrointest Endosc 2014;80:1046-55.
11. Brian Williams, Jonathan Kass, Rishi Maheshwary, Krishna Gurram, Matthew Hartman. POEM Procedure: What the radiologist needs to know for this new surgical intervention for achalasia; Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology (2016)
12. Patel K, Abbassi-GhadiN, MarkarS,etal. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of esophageal achalasia: Systematic review and pooled analysis. Dis Esophagus 2015 [electronicallypublishedJul14,2015].
13. Rawlings A, Soper NJ, Oelschlager B, Swanstrom L, Matthews BD, Pellegrini C, et al. Laparoscopic Dor versus Toupet fundoplication following Heller myotomy for achalasia: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized-controlled trial. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 18-26 [PMID: 21789646 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-1822-y]
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Post or email your completed form to:
Licensing & Regulation Division
GPO Box 2807
MELBOURNE 3001
Notification of Receiving Instruction
This form must be completed when a person intends to receive instruction in the use of general category handguns in accordance with subsection 54(1A) of the Firearms Act 1996.
- This notice is to be completed prior to the instruction being provided, and the person providing the instruction must give this notification to Licensing & Regulation Division (LRD) within 7 days of providing the instruction.
- Complete in black or blue pen. Do not use correction fluid/tape. Draw a line through any mistakes and write the correct information alongside it.
Part 1 - Personal Information of Person Receiving Instruction
Part 3 – Declaration by PersonWhois Receiving Instruction
Part 3 – Declaration by PersonWhois Receiving Instruction
Section A – Current Name
Family Name
First Given Name
Second Given Name
Sex:
Male Female
Date of Birth:
(Day)
(Month)
(Year)
Section D – Contact details
Daytime Telephone Contact
OR
Section B – Residential Address
Property Name (if applicable)
Flat/Unit Number
Street Number
/
Lot Number
/
Street Name
Street Type (Rd, St, etc.)
Town/Suburb
State
Postcode
Is your postal address the same as your residential address?
Yes Go to Section D. No Go to Section C.
Section C – Postal Address
Cross appropriate box then enter the number below GPO Box PO Box Locked Bag Private Bag RSD RMB Street No. Rural Road No.
Street Name
Street Type (Rd, St, etc.)
Town/Suburb
State
Postcode
Number
Please provide the document number and description of two forms of identification of the person receiving instruction. At least one form of identification must be a current government issued document (e.g. Driver Licence/Birth Certificate/Passport). The second form of identification can be any document that verifies the person’s name (e.g. a credit card/student card). The name on both identification documents must match the name on the front of this form, or at least one identification document must include official evidence of a change of name (e.g. recent copy of a Full Birth Certificate or Marriage Certificate). The instructor must sight these documents and verify that the details are correct.
1.
Unique Identification Number of Document
Type of Document
2.
Unique Identification Number of Document
Type of Document
By providing Driver Licence information, I hereby authorise Victoria Police to obtain information from the Roads Corporation of Victoria (VicRoads) that relates to my identity.
Have you previously had a licence issued by LRD?
Yes
No
Previous Licence Number
If you have officially changed your name at any time, please staple a list of your previous names to this form.
Part 2 – Identification Details
Email Address
VP Form 1120
Revised 04/18
Part 3 – Declaration by Person Who is Receiving Instruction
To
Are you currently, or have you in the last 5 years suffered or been treated for any of the following: psychiatric or psychological conditions (e.g. depression, stress or emotional problems); alcohol or drug dependence; neurological conditions (e.g. stroke or head injuries); serious impairment of eyesight; fits, dizziness or blackouts; or have any medical condition that could impact on your ability to use a handgun in a manner that is safe to yourself and others?
I declare that I have sighted the required identification documents and verify that the particulars in this notification and any attachments are true and correct. I further declare that I have questioned this person as to whether or not they are a prohibited person under the Firearms Act 1996 and to the number of occasions on which they have received instructions. Based on the answers received in response to these questions, and on available facts, I believe that the person is a non-prohibited person and is eligible to receive instruction. I make this declaration knowing that it is an offence against section 54(5) of the Firearms Act 1996 to provide false information in this notification (penalty 120 penalty units or 2 years imprisonment).
Instructor’s Signature
Date
/ /
A junior (who is of, or over 12 years of age and under 18 years of age) cannot receive instruction until this part is completed.
This statement is made by a Parent or Guardian (cross relevant choice)
Parent
Guardian (legally appointed)
I,
(Print family name)
(Print given names)
of
(Print residential address)
Telephone
(Home)
(Work)
(Mobile)
have given consent for
(Junior's full name)
for the purpose of receiving instruction in the use of a general category handgun.
Parent/Guardian's Signature
Date
/ /
Name of approved club and shooting range where the instruction took place
Date of Instruction
/
/
Instructor's Name
Instructor’s Firearm Licence Number
Expiry Date / / 7 3 2 2 7 1 8 0 H 2 3 0 3 2 0 2 6
Part 4 – Written Consent from Parent or Guardian of Junior Receiving Instruction
Part 5 – Instruction Details (to be completed by Instructor)
Part 6 – Declaration by Instructor
Yes
No
If you have indicated ‘yes’ to the above question, you must not proceed to receive instruction in the use of general category handguns until you provide evidence from a treating medical practitioner of your fitness to complete the instruction and carry and use handguns that is acceptable to the instructor.
Are you a ‘prohibited person’ as defined in section 3 of the Firearms Act 1996? (The definition of a ‘prohibited person’ can be found on the Victoria Police website at www.police.vic.gov.au/firearms . You must ensure that you have read and understood it before completing this part).
Yes
No
If you have indicated ‘yes’ to the above question, you must not proceed to receive instruction in the use of general category handguns.
Please indicate for which occasion the instruction is being received.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13
I declare that I am not a prohibited person; do not have any medical condition that would preclude me from receiving this instruction; the particulars in this notification and any attachments are true and correct, and I make this declaration knowing that it is an offence against section 140A of the Firearms Act 1996 to provide false information (penalty 240 penalty units or 4 years imprisonment for each offence).
Signature
Date
/ /
Privacy Statement: The personal and health information requested is being collected and used by Victoria Police for the purposes of assessment of an application for a licence, registration, permit or approval. It will be used in accordance with relevant legislation, including the Firearms Act 1996, Private Security Act 2004, Control of Weapons Act 1990, Health Records Act 2001 and the Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014. The information may be disclosed to employers, approved bodies and other statutory authorities for the purposes of law enforcement and the administration of justice. To gain access to personal and health information held by Victoria Police, you must apply in writing to the Freedom of Information Division of Victoria Police, at www.police.vic.gov.au.
SSAA - SPRINGVALE PISTOL CLUB (SPC) 2 0 2 3
MARCO PAVINCICH
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Genome Editing and the Future of Farming
Conference held September 6th, 2016 at The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh
Genome Editing and the Future of Farming meeting report
Monica Hoyos-Flight Emilie Brady, Helen Sang, Bruce Whitelaw
Corresponding author:
firstname.lastname@example.org
The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its Member countries.
The Conference was sponsored by the OECD Co-operative Research Programme on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, whose financial support made it possible for some of the invited speakers to participate in the Conference.
Genome Editing and the Future of Farming meeting report
Monica Hoyos-Flight Emilie Brady, Helen Sang, Bruce Whitelaw
Corresponding author:
email@example.com
On the 6th September 2016 leaders in the field of livestock genetics, regulation and food supply gathered at The Roslin Institute to discuss the latest technologies and their applications in a one day meeting co-sponsored by the OECD Co-operative Research Programme: Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, the UK's National Institutes of Bioscience (NIB) and the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), a collaboration between the University of Edinburgh, Scotland's Rural College and the International Livestock Research Institute.
"Genome Editing and the Future of Farming" was a free, open meeting that attracted over 100 representatives from a range of research organisations, industry, funding and policymaking bodies from across the globe. The meeting contributes to the ongoing dialogue among specialists from different backgrounds. As was pointed out in more than one occasion, this is instrumental for driving future agricultural innovation.
David Hume, Director of The Roslin Institute and Chair of NIB, introduced the first session in which Wayne Powell, Principal of Scotland's Rural College, gave an overview of the global challenges faced by agriculture. As he pointed out, a new way of thinking will be crucial to deliver the predicted requirement for 70% more food by 2050 without destroying the environment. He highlighted the importance of global and regional trade systems as the global population balance changes, and the need for resilience in the food chain. The pursuit of scientific excellence and collaborations is key to meeting these daunting challenges.
2
Sequencing technology and informatics have revolutionised biology with major implications for agriculture. Genome editing techniques, which allow precise and quick modifications of plant and animal genes, are poised to build on this progress. Indeed, genome editing has already had a bigger public impact in a shorter period of time than Dolly the Sheep, argued Bruce Whitelaw, Head of the Developmental Biology Division at The Roslin Institute. In his presentation on the current state of technology, he brought everyone up to speed on the available genome editing tools that have been used successfully in pigs, cattle, chickens and sheep to improve their productivity and welfare. Pig 26 is an example that made headlines earlier this year as it carries a specific single-base deletion in a gene that may stop them from contracting African Swine Fever.
Next up was Jonathan Lightner from Genus plc. who spoke about the opportunities and challenges of genome editing for the animal breeding industry. He introduced some of the projects being carried out in collaboration with academic research organisations to tackle porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (by editing a key virus entry mediator CD163) and bovine respiratory disease complex (by editing a single amino acid in CD18 signal peptide). There was general consensus that despite the great potential of such projects, the current uncertainties about the evolving regulatory frameworks and public acceptance could delay these genome edited animals from reaching the market.
After lunch Helen Sang (The Roslin Institute) chaired a session in which four speakers presented examples of their work on genome editing in a range of species. Tim Doran, CSIRO, explained how editing avian primordial germ cells may enhance vaccine production in eggs and improve food safety by reducing levels of egg allergens such as ovomucoid. Bhanu Telugu, University of Maryland, has used genome editing in pigs to remove NANOS, a key gene for male-specific germline development. Such animals can serve as hosts for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation from elite boars and be used for breeding, thus accelerating the expansion of desirable traits. Next, Goetz Laible from AgResearch spoke about the opportunities to improve cow's milk using genome editing technologies. Not only can the major allergenic protein beta-lactoglobulin be eliminated, but milk proteins can be humanized or tailored to suit specific nutritional requirements.
The final speaker in this session, Steven Kemp, CTLGH, highlighted the role of the environment in driving genetic diversity. Understanding the genetics underlying natural variation and applying the latest genome editing technologies could increase the rates of genetic gain in livestock in developing countries. CTLGH brings together researchers in Scotland and Africa to address the need to improve productivity and sustainability in livestock systems in tropical climates.
The meeting's next two sessions were panel discussions in which the chairs encouraged delegate participation. The first session, chaired by Federica Di Palma (Director of Science, Earlham Institute), focussed on advances in genome annotation. The panel members: Wesley Warren (McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University), Dirk-Jan De Koning (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Alan Archibald and John Hickey (The Roslin Institute) gave short presentations on their work in this area before addressing questions from the chair and the audience.
Genome editing for genetic improvement does not just require accurate genome sequences, it relies on the identification of the locations of genes and regulatory elements in a genome, as well as knowledge about their function. New sequencing and mapping technologies are aiding the generation of such "genome manuals" but there was a general consensus that funding large collaborative projects such as functional annotation of animal genomes (FAANG) is vital if the available genome editing technologies are to reach their potential.
The panel also discussed the fact that many economically important traits in livestock are complex traits that result from variation within multiple genes and their interaction with behavioural and environmental factors. Although a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting complex traits in livestock have been identified, finding and validating specific quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) underlying the QTL remains challenging. To prioritise target variants, De Koning proposed focussing on genetic defects due to recessive lethal alleles. An alternative strategy being pursued by Hickey and his group is to sequence hundreds of thousands of animals at low coverage and to identify causal variants underlying polygenic traits. Both will contribute to the 'trait discovery pipeline' that is needed if genome editing technology is to have widespread utility in agriculture.
5
The second panel session was chaired by James Smith (Vice Principal International, University of Edinburgh) and focussed on the regulation of and public dialogue around genome editing. This session's panellists: Elisabeth Waigmann (EFSA), Alison Van Eenennaam (University of California, Davis), Huw Jones (IBERS) and Laura Bellingan (Royal Society of Biology) had an opportunity to compare their experiences and speak about what they personally or their organisations are doing to address the disconnect between the technology and the policy frameworks that regulate it in different countries. At present, it is unclear whether genome edited animals will be regulated as GMOs. The consensus was that concerns about regulation are already stalling the development and application of (and investment in) the technology. However, even if genome edited plant and animal products are to be regulated on a case-by-case or category basis, consumers will need to be made aware of the benefits they offer. It is the 'what' and 'why' rather than the 'how' which is important in this debate. The panel agreed that now was a key time for researchers to get involved and contribute to framing the public debate, and that an ongoing, direct dialogue is paramount to gain public acceptance for good applications of the technology.
As Bruce Whitelaw drew the day to a close, he reinforced the message that genome editing is a game-changing technology and that Society, Systems (regulatory and funding) and Science (the 3Ss) have to work together to ensure that it can be developed and applied to achieve the sustainable productivity gains that global agriculture requires.
The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its Member countries.
This article was originally published in Transgenic Res (2017). doi: 10.1007/s11248-016-0006-x It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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| 9,688
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Transcriptie van het interview in de documentaire Living with Michael Jackson
B = Bashir
M = Jackson
// = gestopt door simultaneïteit
/ = afgebroken
[ Vierkante haken geven aan dat twee gespreksdeelnemers tegelijkertijd spreken
((<)) duidt op een korte stilte (d.w.z. korter dan 2 seconden).
((>)) duidt op een lange stilte (d.w.z. langer dan 2 seconden)
= betekent dat er geen waarneembare stilte is tussen twee uitingen of uitingsdelen
: betekent dat de betreffende (mede)klinker is gerekt (langer dan 'normaal')
104 J I was thinking about adopting ((<)) two kids from each continent around the world.
105 B ((<)) R
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::ly?
106 J Yeah. ((<)) A boy a(nd) a girl [ (probably)-
107 B
[ From e:very continent?
108 J Yeah, every continent. That's my dream.
Fragment 3
112 J Y ēā ::h
113 B When Gavin was there, he talked about the fact that he shares your bedroom.
114 J Ye::s.
115 B Can you understand why people would worry about that?
116 J 'Cause they're ignorant.
117 B But is it really appropriate for a fourty-four-year-old man((<)) to share a bedroom ((<)) with a child who is not related to him at all?
118 J That's a beautiful thing. ((schudt het hoofd))
119 B That's ((<)) That's not a worrying thing?
120 J Why should it be worrying? Who's the criminal? Who's Jack the Ripper in the room?
121 B Hm
122 J This is a guy trying to help heal a child! I'm sleeping out/ sleeping in a sleeping bag on the floor. I gave him the bed, 'cause, 'cause he has a brother named Star, so him and Star took the bed and I'm on the floor in a sleeping [bag//
121a B
[Did you ever sleep in the bed with him?
122a J No. ((<)) But I have slept in bed with many children. I sleep in the bed with all of them. When Macauley Culkin were little, Kieran, Kieran Culkin was sleeping on this side.
142 J It was shocking. And I'm not allowed to talk about this by way of law, so/
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Dictionnaire Général : Espagnol/français, français/espagnol PDF - Télécharger, Lire
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Découvrez et achetez Grand dictionnaire français-espagnol, espagnol-. - Ramón García-Pelayo y Gross, Jean Testas - Larousse sur.
El español es hablado por 200 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Espagnol, Espagnole
nm, nf, (habitants de la péninsule ibérique), español, española.
Dictionnaire général et grammatical des dictionnaires français. Par Landais. 2 vol. in-4. IX.
142. Dict'onnaire classique français-espagnol et espagnol-français.
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PROGRAMA DEL SEMINARIO FINAL 26 y 27 de Septiembre de 2011 - Castrojeriz (Burgos)
26 Septiembre:
9.00 horas- Inscripción y entrega de documentación en el Albergue de San Esteban.
9.15 horas
-
Inauguración del Seminario:
- D. Javier Ramírez Utrilla. Director General de Turismo de la Junta de Castilla y León.
- Dª. Beatriz Francés Pérez. Alcaldesa de Castrojeriz.
- D. Eduardo Francés Conde. Presidente de ADECO-Camino. Coordinador del Proyecto ECO-ARQ.
9.30 horas
-
Presentación del programa SUDOE
(Autoridad de Gestión)
10.00 horas- Presentación del proyecto ECO-ARQ - Orientaciones generales, objetivos y plan de trabajo. D. Eduardo Francés Conde.
10.15 horas- Pausa. Café.
10.45 horas
-
Mesa: "Presentación de la problemática de eco-rehabilitación en el SUDOE"
- Moderada por: ADECO-Camino
- Presentación Francia : Estudio Conclusiones del inventario del saber- hacer en el Macizo Central
- Presentación Portugal: Dª. Ana Cunha + 1 artesano portugués
- Presentación España: D. José Luis García Grinda + 1 artesano español
12.00 horas- Presentación de la plataforma / sitio web ECO-ARQ
. Dª Christine Lacroix. UCCIMAC
12.15 horas- Mesa : "Presentación de buenas practicas y técnicas de eco-rehabilitación" (Talleres)
- Moderada por: D. José Luis Cortés. Jefe de Servicio de Restauración de la Junta de Castilla y León
- Presentación Portugal: socio portugués
- Presentación España: socio español
- Presentación Francia: Experto en el gremio del cáñamo
13.30 horas- Comida en Castrojeriz
16.00 horas-
Presentación Guía Metodológica y debate.
Dª. Ana Cunha. ADXTUR
16.45 horas- Mesa : "Presentación de herramientas de animación y de promoción de patrimonio ecorehabilitado"
- Moderada por : APAMAC-UCCIMAC
- Presentación Portugal : Aldeias do Xisto (Rui / Bruno)
- Presentación España: Posadas Reales (SOTUR) Luis Ángel Díez
- Presentación España: Junta de Extremadura
18.00 horas (Público en general)- Visita Colegiata
18.00 horas (Comité Pilotaje)- Orientaciones sobre la continuidad del proyecto y preparación de conclusiones.
19.30 horas- Cena.
21.00 horas- Concierto de la Coral "Interludio" en la Iglesia de San Juan.
27 Septiembre:
9.00 horas-
Presentación de las conclusiones del día anterior
. D. José Luis García Grinda.
9.30 horas
-
Conferencias de expertos en rehabilitación:
- D. Francisco González de Canales. Conservador y restaurador de construcciones rurales.
- D. Mathieu Fivet. Proyecto B.A.P.E. Restauración del patrimonio construido y aprovechamiento energético.
- Dª. María Rosa Suárez Inclán. Presidenta de ICOMOS España y Asesora de la UNESCO.
11.00 horas- Clausura del Seminario. D. Eduardo Francés Conde. Presidente de ADECO-Camino. Coordinador del Proyecto ECO-ARQ.
11.30 horas- Visitas: Villamorón (Iglesia de Santiago), Villadiego (museo y casco histórico).
13.30 horas- Almuerzo y despedida.
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Fordi lover som gjelder for personlig informasjon kan variere fra land til land, kan vi iverksette ytterligere tiltak som varierer avhengig av gjeldende juridiske krav.
Hvordan vi bruker dine personlige opplysninger
Vi bruker dine personopplysninger på flere måter for å tillate oss å levere våre tjenester til deg, for eksempel hvis du fyller ut et av våre nettskjemaer vil personopplysningene dine bli sendt elektronisk til selskapet som er tilknyttet annonsen, slik at de kan svare på din henvendelse og gi deg mer informasjon om deres produkt eller tjeneste. Vi vil kun gi din personlige informasjon til selskapet som er direkte tilknyttet den spesifikke annonsen du har uttrykt interesse for, og vil kreve at de beskytter informasjonen din på en måte som er i samsvar med disse retningslinjene. Vi vil ikke selge, lease eller på annen måte avsløre din personlige informasjon til noen annonsører du ikke har svart direkte på. Vi kan også bruke din personlige informasjon til å sende deg e-poster med utvalgte tilbud, dele reklame- og informasjonsinnhold med deg i samsvar med dine kommunikasjonspreferanser, som vi føler kan være av interesse for deg. Hvis du bestemmer deg for at du ikke lenger vil motta disse e-postene, kan du melde deg av når som helst ved å klikke på koblingen "avslutt abonnement" som er tilgjengelig i alle disse meldingene. Du kan også melde deg av ved å sende en e-post til oss på email@example.com med
"unsubscribe" i emnelinjen i e-posten. Vær oppmerksom på at det kan ta opptil 48 timer før avmeldingen din trer i kraft, og husk at hvis du spør om nye produkter og tjenester, kan det hende du velger å motta e-post fra oss igjen. Vi kan også bruke din personlige informasjon til å markedsføre tilbudene våre til deg gjennom kanaler som Google, Twitter og Facebook. Vi vil også bruke din personlige informasjon til å svare på eventuelle kommentarer, forespørsler eller spørsmål du måtte sende oss, eller for å sende deg viktige meldinger vi mener du bør gjøres oppmerksom på, for eksempel en betydelig endring av denne policyen. Vi kan også bruke din personlige informasjon til å kompilere statistikk over markedsføringskampanjene våre, for å gi oss en bedre forståelse av deres ytelse og hjelpe oss med å drive og forbedre tjenestene våre.
Profilering
Brukerens personopplysninger (dvs. person- og kontaktopplysninger, og informasjon knyttet til tjenestene som brukeren har uttrykt interesse for) kan også behandles av behandlingsansvarlig for profileringsformål, dvs. for å rekonstruere brukerens smak og forbruksvaner, identifisere Brukerens forbrukerprofil, for å kunne sende Brukeren kommersielle tilbud i samsvar med den identifiserte profilen.
Dersom samtykke ikke er gitt, vil ikke muligheten for å registrere seg på nettstedet bli påvirket på noen måte.
I tilfelle samtykke kan brukeren tilbakekalle det når som helst ved å sende en forespørsel til behandlingsansvarlig ved å sende en e-post til firstname.lastname@example.org
Bruker-ID-bekreftelse
Den behandlingsansvarlige informerer om at, i jakten på sin legitime interesse, kan brukerens personopplysninger (dvs. personopplysninger og kontaktdetaljer) også behandles av behandlingsansvarlig for sikkerhetsformål, dvs. for å verifisere brukerens digitale identitet og for å forhindre svindel og misbruk av personopplysninger. data.
Brukeren kan når som helst protestere mot denne behandlingen ved å sende en forespørsel til behandlingsansvarlig ved å sende en e-post til email@example.com
Vi kan, fra tid til annen, kontakte deg på vegne av eksterne forretningspartnere om et bestemt tilbud som kan være av interesse for deg. I slike tilfeller overfører vi ikke din personlige informasjon til tredjepart.
Deling av din personlige informasjon
I tillegg til måtene vi bruker din personlige informasjon forklart ovenfor, kan vi også dele informasjonen din med pålitelige tredjeparter. Vi kan dele visse personopplysninger med våre tjenesteleverandører som hjelper oss med å betjene tjenestene våre, for eksempel med oppgaver som databaselagring, kampanjeadministrasjon, teknisk støtte og markedsføringsaktiviteter. Disse tjenesteleverandørene kan kun bruke din personlige informasjon på måter vi har instruert dem om og vil ikke dele informasjonen din med andre organisasjoner enn oss. Vi deler kun personlig informasjon med disse tredjepartene i den grad det er nødvendig for at de skal kunne tilby tjenestene sine til oss, og krever at de opprettholder sikkerheten til denne informasjonen på en måte som er i samsvar med disse retningslinjene. Vi kan også dele personlig informasjon med selskaper under samme eierskap som oss, eller med tredjeparter i forbindelse med en omorganisering eller salg av eiendeler i vår virksomhet. Hvis den nye enhetens personvernpolicy eller planlagte bruk av din personlige informasjon avviker vesentlig fra vår, vil vi tilby deg muligheten til å velge bort enhver slik overføring. Vi kan også måtte avsløre din personlige informasjon til en tredjepart hvis vi er pålagt å gjøre det av et reguleringsorgan eller for å overholde en juridisk forpliktelse.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) er en EU-forordning som regulerer personvernet og sikkerheten til personopplysninger. Forordningen gir brukerne mer kontroll over hvordan dataene deres brukes og gir store bøter for selskaper som ikke overholder eller blir utsatt for datainnbrudd. Denne forskriften trådte i kraft 25. mai 2018.
Seven Media Code LTD med registrert kontor i Strovolou , 77, Strovolos Center, Flat / Office 301, Strovolos , 2018, Nicosia, Kypros tar alle skritt for å holde dataene dine trygge, inkludert kryptering og å sikre at tredjepartspartnerne våre er GDPR-kompatible. Som behandlingsansvarlige er vi forpliktet til å ivareta personvernet gjennom utviklingen av nye produkter, prosesser eller tjenester, spesielt de som involverer bruk og behandling av personopplysninger.
Samtykke
Hos Seven Media Code LTD med registrert kontor i Strovolou , 77, Strovolos Center, Flat / Office 301, Strovolos , 2018, Nicosia, Kypros samler vi inn, sporer og administrerer brukersamtykke i samsvar med GDPR-regelverket. Vi krever uttrykkelig samtykke på alle skjemaer der vi samler inn personopplysninger; brukere vil se samtykkebokser med detaljer om hvordan vi planlegger å behandle og bruke din personlige informasjon, spesielt på e-postmeldinger og markedskommunikasjon. Brukere har rett til å velge bort kommunikasjon når som helst.
Vårt rettslige grunnlag for å behandle dine personopplysninger
Vi er pålagt å informere deg om det juridiske grunnlaget for å samle inn og bruke din personlige informasjon:
* måter du har samtykket i, for eksempel å la selskapet som er tilknyttet annonsen du har uttrykt interesse for, svare på din henvendelse.
* der det er i vår legitime interesse å gjøre det for å utføre våre vanlige forretningsaktiviteter, for eksempel for å sende deg markedsførings-e-poster, administrere kampanjene våre og generelt drive og forbedre tjenestene våre.
* å overholde et lovkrav eller å utføre en kontrakt.
Selv om vi alltid tar den største forsiktighet for å beskytte din personlige informasjon, vær oppmerksom på at innsamling, overføring og lagring av informasjon via Internett aldri kan være helt sikker. Hvis vi blir oppmerksomme på at noen personopplysninger vi har har blitt kompromittert, vil vi varsle deg via epost med detaljer om hvordan det skjedde, dens natur og trinnene vi har tatt for å gjenopprette sikkerheten til personopplysningene vi har omsorg for. Vi vil også avsløre slike brudd til relevante myndigheter som kreves av gjeldende databeskyttelseslover. Personopplysningene vi har lagret på sikre servere innenfor EU, lokalisert i Frankrike og Irland, og vil bare bli holdt så lenge det er rimelig nødvendig for å tilby våre tjenester, for våre legitime forretningsformål eller for å oppfylle eventuelle lover. krav.
Overføringer av personopplysninger til utlandet
For å kunne levere våre tjenester til deg, må vi noen ganger dele dine personopplysninger med parter utenfor det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområdet (EØS), for eksempel hvis selskapet som er tilknyttet annonsen du har uttrykt interesse for, befinner seg utenfor EØS. Vi vil alltid sørge for at alle overføringer av denne art er fullstendig i samsvar med EUs databeskyttelseslover som regulerer overføringer av personlig informasjon utenfor EØS, slik at din personlige informasjon er sikker. Noen land utenfor EØS har blitt anerkjent av EU for å ha passende lover og sikkerhetstiltak som beskytter personopplysninger, kjent som Adequate Jurisdiksjoner, slik at personlig informasjon fritt kan overføres til dem. Den gjeldende listen over disse landene er Andorra, Argentina, Canada (kommersielle organisasjoner), Færøyene, Guernsey, Israel, Isle of Man, Jersey, New Zealand, Sveits, Uruguay og USA (begrenset til rammeverket for personvern). Personlig informasjon kan også overføres til land som ikke anerkjennes som tilstrekkelige jurisdiksjoner, forutsatt at vi informerer deg om fraværet av passende sikkerhetstiltak for personopplysninger i det landet og du gir ditt eksplisitte samtykke til den foreslåtte overføringen. Hvis vi trenger å overføre dine personopplysninger til et av disse landene, vil vi informere deg på en klar, kortfattet og transparent måte og vil bare foreta overføringen når du har gitt oss uttrykkelig samtykke til det.
Dine rettigheter angående dine personlige opplysninger
Vi tar sikte på å være klare og transparente om dine rettigheter angående personopplysningene vi kan ha om deg. Du har rett til:
* bli informert om innsamlingen av din personlige informasjon og hvordan den brukes. • be om en kopi av personopplysningene vi kan ha om deg.
* be om at vi endrer din personlige informasjon for å sikre at den er nøyaktig.
* protestere mot bruken av din personlige informasjon til et bestemt formål, for eksempel for å sende deg markedsførings-e-poster.
* be om at vi sletter personopplysningene vi har om deg.
* be om at vi begrenser eller suspenderer bruken av din personlige informasjon, for eksempel hvis du er usikker på nøyaktigheten.
* be om at vi overfører dine personopplysninger til deg eller en annen part i elektronisk form.
For å utøve noen av disse rettighetene, vennligst kontakt oss ved å sende en e-post til firstname.lastname@example.org
KOMMUNIKASJON AV PERSONOPPLYSNINGER TIL TREDJEPARTER FOR KAMPANJERINGS-, KOMMERSIELLE OG MARKEDSFØRINGSFORMÅL FOR DISSE TREDJEPARTENE (VALGFRITT SAMTYKKE, BASERT PÅ ORDRESKJEMAET EKSPLISITT ANVISNING)
På grunnlag av samtykke kan personopplysninger kommuniseres av selskapet til tredjeparter for reklame-, kommersielle og markedsføringsformål til disse tredjepartene, som fra øyeblikket dataoverføring vil begynne å behandle dine personopplysninger som uavhengige eiere. Disse tredjepartene, som også kan være bosatt utenfor EUs territorium, kan fortsette med å sende reklamekommunikasjon på eget initiativ eller fra deres partnere, ved hjelp av e-post, kommunikasjon via sosiale nettverk, telefonkontakter. med operatør og/eller andre måter for fjernkommunikasjon mulig på grunnlag av informasjonen som er gitt i utfylling av skjemaet på nettstedet. Samtykket for bruk av dine personopplysninger for dette behandlingsformålet er helt valgfritt, og ditt avslag vil ikke på noen måte påvirke deltakelsen i konkurransen. Du kan når som helst bestemme deg for å tilbakekalle samtykket tidligere utstedt for dette formålet uten noen formaliteter og uten at dette på noen måte påvirker samtykket gitt for formålene knyttet til deltakelse i konkurransen.
"Vi kan dele din kontaktinformasjon med vår partner WINR Data Pty Ltd. (WINR) og deres globale partnere med det formål:
ID-beskyttelse - forhindrer andre i å misbruke opplysningene dine. Dette kan omfatte ID-validering for anti-hvitvasking, anti-svindel, forebygging av kriminalitet, gjenvinning av eiendeler, inkasso og gjenforening av personer med uavhentede eiendeler.
Annonsering – gi tilbud som er relevante for deg. Dette kan innebære dataanalyse, matching, profilering og forutsigelse av atferd slik at du kan motta reklame som er mer relevant for deg.
WINR og deres partnere vil beholde informasjonen din så lenge det er nødvendig for å utføre disse funksjonene. Du kan velge bort all WINR-aktivitet ved å kontakte personvernansvarlig https://www.winrdata.com/privacy-policy "
Videre kan opplysningene som oppgis behandles:
På grunnlag av en forpliktelse som følger av gjeldende lovgivning eller fra en ordre fra myndigheten; På grunnlag av selskapets legitime interesse, å administrere og kontrollere våre aktiviteter internt, behandle forespørslene dine og, der det er nødvendig, utøve våre rettigheter til å handle og forsvare oss i retten.
For en mer inngående undersøkelse av rettighetene som konkurrerer med deg, se artikkel 15 og ss. av EU-forordning 2016/679 og art. 7 i lovvedtak 196/2003.
Bruk av informasjonskapsler og andre lignende teknologier
Som de fleste nettsteder bruker vi informasjonskapsler, pikseltagger og lignende teknologier for å hjelpe oss med å få en bedre forståelse av hvordan nettsidene våre brukes. En informasjonskapsel er et lite stykke informasjon som plasseres i nettleseren på datamaskinen eller mobilenheten din når du besøker bestemte nettsider. De brukes ofte til å lagre personlige innstillinger og gi deg en bedre online opplevelse. De fleste nettlesere godtar automatisk informasjonskapsler, men du kan velge å avvise dem i nettleserinnstillingene hvis du foretrekker det. Dette kan imidlertid begrense bruken av enkelte nettsteder eller på annen måte påvirke hvordan de fungerer. Du kan lære mer om informasjonskapsler på www.allaboutcookies.org. Pixel-tagger, også kjent som web beacons, fungerer ofte sammen med informasjonskapsler og plasseres vanligvis på nettsteder eller annet nettinnhold, men ikke på datamaskinen din. De tillater sporing av visse aktiviteter fra besøkende til nettsider, for eksempel for å generere registreringer av klikk, kjøp eller forespørsler.
Vi bruker informasjonskapsler og pikseltagger for å hjelpe oss på en rekke måter, inkludert for å:
* utvikle og forbedre nettsidene våre for å gi deg en bedre brukeropplevelse. • gjenkjenne deg som en unik besøkende hvis du går tilbake til en av våre nettsider.
* gi deg annonser som er mer relevante for dine interesser.
* overvåke ytelsen til våre markedsføringskampanjer, for eksempel for å registrere antall besøkende, klikk eller henvendelser de mottar.
* markedsføre annonser til deg gjennom kanaler som Google, Twitter og Facebook.
* la våre markedsføringspartnere og tilknyttede selskaper kompilere statistikk over ytelsen til deres reklamekampanje
Lenker til andre nettsteder
I noen tilfeller kan nettsidene våre inneholde lenker til andre nettsteder. Vær oppmerksom på at disse nettstedene er utenfor vår kontroll og dekkes ikke av denne policyen. Eierne av disse nettsidene kan samle inn og bruke din personlige informasjon i samsvar med deres egne retningslinjer for personvern, som kan avvike fra våre, og vi anbefaler at du leser deres personvernregler nøye.
Endringer i denne personvernerklæringen
Vi kan endre denne policyen ytterligere fra tid til annen av juridiske eller regulatoriske årsaker, eller for å forbedre driften og brukeropplevelsen av nettsidene våre. Slike endringer trer i kraft når de reviderte retningslinjene publiseres og din fortsatte bruk av nettsidene våre etter denne datoen vil bli ansett som din aksept av de oppdaterte retningslinjene. Av denne grunn oppfordrer vi deg til å gjennomgå disse retningslinjene med jevne mellomrom. Hvis vi gjør en vesentlig endring i disse retningslinjene, gir vi ytterligere varsel, for eksempel ved å sende deg en e-post.
Hvordan kontakte oss
Hvis du har spørsmål, kommentarer eller bekymringer om denne policyen, kan du kontakte oss ved å sende en e-post til email@example.com eller ved å skrive til oss på adressen nedenfor. Hvis du mottar en markedskommunikasjon som promoterer en av våre kampanjer, som du mener du ikke har valgt å motta, vennligst gi oss beskjed ved å videresende kommunikasjonen til firstname.lastname@example.org
Vi informerer deg herved om at dataene dine ikke har blitt kommunisert eller overført til en enhet du ikke har samtykket til.
Til tross for det foregående og gitt at vi ønsker å strengt respektere utøvelsen av dine rettigheter, informerer vi deg om de aktuelle handlingene du kan utføre. Du har rett til å sende inn en klage til den irske tilsynsmyndigheten, Data Protection Commission (https://www.dataprotection.ie/)
Seven Media Code LTD med registrert kontor i Strovolou , 77, Strovolos Center, Flat / Office 301, Strovolos , 2018, Nicosia, Kypros
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Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia (OPZ)
Przedmiotowe zamówienie dotyczy wykonania na rzecz Zamawiającego autorskiej koncepcji scenografii dla wystawy pod roboczym tytułem: „Zajawka Śląski hip-hop 1993 - 2003 " stworzonej dla Muzeum Śląskiego w Katowicach na podstawie scenariusza kuratorskiego Szymona Kobylarza.
W celu sporządzenia oferty Wykonawca jest zobowiązany do zapoznania się z głównymi założeniami scenariusza (załącznik 2A do niniejszego dokumentu), który zostanie udostępniony na wniosek Wykonawcy. Zamawiający zaznacza, iż scenariusz wystawy pod roboczym tytułem: „Zajawka Śląski hip-hop 1993 - 2003 " stanowi utwór w rozumieniu ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, co do którego majątkowe prawa autorskie przysługują wyłącznie Zamawiającemu. Wykorzystanie scenariusza bądź jego fragmentu w jakimkolwiek innym, aniżeli przygotowanie oferty w niniejszym postępowaniu, jest niedopuszczalne. W celu otrzymania scenariusza proszę kontaktować się z panią Dominiką Lorek, tel. +48 32 21 30 863, e-mail: email@example.com.
Scenografia wystawy, zlokalizowanej na poziomie -4 w budynku Muzeum Śląskiego w Katowicach przy ul. Tadeusza Dobrowolskiego 1 (załącznik 1A do niniejszego dokumentu), ma na celu zaprezentowanie szerokiej publiczności w nowatorski sposób zjawisk i faktów związanych z tworzeniem się subkultury, relacji środowiskowych w kontekście lat 90 w pierwszej dekadzie rozwoju śląskiego hip-hopu.
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest autorska praca będąca projektem scenografii wystawy oddająca charakter wystawy, jej walory poznawcze, kontekst kulturowo – środowiskowy, wizualne i dźwiękowe oraz charakter eksponowanych przedmiotów (duża ilość zdjęć i papierowych). Konieczne jest użycie systemów AV – jako atrakcyjnej i komfortowej pod względem odbioru prezentacji kluczowej części treści scenariusza (filmy, teledyski, utwory w formacie mp3). Projekt powinien zakładać przystosowanie wystawy dla zwiedzających, w tym dzieci oraz dla osób o różnym sposobie mobilności, osób słabowidzących i niedowidzących.
Przestrzeń wystawiennicza obejmować będzie łącznie ok. 1 160 m² powierzchni, w tym ok. 840 m² o wys. 10,8 m oraz 320 m² o wys. 4,5 m.
Wykonanie przedmiotu zamówienia podzielone będzie na następujące etapy:
A. Koncepcja wstępna z uszczegółowieniem modułu 03 DOŚWIADCZENIE opisanego w scenariuszu wystawy (załącznik 2A do OPZ).
B. Koncepcja wystawy wraz ze szczegółowymi przedstawieniami wszystkich modułów i rozwiązań.
C. Szczegółowa koncepcja scenografii wystawy.
D. Projekt architektoniczny scenografii wystawy, w stopniu umożliwiającym sporządzenie dokumentacji wykonawczej, w tym zawierający: niezbędne obliczenia statyczno-wytrzymałościowe, wytyczne materiałowe, niezbędne uzgodnienia i opinie projektowe wynikające z przygotowania dokumentacji oraz wymaganych prawem i przepisami administracyjnymi wraz ze wszystkimi wymaganymi branżowymi etc.
E. Opis przedmiotu zamówienia wraz z kosztorysem inwestorskim.
F. przeprowadzenia wizyt nadzoru autorskiego w ilości wskazanej przez zamawiającego nie większej niż 10 wizyt do dnia zakończenia montażu wystawy w Muzeum Śląskim w Katowicach.
Projekt należy wykonać w stopniu umożliwiającym przeprowadzenie postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na wykonanie wystawy wraz z opracowaniem dokumentacji wykonawczej.
Wszystkie etapy przedmiotu zamówienia powinny zostać sporządzone przez osoby posiadające uprawnienia do projektowania w zakresie swoich branż.
Wszystkie opracowania należy przekazać w wersji papierowej (min. 2 egzemplarze) oraz w formie elektronicznej. Wykonawca składając dokumenty w formie elektronicznej musi przekazać je na nośniku CD lub DVD lub USB w następujących formatach pdf, doc, .docx, .rtf,.xps, .odt., jpg, avi, mpg, wmv lub innych, które można otworzyć za pomocą darmowych aplikacji działających na systemie operacyjnym Windows 10 PRO (64-bit).
Ważniejsze wytyczne, które należy uwzględnić podczas opracowania dokumentacji projektowej:
* scenografia – wszelkie zaproponowane systemy muszą spełniać wymogi ppoż., bhp, bezpieczeństwa, niepalności, być przystosowane do warunków masowego zwiedzania z uwzględnieniem ochrony zwiedzających i samych obiektów, w tym objętych ewentualną ochroną konserwatorską; odpowiednie umieszczenie i dostęp do urządzeń audio-wizualnych;
* gabloty – uwzględniać powinny wymogi konserwatorskie oraz bezpieczeństwo obiektów prezentowanych na wystawie zgodnie z wymogami ustawowymi;
* oświetlenie – system oświetlenia scenograficznego, uwzględniający ilość luxów dla poszczególnych obiektów objętych ochroną konserwatorską;
* do zasilania można wykorzystać florboxy w podłodze (zasilanie 230V + sieć LAN) – widoczne na załączonym planie (załącznik 1A);
* zaproponowane rozwiązania powinny cechować ekonomiczność montażu oraz utrzymania;
* możliwość dostępu dla osób z niepełnosprawnościami sensorycznymi i fizycznymi – dostosowanie przestrzeni do zasad projektowania uniwersalnego;
* siedziska oraz wyszczególnione miejsca dla osób poruszających się na wózkach;
* do indywidualnej oceny Projektantów pozostawia się możliwość wykorzystania aktualnej aranżacji ścianek działowych w przestrzeni wystawienniczej będącej przedmiotem projektu.
* jako część ekspozycji należy uwzględnić obiekt fotoplastykonu wraz z jego aranżacją przygotowaną przez pracownię Kolektyw projektowy musk (Załącznik 3A)
Załączniki:
1) załącznik nr 1A – Rzut przestrzeni wystawowej poziomu -4 (.dwg, .pdf)
2) załącznik nr 2A – Scenariusz kuratorski – udostępniany drogą mailową, firstname.lastname@example.org
3) załącznik nr 3A – Projekt fotoplastykonu
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ELS VEGETALS INTRODUÏTS A LES ILLES BALEARS
Eva Muragues Boley
Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, CSIC-UIB
Joan Riba Larrucea
Institut d'Estudis Balears, Universitat de Palma, Illes Balears
Govern de les Illes Balears
Conselleria de Medi Ambient
DOCUMENTS TÈCNICS DE CONSERVACIÓ. II època, núm. 11
Autors:
Eva Moragues Botey, Joan Rita Larrucea.
© Fotografies:
Herbari Virtual de les Illes Balears (http://herbarivirtual.uib.es) i dels autors.
© Textos:
els autors.
Coberta:
Oxalis pes-caprae ha envaït els camps de conreus de les Illes Balears (camps prop d’Andratx, Mallorca).
© Edició:
Direcció General de Caça, Protecció d’Espècies i Educació Ambiental.
Conselleria de Medi Ambient. Govern de les Illes Balears.
El contingut del present document reflecteix les opinions dels autors i no necessàriament han d’esser compartides per la Conselleria de Medi Ambient.
Maquetació: Servicios Gráficas Estarellas.
Impressió: Gelabert Arts Gràfiques.
Dipòsit Legal: PM 673-2005
En els darrers anys, s'ha incrementat la preocupació sobre espècies invasores. Està comprovat que la introducció d'espècies és un factor de gran incidència a la conservació de biodiversitat, i en el cas de les illes, és probablement la causa més important d'extinció d'espècies.
L'increment d'informació sobre qualsevol qüestió va acompanyat sempre amb un increment d'errors i d'una pèrdua de rigor tècnic (quan més música, més renou!). Com molt bé destaquen els autors del document que es presenta, sols una mínima fracció de les espècies exòtiques que arriben a un territori aconsegueix aclimatar-s'hi, i sols una petita part d'aquestes adopten estratègies invasores i esdevenen un perill per a les espècies locals. Desgraciadament, no és fàcil predir quines són aquestes espècies, tot i que determinades característiques ecològiques i sobre, tot, les experiències en altres illes, poden donar pistes molt valuoses.
En aquesta línia, la Conselleria de Medi Ambient ha considerat pertinent finançar un treball sintètic, on s'han recopilat de forma sistemàtica la informació tècnica i científica sobre espècies vegetals exòtiques a les Balears, seleccionant les dades rellevants que permetin l'adopció de mesures de gestió sobre aquestes espècies. La tasca ha estat realitzada per la botànica Eva Moragues, que en el moment d'escriure aquest text treballa en la seva tesi sobre els vegetals invasors, i el Dr. Joan Rita, professor de Botànica de la UIB.
Considerem que aquest tema ha de tenir presents dos criteris complementaris: el primer és el principi de precaució, amb el qual és convenient actuar de forma preventiva, en els estadis iniciais d'una potencial invasió, que permeti evitar un problema abans que la seva extensió el faci insoluble. Fa prop d'un segle, un agrònom mallorquí detectava a Porto Pi les primeres plantes de Vinagrella, i alertava sobre el risc. Ningú en va fer cas i avui és una mala herba abundantíssima arreu, que perjudica conreus i pastures, i ha fet disminuir l'abundància de moltes plantes autòctones, sobre les quals ha resultat dominant.
El segon criteri, que no convé deixar de banda, és recordar que l'alarmisme és negatiu, i les hipèrboles tenen el seu lloc de literatura, però no a la gestió. Els termes "invasor", "aliens" i similars tenen una connotació terrorífica que conduexi fàcilment a reaccions poc assenyades i a posicions més viscerals que racional. Cap espècie ha de ser demonitzada!. Moltes espècies exòtiques tenen un valor ornamental indiscutible, o ens aporten recursos d'interès. Algunes, certament, requereixen determinades precaucions per fer-ne ús, i no n'hem de menystenir, els riscs que poden suposar en determinades circumstàncies. Però d'aquí a prohibir-ne el cultiu o la tinència hi ha una passa excessiva. L'abús d'un argument el debilita tant com la seva absència. S'ha encunyat el terme de bioxvinisme per dominar aquestes posicions extremistes, i no està de més recordar que els nazis alemanys aplicaven els mateixos principis monstruosis a la diversitat humana que a la vegetal (Roger 2000; Gould 2002).
Sobre aquests criteris, per tant, el Servei de Protecció d'Espècies voldria que aquest document sigui útil, estalviï problemes futurs i contribueixi a que una major informació sobre aquest tema faciliti decisions assenyalades i gestions efectives a favor de les espècies i comunitats vegetals pròpies de les Illes Balears.
Servei de Protecció d'Espècies
| Capítol | Pàgina |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| 1. Introducció | 7 |
| 2. Definicions dels termes utilitzats | 9 |
| 3. El problema de les espècies vegetals introduïdes. Generalitats | |
| 3.1. Un problema ambiental | 11 |
| 3.2. Un problema econòmic | 12 |
| 3.3. Un problema sanitari | 12 |
| 4. Les vies de penetració i l'establiment de les espècies invasores | 13 |
| 5. Com són les espècies invasores i on es troben? | 15 |
| 6. Convenis i directrius internacionals en relació amb les espècies | 17 |
| invasores | |
| 7. Les espècies introduïdes a les Balears: una visió de conjunt | |
| 7.1. Quantes espècies introduïdes? | 19 |
| 7.2. Estructura de les formes vitals de les espècies introduïdes | 19 |
| 7.3. Els ambients colonitzats i principals espècies a les Illes | 20 |
| Balears | |
| 7.4. L'origen de les plantes exòtiques de les Balears | 23 |
| 8. Mesures de gestió | 25 |
| 9. Catàleg de les espècies de plantes introduïdes a les Illes Balears | 29 |
| 10. Fitxes de les espècies més importants | 35 |
| 10.1. Principals espècies invasores | |
| 1. *Agave americana* | 36 |
| 2. *Ailanthus altissima* | 37 |
| 3. *Aloe spp.* | 38 |
| 4. *Amaranthus spp.* | 39 |
| 5. *Arundo donax* | 41 |
| 6. *Àster squamatus* | 42 |
| 7. *Carpobrotus spp.* | 43 |
| 8. *Chamaesyce spp.* | 45 |
| 9. *Conyza spp.* | 47 |
| 10. *Cyperus alternifolius* | 48 |
| 11. *Disphyma crassifolium* i altres espècies de la família de | 49 |
| les aizoàcies | |
| 12. *Ipomoea indica* | 51 |
| 13. *Nicotiana glauca* | 52 |
| 14. *Opuntia maxima* | 53 |
| 15. *Oxalis pes-caprae* | 55 |
| 16. *Paspalum paspalodes* | 56 |
17. *Ricinus communis* 57
18. *Senecio cineraria* 58
19. *Solanum bonariense* 59
20. *Suliva stolonifera* 60
21. *Sorghium halepense* 61
22. *Spartium junceum* 62
23. *Tropaeolum majus* 63
10.2. Espècies introduïdes potencialment invasores
24. *Abutilon theophrasti* 64
25. *Acacia* spp. 65
26. *Aeonium arboreum* 67
27. *Anredera cordifolia* 68
28. *Artemisia arborescens* 69
29. *Bromus catharticus* 70
30. *Clematis vitalba* 71
31. *Coronopus didymus* 72
32. *Cortaderia selloana* 73
33. *Cotula coronopifolia* 74
34. *Datura* spp. 75
35. *Echinochloa colona* 76
36. *Gomphocarpus fruticosus* 77
37. *Helianthus tuberosus* 78
38. *Kalanchoe daigremontiana* 79
39. *Lantana camara* 80
40. *Limoniastrum monopetalum* 81
41. *Loniceria japonica* 82
42. *Melia azedarach* 83
43. *Mesembryanthemum crystallinum* 84
44. *Mirabilis jalapa* 85
45. *Myoporum tenuifolium* 86
46. *Nothoscordum borbonicum* 87
47. *Parkinsonia aculeata* 88
48. *Pennisetum* spp. 89
49. *Phytolacca americana* 91
50. *Pittosporum tobira* 92
51. *Retama sphaerocarpa* 93
52. *Robinia pseudoacacia* 94
53. *Senecio angulatus* 95
54. *Setaria parviflora* 96
55. *Solanum linnaeanum* 97
56. *Stenotaphrum secundatum* 98
57. *Xanthium* spp. 99
11. Alguns arbres naturalitzats a la flora de les Balears 101
12. Espècies exòtiques en altres àrees de la Mediterrània i que no es troben a les illes Balears 105
13. Bibliografia 107
14. Fotografies 111
Les espècies exòtiques invasores són un problema global. De fet, són la segona causa més important d'extinció d'espècies després de la destrucció dels hàbitats naturals. Les flores insulars han rebut moltes d'aquestes espècies exòtiques, algunes de les quals han esdevingut invasores i competeixen amb èxit amb les espècies autòctones, fins al punt de convertir-se en una amenaça per a les espècies més vulnerables. Els sistemes insulars són particularment sensibles a les invasions, ja que a les illes generalment hi ha una major taxa d'endemismes i moltes d'aquestes espècies han evolucionat sota condicions de baixa competència interespecífica, i per tant estan mal preparades per competir amb noves espècies que arriben de fora.
L'home és el principal vector que mou les espècies d'uns llocs a uns altres. En el cas de les plantes, l'home les introduïx de manera conscient, perquè les utilitza en l'agricultura o la jardineria, o inconscient, com per exemple com a contaminants dels sacs de llavors de les plantes cultivades.
Les illes Balears no són una excepció a aquest fenomen global, tot al contrari: des de l'ocupació humana d'aquests territoris tot tipus d'espècies vegetals han estat introduïdes i moltes s'han incorporat a la nostra biota. Hi ha plantes que van arribar en temps molt antics i no sabem diferenciar-les de les espècies autòctones i d'altres que han passat a formar part del nostre paisatge (com les canyes, les figueres de moro, la vinagrella o les palmeres). Algunes es comporten com a espècies invasores, creixen ràpidament i desplacen la flora local: el cas del balsam (Carpobrotus spp.) és un dels més coneguts.
El cost ecològic d'aquestes espècies pot ser molt alt (competència directa amb les espècies autòctones, modificació d'ambients concrets, transformació del paisatge, etc.); el cost econòmic d'aquestes espècies no és menor (pèrdues a l'agricultura, costos d'eradicació, etc.).
En aquest treball fem una avaluació de l'estat de la qüestió a les illes Balears. Considerem que aquestes línies són un punt de sortida: tant per facilitar que es pugui incrementar la informació sobre aquest tema, com per servir d'eina per dissenyar estratègies de gestió. Amb la revisió de la bibliografia existent i les dades de camp acumulades de totes les illes hem pogut confeccionar un primer catàleg de les espècies de plantes vasculars introduïdes a la nostra flora i hem pogut reconèixer les espècies més perilloses.
Prèviament al catàleg presentem uns capítols sobre la problemàtica general de les espècies de plantes invasores (amb un apartat inicial dedicat a les definicions inclòs), com també una visió del problema a les nostres Illes i unes propostes de mesures de gestió. Una segona part del llibre s'ha dedicat a comentar individualment les principals espècies introduïdes. Es presenta una fitxa per a cada una on es pot trobar informació sobre l'origen geogràfic, descripció, característiques reproductores, problemàtica a les Illes, etc. Aquestes fitxes s'han agrupat en dos blocs: un de dedicat a les espècies més problemàtiques o més freqüents i un altre en què s'han inclos les espècies més poc abundants però que són potencialment invasores i caldrà tenir ben presents per al futur. Finalment es presenta una col·lecció de fotografies que confiem que permetin una més fàcil identificació de la major part d'aquestes espècies. S'ha escrit l'obra amb l'idea de que pugui ser utilitzada per un ventall ampli de lectors, i d'aquesta manera pugui ser una eina que faciliti la identificació i localització de les espècies en qüestió.
Fins en aquest moment hem identificat 304 espècies introduïdes, que en major o menor grau es poden trobar al medi natural de les Illes. Això suposa un 15,9% de la flora total de les Illes. Aquestes xifres són forçosament provisionals, ja que l'entrada d'espècies es dóna constantment i amb el temps se n'aniran incorporant de noves; d'altra banda, moltes espècies introduïdes en temps antics són difícilment detectables com a tals per manca de dades, pot ser en el futur les podrem anar reconeixent.
L'origen més freqüent d'aquestes espècies és americà (32%), seguit del mediterrani (18%) i l'afríca (16%). D'altra banda, la forma vital més freqüent és els faneròfits -arbres i gran arbusts- (34%), seguida del teròfits -plantes anuals-(30%). Els ambients més afectats per aquestes plantes són els torrents, els camps de conreu i les vores de camins. També hi ha una problemàtica seria a les zones litorals, on hi ha una alta densitat d'endemismes, alguns dels quals amenaçats. Per contra, la vegetació llenyosa local, com les garrigues i els boscos, es troba relativament lliure d'espècies invasores.
Per a qualsevol botànic seria un somni poder conèixer el paisatge que hi havia abans de l'arribada de l'home. Sabem que s'han produït transformacions molt profundes tant de la flora com del paisatge. Potser ens en duríem sorpreses importants: alguna de les plantes que avui en dia són vulgars potser no es trobava, mentre que unes altres que enen
importants en aquella època han desaparegut. Quan es veu l'extraordinària capacitat de colonització que poden tenir algunes espècies de plantes, i la capacitat de transformació que té l'home, ens adonem que totes les hipòtesis sobre la manera com era el passat s'assemblen molt a aquella història d'un grup de cecs que intentaven descriure un elefant, però cada un agafant una part diferent de l'animal.
Agraïm a J. Mayol, J. Oliver i V. Forteza (Direcció General de Caça, Protecció d'Espècies i Educació Ambiental), i a B. Bibiloni els comentaris que han enriquit aquestes pàgines.
Aquest treball ha estat finançat per la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Direcció General de Caça, Protecció d'Espècies i Educació Ambiental; i en part s'ha beneficiat d'una beca del programa d'investigació europeu EPIDEMIE, EVK2-CT-2000-00074, <http://www.ceh.ac.uk/epidemie/>.
Algunes de les imatges de les espècies assenyalades han estat cedides per l'Herbari Virtual de les Illes Balears (Universitat de les Illes Balears) <http://herbarivirtual.uib.es>.
2. Definicions dels termes utilitzats
Per a les definicions dels termes utilitzats s’han seguit els criteris de la UICN publicats a la seva *Guia per a la prevenció de les pèrdues de diversitat biològica causades per les espècies exòtiques invasores* (SSC 2000), l’*Enciclopèdia natural dels Països Catalans* (Masalles *et al.* 1992) i les definicions de Richardson *et al.* (2000) i Pyšek *et al.* (2004).
- **Espècies adventícies.** Espècies introduïdes que no tenen capacitat de perdurar als nous territoris ocupats i que desapareixen al cap de poc temps.
- **Espècies al·lòctones.** Sinònim d’espècies introduïdes.
- **Espècies arqueòfites.** Espècies introduïdes abans de l’any 1500 dC. La data més corrent seria 1492, l’any de retorn dels primers colonitzadors de les Amèriques (Scherer-Lorenzen *et al.* 2000; Williamson 2002).
- **Espècies autòctones.** Sinònim d’espècies natives.
- **Espècies exòtiques.** Sinònim d’espècies introduïdes.
- **Espècies indígenes.** Sinònim d’espècies natives.
- **Espècies introduïdes, no natives, al·lòctones, exòtiques, xenòfites.** Són espècies o tàxons inferiors (subespècies, varietats) que, a causa de la intervenció intencionada o accidental de l’home, es troben en un territori fora de la seva àrea de distribució natural (present o passada) i de la seva àrea de dispersió potencial.
- **Espècies invasores.** Hi ha un ús desigual del terme a la literatura. Alguns autors, per exemple Vilà (2001), Mayers i Bazely (2003) i Pyšek *et al.* (2004), fan èmfasi en la capacitat d’expansió sobre nous territoris; així, consideren que són aquelles espècies naturalitzades que tenen capacitat de propagar-se en un gran nombre i a grans distàncies i ocupar territoris amplis. Però hi ha també una definició més restrictiva, utilitzada per organismes internacionals com per exemple la UICN, que consideren que són espècies al·lòctones naturalitzades en ambients naturals o seminaturals (no es tenen en compte els ambients antropitzats) que produeixen canvis significatius sobre els ecosistemes en termes de composició, estructura o processos, i que tenen el potencial d’expansió (D’Antonio i Vitousek 1992; Gordon 1998; Cronk i Fuller 2001; Hager 2004).
- **Espècies natives, autòctones o indígenes.** Són les espècies, o tàxons, inferiors que es troben dins la seva àrea de distribució natural (passada o present) i en el seu potencial de distribució (és a dir l’àrea que ocupa de forma natural o que podria ocupar sense cap intervenció directa o indirecta per part dels homes).
- **Espècies naturalitzades.** Espècies introduïdes que viuen i es reprodueixen en ecosistemes naturals o seminaturals i mantenen les seves poblacions durant molts de cicles de vida sense la intervenció directa de l’home, tal com ho fan les plantes natives.
- **Espècies neòfites.** Espècies introduïdes després de 1500 dC.
- **Espècies no natives.** Sinònim d’espècies introduïdes.
- **Espècies criptogèniques.** Espècies de les quals es desconeix si són natives o introduïdes (Diamond 1989).
- **Espècies subespontànies.** Espècies introduïdes de forma voluntària en cultius o jardins i que s’estenen de forma autònoma per les rodalies. Són dependents dels ambients humanitzats i no poden propagar-se i formar noves poblacions per si mateixes.
- **Espècies transformadores.** Termes poc utilitzat però que és reivindicat per alguns autors (Pyšek *et al.* 2004) per assenyalar les espècies invasores que generen canvis en els ecosistemes sobre un espai prou gran. És equivalent a l’acceptació més estreta de planta invasora.
- **Mala herba.** Espècie de planta silvestre (no directament utilitzada per l’home en els seus cultius), nativa o no, que ocupa els terrenys cultivats sovint competint amb les espècies cultivades.
- **Xenòfites.** Sinònim d’espècies introduïdes.
Malgrat aquesta inflació terminològica, el cert és que el nombre de conceptes importants és molt més reduït, però sempre amb un marge molt ampli d’interpretació i amb aspectes en comú entre si. Aquest termes bàsicament es redueixen a:
La condició pròpia de cada espècie de pertànyer a la flora original d’un territori (*autòctona*, *indígena*, *nativa*) o no
(al-loctona, exòtica, introduïda, xenòfit). I d’altra banda una qualificació de la seva implantació temporal o espacial sobre el territori:
Plantes de vida efímera en el nou territori: adventícies. Normalment es tracta d’espècies que es troben prop de jardins o de camps de conreu, llocs on poden arribar llavors que germinen i donen una planta o una petita població que no arriba a reproduir-se i desapareix. Un cas pot ser el de la síndria (*Citrullus lanatus*) que es pot trobar a moltes platges, on els turistes en mengen i deixen caure les llavors: fins ara no s’ha vist fructificar a aquestes plantes.
Plantes que escapen dels conreus, però que no arriben a propagar-se lluny dels voltants dels cultius: subespontànies. Hi ha un bon grapat d’espècies conreades que colonitzen els camps veïns i poden mantenir-s’hi durant molt de temps però que no arriben a penetrar en altres tipus d’ambients, és a dir a naturalitzar-se. És el cas de l’ametller (*Prunus dulcis*), de les faveres (*Vicia fava*), de l’alfals (*Medicago sativa*) i de moltes altres espècies farratgeres. També n’hi ha de jardí que poden arribar a trobar-se per les rodalies, com: *Yucca gloriosa*, *Iris germanica*, *Gazania rigens*, *Colocasia esculenta*…
Plantes que es reprodueixen i poden perdurar en els ecosistemes locals: naturalitzades. Es tracta d’espècies que, al marge de la manera com han arribat, han format poblacions estables i tenen capacitat de dispersar-se sense la intervenció de l’home. Algunes s’integren totalment en els ecosistemes locals i difícilment se’n pot saber l’origen al-locton si no se’n coneixen els antecedents. Uns exemples podrien ser els oms (*Ulmus* spp.) i polls (*Populus* spp., Foto 63), arbres que viuen als torrents, com també la canya (*Arundo donax*), d’origen asiàtic (Foto 5).
Plantes que ocupen àmpliament els ecosistemes locals i generen greus problemes ambientals: invasores. Aquestes són les plantes que ocupen el nou territori fins al punt que desplacen la flora local i poden arribar a provocar canvis greus en la biodiversitat i fins i tot en el paisatge d’una regió. El gènere *Carpobrotus* (Fotos 7a i 7b) o la canya citada anteriorment entrarien en aquesta categoria. En alguns texts es reserva el terme ‘invasor’ per a les espècies que generen problemes als ecosistemes naturals i es deixen de banda les que colonitzen els cultius i llocs degradats (Foto 15). En aquestes pàgines s’ha utilitzat una consideració àmplia d’aquest terme i donem la categoria d’invasora a les plantes que es poden trobar de forma massiva, fins i tot de forma molt local, tant en ambients naturals com pertorbats (com pot ser el cas de les diferents espècies del gènere *Amaranthus*) (Fotos de 4 a 4e).
3. El problema de les espècies vegetals introduïdes. Generalitats
3.1 Un problema ambiental
Les invasions biològiques estan àmpliament reconegudes com un dels majors perills per a la conservació dels ecosistemes naturals i la biodiversitat (Vitousek et al. 1996; Parker et al. 1999; Mack et al. 2000). La Unió Internacional per a la Conservació de la Natura (IUCN) considera que la invasió d’espècies és la segona amenaça en importància per a la conservació de la biodiversitat del planeta després de l’alteració directa dels ecosistemes (GISP 2001). Quan les espècies exòtiques s’introduueixen en nous ecosistemes, influencien negativament en el seu funcionament, desplacen les plantes natives i les espècies animals, poden danyar irreparablement les àrees ecològicament sensibles (Elton 1958; Cronk i Fuller 2001; Hink i Ohmart 1985) i provoquen a més greus conseqüències econòmiques (Mack et al. 2000; Callaway 2002).
La introducció d’espècies en nous territoris, gràcies al paper de l’home com a agent dispersor, és un problema ambiental global. La combinació de quatre processos en paral·lel:
- Alteració dels hàbitats originals (agricultura, incendis forestals, etc.).
- Introducció d’espècies de plantes no natives.
- Introducció d’anims, especialment herbívors, no natis.
- Introducció de patògens.
ha provocat pèrdues irreparables per a la diversitat biològica del planeta, que s’han materialitzat en extincions d’espècies de plantes i animals i alteracions profundes dels ecosistemes.
Aquests processos han estat especialment notables a les illes. Les illes són un centre de formació de noves espècies i de conservació d’espècies relictes: són per tant centres d’alt valor quan a la diversitat biològica. Així, s’ha calculat que les illes tenen el 20% del total de la flora del planeta, però només suposen el 3,6% de la superfície emergida. D’altra banda, els processos evolutius a les illes s’han donat sota situacions ambientals de baixa competència interespecífica i baixa pressió de depredació. Això ha fet que les espècies insulars siguin més sensibles a la competència de les espècies introduïdes i més sensibles als patògens importats. Per tant, els territoris insulars són més vulnerables a la penetració d’espècies, i aquesta vulnerabilitat implica l’extinció de nombreoses espècies natives. En aquest sentit, només cal recordar que la major part de la fauna de vertebrats del quaternari que vivia a les Balears es va extingir després de l’arribada de l’home. No sabem però què va passar amb la flora, però podem imaginar una situació semblant. Alguns exemples notables d’invasions a illes s’han donat a les illes Hawaii, a les Galápagos i, en general, a la major part de les illes oceàniques. A les Illes Canàries el 33% de la flora correspon a espècies introduïdes (López et al. 2003), mentre que a Nova Zelanda aquesta xifra arriba al 50%. A les illes Britàniques la flora introduïda és d’un 44 al 50% segons les fonts consultades (Heywood 1989; Crawley et al. 1997; Kew Garden 2003: <http://www.rbge.org.uk/ksheets/pdfs/T4invasive_species.pdf>).
Però el problema afecta també les zones continentals com Sud-àfrica, Austràlia o l’Amèrica del Nord, on es considera que per cada hectàrea que és alterada per incendis forestals a l’any se n’alteren dues a causa de les espècies introduïdes (<https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ESPrograms/Conservation/Invasive/hawaii.html>). A l’estat de Nova York la proporció d’espècies introduïdes és del 35% (Mitchel i Tucker 1997); un valor semblant ha estat publicat per a la República Txeca (Pyšek et al. 2002).
A grans trets, la introducció de noves espècies de plantes en un ecosistema pot afectar-lo en alguna de les maneres següents:
- Provocant l’extinció d’espècies natives.
- Competint per l’espai i els recursos (inclosa la llum) amb les espècies autòctones (com passa amb *Carpobrotus* spp.).
- Modificant les característiques geomorfològiques de l’hàbitat ocupat (citat per a ecosistemes dunars, per exemple).
- Modificant aspectes bàsics de la biologia reproductiva de les espècies autòctones: competint pels pol-linitzadors i dispersors (Moragues & Traveset 2005).
- Modificant l’estructura de l’ecosistema afectant les cadenes trofiques (per ex. *Caulerpa taxifolia*).
- Modificant el règim hídric (per ex. amb introducció d’*Eucaliptus* spp. o *Arundo donax*).
- Modificant el règim d’incendis (per ex. amb la introducció de coníferes o de *Cortaderia selloana*).
- Incorporant compostos al lelopàtics al sòl (per ex.: *Centaurea diffusa* i *C. maculosa* són dues de les espècies invasores més destructives de l’oest de l’Amèrica del
Nord, i l’al-lelopàtia contribueix al seu perill com a invasores (Callaway i Ashehoug 2000)).
- Facilitant l’arribada d’altres organismes patògens o paràsits (com ha estat el cas de la processionària).
- Provocant la contaminació genètica de les poblacions autòctones si arriben individus que pertanyen a races pròximes a les que es troben a la regió d’accòlida (com deu estar passant a les Balears amb *Rosmarinus officinalis* o *Santolina chamaecyparissus*), incloent aquí el recent problema de les plantes modificades genèticament.
Aquesta amenaça s’ha accelerat les darreres dècades a causa de l’increment de la mobilitat de l’home i de la globalització del comerç (McNeely 2001). De tota manera, la probabilitat que una espècie introduïda arribi a colonitzar el medi natural d’una nova regió geogràfica és molt baixa; i que, si ho fa, arribi a convertir-se en un problema encara és menor. Però l’enorme dimensió del moviment de plantes d’un lloc a l’altre per l’home (amb la jardineria, l’agricultura, les activitats forestals o de forma involuntària) fa que, malgrat aquesta baixa probabilitat, el grau de pertorbació que provoquen les espècies que es converteixen en invasores sigui extremadament important. Així, per exemple, als Estats Units es poden aconseguir més de seixanta mil espècies diferents als catàlegs dels «viveristes», i només unes poques s’han tornat invasores, però es gasten desenes de milers de dòlars cada any per combatre aquesta minoria (<http://www.rbgekw.org.uk/ksheets/pdfs/T4invasive_species.pdf>). A Hawaii, de més de vuit mil espècies vegetals introduïdes a l’arxipèlag, només 860 s’han incorporat als ambient naturals. Al Regne Unit, de les 1.170 espècies naturalitzades, només setanta estan tan incorporades als hàbitats naturals que semblen espècies natives, i només unes quinze són considerades autèntiques plagues ('pests' en la terminologia anglesa) (Crawley *et al.* 1997). A les illes Canàries, de les 670 espècies de plantes naturalitzades, només setanta (10,4%) representen un greu problema ambiental; les dades sobre les illes Balears són coincidents, com veurem més endavant: d’un total de 304 espècies naturalitzades o subespontànies, només 42 (el 13,8%) espècies representen un problema ambiental en sentit ampli.
A grans trets, podríem dir que al voltant d’un 10% de les espècies de plantes importades en un territori arriben a naturalitzar-se, i un 10% d’aquestes (és a dir un 1% del volum inicial) es converteixen en un problema en sentit ampli (Groves i Di Castri 1991). Aquestes xifres, però, només representen ordres de magnitud, perquè hi ha grans diferències segons els territoris i els climes. Així, Williamson 1993 (Crawley *et al.* 1997) reduïx al 0,1% les espècies naturalitzades que a les illes Britàniques han arribat a ser invasores (en aquestes xifres hi té molta importància la manca d’una classificació objectiva per considerar «invasora» una determinada espècie, i això fa que sigui difícil comparar les xifres donades per diferents autors).
En qualsevol cas, és molt freqüent que només una o dues espècies invasores siguin suficients per provocar la degradació irreparable d’un ecosistema en concret (Frankel *et al.* 1995), situació de la qual hi ha multitud d’exemples, com és el cas de *Carpobrotus* spp. a les nostres Illes (Foto 58).
### 3.2. Un problema econòmic
La introducció d’espècies de plantes en nous territoris suposa, a més d’un problema ambiental, un problema econòmic. En podem tenir una idea intuitiva només pensant en el cost que ha suposat a les illes Balears la introducció de la processionària dels pins, l’escarabat de la patata o la vinagrella (*Oxalis pes-caprae*, Foto 15); el cost d’eradicació de *Carpobrotus* spp. amb fons europeus és d’aproximadament d’1 €/m² més el preu del transport (Fraga *et al.* 2003) (Foto 59). S’han publicat molts de càlculs sobre això (per a una revisió vegeu McNeely 2001); alguns exemples són (en dòlars americans): dos mil milions per a l’eradicació d’arbres introduïts als parcs de Sud-àfrica, 344 milions anuals en herbicidés al Regne Unit, entre 123 i 137 mil milions en pèrdues als Estats Units segons les fonts.
Des d’un punt de vista econòmic, la penetració de plantes en nous territoris genera uns costos ocasionats per:
- Pèrdues o devaluació de la rendibilitat de les collites o del bestiar.
- Pèrdues paisatgístiques o de potencial turístic.
- Cost dedicat a l’eradicació o al control d’aquestes plantes.
- Cost de les investigacions necessàries per controlar-les.
### 3.3. Un problema sanitari
Malgrat que no és un problema gaire general en el cas de les plantes, s’ha fet referència a l’aparició de problemes al·lèrgics a causa de l’expansió d’espècies no natives. Els problemes sanitaris estan més relacionats amb la introducció d’espècies animals, sobretot de vectors transmissors de malalties com són els mosquits o els àcars.
4. Les vies de penetració i l’establiment de les espècies invasores
Al marge de les vies naturals (ocells, vent, corrents marins), l’arribada d’espècies en un nou territori, sent l’home el vector dispersor, segueix dues vies principals:
- **Importades de forma intencionada per l’home.** Per aprofitar-les d’alguna manera; en concret com a espècies de conreu, per fer repoblacions forestals, per lluitar contra l’erosió i també com a espècies per a jardineria, inclosos els jardins botànics i els aquaris.
- **Importades de forma involuntària.** Sovint mesclades amb les llavors de les espècies de conreu, però també aferrades a la roba i les sabates de les persones o al pèl i les potes del bestiar que arriba a l’illa. La maquinària rural o d’obres públiques també és una via important, ja que és freqüent que dugui fang sec amb llavors aferrades a les rodes (a Nova Zelanda és obligatori pintar la maquinària de carreteres cada vegada que es canvia d’illa [J. Mayol, com. per.]).
L’arribada d’una espècie en un nou territori (tant per dispersió natural com introduïda per l’home) només és un dels passos necessaris perquè pugui arribar a convertir-se en un problema ambiental, perquè la invasió d’un nou territori implica saltar fins a sis barreres biòtiques o abiotíques (Richardson *et al.* 2000):
- **Introducció:** superació de la barrera geogràfica que separa el nou territori.
- **Inici de la colonització:** les plantes superen les condicions ambientals del nou territori.
- **Capacitat de reproducció:** les plantes aconsegueixen produir llavors o propàguls.
- **Dispersió:** les llavors i els propàguls poden disseminar-se pel nou territori.
- **N’apareixen noves poblacions en altres indrets, generalment ambients alterats. Si s’arriba a aquesta fase s’ha produït la colonització efectiva i el risc d’extinció disminueix significativament.
- **Les plantes superen els ambients alterats i s’estableixen en ecosistemes naturals. L’espècie podria arribar a convertir-se en invasora.**
Un altre exemple, estructurat per etapes, d’aquest procés és el proposat per Heger (2001) (Fig. 1).
Aquestes barreres generalment són eficients i, per aquest motiu, molt poques espècies arriben a naturalitzar-se i, finalment, a fer-se invasores (Williamson 1996), tal com hem comentat en un apartat anterior; a més, moltes de les espècies que es converteixen en invasores ho fan molt de temps després de la colonització inicial (Mack *et al.* 2000; Sakai *et al.* 2001).
D'altra banda, no totes les plantes exòtiques poden explotar tots els hàbitats i no tots els hàbitats són igualment susceptibles de ser envaïts. Per això, una mateixa espècie pot presentar comportaments completament diferents en uns llocs i en uns altres; això no obstant, és un criteri bastant general el fet de mantenir una alerta especial sobre les espècies de les quals s'ha constatat un comportament invasor.
Hi ha, però, plantes introduïdes que poden respondre de manera flexible i òptima al medi que colonitzen creixent de manera més vigorosa o destinant més recursos a la reproducció, determinant l'èxit de la colonització i evolucionant de manera ràpida (Maron et al. 2004). Normalment aquesta taxa de creixement accelerada és el resultat d'un període inicial d'expansió lent o un període «latent» anomenat efecte Allen (Cappuccino 2004). Aquest moment de latència és el millor per fer-ne una eradicació local i per prendre mesures de gestió, abans que l'espècie invasora es torni més perjudicial o arribi a l'estatus de plaga (Parker et al. 1999).
També cal remarcar, en parlar d'establiment d'espècies introduïdes, que els llocs pertorbats solen ser més fàcilment colonitzats per les espècies al·lòctones (Fotos 4a i 7b), i que a partir d'aquests indrets es pot produir el bot als ambients més naturals (Fotos 61, 62 i 66). La pertorbació pot acabar sent el principal esdeveniment que facilita la vulnerabilitat dels ecosistemes naturals a les invasions. Provoca canvis en els ecosistemes (físics, químics, desorganització de la seva estructura, etc.) i crea nínols buits que les noves espècies invasores poden ocupar. Les pertorbacions poden arribar a ser un pas previ necessari per a certes espècies exòtiques a l'hora d'establir-se (Hobbs i Huenneke 1992). Així, per exemple, Lake i Leishman (2004) trobaren a Austràlia que ambients sense pertorbar no eren penetrats per espècies exòtiques, mentre que en àrees pertorbades si que s'hi trobaven espècies exòtiques — en quantitat major quan es tractava d'ambients pertorbats rics en nutrients, on la cobertura d'exòtiques era major i la riquesa d'espècies natives menor.
5. Com són les espècies invasores i on es troben?
No sembla que hi hagi un patró únic de planta que pot tornar-se invasora, ni cap família més perillosa que d’altres (encara que les asteràcies, les poàcies i les lleguminoses s.l. són famílies que aporten moltes espècies invasores [Cronk i Fuller 2001]). Hi ha plantes invasores de totes les formes vitals: anuals, herbàcies perennes, arbusts, arbres, lianes, plantes aquàtiques, etc. Malgrat l’ampli ventall de tipus d’espècies que s’han tornat invasores, quan s’han fet llistes de característiques que es poden associar a aquesta capacitat invasora, s’han assenyalat les següents:
- Combinen mecanismes de dispersió tant a curta com a llarga distància.
- Capacitat d’autofecundació.
- Alta producció de llavors (Foto 9).
- Mecanismes de reproducció asexual (Foto 38).
- Llavors viables durant molt de temps.
- Alta taxa de creixement sota condicions favorables.
- Capacitat de rebrotx després de ser tallades o cremades.
- Tolerància a factors ambientals adversos.
- Mecanismes de defensa contra els depredadors.
- Bona aptitud competitiva.
- Rang ecològic ample.
- Variabilitat genètica.
Cap d’aquestes característiques per si sola no pot discriminar les espècies invasores de les no invasores; en el seu conjunt són característiques de l’invasor ideal, i es podria assumir que la probabilitat d’èxit d’una invasora augmenta amb el nombre d’aquestes característiques (Heger i Trepl 2003).
Però s’han assenyalat també algunes regles que es poden afegir a les anteriors (GISP 2001):
- La probabilitat que una espècie es torni invasora s’incrementa amb la mida de la població inicial.
- Les espècies amb una amplia distribució geogràfica tenen més probabilitats de convertir-se en invasores.
- Les espècies amb antecedents de ser invasores en altres territoris són més perilloses.
- Les espècies amb una alta especificitat quant a pol·linitzadors o dispersors tenen més poques probabilitats de ser invasores.
- Les invasions reeixides generalment requereixen un clima i unes condicions ambientals semblants als originals de l’espècie.
Cal tenir en compte, però, que també és freqüent que les espècies que es comporten com a invasores en els nous territoris no ho siguin als seus hàbitats originals. L’exemple de *Caulerpa taxifolia* és paradigmàtic. Un altre exemple pot ser *Clematis vitalba*, una liana mediterrània que és una greu invasora a Nova Zelanda.
Tampoc no hi ha cap norma respecte dels ecosistemes i climes que són més fàcilment envaïts per espècies introduïdes. S’han produït invasions en ambients aquàtics, zones forestals, garrigues, camps de conreu, ambients oberts, etc. Malgrat tot, sembla que els espais tropicals són envaïts més fàcilment que les garrigues mediterrànies, i que les illes són més sensibles que les zones continentals. Però l’única cosa que s’ha reconegut com una característica realment general és la relació entre el grau d’intervenció humana i la proporció d’espècies introduïdes (D’Antonio 1993; Alpert et al. 2000; Thompson et al. 2001; Lake i Leishman 2004; Zerbe et al. 2004).
Les espècies invasores tenen èxit quan les seves característiques són coincidents amb les característiques específiques del nou ambient que colonitzen (Heger i Trepl 2003) i quan poden utilitzar els recursos disponibles (Davis et al. 2000; Vilà i Weiner 2004). La pertorbació, com hem comentat abans, normalment és un prerequisit per a l’establiment de les espècies exòtiques (Stohlgren et al. 1999; Rose i Hermanutz 2004).
6. Convenis i directrius internacionals en relació amb les espècies invasores
Un dels primer documents internacionals que fan referència al problema és el Conveni Internacional per a la Protecció de les Plantes (IPPC) de 1951, revisat el 1997, que assenyala com un dels seus propòsits «assegurar les accions comunes i efectives per prevenir l’expansió i la introducció de les plagues (pests) de plantes i productes de les plantes, i promoure les accions adequades al seu control» i defineix com a «plaga» qualsevol espècie o biotip de planta, animal o agent patogen que provoca dany a les plantes o als productes de les plantes (<http://www.ippc.int> i <http://www.fao.org/legal>).
Òbviament, va ser un conveni aplicat principalment per a les plantes de conreu, però s’ha ampliat també a la flora natural. El secretariat d’aquest conveni es troba dins la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), a Roma, i promou els acords internacionals per a l’aplicació de mesures fitosanitaries en el comerç internacional, per evitar les plagues, definides en aquest sentit ampli. Les seves recomanacions són reconegudes per l’OMC (Organització Mundial del Comerç). Un dels resultat d’aquest conveni ha estat la publicació d’un Codí de conducta per a la importació i l’alliberament d’agents exòtics per al control biològic (FAO 1995).
El Conveni de Berna de 1979, Conveni sobre la Conservació de la Vida Silvestre i del Medi Natural a Europa, mana a les parts contractants un control estricte de la introducció de les espècies no natives (Art. 11, 2b). <http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/104.htm>.
També el Conveni de Barcelona, de 1995, Protocol sobre Àrees Especialment Protegides i la Diversitat Biològica a la Mediterrània, especifica en els art. 6 i art. 13 (1) i 13 (2) la regulació de la introducció d’espècies no indígenes i també de les espècies modificades genèticament a les àrees protegides; i prohibeix les que poden tenir uns efectes negatius sobre les espècies i els ecosistemes. Mana igualment l’eradicació de les que han estat introduïdes i causen problemes ecològics. (Conveni de Barcelona per a la protecció de la mar Mediterrània: Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Medi Ambient, 1995.)
Però segurament el conveni més conegut en relació amb el problema de les espècies introduïdes és el Conveni de Biodiversitat aprovat a la Cimera de Río de Janeiro el 1992, que a l’article 8 fa una crida a les parts signants a: «Prevenir la introducció, el control o l’eradicació de les espècies no natives que amenacen els ecosistemes, els hàbitats o les espècies.» <http://www.biodiv.org>.
Per desenvolupar aquests articles es va crear l’any 1997 el Programa global per a les espècies invasores (GISP), gestionat per un consorci en què participa la UICN (Unió Internacional per a la Conservació de la Natura) i el PNUMA (Programa de les Nacions Unides per al Medi Ambient). Aquest programa pretén establir les bases científiques per a la presa de decisions en el tema de les espècies invasores, desenvolupar capacitats per a una ràpida valoració i actuació sobre els problemes d’aquestes espècies i reduir l’impacte econòmic i ambiental que provoquen. <http://www.gisp.org>.
Un altre producte generat a partir del Conveni de Biodiversitat va ser l’Estratègia global per a la conservació de les plantes (2002), aprovada a la VI reunió de les parts signants del Conveni de Biodiversitat, l’objectiu 10 de la qual és: «Disposar de plans de maneig almenys per a les cent principals espècies invasores que amenacen les plantes, les comunitats de plantes i els hàbitats i ecosistemes associats.» <http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/cros-cutting/plant/default.asp>.
Aquest objectiu ha estat desenvolupat en recomanacions concretes per membres de l’Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) de la UICN publicades al volum 31 (2003) de Plant Talk.
D’altra banda, hi ha una Estratègia europea per a la conservació de les plantes redactada conjuntament entre Planta Europa i el Consell d’Europa, com una aportació a la reunió de les parts del Conveni de Biodiversitat que va aprovar l’Estratègia global (<http://www.plantaeuropa.org>).
En aquest document es presenta un apartat sencer específic per al problema de les plantes invasores, amb un objectiu a llarg termini:
E36: Desenvolupar un acord institucional holístic, polític i legislatiu sobre les espècies invasores.
Aquest objectiu va ser completat amb altres d’específics:
2.21 Actualitzar la informació sobre les espècies invasores a Europa i fer-la arribar a les més rellevants audiències.
- El 2004: Recopilació de llistes d’espècies invasores almenys en el 90% dels països membres de Planta Europa i divulgar-les de forma apropiada.
- El 2004: Tota la informació relevant ha d’estar incorporada a la base de dades de la pàgina web de GISP.
- El 2006: Llista de les espècies introduïdes a Europa, incloent-hi la seva distribució i publicació dels seus impactes ecològics i econòmics negatius.
- El 2006: Publicació de fitxes (fact sheets) sobre la biologia i informació sobre mesures de control de les cent pitjors espècies invasores.
2.22. Aconseguir un acord institucional, polític i legislatiu per al control de les espècies invasores en el 25% dels països europeus.
6. Convenis i directrius internacionals en relació amb les espècies invasores
El Consell d’Europa recentment ha publicat una Estratègia Europea sobre espècies invasores (Genovesi i Shine 2004).
Pel que fa a altres països, cal esmentar la creació dins el Govern nord-americà d’un Consell Nacional sobre les Espècies Invasores (NISC) (<http://www.invasivespecies.gov/>, que ha publicat un document sobre estratègia nacional. <http://www.invasivespecies.gov/council/nmp.shtml>.
A Espanya, el Ministeri de Medi Ambient, seguint les recomanacions del Conveni de Biodiversitat, redactà l’any 1998 l’«Estrategia española para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica». Malgrat que fins ara no ha estat oficialment aprovada, a la part 2, capítol de Medidas, 2, pàg. 18, proposa: «La elaboración y armonización de recursos jurídicos y técnicos necesarios para controlar, y en su caso impedir, la introducción de especies exóticas que amenazan sistemas, hábitats, especies o poblaciones autóctonas.» <http://www.mma.es/conserv_nat/planes/estrateg_biodiv/diversidad.htm#docum1>.
S’han creat algunes institucions governamentals i grups d’especialistes per estudiar, aplicar mesures i fer recomanacions referents a les espècies invasores. Entre tots aquests cal destacar:
La UICN, dins la Comissió d’Espècies, ha creat un Grup d’Especialistes d’Espècies Invasores (ISSG) (<http://www.issg.org/>) en què hi ha una iniciativa concreta referida a les illes: Cooperative Initiative on Island Invasive Alien Species, i el principi del que serà una gran base de dades sobre espècies invasores: <http://issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz/databasewelcome>.
Aquest grup participa, com un dels membres més rellevants, al Programa global sobre espècies invasores (GISP) sorgit a partir del Conveni de Biodiversitat. Aquest grup publica un butlletí anomenat Aliens i ha publicat diverses obres que serveixen de guia per a la gestió del problema de les espècies invasores:
- IUCN Guidelines for the prevention of biodiversity loss caused by alien invasive species. 2000, SSC-UICN.
- Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. 2001, GISP-UICN.
- The 100 worst Invasive alien Species (<http://www.issg.org/booklet.pdf>).
Per part seva, als Estats Units s’ha creat un Alien Plant Working Group dins la Plant Conservation Alliance (PCA), que és un consorci entre agències federals i institucions no governamentals que produeix molta informació sobre plantes invasores, inclosa una agenda d’actuacions (<http://nps.gov/plants/alien/bkgd.htm>).
A l’Argentina, la Universidad Nacional del Sur ha creat una base de dades d’invasions biològiques a l’Argentina, InBiAr (<http://www.uns.edu.ar/inbiar>).
Actualment, com que el tema de les invasions biològiques està en auge, hi ha moltes de revistes internacionals d’ecologia i botànica que dediquen molts d’articles al tema de les invasions.
Concretament, l’any 1999 es va crear una revista dedicada únicament a aquest tema (Biological Invasions). <http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1387-3547>.
A Espanya, cal destacar les iniciatives del Govern Canari, com el desenvolupament de l’«Estrategia canaria de la biodiversitat», que els ha permès quantificar el problema d’una manera general i precisa (<http://www.gobcan.es/medioambiente/biodiversidad/ceplam/vidasilvestre/problema4.html>) i portar a terme algunes accions concretes d’eradicació de plantes, com és el cas de Pennisetum setaceum, en l’eradicació de la qual s’han invertit prop de trenta-cinc milions de pessetes (de fons de l’INEM i de Foment del Treball).
També hi ha hagut diferents iniciatives impulsades des de les universitats i els centres d’investigació. Així, podem anomenar l’Spanish Working Group on Urban and Alien Plants organitzat al voltant d’investigadors de la Universitat d’Almeria (<http://www.ual.es/personal/edana/alienplants/home.htm>), que ha generat una primera llista d’espècies de plantes invasores a Espanya <http://wwwual.es/personal/edana/alienplants/checklist.pdf>.
També hi trobem el Grupo de Especies Invasoras (GEI), centrat a la Universitat de Lleó, que l’any 2003 va organitzar un primer congrés nacional sobre el tema (<http://orbita.starmedia.com/~gei_invasores/>).
A les illes Balears, IMDEA (Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avancats) i la Universitat (UIB) participen en el projecte europeu d’investigació EPIDEMIC, centrat en l’estudi de la biologia de Carpobrotus spp., Ailanthus altissima i Oxalis pes-caprae. <http://www.ceh.ac.uk/epidemic/>.
El Consell Insular de Menorca ha desenvolupat un programa LIFE que en part pretén eradicar Carpobrotus edulis de la costa protegida de Menorca, amb un pressupost total del projecte (inclusiu altres temes referits a espècies amenaçades) de 653.662 euros (<http://www.cime.es/life/newlife/sp/portada.htm>).
Respecte de l’eradicació de Carpobrotus a les illes Balears, també hi ha hagut iniciatives del Ministeri de Medi Ambient (a les zones costaneres), de la Conselleria de Medi Ambient del Govern Balear (conscienciació sobre el problema de Carpobrotus spp. i una cartografia i eradicació l’any 1996, amb successives campanyes anuals a Mallorca, Menorca i les Pitiüses. També ha eradicat i controlat invasors als parcs de s’Albufera, sa Dragonera, Cabrera i Mondragó), d’alguns ajuntaments, del Grup d’Ornitologia Balear (GOB) i iniciatives particulars també referides a la conscienciació sobre el problema de Carpobrotus.
En quant a les accions de regulació jurídica sobre aquestes espècies, cal citar el Decret del Govern Balear 125/95 de 24 d’octubre sobre el comerç de Caulerpa taxifolia, que és el primer antecedent d’aquest tipus a les nostres illes sobre plantes invasores.
7. Les espècies introduïdes a les Balears: una visió de conjunt
7.1. Quantes espècies introduïdes?
Al voltant de 304 espècies a les illes Balears es poden considerar no natives. Això vol dir que el 15,9% de la flora total de les Illes són espècies naturalitzades o subespontànies (sense considerar les plantes cultivades, els arqueòfits dels quals manca informació i els tàxons d’origen dubtós). D’aquest 15,9%, només un 9,5% poden ser considerades espècies naturalitzades, mentre que el 6,4% restant són subespontànies o adventícies. Això representa que un 60,0% del catàleg d’espècies exòtiques són naturalitzades i un 40,0% són subespontànies (Fig. 2). Un 13,8% de les espècies exòtiques (42 espècies) poden rebre la consideració d’invasores en sentit ampli. De totes maneres, algunes espècies que avui no són un problema immediat podrien arribar a ser invasores en el futur perquè ja ho són en altres bandes del món (ex.: *Lantana camara*, *Cortaderia selloana*, *Pennisetum setaceum*).
Aquestes espècies s’agrupen en 78 famílies, vuit de les quals representen el 45% del total (per ordre d’importància: Asteràcies 10,2%, Poàcies 7,5%, Fabàcies 6,9%, Solanàcies 5,3%, Brassicàcies 4,3, Aizòcies 4,0%, Amarantàcies 3,6%, Labiàcies 3,3%).
Hem de fer notar, però, que aquests càlculs s’han fet sense considerar molts d’arqueòfits, bàsicament perquè no tenim prou informació per saber quins són, però és versemblant que moltes espècies introduïdes per l’home s’hagin integrat en els nostres ecosistemes. Amb tota probabilitat la majoria devien ser d’origen mediterrani, per la qual cosa sabem que infravalorem l’aportació que la nostra regió fa al conjunt de la flora al·lòctona. Fent costat a això, hem de fer notar que als llocs on s’ha avaluat exhaustivament el paper dels arqueòfits (com al Regne Unit o a Txèquia) la flora al·lòctona supera el 30% de la flora total.
Aquestes xifres són una mica superiors a les donades per a les Balears per autors previs (Vilà i Muñoz 1999) i s’acosten a les donades per a tota la península Ibèrica (Vilà 2001); però els treballs de diferents autors són sempre difícils de comparar perquè els catàlegs no solen ser homogenis.
Les nostres dades són una mica inferiors a les trobades en altres illes, especialment de caràcter oceànic. D’una banda, això pot indicar una major resistència dels ecosistemes mediterranis a la invasió d’espècies exòtiques. Però també és probable que infravalorem les xifres, perquè moltes de les espècies introduïdes podrien ser d’origen mediterrani i haver arribat en temps molt antics, i ara passen desapercebudes. En aquest moment, no ens és possible discriminar-les de les que existien abans de la colonització de les Balears.
7.2. Estructura de les formes vitals de les espècies introduïdes
Els faneròfits (arbres, grans arbusts, grans plantes herbàcies) representen la forma vital més freqüent entre la flora introduïda (34,4%), seguits en una proporció notable per les plantes de cicle anual (teròfits), amb un 29,5% (Fig. 3). Aquest patró és clarament disharmoníic quan es compara amb el que presenta la flora autòctona, que es caracteritza precisament per la manca de faneròfits (8,4%), especialment arbres, i una major proporció de teròfits (41,3%). Cal remarcar que les plantes perennes normalment són les invasores més agressives dels hàbitats naturals, i són un perill emergent per a la vida silvestre dels ecosistemes (Mack et al. 2000; Kriticos et al. 2003). Aquesta disharmonia mostra també que la flora exòtica no sorgeix d’un grup de plantes preses a l’atzar de l’àmplia font florística de la Mediterrània; més aviat han estat forces selectives les que han afavorit unes formes vitals sobre les...
Fig. 3 Classificació segons la Forma Vital de les espècies introduïdes a les Balears.
altres. Els arbres i altres espècies de mida gran han estat seleccionats i introduïts amb un ús específic (ornamental, medicinal, forestal, etc.), mentre que les espècies anuals han arribat sobretot com a contaminant de les llavors de les plantes cultivades.
A les Balears, els hidròfits són un grup molt poc important; amb l’ excepció de la canya, planta invasora de torrents i canals. Això és interessant perquè en altres territoris hi ha problemes seriosos a les zones humides per la presència d’espècies invasores.
No es pot donar un patró morfològic general que caracteritzi totes o la major part de les espècies al·lòctones de les nostres Illes. Més aviat hi ha un ventall de formes que colonitzen un ambient o uns altres.
7.3. Els ambients colonitzats i principals espècies a les Illes Balears
Els ambients que es troben més afectats (en termes de nombre d’espècies) per la invasió d’espècies exòtiques són, per ordre d’importància: els marges dels camins, els torrents, els camps de conreu i, en menor quantitat, les costes rocoses, els sistemes dunars i les zones humides (Moragues i Rita 2003; Rita i Moragues 2003). A diferència del que passa en altres medis insulars, s’han trobat valors molt baixos d’infestació dins les comunitats llenyoses, com els boscos i les garrigues. Sembla que a les nostres illes mediterrànies els ambients més madurs i estables es mostren molt resistent a la invasió; per contra, els hàbitats oberts i/o permanentment pertorbats són els més sensibles a la invasió de les espècies exòtiques.
Per què hi ha comunitats més resistentes a les invasions biològiques? Les característiques biòtiques i abiotíques, tals com una elevada diversitat, ecosistemes madurs, falta de pertorbació humana o una coberta vegetal més densa (Rejmánek 1989), presumeixen de ser responsables de la resistència dels ecosistemes. Un estudi al Canadà revela que les espècies exòtiques tenen més probabilitats d’assentar-se en torrents, vorees de carreteres i àrees pertorbades que no en pastures (Kotanen et al. 1998). En conclusió, l’èxit de la invasió depèn tant de les característiques de les espècies invasores com de les característiques dels ecosistemes envaïts (Heger i Trepl 2003). Així, una espècie pot comportar-se com a invasora en un territori i/o ecosistema i no ser-ho en un altre.
En els torrents hi hem trobat un elevat grau d’infestació d’espècies no natives que, amb tota probabilitat, es deu a la proximitat dels nuclis urbans, que faciliten l’arribada i, després, l’establiment de les espècies que no són pròpies de la nostra regió mediterrània (Fotos 2a, 23a i 27a). També la major humitat del sòl que en aquests llocs pot donar-se a l’estiu facilita la permanència d’espècies que no són pròpies de climes mediterranis. D’altra banda, el règim hídric espasmodínic, tan propi del nostre clima, genera pertorbacions constants i provoca que aquests ambients tinguin una certa equivalència amb les zones alterades per l’home. És clar, però, que als torrents humanitzats la infestació és molt més important que als torrents ben conservats; en aquest sentit, és versemblant pensar que les feines de neteja dels torrents, per evitar inundacions, poden afavorir la penetració d’exòtiques en aquests indrets. Molts d’arbres es troben naturalitzats en aquests tipus d’hàbitats, com *Platanus* spp. (Foto 62) i *Populus* spp. (Foto 63); però també lianes, com *Ipomoea indica* (Foto 12), o plantes herbàcies com *Mirabilis jalapa* (Foto 44), *Paspalum paspalodes* (Foto 16a), poden ser molt comunes o invasores (Taula 1). Però el cas més greu és el d’*Arundo donax* (la canya) (Foto 5), que és una espècie dominant a molts de llocs de les tres illes majors la presència de la qual suposa una transformació radical de l’ecosistema i l’expulsió de la major part de les espècies que són pròpies dels torrents. Plantes similars apareixen envaint els torrents de Portugal (Aguilar et al. 2001).
La disponibilitat de llum, de sòl buit i el pH del sòl són també característiques importants per a les espècies exòtiques que colonitzen els torrents (Rose i Hermanutz 2004). Cal dir, a més, que aquestes àrees actuen com a corredors per a l’expansió de les espècies exòtiques (Pyšek i Prach 1993; Planty-Tabacchi et al. 1996).
**Taula 1.** Espècies que es podrien trobar als torrents.
| Ailanthus altissima |
|---------------------|
| Amaranthus hybridus |
| Amaranthus retroflexus |
| Apium graveolens |
| Artemisia verlotorum |
| Arundo donax |
| Aster squamatus |
| Celtis australis |
| Chasmanthe floribunda |
| Clematis vitalba |
| Cyperus alternifolius |
| Fraxinus angustifolia |
| Ipomeea indica |
| Mirabilis jalapa |
| Paspalum paspaloides |
| Phytolacca americana |
| Platanus spp. |
| Populus spp. |
| Ricinus communis |
| Solanum lycopersicum |
| Spartium junceum |
| Tropeolum majus |
| Ulmus spp. |
Sortosament, a les **zones humides** no hi ha, per ara, problemes greus a causa de la invasió d’espècies al·lòctones (amb l’excepció d’*Arundo donax*), com passa en altres territoris (com és el cas de la costa cantàbrica). *Cotula coronopifolia* (Foto 33) s’ha detectat des de fa bastants d’anys a l’albufera d’Alcúdia, però fins ara no s’ha estès de forma preocupant (sense que es pugui descartar que pugui fer-ho en el futur).
Els ambients on la invasió d’espècies al·lòctones suposa un major risc per a la biodiversitat són les **costes rocoses**, els **penya-segats** i, en menor mesura, els **sistemes dunars**, no tant pel nombre d’espècies com pel seu comportament invasor a llocs molt vulnerables. Efectivament, aquests ambients són rics en espècies endèmiques i amenaçades i, al mateix temps, presenten estructures obertes en què les espècies exòtiques poden instal·lar-se. Aquests ambients són envaïts, sobretot, per espècies perennes amb fulles o tiges suculentes, especialment adaptades a climes semiarids: *Opuntia* spp. (Foto 14a), *Agave americana* (Fotos 1 i 66), *Aloe* spp. (Fotos 3a i 3b) i *Carpobrotus* spp. (Fotos 7a, 58 i 66) (Taula 2). A les costes de Menorca també s’ha trobat *Pittosporum tobira* (Pere Fraga, com. per.), que no respon al patró d’aquest grup. Algunes d’aquestes espècies es comporten realment com a invasores, afecten seriosament el funcionalisme de les comunitats natives i amenaçen la supervivència d’algunes espècies endèmiques exclusives d’aquestes àrees.
Així, el problema generat per *Carpobrotus* spp. a les nostres costes és tan important que s’han desenvolupat diferents iniciatives per eradicar-lo, com s’ha comentat en altres apartats (Foto 59).
**Taula 2.** Plantes introduïdes més freqüents a la costa rocosa, dunes i penya-segats.
| Aeonium arboreum |
|-------------------|
| Agave americana |
| Aloe spp. |
| Aptenia cordifolia |
| Carpobrotus spp. |
| Disphyma crassifolium |
| Ficus carica |
| Limoniastrum monopetalum |
| Opuntia spp. |
| Pittosporum tobira |
| Senecio cineraria |
| Stenotaphrum secundatum |
La part interior de **garrigues i boscos** ha estat, fins ara, poc afectada per la presència d’espècies exòtiques. Sembla que els nostres ecosistemes llenyosos són bastant resistents a la penetració d’aquestes espècies i, potser, només plantes d’origen mediterrani podrien arribar a ser un problema en el futur. És el cas, per exemple, de *Spartium junceum* (Foto 22a), les poblacions del qual aparentment s’estan incrementant i podrien introduir-se a les zones forestals si es donés una pertorbació forta (per exemple un incendi) als llocs els marges dels quals ja ocupa. Algunes espècies com *Opuntia maxima* (Foto 14), *Agave americana* (Foto 1a), *Aloe arborescens* (Fotos 3a i 3b), *Lantana camara* (Foto 39), *Senecio angulatus* (Foto 53a), *Anedera cordifolia* (Fotos 27 i 27a), etc. poden ocupar les zones perifèriques de boscos i garrigues, sovint al costat d’urbanitzacions i carreteres.
Els ambients més pertorbats per l’home, com són les **vores dels camins** i els **camps de conreu**, són colonitzats per un ampli nombre d’espècies al·loctones, moltes de les quals d’origen americà i amb cicle anual (teròfits) (Taula 3). Moltes d’aquestes espècies desenvolupen el seu cicle vital durant l’estiu i principi de tardor, un temps en el qual la flora mediterrània es troba en una fase de latència (bulbs, llavors, etc.). Aquestes plantes aprofiten aquest «buit» tan característic de la vegetació mediterrània: ocupen el mateix territori que les espècies locals però s’alternen en el temps. Moltes d’aquestes espècies pertanyen a la família de les asteràcies, que es dispersen fàcilment per anemocòria (*Aster squamatus* (Foto 6), *Conyza bonariensis* (Fotos 9 i 9a), *C. sumatrensis*), a les amarantàcies (*Amaranthus blitoides* (Fotos 4b i c), *A. retroflexus* (Fotos 4 i 4a), *A. hybridus* (Foto 4d)) i euforbiàcies (*Chamaesyce postrata* (Fotos 8 i 8a), *Ch. serpens*, etc.). Aquestes «males herbes» no solen ser considerades invasores en sentit estricte perquè no tenen gaire capacitats per colonitzar els ambients poc pertorbats i el seu temps de floració no sembla afectar el desenvolupament de la flora local, llevat d’alguna important excepció com és el cas d’*Oxalis pes-caprae*, que floreix a l’hivern (Foto 15).
**Taula 3.** Espècies introduïdes que podem trobar als camps de conreu, les vores de camins i els llocs alterats.
- *Abutilon theophrasti*
- *Acacia* spp.
- *Agave americana*
- *Ailanthus altissima*
- *Amaranthus* spp.
- *Anredera cordifolia*
- *Artemisia arborescens*
- *Aster squamatus*
- *Bromus catharticus*
- *Ceratonia siliqua*
- *Cercis siliquastrum*
- *Chamaesyce* spp.
- *Conyza* spp.
- *Cortaderia selloana*
- *Datura* spp.
- *Echinochloa colonum*
- *Lantana camara*
- *Loncera japonica*
- *Mesembryanthemum cristallinum*
- *Melia azedarach*
- *Mirabilis jalapa*
- *Myoporum tenuifolium*
- *Nicotiana glauca*
- *Nosthoscordum borbonicum*
- *Oenothera rosea*
- *Opuntia maxima*
- *Oxalis pes-caprae*
- *Parkinsonia aculeata*
- *Pennisetum* spp.
- *Phoenix canariensis*
- *Phytolacca americana*
- *Prunus dulcis*
- *Punica granatum*
- *Robinia pseudoacacia*
- *Senecio angulatus*
- *Setaria parviflora*
- *Solanum bonariense*
- *Solanum linnaeanum*
- *Sorghum* spp.
- *Spartium junceum*
- *Vitis vinifera*
- *Xanthium* spp.
**Fig. 4** Clasificació segons l’origen geogràfic de les espècies introduïdes a les Balears.
7.4. L’origen de les plantes exòtiques de les Balears
En general, les espècies d’origen no europeu són les exòtiques més abundants a les Balears (Mallorca i Menorca) i en altres illes de la Mediterrània (Lesbos, Rodes, Creta, Malta, Còrsega i Sardenya) (Lloret et al. 2004). Podríem considerar que prop d’un 30% pertanyen al nostre entorn geogràfic (Europa, Euràsia, Mediterrani). Tot i això, no superen les d’origen americà, que sumen el 32% de les exòtiques de les Illes. Àfrica amb un 16% i Àsia amb un 9% són altres zones que aporten espècies exòtiques (fig. 4).
Les plantes d’origen mediterrani presenten certes dificultats per ser reconegudes com a introduïdes, ja que es troben dins la seva àrea geogràfica i sovint el seu origen és dubtós. Algunes d’introducció antiga estan completament integrades en el nostre paisatge com passa amb molts d’àrbores, com és el cas del garrofer (Ceratonia siliqua), el lledoner (Celtis australis) o la figuera (Ficus carica, Foto 60), el territori original de la qual ja no se sap amb certesa; o amb plantes que segurament varen tenir un ús en el passat, com el donzell (Artemisia arborescens, Foto 28), o encara en tenen avui en dia, com passa amb la vinya (Vitis vinifera, Foto 65) o l’enclova (Hedysarum coronarium). També moltes plantes mediterrànies varen ser introduïdes als jardins, com l’acant (Acanthus mollis) o la ginesta (Spartium junceum, Fotos 22 i 22a). Actualment, també passa que espècies autòctones són utilitzades en jardineria, i a partir del jardins s’estan formant poblacions noves on difícilment arribarien de forma natural; en el pitjor dels casos aquestes poblacions d’origen al-locton poden estar constituïdes a partir de races genètiques diferents i ser un focus de contaminació genètica de les races locals (està passant amb Santolina chamaecyparissus, per exemple? o amb Euphorbia paralias en la restauració de dunes a Formentera?).
Alguns exemples de plantes mediterrànies o pluriregionals de les quals tenim dubtes seriosos que siguin realment natives, i que pensem que podrien ser d’introducció antiga però que no estan documentades, són:
- *Cyperus rotundus* L., *Amaranthus graecizans* L. subsp. *sylvestris* (Vill.) Brenan., *Digitaria sanguinalis* (L.) Scop., *Echinochloa crus-galli* (L.) Link., *Panicum repens* L., *Portulaca oleracea* L., *Ecbalium elaterium* (L.) A. Richard, *Tribulus terrestris* L., *Lygeum spartum* L., *Stipa tenacissima* L. (a Eivissa), *Heliotropium europaeum* L., *Anagrys foetida* L., *Conium maculatum* L., *Withania somnifera* (L.) Dunal, *Hyoscyamus albus* L., *Papaver somniferum* L. subsp. *setigerum* (DC.) Arcangeli.
D’altra banda, de vegades es posa en dubte l’origen autòcton d’espècies mediterrànies utilitzades per l’home des de temps seculars. Els casos més paradigmàtics són els del pi blanc (*Pinus halepensis*) i l’ullastre (*Olea europaea*), però els registres del sediment pol·linic dels nivells anteriors a l’arribada de l’home no deixen dubtes de la seva condició de natius. El cas de l’alzina carrasca (*Quercus ilex* subsp. *ballota*) a Eivissa també ha estat polèmic, ja que autors tan rellevants com Oriol de Bolós (1996) i Salvador Rivas Martínez (1987) tenen opinions contradictòries: el primer a favor que es tracta d’una espècie introduïda en aquesta illa (criteri que nosaltres compartim) i el segon opina que es tracta d’una espècie autòctona (de fet viu a la costa peninsular propera). Tot això ens mostra la dificultat per tenir criteris solids per avaluar correctament aquestes espècies sense dades paleobotàniques.
Les espècies de plantes al·lòctones poden representar un greu problema ambiental, com s’ha comentat en apartats anteriors. Una vegada les plantes en qüestió s’han tornat invasores, l’eradicació és molt difícil i en qualsevol cas molt costosa econòmicament. Un protocol d’actuacions de caràcter preventiu podria alertar d’alguns d’aquests problemes.
La major part de la literatura aconsella realitzar actuacions de prevenció per tal d’afrontar el problema en fases inicials de la infestació, moment en el qual no hi ha una urgència immediata i les accions es poden fer amb una certa planificació. Aquestes actuacions han de poder discriminar el fet que unes plantes són conscientment introduïdes (llavors se’n pot regular la introducció) mentre que unes altres arriben de forma no intencionada (llavors calen mecanismes de vigilància i resposta ràpida). De tota manera, sabem que algunes espècies ja són invasores i s’han estès pel nostre territori; tampoc no podem deixar-les de banda, sinó que també es poden realitzar actuacions per reduir o mitigar el problema que generen, amb una certa modulació en funció de la capacitat per abordar aquest problema i en funció de la seva gravetat; cal doncs establir una prioritat en les actuacions.
Tot plegat pot resultar més senzill si hi ha uns programes per a la conscienciació social en favor de l’eradicació de les espècies invasores, i per a la investigació per conèixer els mecanismes d’invasió i la distribució d’aquestes espècies. En definitiva, cal una mena de pla que abordi el problema de les espècies al·lòctones d’una forma integral. Aquest pla pot aprofitar els principis establerts de forma internacional, com per exemple la *Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species* del Global Invasive Species Program (GISP) 2001 o la *Guía para la elaboración de marcos jurídicos e institucionales relativos a las especies exóticas invasoras* de la UICN-2000.
Per part nostra, i sobre la base del que acabem de dir, proposem les línies d’actuació següents:
### 1. Detecció
Descobrir les espècies que podrien arribar a ser invasores en les fases inicials d’infestació és un dels reptes més importants però més eficients. Per fer això caldria disposar de:
- Una llista d’espècies que mereixen actuacions de control (Taula 4).
- Un manual d’identificació d’aquestes espècies.
- Una xarxa de vigilància composta per persones que en la seva activitat diària habitual (agents de medi ambient, per exemple) puguin reconèixer i avisar quan observin alguna de les espècies de la llista assenyalada als punts anteriors.
- Uns cursos de formació per als membres de la xarxa de vigilància.
**Taula 4.** Espècies introduïdes que mereixen algun tipus d’actuació per al seu control. En negreta les espècies que considerem que tenen prioritat (s’han inclòs algunes que són poc freqüents, i es necessita avaluar el seu comportament i distribució).
- *Abutilon theophrasti*
- *Aeonium arboreum*
- *Agave spp.*
- *Allanthus altissima*
- *Aloe spp.*
- *Anredera cordifolia*
- *Artemisia arborescens*
- *Arundo donax*
- *Carpobrotus spp.*
- *Chasmanthe floribunda*
- *Clematis vitalba*
- *Cortaderia selloana*
- *Cotula coronopifolia*
- *Cuscuta campestris*
- *Cyperus alternifolius*
- *Disphyma crassifolium*
- *Eschscholzia californica*
- *Helianthus tuberosus*
- *Ipomoea indica*
- *Kalanchoe daigremontiana*
- *Lantana camara*
- *Limoniastrum monopetalum*
- *Lonicer a japonica*
- *Mirabilis jalapa*
- *Myoporum tenuifolium*
- *Nicotiana glauca*
- *Opuntia spp.*
- *Parkinsonia aculeata*
- *Paspalum paspalodes*
- *Pennisetum spp.*
2. Eradicació d’espècies perilloses poc disperses
Una vegada detectades les poblacions d’espècies perilloses, caldria fer plans d’actuació per eradicar-les. Les passes que cal fer podrien ser:
- Crear una base de dades de localitats on s’han observat espècies potencialment invasores i que es pot anar enriquint amb les observacions que els membres de la xarxa de vigilància poden fer al llarg del temps.
- Dissenyar un pla d’eradicació tenint sempre en compte les implicacions que podria causar als ecosistemes.
- Fer actuacions d’eradicació sobre espècies concretes allà on sigui possible (comptant amb l’autorització de la propietat, llocs accessibles, etc.) i amb l’assessorament constant d’un grup qualificat de tècnics.
- Fer un seguiment de les localitats on s’han fet actuacions per evitar la recolonització i garantir l’eradicació.
3. Eradicació als espais naturals protegits
Sabem que algunes espècies són d’impossible eradicació, o almenys extremadament costosa. Però en alguns casos pot ser viable l’eradicació a llocs concrets a causa del seu valor com a espai natural protegit o per la presència d’espècies o ambient sensibles. El procés d’actuació podria consistir en:
- Identificació d’espècies i llocs on hi ha problemes concrets per la presència d’espècies invasores.
- Redacció de plans d’actuació dissenyats per a aquest llocs i espècies en concret.
- Execució i seguiment dels plans anteriors.
4. Limitació del comerç d’espècies de jardineria perilloses i d’altres activitats que poden afavorir l’expansió de les espècies invasores
Sabem que moltes de les espècies invasores són introduïdes com a plantes de jardineria (Taula 5). La realitat, però, és que el nombre d’espècies perilloses és molt petit enfront de la quantitat d’espècies utilitzades en jardineria. Per tant, el problema no és de caràcter general sinó concret respecte d’un nombre reduït d’espècies. En aquest sentit es considera necessària una regulació del comerç que pugui prevenir l’arribada de les espècies que poden generar problemes, com s’ha fet en altres llocs (sense entrar en l’oportunitat de regular les quarantenes d’una forma més genèrica).
- Crear un catàleg d’espècies de jardineria que són perilloses pel seu comportament invasor (vegeu taula 5: Principals espècies de jardí potencialment invasores).
- Regular jurídicament les precaucions que cal tenir amb el comerç de les espècies catalogades, amb una graduació del nivell de control (que pot anar des de la prohibició total fins a la necessitat d’autoritzacions per a l’entrada a les Illes).
- Regular jurídicament el manteniment de jardins amb espècies potencialment perilloses.
- Regular jurídicament algunes activitats que poden resultar perilloses per a l’expansió d’espècies invasores (jardineria prop de zones sensibles, neteja de torrents, etc.).
Taula 5. Principals espècies de jardí potencialment invasores.
Acacia spp.
Aeonium arboreum
Agave americana
Agave sisalana
Ailanthus altissima
Albizia lophantha
Aloe arborescens
Anredera cordifolia
Cardiospermum grandiflorum
Carpodrouts acinaciformis
Carpobrotus edulis
Chasmanthe floribunda
Coronilla glauca
Cortaderia selloana
Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis
Disphyma crassifolium
Drosanthemum floribundum
5. Divulgació
La regulació o les actuacions d’eradicació necessiten suport social perquè puguin tenir èxit. La societat en general ha de rebre la informació necessària perquè pugui conèixer el problema de les espècies invasores i pugui canviar la seva percepció d’algunes plantes invasores (també és vàlid per als animals). Així, les actuacions de divulgació són imprescindibles gairebé abans de començar les actuacions concretes. Els casos de *Carpodrotus* spp. i *Caulerpa taxifolia* han tingut prou ressò per partir d’un substrat que ja està una mica madur, i per tant aquesta informació pot arribar amb més facilitat.
6. Investigació i seguiment
El treball que acompanya aquestes línies és un punt de partida per al coneixement de la flora introduïda, però hem de ser conscients que ens queda molt per conèixer. Caldria fer estudis específics sobre:
- Distribució de les espècies problemàtiques.
- Dinàmica de les poblacions i biologia de la reproducció d’algunes de les espècies per saber si la seva població s’incrementa o és estable.
- Efectes sobre els ecosistemes de les espècies de les quals se sospita que poden generar problemes ambientals.
- Mètodes d’eradicació de les espècies que es considera que mereixen plans específics d’eradicació.
- Actualitzacions dels catàlegs elaborats per illes.
Presentem a continuació el catàleg de les plantes introduïdes a les Illes Balears. Aquesta llista és el fruit del treball de camp dels autors i d’una revisió bibliogràfica que recull l’opinió de diversos autors que han treballat a les Illes, però són especialment notables les aportacions d’O. de Bolós et al. a la seva Flora de les Illes Balears, de F. Bonafé a la seva Flora de Mallorca, Pla et al. al seu Catàleg de la Flora de les Illes Balears i Fraga et al. al Catàleg de la flora vascular de Menorca. El present catàleg s’ha de considerar forçosament com a provisional, com passa amb tots els catàlegs, però en aquest cas amb més motiu perquè l’arribada de noves espècies introduïdes es dóna constantment. En qualsevol cas, les espècies més importants, o més problemàtiques, es troben en aquest catàleg. També, s’ha afegit informació que considerem relevant sobre cada tàxon, com és el seu origen geogràfic i la seva forma vital; també hem donat una valoració sobre si és subespontània/adventícia, naturalitzada o invasora com també si hem vist les espècies en el medi natural (V: vista en els mostreigs; NV: no vista). Hem unificat en un únic símbol les categories Subespontània i Adventícia ateses les dificultats que hi ha per adjudicar aquesta diferència a totes les espècies. De la mateixa manera la separació entre Subespontània i Naturalitzada tampoc no és sempre clara, però deixem aquesta opinió com un punt de partida per a la discussió.
Taula 6. Catàleg de la flora introduïda a les illes Balears. (V: vista pels autors; NV: no vista; N: naturalitzada; S: subespontània). Les espècies exòtiques més comunes apareixen marcades en negreta. Les espècies alloctones amb poblacions naturals d’origen autòcton o dubtós apareixen indicades amb un asterisc (*).
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|--------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|-----------------|
| Abutilon theophrasti Medikus | MALVACEAE | Àsia tropical | Teròfit |
| Acacia dealbata (Link) F.J. Muell | MIMOSACEAE | Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd | MIMOSACEAE | Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Acacia retinoides Schlttdl. | MIMOSACEAE | Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. | MIMOSACEAE | Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Acanthus mollis L. | ACANTHACEAE | Mediterrani SW | Hemicriptòfit |
| Achillea millefolium L. | ASTERACEAE | Europa | Hemicriptòfit |
| Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berth. | CRASSULACEAE | Canàries | Nanofaneròfit |
| Aeonium haworthii Webb & Berthelot. | CRASSULACEAE | Mediterrani S – Àfrica N | Nanofaneròfit |
| Agave americana L. | AGAVACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic) | Faneròfit |
| Agave angustifolia Haw. | AGAVACEAE | Amèrica | Faneròfit |
| Agave ferox Koch | AGAVACEAE | Amèrica | Faneròfit |
| Agave sisalana Perrine | AGAVACEAE | Amèrica | Faneròfit |
| Agrostemma githago L. | CARYOPHYLLACEAE | Pluriregional | Teròfit |
| Alanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle | SIMAROBACEAE | Àsia (Xina) | Macrofaneròfit |
| Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth. | FABACEAE | Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Alcea rosea L. | MALVACEAE | Origen incert | Hemicriptòfit |
| Aloe arborescens Mill. | LILIACEAE | Àfrica S | Faneròfit |
| Aloe saponaria (Aiton) Haworth. | LILIACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | LILIACEAE | Àfrica NE | Camèfit |
| Amaranthus albus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus blitum L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Europa – Àfrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Europa – Àfrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus deflexus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica S | Camèfit |
| Amaranthus hybridus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica tropical | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus muricatus (Moq.) Hieron. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica S | Camèfit |
| Amaranthus powelli S. Watson | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Amaranthus viridis L. | AMARANTHACEAE | Amèrica tropical | Teròfit |
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|-----------------|
| Amaryllis bella-donna L. | AMARYLLIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis | BASELLACEAE | Amèrica S | Macrofaneròfit |
| Anthrithrum majus L. | SCROPHULARIACEAE | Mediterrani E | Camèfit |
| Apium graveolens L. | APIACEAE | Subcosmopolita | Hemicriptòfit |
| Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Aptenia lancifolia L. Bolus | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Araujia sericifera Brot. | ASCLEPIADACEAE | Amèrica SE | Faneròfit |
| Artemisia arborescens L. | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte | ASTERACEAE | Àsia E | Hemicriptòfit |
| Arundo donax L. | POACEAE | Àsia | Faneròfit |
| Asparagus officinalis L. | LILIACEAE | Europa | Geòfit |
| Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron. | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica C – S | Teròfit |
| Atriplex hortensis L. | CHENOPODIACEAE | Desconeugut | Teròfit |
| Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris | CHENOPODIACEAE | Mediterrani S | Teròfit |
| Bidens subalternans DC. | ASTERACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pavón | APIACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Brassica napus L. | BRASSICACEAE | Cultivada | Teròfit |
| Brassica oleracea L. | BRASSICACEAE | Mediterrani - Atlàntic | Camèfit |
| Brassica rapa var. oleifera DC. | BRASSICACEAE | Mediterrani - Europa | Teròfit |
| Bromus catarthicus Vahl | POACEAE | Amèrica | Hemicriptòfit |
| Calendula officinalis L. | ASTERACEAE | Desconeugut | Teròfit |
| Calystegia silvatica (Kitabai) Grisebach | CONVOLVULACEAE | Europa S – Àfrica N | Geòfit |
| Canna flaccida Salisbury | CANNACEAE | Amèrica N | Geòfit |
| Cannabis sativa L. | CANNABACEAE | Iran | Teròfit |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz | SALPINACEAE | Amèrica | Faneròfit |
| Carpodrobus acinaciformis (L.) Bolus | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Carpodrobus chilensis (Molina) NE Br. | AIZOACEAE | Amèrica S (Xile) | Camèfit |
| Carpodrobus edulis (L.) Bolus | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Celtis australis L. | ULMACEAE | Mediterrani | Macrofaneròfit |
| Centaurea cyanus L. | ASTERACEAE | Eurosiberià | Teròfit |
| Centaurea napulifolia L. | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani | Teròfit |
| Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani E | Teròfit |
| Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. subsp. ruber | VALERIANACEAE | Mediterrani | Camèfit |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. | CAESALPINIACEAE | Mediterrani S | Macrofaneròfit |
| Cercis siliquastrum L. | CAESALPINIACEAE | Mediterrani E | Macrofaneròfit |
| Cestrum foetidissimum Jacq. | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Camèfit |
| Chamaesyce maculata L. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Chamaesyce nutans Lag. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Amèrica N – C | Teròfit |
| Chamaesyce prostrata Aiton | EUPHORBIACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Chamaesyce serpens Kunth | EUPHORBIACEAE | Amèrica tropical | Teròfit |
| Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert | ASTERACEAE | Eurosiberià | Teròfit |
| Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E. Brown | IRIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Chasmanthe floribunda (Salisb.) NE Br. | IRIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Chenopodium ambrosoides L. | CHENOPODIACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Chenopodium bonus – henricus L. | CHENOPODIACEAE | Europa | Hemicriptòfit |
| Chenopodium multifidum L. | CHENOPODIACEAE | Amèrica S | Camèfit |
| Chenopodium pumilio R. Br. | CHENOPODIACEAE | Àustràlia | Teròfit |
| Cicer arietinum L. | FABACEAE | Desconeugut | Teròfit |
| Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai| CUCURBITACEAE | Àfrica S | Teròfit |
| Clematis vitalba L. | RANUNCULACEAE | Eurosiberià | Faneròfit |
| Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | ARACEAE | Àsia – Tropical E | Faneròfit |
| Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort | BRASSICACEAE | Mediterrani E | Teròfit |
| Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur | RANUNCULACEAE | Europa S | Teròfit |
| Convolvulus tricolor L. | CONVOLVULACEAE | Amèrica S (Brasil) | Teròfit |
| Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. | ASTERACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------|---------------|
| Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronp. | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Coronilla glauca L. | V | N | FABACEAE | Mediterrani | Nanofaneròfit |
| Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. | V | N | BRASSICACEAE | Amèrica S | Hemicriptòfit |
| Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Ach. et Gr. | V | N | POACEAE | Amèrica S | Faneròfit |
| Cotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.)Hook. f.| NV | N | ASTERACEAE | Austràlia – Nova Zelanda | Teròfit |
| Cotula coronopifolia L. | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Àfrica S | Teròfit |
| Cucumis melo L. | V | S | CUCURBITACEAE | Mediterrani - Iran | Teròfit |
| Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | V | S | CUCURBITACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Cucurbita pepo L. | V | S | CUCURBITACEAE | Amèrica C | Teròfit |
| Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. | NV | S | CUPRESSACEAE | Amèrica N | Macrofaneròfit |
| Cupressus sempervirens L. | V | S | CUPRESSACEAE | Mediterrani E - Iran | Macrofaneròfit |
| Cuscuta campestris Yuncker | V | N | CONVOLVULACEAE| Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Cydonia oblonga Miller | V | S | ROSACEAE | Àsia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., B. Meyer et Schreb. | V | N | SCROPHULARIACEAE | Europa C | Camèfit |
| Cynara cardunculus L. | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani | Hemicriptòfit |
| Cyperus alternifolius L. subsp. flabeliformis Kük. | V | N | CYPERACEAE | Àfrica | Hidrofit |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) Presl. | NV | S | FILICOPSIDAE | Àsia E | Hemicriptòfit |
| Datura ferox L. | V | N | SOLANACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Datura innoxia Miller | V | N | SOLANACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Datura stramonium L. | V | N | SOLANACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Diospyros kaki L. fil. | V | S | EBENACEAE | Àsia (Xina - Japó) | Macrofaneròfit |
| Diospyros lotus L. | NV | S | EBENACEAE | Àsia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Diospyros virginiana L. | NV | S | EBENACEAE | Amèrica N | Macrofaneròfit |
| Disphyma crassifolium (L.) L. Bolus | V | N | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Drosoanthemum floribundum (Haw.) Schwantes | NV | N | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Drosoanthemum hispidum (L.) Schwantes | V | N | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Echinocloa colonia (L.) Link. | V | N | POACEAE | Tropical | Teròfit |
| Eleagnus angustifolia L. | V | S | ELEAGNACEAE | Àsia W | Macrofaneròfit |
| Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. | NV | N | POACEAE | Pantropical | Teròfit |
| Erigeron karvinskianus de Candolle | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica | Camèfit |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | V | S | ROSACEAE | Àsia (Xina) | Macrofaneròfit |
| Erysimum cheiri (L.) Grantz | NV | N | BRASSICACEAE | Cultivada | Camèfit |
| Eschscholzia californica Cham. | V | S | PAPAVERACEAE | Amèrica N | Camèfit |
| Euphorbia lathyris L. | NV | N | EUPHORBIACEAE | Àsia – Mediterrani E | Hemicriptòfit |
| Ferraria crispa Burm. | NV | S | IRIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Ficus carica L. | V | N | MORACEAE | Mediterrani | Macrofaneròfit |
| Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. angustifolia | V | N | OLEACEAE | Submediterrani W - Atlantic | Macrofaneròfit |
| Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Eckl. | V | N | IRIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertner | V | S | ASTERACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. | NV | N | LEGUMINOSAE | Amèrica N | Faneròfit |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | NV | N | LEGUMINOSAE | Mediterrani - Àsia | Geòfit |
| Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Alton f. | V | N | ASCLEPIADACEAE| Àfrica S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey. | V | N | ASCLEPIADACEAE| Àfrica S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Gossypium hirsutum L. | V | N | MALVACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Gypsophila pilosa Huds. | NV | S | CARYOPHYLLACEAE | Àsia W – Àfrica N | Teròfit |
| Hedysarum coronarium L. | V | N | FABACEAE | Mediterrani SW | Hemicriptòfit |
| Helianthus annuus L. | V | S | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Helianthus tuberosus L. | V | N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica N | Geòfit |
| Heliotropium curassavicum L. | V | N | BORAGINACEAE | Amèrica N - S | Camèfit |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | V | S | POACEAE | Cultivada | Teròfit |
| Hyacinthus orientalis Albulus | V | S | LILIACEAE | Mediterrani E | Geòfit |
| Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. | NV | N | APIACEAE | Amèrica S | Hidrofit |
| Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton et Rose | NV | S | CACTACEAE | Amèrica | Faneròfit |
| Hypericum calycinum L. | NV | N | HYPERICACEAE | Europa SE | Faneròfit |
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra | NV N | HYPERICACEAE | Mediterrani E | Camèfit |
| Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. | V N | CONVOLVULACEAE | Neotropical | Faneròfit |
| Ipomoea purpurea Roth | NV N | CONVOLVULACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Iris albicans Lange | V S | IRIDACEAE | Arabia | Geòfit |
| Iris germanica L. | V S | IRIDACEAE | Desconeugut | Geòfit |
| Iris pallida Lam. | NV S | IRIDACEAE | Mediterrani C | Geòfit |
| Juglans regia L. | NV N | JUGLANDACEAE | Mediterrani E | Faneròfit |
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana R. Hamet & H. Perrier | V N | CRASSULACEAE | Àfrica (Madagascar) | Camèfit |
| Kleinia nerifolia Cav. | V S | ASTERACEAE | Canàries | Hemicriptòfit |
| Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader | V S | CHENOPODIACEAE | Pluriregional | Teròfit |
| Lampranthus multiradiatus (Jacq.) Br. | NV S | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Lampranthus roseus (Willd.) Schwantes | NV S | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Lantana camara L. | V N | VERBENACEAE | Neotropical | Nanofaneròfit |
| Lathyrus odoratus L. | V N | FABACEAE | Mediterrani C | Teròfit |
| Lathyrus sativus L. | V S | FABACEAE | Incert (Mediterrani E) | Teròfit |
| * Laurus nobilis L. | NV S | LAURACEAE | Europa – Mediterrani | Faneròfit |
| Lemma minuta Kunth | NV N | LEMNACEAE | Amèrica | Hidròfit |
| Lens culinaris Medicus | V S | FABACEAE | Incert | Teròfit |
| Lepidium latifolium L. | NV N | BRASSICACEAE | Europa – Àsia | Hemicriptòfit |
| Lepidium sativum L. | NV S | BRASSICACEAE | Àfrica NE – Àsia W | Teròfit |
| Lepidium spinosum Ard. | NV N | BRASSICACEAE | Europa SE – Àsia menor | Teròfit |
| Lilium candidum L. | NV N | LILIACEAE | Mediterrani E | Geòfit |
| Limonium monopetalum (L.) Boiss. | V N | PLUMBAGINACEAE | Mediterrani S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Lippia filiformis Schrader | V N | VERBENACEAE | Neotropical | Camèfit |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | V N | CAPRIFOLIACEAE | Àsia E | Faneròfit |
| Ludwigia grandifolia (Michx.) Greuter | NV N | ONAGRACEAE | Neotropical | Hidròfit |
| Lycium barbarum L. | NV S | SOLANACEAE | Àsia E | Faneròfit |
| Malcolmia flexuosa (Sm.) Sm. | V N | BRASSICACEAE | Mediterrani E | Teròfit |
| Malcolmia maritima R. Br. | NV S | BRASSICACEAE | Mediterrani E | Teròfit |
| Malephora purpureo-crocea (Haw.) Schwantes | NV N | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Camèfit |
| Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. | NV N | ROSACEAE | Europa – Àsia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Matricaria recutita L. | NV S | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani | Teròfit |
| Matthiola incana (L.) Br. | V N | BRASSICACEAE | Pluriregional | Camèfit |
| Medicago arborea L. | V N | FABACEAE | Europa S – Àsia SW | Nanofaneròfit |
| Medicago falcata L. | NV S | FABACEAE | Eurosiberià | Hemicriptòfit |
| Medicago sativa L. | V N | FABACEAE | Àsia central | Hemicriptòfit |
| Melia azedarach L. | V S | MELIACEAE | Àsia – Austràlia | Macrofaneròfit |
| Melilotus alba Medik. | NV N | LEGUMINOSAE | Europa – Àsia | Teròfit |
| Melissa officinalis L. | NV N | LABIATAE | Mediterrani E | Camèfit |
| Mentha spicata L. | NV N | LABIATAE | Desconeugut | Geòfit |
| Mentha x piperita L. | NV N | LABIATAE | Europa – Cultivada | Hemicriptòfit |
| Mentha x villosa Hudson | NV N | LABIATAE | Europa W | Hemicriptòfit |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. | V N | AIZOACEAE | Àfrica S | Teròfit |
| Mirabilis jalapa L. | V N | NYCTAGINACEAE | Neotropical | Hemicriptòfit |
| Molucella spinosa L. | NV N | LABIATEAE | Mediterrani – Europa S | Teròfit |
| Morus alba L. | V N | MORACEAE | Àsia E | Macrofaneròfit |
| Muehlenbeckia complexa (Cunn.) Meissner | NV N | POLYGONACEAE | Nova zelanda | Camèfit |
| Myoporum teresifolium G. Forster | V N | MYOPORACEAE | Australia E | Macrofaneròfit |
| Nepeta cataria L. | NV S | LABIATAE | Eurosiberià | Hemicriptòfit |
| * Nerium oleander L. | V S | APOCINACEAE | Mediterrani S | Macrofaneròfit |
| Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertner | NV S | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica (Perú) | Teròfit |
| Nicotiana rustica L. | V S | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. | V S | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Teròfit |
| * Nicotina glauca R. C. Graham | V N | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Macrofaneròfit |
| Nothoscordum borbonicum Kunth | V N | LILIACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------|---------------|
| Oenothera rosea L'Hér. | ONAGRACEAE | Neotropical | Hemicriptòfit |
| Opuntia ammophila Small | CACTACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic) | Macrofaneròfit|
| Opuntia dilleni (Ker-Gawler) Haw. | CACTACEAE | Amèrica SW | Macrofaneròfit|
| Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. | CACTACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic) | Macrofaneròfit|
| Opuntia maxima Miller | CACTACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic) | Macrofaneròfit|
| Opuntia microdasys (Lehmann) Pfeiffer. | CACTACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic) | Macrofaneròfit|
| Opuntia subulata (Mühlenfordt) Engelm. | CACTACEAE | Amèrica S | Macrofaneròfit|
| Origanum virens Hoffms. et Lk. | LABIATAE | Mediterrani W | Hemicriptòfit |
| Oxalis articulata Savigny | OXALIDACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Oxalis corniculata L. subsp. stricta (L.) Briq.| OXALIDACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Oxalis debilis Kunth subsp. corymbosa (DC.) Bolos & Vigo | OXALIDACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Oxalis latifolia Kunth | OXALIDACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Oxalis parviflora DC. | OXALIDACEAE | Neotropical | Camèfit |
| Oxalis pes-caprae L. | OXALIDACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Panicum miliaceum L. | POACEAE | Àsia | Teròfit |
| Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum | PAPAVERACEAE | Cultivada | Teròfit |
| Parkinsonia aculeata L. | CAESALPINIACEAE | Amèrica tropical | Macrofaneròfit|
| Paspalum dilatatum Poiret | POACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Schribner | POACEAE | Tropical | Geòfit |
| Paspalum vaginatum Swartz | POACEAE | Tropical | Geòfit |
| Pelargonium sp. | GERANIACEAE | Àfrica | Camèfit |
| Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov. | POACEAE | Àfrica E - Àsia W | Hemicriptòfit |
| Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.)Chiov. | POACEAE | Àfrica E - Àsia W | Hemicriptòfit |
| Pennisetum villosum R. Br. | POACEAE | Àfrica (Etiopia) | Hemicriptòfit |
| Petasites fragans (Vill.) C. Presl | ASTERACEAE | Àfrica N | Geòfit |
| Petroselinum crispum (Miller) Hill. | APIACEAE | Pluriregional | Hemicriptòfit |
| Phalaris canariensis L. subsp. canariensis | POACEAE | Canàries - Àfrica NW | Teròfit |
| Phoenix canariensis Chabaud | ARECACEAE | Canàries | Macrofaneròfit|
| Phoenix dactylifera L. | ARECACEAE | Àfrica N - Àsia S | Macrofaneròfit|
| Physalis peruviana L. | SOLANACEAE | Neotropical | Hemicriptòfit |
| Phytolecca americana L. | PHYTOLACCAEAE | Amèrica N | Hemicriptòfit |
| Phytolecca polyanдра Batalin | PHYTOLACCAEAE | Àsia | Hemicriptòfit |
| Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. | PINACEAE | Canàries | Macrofaneròfit|
| * Pinus pinaster Aiton | PINACEAE | Mediterrani | Macrofaneròfit|
| Pinus pinea L. | PINACEAE | Europa S - Àsia W | Macrofaneròfit|
| Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton | PITTSPORACEAE | Àsia | Macrofaneròfit|
| Platanus hispanica Miller ex Münch. | PLATANACEAE | Pluriregional | Macrofaneròfit|
| Platanus orientalis L. | PLATANACEAE | Mediterrani E | Macrofaneròfit|
| Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague | BIGNONIACEAE | Àfrica S | Macrofaneròfit|
| Polygonum orientale L. | POLYGONACEAE | Àsia | Teròfit |
| Populus alba L. | SALICACEAE | Pluriregional | Macrofaneròfit|
| Populus nigra L. | SALICACEAE | Europa | Macrofaneròfit|
| Populus x canadensis Moench | SALICACEAE | Cultivada | Macrofaneròfit|
| Proboscidea louisianica subsp. louisianica (Mill.) Thell. | PEDALIACEAE | Amèrica N | Teròfit |
| Prunus avium L. | ROSACEAE | Europa | Macrofaneròfit|
| Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb | ROSACEAE | Iran | Macrofaneròfit|
| Punica granatum L. | PUNICACEAE | Àsia SW - Mediterrani E | Macrofaneròfit|
| Pyrus communis L. | ROSACEAE | Europa – Àsia | Macrofaneròfit|
| Quercus cerrisoides Wilk. et Costa | FAGACEAE | Europa | Macrofaneròfit|
| Quercus humilis Mill. | FAGACEAE | Submediterrani | Macrofaneròfit|
| * Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp | FAGACEAE | Mediterrani W | Macrofaneròfit|
| Raphanus sativus L. | BRASSICACEAE | Cultivada | Teròfit |
| Reseda odorata L. | RESEDACEAE | Àfrica (Egipte) | Teròfit |
| Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. | FABACEAE | Àfrica NW | Faneròfit |
| Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. | FABACEAE | Mediterrani W | Faneròfit |
| Espècie | Família | Origen Geogràfic | Forma Vital |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------------|-----------------|
| *Ricinus communis* L. | V N | EUPHORBIACEAE | Àfrica C | Faneròfit |
| Robinia pseudoacacia L. | V N | FABACEAE | Amèrica N | Macrofaneròfit |
| Rubia tinctorum L. | NV S | RUBIACEAE | Mediterrani – Iran | Hemicriptòfit |
| Salix fragilis L. | NV S | SALICACEAE | Eurosiberià | Faneròfit |
| Salvia sclarea L. | NV S | LABIATAE | Mediterrani – Iran | Hemicriptòfit |
| Salvia officinalis L. | NV S | LABIATAE | Mediterrani W | Camèfit |
| Sambucus nigra L. | NV S | CAPRIFOLIACEAE | Eurosiberià | Macrofaneròfit |
| Saponaria officinalis L. | NV S | CARYOPHYLLACEAE | Pluriregional | Hemicriptòfit |
| Sempervivum tectorum L. | NV S | CRASSULACEAE | Europa | Camèfit |
| Senecio cineraria DC, subsp. cineraria | V N | ASTERACEAE | Mediterrani W – C | Camèfit |
| Senecio angulatus L. f. | V N | ASTERACEAE | Àfrica S | Macrofaneròfit |
| Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen | V N | POACEAE | Amèrica N | Hemicriptòfit |
| Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. | NV N | POACEAE | Incert | Teròfit |
| Solanum bonariense L. | V N | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Solanum dulcamara L. | NV S | SOLANACEAE | Europa | Nanofaneròfit |
| Solanum elegansfolium Cav. | V S | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Solanum linnaeanum Herpser et Jaeger | V N | SOLANACEAE | Àfrica S | Nanofaneròfit |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | V N | SOLANACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | V S | SOLANACEAE | Amèrica S | Geòfit |
| Soliva stolonifera (Brot.) R. Br. ex. G. Don f.| V N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica S | Teròfit |
| Sorbus domestica L. | V S | ROSACEAE | Submediterrani | Macrofaneròfit |
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench | V N | POACEAE | Paleotropical | Teròfit |
| Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. | V N | POACEAE | Paleotropical | Geòfit |
| Spartium junceum L. | V N | FABACEAE | Mediterrani | Faneròfit |
| Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) O. Kuntze | V N | POACEAE | Tropical | Geòfit |
| Stembergia lutea (L.) Ker-Gawler ex. Spreng | V N | AMARYLLIDACEAE | Mediterrani | Geòfit |
| *Stipa tenacissima* L. | NV N | POACEAE | Mediterrani | Hemicriptòfit |
| Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz | NV S | ASTERACEAE | Submediterrani E | Hemicriptòfit |
| Taraxacum officinale Weber | V N | ASTERACEAE | Eurosiberià | Hemicriptòfit |
| Tetracinis articulata (Vahl) Masters | V N | CUPRESSACEAE | Àfrica N – Mediterrani | Macrofaneròfit |
| Tetragonia trigonoides (Pallas) O. Kuntze | NV S | AZOACEAE | Nova Zelanda | Camèfit |
| Teucrium fruticans L. | V S | LABIATAE | Mediterrani SW | Nanofaneròfit |
| Thuja orientalis L. | NV S | CUPRESSACEAE | Àsia | Faneròfit |
| Trachelium caeruleum L. subsp. caeruleum | V S | CAMPAÑULACEAE | Mediterrani SW | Camèfit |
| Tragus racemosus (L.) All. | NV S | POACEAE | Pluriregional | Teròfit |
| Trifolium incarnatum L. | NV S | LEGUMINOSAE | Àsia | Faneròfit |
| Triticum aestivum L. | V S | POACEAE | Cultivada | Teròfit |
| *Tropaeolum majus* L. | V N | TROPAEOLACEAE | Neotropical | Teròfit |
| *Ulmus minor* Mill. var. *minor* | V N | ULMACEAE | Eurosiberià | Macrofaneròfit |
| *Ulmus minor* Mill. var. *vulgaris* (Sol.) Richens | V N | ULMACEAE | Eurosiberià | Macrofaneròfit |
| Ulmus pumila L. | V S | ULMACEAE | Àsia C – E | Macrofaneròfit |
| Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. | NV S | FABACEAE | Iran – Mediterrani | Teròfit |
| Vicia faba L. | V S | FABACEAE | Àsia – Mediterrani | Teròfit |
| *Vitis vinifera* L. subsp. *vinifera* | V N | VITACEAE | Mediterrani | Faneròfit |
| Washingtonia prob. robusta Wendel | V S | ARECACEAE | Amèrica (Mèxic NW) | Faneròfit |
| Wigandia caracasana Humboldt *et al.* | NV S | HIDROPHYLLACEAE | Amèrica C – S | Faneròfit |
| Xanthium echinatum Murray subsp. *italicum* (Moretti) O. Bolos et J. Vigo | V N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Xanthium spinosum L. | V N | ASTERACEAE | Amèrica S | Teròfit |
| Yucca gloriosa L. | V S | LILIACEAE | Amèrica N | Faneròfit |
| Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. | NV N | ARACEAE | Àfrica S | Geòfit |
| Zea mays L. | V S | POACEAE | Amèrica | Teròfit |
| Zizyphus jujuba Miller | NV S | RHAMNACEAE | Àsia C | Macrofaneròfit |
| Zygophyllum fabago L. | V S | ZYGOPHYLLACEAE | Iran | Hemicriptòfit |
En aquest apartat presentem la informació estructurada en forma de fitxa de cada una de les espècies exòtiques (o grups d’espècies relacionades taxonòmicament) que considerem més rellevants per a la flora de les Illes. S’ha procurat fer servir un llenguatge planer pensant que aquesta obra pugui ser utilitzada per persones no necessàriament especialitzades en la terminologia botànica.
S’han dividit en dues categories: «Principals espècies invasores», que correspon a les espècies que tenen en aquest moment un comportament invasor a les Balears, tant als espais naturals com a les zones conreades o alterades (o sigui, hem pres el terme “invasor” en un sentit molt ampli). Moltes d’aquestes espècies es troben tan esteses al nostre país que l’eradicació és molt difícil i amb seguretat molt costosa. Algunes, de fet, formen part del nostre paisatge. Hi ha que dir, però, que la casuística és molt gran i heterogènia i no totes les espècies d’aquest apartat tenen el mateix grau de perill. L’altre bloc correspon a les «Espècies naturalitzades potencialment invasores», que estan molt menys esteses però que, ateses els seus antecedent en altres territoris, podrien arribar a ser invasores i generar problemes en el futur, encara que sigui de caràcter local. És en aquest grup on es pot fer una feina més eficaç quant a prevenció.
A cada fitxa es dóna una breu descripció morfològica seguida d’un altre apartat en què es donen característics que permeten reconèixer o diferenciar cada espècie d’altres de semblants. Un altre apartat es refereix a la seva distribució original i també als llocs on ha estat introduïda i és considerada invasora. Hi ha uns apartats referits a la seva ecologia en què es descriu l’ambient més habitual on es troba i també els seus mecanismes de reproducció, tan importants per valorar la perillositat d’aquestes espècies; en aquest apartat s’han indicat les referències documentals interessants que s’han trobat (ja siguin bibliogràfiques o pàgines web) sobre les espècies en qüestió. Finalment es dóna una visió genèrica sobre la situació de l’espècie a les illes Balears i alguns suggeriments sobre accions que cal prendre. Les descripcions morfològiques i les l’àrees de distribució de les espècies s’han tret principalment de: Flora de Mallorca de F. Bonafé (1980), Flora dels Països Catalans d’Oriol de Bolós et al. (1984-2001), The European Garden Flora (1984-2000), Árboles en España. Manual de identificación d’A. López i J. M. Sánchez de Lorenzo (2001), aquest darrer també ens ha aportat informació sobre la biologia i requeriments de les espècies arbòries. Les tècniques d’eradicació s’han extret de diferents fonts bibliogràfiques i de pàgines web; sovint hem trobat que l’ús d’herbicides és la tècnica més eficient, malgrat que en aquests casos així ho hem fet constar, considerem que l’ús d’herbicides és un mètode agressiu que s’ha de utilitzar només en darrera instància.
10.1 Principals espècies invasores
1. Agave americana L. (Agavaceae)
Nom comú en català: Pita. Atzavara. Agabe. Atzavara de tanques.
Nom comú en castellà: Pita. Acibara. Agabe. Azabara. Cabuya. Cardal. Pitera.
(Fotos 1 i la)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta robusta en forma de roseta acaule (sense tiges aparents) de 20-60 fulles suculentes de 2-3 m de diàmetre. Fulles rígides d’1-2 m x 15-30 cm, estretament oblongues, glauques, sinuosament dentades (les dents són espines) i amb una espina terminal de 3-5 cm. La panícula és molt alta, de 5-8 m de llargària amb 25-30 ramificacions. Les flors són de 7-10 cm d’un color groc pàl·lid. Després de florir als 10-20 (100) anys, la planta mare mor.
Diagnosi d’identificació
A les Balears també es poden trobar altres espècies del mateix gènere com A. angustifolia, A. ferox, o A. sisalana. A. americana és la més comuna a les Balears i té la peculiaritat que les fulles poden ser de color verd glauc o variegades. En aquest darrer cas la identificació és inconclusa. La planta crida l’atenció a causa de la forma robusta i del color glauc de les fulles. És necessari un estudi més a fons del gènere a les illes, possiblement A. faurcroydes Lemaire també és present al nostre territori.
Distribució geogràfica
Originària de Mèxic i naturalitzada a l’àrea mediterrània, Europa i altres parts del món.
Característiques ecològiques
Com totes les plantes crassulescents, pot resistir períodes llargs de sequera i pluges esporàdiques. Sol aparèixer a marges de camins i de cultius, a llocs assolellats, generalment sobre terres pedregoses. S’estén amb facilitat per talussos i penya-segats litorals i ocupa llocs de difícil accés. És una planta termòfila que no suporta bé les gelades. La podem trobar tant a la vora de la mar com en el centre de les illes, i fins i tot en els torrents.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Es multiplica amb facilitat per via vegetativa (estolons subterrans i gemmes a les arrels) formant noves rosetes de fulles. En el camp i al voltant d’una planta mare podem observar un clon important de nous individus de diverses generacions que s’han format a partir de la reproducció vegetativa. Aquest tipus de reproducció permet una dispersió de noves plantes a distàncies curtes de la planta mare, però pot ser la causa de la dispersió quan s’aboquen restes de jardineria pel camp.
Algunes espècies d’Agave (ex.: Agave sisalana) formen bulbets asexuals a les inflorescències, sent aquesta una altre via de propagació asexual.
L’èxit reproductiu és major a causa de la reproducció vegetativa que de la reproducció sexual, inclos seria necessari comprovar si a les nostres illes arriben a produir llavors viables. Els Agave floreixen només una vegada a la seva vida i moren després de haver florit.
Classificada en la categoria I.1: «Alóctonos con comportamiento invasor manifiesto. Muy peligrosas para los ecosistemas naturales y seminaturales, aunque su difusión sea local.» A l’estudi sobre les plantes al·lòctones dels parcs nacionals espanyols (García i Quintanar 2003; Sanz et al. 2001).
Situació a les Balears
Cultivada i naturalitzada en indrets secs i assolellats. S’han vist zones relativament grans ocupades per aquesta planta en penya-segats i àrees de costa rocosa (ex.: Colònia de Sant Pere, marina de Llucmajor, Capdepera, mirador des Grau a la costa nord prop d’Estellenços). Normalment solen arribar a aquests indrets a causa del llançament de runes amb restes de jardineria. Els voltants d’urbanitzacions, pobles i ciutats solen estar esquitxats per algun tipus d’espècies d’aquest gènere (ex.: Santa Margalida). Les vores de camins, les perifèries dels camps de cultiu i de vegades els torrents són hàbitats on també podem trobar l’Agave americana. De forma més inusual pot colonitzar garrigues i pinars (ex.: la Mola de Formentera, marges de garrigues al Galatzó), establint-se en el seu contorn i desenvolupant-se entre arbusts en els indrets més nets i buits. És més freqüent a les Pitiuses; per part seva, Menorca és l’illa més poc afectada.
2. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae)
Nom comú en català: Ailant. Vernís del Japó. Fals vernís. Hivernenc.
Nom comú en castellà: Árbol de los dioses. Árbol del cielo. Ailanto.
(Fotos 2 i 2a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbre caducifoli que pot arribar a tenir uns 20 m d’alçada. Les fulles són de mida molt gran (0,4-1 m), pinnaticompostes amb 13-31 folíols assimètrics ovato lanceolats i amb 1-4 dents a la base, que mostren una glàndula grossa al revers. És una planta dioica amb les flors reunides en panícules de 10-20 cm que desprenen, les masculines, una olor fètida. Els fruits són sàmares (formació membranosa en forma d’ala) que facilita la disseminació per anemocòria.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbre esvelt de gran alçada i amb gran capacitat de formar rebrots. El podem diferenciar d’altres arbres per les fulles tan característiques formades per un gran nombre de folíols i que a causa del pes i la gran mida tenen un aspecte penjant. L’escorça és llisa, blanquinosa i amb la capçada bastant ampla. Les flors estan reunides en panícules, les femenines quan fruitifiquen queden penjant i destaquen molt entre les fulles de l’arbre; a l’hivern aquests fruits, que són alats (sàmares), es mantenen a l’arbre mentre que les fulles cauen i destaquen molt entre les branques nues.
Es pot confondre amb Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, que també és caducifoli i forma fruits alats, però les fulles són més petites i els folíols són lanceolats i dentats.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta originària de zones calentes de l’est d’Àsia (Xina temperada i subtropical). Emprada com a ornamental a partir del segle XVIII i avui es troba naturalitzada en gairebé tot el món. Subespontània i naturalitzada a gran part de la regió mediterrània i àmpliament distribuïda per gran part dels Estats Units. També és invasora a Austràlia.
Característiques ecològiques
Creix preferentment en zones de sòl humit i profund, en ambients seminaturals perforats i degradats per l’home. És resistent al fum i al suget. Els fruits es formen des del setembre fins a l’octubre i poden persistir a l’arbre durant tot l’hivern.
La seva eliminació requereix diligència, a causa de l’abundant producció de llavors i la reproducció vegetativa. Segons la bibliografia el mètode més eficaç per eradicar aquesta planta sembla que és la utilització d’herbicidès.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Es pot reproduir asexualment mitjançant la propagació vegetativa; desenvolupa brots erectes originats a partir de gemmes en arrels o rizomes, normalment distants de la planta mare i que li permeten formar molts i nous individus. Considerada una planta perillosa per Rivas-Martinez (O. Bolós 1996).
Respecte a la reproducció sexual, un arbre femení pot produir una alta quantitat de llavors (és un productor prolífic de llavors) que són fàcilment disseminades pel vent, la qual cosa en fa augmentar la capacitat de dispersió a llargues distàncies. Alguns estudis revelen que *A. altissima* pot produir més o menys 350.000 llavors any. També pot produir toxines que, alliberades al sòl, prevenen l’establiment d’altres plantes.
A l’illa de Montecristo (Reserva Natural Integral pròxima a Elba) és el principal problema ecològic i s’hi lluita des de fa més de vint anys, sense haver-ne aconseguit l’eradicació (J. Mayol, comunicació personal).
<http://www.invasivespecies.gov/profiles/treeoheaven.shtml>.
Situació a les Balears
Arbre plantat com a ornamental i naturalitzat en ambients antropitzats com són marges de carreteres, torrents i camps abandonats o de conreu. Se sol distribuir en grups consistentes d’individus formant masses contínues o intermitents al llarg de les carreteres (carretera de Manacor, Sóller, Eivissa-Santa Eulàlia, Maó-aeroport) i marges de torrents (sa Riera prop del cementiri de Palma (foto 2a) o al torrent de Son Bordils en el tram que talla la carretera Inca-Sineu). És més freqüent prop de nuclis urbans, com és el cas de Palma, Maó, Eivissa, etc., però ocasionalment també apareix a llocs ben naturals, generalment associat a torrents. Quan aquest arbre té la capacitat d’envair camps i cultius pot causar greus problemes als pagesos a causa de la seva capacitat tan ràpida de colonització del terreny deguda a la formació de rebrots, aspecte que li permet formar denses poblacions.
3. Aloe L. (Liliaceae)
Nom comú en català: Aloe.
Nom comú en castellà: Aloe. Zabila. Zabira. Acíbar. Sávila.
(Fotos 3, 3a i 3b)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Gènere de plantes herbàcies perennes, arbusts o arbres amb fulles suculentes disposades en roseta basal o terminals, amb els contorns normalment espinosos i dentats. Inflorescències en raïms o panícules laterals o terminals sobre escaps molt més llargs que les fulles. Periant tubular, amb sis segmentes units per la base o separats. Androceu amb sis estams, normalment de dues mides diferents. Podem destacar:
- *Aloe arborescens* Mill. (Planta pop). Arbust molt ramificat de fins a 3 m d’altura amb fulles de fins a 60 cm de longitud de color verd grisenc a l’anvers i verd clar al revers, amb dents corbades en els contorns. Inflorescència generalment sense ramificar de fins a 80 cm de longitud per damunt les fulles. Flors d’uns 4 cm de longitud, de color escarlata tacades de verd.
- *Aloe vera* (L.) Burm.f. = *Aloe barbadensis* Mill. Planta de tija curta o acaule, amb fulles de color verd grisenc amb tintes vermelles. Els cantons són lleugerament rosacis amb dents blanquinoses. Forma estolons. Inflorescència de fins a 90 cm d’altura amb flors grogues d’uns 3 cm de longitud.
- *Aloe saponaria* (Ait.f.) Haw. Planta ramificada formant grups o sense ramificar, amb fulles lanceolades de fins a 30 cm de longitud, de color verd amb taques blanquinoses en bandes discontinuies. Marges amb dents marrons. Inflorescència de fins a 50-100 cm d’altura, amb flors groguenques, rosàcies o ataronjades vermellenques d’aproximadament 4 cm de longitud.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Petits arbusts de fulles crasses reunides en rosetes, amb els contorns normalment espinosos. *Aloe vera* és de fàcil identificació pel color groc de les flors i les rosetes de fulles que neixen directament en terra, sense dents al marge. *Aloe arborescens* té les fulles més llargues i contornejades cap a baix, i es tracta d’una planta arbustiva de dimensions notables, amb moltes fulles a la part apical de les branques. Les flors són de color vermell ataronjat. *Aloe saponaria* és la més petita i es distingeix per les taques blanques de les fulles, però és difícil de diferenciar perquè hi ha moltes espècies bastant semblants amb fulles tacades.
Distribució geogràfica
El gènere *Aloe* comprèn tres-centes espècies natives principalment d’Àfrica. *Aloe arborescens* i *Aloe saponaria* són natives del sud d’Àfrica. *Aloe vera* és nativa del NE d’Àfrica. Algunes espècies d’*Aloe* estan naturalitzades al sud d’Europa i Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
Són plantes ideals per a zones rocoses i xerojardins amb altres plantes crasses i suculentes. Tenen dos enemics naturals: l’excès d’aigua i el fred per davall de 2 °C. Són molt resistents a les plagues i a la falta d’aigua. Toleren molt bé les exposicions extremes al sol, l’elevada temperatura i la sequera. *Aloe vera* és cultivada a gran escala per produir productes medicinals i cosmètics a causa de les seves propietats beneficioses per a la pell.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Se reprodueixen vegetativament amb la formació de nous individus a partir d’estolons. Són plantes de creixement lent. <http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/index.htm>.
Situació a les Balears
Estan presents a totes les Illes com a plantes ornamentals. En el medi natural són plantes que normalment tenen un caràcter subespontani, generalment prop de llocs enjardinats, i relacionades amb una certa pertorbació, per exemple l’abocament de restes de jardineria o d’obra a llocs litorals, penya-segat, etc. (ex.: Santa Ponça, mirador des Grau a la costa nord prop d’Estellencs, sa Ràpita, Port de Maó i de Ciutadella), amb un comportament semblant al que poden tenir les espècies del gènere *Agave*. Però no hem d’oblidar que potencialment poden arribar a formar grans masses espesses i altes en llocs aïllats; en tenim un clar exemple a l’illa del Rei al port de Maó (Menorca), on *A. arborescens* ha colonitzat de forma dominant gran part de l’illa amb uns exemplars que arriben a dimensions extraordinàriament gegants que sobrepassen els dos metres d’alçada (foto 3a i 3b).
4. Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae)
Nom comú en català: Amarant, Blet, Blet punxent, Marxant.
Nom comú en castellà: Amaranto, Bledo.
(Fotos de 4 a 4e).
Descripció morfològica resumida
Gènere d'espècies majorment anuals de floració estival i de tardor. Són d'hàbit postrat o ascendent d'aspecte lax, glabres o amb les tiges pubescents, pròpies d'ambient pertorbats. Les inflorescències són terminals o axil-lars amb el periant escariós amb bracteòles sempre ben desenvolupades. Les fulles són alternes i enteres. D'ovari súper i fruit monosperm en forma de càpsula dehiscent o indehiscent.
A les Balears n'existeixen set taxons naturalitzats: *A. retroflexus*, *A. blitoides*, *A. hybridus*, *A. deflexus*, *A. muricatus* i *A. viridis* (*A. albus* L. també està citat a les Balears).
- *A. retroflexus* L.: La panícula terminal és compacta. Els tépals 4(5) són lanceolats o espatulats, obtusos, mucronats o truncats, en general de longitud superior o, més rarament, igual a la del fruit. Les tiges i els pecíols molt sovint són pubescents. Les fulles tenen un pecíol d'un 6-7 cm i el limbe és rombicoovat, generalment amb una difusa taca blanca a l'anvers. El fruit és rugós, dehiscent transversalment i amb una grana negra i lluent.
- *A. blitoides* S. Watson: Planta glabrescent molt ramificada de glomèruls tots axil-lars. La tija és blanquinosa, postratoascendent, foliosa fins a l'àpex. Fulles amb un marge blanc translúcidi amb pecíol de 0,2-2 cm i limbe ovat o oblongoovat, obtús o retús, lluent, amb nervis blancs prominentes al revers i sovint amb una taca blanquinosa a l'anvers. Les bràctees són un poc més curtes que els tépals i els fruits són dehiscents transversalment.
- *A. hybridus* L.: La panícula terminal és compacta de color verdosa o rarament purpurescent. Els tépals 4(5) són lanceolats i aguts, en general més curts que el fruit. Les fulles tenen un pecíol d'un 6-7 cm i són de limbe rombicoovat.
- *A. muricatus* (Moq.) Hieron.: Herba perenne, decumbent, ramificada i glabrescent. Els glomèruls, tots o almenys els superiors, estan disposats en panícula terminal afil-la. Les fulles són lanceolatolinears o estretament lanceolades i el fruit és indehiscent i de vegades pot obrir-se de manera irregular.
- *A. deflexus* L.: Planta postrada, ordinàriament perennant, ramificada i amb la part superior de les tiges pubescent. Els glomèruls, tots o la majoria, disposats en inflorescències espíciformes terminals, afil-les i denses, ± lobulades i interrompudes. El limbe foliar és ovatoromboïdal subagut o obtús, i les bràctees són ovades i membranoses, i no ultrapassen la meitat de la longitud dels tépals. Els tépals són molt més curts que el fruit madur. El fruit és pràcticament llis i membranós.
- *A. viridis* L.: Planta ascendent anual i glabrescent. Els glomèruls, tots o la majoria, estan disposats en inflorescències espíciformes terminals, afil-les i denses. El limbe foliar és subagut o feblement retus. Els tépals són molt poc més curts que el fruit, que és fortement rugós.
Diagnosi d'identificació
Els caràcters morfològics bàsics per diferenciar els diferents tipus d'Amaranthus són principalment l'aspecte postrat o ascendent de les tiges, les flors axil-lars o en panícula terminal, la mida de les bràctees respecte al fruit i el tipus d'obertura del fruit (dehiscent o indehiscent).
*A. retroflexus* i *A. hybridus* poden generar confusió a l'hora de diferenciar-les a causa del seu port (hàbit) tan semblant. Totes dues són plantes ascendents, capaces de superar el metre i mig d'alçada i poden viure al mateix tipus d'hàbitat. La clau per distingir-les és que *A. retroflexus* té la panícula més compacta i amb les ramificacions més gruixudes, mentre que *A. hybridus* té la panícula menys compacta amb la ramificació terminal sovint de longitud superior a la de les ramificacions laterals. Aquest taxon creix més en alçada i les ramificacions caulínars són més obertes i llargues.
*A. blitoides* és de fàcil identificació a causa del seu creixement prostratoascendent i glomèruls tots axil-lars. És pot confondre amb *A. graecizans* L. subsp. *sylvestris* (Vill.) Brenan, tàxon autòcton de la Mediterrània. Aquesta espècie té les fulles sense marge membranós i les flors tenen tres tépals (les flors femenines d'*A. blitoides* tenen 4-5 tépals). Les fulles tenen un pecíol més llarg (0,5-3) i el limbe és ovatoromboïdal.
*A. muricatus* és una planta ascendent que es diferencia dels altres *Amaranthus* per les fulles lanceolatolinears i la panícula terminal afil-la. També existeix un altre *Amaranthus* natiu de distribució pluriregional (holarticotropical) amb la panícula terminal afil-la que es diu *A. blitum* L. subsp. *blitum*. Aquesta espècie es pot diferenciar d'*A. muricatus* perquè les fulles són ovades, més amples que les d'*A. muricatus*.
*A. deflexus* és una planta postrada igual que *A. blitoides*, però és ordinàriament perennant i amb la inflorescència espíciforme terminal afil-la i densa.
*A. viridis* és una planta ascendent (0,1-0,6 m), no tant com *A. retroflexus* i *A. hybridus*, d'inflorescències compactes, primes i a penes interrompudes.
Distribució geogràfica
Males herbes presents a totes les Balears i als països calents i temperats d’una gran part del món. Les espècies al·lòctones que viuen a les illes Balears són originals d’Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
Gènere propi de comunitats ruderals i segetals d’ambients humanitzats. Tenen la propietat de florir durant l’estiu i la tardor, moment en el qual les plantes natives, que comparteixen hàbitat, es troben en estat latent. Tenen un rang ecològic molt ampli, amb la capacitat de colonitzar tot tipus d’hàbitat, però rarament les trobarem als boscos i les garrigues.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Són plantes de creixement ràpid, de fàcil dispersió i assentament en llocs pertorbats. Un individu pot formar un gran nombre de llavors, cosa que els confereix característiques pròpies de les plantes anuals ruderals i segetals de fàcil disseminació per barocòria i anemocòria. No presenten reproducció vegetativa asexual.
El moviment de llavors també es dóna de manera indirecta a través dels moviments de terra per part de l’home i com a contaminant als sacs de llavors de plantes de cultiu. En diversos estudis s’ha trobat que la hibridació entre espècies d’Amaranthus contribueix al seu èxit com a males herbes.
<http://www.hear.org/pier/oscinames.htm>.
Situació a les Balears
A les Balears trobem diverses espècies d’Amaranthus distribuïdes de forma generalitzada per tot el territori en comunitats terofítiques ruderals, zones degradades i camps de conreu, on poden arribar a ser invasores.
A. retroflexus és una de les més abundants i la solem trobar en zones pertorbades, vores de camins i carreteres, que tenen al costat seu camps de conreu (Fotos 4 i 4a). És molt freqüent als mateixos camps de conreu, juntament amb A. blitoides, que amb gran facilitat poden ocupar de forma densa les comunitats segetals i ruderals (Fotos 4b i 4c). És menys freqüent a les vores de camins de zones forestals i garrigues. A. hybridus és una planta que surt de forma més erràtica per horts i zones de sòls més humits però que també pot arribar a ser localment molt abundant (Foto 4d).
A. muricatus i A. viridis estan molt associades a llocs molt pertorbats vinculats a l’home. És molt freqüent trobar-ne a pastures i vores de camins a la perifèria dels pobles i ciutats i són menys freqüents a les zones rurals (Foto 4e). A. deflexus és l’espècie menys abundant i se sol trobar a llocs degradats associats també a l’activitat humana. Unes altres espècies d’Amaranthus cultivades com a ornamentals i no naturalitzades al medi natural (a vegades subespontànies) són A. cruentus L. (cultivada com a ornamental en regions temperades, ocasionalment subespontània), A. hypochondriacus L. i A. caudatus L.
5. Arundo donax L. (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: Canya. Canyer.
Nom comú en castellà: Caña común.
(Foto 5)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta glabrescent de grans i llargs rizomes llenyosos que poden formar ramificacions laterals. Les branques són buides i molt resistents de 2-6 m d’alçada (canyes). Les fulles són alternes de color verd glauc, arquejades i dentades d’1-6 (8) cm d’amplada. La panícula (3-6 dm.) és molt ramificada, erecta i densa.
Diagnosi d’identificació
La podem confondre amb *Phragmites australis* (Cav.) Trin per la seva semblança i perquè viuen en el mateix hàbitat. Però aquesta espècie té una alçada més petita (1.2-3 m) i és molt més prima, i les branques són erectes amb una panícula de mida més petita. *A. donax* floreix a la tardor i *P. australis* a l’estiu.
Distribució geogràfica
Procedent de l’Àsia temperada i tropical, està àmpliament distribuïda per la regió mediterrània fins a la Xina i el Japó. També és considerada espècie invasora a Àfrica i als Estats Units. Fortament invasora a les Açores. Està present a totes les illes de les Balears.
Característiques ecològiques
És una planta molt esvelta que creix en zones de sòl humit i ambients temperats, normalment en sòls profunds (torrents, canals, fonts, etc., però també pot colonitzar camps de conreu).
Antigament era cultivada i utilitzada per aprofitar-ne les canyes i per protegir marges. Ha estat considerada per la UICN entre les cent espècies invasores més perilloses del món (de les quals només trenta-cinc són plantes vasculars):
Les llargues i fibroses interconnectades mates d’arrels formen una estructura semblant a una xarxa, que juntament amb les tiges pot interferir en la circulació de l’aigua dels torrents. També poden fer augmentar el potencial del foc, desplaçar la flora local i reduir l’hàbitat de la fauna.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Presenta creixement vegetatiu per rizomes perennes molt llargs que fa una planta molt resistent i de creixement ràpid. Petits trossos del rizoma poden establir noves poblacions i els corrents d’aigua poden actuar com a agent dispersor, especialment després d’una avinguda. A causa del seu ràpid creixement i de la reproducció vegetativa, és capaç d’envair noves àrees i formar noves poblacions desplaçant altres espècies.
També té reproducció sexual amb la formació, com totes les gramínies, d’un gran nombre de petites llavors que són disseminades pel vent (anemocòria) a distàncies llunyanes, però es té molt poca informació sobre la viabilitat i persistència d’aquestes llavors. Bolós et al. (2001) consideren que la major part de les poblacions són estèrils.
L’eradicació més efectiva és amb la utilització d’herbicides. El control mecànic de vegades és efectiu, però si petits fragments d’arrels queden en el sòl, poden restablir la població.
Situació a les Balears
Les canyes són originàries d’Àsia però s’han incorporat a la nostra flora com una planta més. Culturalment també ha estat adoptada com una planta pròpia amb molts d’usos com a material de construcció, agrícola, decoració, i fins i tot amb significats simbòlics. Ara per ara és molt difícil que socialment sigui considerada una espècie exòtica i menys encara un problema ecològic.
Malauradament es tracta d’una de les plantes invasores que modifica més radicalment l’ambient que ocupa. Està àmpliament naturalitzada per la major part dels torrents de les Balears, ocupa grans extensions, creix de manera molt densa, sovint dominant, i impedeix el desenvolupament d’altres plantes natives. També la podem trobar cultivada i escampada a camps de conreu humits i vores de camins. A l’illa d’Eivissa és on se n’ha observat una major presència tant als torrents com als camps, segurament ha modificat substancialment les comunitats de baladres d’aquests ambient evissencs. Ocupa també grans extensions als canals de l’albufera de Mallorca i a la major part dels torrents de les Illes, com per exemple el de Cana Rosa a s’Arracó, torrent de sa Farinera prop d’Artà, etc.
La seva eliminació, al marge dels problemes socials que pot generar, és molt difícil a causa del seu sistema de rizomes. Només pot ser factible de forma puntual.
6. Aster squamatus L. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Àster esquamós. Estrella.
Nom comú en castellà: Aster esquamoso.
(Foto 6)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta anual, glabra, erecta i lleugerament flexuosa de 0,4-1 m d’alçada. Les inflorescències tenen forma de panicula laxa, oberta, ramificada i oblonga, amb gran nombre de petits capitols distribuïts de forma poc densa. Els capitols estan formats per flors externes de lígules molt curtes d’un blanc verdós i les flors internes tubuloses i verdoses amb bràctees pluriseriades verdes amb el marge escariós violaci. Fulles lanceolades enteres o subenteres amb nerviació pinnada. El fruit és un aqueni groguenc, feblement pubescent de 2-3 mm.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Té una tija erecta, molt ramificada a la meitat superior, tot plegat pot arribar a fer un metre d’alçada. Té fulles de contorn linear que són d’un verd fosc com tota la planta. A diferència de les altres espècies de compostes que viuen als mateixos hàbitats (gènere Conyza), aquesta no és pubescent. Els capitols són molt petits i es pot apreciar clarament que les flors exteriors són lígulades.
El diferenciem d’Aster tripolium L. subsp. pannonicus (Jacq.) Soó (natiu a les Balears i de distribució tropical i subtropical americana) perquè aquest viu en ambients naturals de sòls salins humits i té els capitols amb les flors externes lígulades, de color rosat o lila, que ultrapassen considerablement l’involucre.
Distribució geogràfica
Taxon de distribució neotropical, de l’Amèrica Central i del Sud. Introduït a la Mediterrània al voltant de 1910. Ara es troba amplament distribuït: península Ibèrica, Malta, Itàlia, costa adriàtica, les Canàries...
Característiques ecològiques
És una planta pròpia d’ambients segetals i ruderals seminaturals. També la podem trobar, però de manera més poc freqüent, en ambients naturals costaners i a la perifèria d’ecosistemes més humits com són albuferes i zones humides, on aquesta espècie pot arribar a tenir majors dimensions d’alçada.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Com a planta anual o bianual que és, només presenta reproducció sexual amb la formació de llavors. Els capitols són nombrosos i les llavors també ho són, cosa que permet una àmplia disseminació de les llavors i un rang dilatat de dispersió de l’espècie. Les llavors germinen amb facilitat i en diferents tipus de substrat. És una planta descrita com a halofíl·la (tolera la sal), avantatge que li permet créixer en una illa.
La sega mecànica és un sistema molt eficaç de control, encara que s’ha de combinar amb altres mètodes d’eradicació, perquè la flora arvense, amb el temps, s’adapta als talls i proliferen les espècies rastreres i amb gran capacitat de rebrot, com és l’A. squamatus (Zaragoza 1996).
Per a una descripció detallada de la planta i dels seus potencials com a invasora es pot consultar:
<http://www.marz-kreations.com/WildPlants/ASTR/Aster_squamatus.html>.
Situació a les Balears
Herba molt freqüent, present en totes les illes de les Balears. És una planta molt comuna en ambients degradats, vores de camins i camps abandonats i de cultiu (més abundant en cultius de seca). Apareix juntament amb altres espècies al-loctones com Conyza spp. i Amaranthus spp.
Floreix a final de l’estiu i durant la tardor, com moltes de les nostres exòtiques anuals.
7. Carpobrotus N.E. Brown (Aizoaceae)
Nom comú en català: Balsam. Patata frita. Ungla de moix. Dent de lleó.
Nom comú en castellà: Una de gato. Hierba del cuchillo.
(Fotos de 7, 7a i 7b)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Plantes perennes de creixement prostrat centrifug amb llargues branques que es ramifiquen i enreixen en alguns nusos formant taques denses o disperses. Les fulles han donat nom a innombrables vocables populars a causa de la seva peculiar morfologia de secció marcadament triangular, allargades, oposades i suculentes. Són agudes i de color verd o verd grisós sovint matisades amb un color vermellós. Les flors estan breument pedunculades i són grans d’uns 12 cm de diàmetre, solitàries i amb multitud de pètals de color groc (Carpobrotus edulis (L.)L. Bolus) o rosa intens (Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.)L. Bolus). El fruit és carnós, indehiscent i amb gran nombre de petites llavors (Smith et al. 1998).
Diagnosi d’identificació
A causa de la capacitat d’híbridació entre espècies i la gran variabilitat de les poblacions de les Balears, no podem diferenciar amb claredat el taxon C. acinaciformis d’altres molt propers, bé perquè siguin espècies clarament diferents o bé perquè són híbrids, per això considerem que les nostres poblacions són afins (aft.) a C. acinaciformis (Foto 7).
C. edulis no té cap confusió de classificació, el color groc de les flors és un bon caracter discriminant (Foto 7b).
Aquestes dues espècies del gènere Carpobrotus no es poden confondre amb cap altra planta suculenta present a les Illes. El seu aspecte robust, les grans taques prostrades que formen, la secció triangular de les fulles i la gran mida de les flors confereneixen a aquests tàxons un aspecte molt peculiar i atraient, i ha estat considerada com una bona planta, sempre verda, de parcs i jardins.
C. chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br., de flors i fulles més petites ha estat citat a les Balears (Gonçalves 1990).
Distribució geogràfica
El gènere Carpobrotus té vint-i-cinc espècies, procedents de la costa pacífica d’Amèrica, el sud d’Àfrica i Austràlia, algunes de les quals s’han naturalitzat en altres continents.
Va ser introduïda com a planta ornamental i com una bona fixadora de la sorra de platges. És considerada espècie invasora a diverses parts d’Europa i Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
La trobem naturalitzada al llarg de la franja litoral en zones properes a la mar (costa rocosa i dunes). És una planta que es veu afavorida pels aerosols marins i per les fortes exposicions solars; d’altra banda, aprofita els espais oberts que es generen a la costa. No li agrada l’ombra. No necessita gaire recursos hídrics i pot viure en ambients àrids i exposats, és una planta força utilitzada en jardins privats propers a la costa.
Forma masses compactes originades per la seva ramificació postrada i el seu creixement centrifug, i arriba a cobrir les plantes que creixen pels voltants. Pot arrelar als nusos, cosa que facilita el creixement d’aquestes branques i la formació de noves plàntules. A més, provoca alteracions en els recursos naturals, com canvis en l’espai, nutrients, humitat del sòl i pH, canvis que afecten la resta de la flora.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
És una planta de creixement molt ràpid (± 40 cm/any). Té reproducció sexual amb la formació de grans fruits carnosos que són menjats per petits mamífers (conills i rates), que actuen com a vectors de disseminació de les llavors. Aquesta disseminació per zocoòria i el gran nombre de llavors que pot formar un sol fruit confereixen a aquesta planta una elevada capacitat d’expansió a ambients naturals adjacents. Les flors s’autofecunden i a la vegada poden ser pol·linitzades per insectes atrets per les grans quantitats de néctar que tenen.
La dispersió de forma vegetativa també és factible, per fragmentació de les branques i posterior arrelament. No s’ha pogut quantificar aquest procés, però és clar que es poden formar nous focus d’infestació amb l’abocament de brossa entre la qual hi hagi restes de Carpobrotus. Així mateix, quan moren els individus adults la població es refà a partir de plàntules originades a les branques els nusos de les quals havien arrelat.
Situació a les Balears
Està present i és molt abundant a totes les illes de les Balears. És una planta àmpliament coneguda i utilitzada com a ornamental en jardins privats i públics. El seu èxit com a planta ornamental rau en les baixes necessitats hídriques, en l’aspecte sempre verd i en el tipus de flors de gran mida i colors vistosos. Aquest tipus d’ús fa que constantment Carpobrotus tingui una via d’expansió cap al medi natural adjacent en zones urbanitzades de la costa. De tal manera que en les darreres
dècades s’ha expandit amb gran facilitat per les zones costaneres de les Balears, tant en zones rocoses com en sistemes dunars. La trobem naturalitzada i a vegades dominant en platges, penya-segats i costes rocoses.
És una planta molt associada a ambients urbanitzats; és per això que sempre està present per les rodalies dels fars de les zones militars i de moltes de les urbanitzacions del litoral. A l’illa de Formentera és molt abundant en dunes, en canvi a Menorca és més abundant en zones de costa rocosa, com passa a la zona del cap de Favàritx dins el parc natural. A Mallorca s’ha estès per molts d’indrets, tant rocosos com dunars, com el far de Cala Figuera (Foto 7a), cap Enderrocat, Son Serra de Marina (Foto 7b), etc.
En alguns d’aquests indrets la invasió de *Carpobrotus* és de tal magnitud que afecta seriosament la flora local, en alguns casos destruint comunitats riques en espècies endèmiques de les Illes. Per aquest motiu es tracta d’una de les pitjors espècies invasores que patim.
En els últims anys l’administració (Ministeri de Medi Ambient, Conselleria de Medi Ambient del Govern balear, Consell Insular de Menorca) i organitzacions no governamentals com el GOB han dedicat grans esforços a divulgar i fer conèixer a la societat la problemàtica actual d’aquesta espècie envers la nostra flora, i s’han executat protocols i campanyes d’eradicació al llarg de la costa balear, principalment a Mallorca i Menorca.
Així, per exemple, el Consell Insular de Menorca, a través d’un projecte LIFE, s’ha dedicat aquests darrers anys en l’eradicació d’aquesta espècie. S’han fet parcel·les d’experimentació on s’assagen tècniques d’eliminació manual i de regeneració de la vegetació autòctona. El 2003 ja s’havien eliminat 242.544 kg de restes de *Carpobrotus*, amb un total de 3.288 hores de feina. Tot això fa que el cost de la mà d’obra sigui molt elevat, aproximadament 1€/m². Entre altres accions, també es desenvoluparen tècniques de transformació del *Carpobrotus* eliminat en compost orgànic (Fraga et al. 2003).
8. Chamaesyce Gray. (Euphorbiaceae)
Nom comú en català: Lliterola.
Nom comú en castellà: Nogueruela.
(Fotos 8 i 8a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Plantes anuals, majorment postrades i de petita mida. Les fulles són oposades, distiques, assimètriques a la base i amb estípules, caràcters que les diferencien del gènere *Euphorbia*. La inflorescència és similar a la de les *Euphorbiaceae* amb la formació dels ciatis i els nectaris característics d’aquestes espècies. Les llavors no tenen carúncula. La pilositat de les plantes, la formació d’arrels adventícies, la ramificació de les tiges i la morfologia del fruit són caràcters essencials per a la seva identificació.
- **Ch. canescens** (L.) Prokh subsp. **canescens**: Planta anual, postrada i pilosa. Les tiges (30 cm) estan ramificades a partir de la base fins en vint-i-cinc tiges. Els nusos no arrelen. Les fulles tenen indument i són enteres o crenades. Les tiges i les fulles tenen coloracions vermellooses. Càpsula amb pilositat patent distribuïda uniformement. Les llavors estan transversalment granulades-rugoses.
- **Ch. postrata** (Aiton) Small: Planta anual, procumbent i pilosa. Les tiges (fins a 35 cm) estan ramificades a partir de la base fins en deu tiges vermellooses per damunt. Nusos sense arrel. Les fulles, amb marge serrat a la meitat superior, són obtuses i poc assimètriques a la base. El fruit està marcadament carenat amb pèls patents sobre les quilles.
- **Ch. maculata** (L.) Small: És una planta anual, procumbent i pubescent. Les tiges (fins a 30 cm) estan ramificades a partir la base fins en vuit tiges. Les fulles són assimètriques a la base i amb una macula (taca o senyal) púrpura a l’anvers. Càpsula glabra o amb pilositat distribuïda uniformement.
- **Ch. serpens** (Kunth) Small: Planta anual, procumbent i glabra. Les tiges (fins a 25 cm) estan ramificades fins en setze tiges. Les fulles són de color verd per ambdues cares i són poc assimètriques a la base. Els nusos foliars tenen gemmes que treuen arrels. Les carenes de les càpsules estan poc marcades.
- **Ch. nutans** (Lag.) Small: Planta anual erecta o erecta ascendent. Les tiges (40(55) cm) estan ramificades a partir de la base fins en sis tiges amb una banda longitudinal de pèls en els entrenusos. Les fulles són serrades amb una taca difusa a l’anvers i clarament trinèrvies al revers. Càpsules carenades i llises.
Diagnosi d’identificació
De les sis espècies de *Chamaesyce* presents a les Balears, només una és nativa del litoral mediterrani (*Chamaesyce pephis* (L.) Prokh.). A diferència de la resta, aquesta espècie és poc comuna, d’aspecte carnós una mica suculent que viu en ambients poc pertorbats de platges amb graves.
Tota la resta són espècies exòtiques, tenen entre si una morfologia molt semblant. Viuen postrades al sòl, són anuals i de petita mida. Amb un cop d’ull diríem que totes són iguals, però si ens hi acostem podem diferenciar-les fixant-nos en pocs caràcters morfològics molt discriminants. *Ch. nutans* és l’única que creix de forma ascendent. *Ch. serpens* és l’única sense pèls i les gemmes foliars de les tiges treuen arrels. Les fulles de *Ch. maculata* són molt assimètriques a la base i tenen una taca longitudinal vermellosa a l’anvers. Les càpsules de *Ch. postrata* són molt característiques amb les quilles longitudinals amb pèls patents. Aquesta espècie es pot confondre amb *Ch. canescens* subsp. *canescens*, però aquesta darrera té les càpsules amb una pilositat patent distribuïda de forma uniforme i no només a les carenes.
Distribució geogràfica
Llevat de *Ch. canescens*, la resta d’espècies són originàries d’Amèrica i estan molt disperses per la resta del món.
*Ch. canescens* subsp. *canescens* és originària de la regió mediterrània i el SW d’Àsia, introduïda al sud d’Amèrica.
*Ch. postrata* és originària del Carib i s’ha naturalitzat ampliament en el sud d’Europa i Àsia, est d’Àfrica i sud de l’Amèrica del Sud.
*Ch. maculata* és natural del nord d’Amèrica i la trobem naturalitzada a Europa, Àsia, nord d’Amèrica i Austràlia.
*Ch. serpens* és oriunda de l’Amèrica tropical, molt naturalitzada a les regions temperades.
*Ch. nutans* també és originària del Carib i s’ha naturalitzat ampliament a les regions mediterrànies, macaronèsica i iranoturànica.
Característiques ecològiques
Totes comparteixen el mateix hàbitat en zones molt pertorbades per l’home. Són molt freqüents en ambients ruderals, com les vores de camins i carreteres, rajoles dels carrers, camps abandonats, cultius (sobretot d’horta), i també, però d’una forma més esporàdica, vora la mar en costes rocoses.
Aquest gènere es veu afavorit per una climatologia temperada sense baixades brusques de temperatura.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Són plantes amb reproducció sexual que produeixen un gran nombre de llavors.
Com que viuen en llocs pertorbats amb nínxols buits i poques espècies que hi competeixen per l’espai, tenen gran capacitat de colonitzar nous espais. Són resistents a les pertorbacions, com la contaminació, el trepig, l’abocament d’escombraries…
**Situació a les Balears**
Les espècies més abundants presents a moltes de les vores de camins i camps de cultiu de les Balears són *Ch. postrata* (Foto 8) i *Ch. serpens*. Les altres *Chamaesyce* són rares.
*Ch. postrata* i *Ch. serpens* estan presents en totes les illes de les Balears; *Ch. canescens* subsp. *canescens* no està citada a Eivissa (Foto 8a). A Mallorca les trobem especialment a les zones més baixes. Per la part de la serra de Tramuntana no són tan abundants.
No són plantes perilloses per a la nostra flora a causa de la seva petita mida i al desenvolupament al final de l’estiu i la tardor, que no interfereix amb la flora nativa que conviu en ambients similars. D’altra banda, aquestes espècies només ocupen ambients molt pertorbats, que són de poc interès, enfrot de la nostra flora d’ambients naturals i poc pertorbats. Només poden ser un problema com a males herbes a les hortes.
9. Conyza Less. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: Coniza. Rama negra.
(Fotos 9 i 9a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Plantes anuals, flexuoses i erectes que poden arribar a fer més d’un metre d’alçada. A les Balears només en tenim tres espècies, totes tres al·lòctones.
*C. bonariensis* (L.) Cronq.: Planta anual densament pilosa, grisencsa i de 0,1–0,4(0,6) m d’alçada. Les fulles caulínars mitjanes són sublinears (2–6 cm de llargària) aparentment uninervades. Els capítols tenen de 8–10 mm amb bràctees involucrals piloses de 4–5 mm. El papus és de 4–6 mm.
*C. canadensis* (L.) Cronq.: Planta anual (rarament perennant), glabra o poc pilosa de 0,3–0,8 m d’alçada. Les fulles sovint ciliades al marge de 3–10 cm de llargària. Els capítols són de petita mida (3–5 mm).
*C. sumatrensis* (Retz.) E. Walker: Planta anual, robusta i pilosa de 0,5–2,5 m d’alçada. Les fulles caulínars mitjanes són estretament lanceolades (3–8 cm de llargària) amb nervis laterals generalment visibles. Les fulles basals són més amples i dentades.
Diagnosi d’identificació
*C. canadensis* és de fàcil identificació perquè no és pilosa i la panícula és esvelta i més oberta que la de les altres dues espècies de *Conyza*. El problema rau en el fet que en el camp passa desapercebuda a causa de la semblança amb les altres, perquè està en el mateix hàbitat i és de mida similar. Una vegada que la coneixem per primer cop, llavors és més fàcil separar els tres tàxons amb un cop d’ull. Inicialment és recomanable anar comprovant la pilositat de distints exemplars a fi d’aconseguir distingir-los.
*C. sumatrensis* la podem diferenciar de *C. bonarienses* perquè és més robusta i els capítols són més petits; a més generalment són de mida més gran i la panícula és més espessa, té la tendència a inclinar-se cap a un costat a causa del pes.
Distribució geogràfica
*C. bonarienses* i *C. sumatrensis* són de distribució americana (regions tropicals i subtropicals) naturalitzades a gran part de la regió mediterrània. *C. canadensis* és originària de l’Amèrica del Nord i naturalitzada a les regions temperades de tot el món.
Característiques ecològiques
Plantes molt freqüents a la Mediterrània en ambients pertorbats i remoguts. Amb el temps han anat guanyant espai a causa del moviment de terres i a l’antropització de l’espai. Principalment viuen en vores de camins i carreteres, cultius, camps abandonats, torrents i zones costaneres alterades per l’home. No és tan comuna en zones forestals i humides com les albuferes. Les temperatures extremes de la muntanya no són favorables per al desenvolupament d’aquestes espècies, que en general tenen un caràcter termòfil.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Pel fet de ser espècies de la família de les compostes tenen la capacitat de formar un gran nombre de llavors amb àpèndixs especials que les ajuden en la seva dispersió pel vent (víla). Les *Conyza* només tenen reproducció sexual i formen panícules amb molts de capítols que fructifiquen de manera abundant.
El mètode d’eradicació més eficaç és la utilització d’herbicidès en els primers estadis de vida després de la germinació. Però paradoxalment, l’ús regular d’herbicidès sembla afavorir aquestes espècies a llarg termini, ja que elimina la competència i genera espais buits ideals per a la seva germinació i el seu creixement.
Situació a les Balears
Igual que moltes de les exòtiques anuals, són de floració estival i de tardor. Totes estan presents a les Balears en ambients ruderals i setgeals. *C. bonarienses* és la més abundant de totes i sol ocupar grans extensions en vores de camins i camps de conreu, i pot arribar en alguns casos a ser dominant (Foto 9). Formen part de les comunes «males herbes» (juntament amb els *Amaranthus* i altres) anomenades pels pagesos (Foto 9a). *C. sumatrensis* també és molt comuna i abundant en els mateixos hàbitats però d’una forma més erràtica i discontinua (rarament l’hem trobada dominant l’espai). *C. canadensis* és molt rara. A Mallorca tan sols l’hem vista en tres punts aïllats i amb pocs exemplars (no més de deu en cada població); és més freqüent a l’illa de Menorca, per exemple en certs punts de la carretera Maó-Ciutadella.
10. Cyperus alternifolius L. (Cyperaceae)
Nom comú en català: Papir. Paraigua.
Nom comú en castellà: Papirio. Juncia. Planta paraguas. Paragúitas.
(Foto 10)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba verda i rizomatosa de 0,4-1,5 m d’alçada. Tija trigona i glabra. Bràctees involucrals escabres reunides en una roseta apical; umbel·la composta de radis prims, de 4-8 cm que neix al centre de la umbel·la de bràctees. Espiguetes grogues i oblongues de (3) 5-10 x 1,5-2 mm, amb 12-30 flors cadascuna.
Diagnosi d’identificació
És una planta robusta i alta que es caracteritza pel plomall de bràctees a la part terminal de les tiges. Del centre surten les inflorescències. *Cyperus longus* L. també té les tiges trigones i les inflorescències terminals formant una umbel·la, però l’espècie que ens ocupa és clarament més robusta i té una roseta de bràctees més nombrosa i llarga.
Sol colonitzar ambientes humits i vores de torrents.
Distribució geogràfica
Nativa de l’Àfrica tropical, Madagascar i Àrabia. Introduïda a Europa al voltant de 1780 (<http://club2.telepolis.com/mrpotato/PlantasW/PLANTA/499.htm>).
Característiques ecològiques
Només pot créixer en sòls humits d’aiguamolls i cursos d’aigua, malgrat que no necessàriament necessita llocs embassats. No li agrada la radiació solar directa ni les temperatures molt baixes. És més aviat termòfila.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta amb reproducció sexual (floració estival) i asexual per la formació de rizomes. És de creixement ràpid i és fàcil de cultivar.
No apareix a les llistes d’espècies invasores de la península Ibèrica però sí que és coneguda com a planta naturalitzada als EUA, encara que no està classificada com a invasora (<http://www.fleppc.org/Plantlist/99list.htm>).
11. *Disphyma crassifolium* (L.) Bolus i altres espècies de la família aizoàcies
Nom comú en català: Flor del migdia.
Nom comú en castellà: Flor del mediodía.
(Fotos 11, 11a i 11b)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
La família de les aizoàcies ha estat molt utilitzada en jardineria. La majoria de les espècies són rastreres i formen una coberta vegetal continua sobre el substrat. Tenen fulles carnoses disposades per parells als nusos. Originals de llocs àrids, s’adapten molt bé al nostre clima mediterrani, i moltes colonitzen el nostre medi natural. *Carpobrotus edulis* és una de les més conegudes i perilloses i es tracta en una fitxa a part, igual que *Mesembryanthemum crystallinum*. En aquest apartat tractem *Disphyma crassifolium*, que també té un comportament invasor, juntament amb altres espècies de la família que han estat detectades a les Illes (Pla et al. 1992, Gonçalves 1990, Fraga et al. 2004). Per descriure-les les hem agrupades per gèneres.
- Dins el grup d’arbustos amb fulles amb minúscules cèl·lules d’aigua, que els donen una aparença brillant, podem destacar el gènere *Drosanthemum*. Són plantes arbustives amb entrenusos visibles i tiges erectes o trepadores.
**Drosanthemum**: Arbusts de petits a erectes, de tiges marrons o ocre. L’apex de les fulles és circular, no fusionades per la base. Algunes espècies poden perdre les fulles a l’estiu. Les flors són de molts colors (blanc, groc, taronja, escarlata o púrpura) en grups o solitàries. Quan els estaminoides (estams estèrils) estan presents poden ser blancs, roses o negres obscurs, aquests darrers associats a flors vermelles o grogues. Quan els estaminoides filamentosos estan presents, els estams s’aixequen en un con central. Quan són absents, els estams apareixen esparsos. Els fruits estan sostinguts en tiges llargues i erectes. La base de la càpsula, normalment, té pèls llargs i una porció de la tija és de color clar sota cada un, clarament separat de la tija grana. Globalment els fruits són de color pal·lid i bastant efímers. A les Balears estan citades *D. floribundum* (Haw.) Schwantes i *D. hispidum* (L.) Schwantes.
- El gènere *Lampranthus* pertany al grup d’arbustos amb tiges erectes o trepadores amb fruit en forma de càpsula. Són plantes rastreres o de creixement erecte, de tiges llises i arrels fibroses. Els parells de fulles són lluïres o suavament fusionats per la base (50 mm de longitud), cilíndrics o triangulars amb l’apex despuntat o estilitat, de superfície llisa, que ocasionalment són puntats. Flors individuals o en petits grups, usualment en petits peduncles. Cinc sépals i nombrosos pètals blancs, grocs, taronges, vermellos o púrpures. No tenen estams estèrils o, si en tenen, són com un con al voltant dels estams. Glàndules nectaríferes en un anell continu amb petites dents. Fruit capsular llenyós, en forma d’ombut a la base amb cinc lòculs, grans valves alades (absents en rars casos), divergents quilles expansibles i fortes membranes de cobertura. Llavors en forma de pera o de D de color negre o marró. A les Balears estan citades *L. roseus* (Willd.) Schwantes i *L. multiradiatus* (Jacquin) N.E.Br.
La informació s'ha tret principalment de Smith et al. (1998), Heidrun i Hartmann (2001).
**Diagnosi d'identificació**
*Aptenia cordifolia*:
Inconfusible per les fulles planes i les petites flors vermelles.
*Disphyma crassifolium*:
Internodes cilíndrics. Fulles de secció foscament triangular a l'àpex i quasi semicilíndriques a la base, de quasi 2,5 cm de longitud, llises. Flors de color púrpura o rosa que s'obren passat el migdia, fan 27 mm de diàmetre. Nectaris en forma d'anells profundament crenulats.
*Drosanthemum floribundum*:
Tiges amb papil·les que terminen en pèls fins i aguts. Fulles cilíndriques en secció. Tiges florals d'1 a 5 cm. Tenen moltes flors que surten de branques curtes no terminals i els pètals són de color rosa pàl·lid.
*Drosanthemum hispidum*:
És igual que el *D. floribundum* però amb només 1-3 flors que surten de les tiges terminals i els pètals són de color púrpura.
*Lampranthus roseus*:
Fulles de 2,5-3 cm x 4 mm, de secció triangular, aplanades i amb punts translúcids a l'àpex. Flors solitàries de 4 cm de color rosa pàl·lid.
*Lampranthus multiradiatus*:
Intranusos de verds a púrpures. Fulles de secció triangular, glauques. Flors solitàries o en grups de tres, amb els pedicels bracteats a la meitat. Pètals de casi 27 mm i color carn.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Existeixen unes 2.500 espècies d'Aizoaceae, pròpies sobretot de les regions subtropicals poc plujoses. La majoria viuen a l’Àfrica del sud i a Austràlia. Moltes estan presents com a espècies ornamentals a totes les Illes, i algunes en el medi natural s’expandeixen per costes rocoses i sistemes dunars.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Plantes originàries d’indrets secs que poden suportar temperatures elevades i déficit d’aigua. Poden ocupar zones properes a la mar, especialment quan hi ha espais oberts, al voltant de cases i jardins. Requereixen ambients assolellats i exposats. Toleren els ambients degradats i nitrificats.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Plantes de creixement ràpid i fàcil propagació per llavors o esqueixos. Els fruits solen ser carnosos amb innombrables llavors que poden ser disseminades per petits animals (conills i rates) i, més rarament, per ocells.
El fet que se n’hagin trobat petites poblacions allunyades de nuclis urbans ens mostra que alguna d’aquestes espècies té capacitat de dispersar-se a llargues distàncies. No en sabem exactament el mecanisme concret i només podem plantejar la hipòtesi que pugui estar relacionat amb les gavines com a agent dispersor.
**Situació a les Balears**
Plantes rastreres molt comunes com a ornamentals a causa dels escassos requeriments hídrics que necessiten, del seu color sempre verd i de la gran quantitat de flors vistoses que produeixen.
Des dels jardins aquestes espècies poden expandir-se i colonitzar indrets rocosos pertorbats i propers a la mar. *Disphyma crassifolium* és l’espècie que més fàcilment pot naturalitzar-se: en algun indret l’hem vista ocupant extensions importants de terrenys com passa al cap Enderrocat (Mallorca), als penya-segats al voltant de Sóller (ermita de Santa Catalina) (Mallorca) o en urbanitzacions prop de Sant Antoni (Eivissa) (Foto 11b). De les altres espècies assenyalades n’hi ha petites poblacions que apareixen de forma esporàdica, normalment al costat de les urbanitzacions turístiques, però també en espais naturals que es troben lluny de llocs habitats, per exemple al Toro (Mallorca). És més rar, però s’ha vist en algun lloc concret que alguna d’aquestes espècies colonitza marges d’espais forestals a l’interior de les illes (per ex. cra. Establiments-Esporles). Probablement *Aptenia cordifolia* és l’espècie que té una major amplitud ecològica i és més àmpliament utilitzada als jardins, però no és la més perillosa al litoral perquè no es naturalitza amb facilitat.
12. *Ipomoea indica* (Burm.) Merr. (Convolvulaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Campanetes de jardí. Meravelles.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Maravillas. Enredadera. Suspiro.
(Foto 12)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Planta perenne, sarmentosa, d’1 a 10 m d’alçada, les fulles poden ser senceres a trilobades (4-20 x 3-15 cm). Les flors són axil·lars infundibuliformes de 4-9 cm, poc o gens lobulades de color blau amb bandes longitudinals roses i amb bractèoles lanceolades o filiformes. Les càpsules tenen dehiscència transversal.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Liana de gran mida i flors blaves, que pot generar confusió amb *I. purpurea* Roth. Ambdues són exòtiques i les podem diferenciar pel fet que aquesta darrera és anual, de fulles cordiformes (no trilobades), sépals pubescents i flors més petites (4-6 cm).
**Distribució geogràfica**
Totes dues són originàries dels països tropicals i subtropicals d’Amèrica. Actualment les localitzem com a subespontànies i naturalitzades a tota la Mediterrània i en països tropicals.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Són plantes que es naturalitzen en ambients humits i antropitzats.
Són plantes tipiques per a ornamentació i amb una elevada probabilitat de naturalització a partir de jardins propers a ambients naturals ombrívols, temperats i humits.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Sembla que aquesta planta té dificultats per a la dispersió a llarga distància, no està clar que pugui reproduir-se per llavors. Per a la seva naturalització és necessari un focus inicial d’expansió, ja que es pot regenerar a partir de petits fragments. Als torrents es pot dispersar asexualment quan són arrossegats trossos d’aquesta planta que poden arrelar.
El control manual és el més eficaç amb el desenvolupament de les plantes ja establertes. Una alternativa seria aplicar herbicides a principi de l’estiu.
<http://www.ebop.govt.nz/land/media/pdf/pp1700.pdf>.
**Situació a les Balears**
Aquesta espècie és molt comuna als jardins de cases a causa del seu creixement, sempre verd i ascendent per parets i murs, i per les flors blaves i elegants. *I. indica* és la més abundant i comuna a les nostres illes. Se sol escampar dels jardins als camps adjacents i pot, en algunes situacions, recobrir de forma important grans àrees de terreny i provocar l’ofegament de la vegetació ja existent (Foto 12). Aquest fet es dóna molt sovint en torrents urbans amb cases limitrofes. *I. indica* és una planta que pot arribar a ser una invasora molt perillosa.
Quan aquesta planta arriba a un torrent, les conseqüències poden ser molt perjudicials, ja que pràcticament, i amb el temps, la vegetació nativa queda coberta per l’*Ipomoea* i es provoca un canvi estructural del torrent en favor d’una nova situació en què *Ipomoea* és l’espècie dominant.
*I. purpurea* està present com a planta ornamental i de vegades com a subespontània. No la trobem naturalitzada en el medi natural. Ambdues espècies estan a totes les illes de les Balears.
13. *Nicotiana glauca* Graham (Solanaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Tabac de jardí.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Gandul. Tabaco moro. Árbol del tabaco. Tabaco negro. Tabaco moruno.
(Foto 13)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Arbust poc ramificat, perenne i de color verd glauc (3-10 m). Fulles gruixudes, corretjoses, glauques, sense pèls, amb forma de cor o avades, el·líptiques o lanceolades de 5-25 cm. Flors en panicules de tiges gruixudes i erectes quan estan en fruit (7-12 mm). Calze d’1-1,5 cm, cilíndric i de dents triangulars. Corol·la de 3-4 cm x 6-8 mm, cilíndrica i groga. Càpsula de 7-15 mm àmpliament el·líptica inclosa en el calze.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Arbust o petit arbre, amb fulles lanceolades de color glauc i escorça també glauca. Fa unes flors grans, tubulosos, de color groc. Les altres *Nicotiana* que hi ha a les Balears són plantes herbàcies i no es poden confondre amb aquesta.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Procedent del sud d’Amèrica (l’Argentina, el Paraguai, Bolívia). Introduïda en àrees temperades: Amèrica (Mèxic), Àfrica, Àsia (Israel), Austràlia, illes oceàniques (Santa Helena) (Cronk i Fuller 2001).
**Característiques ecològiques**
Pot viure tant en ambients àrids (per exemple és una invasora a l’illa de Lanzarote a les Canàries) com humits (a les Balears sovint colonitza els torrents). Resistent a la sequera i tolerant a un ampli rang de condicions ambientals (pot créixer en sòls amb una certa salinitat). Floreix a la primavera fins l’estiu.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Elevada producció de llavors que són dispersades pel vent i els corrents d’aigua amb molta facilitat (les plantes adultes poden produir al voltant de deu mil a un milió de petites llavors). Pot ser verinosa per al bestiar. Germina a temperatures de 7 °C i 30 °C. És una planta de creixement ràpid. Les plantes juvenils creixen molt ràpidament perquè les seves grans fulles són les responsables de l’adequada eficiència d’assimilació. Durant el primer any les plantes floreixen i poden arribar a alçades de més de 3 m. És relativament tolerant als danys mecànics. Tot plegat fa que sigui una planta que pot convertir-se en invasora amb facilitat, especialment en llocs oberts i alterats on hi ha poca competència de la flora llenyosa local.
Dana et al. (2002) li dóna la màxima categoria de perillositat.
**Situació a les Balears**
Molt freqüent a Mallorca en llocs alterats i degradats, com les vores de camins, camps abandonats i llits de torrents (ex.a Mallorca: ses Fontanelles, polígon de Can Valero, carretera Arenal-Llucmajor, marina de Magaluf…). És una planta perillosa que comença a ser abundant a les Illes. Quan creix vigorosament pot formar poblacions monoespècifiques molt denses. Curiosament també és molt comú trobar aquesta planta a les parcel·les de terra no edificades entre les cases de les urbanitzacions. Se n’han vist poblacions realment grans prop dels abocadors que hi ha a Gènova (Mallorca). Aquesta planta també es trobava a l’illa de Cabrera, però va ser eradicada després de la declaració com a Parc Nacional.
14. Opuntia maxima Miller (Cactaceae)
Nom comú en català: Figuera de moro. Figa de moro. Palera. Figuera de pic. Figuerassa.
Nom comú en castellà: Chumbera. Higos chumbos. Tuno. Nopal.
(fotos 14 i 14a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust de tiges engrossides i carnoses que poden arribar fins a 1-5 m d’alçada. Branques formades per articles superposats que adquireixen una morfologia de pales (cladodis) planes, suculentes, de color verd i amb areòles que porten (0)-1-2 espines d’1-2’5 cm. Les fulles són molt petites (3 mm) i quasi inexistents. Flors solitàries, grans (6-10 cm) i de color groguenc. Baia espinosa i vermellosa de 5-9 cm. Espècie molt polimorfa.
Diagnosi d’identificació
O. maxima és l’espècie més gran i freqüent del gènere a les Illes. Per diferenciar aquesta espècie d’altres del mateix gènere ens hem de fixar principalment en: 1) la forma i mida dels cladodis, que són oblongoel·líptics (20-50 x 10-30 x 1-3 cm); 2) el nombre i la mida de les espines i també en 3) les flors solitàries de color groc. Antigament tenia el nom d’O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller.
Unes altres espècies detectades com a naturalitzades o subespontànies són: O. microdasys (Lehmann) Pfeiffer., de petita mida amb areòles sense grans espines (rarament una). O. ammophila Small, també és de mida petita amb el fruit de color púrpura i cladodis petits amb espines. O. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) Haw., es caracteritza perquè les areòles tenen rosetes d’espines molt grans i arquejades, rodejades per glícodis (espinetes més petites). D’altra banda, O. imbricata (Haw) DC i O. subulata (Mühlenpfordt) Engelm, tenen tiges cilíndriques i s’aparten de les morfologies clàssiques del gènere.
Distribució geogràfica
Originària de l’Amèrica tropical i molt dispersa per tota la Mediterrània, les Canàries i gran part de les regions calentes, Àfrica, Hawaii, nord d’Amèrica i nord d’Àsia.
Característiques ecològiques
Com a bona representant de la família de les Cactaceae, pot viure en ambient extrem de temperatures elevades i exposicions a les influències marines (aerosols marins, fort vent i aridesa). Els seus requeriments de profunditat i nutrients del sòl no són gaire elevats, cosa que li permet desenvolupar-se en medis pobres en recursos.
Les seves tiges suculentes confereixen la capacitat de retenció d’aigua, cosa que permet a la planta suportar períodes prolongats de sequera.
No se sol trobar en cotes altes i en penya-segats de muntanya.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Les baies, fruit de la reproducció sexual, són carnoses i estan plenes de llavors. En la seva maduresa s’obren i deixen a l’abast de petits animals (entre els quals hi ha els ocells) la polpa plena de llavors. La zoocòria o disseminació per animals permet la colonització de nous espais enfora de la planta mare (Gimeno and Vilà 2002).
També es pot dispersar fàcilment asexualment: els cladodis es trenquen de la planta mare i cauen en terra, on arrelen i formen nous individus. Si no hi ha pendent, la població només es desenvoluparà als voltants de la planta original; però si es tracta d’una àrea de pendent pronunciada (penya-segats), els cladodis podran arribar més lluny a favor del pendent i arrelar en nous indrets.
A les illes Canàries les opúnties han envaït superfícies enormes a partir del conreu per a la producció de cotxinilla com també ha passat a moltes altres parts del món: Austràlia, Sud-àfrica, illes de l’Índic, etc.
El caràcter invasor de les opúnties ha fet que s’hagin inclòs dins les cent espècies més perilloses de la UICN (en aquest cas Opuntia stricta Haworth).
L’Organisme Autònom de Parcs Nacionals Espanyols (2003) ha classificat aquesta espècie com a A.1.1: «Muy peligrosa para los ecosistemas naturales y seminaturales».
Hi ha experiències reeixides a Austràlia de control d’Opuntia invasora amb lluita biològica, utilitzant un insecte específic de les cactàcies: Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), però aquest insecte va ser introduït a l’Amèrica del Nord i ara amenaça les cactàcies autòctones.
Localment pot ser controlada amb herbívors (per exemple les vaques l’han eliminada a s’Albufera) (J. Mayol 2004, com. pers.).
Situació a les Balears
*O. maxima* és una planta exòtica amb renom des de molt antic. Es plantava a causa del seu fruit comestible i també per servir (en certes races) com a farratgera, a les terres mediterrànies meridionals. Per cultivar aquesta planta es varen crear els anomenats «figuerals» o tanques de figueres, actualment la majoria abandonats o en desús. Un altre ús, més modern, és el de cobrir talussos assolellats de carreteres i mitjanes com també en els jardins privats de cases com a planta ornamental.
Al medi natural la considerem perillosa en zones del litoral i penya-segats (per exemple, costa del sud-est de Mallorca, coves d’Artà (Foto 14a), la Mola de Formentera), també s’està estenent en algunes garrigues d’ullastrar, especialment visibles als turons de la tramuntana de Menorca.
Sovint s’estén a partir d’un focus d’enderrocs; així, és molt comú trobar un focus de runes per sobre dels penya-segats que estan envaïts per *Opuntia*. També els jardins, en zones costaneres, poden actuar com a focus d’invasió; així, en la majoria d’àrees costaneres on hi ha antigues zones militars o fars, la trobarem sembrada i freqüentment naturalitzada en la costa rocosa o penya-segats de la zona.
Un altre punt d’expansió d’aquesta planta són els ja nomenats figuerals. En alguns casos de l’illa de Menorca es pot veure que aquesta planta suculenta colonitza petits monticles adjacents al figueral. Malgrat que en altres casos aquest fet és el contrari, és la garriga adjacent la que penetra dins el figueral abandonat i l’ofega reduint-ne l’àrea d’expansió.
Les vores de carreteres i camins, els torrents antropitzats i els camps abandonats propers als pobles i les ciutats són ambients on també podem trobar aquesta espècie. En aquestes àrees, *O. maxima* s’expandeix de forma aïllada i controlada per la falta d’espai.
L’eradicació d’aquesta espècie pot ser bastant problemàtica, ja sigui per la densitat d’algunes de les poblacions com per la dificultat d’accedir a molts de llocs on s’ha instal·lat. Caldria, però, començar a dissenyar sistemes de control, almenys als espais més valuosos.
S’han trobat altres espècies d’*Opuntia* naturalitzades a les Balears, com per exemple *Opuntia dillenii* (Ker-Gawler) Haw. i *O. microdasys* (Lehmann) Pfeiffer. I com a espècies subespontànies *O. ammophila* Small i *Opuntia subulata* (Mühlenfordt) Engelm.
15. Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Oxalidaceae)
Nom comú en català: Vinagrella. Flor d'avellana. Fel i vinagre. Canari. Aspres. Caramelles.
Nom comú en castellà: Agrios. Hiel y vinagre. Ásperas. Caramelos. Dormilón. Vinagrillo.
(Foto 15)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba que forma gespes, disposa de bulbs enterrats, dels quals surt una tija subterrània ascendent. Les fulles es reuneixen en una roseta i estan formades per tres foliolos obcordiformes de 8-20 x 7-30 mm, amb un llarg pecioli de 5-20 cm. Les flors són de color groc i surten en umbel·la sobre un peduncle de 10-30 cm.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Les fulles són inconfusibles, són trifoliades amb foliolis amb forma de cor que es troben sobre un pecioli de prop de 20 cm; també és molt característica la seva flor groga.
A les Balears també trobem *O. corniculata* L. que es pot diferenciar per les seves tiges folioses aèries ben desenvolupades i perquè no forma bulbs ni rizomes. A més es reconeix per la mida dels pètals, que són més petits de 4-8 mm (els d’*O. pes-caprae* són de 2-3 cm) i pel fruit, que és allargat; la càpsula d’*O. pes-caprae* és oblonga i curta i normalment no arriba a madurar.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta originària del cap de Bona Esperança (Sud-àfrica) i ara dispersa per tota la Mediterrània i el nord d’Àfrica. Principalment en àrees de clima temperat és una mala herba per als cultius i les pastures. Va arribar al sud d’Europa durant el segle XIX; es diu que on primer va arribar va ser a l’illa de Malta i després es va escampar per Europa (<http://www.marz-keations.com/WildPlants/OXIL/Oxalis_pescarpes.html#NOM>). Alguns comenten que foren introduïdes a la vall de Sóller com a mètode de control de les males herbes en els marges d’oliveres i tarongers, tan cèlebres en aquesta comarca. <http://www.natuweb.com/paginasasp/Contenido.asp?ID=4650&Nombre=>.
Característiques ecològiques
Aquesta planta de caràcter mediterrani pot viure en un ventall molt gran d’ambients, però estima més els sòls humits i ben drenats. Es comporta com una planta termòfila, per això és una planta freqüent a les hortes i els cultius de tarongers. Rebutja els sòls salabrosos i els ambient freds amb gelades. Es tracta d’una planta heliòfita, és a dir que no tolera l’ombra i per això sol faltar en llocs amb vegetació densa.
Paradoxalment a la seva general consideració de mala herba, *Oxalis pes-caprae* també està acreditada com una planta que beneficia els cultius de cítrics, inhibint el desenvolupament de fongs patògens, d’herbes que poden competir amb els arbres i millorant les característiques físicocíquimiques del sòl. <http://www.agroecologia.net/agroecologia/plagas_AE.pdf>.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
A Europa aquesta planta es reproduceix gairebé únicament de forma asexual. La seva gran dispersió per tot el territori és conseqüència dels moviments de terra i les activitats dels pagesos en els horts i camps de cultiu. Cada bulb pot arribar a produir més de vint bulbs; quan es llaura el sòl, es dispersa tota aquesta quantitat de propàguls, que poden arrelar l’any següent i florir (reproducció asexual). D’aquesta manera, i gràcies a les pràctiques del llaurat, i als moviments del terra, el nombre de bulbs augmenta considerablement any rere any. Però si la terra es llaura abans de la floració (gener), pot arribar a ser controlada aquell any.
No forma flors per reproducció sexual perquè les flors no són fecundades.
Es pot consultar una informació més exhaustiva a: <http://www.marz-keations.com/WildPlants/OXIL/Oxalis_pescarpes.html>.
Situació a les Balears
*Oxalis pes-caprae* és l’espècie introduïda més abundant i majorment dispersa per totes les illes de les Balears. Probablement introduïda al segle XIX, ara ja forma part del nostre paisatge. Abans de Nadal comença a créixer i pel mes de gener i febrer tots els camps estan tonyits de groc (Foto 15). La floració és hivernal.
És una espècie dominant en camps de cultiu, horts, vores de camins i carreteres; també pot aparèixer als marges de torrents i zones litorals (dunes i costes rocoses) alterades i pertorbades per la mà de l’home. Dificulta el desenvolupament del farrateg i de les plantes arvenses.
Per als pagesos és una planta molt perjudicial en el sentit que el seu recobriment en els horts i camps de cultiu és màxim, i es fa necessària una arada prèvia abans de la sembra per evitar-ne la floració. Un altre problema greu, en aquest cas per al bestiar, és la ingestió de la vinagrella, que provoca la formació i acumulació d’oxalats que no poden digerir i que pot arribar a causar la mort dels animals.
És molt més rara a les garrigues i els boscos, per la qual cosa no representa un problema ecològic rellevant per als ambients més naturals.
16. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx) Schribner (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: Gram d’aigua.
Nom comú en castellà: Páspalo.
(Fotos 16 i 16a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba amb rizoma (0,2-0,4 (1) m), glabrescent amb fulles de 5-15 x (0,2) 0,3-0,7(1) cm. Inflorescència formada per dues espigues (2-5 (7) cm) de base poc distant, erectes, la terminal està pedunculada i la lateral és subsessil, amb un fascicle de pèls a la base del peduncle.
Diagnosi d’identificació
És molt semblant a *P. vaginatum* Swartz, nativa de l’àrea neotropical (Amèrica). El punt clau per diferenciar-les és que els peduncles de les espigues de *P. vaginatum* són similars en longitud, mentre que a *P. paspalodes* una espiga està pedunculada i l’altra no. *P. dilatatum* Poiret també és present a les Balears (Mallorca) i és oriunda de les zones tropicals i subtropicals d’Amèrica. Aquesta espècie és més gran i està formada per més de dues inflorescències (2) 3-5 (11) distants entre si i pedunculades.
Distribució geogràfica
*P. paspalodes* és oriunda de les zones tropicals i subtropicals d’Amèrica. És una planta d’introducció moderna distribuïda per tota la Mediterrània i gran part de la península Ibèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
Pròpia d’ambients humits i cursos d’aigua. Necessita créixer en llocs que estan intermitentment en contacte amb l’aigua. No tolera la sequera.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
És una herba rizomatosa, fet que li confereix la capacitat d’arrelar cada vegada més enfora i anar ocupant espai en llargària; és un mecanisme de reproducció asexual.
També té reproducció sexual amb la formació d’espigues floríferes que fructifiquen i disseminen les llavors afavorides per la circulació de l’aigua.
Control mitjançant herbicides i tècniques de control manual durant èpoques sense corrents d’aigua. El control de les espècies exòtiques aquàtiques és especialment perilós a causa del moviment d’aquest medi. Aquesta planta arriba a estar submergida a l’aigua i a arrelar al fons, fet que en dificulta l’eradicació manual amb la possible pèrdua de parts dels rizomes dispersos pel medi. D’altra banda, la utilització d’herbicides en medis aquàtics pot tenir conseqüències greus.
Situació a les Balears
Aquesta gramínia colonitza els fons dels torrents (ex.: torrent de la Pesquera d’Artà (Foto 16a), sa Riera, torrent que desemboca a la Cala de Sant Vicenç, Mallorca; Hort de Sant Joan, Menorca…) i, de vegades, els marges de camins en llocs humits, on forma extenses gespes monoespecífiques. Això és degut a la formació de nombrosos rizomes que s’estenen pel terra.
17. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Nom comú en català: Rici, Riciner, Cagamuja, Cagamutxo, Enfiter, Figuera infernal.
Nom comú en castellà: Ricino, Higuera infernal, Tártago.
(Foto 17)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust perenne, però de vegades pot comportar-se com una herba anual, robust i de color verd fosc amb coloracions vermelloses de 0,1–0,4 (1) m d’alçada. No forma làtex. Les fulles són palmatipartides de 0,1–0,3 (0,6) m de diàmetre i amb els segments aguts. Panícules floríferes a la part superior de les branques, amb les flors masculines a la part basal i les femenines a la part superior de la inflorescència. Són flors molt senzilles i poc aparents. Càpsula espinosa.
Diagnosi d’identificació
No té confusió amb cap altra planta de les Balears. Podem destacar les coloracions vermelloses de la planta (principalment de la inflorescència), les grans fulles palmades i les inflorescències ja fructificades amb les càpsules espinoses de color vermellós.
Distribució geogràfica
Aquesta planta prové de l’Àfrica intertropical i actualment està cultivada i naturalitzada als països calents de tot el món. Sud d’Àfrica, nord-oest d’Àsia, Israel, Pacific (Hawaii), Austràlia i centre d’Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
És pròpia d’ambients humits i pertorbats lligats a les zones urbanes i circumval·lacions. No sol resistir gaire el fred de l’hivern.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Aquesta espècie es dispersa a través de les llavors, que poden ser disseminades per ocells i mamífers (inclosos els humans) i per la circulació de l’aigua als torrents. És una planta amb un lligam a l’activitat humana i a l’alteració del medi.
Les llavors són altament tòxiques a causa del seu contingut de ricí: la ingestió d’unes quantes llavors és suficient per causar la mort.
Dins les espècies presents als parcs nacionals d’Espanya ha estat catalogada com a A1.2: invasora reconeguda i potencialment perillosa de penetrar als ecosistemes naturals (Dana et al. 2002).
El mètode més eficaç de control és el manual.
Situació a les Balears
La seva introducció començà com a planta ornamental i/o més rarament com a planta oleïfera a les contrades mediterrànies marítimes (de les granes s’extreu l’oli de ricí). És present a totes les illes (abundant a Mallorca i rar a Menorca i Eivissa) del nostre arxipèlag llevat de Cabrera, i concretament a molts de torrents en els trams més urbanitzats. Qualque pic apareix de forma molt abundant ocupant el torrent de forma densa; per exemple la trobem amb abundància als voltants de la ciutat de Palma, al torrent del Portocristo i les rodalies de Sóller, etc. És una planta potencialment perillosa amb la capacitat d’envair densament els cursos d’aigua i desestructurar les comunitats pròpies dels torrents.
Uns altres hàbitats on pot desenvolupar-se són els horts, les cunetes i els camps de conreu amb un grau alt de pertorbació i sòls humits. En aquests hàbitats sol aparèixer de forma menys densa.
18. Senecio cineraria de Candolle (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Cinerària. Donzell de mar.
Nom comú en castellà: Cenicera marítima. Cenicienta. Cenizo. Cineraria.
(Foto 18)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Mata fruticosa i ramificada des de la base de color verd blanquinós de 3-6 dm d’alçada. Fulles ovades o ovatolanceolades de 3-10 x 1,5-5 cm profundament bipinnatipartides, amb els segments oblongs, de color verd per l’anvers i blanc pel revers. Capítols (12-15 mm) grocs en corimbe dens.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Mata de color cendra i fulles profundament bipinnatipartides. Capítols agrupats de color crema fosc o grocs. No té possibilitat de confusió amb altres espècies.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta pròpia de la Mediterrània central i oriental.
Característiques ecològiques
Planta mediterrània adaptada a les condicions de sequera a l’estiu i baixes temperatures a l’hivern.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Pel fet de ser una planta mediterrània, té la capacitat de créixer i desenvolupar-se en els nostres ecosistemes. Només es reproduceix sexualment i els fruits són disseminats pel vent.
Situació a les Balears
Cultivada com a planta ornamental i naturalitzada en ambients costaners i vores de camins i carreteres. Sovint es dispersa per ambients degradats i molt lligats a l’home. Pot formar poblacions grans d’individus. S’estén per les vores de les carreteres de totes les illes a partir dels jardins (per ex. a la carretera de Maó a Ciutadella vora l’accés a l’aeroport) i al costat de les urbanitzacions i ocupa els ecosistemes litorals, com per exemple a la Cala de Sant Vicenç, sa Calobra, Son Verí, Sant Elm, la Cala de Deià (Mallorca).
Com que és una espècie pròpia de la Mediterrània, s’ha dubtat si la seva presència a les Balears era o no com a espècie autòctona. La distribució actual indubtablement ligada a la urbanització del litoral i els seus jardins fa més evident que es tracta d’una planta al·lòctona amb una capacitat certa de colonitzar vigorosament els nostres espais costaners i les garrigues, com passa a terres properes com les illes italianes. El seguiment d’aquesta espècie és ben recomanable.
19. *Solanum bonariense* L. (Solanaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** -
**Nom comú en castellà:** Naranjillo.
(Fotos 19 i 19a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Arbust perenne que pot fer més de dos metres d’alçada, amb les fulles lanceolades grans (6-20 x 3-13 cm), de vegades lobulades, cobertes de forma molt dispersa de pèls estelats. Cimes amb flors nombroses de color blau cel de 25-35 mm de diàmetre, dividida en lòbuls triangulars. Baia groga i esfèrica de 7-10 mm.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Arbust bastant gran, és l’espècie de les solanàcies més gran de la nostra flora. Té fulles enteres o lleugerament lobulades, i les flors són grans d’uns 3 cm de diàmetre, de color blanc o blau cel.
L’única confusió possible és amb *Solanum dulcamara* L. La diferència principal és que aquesta planta és més petita i voluble, té pèls no ramificats i les flors, encara que siguin violetes, són més petites de 10-15 (20) mm de diàmetre i els lòbuls són molt profunds, a més el fruit és vermell.
*Solanum elaeagnifolium* Cav. és una altra espècie de Solanaceae exòtica a les Balears però que només trobem esporàdicament de forma subespontània. És molt similar a *Solanum bonariense* però amb les fulles més petites, estretes, grisencques i densament cobertes per pèls estelats.
**Distribució geogràfica**
És original de l’Amèrica del Sud temperada i està naturalitzada en terres austromediterrànies.
**Característiques ecològiques**
És present a les contrades mediterrànies d’hivern temperat. No li agraden els ambients costaners i d’alta muntanya.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Com altres espècies exòtiques, la seva presència està ligada a l’activitat de l’home. No la trobem en llocs naturals sense pertorbació. Disseminació dels fruits per barocòria o zoocòria.
**Situació a les Balears**
Cultivada com a ornamental i subespontània i/o naturalitzada a gran part de les nostres cunetes i als camps abandonats (Foto 19a). És present a totes les illes de les Balears i sol ocupar espais antropitzats i degradats. És molt comuna vora els llocs de recollida de fems, als solars abandonats i a les sortides i entrades dels pobles i les ciutats. També pot ocupar llits de torrents urbans (ex.: Gènova, sa Riera).
20. Soliva stolonifera (Brot.) R. Br. ex G. Don f. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: -
(Foto 20)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Petita herba anual, postrada i pilosa de 2-5 cm de diàmetre. Tiges radicants de 2-5 cm i fulles peciolades pinnatisectes. Capítols sèssils de 5-8 mm de diàmetre. Floració de març fins a abril.
Diagnosi d'identificació
Planta diminuta, que viu completament aplicada al terra, té fulles de marge retallat i forma les flors just al nivell del sòl. Els capitols són grocs, i tornen grisos en fructificar. S'estén per terra formant estolons; això li permet ocupar superfícies de terreny que poden arribar a ser d'alguns metres quadrats. Viu en llocs secs i oberts, generalment al costat de camins per on circula el bestiar. També es troba entre les rajoles dels carrers poc transitats.
Pot coincidir amb *Crepis pusilla* (Sommier) Merxm., que és una altra composta diminuta que fa els capitols a ran de terra, però aquesta espècie no té les fulles amb el marge retallat i per tant és fàcil de diferenciar.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta originària de l'Amèrica del Sud (l'Uruguai i NE de l'Argentina) i actualment naturalitzada a la regió oest mediterrània.
Característiques ecològiques
Viu en sòls argilosos, humits durant la primavera, molt calcigats però poc pertorbat. La floració és primaveral per aprofitar les òptimes condicions d'aquesta època de temperatures mitjanes i precipitacions. A causa de la seva petita mida, pot sobreviure al trepig de l'home i el bestiar.
Característiques bibliogràfiques, amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Poseeix els dos tipus de reproducció (sexual i asexual). Es veu afavorida per la capacitat de formar tiges radicants i també per la formació de llavors. La posició dels capitols, compactes i just arran de terra, s'interpreta com una adaptació a la dispersió per les potes dels ungulats, per tant es dispersa per les zones per on passa el bestiar, sempre que no sigui tan intens que provoqui la degradació del sòl. Aquest mecanisme de dispersió també n'explica la presència entre les rajoles dels carrers. De fet, a la classificació fitosociològica de les comunitats vegetals, es considera una espècie característica de les comunitats viàries.
Situació a les Balears
A Mallorca només és present a la part sud de l'illa. Està naturalitzada a les pastures de plantes anuals que es fan a les garrigues obertes de l'ullastrar (*Oleo-Ceratonion*) de la marina de Llucmajor, associada al pas d'animals. A Menorca es coneix entre les rajoles dels carrers de Maó.
21. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: Canyota, Canyet.
Nom comú en castellà: Cahiota, Millaca, Sorgo, Maicillo.
(Foto 21a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Gramínia perenne, glabrescent i erecta de 0,5-1(2,2) m d’alçada. Fulles d’1-2 cm d’amplada amb el nervi mitjà blanc. Panicula laxa de 10-30(40) cm. Inflorescència en grups de 2(3), la inferior sèssil i hermafrodita, i la superior pedicel·lada i masculina o estèril.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Gramínia relativament gran, pot arribar a fer dos metres. Les fulles no fan més de dos centímetres d’amplada; aquest caràcter la diferencia de *Sorghum bicolor* (L.) Moench (Foto 21), que té fulles més amples a més de ser una espècie anual mentre que *S. halepense* és perenne i presenta un rizoma. La inflorescència es caracteritza perquè les espiguetes, de color vermellós, estan agrupades en grups de dues o tres a sobre de peduncles, la inferior és hermafrodita mentre que la superior està pedunculada i sol ser masculina.
Distribució geogràfica
És nativa de la franja paleotropical, mediterrània i de l’Iran. És un arqueòfit del sud d’Europa, és a dir, una planta exòtica aclimatada a les nostres Illes des de temps antics. Està introduïda en regions de clima mediterrani.
Característiques ecològiques
Pròpia d’indrets assolellats i poc humits. Dispersa pels voltants d’àrees de cultius i horts.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta rizomatosa, fet que que li confereix la possibilitat de rebrotar l’any següent. També té reproducció sexual amb la formació de llavors de petita mida que són disseminades pel vent i per la gravetat.
Creix millor sota altes intensitats luminoses i altes temperatures, perquè disposa de metabolisme de tipus C4.
El control mecànic és limitat perquè es reproduceix vegetativament. S’ha trobat que una planta provenint de llavor o rizoma, de més de vint dies d’edat, suporta vuit talls setmanals consecutius sense morir. Tradicionalment ha estat considerada una mala herba que genera problemes als conreus d’estiu. Pot resultar tòxica pel bestiar.
Els rizomes d’aquesta espècie suporten una dessecació fins d’un 75% del seu pes fresc sense perdre la viabilitat i a més aquests òrgans toleren −9°C sense morir.
(<http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_halepense>).
Situació a les Balears
Naturalitzada en vores de camins, carreteres i herbassars ruderals del centre de les illes, prop de les àrees de cultiu.
No la considerem una espècie perillosa per a la nostra flora perquè rarament apareix entre la vegetació natural, però es pot comportar com una mala herba dels cultius.
22. *Spartium junceum* L. (Fabaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Ginesta. Ginesta vera. Ginestera. Herba de ballester.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Canarios. Gayomba. Genista de España. Hiniestra. Retama de flor. Retama de los jardines. Retama macho.
(Fotos 22 i 22a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Arbust de tiges verdes, erectes i finament estriades d’1-3(5) m d’alçada. Té poques i petites fulles oblongolínears. Flors de color groc (2-2,5 cm) en raïms terminals bracteolats. Llegums de 6-8(10) x (0,4)0,6-0,8 cm, comprimits i de color negre a la maduritat.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Arbust alt, pot arribar a fer 5 m, molt ramificat amb branques amb aspecte juniciforme: verdes i aparentment sense fulles. De fet les fulles són petites i lanceolades o linears i cauen ràpidament. Les flors són grans de més de 2 cm d’un groc molt viu. Surten a la part de dalt de les branques i fan inconfusible aquesta espècie. A més, la reconeixem perquè el calze sembla format per una sola peça, sense dents, que abraça la flor per baix i s’obre per dalt. Els fruits són llegums molt comprimits que es tornen negres en madurar. Les *Retama* spp. poden tenir una fisonomia similar, però tenen unes branques més fines i que pengen.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Planta d’origen mediterrani, naturalitzada i subespontània a les Balears. Actualment està naturalitzada en altres parts del món amb clima mediterrani. A l’Amèrica del Nord, per exemple, la consideren una planta molt perillosa.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Requereix sòls ben drenats i preferiblement calcaris. Té un comportament oportunista i ocupa preferentment territoris oberts i alterats. Està adaptada al clima mediterrani i és resistent a la sequera. També pot viure en sòls rocosos poc fèrtils. Pot florir en diferents moments de l’any però la florida principal es dóna al final de la primavera.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Propagació sexual per llavors. També pot créixer a partir de petits trossos. Les llavors no necessiten cap tractament previ per germinar.
Per a un perfil d’aquesta planta i tècniques d’eradicació vegeu:
<http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/sparjun.html>.
<http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/moredocs/spajun01.html>.
**Situació a les Balears**
Aquesta espècie no és pròpia de la nostra flora, malgrat ésser d’origen mediterrani. Està plantada freqüentment a les autopistes i s’ha naturalitzat a molts d’indrets de les Illes colonitzant torrents i garrigues prop de les carreteres (Foto 22a).
La considerem una espècie potencialment perillosa per als nostres ecosistemes perquè té la capacitat de penetrar dins les nostres garrigues, a diferència de la major part de les plantes ali-loctones. També colonitza les vores dels torrents. Actualment no és gaire freqüent, però sembla que està en expansió. Pel seu caràcter invasor, podria manifestar-se de forma més agressiva si es produeix un incendi als llocs on viu actualment. La imatge de terres properes tant al litoral espanyol com italià ens mostren el seu potencial invasor.
Hi ha poblacions notables en tota la comarca al voltant de Valldemossa, als marges de la carretera a Llucmajor, la carretera de Maó a es Grau (Menorca), etc.
Considerem que actuar sobre aquesta espècie és una prioritat.
23. Tropaeolum majus Ruiz & Pavón (Tropaeolaceae)
Nom comú en català: Caputxina. Morritort d’Índies. Morrissà. Bequera. Llaguera.
Nom comú en castellà: Capuchinas. Taco de reina.
(Fotos 23 i 23a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta enfadissa, anual o perennant de fulles orbiculars (4-15 cm de diàmetre) amb llargs pecíols que surten del centre de les fulles (peltades). Les flors són molt cridaneres d’un color vermell ataronjat amb una característica prolongació allargada a la base (esperó). El fruit és format per tres porcions separables (mericarps) amb una llavor a cada una.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Planta que pot arribar a fer autèntiques catifes als llocs que ocupa, generalment als marges i fons de torrents amb prou iluminositat. És ben fàcil de diferenciar per les fulles i flors. Les fulles tenen el limbe arrodonit fins 15 cm de diàmetre, i amb el pecioli que surt del centre de la fulla (fulles peltades); són de color verd una mica groguenc. Les flors són grans de color taronja i destaquen vivament entre els herbassars verds; les flors tenen un llarg esperó.
Distribució geogràfica
Cultivada com a planta ornamental, dispersa de manera naturalitzada i subespontània per la regió mediterrània i a la muntanya mitjana. Originària dels països tropicals i subtropicals d’Amèrica (Veneçuela, Colòmbia, l’Equador, el Perú i Bolívia).
Característiques ecològiques
Per desenvolupar-se necessita llocs humits i assolellats, normalment lligats a ambients pertorbats i degradats. Si creix en ambients de sòls rics produeix fulles més exuberants a costa de les flors.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
El seu ús com a planta ornamental de jardins exteriors n’ha afavorit l’expansió a ecosistemes naturals aptes per al seu desenvolupament. Propagació per llavors, que poden tardar més d’un any a germinar.
Situació a les Balears
Planta enfadissa pròpia de torrents humanitzats, rodalies de cases de pagesos a prop d’horts i camps de conreu humits. En aquests últims indrets no pren un comportament dominant sinó que la seva distribució més bé és esporàdica, erràtica i ocasional. El desenvolupament en torrents és més preocupant, perquè pot arribar a ocupar grans extensions (ex.: torrent d’Esporles (Foto 23a), Sóller, torrent Sant Jordi a Pollença…).
10.2 Espècies introduïdes potencialment invasores
24. *Abutilon theophrasti* Medikus (Malvaceae)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Planta herbàcia, tomentosa i erecta d’uns 0,3-1 (2) m d’alçada. Fulles cordiformes (5-15 x 25 cm) de marge crenat llargament peciolades. Inflorescències axil·lars en cimes de petites flors de color groc (pètals de 7-13 mm). Fruit erecte format per 12-15 porcions separades (mericarps) de color marró obscur.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
És l’única *Malvaceae* anual exòtica de les Balears. També és l’única que té flors grogues; el fruit format per tants de mericarps cada un amb una punta que sobresurt és molt característic, com també el fet de ser una planta erecta de gran mida que pot arribar fins als dos metres d’alçada.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Originària de l’Àsia tropical, part oriental de la Mediterrània i de l’Iran. Avui en dia, i pel fet d’arribar com a contaminant de les llavors de plantes de cultiu, com el blat d’indi, s’ha estès de forma preocupant per diverses contrades de la Mediterrània occidental, inclosa la península Ibèrica, i els Estats Units.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Mala herba subespontània en camps de cultiu de regadiu.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Un únic exemplar pot produir unes vuit mil llavors, que poden ser viables durant més de quaranta anys. Les càpsules amb llavors suren a les canals de rec, per la qual cosa es dispersen a través seu; també es dispersen pels fems i els purins (Saavedra et al. 1995; Cortés et al. 1999).
A la Península és una mala herba especialment agressiva en cultius de cotó, blat d’indi, patata i gira-sol de regadiu i que comença a introduir-se en els cítrics, melicotoners i espàrrecs. Segons el *Diario Oficial de Xile*, el Ministeri d’Agricultura complementa mesures de control obligatori d’*Abutilon theophrasti* a la VI Regió de Xile.
Bauer i Mortensen (1992) estimaren que el llindar d’infestació, a curt termini, d’*Abutilon theophrasti* a partir del qual és econòmicament rendible controlar era de 2,6 plantes/10 m².
En vista a la seva eradicació, els individus tardans, o que no han estat tractats o que han subsistit al tractament, arriben a fructificar amb facilitat (encara que sigui en poca quantitat) i a reinestar els camps afectats en pocs anys.
**Situació a les Balears**
A les Balears només està establerta de forma esporàdica en camps de cultius de Mallorca (camps de sa Pobla i Santanyí). El nombre d’individus en cada lloc on l’hem trobada és molt baix.
A causa del coneixement que en tenim com a planta invasora en altres indrets de la Mediterrània, com és el cas de Catalunya (Recasens et al. 2003), pensem que es tracta d’una planta en els primers estadis de colonització. Ara és el moment òptim per actuar i evitar futurs estadis de colonització més preocupants.
25. Acacia Miller (Mimosaceae)
Nom comú en català: Mimosa
Nom comú en castellà: Mimosa, Acacia.
(Foto 25)
Descripció morfològica resumida
*Acacia* és un gènere molt gran d’arbres i arbusts que provenen de totes les parts tropicals del món.
La floració pot ser al llarg de tot l’any, però el pic de floració és a la primavera i l’estiu, i amb menor nombre de flors durant la tardor i l’hivern. Les fulles són majorment compostes bipinnades. Algunes espècies presenten estípules espinoses. Les inflorescències solen estar formades per caps globulars o cilíndrics que poden tenir des de tres flors fins a cent trenta o més. Les flors poden variar de color, poden ser vermelles, crema i de color groc pàl·lid fins al dauat. Les flors de moltes espècies són delicadament perfumades. Totes les espècies formen llegums en fructificar.
Algunes espècies d’*Acacia* tenen la peculiaritat de formar fil-lodis; són pecíols dilatats i laminars que substitueixen la làmina de la fulla, en general totalment avortada; el pla del fil-lodi passa per l’eix de la tija en què està inserit. Altres espècies no tenen fil-lodis i en el seu lloc les tiges tenen extensions planes anomenades cladodis.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Algunes espècies citades a les Balears són:
- *A. retinoides* Schtdl.: Arbre de 5-8 m d’altura de tiges anguloses de color marró vermellos. Fil-lodis de linears lanceolats a estretament el·líptics, de 2-3 x 0,5-1,5 cm, rectes o lleugerament corbats, amb l’àpex agut i mucronat. Nervi central prominent. El seu color és verd blavós o glauc. Inflorescències axil-lars amb 6-15 capitols cilíndrics de color groc pàl·lid. Flors pentàmeres. Llegum linear de 3-15 cm de longitud, recte, lleugerament constrict entre les llavors.
- *A. saligna* (Labill.) H. Wendl.: Frondós arbre de 5-7 m d’altura de tronc curt de color marró vermellos, de vegades ramificat a escassa altura. Fil-lodis molt variables de 8-25 x 0,3-5 cm, de color glauc quan són joves. Nervi central prominent. Inflorescències axil-lars amb nombrosos capitols cilíndrics d’1-2 cm i de color groc intens. Flors pentàmeres. Llegums linears de 5-14 cm de longitud, una mica recorbats i lleugerament concrets entre les llavors.
- *A. longifolia* (Andrews) Willd.: Arbre de 5-7 m d’altura de tiges anguloses. Fil-lodis d’obovats a estretament el·líptics, de 5-10 x 1,2-2 cm, coriacis, amb l’àpex acuminat o obtús i 2-3 nervis longitudinals més marcats. Inflorescències en espigues axil-lars de 2-4 cm de longitud de color groc intens. Flors tetrameres. Llegums cilíndrics de 3-10 cm de longitud.
- *A. dealbata* (Link) F.J. Muell.: Arbre d’11-12 m d’altura de tronc amb escorça llisa, de color gris bru i les branques anguloses i pubescents. Fulles perennes bipinnades amb el raquis angulos i tomentós, amb una glandula crateriforme en la inserció de cada parell de pinnes (de 8 a 20). Inflorescències disposades en llargs raïms ramificats amb els capitols globosos de 5-6 mm de diàmetre, de color groc brillant (Foto 25).
Distribució geogràfica
*Acacia* és un gènere enorme de gairebé 900 (possiblement 1.200) espècies concentrades a Austràlia, però també distribuïdes a les regions tropicals i subtropicals d’Àfrica, Asia, Madagascar i Amèrica; especialment abundants en hàbitats àrids i semàrids. En els jardins europeus només un centenar d’aquestes espècies estan en cultiu. Les quatre espècies d’*Acacia* anteriorment anomenades són natives d’Austràlia.
Característiques ecològiques
Plantes de climes temperats habituades als llargs períodes de sequera estival. A Austràlia el gènere ocupa vastes àrees del continent i es troba en un rang ampli de diferents hàbitats, des de la costa fins a les regions subalpines i des de zones de pluges elevades fins a zones àrides, són especialment prevalents en zones àrides, semàrides i les regions seques subtropicals del país.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
A Austràlia, els grans recursos de pol·len de les acàcies fan que sigui un recurs molt important per als insectes; les llavors també representen un recurs fonamental com a menjar dels ocells.
Es propaguen per llavors, que poden ser viables durant molts d’anys (les llavors generalment necessiten algun tractament que debiliti la capa impermeable que les cobreix. Poden ser submergides durant cinc minuts en aigua bullent i després mantenir-les en aigua durant un parell de dies). Moltes espècies d’acàcia poden créixer a partir d’esqueixos; els esqueixos que provenen de plantes amb fil-lodis són més fàcils d’arrelar que els que provenen de plantes amb fulles.
bipinnades. *A. saligna* és una de les pitjors espècies invasores llenyoses en zones amb fynbos, amb una gran quantitat de caràcters invasors.
Les espècies del gènere *Acacia* són excel·lents com a plantes de jardí.
Classificada en la categoria I.I: «Alóctonos con comportamiento invasor manifiesto. Muy peligrosas para los ecosistemas naturales y seminaturales, aunque su difusión sea local» a l'estudi sobre les plantes al·lòctones dels parcs nacionals espanyols (García i Quintana 2003; Sanz *et al.* 2001).
**Situació a les Balears**
Arbres subespontanis de llocs alterats i urbanitzats. Sol aparèixer esporàdicament en camps abandonats, vores de camins i autopistes. Conegudes com a mimoses quan tenen fulles compostes, són molt comunes com a plantes ornamentals de parcs, jardins i carreteres (Calvià, Pollença...). Fins ara no s'han manifestat com a plantes invasores a les nostres Illes, i més aviat no semblen perilloses, però hi ha constància de la seva capacitat invasora en altres territoris propers (García i Quintanar 2003); per tant cal mantenir una vigilància especial sobre aquestes plantes.
26. Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berthelot (Crassulaceae)
Nom comú en català: Aeònim.
Nom comú en castellà: Aeonium. Rosa verde.
(Foto 26)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta perenne, robusta i sempre verda d’aspecte crassulescent. Les tiges són erectes o rastreres, normalment llenyoses a la base. Escorça fissurada o coberta amb restes d’antigues fulles. Fulles en denses, còncaves o aplanades rosetes, alternes, simples, carnoses i suculentes, d’1 a 2 mm de gruix. Normalment no tenen pèls però poden estar cobertes de forma escassa per pèls glandulosos. La floració és a la primavera o a l’estiu. Del centre de la roseta surt la inflorescència terminal piramidal de petites flors (blanques, grogues, crema, roses o vermelles) amb forma d’estrella. Després de la floració, la roseta queda emmusteïda.
Diagnosi d’identificació
El seu nom prové del grec *Aeonion* ('etern'). Es tracta d’una planta molt corrent a tests i jardins, fàcil de mantenir pel seu caràcter de planta crassa. Es reconeix per la seva mida, un petit arbust, molt ramificat a partir de la base cada branca del qual té rosetes de fulles a l’apex. Forma inflorescències grans, conicooides i vistoses amb forma més o menys cònica, amb moltes flors grogues.
Distribució geogràfica
El gènere és natiu de les illes Canàries i nord d’Àfrica. Gènere àmpliament naturalitzat al centre i sud de la Mediterrània, Amèrica i Nova Zelanda. *A. arboreum* és endèmic de les illes Canàries (Santos Guerra 1997).
Característiques ecològiques
Molt adaptat a climes càlids d’elevades temperatures i manca d’aigua. A les nostres terres no necessita atencions humanes per sobreviure i pot establir-se pel seu compte de forma aïllada. Hi ha poques evidències de dispersió a llargues distàncies i el seu creixement és lent.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Són plantes ideals per a ambients costaners i es multipliquen fàcilment per esqueixos de fulles o tiges. En primavera forma llavors.
Situació a les Balears
Planta ornamental molt comuna als nostres jardins. Al medi natural la trobem de forma esporàdica a penya-segats (ex.: cap Enderrocat i Sóller a Mallorca; Port de Maó a Menorca), al voltant de cases i vorres de camins (ex.: Formentera (Foto 26), Cales de Mallorca). No la considerem una planta perillosa, però localment pot ser més abundant a penya-segats litorals, generalment prop de les urbanitzacions, juntament amb altres espècies pròpies dels jardins com *Agave* spp., *Aloe* spp., etc.
27. Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae)
Nom comú en català: Balsam emparrador.
Nom comú en castellà: Parra de Madeira.
(Fotos 27 i 27a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta enfiladissa d’arrels carnoses i una mica escamoses quan és jove. Pot arribar a fer 6 m d’alçada. Fulles d’ovades a lanceolades, cordades a la base de 2,5-10 cm. Flors blanques i oloroses, en raïms corbats de 30 cm de longitud.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Planta enfiladissa que pot arribar a gran altura sobre altres plantes o paret. És de fàcil identificació quan està en flor (a la tardor): la gran quantitat de raïms estrets de flors blanques fan inconfusible aquesta planta. Per contra, si no està en flor pot passar fàcilment desapercibuda.
Distribució geogràfica
És originària de la regió subtropical del sud d’Amèrica. Naturalitzada a Austràlia, enfiladissa que pot arribar a asfixiar zones selvàtiques.
Característiques ecològiques
És sensible al fred. Necessita sòls rics en humus i que estiguin ben drenats.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta amb un gran tubercle subterrani i grups de tubercles aeris. Si en tallem les branques, la planta pot sobreviure a l’hivern gràcies a les arrels. Es propaga per la divisió de les arrels i pels petits tubercles aeris que normalment es formen a l’axil-la de les fulles no floríferes. Segons la literatura no es coneix que produeixi fruits, per tant té una dispersió exclusivament vegetativa.
Situació a les Balears
Planta ornamental que apareix amb certa freqüència a les nostres Illes, però sense arribar a formar masses contínues. Normalment la trobem al voltant de cases i als afores de pobles i urbanitzacions, també sobre la vegetació dels marges dels torrents (ex. Sóller, Portocristo, torrent d’Esporles (Foto 27a)). Quan s’estableix, té un creixement molt dens que pot arribar a cobrir part de la flora adjacent.
28. Artemisia arborescens L. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Donzell, Donzell de muntanya, Donzell bord, Donzell arbustiu.
Nom comú en castellà: Ajenjo de montaña, Ajenjo moruno.
(Foto 28)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust molt ramificat de més d’un metre d’alçada. Les tiges floríferes molt sovint ramificades i amb capitols nombrosos, disposats en raïm o panicula a la part apical de les branques fertils.
Les fulles són 1-2 pinnatisectes, amb els segments obtusos o subobtusos, linears de fins a 25 mm de longitud i fins a 2 mm d’amplada. Les fulles són de color gris en ambdues superfícies i donen a la planta un característic color cendrós.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Artemisia arborescens es pot reconèixer pel port arbustiu i el color cendrós, o verd molt pàl·lid, a més per les fulles molt dividides. Quan està en flor forma unes llargues inflorescències que sobresurten de la part superior de la planta. Aquestes inflorescències estan formades per molts de petits capitols.
A part d’Artemisia arborescens hi ha dues espècies més d’Artemisia a les Balears: A. gallica Willd., i A. verlotiorum Lamotte. La primera és autòctona, viu als salobrars i les costes rocoses, per tant no coexisteix amb A. arborescens i és molt més petita. A. verlotiorum, per contra, és una espècie introduïda, les fulles no són grísoses per ambdues cares sinó que per l’anvers són verdes i grísoses al revers, amb els lòbuls plans i molt aguts, la forma i el color de les fulles les diferencien perfectament. A. gallica és una planta molt cendrosa i aromàtica de fulles linears de longitud superior a 1 cm (2-6 cm) i d’amplada inferior a 1 mm però superior a 5 mm, bipinnatisectes, les inferiors peciolades i les superiors més petites i sessils. Els capitols són ovoideoblongs de 2-2,5 mm d’amplada, erectes i amb 3-12 flors, disposats en panicula densa i estreta.
Distribució geogràfica
Es tracta d’una planta originària de la Mediterrània sud, sembla que va ser introduïda a les Illes en èpoques antigues.
Característiques ecològiques
Planta mediterrània adaptada al clima i a les oscil·lacions de temperatura i humitat pròpies de les Illes. Viu a les garrigues baixes de les zones litorals, on pot arribar a ser molt abundant com passa en altres illes de la Mediterrània.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Només presenta reproducció sexual amb la formació d’un gran nombre de capitols que en fructificar les llavors formades i madures són disseminades gràcies a l’acció del vent (anemocòria).
Situació a les Balears
Sembla que antigament es cultivava, per això apareix regularment prop de les possessions (per exemple a les cases que hi havia al costat del far d’Ensiola de Cabrera). Avui trobem poblacions més o menys disperses per totes les Illes, sempre prop de nuclis urbans (com és el cas de Maó) o llocs habitats, però també s’està estenent per les vores de les carreteres. Com que és una planta mediterrània que viu a les comunitats litorals, hi ha un risc que pugui arribar a ser una planta invasora.
A. verlotiorum és original d’Àsia i s’ha estès per gran part d’Europa. A les Balears apareix de forma aïllada i rara als torrents fent petites poblacions, no sembla que tingui capacitat per tornar-se invasora.
29. Bromus catharticus Vahl (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: Cebadilla. Cebadilla criolla. Cebadilla australiana.
(Foto 29)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba perenne, però de vida curta, que pot arribar a un metre d’alçada, és erecta i molt esvelta. Té una panicula laxa, amb ramificacions patents o pèndules. Les espícules són relativament grans (d’uns 2-4 cm x 5-10 mm) molt comprimides i lanceolades o ovades, amb (3) 6-12 flors, sense aresta o molt curta (aprox. 1 (3) mm). Fulles amples d’aprox. 1 cm d’amplada.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Aquesta espècie del gènere *Bromus* es reconeix fàcilment per les espícules grans i molt comprimides, i fins i tot carenades, sense arestes. La panicula és molt laxa, per la qual cosa es manifesten perfectament les espícules dins el conjunt de la inflorescència. Aquests caràcters són únics entre les espècies de *Bromus* de les illes Balears i fins i tot entre totes les gramínies de les Illes.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta tropical i subtropical americana, introduïda a la Mediterrània per al cultiu com a planta de farratge. Naturalitzada a Europa, Amèrica i Austràlia.
Característiques ecològiques
La seva dispersió com a espècie exòtica s’ha vist afavorida per la utilització com a planta farratgera. És una planta adaptada al clima mediterrani de substrat nitròfil i humit d’hiverns suaus. Té una resistència baixa al fred i bona a la sequera i les pastures. Té un període de floració molt ampli que abasta des de la primavera fins a la tardor.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Pel fet de ser un gramínia, té la capacitat de formar moltes llavors que poden ser disseminades a llargues distàncies.
Per a una completa fitxa sobre la seves característiques, vegeu:
<http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_attribute.cgi?symbol=BRCAt>.
Aquesta espècie ha estat reconeguda com una planta invasora de conreus i llocs alterats (mala herba), però amb un nivell de risc relativament baix. Es tracta d’una espècie que ha arribat bastant recentment al nostre país (Bolós et al. 1984-2001).
Situació a les Balears
A les Illes la trobem naturalitzada i subespontània de forma puntual, en aquest moment en un estadi inicial de colonització. S’ha trobat a Mallorca i Menorca, sempre en petites poblacions però en llocs molts distants entre si, cosa que ens indica una penetració a través de focus múltiples (contaminació de llavors de plantes de conreu). Se sol establir vora els camps de cultiu, les vores de camins i en terrenys pertorbats als afores dels pobles; no s’ha vist dins els ecosistemes més naturals.
30. Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae)
Nom comú en català: Vidauba. Vidalba. Clemàtide. Herba de llagues.
Nom comú en castellà: Vidalba. Clemátide. Vidarra. Vidraría de hojas anchas. Virigaza. Sogaza. Parrilla. Muermera. Hierba de los pordioseros.
(Foto 30)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Liana robusta de 3-20 m d’alçada. Les fulles són oposades i pinnaticompostes amb 3-5 foliols de marge dentatolobulats i aguts. Tèpals pilosos en ambdues superfícies. Flors de 2 cm de diàmetre de color blanc verdós disposades en cims terminal i axil-lars. Núcleus (fruit) poc comprimides, amb una llarga aresta plomosa.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Liana de gran mida i fàcil identificació per les fulles oposades i pinnaticompostes. A les Balears hi ha dues espècies autòctones del mateix gènere: *C. cirrhosa* L., amb les fulles trisectes (dividides en tres parts) i els segments dentats o lobulats, i *C. flammula* L., de fulles 2-pinnaticompostes i, a diferència de *Cl. vitalba*, de foliols enteros. De les tres espècies de *Clematis* aquesta és la més rara a les illes Balears, de fet només es troba de forma molt localitzada a Mallorca.
Distribució geogràfica
Originària del sud, est i centre d’Europa. Naturalitzada a la Mediterrània nord, l’Amèrica del nord i tot Europa. A Austràlia i Nova Zelanda es comporta com una espècie invasora extremadament perillosa.
Característiques ecològiques
Liana de creixement ràpid i dens, que pot arribar a tapar completament la vegetació que la sustenta i arribar a matar l’arbre que utilitza com a hoste. Necessita sòls moderadament fèrtils i amb bon drenatge. En terres pobres en calci, el seu creixement és més lent. És tolerant a condicions moderades d’ombra i requereix condicions elevades de llum per créixer i reproduir-se. Pel fet de ser una planta de fulla caduca pot tolerar les gelades. Floreix al final de la primavera i principi d’estiu.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta de creixement ràpid (les plantes joves i els nous rebrots poden créixer 2m/any) i reproducció primerenca amb gran producció de llavors (disset mil llavors viables/0,5m² de recobrament) (Cronk i Fuller 2001). Les llavors són dispersades pel vent, l’aigua, la gent i altres vertebrats. Pot créixer a partir de fragments després de ser tallada. Posseeix característiques invasores com són una elevada habilitat competitiva, la tolerància a l’ombra i una ràpida maduració reproductiva si està exposada al sol. Té capacitat reproductiva asexual, les tiges i els fragments poden arrelar.
Les flors són visitades per abelles i altres insectes que es veuen afets pel pol·len i el nèctar.
Situació a les Balears
Només s’ha trobat naturalitzada a Mallorca (per ex. al torrent d’Esporles), no hi ha referències d’aquesta espècie a les flores classiques de les Balears, per la qual cosa es pot pensar en una introducció recent (segle XX). Fins ara aquesta espècie no s’ha manifestat com una planta invasora a les Balears, però hem d’anar en compte i és recomanable eradicar-la del nostre territori a causa de la seva capacitat com a planta invasora molt perillosa en altres països.
31. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
Nom comú en català: Cervina menuda.
Nom comú en castellà: Mastuerzo de Indias.
(Foto 31)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta biennal fètida, procumbent i de petita mida. Flors en petits raïms laterals, oposats i més llargs que les fulles corresponents, amb els pètals nuls o groguecs, més curts que els sépals. Les fulles són profundament pinnatipartides d’1-4 (10) x 0,5-1,5 (2) cm, amb els segments oblongolinears i les silícies de 2-4 mm, rugoses i amb dos lòculs d’una llavor.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Herba pròpia de llocs calcigats, sovint la trobarem entre les rajoies dels carrers o en llocs on hi ha bestiar. Viu sempre amb les fulles i branques aplicades al terra. Les fulles estan dividides en lòbuls irregulars. Les flors són molt petites, sovint sense pètals o de menys de 0,5 mm, que s’agrupen en raïms. Els fruits són ben característics perquè estan formats per dues peces simètriques més o menys llises. És molt semblant a *Coronopus squamatus* (Forssk.) Asch., que viu als mateixos indrets; es reconeix perquè aquesta espècie té pètals ben desenvolupats, de fins a 2 mm, i el fruit molt rugós.
Distribució geogràfica
*C. didymus* és originària de l’Amèrica del Sud i actualment es troba distribuïda per molts països, gairebé subcosmopolita.
Característiques ecològiques
Planta d’ambients segetals i ruderals humits naturals o seminaturals. Està distribuïda per gran part del nord d’Europa en llocs freds, dons pot suportar baixes temperatures. És tolerant als ambients pertorbats i remoguts.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Té reproducció sexual amb gran formació de llavors que són disseminades per barocòria i possiblement dispersades per la circulació de l’aigua. També té dispersió per antropocòria a causa dels moviments de terra i com a contaminant d’altres llavors.
Situació a les Balears
Planta citada a les quatre illes grans de les Balears. És una de les poques exòtiques anuals de floració primaveral. Viu en ambients humits de vores de camins i cultius. A Mallorca i Menorca és una planta freqüent i a Eivissa només va ser anomenada per DuVigneaud. Malgrat que el seu creixement i la floració siguin durant la primavera, no pensem en aquesta planta com un greu problema en el desplaçament de la flora nativa i la colonització d’ambients naturals. A causa de la seva petita mida, les repercussions en els ambients que colonitza no són gaire notables. L’hem vista com a planta abundant dins els conreus d’horta, per exemple a sa Pobla.
32. *Cortaderia selloana* (Schultes et Schultes f.) Asch. & Graebner (Poaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Gineri, Plomes.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Hierba de las pampas, Hierba de plumeros, Pluma de Santa Teresa, Ginerio plateado, El plumero de la pampa, Cola de zorro.
(Foto 32)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Herba robusta de grans dimensions (1-4 m) i acaule (tija molt curta que pareix inexistent, de forma que les fulles neixen arran del sòl). Herba dioica d’1,5 m de diàmetre amb gran quantitat de fulles (1-3 m x 0,5-1 cm), linears, coriàcies i amb el marge serrulat. Panicules denses, blanques o rosàcies de grans dimensions (0,3) 0,5-1m.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Quan no està en flor, té un aspecte molt similar al càrritx (*Ampelodesmos mauritanica*), una gramínia molt abundant a les Illes. Però la mida de *C. selloana* és major i la inflorescència és més llarga, densa i blanquinoosa. Es pot distingir des de lluny i amb facilitat quan està en flor. Planta molt utilitzada en els jardins dels hotels.
*Cortaderia jubata* (Lemoine) Stapf. és una altra espècie utilitzada en jardineria, i igualment perillosa; es diferencia de *C. selloana* per les inflorescències de color violaci o morat i per la mida una mica més petita. La seva presència a les Illes és incerta.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Nativa de l’Amèrica del Sud de les àrees subtropicals (Xile, el Brasil i l’Argentina). Pel fet de ser una planta molt esvelta, se sol utilitzar com a planta ornamental de forma generalitzada per tot el món. Està naturalitzada a Austràlia, Nova Zelanda i Europa.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Molt tolerant a la sequera i també pot viure en sòls humits i inundats temporalment, sense gelades.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Reproducció vegetativa per divisió de les arrels i reproducció sexual per llavors que són dispersades pel vent. Forma grans panicules amb un elevat nombre de llavors que es dispersen fàcilment amb el vent. Aquesta planta és dioica, això vol dir que hi ha individus masculins i femenins. Per a la formació de les llavors és necessària la presència de tots dos sexes a la mateixa zona. Per contra, *Cortaderia jubata*, que és una altra espècie que es comporta com a invasora, pot generar llavors apomictiques, és a dir sense pol·linització. Aquesta espècie pot convertir-se en invasora fins i tot si només se’n planten exemplars femenins (fins ara no ha estat ressenyada a les Illes, però no se’n pot excloure la presència perquè es pot aconseguir fàcilment com a planta ornamental).
Aquesta planta és una coneguda i perillosa invasora en llocs amb climes una mica més humits que el nostre, per exemple a la costa cantàbrica en el cas d’Espanya, però també a Nova Zelanda, Califòrnia, Hawaii, etc. Actualment comerciar-ne està prohibit a Nova Zelanda (<http://www.hear.org/pier/species/cortaderia_selloana.htm>) i es demana fer el mateix a Hawaii (en aquestes illes *C. jubata* ja està prohibida) (Starr et al. 2003 a http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/poheports/cortaderia_spp.pdf>).
A la llista d’espècies invasores d’Espanya publicada per la Universitat d’Almeria (Dana et al. 2002), s’hi dóna una categoria de màxima perillositat (categoria 3, Perillosa: provoca danys o alteracions ecològiques).
Es pot trobar un perfil complet d’aquestes espècies a: <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=375&fr=1&ssts=#>.
Per a mecanismes de control i ecologia de *C. jubata*, es pot consultar:
Peterson D. L. (1988). *Element Stewardship Abstract for Cortaderia jubata*. The Nature Conservancy. <http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documents/cortjub.html>.
**Situació a les Balears**
Molt comuna com a ornamental en zones de jardins. Al medi natural apareix aïllada i de manera eventual a totes les Illes. Pot ocupar una gran diversitat d’ambients, majorment pertorbats, des de vores de camins, camps abandonats, zones properes al mar, torrents i fins i tot llocs perifèrics de zones humides. No se n’ha trobat cap població amb una alta densitat d’individus. Al Parc Natural de s’Albufera de Mallorca ha estat objecte de control sistemàtic, ja que s’hi estableix amb certa freqüència (comentari personal de J. Mayol). Fins ara no s’ha trobat *C. jubata*, però no se’n descarta la presència.
Atès el risc d’invasió, és recomanable un estudi sobre la capacitat reproductora d’aquesta espècie a les Balears, i si escau un control del comerç de les poblacions subespontànies que es puguin descobrir.
33. Cotula coronopifolia L. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Cotula.
Nom comú en castellà: Cotula.
(Foto 33)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta anual glabra, aromàtica i reptant de 10-20(50) cm. Fulles enteres (2-5 x 0,5-0,1 cm) o amb alguns lòbuls laterals, esparses per la tija, que és fistulosa i radicant. Capitols pedunculats de 5-10 mm de diàmetre de color groc, sense flors ligulades i amb bràctees involucrals biseriades.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Herba aplicada al terra, forma arrels en diferents parts de les tiges. Les tiges es comprimeixen si es premen amb els dits. Les fulles són senceres, lluents i allargades, caràcters una mica excepcionals a les compostes mediterrànies. Els capitols es troben sobre llargs peduncles; aquest capitols són clarament identificadors d’aquesta espècie per la mida i perquè tenen totes les flors tubulars i de color groc.
La podem confondre amb *Cotula australis* (Seiber) Hook, també exòtica i present a les Balears. Aquesta darrera és una herba ascendent de menor mida (3-20 cm), pilosa i amb les fulles 1-2-pinnatisectes dividides en segments linears, que viu en llocs ruderals.
Distribució geogràfica
*C. coronopifolia* és nativa del sud d’Àfrica i actualment ha esdevingut subcosmopolita (naturalitzada en parts de l'oest d’Europa i Amèrica). *C. australis* és oriunda d’Austràlia i Nova Zelanda.
Característiques ecològiques
Només pot viure en ambients de sòl humit, com poden ser torrents o zones humides. El seu creixement és ràpid i molt dens. No deixa créixer cap altra planta en el seu domini de creixement a causa de les branques radicals. Floreix a l’estiu.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Les branques reptants, ramificades i radicants l’afavoreixen en la colonització ràpida del terreny. També té reproducció sexual.
Aquesta espècie és una invasora que l’Organisme Autònom de Parcs Nacionals Espanyols (2003) ha classificat com a A.1.1: «Muy peligrosa para los ecosistemas naturales y seminaturales.» <www.mma.es/parques/lared/informes/PI_alotonas.pdf>.
A la llista d’espècies invasores d’Espanya publicada per la Universitat d’Almeria (Dana et al. 2002), s’hi dóna una categoria de màxima perillositat (categoria 3, Perillosa: provoca danys o alteracions ecològiques).
Es tracta d’una planta potencialment invasora de les zones humides.
Situació a les Balears
*C. coronopifolia* s’ha naturalitzat a les Balears només a l’albufera de Mallorca. Viu als marges de basses i canals en llocs amb sòls molt humits. Malgrat que se’n coneix la presència des de fa bastant de temps, no s’ha estès d’una forma invasiva.
L’eradicació d’aquesta espècie, o almenys control regular i estricte, es considera una actuació ben necessària.
34. *Datura* L. (Solanaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Estramoni. Herba talpera. Herba pudenta. Orval. Figuera infermal borda. (*D. stramonium*).
**Nom comú en castellà:** Estramonio. Higuera loca. Flor de la trompeta. Trompetilla. Hierba hedionda. Toloache (*D. stramonium*). Chamico (*D. ferox*). Hierba del infierno (*D. inoxia*).
(Fotos 34 i 34a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Gènere amb tres espècies exòtiques presents a les Balears.
- **D. inoxia** Mill.: Herba erecta i pubescent de 0,4–1 m d’alçada. Fulles enteres o feblement sinuatodentades asimètriques a la base de 5–17 x 3,5–12 cm. Flors axil-lars i solitàries amb la corol·la blanca i tubular d’11–19 cm de longitud. Calze tubular de 6–10 cm amb dents triangulars agudes. Càpsula ovoide de 5–7 cm amb agullons fins i nombrosos de 7–10 mm de longitud (Foto 34).
- **D. ferox** L.: Herba erecta no pubescent de 0,5–1,5 m. Fulles de marge dentat de 5–14 x 3–13 cm. Flors blanques i tubulars, infundibuliformes a la part superior de 4–6 cm de longitud. Calze tubular de 25–40 mm i dents subiguals. Càpsula de 5–8 x 4–6 cm, amb forts agullons cònics de 10–30 mm de longitud, els superiors més grossos que els inferiors.
- **D. stramonium** L.: Herba erecta no pubescent o puberulenta de 0,4–1(2) m. Fulles dentades de 5–18(21) x 2,5–15 cm. Flors blanques o rosades de 5–10 cm. Calze de 30–50 mm i dents desiguals. Càpsula de (2,5)3,5–7 x (2)3–5 cm, amb agullons molt més nombrosos i més curts i fins de 5–10(15) mm de longitud (Foto 34a).
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
*D. inoxia* és de fàcil identificació perquè les fulles són enteres o feblement sinuatodentades i amb la base asimètrica, en canvi les fulles de les altres dues espècies són dentades. Per diferenciar *D. ferox* de *D. stramonium* ens hem de fixar en els agullons de les càpsules. *D. stramonium* en té molts més i són de longitud menor. *Datura ferox* és la més rara de les tres espècies que es troben naturalitzades a les Illes.
**Distribució geogràfica**
*D. inoxia* és nativa de Mèxic i del sud d’Amèrica. *D. stramonium* és nativa del nord d’Amèrica i *D. ferox* és nativa del sud d’Àsia. Totes tres estan cultivades i naturalitzades a la regió mediterrània; l’àrea de dispersió de *D. stramonium* és major i engloba totes les regions eurosiberianes.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Normalment creixen en llocs oberts i ambients pertorbats de sòls secs. *D. stramonium* pot arribar a ser molt abundant en sòls humits de zones europees.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Plantes anuals de creixement ràpid i reproducció abundant per llavors. Les llavors es disperen per gravetat quan la càpsula s’obre. Tenen potents propietats al-lucinògenes i poden ser tòxiques.
Segons Dana et al. (2002), *D. stramonium* i *D. inoxia* tenen una classificació tipus 1, com a espècies invasores a Espanya: «Comportament invasor clar, però fins ara només es troba en llocs pertorbats.» Per part seva, García i Quintanar (2003) consideren *D. stramonium* en una categoria I.3: «Comportament invasor manifest: però fins ara només es presenta en ecosistemes no naturals.»
Segons aquestes observacions, les *Datura* són plantes que cal tenir presents però de risc limitat. Probablement són més perilloses sobre sòl humit.
**Situació a les Balears**
Són plantes que apareixen esporàdicament, són relativament rares, sobretot *D. ferox*, que fins ara no havia estat ressenyada a les Balears. *D. stramonium* es troba a totes les Illes. De les altres dues les dades són insuficients. En qualsevol cas, la seva presència sempre és molt irregular i pot canviar d’un any a l’altre. S’han vist en camps de cultiu i vores de camins, sempre en grups molt petits d’individus o més generalment de forma aïllada. Esporàdicament se n’han trobat poblacions més abundants, com a l’Hort de Sant Joan a Menorca. Fins ara no sembla que representin cap risc de tornar-se invasores.
35. *Echinochloa colona* (L.) Link (Poaceae)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Gramínia anual de tardor, gràcil, glabra i erecta d’uns 0,3-0,6(0,8) m d’altitud. Les fulles són de (7)10-15(30) x 0,3-0,6(0,8) cm sense lígula. La inflorescència és laxa i està formada per diversos (almenys dos) raïms o espigues, cadascun ben individualitzat.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Gramínia caracteritzada perquè té les espiguetes reunides en raïms densos i curts a la part superior de les tiges i que sovint prenen coloracions vermelloses. També és molt diferenciador el fet que les fulles siguin amples i tinguin taques blavoses horitzontals.
La podem confondre amb *E. crus-galli* (L.) Beauv subsp. *crus-galli*. Ambdues són espècies molt semblants morfològicament que es diferencien principalment per la grandària. *E. crus-galli* és de major mida amb els raïms espiciformes de 2-10 cm (*E. colona* els té més curts) i les fulles també més grans. D’altra banda, *E. crus-galli* té estípules, arestades o no, de major mida que les d’*E. colona*, que són sempre inferiors a 2,8 mm.
**Distribució geogràfica**
*E. colona* té una distribució paleotropical i actualment s’estén gairebé per llocs calents de tot el món.
*E. crus-galli* és, segons la bibliografia, de distribució pluriregional i per tant nativa a les nostres Illes. Per la seva preferència per ambients pertorbats i associats a l’home, podem pensar que aquesta espècie va ser introduïda antigament a les Balears. No la trobem, o només de manera esporàdica, en ecosistemes naturals no alterats.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Són plantes ruderals i arvenses molt oportunistes en llocs pertorbats i nitròfils. Solen envair els camps de cultiu entre les hortalisses i els cereals. *Echinochloa colona* té reputació de ser una herba infestant de conreus d’arròs. També *Echinocilhloa crus-galli* és una herba infestant a les zones tropicals.
<http://spore.cta.int/spore98/esporo48_feature.html>.
36. *Gomphocarpus fruticosus* (L.) Aiton f. (*Asclepiadaceae*)
**Nom comú en català:** Seder. Arbre de la seda. Arquell de Síria. Mata de la seda. Cotoner. Flor de drago.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Mata de la seda. Algodoncillo.
(Foto 36 i 36a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Arbust de 0,5-2 m d’alçada, que és llenyós només a la base. Fulles normalment oposades, les adults sense pèls, de (3) 6-12 x 0,2-0,9 (1,6) cm, lanceolatolinears amb el marge revolut, curtament peciolades. Flors pentàmeres de color blanc d’un centímetre de diàmetre disposades en cimes umbel-liformes. Fruit ovoide i inflat, monocarpel·lar (fol·licle), sec i dehiscent que s’obre per la part ventral, presenta moltes llavors i té una mida de 4-6 x 2-3 cm coberts per apèndixs setacis. Les granes de 4-5 x 1,5-2 mm tenen un plomall sedós de 3-4 cm.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
És una planta fàcil d’identificar perquè és esvelta i alta de fulles allargades, té flors en inflorescències que semblen umbel-les que pengen i fruits inflats coberts de pèls. També s’ha trobat l’espècie *G. physocarpus* E. Mey., és molt semblant a *G. fruticosus* però amb el fruit esfèric (Foto 36a).
**Distribució geogràfica**
Oriünda del sud d’Àfrica i introduïda a l’antic i al Nou Món. És una espècie d’introducció recent que pareix que avança amb rapidesa per Europa o Espanya.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Viu sota climes càlids però estima els sòls una mica humits, està associada a ambients una mica alterats. A la Mediterrània apareix especialment en torrents, vores de rius i també a vores de camins. Floreix al final de la primavera i a l’estiu.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Forma fruits amb gran quantitat de llavors que porten un apèndix plomós que facilita la disseminació pel vent.
Malgrat que fins ara aquesta espècie no s’ha manifestat com a invasora a les Illes Balears, hi ha referències de terres properes que fan un toc d’atenció sobre aquesta espècie. Així, Sobrino *et al.* (1999) consideren que aquesta espècie té un fort comportament invasors a les costes de Tarragona. D’altra banda, García i Quintanar (2003) li donen una categoria I.2: «Comportament invasor constatat. En el futur poden arribar a ser un perill real per als ecosistemes naturals i seminaturals.» Similar apreciació li donen Dana *et al.* (2002).
Per tant cal tenir una actitud preventiva envers aquesta espècie.
**Situació a les Balears**
A les Balears la troben sobretot a la part nord de l’illa de Mallorca i en un punt del sud d’Eivissa. Està naturalitzada amb la vegetació alterada i ruderal de vores de camins i camps abandonats. També colonitza fons de torrents, fins i tot d’alguns que es troben en situació ben natural a la serra de Tramuntana.
37. Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Nyàmera. Pataca. Patata de canya.
Nom comú en castellà: Pataca. Topinambur. Aguaturma, castaña de tierra, marenquera. Alcachofa de Jerusalén.
(Foto 37)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta perenne, erecta i alta que pot arribar a fer d’1 a 3 m d’altura. Les fulles són oposades, exceptuant les superiors, peciolades (1-3 cm), ovatolanceolades, de marge dentat i mida de 8-25 x 5-15 cm. Capítols grocs i grans de 4-10 cm de diàmetre. Receptacle convex. Aquenis (fruits) angulosos de 5-6 mm. La planta forma un rizoma tuberos de 10-15 x 3-5 cm.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Planta prima, però robusta, i ramificada a la part superior, on forma gran quantitat de capitols. És una herba que pot arribar a tenir 3 m d’alçada, sembla un gira-sol (Helianthus annuus L.) però més petit en totes les parts, especialment el capítol, que no fa més de 10 cm de diàmetre. Al contrari que el gira-sol, aquesta és una planta perenne que té un tubercle sota terra.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta de l’Amèrica del Nord. Cultivada pels seus tubercles comestibles i com a planta ornamental. Planta invasora al centre d’Europa (introduïda al segle XVII) <http://www.ecoaldea.com/plmd/tupinambo.htm>.
Característiques ecològiques
Els tubercles són comestibles i cuinats com a vegetals, en vinagre i a vegades crus. Floreix a l’estiu. Necessita sòls humits i llum.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta amb una tija subterrània (tubercle) capaç de rebrotar i treure arrels. Durant el període de l’any desfavorable, el tubercle defensa la planta contra els rigors de l’ambient. Planta de creixement ràpid i dens. També té reproducció sexual (en els torrents les llavors poden ser disseminades per la circulació de l’aigua).
Ha estat classificat amb la categoria 2: «Capacitat invasora constatada, i malgrat no amenaci els ecosistemes naturals o culturals, se sospita que pot fer-ho en el futur» dins el catàleg de les plantes invasores a Espanya de Dana et al. (2002) a <http://www.ual.es/personal/edana/alienplants/>.
Situació a les Balears
S’ha trobat naturalitzada en un torrent del pla de Mallorca (per ex. prop d’Inca) i subespontània a vores de camins al costat de jardins i urbanitzacions. No és comú trobar-la al medi natural, però quan hi és present pot ocupar grans extensions. Potencialment és una planta perillosa als ambients humits, com són els torrents.
38. Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raymond-hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie (Crassulaceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: -
(Fotos 38 i 38a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta erecta i perenne de 30-100 cm d’alçada, crassulescent. Sense pèls i de color verd cap a terrós. Fulles lanceolades (6-15 x 0,9-5 cm) amb regulars, petites i agudes dents que alternen amb propàguls tacats per davall de color marró porpra. La inflorescència és una panicula oberta amb alguns grups densos i pedunculats de flors penjants (corimbès). Corol·la de color gris violaci amb el tub d’1,6-1,9 cm de lòbuls obovats.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Planta crassa de fulles oposades, lanceolades, serrades i de color verd pel revers i tacades de color marró per l’anvers. Les fulles són dentades i als cims entre les dents es formen petits propàguls.
Distribució geogràfica
Procedent de Madagascar (Àfrica).
Característiques ecològiques
Planta resistent a períodes prolongats de sequera. Pot viure tant en sistemes costaners com en els marges dels sistemes forestals del centre de les illes.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Gran capacitat de reproducció asexual mitjançant la formació de gran quantitat de propàguls (brots-plàntules, que cauen i donen lloc a noves plantes) en els marges de les fulles (Foto 38).
Els Kalanchoe es cultiven amb facilitat i requereix sòls drenats, millor si són fèrtils, i una exposició al sol.
Situació a les Balears
Planta crassulescent, molt popular als jardins. Esporàdicament apareix naturalitzada o subespontània en ambients costaners, vores de camins i marges de sistemes forestals. El punt de partida d’aquesta planta prové del llançament d’enderrocs amb restes de jardineria; generalment la trobarem al voltant de zones residencials. No és una planta gaire comuna en el medi natural però pot, en un futur, provocar problemes a causa de la seva fàcil propagació vegetativa.
39. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)
Nom comú en català: Lantana. Banderes.
Nom comú en castellà: Lantana. Bandera española. Camará. Verbena.
(Foto 39)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Petit arbust aromàtic d’uns 1,5 m d’alçada. Fulles oposades (2,5-10 x 1,75-7,5 cm), peciolades, gruixudes de marge serrat. Tiges quadrangulars sovint armades amb espines corbades. Forma gran quantitat d’inflorescències axil·lars o terminals en corimbos de 2,5 cm. Les flors són gregues o roses quan s’obren, i canvien a taronja o vermell, rarament a blau, púrpura o blanc quan són fecundades. El fruit és una petita dropa globular de color de púrpura fosc a negre.
Diagnosi d’identificació
El nom popular d’aquesta planta és «bandera espanyola» a causa de la disposició del color groc i vermell de les flors a les inflorescències. És un arbust molt freqüent en jardins i carreteres. Les fulles oposades i gruixudes amb els nervis marcats i les inflorescències terminals, formant falses umbel·les, són aspectes característics per a una fàcil identificació.
Distribució geogràfica
Nativa de les regions tropicals i subtropicals d’Amèrica. Cultivada com a ornamental i naturalitzada a gran part de les regions mediterrànies, Austràlia, illes oceàniques (Hawaii, Galàpagos…), Àfrica (al sud d’Àfrica la infestació cobreix unes 400.000 h), Madagascar, Àsia, nord d’Amèrica…
Característiques ecològiques
Planta adaptada a les condicions climatològiques mediterrànies, pot ser abundant allà on les temperatures no solen baixar de 5 °C. És capaç de créixer en sòls pobres i assolellats o amb semiombra. També pot sobreviure al foc mitjançant la regeneració de brots basals. És vulnerable al gel, que crema les fulles i tiges, i no pot tolerar els sòls permanentment humits.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
El principal aspecte responsable de la seva expansió pel món és l’ús com a planta ornamental. Els sistemes de reproducció són tant sexuals com asexuals (reproducció vegetativa a partir de fragments de les tiges). Hi ha moltes varietats de cultiu amb diferents capacitats invasores.
Altres caràcters que potencien el seu èxit com a bona planta invasora són: 1) les tiges i les arrels tenen característiques al-lelopàtiques, 2) és una planta tòxica per als animals (no-herbívora), 3) la formació d’híbrids i poliploides (molt de tipus són tetraploïdes, alguns poden ser fins a hexaploïdes) i 4) l’habilitat d’envair un rang ampli d’ambient. Sembla que les flors són pol-linitzades per papallones, a l’Índia es pol-linitzen per trips. És facultativament apomictica (forma llavors sense que les flors siguin fecundades). Els fruits carnosos són dispersats a llargues distàncies pels ocells.
El tàxon més agressiu és *L. camara* var. *aculeata*, caracteritzat pel vigor i les tiges llargues i fràgils amb nombroses espines corbades.
La UICN l’ha inclosa dins el catàleg de les cent espècies invasores més importants (<www.iucn.org/biodiversityday/100booklet.pdf>).
Classificada amb uns valors de màxima perillositat per Dana et al. (2002) en el seu llistat d’espècies invasores d’Espanya.
Situació a les Balears
Planta que s’escapa dels jardins i colonitza esporàdicament àrees urbanes i antropitzades. Fins ara a les Illes no es tracta d’una planta gaire invasora; al medi natural creix en vores de camins, camps abandonats i marges de torrents. No forma grans poblacions, normalment són individus aïllats. Colonitza ambients pertorbats i més rarament pot envair ambients naturals i seminaturals. A les Pitiuses aquesta espècie es pot trobar més freqüentment que a les altres Illes, potser pel seu caràcter termòfil. En aquestes illes caldria fer una valoració sobre el terreny més detinguda i un seguiment específic de les poblacions naturalitzades.
40. *Limoniastrum monopetalum* (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Ajocagripaus.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Salado. Verdolaga seca.
(Foto 40)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Arbust gran i dens, molt ramificat de 0,3-2 m d’alçada. Fulles una mica suculentes de color grisenc, cobertes de pèls i oblongoespatulades de 2-5 (8) x 0,3-1 cm. Inflorescència paniculoide amb flors púrpures d’1 a 2 cm de diàmetre.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Arbust que pot arribar a 1 m d’alçada, ramificat i compacte. Té fulles allargades i arrodonides a l’apex de color gris i fulles suculentes. Les flors són roses i s’acumulen en una densa inflorescència a la part de dalt de les tiges. Viu a la costa rocosa prop de la mar.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Planta nativa de la Mediterrània sud.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Planta pròpia d’ambients mediterranis. Creix en sòls salins poc humits del litoral, és una planta hal·lòfila. Floreix a l’estiu.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
A les nostres Illes es cultiva com a planta ornamental. Ocasionalment s’escampa dels jardins als camps adjacents. Pel fet de ser una planta mediterrània, el seu potencial invasor a les Illes és molt elevat perquè està adaptada al nostre clima i als ambients costaners.
**Situació a les Balears**
A les Balears és una planta de jardí i cultivada també a les mitjanes de les autopistes. S’ha naturalitzat en algunes zones litorals de Mallorca, Menorca i Eivissa (només la trobem de forma aïllada en llocs costaners urbanitzats). És autòctona a la costa mediterrània de la península Ibèrica.
No ha estat ressenyada a la *Flora Balearica* de Knoche (1921) ni per autors anteriors.
41. *Lonicera japonica* Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** Lligabosc japonès. Llegabosc.
**Nom comú en castellà:** Madreselva.
(Fotos 41 i 41a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Liana robusta i de gran mida (2-5 m). Fulles peciolades de 3-6(9) x 1,5-3(5) cm. Són una mica lluents, inicialment pubescents i després glauques. Flors a parells (rarament tres) de color blanc, amb el tub de color crema, amb dos llavis desiguals amb la corol·la de 3-5 cm. Fruit negre.
**Diagnosi d'identificació**
Liana molt densa de fulles grans i oposades de flors blanques a parells. Es diferencia perfectament de *Lonicera implexa* Ait. perquè no té les bràctees soldades i pel color de les flors. No té confusió amb cap altra liana.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Nativa d'Àsia de l'est (Xina i Japó), naturalitzada a Europa i gran part del món (Àsia, Hawaii, nord d'Amèrica, el Brasil, l'Argentina, Austràlia i Nova Zelanda entre altres), on se n'ha constatat el caràcter invasor.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Es torna més vigorosa amb la presència de llum i en sòls rics. És tolerant a l'ombra i a la sequera, i per tant és capaç de créixer en una àmplia varietat d'hàbitats, però sembla estimar climes una mica més humits que el de les illes Balears.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
És un fort competidor a causa de l'àmplia dispersió de les llavors (malgrat que no està clar si les poblacions de Balears arriben a formar llavors), el ràpid ritme de creixement, l'habilitat de capturar recursos, l'àmplia adaptabilitat a l'ambient i la falta d'enemics naturals. Competeix amb les comunitats vegetals per la llum, el sòl i també pel canvi de l'estructura de la comunitat. Té capacitat de rebrot després de ser tallada, fet que en dificulta l'eradicació.
Creix ràpidament durant l'hivern, quan moltes de les espècies natives es troben en estat latent. Les abelles en poden ser els pol·linitzadors potencials i el néctar està disponible per a espècies amb llengües llargues (> 4 mm long.). Les flors romanen obertes durant la nit, fet que indica la possibilitat que les papallones en siguin pol·linitzadores. Reproducció per llavors i esqueuos, però aparentment no fructifica a les Balears.
Arrabassar la planta des de les arrels sembla que és una tècnica eficient per eradicar-ne petites poblacions (<http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/moredocs/lonjap01.html>).
Per a un perfil detallat d'aquesta espècie, amb tècniques d'eradicació incloses, vegeu: <http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documents/lonijap.html>. <http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/JH.html>.
**Situació a les Balears**
A les Amèriques és una planta molt invasora, fins i tot de les zones forestals, però a les Balears no s'ha manifestat fins ara com una planta perillosa. És molt comuna en jardins i de vegades, a causa del seu creixement massiu, pot colonitzar vores de camins, marges de garrigues i bardisses (per ex. a s'Albufereta de Pollença) (Foto 41a). Fins ara sempre s'ha vist prop de llocs residencials o on s'han abocat enderrocs. Hem d'anar en compte amb aquesta planta a causa de la seva fama de planta invasora molt perillosa en altres indrets; caldría una localització detallada de les poblacions existents i, si més no, un seguiment d'aquestes poblacions i de la seva capacitat de reproducció.
42. Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)
Nom comú en català: Cinamon, Mèlia.
Nom comú en castellà: Cinamono. Acederaque. Árbol de rosarios. Melia. Mirabobo. Fruto del paraíso. Alelí.
(Foto 42)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbre caduc de 2-20 m d'alçada. Fulles compostes de 10-45 cm amb els foliolos ovadoel·líptics de 2-3,5 cm, profundament dentats amb pocs pèls. Flors en grups de 10-70. Pètals de 7-8 x 2-3 mm, de color malva pàl·lid o blancs. El tub estaminal és de color púrpura. El fruit és d'1-1,5 cm de color groc setinat.
Diagnosi d'identificació
Arbre de tronc gruixut i escorça molt solcada de color marró fosc. Fulles compostes de foliolos dentats i en forma de punta de llança; les fulles cauen a l'hivern. Les flors són molt vistoses, de color lila amb una corona que envolta els estams d'un color violeta. Apareixen en panícules grans d'uns 20 cm, que tenen una agradable aroma. Els fruits també són ben característics, tenen forma de petites boles de color groc marró que romandran a l'arbre tot l'hivern.
Distribució geogràfica
Arbre natiu del sud i est d'Àsia i Austràlia que ha envaït Àfrica, el sud d'Europa i el Pacific (zones subtropicals seques i humides). Al sud d'Àfrica colonitza hàbitats humits en àrees subtropicals i és una de les exòtiques més esteses del Transvaal.
Característiques ecològiques
Arbre de sòls humits i profunds. Molt adaptat al clima mediterrani. Molt resistent a la sequera i al fred. És una planta amb molts d'usos medicinals i tradicionals, però s'hi ha d'anar amb compte perquè també és tòxica i és molt freqüent a les ciutats.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Producció elevada de llavors, que són dispersades per ocells. Floreix a la primavera i la seva maduresta reproductiva és primerenca. És de creixement ràpid. Es multiplica per llavors, que no necessiten tractaments de presembra. El fruit és verinós.
43. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Aizoaceae)
Nom comú en català: Herba de plata. Herba gelada. Cabellera de la reina.
Nom comú en castellà: Escarchada. Hierba de la plata. Escarchosa.
(Foto 43)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta anual i postrada, coberta de grosses papí-les cristal·lines. Les fulles són suculentes i planes, ovades o obovades. Les inferiors són oposades i peciolades i les superiors són alternes i sèssils. Flors (2-3 cm de diàmetre) axil-lars o en cimes terminals. Calze suculent amb cinc divisions desiguals. Pètals blancs, linears i nombrosos, de longitud superior a la dels sépals. Càpsula que s'obre en cinc valves alades.
Diagnosi d'identificació
Es tracta d'una herba decumbent de fulles i tiges molt gruixudes i completament cobertes per unes grans papí-les hialines; aquest darrer caràcter és prou significatiu per reconèixer l'espècie.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta del sud-oest d'Àfrica. Està naturalitzada des d'Àrabia, a través de tota l'àrea mediterrània, fins a Portugal; també a Austràlia, Àsia i Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
Planta adaptada als ambients salins i extrems de les zones costaneres. Viu en zones rocoses i dunars properes a la mar. Resisteix períodes llargs de sequera i fortes exposicions al sol.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Només té reproducció sexual amb la formació de llavors. Als EUA es considera una planta amb potencial invasor de les zones litorals. Un perfil d'aquesta espècie i del risc que representa es pot trobar a: <http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastoe/detailreport.cfm?usemumber=13&surveynumber=182>.
44. Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae)
Nom comú en català: Flor de nit. Meravella de nit. Mirabajà. Llampedro.
Nom comú en castellà: Dondiego. Dondiego de noche. Bella de noche. Maravilla de noche. Maravilla del Perú. Periquitos. Sanpedros. Falsa jalapa. Tumba vaquero.
(Foto 44)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba perenne molt ramificada de 0,3-1 m d’alçada. Té arrels tuberoses. Fulles oposades, peciolades i ovades de 5-10 x 3-5 cm amb pèls als marges. Flors disposades en grups densos al final de les branques. Són tubulars (2,5-5 cm) amb cinc lòbuls de color blanc, rosa, groc o bigarrat d’1,5-3,5 cm de diàmetre. Pel vespre despreneu una dolça fragància. Fruit concrecent amb la part inferior del periant de 6-9 x 4-6 mm, rugós i de color marró fosc o negre. Arrel tuberosa.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Aquesta és una planta molt coneguda en jardineria, obre les flors a la tarda (per això rep el nom en anglès de four o’clock) durant l’estiu, amb una aroma ben característica. Les flors són inconfusibles, amb un llarg tub que finalment s’obre en cinc lòbuls.
Distribució geogràfica
Procedeix de l’Amèrica tropical (Mèxic) i està àmpliament cultivada en els tròpics, on sovint es naturalitza. També s’ha naturalitzat a les zones més temperades d’Europa, especialment a l’oest, escapant dels jardins.
Característiques ecològiques
Moderadament tolerant a la sequera, pot créixer tant a l’ombra com al sol. Pot resistir les gelades i les baixes temperatures. Presenta arrels molt profundes.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Es reproduceix sexualment per llavors que solen germinar amb facilitat. Les arrels poden actuar per a la seva propagació asexual. Les llavors i les arrels són verinoses si les ingerim.
Situació a les Balears
Cultivada com a ornamental i subespontània en comunitats ruderals i segetals, vores de camins i llits de torrents.
A l’illa Eivissa pareix que és més freqüent que a la resta de les Illes. A les cunetes i als voltants de cases de camp és molt comú veure-la. També a Mallorca, on colonitza sobretot els fons dels torrents quan passen prop de zones residencials.
Fins ara no manifesta comportaments invasors, malgrat que té una gran resistència a l’eradicació a causa de la formació de moltes llavors i de les arrels tuberoses; però cal mantenir l’atenció sobre aquesta espècie.
45. Myoporum tenuifolium G. Forster (Myoporaceae)
Nom comú en català: Miopor.
Nom comú en castellà: Mioporo. Siempreverde. Lugustro.
(Foto 45)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust o petit arbre de fins a 8m d’alçada que es manté verd tot l’any. Fulles simples, alternes, de marge sencer, d’un verd brillant per l’anvers i més clares pel revers; tenen un pecioli de 0.5-1 cm i en mirar-les a contrallum s’hi aprecien nombrosos punts grocs que corresponen a recipients d’essència. Les flors neixen allàides o en petits grups a les axil·les de les fulles; són blanques i de petita mida. Fruit carnós, de la mida d’un pèsol, al principi de color verd i obscur en madurar.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbust de fulles amb marge sencer de color verd molt lluent. Els pètals de les flors estan soldats i són de color blanc amb petites taques brunes cap a l’interior. Es diferencia de Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W. T. Aiton, una altra espècie molt utilitzada en jardineria, entre altres caràcters perquè M. tenuifolium té l’apex de les fulles agut, mentre que P. tobira el té arrodonit o obtús.
Distribució geogràfica
Procedeix d’Austràlia.
Característiques ecològiques
Suporta molt bé la proximitat de la mar, el vent i els terrenys arenosos. No resisteix les gelades, sobretot quan és jove.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
La reproducció és sexual amb la formació de llavors. També pot créixer a partir d’esqueixos. És de creixement molt ràpid. No apareix al catàleg de la flora introduïda de Dana et al. (2002).
Situació a les Balears
Arbre molt utilitzat en jardineria com a ornamental. És comú formant bardisses divisories de carreteres. Esporàdicament creix en el medi natural en ambients degradats i al costat de zones urbanes (vores de camins i erms del litoral). Sol aparèixer esporàdicament i sense formar poblacions grans.
46. Nothoscordum borbonicum Kunth (Liliaceae)
Nom comú en català: All d’or.
Nom comú en castellà: -
(Foto 46)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta herbàcia amb roseta de fulles linears i amb bulb. Les fulles són planes de prop d’un centímetre d’amplada. És una planta glabra i inodora de 0,3-0,6 m d’alçada. La inflorescència és laxa en forma d’umbel·la, embolcallada abans d’obrir-se per dues bràctees en forma d’espatxa concrescents a la base. Les flors (5-20) són aromàtiques i els tèpals estan totalment lluïres, són de color blanc i amb el nervi mitjà de color rosa, verdosos al revers. Les tiges són cilíndriques. Té bulbs amb arrels carnoses.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Espècie que es pot confondre amb un all de flors blanques amb una línia rosada al mig, però sortirem de dubtes ràpidament perquè no fa l’olor tan característica dels alls. Floreix durant l’hivern, el mes de febrer-març, i això permet diferenciar-la de la major part de les espècies d’all de flor blanca que floreixen més tard, en plena primavera.
Distribució geogràfica
Original de l’Amèrica del Sud. S’ha naturalitzat per gran part del món, especialment a llocs temperats.
Característiques ecològiques
És una planta pròpia dels ambients segetals i arvenses. Floració d’hivern.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
El fet de ser un geòfit i tenir bulbs li confereix la capacitat d’estar en estat latent durant les estacions desfavorables, i tornar a créixer i reproduir-se en el període òptim de pluges i temperatures elevades (final de primavera i principi d’estiu).
47. Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae)
Nom comú en català: Parkinsònia.
Nom comú en castellà: Cinacina. Palo verde. Espino de Jerusalén. Parkinsonia. Cina. Espinillo.
(Fotos 47 i 47a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbre de 3-10 m d’alçada amb el tronc i les branques llises de color verd i la copa gran amb les fulles penjants. Branques erectes, tortuoses, espinoses, les exterior penjants. Caduc o perenne, dependent del clima de la zona. Branques en zig-zaga, amb espines en els nusos disposades de tres en tres. Fulles bipinnades amb 3-4 pinnes de 20-30 cm de longitud i amb nombrosos folíols de color verd grisós i forma linear o oblonga. Inflorescències terminals o axil-lars, penjants, amb nombroses flors grogues amb taques vermelles en el pètal superior. Llegum de 5-15 cm de longitud, constret entre les llavors, dehiscent, amb 6-8 llavors, allargat i de color marró verdós.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbre de branques penjants i amb nombroses espines. Fulles palmaticompostes, amb els lòbuls llargs i dividits en molts petits folíols. Inflorescències penjants de flors grogues amb taques vermellenques en el pètal superior.
Distribució geogràfica
Oriünda de Mèxic fins al nord de l’Amèrica del Sud. Ampliament introduïda en altres parts del món. També és invasora a Austràlia i naturalitzada per tot el sud subtropical dels EUA. A Austràlia ha infestat més de 800.000 hectàrees, principalment al llarg de cursos d’aigua.
Veure una amplia informació sobre l’espècie a: <http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/p-aculeata.html>
Característiques ecològiques
Arbre de creixement ràpid i sense cap requeriment ecològic important. Bastant resistent al fred si no és excessiu (no a les gelades).
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
A causa de la reproducció vegetativa amb la formació d’estolons subterrànies, és una planta molt perillosa i de ràpida colonització. També es reproduceix per llavors. Dana et al. (2002) li donen una categoria 2: «Potencial invasor reconegut, no amenaça actualment els ecosistemes però pot fer-ho en el futur.»
Situació a les Balears
Espècie cultivada a molts de jardins, carrers i marges de carreteres. Planta erràtica i rara. Comença a aparèixer en ambients degradats i bruts (vores de camins i camps abandonats) prop de les zones residencials. Per exemple l’hem vista a totes les illes colonitzant espais litorals propers a urbanitzacions. Planta d’introducció recent amb potencial invasor elevat.
48. Pennisetum Richard (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: Pasto kikuyo (*P. clandestinum*). Cola de zorro, Rabo de gato.
(Fotos 48 i 48a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
A les Balears hi ha tres espècies exòtiques de *Pennisetum*.
- *P. clandestinum* Chiov.: Planta estolonífera i reptant que forma gespes (5-30 cm). Inflorescència constituïda per 2-4 espicules sèssils de 10-20 mm (inflorescències elementals), més o menys embolcallades per la beina foliar superior. Tiges curtes, ramificades i folioses (5-12 x 0,2-0,6 cm) amb les beines foliars imbricades.
- *P. villosum* R. Br.: Planta cespitosa i glabrescent de 2-6 (10) dm. Inflorescència blanca de 3-10 x 2-5 cm amb nombroses setes plomoses. Fulles de 10-40 (60) x 0,2-0,6 cm, amb beina pilosa, que sovint ultrapassa l’entrenús.
- *P. setaceum* (Forsk.) Chiov.: planta cespitosa i glabrescent de 3-12 dm. Inflorescència densa i allargada de color púrpura o rosàcia de (10)15-25(35) x 1,2-1,6 cm i amb nombroses setes, la majoria plomoses a la part inferior. Fulles rígides de 30-45 x 0,3-0,4 cm, amb beina que sovint ultrapassa l’entrenús.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
*P. villosum* és més baixa que *P. setaceum* i forma mates denses de fulles llargues de color verd clar. Són característiques les inflorescències, ovoides, denses, d’un color blanc quasi pur i cobertes de llargs pèls; a contrallum s’il·luminen d’una forma molt atractiva. *P. setaceum* té les inflorescències de color púrpura i allargades, molt elegant. *P. clandestinum* forma una gespa densa i reptant molt diferent a les altres dues *Pennisetum*. Encara que les inflorescències són molt més petites, mai no l’hem vista en floració, i passa desapercebuda amb molta facilitat.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Totes tres són natives de l’Àfrica de l’est. *P. setaceum* també és nativa de l’oest d’Àsia. *P. clandestinum* és cultivada com a farratge als països calents i naturalitzada al Pacífic (Hawaii), Àfrica, Austràlia i Nova Zelanda. *P. setaceum* és invasora al Pacífic (Hawaii), illes oceàniques (Santa Helena) i actualment és un problema molt greu en algunes illes Canàries.
**Característiques ecològiques**
*P. clandestinum* està adaptada a climes temperats secs i humits. *P. setaceum* i *P. villosum* estan més adaptades a climes calents i àrids. Totes disposen de metabolisme C4.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Per a una completa descripció morfològica: Watson i Dallwitz (1992, 1999). <http://www.biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/grass/www/penniset.htm>.
*P. clandestinum* és resistent a les gelades. Es reproduceix vegetativament i és apomictica facultativa (pot formar llavors sense fecundar) dins inflorescències que es troben amagades a les beines de les fulles i que per tant passen desapercebudes (<http://www.biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/grass/images/pennis26.gif>). Molt rarament forma llavors procedents de flors normals, excepte en altituds elevades.
*P. setaceum* produceix poques llavors, que són dispersades pel vent però que poden mantenir-se viables fins a set anys. Està adaptada al foc, que promou l’expansió de l’espècie. Informació sobre la seva ecologia a: <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=309&fr=1&sts=>.
A les Canàries és una planta molt perillosa sobre la qual es fan plans intensius d’eradicació, a la Gomera i a La Palma, seguint els passos d’altres illes com Hawaii (on és considerada la quarta planta més perillosa) i Nova Zelanda i països com Sud-àfrica.
Vegeu un perfil de l’espècie i les actuacions desenvolupades a les Canàries a:
<http://www.gobcan.es/medioambiente/revista/1998/8/6/>.
<http://www.gobcan.es/medioambiente/revista/1999/15/217/>
<http://www.gobcan.es/medioambiente/revista/2002/23/280/>.
**Situació a les Balears**
Plantes en procés d’expansió moderada. Solen créixer en vores de camins, camps oberts, àrees costaneres d’arena i llits de torrents. Encara són poques les poblacions trobades en el medi natural però, a causa dels antecedents de *Pennisetum* com a grans plantes invasores, hem de mantenir un especial control sobre aquestes espècies.
*P. villosum* és la que hem detectat amb més freqüència, per exemple a s’Albufereta de Pollença, però quasi sempre prop de zones residencials i jardins (Foto 48). *P. setaceum* ha estat plantada a les autopistes de Mallorca, però fins ara no l’hem
vista naturalitzada en aquesta illa, però no en descartem la presència. A Menorca se'n va detectar un focus al port de Maó, al costat d'una carretera i el Consell Insular de Menorca va fer una actuació per eradicar-la (Foto 48a). *Pennisetum clandestinum* s'està estenent de forma silenciosa per molts d'indrets de Menorca i de Mallorca i segurament és la més perillosa de les tres. Com que no n'hem vist flors, es confon amb altres gramínees. No es pot descartar que s'estigui reproduint per llavors d'origen apomictic, ja que les inflorescències que les formen són molt difícils de veure. L'eradicació serà molt difícil pel fet de disposar de rizomes i per la dificultat de la seva detecció. Caldrà una actuació específica per a aquesta planta.
49. Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae)
Nom comú en català: Raïm de moro. Escopetes. Raïm de sant Salvi. Raïm de l’escopeta. Raïm de guilla. Tinta. Belladona borda. Rem de moro. Arbre de tinta.
Nom comú en castellà: Hierba carmín. Fitolaca. Hierba de la oblea. Uvas de América. Uvas de Indias. Espinacas de América. Grana encarnada. Tintilla.
(Fotos 49 i 49a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust ramificat d’1 a 3 m d’alçada. Tija estriada, sovint vermellosa. Fulles alternes i peciolades i ovatolanceolades de 10-25 (40) x 5-10 cm, enteres i els nervis del revers vermells. Flors en raïms erectes de color blanc que tornen púrpures i pengen quan fructifiquen. Fruit en forma de baia el-lipsoidal deprimida, de color negre púrpura.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Es tracta d’una gran herba que pot arribar a fer tres metres d’alçada. Té unes fulles grans, ovalades, les tiges sovint prenen colors vermellosos. Forma raïms de petites flors blanques o purpurines, que quan són fecundades es tornen fruits carnosos de color quasi negre que formen un raïm que penja. En flor o fruit la planta és inconfusible, en estat vegetatiu recorda vagament el tabac, si es tracta d’una planta petita i poc ramificada. També s’ha detectat *P. polyandra* Batalin, molt semblant però amb inflorescències més llargues i rígides (Foto 49a).
Distribució geogràfica
Procedent de l’Amèrica septentrional. Antigament cultivada a la regió mediterrània (el suc del fruit ha estat emprat com a colorant). Naturalitzada a l’Europa meridional.
Característiques ecològiques
Requereix sòls nitrificats i humits. Algunes parts d’aquesta planta són molt verinoses i si s’ingereixen poden matar les persones i el bestiar.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Planta de fruits carnosos que poden ser disseminats per ocells (zoocòria) i barocòria. La circulació de l’aigua pot afavorir la dispersió de les llavors.
Situació a les Balears
Planta present en alguns lílts de torrents (Esporles, Gènova, Bunyola, citat també a Pareis —Bonafé 1980— i marges de zones alterades —Santuari de Lluc, la Granja). Normalment forma poblacions d’un nombre gran d’individus, però també és freqüent trobar-ne individus aïllats al costat de carreteres i camps, segurament com una reminiscència de l’antic ús que es donava a la planta per obtenir colorants (per això molts dels seus noms populars).
50. Pittosporum tobira Aiton (Pittosporaceae)
Nom comú en català: Pitòspor.
Nom comú en castellà: Pitósporo japonés. Azahar de la China. Pitóspero.
(Foto 50)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust o arbre de fins a 4-5 m d’alçada. Escorça fosca, amb fulles obvades de 5-10 cm de longitud, molt obtuses, coriàcies, amb els marges revoluts i glabres. Anvers de color verd fosc i revers una mica més clar, amb el nervi central destacat. Flors d’uns 1,2 cm de diàmetre, disposades en umbel·les terminals. Són fragrants, de color blanc o crema. Fruit ovoide d’1-1,2 cm de diàmetre, angulós, cobert d’un toment molt fi. Llavors negres.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbust molt comú en jardins i bardisses. Té les fulles senceres, lluents, fortes i amb els marges plegats cap endins. Les flors són petites i blanquinoses. El fruit és molt característic i, quan s’obre, queda dividit en tres parts mostrant les llavors de color fosc. Podria ser confós amb *Myoporum tenuifolium*, que s’empra als jardins de forma igualment freqüent, però aquesta espècie té els àpexs de les fulles aguts.
Distribució geogràfica
Nativa del Japó, la Xina i Corea. Molt usada com a planta ornamental i per bardisses en climes temperats per tot el món. Als EUA *Pittosporum tobira* es troba comunament a la costa sud-est i oest.
Característiques ecològiques
És resistent a la sequera i al fred; és poc exigent. La seva ecologia s’assembla molt a les espècies escleròfiles mediterrànies. Necessita requeriments moderats d’humitat durant l’estiu per conservar bé les fulles. Viu tant en condicions moderades d’ombra com també exposada sempre al sol. En zones fredes ha d’estar resguardada. És molt tolerant a la sal, té un creixement correcte en dunes i zones costaneres i pot viure sobre una varietat de tipus de sòls. No tolera els sòls pobres en drenatges o sòls humits, perquè les arrels es podreen i moren.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
En els primers estadis de vida, el creixement és molt ràpid, i disminueix a poc a poc a mesura que es fa més gran. El creixement és molt ràpid en sòls ben drenats, àcids i una mica fèrtils, malgrat pot resistir la sequera. Produïx una gran quantitat de llavors que no tenen cap problema per germinar de forma massiva. La dispersió d’aquestes llavors, a diferència de la major part dels escleròfils mediterranis, es fa bàsicament per gravetat i no per ocells; això facilita la contenció d’aquesta espècie.
Dana et al. (2002) consideren que aquesta espècie ha estat detectada com a invasora en altres països i pot representar una amenaça potencial per als nostres ecosistemes.
Situació a les Balears
Arbust molt comú en jardins i bardisses de carreteres. Normalment el trobem naturalitzat de forma aïllada en vores de camins, camps abandonats i torrents molt proper a zones urbanitzades i ambients degradats (per ex. l’hem trobat al torrent de sa Calobra). A l’illa de Menorca aquesta planta comença a ser una preocupació; la carretera que uneix Maó amb Ciutadella està esquitxada de forma ocasional per aquesta espècie. Sembla que també apareix en penya-segats litorals d’aquesta illa (P. Fraga, com. per.) i l’hem vist als penya-segats del port de Maó (Menorca); per aquest motiu caldria un estudi específic d’aquesta espècie i, tal volta, actuacions concretes d’eradicació.
51. Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. (Fabaceae)
Nom comú en català: Ginesta vimetera, Ginestera vimetera.
Nom comú en castellà: Chinastra, Escoba alta, Escoba florida, Escobeta, Giniestra, Jinestrera, Lluvia de oro, Retama, Retama amarilla, Retama común, Retama borde, Retama de bolas, Xinestra.
(Foto 51)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust grisenc de branques primes i 0,8-2 m d’alçada. Fulles escasses linearlanceolades. Les tiges són de color gris o gris verdós i poden exercir la funció assimiladora. Flors grogues en raïms laterals més o menys densos amb el calze bilabiat i persistent. Llegum ovoide o esferoidal (amb forma de ronyó), llis, d’àpex obtús i de color de palla de 6-10 mm, amb 1(2) granes.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbust alt molt similar a les genistes però amb branques pèndules i amb les flors en raïms terminals. Tota la planta té un característic color groc verdós, amb branques una mica piloses de joves amb fulles diminutes i sense pecíol. Fulles senceres i cadugues. Les flors grogues destaquen poc entre el color general de la planta. El fruit és un llegum que no s’obre, és esfèric i amb una sola llavor. El fruit s’allibera pel moviment de l’arbre amb el vent. *Retama monosperma* (L.) Boiss. també és molt freqüent als jardins, es reconeix perquè les flors són blanques i les branques d’un verd més fosc.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta nativa de la Mediterrània oest (iberomagribina). Molt freqüent a la part oriental de la península Ibèrica ocupant llocs oberts, sovint alterats.
Característiques ecològiques
Planta mediterrània adaptada a les nostres condicions climàtiques i edàfiques (no excessivament humides i fredes). Pot viure en un rang ampli d’altitud (0-1000 m).
Pot créixer en diferents tipus d’hàbitats dels pisos termo i mesomediteranis, però és un bon bioindicador del pis mesomediterrani (<http://waste.ideal.es/retama.htm>). Floreix entre abril i juliol.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Només presenta reproducció sexual amb disseminació de les llavors per baròcòria quan es mouen les branques amb el vent.
Situació a les Balears
Arbust utilitzat als jardins i les carreteres, molt rar en el medi natural de les illes Balears. S’ha trobat de forma puntual colonitzant marges de zones forestals i vores de camins, per exemple a Puigpunyent. Aparentment no pareix que aquesta espècie es comporti com a invasora, però pel seu caràcter mediterrani cal tenir-la en observació.
52. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae)
Nom comú en català: Robinia. Acàcia falsa.
Nom comú en castellà: Acacia blanca. Falsa acacia. Robinia.
(Foto 52)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbre caducifoli de 10-25 m d’alçada que pot arribar a viure molts d’anys. És d’escorça gruixuda i fissurada. Fulles imparipinnades amb 3-10 parells de folíols el·líptics o ovats, enteros. Estípules transformades en fortes espines. Flors blanques amb la base de l’estèndard groguenca reunides en raïms axil-lars de 10-20 cm de longitud. Llegums, aplanats, de color marró en madurar i pènduls de 5-10 x 1 cm.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbre de fulles imparipinnades i de folíols el·líptics o ovats de color verd clar que tornen groguencs. Flors blanques en raïms pènduls i de grans llegums. Les flors són molt oloroses i són visitades per les abelles. Per la forma de les fulles es pot confondre amb *Tipuana tipu* (Benth.) Kuntze, però aquesta espècie té les flors de color groc i floreix molt més tard.
Distribució geogràfica
Procedent de l’Amèrica del Nord. A la península Ibèrica la cultiven en talussos i torrenteres. Està naturalitzada en boscos més o menys humits. S’ha utilitzat com a arbre en repoblacions forestals en molt països centreuropeus i mediterranis, però ara es considera una planta invasora a: Països Baixos, França, Alemanya, Suissa, Hongria, Grècia, Turquia, Xipre, Israel, Austràlia i Nova Zelanda. Malgrat el seu origen, també en alguns estats dels EUA es considera una planta invasora (<http://www.ipcnys.org/invasive_species/black_locust.htm>). Va ser introduïda a Espanya al segle XVII.
Característiques ecològiques
Poden créixer des d’arran de la mar fins als 1.300 m. Són plantes de fàcil creixement i toleren els sòls pobres. Molt resistents al fred i a la falta d’aigua. Són de creixement ràpid. Viuen en sòls frescos i profunds, requereix una bona il·luminació.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Arbre de creixement molt ràpid. Es propaga sexualment per llavors i asexualment per brots de les arrels. En el cas de les plantes cultivades es pot sembrar a partir d’esqueixos.
És un arbre verinós que pot produir al·lèrgies.
Quan el tallen pot brostar amb facilitat i dificultar molt les feines d’eradicació. Sembla que les seves característiques invasores es manifesten amb més intensitat en llocs on hi ha un clima propici per als boscos de caducifolis.
Per a un perfil complet sobre aquesta espècie, amb informació sobre tècniques d’eradicació, es pot consultar: <http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/00papers/sabo.htm>.
Dana et al. (2002) li donen una màxima categoria de perillositat, valor 3 (perillosa per als ecosistemes naturals).
Situació a les Balears
Arbre subespontani de vores de camins i camps abandonats. És ocassional a les Illes i no sol arribar a formar poblacions nombroses. Fins ara no es pot considerar una espècie exòtica perillosa: sempre creix en ambients pertorbats o humanitzats i sense penetrar dins la vegetació nativa, generalment al costat de les carreteres, com passa per exemple en diferents trams de la carretera de Manacor o de Valldemossa (Mallorca) i a la carretera de Fornells a Menorca.
53. Senecio angulatus L. f. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: -
(Fotos 53 i 53a)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Planta perenne trepadora de branques ramificades i serpejants sense pèls. Fulles de 6-8 x 6-7 cm, triangulars amb la base cuneada desigualment lobulades, agudes, sense pèls o amb alguns de fins. Flors de color groc disposades en corimbes. Fruit de 3,5-4 mm.
Diagnosi d'identificació
Planta enfiladissa de fulles carnoses i de forma semblant a les de l'heura. Fulles més o menys suculentes de color verd llucent i forma triangular. Quan està en flor és molt fàcil de reconèixer; és l'única liana de flors grogues reunides. Quan no està en flor, passa desapercebuda i es confon amb la resta de la vegetació.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta nativa del sud i centre d'Àfrica. Introduïda com a planta ornamental.
Característiques ecològiques
Floreix a la tardor i a principi d'hivern.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
És de creixement ràpid i pot cobrir la vegetació nativa de la zona.
Situació a les Balears
Liana molt lligada a l'activitat de l'home i als seus nuclis residencials. Viu cultivada als jardins, on pot arribar a cobrir parets i façanes (Foto 53a), s'ha naturalitzat ocasionalment en llits de torrents i marges de camins i també la trobem enfilant-se pels pals d'electricitat. S'ha trobat a les tres Illes sovint lligada a les urbanitzacions. La seva perillositat és difícil d'avaluar ara per ara, però el principi de precaució ens porta a recomanar una vigilància sobre aquesta espècie, i l'eradicació dels llocs més naturals.
54. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen (Poaceae)
Nom comú en català: -
Nom comú en castellà: Cepillo de botellas. Cepillo de dientes. Deshollinador. Cola de zorra. Zacate cola de zorra. Limpia botella. Pega-pega. Zacate bermuda. Gusanillo. Lava frascos.
(Foto 54)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Herba perenne i rizomatosa de 30-80 cm d’alçada. Inflorescències amb forma de plomalls primis i aspres. Fulles erectes de 15 cm de longitud o menys, de més o menys 5-7 mm d’amplada. Principalment són rectes (no retortes), acuminades i glabres. Inflorescències denses, terminals i cilíndriques de 3-5 x 1 cm, gruixudes, verdes, grogues o púrpura, d’eix densament pubescent, amb més o menys sis pèls sota cada espigueta.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Planta perenne molt estilitzada, d’inflorescències allargades que tomen de color groc quan maduren. Les fulles i les tiges sovint són de color una mica púrpura. Alguns pèls es poden veure sota les llavors.
Distribució geogràfica
Planta tropical i subtropical d’Amèrica.
Característiques ecològiques
Té rizomes, cosa que li permet passar els estius sense fulles i tornar a rebrotar a la tardor. Preferentment és de clima humit.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Gramínia que es reproduceix per llavors. Pot tornar a rebrotar a partir dels rizomes.
Dana et al. (2002) la consideren una espècie naturalitzada a Espanya potencialment invasora.
Situació a les Balears
Gramínia de distribució rara a les Balears, però la detecció no és fàcil i pot passar desapercebuda. És molt erràtica i esporàdicament la trobem a vores de camins i marges de camps abandonats. No forma grans poblacions i actualment no sembla una amenaça per a la flora nativa de les Balears.
55. Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & Jaeger (Solanaceae)
Nom comú en català: Metzines. Metzines de pometa.
Nom comú en castellà: Manzanillas, pelotillas o tomateras del diablo.
(Foto 55)
Descripció morfològica resumida
Arbust ramificat de 0,5-2(3) m d’alçada amb molts d’agulons rectes 4-10(15) mm. Fulles peciolades de limbe el·líptic de 5-13(18) x 4-9(15) cm, profundament pinnatipartides o pinnatisectes, amb els lòbuls arrodonits. Té espines sobre els nervis del revers de la fulla. Cimes extraaxil-lars de poques flors de color purpuri, blaves o blanques. Flors superiors masculines i les altres hermafrodites. Calze florífer profundament dividit amb agulons que no solen ultrapassar els lòbul. Cimes pèndules en estat fructifer. Baia esfèrica, groga o bruna i lluent.
Diagnosi d’identificació
Arbust molt espinós amb fruits esfèrics grans i de color groc. No té confusió amb altres solanàcies a causa de la gran quantitat d’agulons que té distribuïts per tota la planta, sobretot a les fulles.
Distribució geogràfica
Nativa de l’Àfrica del sud. Naturalitzada a la Mediterrània.
Característiques ecològiques
Sol créixer en sòls secs i àrids. Està adaptada a condicions del litoral.
Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors
Reproducció sexual amb la formació de baies que són dispersades probablement per ocells o petits animals.
Situació a les Balears
Present a totes les Illes. Sol colonitzar camps de cultiu abandonats, camps oberts, vores de camins i contrades nitrofílles i humanitzades. No és gaire abundant però sí freqüent per tot arreu. Normalment són poblacions de pocs individus, però s’ha vist que en determinades zones pot arribar a ser abundant (per ex. marges de camps i camins en el parc de Mondragó). Aquesta espècie sol estar associada a les cases de la pagesia com altres espècies verinoses i/o medicinals (Conium maculatum L., Anagyris foetida L., Artemisia arborescens L., etc.) i sembla d’introducció relativament antiga. No sembla que hi hagi risc que pugui arribar a ser invasora, perquè ha tingut temps per manifestar-se, però la seva àmplia distribució a les Illes convida a mantenir una certa vigilància.
56. *Stenotaphrum secundatum* (Walter) O. Kunze (Poaceae)
**Nom comú en català:** -
**Nom comú en castellà:** Gramón. Falso kikuyu, Grama San Agustin. Lastón.
(Foto 56)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Herba reptant i estolonífera de 5-40 cm. Fulles amb beina comprimida, lígula de pèls curts i limbe de 5-10 (20) x 0,4-1(1,2) cm. Inflorescència espiciforme, comprimida, i de (3)5-10 x 0,5-1 cm. Espicles enfonsades dins l’eix de la inflorescència i sostinguts per un raquis prolongat en punta subulada.
**Diagnosi d’identificació**
Planta cespitosa d’espigues comprimides i unitats floríferes enfonsades dins l’eix. Fulles planes de color verd clar. Té la fisonomia d’una gramma però molt més robusta, de tiges comprimides i fulles més grans. La inflorescència és inconfusible, perquè té un eix molt ample i comprimit on es disposen les espiguetes de forma irregular.
**Distribució geogràfica**
Planta de distribució pantropical. Cultivada per fer gespa a la regió mediterrània.
**Característiques ecològiques**
Li agraden les exposicions totals de sol però pot tolerar un poc d’ombra. Els requeriments d’aigua són de moderats a abundants. És resistent a la sal i pot créixer en un ventall ampli de sòls.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Planta estolonífera molt resistent i de creixement ràpid. En ambients arenosos forma grans catifes verdes. Reproducció vegetativa per esqueixos i segments.
Suporta el trepig intensiu i torna de color groc a l’hivern.
Dana et al. (2002) li donen el màxim índex de perillositat: 3, invasora i perillosa per al ecosistemes naturals.
<http://www.infojardineria.com/Publica_steno.htm>.
57. Xanthium L. (Asteraceae)
Nom comú en català: Espina-xoca. Ríoles espinoses. Floravia. Herba de tres claus, Cadells. Llagastes. Aferragós. Enganxadones. Enganxagossos. Llapasa petita. Gafets. Catxuros. Coscorros (*X. spinosum*).
Nom comú en castellà: Cachurrera menor. Pegotes. Cepacaballo (*X. spinosum*).
(Fotos 57 i 57a)
**Descripció morfològica resumida**
Herba monoica amb capitols femenins ovoideoblongs, formats per dues flors situades dins un involucre tancat, eriçat d'espines uncinades i amb dos becs apicals; capitols masculins globosos, caducs. A les Balears hi ha dues espècies exòtiques de *Xanthium*:
- *X. spinosum* L.: Planta de 0,3-1 m de fulles peciolades i limbe lanceolat, sovint tripartit, gris tomentós al revers, de 2-7 x 0,5-3 cm, i amb 1-2 espines grogues trifurcades a la base. Poden ser enteres o 3-5 lobades, amb el segment terminal de gran longitud. Involucre fructífer de 8-12 x 6-8 mm, amb els becs apicals poc visibles i agullons uncinats (que formen ganxo) (Foto 57a).
- *X. echinatum* Murray: Planta de 30-60 cm de fulles peciolades i limbe irregularment lobatodentat. Involucre fructífer amb agullons fins i densos, només uncinats a l'àpex (Foto 57).
**Diagnosi d'identificació**
El gènere *Xanthium* és dels pocs exemples que podem trobar de la família de les compostes que tenen capitols unisexuals i amb morfologies ben diferenciades. Els capitols femenins estan formats per només dues flors i tenen una forma globosa ovalada (com la bola de jugar a rugbi) coberta d'agullons. Els capitols masculins estan en individus diferents i són globosos.
Ambdues espècies es diferencien clarament entre si. *X. spinosum*, com el seu nom indica, té espines de color groc i normalment les fulles estan lobulades amb el segment terminal allargat, de major longitud que els altres. *X. echinatum* no té espines i les fulles són més amples i amb els lòbuls de mida similar.
**Distribució geogràfica**
*X. spinosum* és del sud d'Amèrica i *X. echinatum* és americana. Ambdues estan naturalitzades a gran part d'Europa (pluriregional).
**Característiques ecològiques**
Plantes oportunistes que viuen als camps de conreu o ocupant espais marginals dels ecosistemes naturals.
**Característiques amb especial esment als aspectes reproductors**
Herbes de cicle anual que formen moltes llavors. Actualment són cosmopolites i oportunistes. Es dispersa per les llavors, probablement transportades enganxades als pèls dels herbívors.
**Situació a les Balears**
*X. spinosum* és planta de camps de cultiu que pot colonitzar grans extensions d'aquestes terres remogudes i riques. *X. spinosum* pot ser una «mala herba» per als pagesos i causar problemes de competència i contaminació de llavors en el sòl, apareix de forma erràtica per aquí i per allà. També en vores de camins. *X. echinatum* és molt més rara i s'ha vist en zones arenoses del litoral i marges de torrents (Cala en Porter, els Alocs, a Menorca; torrent prop d'Inca i torrent al poligon de llevant de Palma, a Mallorca).
11. Alguns arbres naturalitzats a la flora de les Balears
Algunes de les espècies introduïdes més freqüents a les Illes corresponen a arbres de distribució mediterrània que van arribar a les Balears en temps antics. Molts d’aquests arbres han estat utilitzats per l’home des de temps immemorial, fins al punt que no se’n coneix amb exactitud l’àrea de distribució original (en alguns casos hi ha dubtes seriosos si són realment autòctons o introduits). És notable que molts són caducifolis d’hivern i són freqüents colonitzadors dels torrents i sòls humits. Alguns també tenen en comú que presenten races originades en cultiu i híbrids amb espècies properes que poden fer difícil una determinació precisa. Algunes d’aquestes espècies s’han integrat en la nostra flora fins al punt que han esdevingut una part pròpia del nostre paisatge i difícilment poden rebre una consideració social negativa tal com passa amb les espècies d’introducció més recent, malgrat tenen un paper ecològic que ara ens és difícil de precisar. Es pot establir un cert paral·lelisme amb els vertebrats d’introducció antiga (marts, tortugues, ratolins, rates cellardes, etc.), que malgrat haver estat introduïts per l’home no els considerem espècies exòtiques invasores. És per aquestes raons que hem decidit no fer-ne una fitxa particular per a cada una, sinó agrupar-les en una única fitxa amb un breu comentari de cadascuna.
Celtis australis L. (Ulmaceae)
El lledoner és un arbre majestuos que s’ha utilitzat tradicionalment en els jardins de les possessions mallorquines no solament per les seves qualitats estètiques, sinó també perquè els fruits (el lledons) són comestibles. Com també passa amb els oms (que pertanyen a la mateixa família), les fulles són assimètriques a la base, caràcter que el fa fàcilment diferenciable d’altres arbres de jardí. Els fruits carnosos, que maduren a la tardor, i les fulles amb un àpex acuminat el separen dels oms.
Es tracta d’un arbre de distribució mediterrània, però la seva àrea original és difícil d’establir perquè l’home l’ha utilitzat des de temps antics; no hi ha gaire dubtes que a les Balears es tracta d’un arbre introduït.
Encara que ha estat àmpliament cultivat, no és freqüent trobar-lo a la natura: apareix esporàdicament als torrents del Raiguer de Mallorca i l’hem vist completament naturalitzat a torrents de la serra de Tramuntana (per ex. al torrent des Guix). Els fruits carnosos en faciliten la dispersió per part dels ocells, però fins ara no sembla que tingui una gran capacitat colonitzadora dels hàbitats naturals.
Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae)
El garrover és una de les espècies introduïdes més freqüents a les Balears. Cultivada des de temps molt antic, s’ha naturalitzat pertot arreu. Temps enrere es va considerar una planta autòctona, i de fet una de les comunitats vegetals més característiques de Mallorca com és l’ullastre en porta el nom: Ass. Cneoro-Ceratonietum (Al. Oleo-Ceratonion). Hi ha un acord en aquest moment a considerar que el garrover és una planta introduïda (Bolós et al. 1984). Efectivament, malgrat que són molt comuns, rarament els garrovers naturalitzats arriben a tenir l’alça pròpia d’aquesta espècie (i quan ho fan sovint es tracta en realitat d’antigues plantacions que han estat envaïdes per la garriga o els pinars), apareixen com a petits arbres aïllats a les garrigues denses d’ullastre mentre que són freqüents als marges dels boscos i a les vores de les carreteres; tenen, doncs, el comportament característic de les plantes introduïdes.
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)
(Foto 60)
La figuera és una de les espècies més freqüents de la nostra flora. Aquest arbre ha estat utilitzat per l’home des de temps immemorial per aprofitar-ne els fruits carnosos. Així, l’home l’ha estès per tota la conca mediterrània, de tal manera que ja no se’n coneix amb certesa la distribució original. Catalan (1993) considera que podria ser una espècie autòctona del sud de la península Ibèrica, però en qualsevol cas considerem que es tracta d’una espècie introduïda a les Balears. Les fulles grans i lobulades, els fruits tan característics (les figues) i el làtex blanc que treu si s’hi fa una ferida la fan inconfusible. Un gran nombre d’espècies del gènere Ficus s’utilitzen en jardineria, però totes tenen fulles esclerofilies i perennes i no es poden confondre amb F. carica.
La figuera es pot trobar a les vores dels camins, als torrents i als marges de conreus i de zones forestals, però és especialment corrent a les parets rocoses tant del litoral com de l’interior, de vegades formant masses denses que arriben a constituir petites bosquines. El seu caràcter transformador del paisatge és indubtable, però atès el temps que fa que va ser introduïda difícilment podem imaginar que es pugui estendre més del que ja ho ha fet.
**Fraxinus angustifolia** Vahl (Oleaceae)
El freixe és un arbre que viu principalment als torrents de les zones de la muntanya mallorquina i les seves proximitats. Es tracta d’un arbre de fulles compostes, amb foliol·s dentats i d’apèx agut. Floreix en ple hivern, quan no té fulles, però les flors són poc aparents; els fruits són ben característics perquè tenen una ala que en facilita la dispersió pel vent.
Aquesta és una espècie mediterrània que es troba a la part oriental de la península Ibèrica, per tant les Balears es troben en les proximitats de la seva àrea de distribució original. La seva presència a les Balears, en concret a Mallorca, s’ha considerat ligada a la intervenció de l’home (fins i tot Bolòs *et al.* 1990 el considera subespontani); si és així, la naturalització d’aquesta espècie ha estat total, ja que apareix sempre en ambients naturals i no en llocs antropitzats com és usual en el cas de les espècies introduïdes (fins i tot el seu ús com a arbre ornamental és molt reduït, almenys actualment). Mantenim aquesta espècie com a introduïda a les Balears seguint els autors anomenats, però considerem necessària una reflexió més profunda sobre l’estatus d’aquesta espècie.
**Phoenix canariensis** Chabaud (Arecaceae)
(Foto 61)
Les palmeres s’han integrat completament en el paisatge mediterrani europeu malgrat que cap (llevat del garballó, *Chamaerops humilis*) no és autòctona. A les illes Balears *P. canariensis* apareix amb molta freqüència com a subespontània i fins i tot naturalitzada ocupant marges de camins i de carreteres, però també els fons de torrents i fins i tot llocs litorals. Sovint es tracta d’individus juvenils que difícilment arribaran a adults, però ocasionalment s’han vist plantes de dimensions considerables.
**Platanus L.** (*Platanaceae*)
(Foto 62)
Els plàtans són arbres molt utilitzats en la jardineria urbana. La major part de les plantacions s’han fet amb un híbrid (*Platanus hispanica*) de dues espècies silvestres del gènere: *Pl. orientalis* i *Pl. occidentalis*. Són arbres bastant grans amb unes característiques fulles lobulades i de nerviació palmada, caduques.
*Platanus orientalis* és propi de la Mediterrània central i oriental però no es troba de forma natural a les Balears, encara que ha estat plantat juntament amb l’espècie híbrida. Aquest arbre és propi de les comunitats de ribera formant part dels boscos en galeria. *Platanus hispanica* i, ocasionalment, *Platanus orientalis* apareixen formant poblacions més o menys naturalitzades a Mallorca, on ocupen alguns torrents propers a la serra de Tramuntana (prop d’Esporles i de Puigpunyent, per exemple), i puntualment també en alguns torrents del Llevant. A Menorca es troben també de forma puntual als barrancs del sud de l’illa. Aquestes poblacions probablement es van originar a partir de plantacions antigues fetes en aquests mateixos llocs o a les rodalies i després es van naturalitzar.
**Populus L.** (*Salicaceae*)
(Foto 63)
Els polls i àlbers són uns arbres que també han estat molt utilitzats en jardineria urbana i formen part del paisatge dels carrers i les places. Malgrat que se n’han utilitzat moltes espècies de diferent origen geogràfic, les més comunes són *Populus alba*, *Populus nigra* i *Populus x canadensis*, aquest darrer un híbrid de cultiu.
*Populus alba* es reconeix fàcilment per les fulles sovint lobulades amb l’anvers de color verd fosc i el revers de color blanquinós; *Populus nigra* té fulles més aviat deltoides, de color verd per totes dues cares; *Populus x canadensis* té fulles triangulars molt més grans que *P. nigra*, també de color verd per totes dues cares. Es dispersen amb el vent, ja que tenen llavors amb vil-là.
*P. alba* viu en llocs mediterranis ocupant boscos de ribera; *P. nigra* és propi de terres més fredes i també ocupa aquest tipus d’ambients. *Populus alba* és l’espècie que s’ha naturalitzat amb més èxit. Es pot trobar a molts de torrents i canals de s’Albufera, també al costat de les carreteres i de nuclis urbans, generalment en llocs de sòls humits; de vegades forma masses compactes, com una bardissa, de molts d’individus que no arriben a assolir una gran mida. És relativament freqüent a Mallorca i també a Menorca.
*Populus nigra* és molt menys freqüent i, igual que *Populus x canadensis*, que de fet és més freqüent que l’anterior, forma petits boscos de ribera als torrents i les zones properes amb sòls humits segurament a partir de plantacions antigues.
Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)
(Foto 64)
Malgrat el seu nom que fa referència a antics imperis mediterranis, el magraner és una espècie original d’un àrea que comprèn dels Balcans fins els peus de l’Himàlaia. Ha estat cultivada pels seus fruits des d’èpoques precrístianes i va ser introduïda per totes les terres mediterrànies.
Es tracta d’un petit arbre, però sovint el trobarem amb un port arbustiu. Es reconeix per les seves fulles tendres, enteres, que prenen colors vermellosos quan són joves. També per la seves grans flors de color vermell intens al final de la primavera, i els seus fruits globosos madurs a la tardor, carregats de llavors carnoses i vermelles.
A partir dels horts s’ha naturalitzat, és relativament fàcil trobar-la a bardisses, marges de garrigues i vores de camins, sense arribar a formar poblacions denses.
Quercus humilis Mill i altres espècies de Quercus L. (Fagaceae)
L’existència de roures a la flora balear es coneix des de fa temps, fins i tot s’ha pensat si podrien ser arbres autòctons que formarien part de la flora d’arbres caducifolis que amb caracter relleu es troben a la serra de Tramuntana. De fet les anàlisis pol-liníquies de sediments de diferents punts de Mallorca i Menorca mostren una presència regular de pò-lens de Quercus caducifolis des de fa alguns milers d’anys, fins els temps actuals (per a una revisió veure Gil et al. 2003). Les dades sobre el terreny són menys clares, i apunten mes aviat a un origen al-locton de les poblacions actuals degut a que les poblacions existents estan aïllades a prop de llocs humanitzats que versebantament poden haver estat el focus d’introducció.
Els roures que hi a Mallorca formen una única població coneguda al torrent i al Puig dels Rourres a prop de Puigpunyent, es troben immersos dins el bosc de ribera acompanyats d’altres espècies d’arbres introduïts (Platanus, Populus, etc.) i colonitzen el turó que hi ha al costat. A Menorca coneixem una petita població a un torrent prop del lloc de S’Albufera des Mercadal, on es poden trobar a les rodalies d’un antic jardí on van ser plantats originalment, a l’illa existeixen altres petites poblacions versebantament subspontànies.
Els roures mallorquins inicialment van ser classificats com Quercus faginiá (Bonafé 1980) però més tard van ser considerats com Quercus cerrioides (Bolós & Vigo 1984-2001; do Amaral Franco 1990), una espècie considerada com un híbrid entre Quercus faginiá i Quercus humilis. A Menorca els arbres observats més aviat sembla que corresponen a Quercus humilis.
També hi ha dubtes de l’origen autòcton de Quercus suber L. (alzina surera) a Menorca, on forma petites poblacions amb un caràcter completament natural; mentre no hi hagi dades més precises continuarem considerant aquest arbre com a autòcton.
Més polèmic és el cas de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (= Q. rotundifolia) (carrasca) a l’illa d’Eivissa, que ja ha estat comentat en un apartat anterior. Malgrat la discrepància de criteris entre autors rellevants (vegeu Bolós 1996), considerem que la situació de les poblacions d’aquesta espècie a Eivissa: prop de pobles, ocupant marges de torrents, i la tradició d’ús i cultiu d’aquesta espècie per aprofitar-ne els aglans dolços ens indiquen un origen introduït en aquesta illa, mentre no apareguin altres dades més significatives.
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters (Cupressaceae)
Arbre de la família de les cupressàcies, semblant a un petit xiprer però amb un gàlbul que s’obre per quatre escates. Aquest és un arbre propi del sud-est de la península Ibèrica i del nord d’Àfrica; a Espanya està considerat una espècie amenaçada i rep protecció legal al seu lloc original, però també s’ha utilitzat com a ornamental. Se n’ha trobat una petita població naturalitzada al llevant de Menorca (s’Ubaida) en una zona litoral, originada des d’un jardí que es troba a les rodalies. Al contrari que les altres espècies d’aquesta secció, es tracta d’una situació excepcional però la presentem perquè és un bon exemple de les diferents consideracions que pot tenir una mateixa planta: amenaçada i protegida en un lloc i naturalitzada i amb un cert risc de ser invasora en un altre.
Ulmus L. (Ulmaceae)
Els oms són arbres caducifolis fàcils de reconèixer per les fulles dentades assimètriques a la base. Floreixen abans de treure les fulles i els fruits tenen una ala que els facilita la dispersió pel vent.
Se n’han utilitzat diferents tàxons en jardins urbans i privats: els més coneguts són Ulmus minor Mill. var. minor i Ulmus minor var. vulgaris (= U. procera Salisb.). Es diferencien perquè U. minor var. vulgaris té la fulla bastant més ampla que U. minor var. minor i té l’envers marcadament aspre al tacte; totes dues varietats poden trobar-se juntes.
Totes dues varietats han estat introduïdes per l’home a les Illes i s’han naturalitzat a Mallorca i Menorca als marges dels torrents, canals de l’Albufera, fons de barrancs en general i en llocs amb sòls humits; també se’n formen petites poblacions compactes als marges de les carreteres i dels camps, especialment freqüents a Menorca. La distribució i abundància relativa de totes dues varietats és mal coneguda, però tenim indicis per pensar que a Mallorca *U. minor* var. *vulgaris* és una espècie tan freqüent o més que l’altra.
**Vitis vinifera** L. (*Vitaceae*)
(Foto 65)
La vinya és un cultiu secular a la Mediterrània, com la figuera i l’olivera, i és molt difícil saber-ne la distribució original. Encara que no es tracta d’un arbre, sinó d’una liana, s’ha incorporat en aquesta secció perquè té un patró de comportament semblant. Va ser un cultiu molt extens a totes les Illes i actualment en resten plantes naturalitzades pertot arreu, especialment en llocs una mica humits com barrancs i torrents, també a sobre de les parets seques, on generen uns escenaris tan característics de les nostres terres. És especialment freqüent a Eivissa. Manca, però, fer un estudi exhaustiu de les poblacions naturalitzades per conèixer la veritable diversitat taxonòmica del gènere *Vitis* a les Balears (vegeu Laguna 2003).
En aquest apartat donem una llista d’espècies vegetals que s’han assenyalat com a invasores en territoris veïns, especialment a la península Ibèrica i en altres bandes de la Mediterrània, i que per la proximitat i similitud ecològica és versemblant que puguin arribar a afectar a les Illes.
- **Acacia karoo** Hayne. **Acacia melanoxylon** R. Brown. Natives del sud d’Àfrica i d’Austràlia respectivament. Invasores en altres illes mediterrànies, possiblement ja es troben als jardins.
- **Albizia julibrissin** (Willdenow) Durazzini. Originària d’Àsia i invasora en altres illes mediterrànies; present als jardins.
- **Artemisia annua** Dub. Med. E. Naturalitzada i en via d’expansió a l’Europa occidental.
- **Artothea calendula** (L.) Levyns. Originària del sud d’Àfrica. Naturalitzada a la península Ibèrica en ecosistemes naturals i no naturals costaners.
- **Azolla caroliniana** Willd. **Azolla filiculoides** Lam. Nativa d’Amèrica i present a la península Ibèrica.
- **Baccharis halimifolia** L. Nativa del nord d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica. Dunes i aiguamolls.
- **Bromus tectorum** L. Originària d’Europa i l’Iran. És present a tota la Mediterrània i a la part est de la Península. També es troba a tot Europa.
- **Buddleja daviddii** Franchet. Originària del Japó. Present a la península Ibèrica en medis naturals diversos.
- **Chamaesyce humifusa** (Willd. ex Schlecht.) Prokh. Originària del SE d’Àsia. Naturalitzada a Europa i en vies d’expansió a la Península, on apareix en el nord-est i sud d’Espanya.
- **Chamaesyce humistrata** (Engelm.) Small. Naturalitzada al sud de la península Ibèrica (Granada). Originària de la regió atlàntica nord-americana.
- **Conyza blakei** (Cabrera) Cabrera. Originària de l’Amèrica del Sud i naturalitzada a la regió mediterrània en ambients ruderals humits. Present a Catalunya.
- **Cynanchum acutum** L. Originària de l’oest d’Àsia. Estesa per la regió mediterrània des de la Península fins a l’est de l’Iran.
- **Cyperus eragrostis** Lam. Oriunda de l’Amèrica tropical. Present a la península Ibèrica en ecosistemes naturals i ambients riparis.
- **Cyperus esculentus** L. Planta pluriregional: pantropical, mediterrània, etc. present a Catalunya.
- **Eichhornia crassipes** (Mart.) Solms-Laubach. Originària del Brasil. Ampliament naturalitzada a les zones tropicals i també a zones temperades.
- **Elodea canadensis** Delinh. Nativa del nord d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica en aigües continentals lentes i llacs.
- **Hibiscus mutabilis** L. Oriunda d’Àsia. Invasora en altres illes mediterrànies.
- **Ipomoea imperati** (Vahl.) Griseb. Pantropical introduïda fa pocs anys. Naturalitzada en platges arenoses del País Valencià.
- **Juncus tenuis** Willd. Nativa del nord d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica en zones humides.
- **Myriophyllum heterophyllum** Michx. Nativa del nord d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica (naturalitzada a València i al País Basc).
- **Parthenocissus quinquefolia** (L.) Planch. Procedent d’Amèrica. Invasora en altres illes mediterrànies.
- **Paspalum saurae** Parodi. Planta d’origen neotropical (Amèrica). Sembla una planta en expansió a la península Ibèrica. Es troba en alguns punts de València i Catalunya.
- **Reynoutria japonica** Houtt. Originària del Japó. Present a la península Ibèrica en zones humides i ruderals.
- **Senecio inaequidens** DC. Procedent del sud d’Àfrica. Present a la península Ibèrica a boscos.
- **Spartina alterniflora** Losisel. Procedent del nord d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica en zones litorals.
- **Spartina densiflora** Brongn. Nativa del sud d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica principalment en zones humides.
- **Spartina versicolor** Fabre. Nativa d’Europa. Present a la península Ibèrica en zones costaneres.
- **Tradescantia fluminensis** Velloso. Procedent del sud d’Amèrica. Present a la península Ibèrica als aiguamolls.
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• Gordon DR. 1998. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecol. Appl. 8:975-989.
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• Hobbs RJ, Huenneke LF. 1992. Disturbance, diversity and invasion: implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 6:324–337.
• Knoche H. 1921. Flora Balearica. Étude phytogéographique sur les îles Baléares. Vol I–III. Reprint by Otto Koeltz Science Publishers. D-624 Koenigstein. West – Germany.
• Kotanen PM, Bergelson J, Hazlett DL. 1998. Habitats of native and exotic plants in Colorado shortgrass steppe: a comparative approach. Canadian Journal of Botany 76(4): 664–672.
• Kriticos DJ, Sutherst RW, Brown JR, Adkins SW, Maywald GF. 2003. Climate change and the potential distribution of an invasive alien plant: *Acacia nilotica* ssp. *indica* in Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 111–124.
• Laguna E. 2003. Sobre las formas naturalizadas de *Vitis* L. (*Vitaceae*) en la Comunidad Valenciana, I. Especies. Flora Montiberica 23: 46–82.
• Lake CJ, Leishman MR. 2004. Invasion success of exotic plants in natural ecosystems: the role of disturbance, plant attributes and freedom from herbivores. Biological Conservation 117:215–226.
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14. Fotografies
**Foto 1.** *Agave americana*. Els restes de jardineria abandonats als penya-segats han facilitat l’ocupació d’aquests ambients per algunes plantes exòtiques (prop de Cap Blanc, Mallorca).
**Foto 1a.** Els espais oberts són més fàcilment colonitzats per les espècies introduïdes. (*Agave americana*. A prop de les Salines d’Eivissa).
**Foto 2.** *Ailanthus altissima*.
**Foto 2a.** Molts d’arbres s’han naturalitzat als torrents de les Illes (*Ailanthus altissima*, Sa Riera, Mallorca).
**Foto 3.** *Aloe vera*.
**Foto 3a.** Les zones litorals són particularment vulnerables a la penetració d’espècies invasores (*Aloe arborescens*, *Arundo donax*. Illa del Rei del Port de Maó, Menorca).
14. Fotografies
**Foto 3b.** *Aloe arborescens* pot arribar fer veritables maquis impenetrables a les zones litorals. (Il·lisi del Rei, Port de Maó, Menorca).
**Foto 4a.** Les espècies d’*Amaranthus* colonitzen els llocs degradats.
**Foto 4c.** Imatge estival d’un camp de conreu cobert d’*Amaranthus blitoides* (voltants de Cala Bassa, Eivissa).
**Foto 4b.** *Amaranthus blitoides*.
**Foto 4d.** *Amaranthus hybridus*.
**Foto 4e.** *Amaranthus viridis*, una espècie freqüent a les vores dels carrers de les ciutats i a les carreteres. (Eivissa).
**Foto 5.** *Arundo donax* és una de les principals plantes invasores de les Illes (torrent de l’illa d’Eivissa).
**Foto 6.** *Aster squamatus*, detall de la inflorescència.
**Foto 7a.** *Carpobrotus acinaciformis* ha envaït molts espais litorals d’alt valor ecològic (Cap de Cala Figuera, Mallorca).
**Foto 7b.** Els llocs alterrats són un focus de penetració de les espècies invasores. (*Carpobrotus edulis*, *Agave americana*, *Yucca* sp. Son Serra de Marina, Mallorca).
14. Fotografies
**Foto 8.** Els carrers de les ciutats són ocupats per moltes espècies exòtiques, generalment de cicle anual (*Chamaesyce postrata*, Port d’Alcúdia, Mallorca).
**Foto 8a.** *Chamaesyce canescens*.
**Foto 9.** *Conyza bonariensis* (detall de la inflorescència).
**Foto 9a.** Camps de conreu al mes de setembre amb *Amaranthus hybridus* i *Conyza bonariensis* (a prop de Sant Rafael, Eivissa).
**Foto 10.** *Cyperus alternifolius*.
**Foto 11.** *Aptenia cordifolia*.
**Foto 11a.** *Disphyma crassifolium.*
**Foto 11b.** *Disphyma crassifolium* colonitzant ambients litorals.
**Foto 12.** Les plantes enfiladisses poden formar catifes de fulles a sobre de les plantes autòctones, otegant-les per manca de llum. (*Ipomoea indica*, camps del Port de Sóller).
**Foto 13.** *Nicotiana glauca.*
**Foto 14.** *Opuntia maxima.*
**Foto 14a.** Els penya-segats són vulnerables a la colonització d’espècies crassulescents amb reproducció asexual, com és el cas de les diferents espècies d’*Opuntia* (*Opuntia maxima*, *Opuntia dillenii*, Coves d’Artà, Mallorca).
14. Fotografies
**Foto 15.** *Oxalis pes-caprae* ha envaït els camps de conreus de les Illes Balears (camps prop d’Andratx, Mallorca).
**Foto 16.** *Paspalum paspalodes*.
**Foto 16a.** *Paspalum paspalodes* pot cobrir el fons dels torrents i llocs amb sòls humits (Torrent de la Pesquera, Artà, Mallorca).
**Foto 17.** *Ricinus communis*.
**Foto 18.** *Senecio cineraria*.
**Foto 19.** *Solanum bonariense*.
**Foto 19a.** *Solanum bonariense* una planta freqüent als solars abandonats i vores de carreteres.
**Foto 20.** *Soliva stolonifera.*
**Foto 21.** Camp de *Sorghum bicolor.*
**Foto 21a.** *Sorghum halepense.*
**Foto 22.** *Spartium junceum.*
**Foto 22a.** *Spartium junceum* una planta introduïda a les Balears malgrat el seu origen mediterrani (Voltants de Valldemossa, Mallorca).
**Foto 23.** *Tropaeolum majus.*
14. Fotografies
**Foto 23a.** A torrents que es troben a prop de zones urbanes és on trobem més espècies naturalitzades (*Chasmanthe floribunda* i *Tropaeolum majus*, torrent d’Esporles, Mallorca).
**Foto 25.** *Acacia dealbata*.
**Foto 26.** *Aeonium arboreum*, als camps de Formentera.
**Foto 27.** *Anredera cordifolia*.
**Foto 27a.** *Anredera cordifolia*, com les altres lianes exòtiques, pot cobrir completament a les plantes autòctones (Torrent d’Esporles, Mallorca).
**Foto 28.** *Artemisia arborescens*.
**Foto 19a.** *Solanum bonariense* una planta freqüent als solars abandonats i vores de carreteres.
**Foto 20.** *Soliva stolonifera.*
**Foto 21.** Camp de *Sorghum bicolor.*
**Foto 21a.** *Sorghum halepense.*
**Foto 22.** *Spartium junceum.*
**Foto 22a.** *Spartium junceum* una planta introduïda a les Balears malgrat el seu origen mediterrani (Voltants de Valldemossa, Mallorca).
**Foto 23.** *Tropaeolum majus.*
14. Fotografies
**Foto 23a.** A torrents que es troben a prop de zones urbanes és on trobem més espècies naturalitzades (*Chasmanthe floribunda* i *Tropaeolum majus*, torrent d’Esporles, Mallorca).
**Foto 25.** *Acacia dealbata*.
**Foto 26.** *Aeonium arboreum*, als camps de Formentera.
**Foto 27.** *Anredera cordifolia*.
**Foto 27a.** *Anredera cordifolia*, com les altres lianes exòtiques, pot cobrir completament a les plantes autòctones (Torrent d’Esporles, Mallorca).
**Foto 28.** *Artemisia arborescens*.
Foto 29. Bromus catharticus.
Foto 30. Clematis vitalba.
Foto 31. Coronopus didymus.
Foto 32. Cortaderia selloana.
Foto 33. Cotula coronopifolia.
Foto 34. Datura inoxia.
14. Fotografies
**Foto 34a.** *Datura stramonium.*
**Foto 35.** *Echinochloa colona.*
**Foto 36.** *Gomphocarpus fruticosus.*
**Foto 36a.** *Gomphocarpus physocarpus.*
**Foto 37.** *Helianthus tuberosus.*
**Foto 38.** *Kalanchoe daigremontiana* (Propáguls).
Foto 38a. *Kalanchoe daigremontiana* (Flor).
Foto 39. *Lantana camara*.
Foto 40. *Limoniastrum monopetalum*.
Foto 41. *Lonicera japonica*.
Foto 41a. *Lonicera japonica*.
Foto 42. *Melia azedarach*.
14. Fotografies
**Foto 43.** Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
**Foto 44.** Mirabilis jalapa.
**Foto 45.** Myoporum tenuifolium.
**Foto 46.** Nothoscordum borboricum.
**Foto 47.** Parkinsonia aculeata.
**Foto 47a.** Parkinsonia aculeata.
**Foto 48.** *Pennisetum villosum* (Camps propers al Port de Pollença, Mallorca).
**Foto 48a.** *Pennisetum setaceum* (Cra. a la Mola, Menorca).
**Foto 49.** *Phytolacca americana*.
**Foto 49a.** *Phytolacca polyandra* (Torrent de Bunyola, Mallorca).
**Foto 50.** *Pittosporum tobira* (fruits).
**Foto 51.** *Retama sphaerocarpa*.
14. Fotografies
**Foto 52.** Robinia pseudoacacia.
**Foto 53.** Senecio angulatus.
**Foto 53a.** Senecio angulatus (Cala Blava, Mallorca).
**Foto 54.** Setaria parviflora.
**Foto 55.** Solanum linnaeanum.
**Foto 56.** Stenotaphrum secundatum.
Foto 57. *Xanthium echinatum*.
Foto 57a. *Xanthium spinosum*.
Foto 58. *Carpobrotus edulis* recobrint grans extensions de terreny a Favàritx, Menorca.
Foto 59. Eradicació de *Carpobrotus* (Menorca).
Foto 60. *Ficus carica*.
Foto 61. *Phoenix canariensis* (torrent d’Esporles, Mallorca).
14. Fotografies
**Foto 62.** *Platanus hispanica* (torrent de la Vall d’En Marc, Pollença).
**Foto 63.** *Populus alba*.
**Foto 64.** Fruit de *Punica granatum*.
**Foto 65.** *Vitis vinifera*.
**Foto 66.** Plantes exòtiques procedents de jardins colonitzant ambients costaners de cala d’Or (Mallorca).
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Glosas Políticas
Un Pueblo Burlado y Escarnecido por sus Gobernantes
La opinión pública nacional, la prensa independiente y las conciencias insobornables, se preguntan angustiadas, frente a los episodios degradantes que se suceden en Buenos Aires, si es concebible que el país, a esta altura de su civilización y de su progreso material y cultural, puede tolerar pasivamente que un consorcio inmoral, subversivo y disolvente, adueñado del poder público, por las vías del fraude y la violencia, debe proseguir imperceptible, con todo desenfado e impunidad, cubriendo de ignominia y de vergüenza nuestra dignidad de argentinos. Las mismas inquietantes perspectivas que ofrecen los países sometidos bajo la férula del caciquismo derechista, donde la cultura es falseadas, la justicia insegura, la política disminuida y la función pública traficada, se reproducen en nuestro medio. No son ya las mezquinas contiendas políticas lo que caracterizan los episodios bonaerenses; los hechos van probando la profunda crisis moral, irreparable, que aniquila con una celeridad pasmosa a una fuerza que si alguna vez tuvo alguna significación política, históricamente justificada, en la actualidad constituye un peligro social que todas las energías sanas y patrióticas deben concurrir a extirpar, si no se quiere ver a la Nación envuelta en el torbellino del caos. Como en los países regidos por el despotismo, también en nuestro medio las oligarquías amorales y sensuales buscan en el bajo fondo político los dóciles instrumentos que se encarguen de poner a buen recaudo sus privilegios y canongías. Exponente típico de este bajo fondo político es el situacionismo bonaerense, el salteño y el mendocino. Carentes de todo freno moral, de toda noción de responsabilidad, se han entregado a juzgar al pueblo de la república como si fuera una tropa de hacienda o un batallón de reclutas que puede ser amedrentado con el gesto repulsivo del compadrazgo orillero. Hacia esta degradación infamante se quiere conducir al pueblo argentino. Pero, felizmente, aún éste atesora reservas morales inagotables que impedirán que esta declinación suicida a que pretenden conducirlo sus actuales gobernantes, no se consuma. La injuria vil que los aventureros y desplazados infirieron al pueblo de la república, de ser incapaz de gobernarse con las libres instituciones republicanas, revelará, como todos los pueblos lo hicieron, lo que oculta las entrañas de la Nación cuando siente lesionada sus bases morales.
SIMULACION, BURLA Y ESCARNIO
¿Creerán los hombres que rigen los destinos de la Nación que el pueblo argentino yace en un estado tal de envilecimiento moral que lo inhibe para percibir en la ominosa farsa bonaerense la perfecta comunión de miras y propósitos entre el poder central y sus agentes facciosos que lo apoya y acompaña? El pueblo argentino, a despecho de la miopía de sus propios gobernantes, tiene perfectamente ubicado a los responsables directos de cuanto acontece en el país. No serán ciertamente con los "comunicados" anodinos, con las exclamaciones retóricas, ni con el cretinismo académico de algún pseudo constitucionalista, como el poder central disociará su responsabilidad de los atentados que sus apañados bonaerenses cometen contra la cultura cívica del país. Existe una conciencia formada de que la simulación es el rasgo más saliente que caracteriza al gobierno actual; sus declamatorias protestas de respeto solemne por la voluntad soberana del pueblo, exaltándola como la única fuente legítima de todo poder, mientras subrepticiamente se alienan y se prohíban los atropellos más irritantes a la ley y la Constitución, son acogidas con espíritu receloso y hostil por toda Nación. Es que ya nadie ignora que a pesar del frondoso verbalismo oficial, las autonomías provinciales, el régimen representativo, los derechos ciudadanos, esto es, las bases esenciales de toda organización democrática, son en manos del poder central una ficción más, susceptibles de ser alteradas a su arbitrio cuantas veces lo requieran sus intereses menguados. Nadie duda que en el desorden institucional los actuales gobernantes buscan su propia estabilidad. Tampoco se le oculta al pueblo que la economía nacional, no obstante la rumbosa y detonante proyección reformadora que se le ha querido imprimir, está supeditada a una oligarquía moral y materialmente en quiebra.
No existe acto o declaración oficial donde la simulación y la mentira no lleve el sello inconfundible de esta norma imperante que todo lo inspira y que un solo propósito la anima: confundir a la opinión nacional. Y es así como eligiendo como base de su acción la mentira y la simulación, la burla y el escarnio termina siendo su complemento obligado. Los documentos donde la hipocresía y la deshonestidad política son tan flagrantes y luminosos que no caben tergiversaciones ni argucias leguleyas, allí están. Las cartas políticas donde se reiteran las inocuas y burlonas protestas de respeto por los derechos ciudadanos; el envío de un comisionado federal, con carácter de "vedor" que todo lo legitima; las denuncias fraguadas en los ministerios de hipotéticos alzamientos; las coartadas innobles y mezquinas de un gobierno inferior contra la oposición; la majestad de la justicia agravuada por las policías bravas, verdadera cohorte de delincuentes convertidos en guardia de honor de un gobierno que se presume continuador de los altos ideales de setiembre. Y por último, las fuerzas armadas de la Nación negadas para ejercer el noble ministerio de resguardar los derechos del pueblo, pero utilizadas, en cambio, para tomar de asalto posiciones provinciales. Y así sucesivamente, la larga retahila de bochornosos episodios sería inconmensurable.
¡Es que juzgan los actuales gobernantes que basta movilizar los resortes de la "oficina de prensa" para disipar el desplorable espectáculo que está ofreciendo un gobierno que ha hecho de la duplicidad su norte político? ¿Es que se abriga la deleznable ilusión de ahuyentar del terreno legal a la oposición para así tener los aventureros políticos, al servicio de la oligarquía dominante, el camino expedito para todas las combinaciones y violencias? Acaso incurran nuestros gobernantes en la pueril ingenuidad de que es posible construir algo perdurable y fecundo para la Nación con la mentira, la simulación, la burla y el escarnio? Otros gobernantes de mayor elevación política y de envergadura más recia que los nuestros se propusieron lo mismo, pero su destino no fue ciertamente envidiable y tampoco muy honroso.
PERSISTIR EN LA LUCHA LEGAL
No obstante las condiciones desfavorables que rodearon los recientes comicios, que según las simuladas declaraciones oficiales hubieron de ser limpios y honestos, y las desalentadoras perspectivas que ofrece el porvenir, el radicalismo no rehuirá del combate. Hacerlo implicaría dejar que la política de simulación y engaño colectivo alcance plenamente los objetivos que se propone. Utilizaremos todas las precarias posibilidades legales que la minoría gobernante y sus lugartenientes se dispongan ofrecer a la oposición, seguros que, a la postre, merced a nuestra acción persistente y tenaz los oficialismos caerán víctimas de su propia ceguera y obstinación. La victoria final nunca ha correspondido a los gobiernos empeñados en lucha abierta y desleal con el pueblo que dicen gobernar. El radicalismo tiene sobre sí la honrosa responsabilidad histórica de cimentar las instituciones democráticas. Solamente por el ejercicio permanente de los derechos cívicos, así sean coartados y disminuidos, el radicalismo logrará devolver a la Nación la pacificación a que aspira dentro del orden y la ley. Pacificación que no significa absolución para los que durante años escarnecieron y desnaturalizaron los derechos del pueblo argentino, sino a través de una acción depuradora que descuaje del organismo nacional la fístula purulenta de la reacción conservadora y permita, sin tropiezos, la restauración de todas las garantías y libertades públicas y haga efectivo el axioma de que "sin una exacta legalidad no puede existir un verdadero orden público".
El derrumbe del tinglado antirradical en la Capital
Finalizado el escrutinio de la Capital, con el amplio y rotundo triunfo de la Unión Cívica Radical, se impone la consideración objetiva y serena de algunos de los aspectos más importantes de la lucha electoral y de sus inmediatas consecuencias en el escenario político local. Aparte de que sus resultados implican el deshaucio categórico de una política oficial reputada como atentatoria a los derechos más esenciales de la vida democrática, paralelamente, la reintegración de la Unión Cívica Radical a la vida política nacional importa la liquidación automática de los grupos facciosos que durante cinco años especularon con la abstención del radicalismo, permitiendo el florecimiento de aventureros políticos, sin conciencia ni responsabilidad. Con el desplazamiento de estos efímeros núcleos de la escena política, la democracia argentina, no obstante, los innúmeros escollos que deberá salvar para lograr su más amplia realización, se encamina penosamente hacia las grandes formaciones políticas, únicas capaces de asegurar la estabilidad de nuestras instituciones republicanas.
Pero ningún hecho reviste una significación tan particular para el radicalismo como la posición adoptada por la agrupación socialista durante el desarrollo de la lucha comicial. Fuerza de indiscutible raigambre popular en la Capital, el socialismo, en su afán inmoderado de acoplarse el destartalado equipo oficialista, se vio compelido a esgrimir armas no muy leales con el radicalismo, para complacer a su adventicia clientela electoral. Desde la tribuna callejera y desde las columnas de su órgano oficial, se han utilizado argumentos tan deleznables como el de presentar a la U. C. R. cual una fuerza política y social de esencia conservadora y reaccionaria que en nada se diferencia de los núcleos oligárquicos que desde 1930 usufructuán el poder. Ante una calificación tan arbitraria, desprovista de todo sentido histórico, surge la necesidad de fijar la posición equívoca y confusa a que el socialismo se ha visto arrastrado para intentar, vanamente, una gravitación en las futuras soluciones nacionales.
EL TRIUNFO RADICAL JUZGADO POR LOS SOCIALISTAS
Para los dirigentes socialistas y su órgano oficial, el triunfo del radicalismo debe atribuirse, en primer término, a que "el electorado de la Capital Federal ha decidido tomar la bandera radical para exteriorizar un nuevo pronunciamiento contra la política del gobierno y de la clase conservadora que lo acompaña y lo secunda" y, además, porque "el sentimiento popular ha visto en el radicalismo a la fuerza nacional capaz de poner término en los próximos comicios presidenciales a la barbarie política de los conservadores". A estas exactas comprobaciones le siguen expresiones virulentas contra el radicalismo, tales como la de "que quienes nada han hecho de positivo y creador y quienes han vivido en la abstención arisca y estéril quedan a la postre convertidos en portaestandartes del sufragio libre que ellos no han intentado ilustrar con orientaciones sociales precisas e inconfundibles", añadiendo, que "hay mucho de ilusión en la esperanza del cuarto experimento radical después de conocidos los fracasos de los tres anteriores", para terminar afirmando que "el radicalismo no es sino una prolongación de las fuerzas conservadoras y reaccionarias del país, con denominación distinta a las que llegaron al poder después de setiembre de 1930", siguiéndole otros comentarios que más bien parecen extraídos de esos pasquines pletóricos de mendacidad y rencores hacia el radicalismo.
Dejemos al vocero socialista la tarea de replicarse así mismo, particularmente, en cuanto concierne al contenido reaccionario del radicalismo, sosteniendo que "el 1º de marzo el pueblo ha revelado una disposición rotunda e inquebrantable de defender la democracia. Se ha votado por el radicalismo porque se ha visto en él una solución nacional a las inquietudes y amenazas creadas por varios años de retroceso institucional". Resulta realmente extraño y hasta paradójico que el pueblo de la Capital, concebido como el de mayor cultura política de la Nación, para exteriorizar sus sentimientos democráticos haya elegido un partido "reaccionario y conservador" cuya diferenciación de las fuerzas oligárquicas sería, a juzgar por la crítica socialista, simplemente formales. ¿Cómo explicarse estos juicios de tonalidades tan distintas y contradictorias? Solo la ofuscación de la derrota, que no esperaban, puede haberlos inhibidos hasta el extremo de impedirle penetrar en el elevado significado de esta trascendental batalla cívica, probando, a la vez, la carencia de sensibilidad política cuando colocaron en el primer plano de toda su ruidosa campaña electoral la conquista de algunas reformas legislativas obtenidas mediante su gestión parlamentaria, relegando, en cambio, a un orden secundario el problema político e institucional de la Nación.
El contraste socialista en la Capital representa para éste la modificación substancial de sus planes y orientaciones tácticas para el futuro. Quien haya seguido de cerca su campaña electoral habrá comprobado un hecho bastante sugestivo: la exaltación desmedida de toda su gestión parlamentaria, destacando, con singular empeño, algunas de sus iniciativas, como el despido obrero, ley de silla, etc., iniciativas muy plausibles, pero de un alcance limitado desde que consultan intereses y aspiraciones de reducidos sectores obreros. Sin embargo, durante su campaña proselitista se ha excluido, de intento, abordar el grave problema político que preocupa al país. Se prefirió hacer derivar la atención popular hacia las inofensivas reformas legislativas, carentes de toda significación política en el orden institucional. Se silenció el problema nacional, se atemperaron las arremetidas contra las fracciones conservadoras, esforzándose, en cambio, por captar su simpatía agitando el estribillo de la "depuración", seguros de atraer así, hacia su órbita, a todas las fuerzas antirradicales. Esto les alimentó la ingenua esperanza de un éxito casi seguro en la Capital, el cual le habría asegurado mañana en el Colegio electoral la posibilidad de concertar una nueva combinación concordancista, esta vez de un izquierdismo desteñido, pero que sin embargo los colocaría en condiciones de demostrar, ya que por otros medios resultaría imposible, su "capacidad para el gobierno".
LAS VELEIDADES CONCORDANCISTAS Las velleidades concordancistas de algunos dirigentes socialistas, hábilmente disimuladas, han sido puestas en evidencia en reiteradas ocasiones; son demasiadas notorias las opiniones de su líder máximo sobre la necesidad de que el proceso político argentino se polarice en dos fuerzas divergentes, el conservadorismo y el socialismo, con el aniquilamiento, de grado o por fuerza, de los partidos intermedios que ejercen, como el radicalismo, una función de equilibrio social. Es elemental que para alcanzar esta forzada polarización de fuerzas, deseada por extraña coincidencia tanto por la derecha como la izquierda, el partido socialista debía imponerse la práctica de una política que por tortuosa y subalterna no ha sido menos repudiable que la practicada por el conservadorismo, hecha a base de violencias y arbitrariedades. Un principio de ejecución de esta política "concordancista" empezó a registrarse
HECHOS E IDEAS
en San Juan y, después, en Buenos Aires, en ocasión del enjuiciamiento del ex gobernador Martínez de Hoz.
Por otra parte, una favorable disposición de ánimo para acoger toda combinación que le brindara al partido socialista la posibilidad de acreditar su "capacidad para el gobierno", la ofreció el mismo líder con las melifluas expresiones y halagos prodigados a la vieja oligarquía terrateniente, cuando dirigiéndose al sector conservador de la Cámara les decía paternalmente: "Hagan honor al buen conservadorismo argentino, creador de todo cuanto tenemos de bueno y podemos ostentar en materia de tradición y repudien y no coqueteen con esas tendencias (fascismo) que serán también homicidas y en primer lugar para ustedes". Las generaciones actuales no tienen necesidad de desempolvar los archivos de nuestro pasado político para descubrir en qué consisten las virtudes del "buen conservadorismo" argentino: les bastará ver cómo actúan sus legítimos herederos en Buenos Aires, Salta y Mendoza. Una ilustración más fehaciente y minuciosa acaso las encuentren en las páginas brillantes del Dr. Juan B. Justo, dedicadas a las viejas clases dirigentes, quien con pasión inigualada, las estigmatizó con su recia y acerada crítica. Mientras esto hacía el fenecido líder, el depositario testamentario del acervo doctrinario del socialismo argentino exalta las virtudes de la oligarquía argentina. Y como una retribución a tan "justicieras" palabras, el socialismo encuentra en documentos oficiales, junto a las invectivas contra el radicalismo, amables referencias presidenciales a la "oposición constructiva" y desde algunas esferas gubernamentales se da el caso grotesco e inexplicable —al decir de sus ex compañeros los ministeriales— que se aconseje votar por el partido socialista. Y mientras esto ocurría, el líder socialista, presumiendo una ineruptibilidad política e intransigencia, de una sinceridad dudosa, lanzaba en vísperas eleccionarias la insidiosa especie de que el radicalismo tramitaba un acuerdo con la Casa Rosada.
PRETENDIDA "UNIDAD DE PENSAMIENTO"
Los dirigentes socialistas, en el curso de la reciente campaña electoral no han cesado de proclamar, con esa arrogancia y empaque tan peculiares, la superioridad política de la agrupación sobre las demás fuerzas actuantes en el país. Pretenden ser los únicos capacitados para una acción eficiente en defensa de los intereses públicos por que toda su gestión, añaden, descansa en una inalterable unidad de pensamiento. Con igual inmodestia, se jactan de ser los campeones indiscutibles de todas las virtudes democráticas y la única fuerza propulsora de nuestro progreso político e institucional, que encuentra su mejor expresión en la vida interna de sus organismos partidarios, auténtica "escuela de democracia". Estas dos fórmulas, agitadas intensa y estrepitosamente en todas las ocasiones, ha hecho que el partido socialista goce de una reputación inmerecida en cuanto a su homogeneidad ideológica y a la naturaleza democrática de su organización.
Con respecto a lo primero, esto es, a su mentada "unidad de pensamiento" no pasa de ser una mera afirmación, exenta de todo contenido real. En efecto, no se explica la coexistencia de matices ideológicos divergentes en
una agrupación política que presume una perfecta homogeneidad de miras. Sin embargo, en el socialismo argentino estos matices ideológicos aparecen nítidamente diferenciados, no solo en la masa de sus afiliados sino entre sus dirigentes más en vista. Así es como, por ejemplo, mientras su dirigente más visible y responsable (Repetto) declara en la última reunión del Consejo Nacional del Partido, sin reticencias ni eufemismos, que si el socialismo decidiera adoptar como programa la "revolución social" se retiraría a la vida privada, otro de sus dirigentes más destacado (Bravo), en plena campaña electoral declara enfáticamente que el partido socialista es el "partido de la revolución social". La disparidad de miras es a todas luces evidente. Si en las cuestiones básicas como ésta no existe una unidad de pensamiento, cabe la presunción de que tampoco existen en las cuestiones accesorias. Pero no es menester aguzar el ingenio para advertir que los líderes socialistas, al adoptar públicamente posiciones teóricas tan antagónicas, lo hacían teniendo en miras dos auditorios de naturaleza profundamente opuestos: por un lado, los náufragos del conservadorismo metropolitano y por el otro, a los sectores de la izquierda comunizante. Para ambos empleaba el lenguaje adecuado.
Por otra parte, donde la falacia de la supuesta "unidad de pensamiento" surge con inequívoca evidencia, es en su actuación parlamentaria y, muy particularmente, frente a los proyectos socializantes del Poder Ejecutivo, relacionados con las cuestiones económicas, financieras y monetarias. De haber observado su tradicional línea teórica, la representación socialista, siguiendo el ejemplo de sus compañeros belgas, escandinavos y la que se proponen seguir sus camaradas españoles (véase el Programa del Frente Popular), debieron prestar su apoyo decidido a las iniciativas oficiales, dado que éstas se inspiraban en fórmulas socialistas como lo sostuviera el ex diputado Pena, partidario de la devaluación monetaria, prohibida esta última y llevada a término, para beneficio del "capitalismo financiero", por su ex compañero el ex ministro de Hacienda. Por lo demás debe tenerse presente que los nuevos manipuleos monetarios, tan magistralmente asimilados por nuestros oligarcas, nacieron y tomaron cuerpo en los ambientes socialistas europeos. Sin embargo, el grupo parlamentario, sea en las cuestiones financieras y monetarias, como en las referentes a las formaciones plutocráticas que significan las "juntas reguladoras" se manifestaron anti-intervencionistas, vale decir, francamente liberales y, por ende, antisocialistas. Además muchos de sus dirigentes no disimulan su propensión a buscar inspiraciones políticas en los clásicos del liberalismo (Dickmann), mientras que los Penas, tildados de heterodoxos, recurren para sus orientaciones críticas al marxismo. ¿Liberales o marxistas? Tal es el interrogante que se plantea quien haya seguido de cerca la actuación del socialismo argentino en este aspecto particular de su actividad legislativa. ¿Cómo explicarse esta flagrante inconsecuencia? Las razones ocultas deben buscarse en la necesidad que tenía el socialismo argentino de consultar intereses electorales circunstanciales, antes que las consideraciones doctrinarias. ¿Puede abrigarse la legítima pretensión de que en el partido socialista existe unidad de pensamiento político cuando conviven en su seno ideologías de naturaleza tan antagónicas y contradictorias? Es evidente que la "política criolla" tiene sus exigencias que el Partido socialista
trata también de satisfacerlas, aunque para ello tenga que recurrir a la ficción.
LA "ESCUELA DE DEMOCRACIA": OTRA FICCIÓN
En cuanto concierne a que la vida interna del Partido socialista es una "escuela de democracia", es otra ilusión que últimamente se encargó de disiparla el publicista Manuel Ugarte, cuando afirma que "el partido socialista está inmovilizado en una fórmula, en una docena de nombres. Se ha creado, agrega, una especie de burocracia electoral". Más aún, en una explosión xenófoba, el referido escritor socialista arremete contra los candidatos socialistas porque no son "argentinos indiscutibles", extraño prejuicio racista que ni siquiera ha aflorado en los partidos más retrógrados del país, que no son ciertamente una "escuela de democracia".
Las concepciones democráticas que dicen profesar los socialistas son de una naturaleza totalmente divergente de la que profesan los partidos de esencia liberal. Las tendencias estatolatrás del socialismo constituyen la negación de toda democracia política. De ahí que sus filas hayan producido los tiranos más repudiados —Mussolini, Pilsudsky, Stalin—, más que por defeciones o traiciones a sus teorías por una lógica continuidad de sus doctrinas estatolatrás. Estas que parecieron extinguidas en las filas del socialismo internacional, por efecto de la influencia liberal, han vuelto a reverdecer con inusitada virulencia, hasta introducir las deformaciones más monstruosas en algunos regímenes políticos de carácter democrático. No existe partido socialista en el mundo que no haya elaborado su plan de "reconstrucción económica" que prácticamente significa, en su esencia, trasferir al dominio del Estado facultades omnímodas que comprimen la iniciativa privada y subvierten el régimen político e institucional democrático. Además, no debe olvidarse que el monopolismo estatal, tendencia que imprime al Estado un desarrollo burocrático monstruoso, forma parte también del acervo doctrinario del socialismo. Se alega que estas "transformaciones" socializantes benefician a la masa productora y consumidora, aunque los resultados demuestren que las fuerzas más espúreas del capitalismo sean las que primeramente se vean beneficiadas. En Bélgica, el partido socialista, representado por sus distintas tendencias, derecha e izquierda, ha acudido con su famoso Plan de Mann a salvar, por extraña paradoja, al capitalismo llamado financiero, cuyo exponente más calificado es el Jefe del Gobierno, von Zeeland. Y como éste podríamos señalar otros ejemplos, de como el socialismo aparece asesorando a las fuerzas más conservadoras del mundo. Sin acudir muy lejos podríamos recordar lo acontecido en nuestro país, con los Pinedos, De Tomosos, etc., cuyas iniciativas económicas y financieras de corte socializante marchaban paralelamente, con una subversión total de nuestro régimen político con miras a consolidar el predominio de la oligarquía dominante en el país.
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De nuestra ligera exposición se desprende que la ostensible pretención socialista de que su organización es una "escuela de democracia" es tan falsa como su decantada "unidad de pensamiento". El socialismo argentino ha caído también en el cenagoso terreno en que se mueve la política reaccionaria,
sufriendo la repercusión en su seno de los intereses más contradictorios. Es así como gran número de sus dirigentes no descartaran, antes de conocerse los resultados de los últimos comicios, la posibilidad de que el socialismo pudiera ser “árbitro en el futuro colegio electoral”. Esto significaba confesar timidamente la posibilidad de practicar una política concordancista de amplio alcance, que le habría brindado la ocasión para evidenciar su “capacidad para el gobierno” sin contar para ello con la fuerza suficiente. Pero el partido socialistas no contó para estos planes obscuros con la voluntad y capacidad del electorado de la capital, al que tan arbitrariamente creyeron interpretar en sus sentimientos.
Entre generales...
El general Francisco Fasola Castaño se ha creído en el deber de enviar al general Agustín P. Justo, una extensa carta, en la que, con redoble marcial, le recrimina acerbamente su proceder como gobernante “que auspicia en las sombras las sanciones de leyes que tienden por sus prescripciones a cambiar las situaciones políticas del presente y violar las del futuro” a la vez que “canta himnos de cara al sol desde tribunas de resonancia casi mundial a la libertad del sufragio, a la educación cívica, a la ley Sáenz Peña, execrando, a justo título, al juez de paz y comisarios electores”; mientras “en hechos que realiza dándole la espalda”, hace, precisamente, todo lo contrario.
A nosotros, que no nos impresionan estas actitudes “entre colegas” y ni siquiera el hecho de que el general Fasola Castaño recién se le ocurra proclamar los desmanes del actual gobierno, con la mención de “que ni en tiempos del irigoyenismo se había atajado con maleantes y policías armadas al pueblo soberano en el momento más sagrado de su vida, que es el de depositar su voto”, vamos a refrescarle la memoria, recordándole que la verdadera calamidad nacional principió justamente el día 6 de Septiembre de 1930 o sea dos días antes de que la Casa Rosada y el Correo se trabasen en guerra y allí sufriese las heridas que cinco años después determinarían su retiro del ejército, conjuntamente con las otras consideraciones que él mismo puntualiza. Y si decimos lo que antecede, no se vaya a creer que lo hacemos con el prurito de despreñar las apreciaciones del general Fasola Castaño, que le repite al general Justo cuanto ha documentado la prensa independiente del país y denunciado el propio radicalismo, sino para recordarle que ese despertar generoso en salvaguardia de la democracia y de los principios liberales que informan nuestro desenvolvimiento institucional, no se le hayan ocurrido cuando el general Uriburu ejercía de por sí la suma del poder público y con el despotismo propio de los tiranos repudiados por su pueblo, anulaba el veredicto de las urnas y vetaba candidaturas, haciendo escarnio de esa misma democracia, que encuentra en estos momentos en el general Fasola Castaño —puntal de aquella dictadura— un denodado defensor.
Una actitud ennoblecedora
Sin más comentario que el que pueda sugerir la nobleza del gesto del Jefe del radicalismo, Dr. Alvear, frente al nuevo atentado consumado por el poder
central contra una de las más preciada y respetada conquista de la humanidad —el derecho de asilo— consignamos con viva complacencia el telegrama que dirigiera al Presidente de la República de Bolivia, requiriéndole clemencia en favor del exiliado boliviano, don Gustavo Navarro (Tristán Marroff) ex-diplomático y prestigioso publicista de América.
S. E. el señor Presidente de la República de Bolivia. Doctor José Luis Tejada Sorzano. -S|D. La Paz. — Aunque no conozco personalmente al doctor Gustavo Navarro ni tampoco las posibles causas políticas de su detención, como argentino e invocando los supremos principios de solidaridad humana, permítome dirigirme al Excmo. señor Presidente solicitando clemencia para el detenido y si posible fuera, la autorización para que abandone el territorio de esa República, ante cuyas autoridades sólo llega merced a la actitud de los gobernantes de mi patria que violaron el sagrado derecho del asilo y las claras estipulaciones de los tratados internacionales en vigencia, rompiendo con la hidalga tradición argentina de amparo a los exiliados políticos. Confío en que la ecuanimidad de V. E. y la superior inspiración que ha de orientar su espíritu y sus actos, le permitirán acceder a este pedido, que le hago llegar sin otro título que mi deseo de contribuir al mayor prestigio de las libres instituciones de América. — Saludo a V. E. con mi alta consideración: M. T. DE ALVEAR.
Buenos Aires, 15/3/36."
Con su espontánea actitud el Dr. Alvear, no sólo ha evidenciado su acendrado amor a la libertad de pensar, sino que ha interpretado, una vez más, el sentimiento democrático del pueblo argentino, libre de toda responsabilidad en este insólito hecho, que viene a cubrir de mayor desprestigio a un gobierno divorciado de su pueblo.
"Tribuna Libre"
Recientemente se ha recordado con simpatía el quinto aniversario de "Tribuna Libre", que surgió a la vida periodística partidaria en un momento azaroso de la política argentina y cuando aún las hordas de la dictadura festejaban el incendio de las redacciones de los diarios radicales porteños y los demás actos vandálicos que se perpetraron el día del asalto al poder.
Diario que ha sabido recoger y exteriorizar las palpitaciones del alma popular en sus fragorosas manifestaciones de repudio a todo lo que pudiese significar un atentado a las libertades públicas y a los derechos incuestionables sustentados por nuestra carta magna, debió de soportar como los líderes de la U. C. R., cuya causa sustenta, los designios incontrolables de la dictadura y del actual gobierno, que como aquella en dos oportunidades, le clausuró su redacción y encarceló a sus directores, señores Félix O. Foullier y Félix A. Ingratta, que haciendo honor a la altivez ciudadana y a la ética profesional, supieron responsabilizarse en absoluto de la prédica sostenida de sus columnas, evitando de esta suerte la inútil detención de los colaboradores y amigos que los acompañaban en su obra idealista. Y si apuntamos este gesto que no importa más que un deber para quienes afrontan la tamaña responsabilidad de la dirección de un diario, lo hacemos como un acto de justicia para
quienes como los mencionados colegas y amigos han sabido sobrellevar con entereza los gajes del oficio y mantener triunfante esa tribuna del pensamiento radical, que solo quienes han convivido con ellos los sinsabores que importa obra semejante, saben la lucha titánica que cuesta su supervivencia.
No está demás decir en estas páginas que surgieron con el sincero y vehementemente propósito de contribuir al esclarecimiento de las ideas que agitan los postulados de la U. C. R. y de contribuir en la medida de nuestra capacidad al robustecimiento de la conciencia partidaria, que en el periodismo y, principalmente, en el periodismo político, siempre se recogen ingratiitudes. A "Tribuna Libre", descartando el auspicio moral que siempre le han brindado los espíritus superiores, no se le ha rendido justicia. Y es que para los espíritus subalternos siempre dispuestos a la crítica negativa, la dirección de un diario no supone otra cosa que un trampolín utilitario. Así se ve, desde un prisma obtuso a una obra, a la que si no se quiera prodigársele el aplauso que merece, por lo menos debe de otorgársele el respeto y la consideración a que se ha hecho acreedora.
Durante estos últimos cinco años —y ya se sabe lo que suponen— "Tribuna Libre" ha sido el vocero del radicalismo porteño y por excelencia, el del radicalismo nacional. Años de angustias y de incertidumbres, de zozobra sin cuento. Y en las que con su director, el señor Foullier, todos sus colaboradores aportaban sus fervores a la causa de la redención nacional, sin haber rehuído un solo día a la responsabilidad que importaba su cometido. Esto lo sabemos muchos, pero es bueno refrescarlo en estos días de íntima satisfacción republicana.
Cuando ganaban las calles las hordas fascistizantes, bajo los ojos y al amparo de la policía, con el deliberado propósito de asaltar los locales radicales y la redacción de "Tribuna Libre", muchos se ponían a buen recaudo. Los únicos que no podían adoptar estas posiciones de precaución eran ese valiente puñado de muchachos de "Tribuna Libre"; que con sus directores a la cabeza, —fuerza es decirlo— esperaban fríamente los acontecimientos para afrontarlos. Felizmente, la barbarie no llegó a tanto, pero de haber ocurrido, allí habrían caído poco menos que inermes sin haber encontrado la única solidaridad que era posible en aquellos momentos. Y esta es la verdad y una de las muchas "canongías" que depara el periodismo partidario.
¿Habrá que agregar a ello los procesos por desacato con sus correspondientes detenciones y las incomodidades de toda índole que ha tenido que soportar la dirección de "Tribuna Libre", para destacar todo el valor que entraña el sostenimiento de esa tribuna radical? Y todos saben de que manera ha exteriorizado sus opiniones. Desde la nota socarrona que ponía al desmudo a los modernos próceres encaramados en las situaciones públicas hasta el editorial violento y agresivo, como correspondía a un vocero del radicalismo, puede decirse que han palpitado en sus páginas, más que los sentimientos partidarios, tan caros a nosotros, los anhelos de un pueblo escarnecido en sus derechos elementales.
Tal es el significado que encierra para nosotros "Tribuna Libre", a la que, en el quinto año de su batalladora existencia, le hacemos llegar nuestra palabra solidaria y cordial.
El Camino del Comicio
I
"Traer los debates de un país al terreno de los medios pacíficos es constituirlo, es civilizarlo.
"El gobierno representativo no tiene otro objeto ni misión: él es la civilización aplicada al gobierno de los hombres".
Con estas palabras comenzaba Alberdi —hace más de 70 años— sus Comentarios sobre las Condiciones para la Unión definitiva de la República Argentina.
Hoy es oportuno recordarlas: Nos encontramos en presencia de una situación semejante.
Desde hace más de cinco años venimos defendiendo la Democracia, que es la mejor garantía de la unión nacional, contra aquellos que esgrimen la fuerza y la violencia.
En esta contienda entre la fuerza y el derecho, el único camino legítimo para la U. C. R. era el de los comicios.
Recurrir a otros medios hubiera sido imitar a la Dictadura, cuyos procedimientos estamos combatiendo, es decir plegarnos al enemigo y caer en un abismo de confusiones para rodar luego, sin esperanza de salida, en el círculo vicioso de querer alcanzar la normalidad oponiendo a un gobierno de fuerza otro gobierno de fuerza...
En el comicio es donde está la tumba de los tiranos y la base incombustible de la verdadera democracia. Situados en este plano —hemos de comprender mejor porqué— a raíz del triunfo electoral del 5 de Abril del año 31, la Dictadura, que se apresuró a anularlo, nos cerró, con el veto de las candidaturas radicales, los comicios del 8 de Noviembre.
¿Cuál hubiera sido la situación de aquel Gobierno Provisional ante un nuevo triunfo electoral, en que el pueblo hubiera ratificado su fe en la Democracia, representada por nosotros, y su repudio de las Dictaduras, representadas por los hombres de Septiembre?
El Comité Nacional de la U. C. R., no ha podido olvidar que el sufragio es un derecho, pero también un deber y por eso decretó la concurrencia a los comicios de Marzo.
II
Después de los escrutinios, se iniciará una nueva etapa en las actividades del Partido.
El motín del 6 de Septiembre de 1930, causó muchos daños morales, políticos y económicos.
HECHOS E IDEAS
Al emplear la fuerza para derrocar las autoridades legalmente elegidas, se suplantó a la soberana voluntad del pueblo — y violó la Constitución.
Violar la Constitución es el delito máximo — porque precisamente en el respeto y acatamiento de sus principios reposan los fundamentos más sólidos de toda la organización social.
Pueblo que no sabe respetar sus leyes, está condenado a la anarquía. Cuando las fuerzas morales pierden su imperio no hay fuerza física capaz de reemplazarlas.
¡Lamentable ilusión la de los que creen que la fuerza es capaz de conjurar las turbulencias sociales!
Esos estadistas primitivos que no conocen más instrumento de gobierno que el garrote, naturalmente no están en condiciones de apreciar la diferencia que existe entre la paz llena de zozobras, impuesta por una dictadura, y la honda tranquilidad social derivada espontáneamente del libre desenvolvimiento de la vida, dentro del orden Constitucional.
Crear, pues, el respeto a la Constitución y a la Ley abrogadas y desconocidas por los hombres de Septiembre, ha de ser nuestra primera y más ardua tarea.
III
Como era lógico en un estado de turbulencia y de desorden, las finanzas y la economía sufrieron de inmediato y con terrible intensidad las consecuencias del 6 de Septiembre.
La República Argentina que había conquistado personalidad de estado de derecho en el concierto de las Naciones, cayó de golpe al nivel de los más atrasados países, a los cuales se designa en grupo con el mote despectivo de "South America".
Nuestro descrédito fue rapidísimo.
El peso disminuyó su valor adquisitivo en forma nunca vista.
El oro alcanzó una altura fabulosa, llegando a cotizarse el dólar a 5.10 y la libra a $20, lo que jamás había ocurrido ni en las vísperas del '90.
Los presupuestos públicos aumentaron sus gastos en cifras fantásticas, porque, para mantener la seguridad social — después de haberla perturbado con el motín — era necesario reforzar la policía y el ejército.
Para satisfacer tales erogaciones fué menester inventar numerosos impuestos: a los réditos, a las transacciones, etc.
Los salarios, jornales, sueldos, rendimientos del capital, todo ha disminuido, con descuentos exorbitantes, gabelas insoportables y fiscalizaciones molestas.
La vida se ha encarecido y los valores de la economía privada han bajado o se han debilitado, en un 40 ó 50 %.
Y en tanto que sigue y se ahonda la crisis económica, que es la ruina de la población, — el Estado rehace sus finanzas con las operaciones de Cambios, que substraen a los trabajadores y productores nacionales, alrededor de 1.000 millones por año: es decir mucho más que el presupuesto nacional autorizado.
HECHOS E IDEAS
Si se considera que exportamos casi las dos terceras partes de nuestra producción, o sea alrededor de 4.000 millones, y sobre su importe en oro, la Comisión de Cambios confisca los giros con un quebranto de 20 a 25 %, tendremos que el Estado Dictatorial ha venido quedándose, año tras año, con una porción cuantiosa del producto sustraído compulsivamente a sus legítimos propietarios, los ganaderos, agricultores y trabajadores rurales...
Todo esto habrá de corregirse, todo esto hay que rectificarlo. La obra no puede interrumpirse...
IV
El motín del 6 de Septiembre persiguió a la U. C. R. y la proscribió del Comicio, produciendo con su encarnizado espíritu de venganza la división de la familia argentina.
Pretendía destruir a la U. C. R. que era como querer arrancar del alma del pueblo el sentimiento de la libertad y el amor de la Patria.
¡Vana e ingrata pretensión!
Los recientes escrutinios lo están revelando.
Apenas se vislumbra en el horizonte político la primera claridad, los hombres radicales vuelven a emprender la marcha con su programa liberal, su inquebrantable fe en la Democracia, y su inextinguible esperanza cívica en el porvenir de la patria!
La U. C. R. ha buscado en el sufragio la inmediata solución de este estado político irregular, porque entiende que si en los Comicios está la única base legítima de la verdadera Democracia, también en los Comicios han de encontrar las oligarquías y los privilegios su tumba definitiva, para dar paso a las nuevas formas de la organización social argentina fundada exclusivamente en ideales de justicia, de humanidad y de concordia.
Acotaciones sobre la Política de Buenos Aires
3 de Noviembre, 1º y 15 de Marzo, tres partes del mismo proceso delicioso. Las instituciones degradadas, anulado el sufragio, ensoberbecida la mesnada ejecutora, el gobierno de la provincia de Buenos Aires imponiendo por la fuerza su perduración, en tanto que el país entero señala al Presidente de la República por único responsable.
Serenemos el espíritu para la lucha. El oprobio no mancha la democracia, ni la disminuye; pero, aliado de la fuerza la somete. Así han sido abolidas en Buenos Aires, las instituciones republicanas y, por ende, las garantías individuales, persiguiéndose la doble finalidad de estabilizar la usurpación de autoridades y someter las rebeldías individuales. A ningún observador ha podido tomarlo de sorpresa semejante estado de cosas que venía incubándose de lejos. El funcionamiento del gobierno, inmediato anterior, emergido del fraude del 8 de noviembre, permitía anticipar, exactamente, los "comicios" provinciales del 3 de noviembre y el nacional del 1º de Marzo y su epílogo del 15. Más aun: sus consecuencias seguirán, progresivamente ciñéndose sobre las libertades del pueblo. De aquí que vuelva hoy sobre el planeamiento de la situación política de Buenos Aires que hacía a principios de 1935 y que claramente se desprende del siguiente programa de acción que presenté y aprobó el Comité de la Provincia de la U. C. R.: "fijaba el proyecto aprobado que es de indudable utilidad para la dirección partidaria, para la defensa y amparo de los ciudadanos y para su difusión pública el conocimiento exacto del funcionamiento del gobierno de la provincia, protocolizando los hechos, los actos y las resoluciones por las que se ha deformado el derecho público, especificando el agravio a las garantías individuales, especialmente la libertad y el respeto a la persona, a la desigualdad ante la ley en el orden administrativo, judicial y político, lo que implica el cumplimiento de sus atribuciones por el poder judicial y la policía, antes y después del estado de sitio. Agrega que es necesario acreditar las transgresiones cometidas contra las leyes y los derechos inalienables de reunión, de palabra y de prensa, y las desviaciones tales como el juego. Dice después que interesa concretar el retroceso operado en la provincia en cuanto a las cuestiones edilicias y a las obras públicas, sobre todo en lo relativo a los caminos en los municipios y la involución producida en el respeto hacia el pueblo en sus relaciones con la autoridad. Se completaría, argumentaba, el panorama de la provincia con el estudio de los presupuestos, desde los municipales al central, en relación con los
antiguos y a su cumplimiento, incluyéndose la deuda actual con la administración y las pensiones y jubilaciones, lo mismo que la forma en que han sido cumplidas esas obligaciones en los términos legales. El encarecimiento de la justicia, y su funcionamiento debería, también, merecer un análisis específico, claro y fácil a la percepción pública. En definitiva, dentro de los grandes lineamientos trazados deben destacarse dos aspectos de significación para las municipalidades: hospitales y construcción de pavimentos. Debe estimularse, —continúa— y cooperarse en la acción iniciada por muchos comités locales para lograr la estricta depuración de los padrones y la obtención del duplicado de libretas cívicas, para lo que pondrán en acción los recursos que lo permitan.
Para el cumplimiento de estos propósitos, la resolución dispone que el presidente del comité se dirigirá a los de igual clase de las localidades, recomendándoles el envío de un informe claro, concreto y bien relacionado en cada uno de los puntos que se incluirán en la encuesta que deberá prepararse de acuerdo con este proyecto: se solicitarán de los comités de La Plata, Mercedes, Bahía Blanca, Azul, San Nicolás y Dolores, el nombramiento de letrados para que investiguen los tribunales de justicia y eleven su informe a la autoridad local, la que, una vez aprobados, los hará llegar al comité de la provincia, aclarándose que esas comisiones tendrán función permanente en tanto dure la actual del actual gobierno.
El Comité de La Plata tendrá el cometido del análisis de la actuación del gobierno en sus poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo y su influencia sobre la economía de la provincia y del individuo, las finanzas y el crédito. Los elementos de juicio, dice finalmente la resolución aprobada, pasarán a la comisión de asuntos políticos para su estudio y asesoramiento del comité en cada caso particular y para la resolución que en definitiva corresponda”.
Bien: el proyecto se aprobó pero, por causas circunstanciales no se hizo efectivo. Considero que hoy tiene la misma, más actualidad que entonces. Cumplido ese proceso y exigida la intervención federal, la U. C. R. sólo hubiera concurrido al comicio en concepto de sacrificio de no haber obtenido el resguardo del poder federal.
Pasan los acontecimientos y llega la hora infausta de la asunción del mando del usurpador, interprete la situación institucional y política en los siguientes términos, que ratifico plenamente:
“Ante la inminencia del acto inaudito de la transmisión del P. E. en Buenos Aires, el Comité de la Provincia, resuelve:
1º Reiterar el contenido y las conclusiones de la nota elevada al Comité Nacional y la presentación de este alto organismo al P. E. Federal pidiendo la intervención a la provincia, expresando el anhelo colectivo de urgente despacho.
2º Declarar, expresamente, la inconstitucionalidad de dicho gobierno, por carecer de mandato, y la nulidad insanable de sus actos y de los contratos que celebre, de todo lo que deberá exigirse responsabilidad legal.
3º Ratificar que no cejará en su patriótico empeño hasta obtener la restitución al pueblo de la soberanía usurpada”.
El proyecto que antecede presentado al organismo directivo de la U. C. R.
Esta en venta el primer tomo de
HECHOS e IDEAS
REGIAMENTE ENCUADERNADO EN TELA CON LETRAS DE ORO Y ESTAMPADO
Dicho volumen comprende los cuatro primeros números, con su correspondiente índice. En él figuran estudios fundamentales como, "El capital y el trabajo en la Italia fascista" de Gaetano Salvemini; "Economía liberal y economía dirigida", de Georges De Leener; "Los Sofismas del Banco Central", de Luis Roque Gondra; "El patrón oro", de M. Nogaro; "Las finanzas de la Prov. de Buenos Aires y el arreglo de la deuda interna", de Augusto Liliedal; "Psicología del estado político social argentino", de Alfredo Acosta, y ensayos y artículos de Alvear, Baudón, Bertotto, Borda, Cantilo, Goldstraj, Noel Carlos M. y Martín S., Oyhanarte H., Pagés, Rébora, Rodríguez Villar, Sáenz, del Valle, etc.
Los trabajos de firmas extranjeras han sido traducidos expresamente para HECHOS E IDEAS, no existiendo otra publicación de los mismos en castellano.
A los que deseen coleccionar esta revista, le recomendamos la adquisición de este volumen por hallarse el número 1º agotado y ser, por consiguiente, reducida la cantidad de ejemplares encuadernados.
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Cartas y giros dirigirlas a
HECHOS E IDEAS
Rivadavia 755, Buenos Aires
U. T. 35, Libertad 3633.
Visite Concordia
El más pintoresco Dto. de la Prov. de Entre Ríos
Sus extensos naranjales, sus viñas y sus palmares dan vida y belleza a sus tierras fecundas, regadas por arroyos de aguas claras.
A 5 Kms. de la ciudad, con sus 97 Hect. de terrenos quebrado, el Parque Rivadavia brinda al turista uno de los encantos más sugestivos de la naturaleza.
La ciudad, sin haber perdido su típica belleza, brinda al viajero las comodidades modernas, con el confort de sus hoteles, medios de comunicación, lugares de diversión, etc. Allí se organizan las excursiones por el Río Uruguay, hasta Salta Chico y Salto Grande, cuya belleza panorámica cautiva y emociona.
Visite Concordia
MUNICIPALIDAD DE CONCORDIA — ENTRE RIOS
LUIS BOZZINI e Hijo Lda.
EMPRESA DE PAVIMENTACION
Bmé. MITRE 559
BUENOS AIRES
U. T. 33 - 4155
HECHOS E IDEAS
de la Provincia de Buenos Aires no mereció la aprobación del cuerpo que se produjo con distintos conceptos y términos.
En definitiva: el pueblo debe salir a la calle a exteriorizar su protesta y señalar los culpables, y la U. C. R. debe conducirlo. También pensé en igual forma después del 3 de noviembre y proyecté, en forma que tuvo publicidad, una campaña de intensa agitación en la provincia y mítines simultáneos en todos los pueblos declamando el recurso federal. No se hizo. El pueblo señala en la plaza pública al Presidente de la República.
"El Radicalismo es un temperamento"
Al Radicalismo se le ha acusado reiteradamente de ser un partido sin programa. Se le ha acusado, tanto de afuera como de adentro. Tener un programa es, dentro de la acepción comúnmente establecida, contar con una cantidad de soluciones para otra cantidad de problemas que han de presentarse, o pueden presentarse, a la deliberación y resolución. Por eso se ha dicho por los de afuera que el Partido no tenía programa concreto sobre numerosos tópicos, y, por eso mismo, los de adentro, han salido a buscar soluciones para todos los problemas circulantes y afanosamente se han puesto a la obra de no dejar ninguna pregunta sin su correspondiente respuesta. Por eso también hemos improvisado y seguimos improvisando, no siempre con prudencia.
Uno de los más distinguidos y respetables adversarios del radicalismo consiguió definirlo con frase feliz. Pellegrini dijo: "El radicalismo es un temperamento". Nuestros adversarios tomaron la definición en tono despectivo y no la desperdiciaron. Nosotros la aceptamos con cierta vanidad, con la vanidad de los chicos precoces de quienes se dice que son "unos bandidos"... Yo, en cambio, la adopto en su significado literal: ni como reproche, ni como elogio; simplemente como definición. Efectivamente, digo a los que dicen que el radicalismo no tiene programa: el radicalismo es un temperamento, como todos los partidos políticos de las grandes democracias del mundo, que no tienen programa, (en el sentido de catálogo de ideas) y sólo son manifestaciones de temperamentos.
En todo partido político cuentan dos elementos fundamentales: el elemento teórico y el elemento humano: es decir, la doctrina y los partidarios. Conforme a la preexistencia de cualquiera de los dos, en la formación del partido, me he de permitir hacer una clasificación entre partidos de ideas o de doctrina y partidos de ideales o de temperamento; ya sea que en aquéllos sea anterior a todo la existencia de un cuerpo de principios teóricos, o que, en estos últimos, haya existido el elemento humano con anterioridad, el conjunto masa, unificado por una necesidad circunstancial o temperamental.
Pongamos por caso el de los socialistas nuestros, como el de todos los partidos socialistas que no intervinieron en la época histórica y gestatoria de ese movimiento social, en los cuales el cuerpo de doctrina, (el elemento teórico), fue preexistente a ellos mismos. Cuando el Dr. Juan B. Justo y sus
compañeros fundaron el primer centro socialista, lo hicieron agrupándose alrededor de un conjunto de ideas, ya definidas y concretas. El partido vino después: (el partido, como conglomerado humano dirigido hacia una acción determinada).
Igual cosa, (salvadas las distancias), ocurre con esas creaciones, tan nuestras, de partidos nuevos, los que antes de salir a la calle a reclutar pueblo, formulan programas con panaceas para todos los males. En todos ellos, (y renovando distinciones de orden moral), el elemento teórico es anterior al humano.
Por "Partidos de ideales o de temperamento" entiendo a los que se han formado por aluvión de elemento humano, provocado por un acontecimiento circunstancial, por alguna necesidad momentánea, y que luego se han prolongado con los efectos de la causa que los agrupara inicialmente. La simpatía y la comunidad de intereses y sentimientos formados en la acción común y cotidiana, crean nuevos vínculos, (intereses y sentimientos nuevos, cada vez más solidarios), hasta imprimir al conjunto una individualidad orgánica. En los choques con los hechos nuevos que, saliéndoles al paso, ponen a prueba la fortaleza de su contextura, se amplía el objetivo de su existencia, al mismo tiempo que se coordina en un sentido determinado. Los que ayer estaban unidos por un sentimiento, diremos, primario, empiezan a descubrir leyes que regulan sus actos; por lo que, las generalizaciones, los ideales abstractos e indefinidos, van poco a poco precisándose en conceptos, concretándose en ideas. Así se formaron y así son los grandes partidos ingleses de "Toris" y "Whigs"; así los americanos de "Demócratas" y "Republicanos" y así se ha ido y se está formando la Unión Cívica Radical.
A propósito del mismo orden de ideas, he leído un libro: "El Laborismo Británico", de Igon Wertheimer, y de él saco en consecuencia que el Partido Laborista inglés, también ha sido un partido de los que clasifico como de ideales, con las mismas características anotadas y de lo que da prueba el párrafo siguiente: "Sólo en virtud de los rozamientos con la realidad que le hicieron darse cuenta del sentido de su propia lucha, adquirieron conciencia de las diversidades fundamentales... hasta que al cabo de 20 años descubrieron un día que se habían hecho socialistas."
Recién para el 1900 el Partido Laborista adquirió caracteres de tal como organización política. Hasta entonces, los obreros ingleses se habían agrupado en los llamados Trade Unions, sindicatos ricos y poderosos, capaces de subvenir a sus asociados en caso de huelga, pero sin mayores convicciones socialistas, pues en su mayor parte pertenecían a los dos grandes partidos burgueses tradicionales. Contemporáneamente a los Trade Unions se desenvolvía la Sociedad Fabiana, propulsora de un socialismo puramente intelectual y con más influencia en las universidades que en los centros obreros. Cuando los Trade Unions resolvieron entrar a la lucha política, por entender que ello era necesario para la mejor defensa de los intereses comunes, los sindicatos llevaron como principal aporte el elemento humano y la Sociedad Fabiana el elemento teórico, y entonces fué que descubrieron
que eran socialistas, como dice Wertheimer; aunque socialistas “sui géneris”, socialistas a la inglesa.
Los partidos ingleses tradicionales, “toris” y “whigs”, conservadores y liberales, son los más antiguos del mundo. Nacieron en el 1600, en las luchas trágicas que los Estuardos sostuvieron con el Parlamento. No tomaron formas definidas hasta una vez promediado el reinado de Carlos II, pero la distinción arranca desde comienzos del reinado de Carlos I. Este rey, despotico, atrabiliario y mendaz, mantuvo su reinado en constante guerra contra los derechos del pueblo, despreciando sus justas reclamaciones y burlándose de sus reivindicaciones; hasta que las fuerzas populares consiguieron imponerle lo que en la historia se conoce con el nombre de “Peticion de Derechos”, segunda Carta Magna, y que consistía en la obligación, por parte del rey, de respetar estos tres puntos: 1º) No recaudar impuestos sin consentimiento del Parlamento; 2º) No encarcelar a nadie, sino por las formas establecidas en la ley; 3º) No someter al pueblo a la jurisdicción de los tribunales militares. (Recalco que esto ocurría allá por el 1600... ¡Felices ingleses, si pensamos que no hace tanto, hemos estado sujetos a tribunales marciales y a decretos-leyes de impuestos sin sanción legislativa!)
Por no cumplir la Peticion de Derechos, por un lado, y por hacerla cumplir, del otro, se trabó la lucha, que culminó con la ejecución de Carlos I y desde ella quedaron marcados los puntos de arranque de los actuales “toris” o conservadores, (los viejos “caballeros”), y los antiguos “cabezas redondas”, hoy “whigs” o liberales.
De sus luchas escribe Macaulay: “Si la libertad y el orden y las ventajas que resultan de la innovación y de la tradición se han combinado en sus instituciones, (las de Inglaterra), de manera más completa y perfecta que lo vemos en cualquiera otro pueblo del mundo, débese de atribuir tan feliz particularidad a las luchas pasionales y a las victorias alternativas de ambas confederaciones de hombres de estado rivales, celosa guardadora, la una, de toda tradición y autoridad, y de toda libertad y progreso la otra”. Y más adelante establece que “la divergencia ha sido más de medida que de principios”.
En los Estados Unidos la historia de los partidos políticos comienza en la Convención Constituyente de Filadelfia. Ya en él chocan las dos tendencias: la centrípeta y la centrífuga, como las denomina Bryce, o sea la que tiende a fortalecer el poder central, o la que afirma la autonomía de los Estados, debilitando el poder federal. En el primer gobierno de Washington, en su mismo gabinete, se produce la divergencia: Hámilton, ministro de Hacienda, partidario de un gobierno federal fuerte, encabeza el grupo de los federalistas. Jefferson, ministro de Estado, defensor de la mayor autonomía de los Estados locales, acuadilla a los republicano-demócratas. Aquél centripeto; éste centrífugo. Luego la Revolución Francesa les da un nuevo motivo para diferenciarse y quedar perfectamente definidos en el escenario histórico-político: Los centrípetos, alarmados por los excesos de los revolucionarios, se declaran en su contra, en nombre del Orden. Los centrífugos, enamorados de los Derechos del Hombre, como buenos individualistas, la apoyan en nombre de la Libertad. Y ya hay una
nueva distinción entre ellos: el Partido del Orden y el Partido de la Libertad. De aquellas raíces provienen los dos grandes partidos actuales: Republicanos y Demócratas.
Pero "¿cuáles son sus principios, sus dogmas fundamentales, sus tendencias?" —se pregunta Bryce y más adelante contesta: "—Ningún partido, como tal, ha formulado una doctrina rotunda acerca de estas cuestiones; ningún partido sustenta terminantemente un principio, un dogma fundamental. Ambos tienen tradiciones. Ambos pretenden tener orientaciones. Ambos tienen ciertamente lemas de guerra, organizaciones, intereses alistas bajo sus banderas. Todos registran dogmas y credos políticos, tesis de doctrina política y temas de práctica política, pero confusos. No han trascendido fuera, sino que han sido desarrollados por el tiempo y el curso de las acontecimientos, etc."
Y viniendo a la génesis de nuestra U. C. R. no es del caso que yo haga historia. Tal vez entre mis lectores esté quien haya sentido en pleno rostro el fuego del entusiasmo del Jardín Florida y en plena carne el fuego graneado del Parque. Es claro que si fuera a buscar las fuentes prístinas, debiéramos internarnos más en la historia, hasta aquel día en que se dijo que "el pueblo quiere saber de lo que se trata", hasta aquel otro en que Moreno afirmó que "ningún argentino, ni ebrio ni dormido, debe tener inspiraciones contra la libertad de su patria"; porque, en realidad, en la sucesión de las generaciones, como en la carrera de las antorchas de los griegos, la U. C. R. mantiene hoy encendida la luminaria de la libertad.
"La Revolución del Parque, —dice Rojas—, fué el aspecto militar de la crisis política y económica de 1890; pero como todos los movimientos de ese género, congregó, por diversos móviles, fuerzas heterogéneas. Muchos localistas del 80 despechados por la federalización de Buenos Aires; muchos conservadores católicos, disgustados por las reformas laicas de 1884 y 1887; muchos fracasados de la especulación financiera y de la especulación electoral, aprovecharon la ocasión para ir contra el gobierno, uniéndose a los sinceros demócratas, a quienes seguían la juventud y el pueblo con generosidad". (Vemos aquí, pues, el acontecimiento circunstancial de que hablaba, la necesidad momentánea que convoca al elemento humano y lo pone en contacto. De esta causa primera nacerán los efectos que, por un lado, eliminarán a las personas que no se adapten a ellos, y por otra parte, unirán y solidizarán a los que, coincidentes en la causa primera, siguen coincidiendo en sus consecuencias. Estos últimos serán los que constituirán el Partido). "Estos elementos, (se refiere Rojas a los que habían entrado a la acción por una causa puramente circunstancial), separarónse de los otros una vez fracasada la sublevación del Parque. De la Unión Cívica, que había hecho la Revolución del 90, salieron en 1891, el "Acuerdo" hacia la derecha, preconizando transacciones oficiales, y la U. C. R., hacia la izquierda, preconizando intransigencias populares. Las líneas quedaron tendidas. El nuevo partido, acaudillado por Alem, pidió entonces libertad electoral".
Esto, libertad electoral, sufragio libre, constituirá el móvil de su acción futura: es el núcleo sobre el que se va a formar todo el organismo partidario; es el motivo determinante de su acción; es la causa eficiente de su existencia. El elemento humano, congregado con motivo de la acción cívica del Parque, ya ha comenzado por adquirir un principio que ha de extenderse más allá de la necesidad momentánea que lo reuniera. Es un ideal vago y confuso, pero es ya un elemento teórico que identifica al elemento humano en un común denominador. Por él ya están diferenciadas las dos tendencias: la oligárquica, (conservadores), que sitúa al pueblo en minoridad y se erije en tutora; la democrática, (U. C. R.), que reclama para el pueblo la efectividad del ejercicio de su soberanía.
El principio de la soberanía popular, esgrimido para exigir la libertad electoral, al penetrar en el campo de la economía se convertirá en defensa de las clases productoras; al afrontar el problema social, se decidirá en contra de las castas privilegiadas; y en el terreno educacional será la Reforma Universitaria y en el campo internacional será la declaración de Ginebra, reclamando la igualdad de los Estados.
Resumiendo: como acabamos de verlo, los partidos políticos de las grandes democacias, no nacieron ni se desarrollaron en virtud de un complejo teórico: Fueron agrupaciones humanas que coincidieron en hechos circunstanciales, empujadas por su temperamento. Las que eran amantes del orden y enemigas de los cambios trascendentales, por temperamento, se hicieron "conservadoras". Las que eran de temperamento inquieto, ansiosas de libertad y nuevas formas sociales y políticas, constituyeron el parti-"liberal". Después, en el tiempo, al enfrentarse con nuevas necesidades, el temperamento original reaccionó en forma distinta para cada caso, pero siempre lógicamente consigo mismo. El radicalismo, en su acción cívica y en su obra de gobierno, ha actuado de igual manera. Ahora es preciso extraer las consecuencias, concretarlas, depurarlas, sistematizarlas y organizarlas en un cuerpo de doctrina. Pero, sobre todo, animar constantemente la llama sagrada de su temperamento, que con esa llama se encienden las antorchas de la Libertad!
Buenos Aires, febrero 1936.
El Instituto Movilizador de Inversiones Bancarias Frente al Latifundio
Entre las leyes que integraban el plan financiero —con más propiedad, inflacionista— del Gobierno nacional, sancionadas a principios del año anterior, figura la N° 12157, por la cual se daba al país un nuevo organismo, el Instituto Movilizador de Inversiones Bancarias y cuyos propósitos confesados, son los de “adquirir inmuebles, créditos y demás inversiones inmovilizadas o congeladas de los bancos y venderlas gradual y progresivamente, propendiendo a la radicación de familias de agricultores, en tierras de valores ajustados a su rendimiento real y a la transferencia de otras inversiones, a manos que aseguren su mayor productividad”.
En cuanto al origen y monto de los dineros destinados a afrontar estas transacciones, fincan justamente en el expresado plan financiero, que vale la pena recordar, aún cuando sea sintéticamente, porque marca la etapa más culminante y de graves contornos, que jamás recuerde la historia financiera del país y porque, preciso es anticiparlo: con el rótulo de “solidaridad bancaria” se ha prestigiado lo que debió depurarse. En virtud de la ley de conversión, vigente hasta la promulgación de estas otras, la garantía de nuestro peso moneda nacional era de 44 centavos oro y el depósito en la Caja de Conversión valía $ 561.006.035 m/n. El actual Gobierno, no encontró recurso más cómodo para hacerse de dinero, que proceder a una revaluación de ese patrón oro (devaluación para el pueblo) y logró, gracias al plan citado, se transfiriera al Banco Central, pero asignándole un valor ficticio de $ 1.224.417.645.96 m/n. Vale decir, merced a esta política inflacionista, si bien podía disponer de la diferencia, o sea de $ 663.411.610.62 m/n., no es menos cierto, que sumado a otros factores, nuestro papel moneda veía descender su garantía de 44 centavos a menos de 20 centavos oro. Depreciado e inconvertible por añadidura. Y si a esto aditamos otro “beneficio” del gobierno, que asciende a $ 37.649.155.80 m/n., derivado de las monedas de níquel y cobre, que quedan sin respaldo metálico, tendremos que el “beneficio total” se eleva a $ 701.060.766.42 m/n. Ahora bien, esta suma es la que sirve de base al titulado plan financiero y cuyo reparto se practicó en la siguiente forma:
a) Capital del Banco Central ............... $ 10.000.000.— m/n.
b) Cancelación de la Deuda flotante ....... „ 301.060.766.42 „
c) Capital del Instituto Movilizador ........ „ 10.000.000.— „
d) Fondo de Reserva del Instituto Mov. ..... „ 380.000.000.— „
Suma total ...... $ 701.060.766.42 m/n.
Pero hemos calificado deliberadamente como "propósitos confesados" la finalidad asignada a estas creaciones financieras, porque en verdad, para la opinión pública, es notorio el concepto contrario que sustenta al respecto y hechos posteriores se encargan de demostrar, que el principal objetivo fué el de apuntalar la difícil situación financiera de cinco bancos encabezados por el de la Nación Argentina, que corrían el evidente riesgo de caer trabajados por sus reiterados negocios de discutible corrección, realizados hasta no hace mucho tiempo, y aún para evitar las inevitables proyecciones políticas poco favorables, que ello hubiera acarreado al gobierno.
Lo cierto es, que el 29 de Diciembre pasado, el público se enteró simultáneamente, de la inauguración del Instituto Movilizador y de que transgrediéndose abiertamente su ley de creación, antes de abrir sus puertas, había acordado la casi totalidad de sus fondos de reserva, en socorrer al Banco de la Nación, concediéndole $ 178.409.000 m/nal., a cuenta de los 314.591.000 pesos que poseía en créditos congelados redescontados a unos pocos bancos particulares y 190 millones de pesos de igual moneda, a la nueva amalgama bancaria nacida ese mismo día con el nombre de "Banco Español del Río de la Plata Ltdo." a cuenta también de sus 384 millones de pesos que viene a ser el conjunto de activos de los cuatro bancos que lo integran. En resumen, se entregaron $ 368.409.000 en efectivo (el resto se pagaría de acuerdo con el artículo 4º, en bonos no redescontables) que deducidos de los 380 millones del fondo de reserva, dejan solo un saldo de $ 11.591.000 moneda nacional, para atender otras operaciones de algo más de otros 110 bancos que cuenta el país, cuyos créditos congelados, como se sabe, son infinitamente insignificantes al lado de los otros citados.
Puntualizada esta breve digresión, sobre el origen y monto del capital y fondo de reserva, así como la inversión prenatal del organismo que nos ocupa, consideremos ahora —malgrado lo dicho— las posibilidades colonizadoras o con más propiedad, recolonizadoras, que sus mentores y beneficiarios pretenden asignarle al mismo.
Ante todo, debemos significar, que dada la forma misteriosa en que se ha procedido, no se sabe a ciencia cierta, de qué clase de activos se hizo cargo el Instituto, y si éstos son totalmente congelados, ya que, oficialmente nada se ha divulgado al respecto. Consideramos empero, que de cualquier manera no se acierta a suponer, cuál es el arte de magia que servirá de base a la institución que nos ocupa, para liquidar lo que no pudieron los bancos privados, descontada naturalmente la liquidación forzosa o con notable quebranto, que en tal caso, estos últimos sin el intermediario oficial pueden realizar. Agregaremos a esta circunstancia, la bien conocida, de que, precisamente los bancos oficiales, tienen sus carteras rebosantes de créditos congelados y que aun autorizados por ley, para colonizar sus extensos latifundios, no lo han logrado hasta el presente. Entre los inmuebles rurales del Banco de la Nación, por ejemplo, adquiridos en defensa de sus créditos, figuran cerca de 750.000 hectáreas de campo, cuya gran mayoría son extensos latifundios y entre los cuales se cuentan aquellos que aun en épocas de bonanza, no cubrirían los créditos acordados.
Es que en realidad, más que el interés colonizador, se tiene la peregrina
esperanza, de que, apuntalando determinadas instituciones de crédito en espera de mejor situación económica, se evita una mayor caída de precios, olvidándose que éstos son una resultante de la renta y valores comerciales de nuestra producción agropecuaria. Por lo demás, el propio articulado de la ley, no auspicia en realidad tales propósitos colonizadores. En efecto, según el art. 18, dentro de los 8 años de funcionamiento, el Instituto deberá dar por terminadas sus funciones, sabiendo sus autores, que la liquidación del Banco Nacional a cargo del Banco de la Nación, iniciada hace ya unos cuarenta años, y con créditos más liquidables que los de ahora, con todo, hasta la fecha no se ha terminado. Así mismo, la ley en cuestión, tiene por lo menos en apariencia, el propósito de una realización inmediata y en este caso, sus beneficios no pueden alcanzar al agricultor que aspira a ser propietario, por cuanto los precios de crisis de nuestras cosechas, solo le permiten realizar adquisiciones a largos plazos, no inferiores desde luego a los veinte años, vale decir, implican una realización mediata.
El artículo 5º, en cuanto dispone la venta en pública subasta, aleja también la tentativa del agricultor de verdad, en realizar la compra de su lote, pues a la circunstancia de no disponer del numerario necesario, por su temperamento más se aviene a las operaciones en privado, o sea en venta particular, circunstancia ésta, que pudo ser aprovechada para favorecer a aquéllos que se proponen cumplir la obligación de cultivo y residencia personal, y en particular tratándose de arrendatarios.
Llama además la atención, que este organismo, de acuerdo con el artículo 6º delegue sus facultades administrativas de valores inmobiliarios que deben estar bajo su custodia inmediata, en los bancos deudores y tan luego de aquellos, que justamente se caracterizaron por una administración matizada de operaciones dudosas.
Consideramos por último, que por la imprecisión y falta de sentido regulador que caracteriza la Ley Nº 12.157, lejos de verificarse la pretendida liquidación con fines colonizadores, dará oportunidad en cambio, a reafirmar aún más, la lesiva existencia de sendos latifundios que tanto traban la prosperidad del país y que siguen siendo motivo de abierta especulación.
De lo expuesto se infiere claramente, que lo que más ha interesado a nuestros poderes públicos, ha sido salvar las apariencias de situaciones bancarias que gozan del privilegio oficial y a costa del pueblo, con absoluta despreocupación del grave problema económico social que significa la radiación permanente de nuestros agricultores y haciendo en cambio, recaer sobre éstos en particular, los desaciertos derivados de estos planes financieros y en general, de una economía dirigida tan malamente inspirada.
Buenos Aires, Marzo de 1936.
La obra que la U.C.R. debe realizar en el Parlamento
La gestión parlamentaria de los futuros Diputados Nacionales del Radicalismo ha de ser, sin duda alguna, improba. Todos los aspectos de la vida colectiva han sufrido fundamentales alteraciones en nuestro país desde el movimiento del 6 de septiembre, y es de ineludible urgencia que vuelvan las cosas a su quicio normal, lo que solo podrá hacerse por la acción te-sonera y patriótica de la Unión Cívica Radical y de sus representantes.
En materia económica se ha sentado un principio erróneo, del cual se ha partido para toda una profusa y compleja acción gubernamental que, en mi concepto está produciendo una grave desorientación. Se ha desarrollado una política de cariz exclusivamente financiero, sin tener en cuenta el aspecto económico, que es el fundamental. El erario nacional es rico como nunca y el pueblo de la república permanece angustiado y pobre. Las cajas del Estado revientan de oro, mientras se sangra la caja de conversión y mientras el hambre ya se anuncia en la campaña.
Por esto considero que en el campo económico hay que aplicar los conceptos de la democracia integral que quita los privilegios, que garantiza el derecho del trabajo, limita la extensión del capital y sus intereses, coloca a los ciudadanos en igualdad de posibilidades económicas y procura en toda forma la armonía y la justicia entre el capital y el trabajo. El simple buen sentido indica que no es posible que en una tierra donde se produce carne y pan suficiente casi para abastecer al mundo, haya hombres que busquen inútilmente trabajo y que recorran los caminos en una absurda caravana de miseria y de hambre.
En materia social se ha procurado en estos últimos cinco años dividir la familia argentina sembrando odios profundos en el corazón del pueblo. Quienes realizan desembozadamente la persecución del radicalismo y de todo lo que representa en el país espíritu liberal e independiente; quienes procuran en toda forma desilusionar al pueblo que contempla atónito la impunidad del fraude y la violencia, están causando al país un perjuicio tan grande que la historia ha de condenar severamente.
El radicalismo lucha y luchará contra esta bandera del odio desencadenado como un azote y concita a los ciudadanos alrededor de una bandera de concordia nacional, de respeto recíproco y de paz en el trabajo colectivo.
En política pareciera intentarse la abolición de prácticas levantadas, de
dignidad nacional, de caballerosidad en la lucha cívica. Se ha hecho uso de la casuística para desconocer a los radicales en sus legítimos derechos y para conceder a otros partidos lo que no les corresponde. Ya se anunciaba, en mensajes cuyo origen alarma, la necesidad de suprimir la ley Sáenz Peña y de reformar la actual representación democrática del parlamento. Se pretende suplantar el sistema que nos rige por otro de privilegio y de clase; se procura anular el voto secreto, que libera las conciencias, por el voto cantado y público, que esclaviza políticamente a los hombres ante el temor, humano, de la venganza del patrón, de las persecuciones, de los atentados de las policías. Basta el chisme o la delación irresponsable para exonerar un empleado correcto, desprestigiar a un hombre de bien, llevar la miseria y la desolación a un hogar. El radicalismo debe rectificar categóricamente esta línea de conducta que llevaría al país a un verdadero abismo.
La intriga y la insidia han penetrado sembrando desconciertos en las fuerzas armadas de la República. Interesadamente se les amenaza con el fantasma de una presunta venganza radical, en el caso de su retorno al Gobierno. El radicalismo debe desvirtuar esta especie interesada. Por ser una fuerza política de ideal no arraiga en él ni el odio ni la venganza y sí solamente se inspira en los conceptos y se orienta en bien del país. No levanta banderas de odio contra nadie, pero aplicará su concepto de que las fuerzas armadas deben desempeñar el papel que constitucionalmente les corresponde sin inmiscuirse en las combinaciones de la baja política.
En la universidad se perfila una orientación cerradamente reaccionaria, capaz de producir a breve plazo una aguda protesta estudiantil. El radicalismo debe bregar nuevamente por la democratización en la universidad y porque se concilien los derechos legítimos del estudiante con el respeto al profesor y la preparación en el estudio. Corresponde asimismo dar a la enseñanza primaria, media y superior un fondo moral y una educación continua de lo que importa el sentido de la responsabilidad. Bien reglamentado esto posiblemente llegaríase a impedir que las más altas funciones públicas puedan ser representadas por quienes hacen befa y escarnio del respeto a las leyes y de los derechos del pueblo y por quienes carecen hasta de escrúpulos personales suficientes como para permitirles afirmar solemnemente hoy lo que negarán mañana.
La Unión Cívica Radical es una fuerza eminentemente democrática que abarca y ampara todas las clases y todos los intereses del país; y en su nacionalismo auténtico repudia las extremas extranjeras del comunismo y del fascismo. Es necesario pues evidenciar que quienes siguen una política empeñosa con el único objetivo de destruir al radicalismo, intentan con ello destruir al país quitándole su equilibrio y su desenvolvimiento normal. Es la única valla contra las fuerzas extremas del comunismo y de la opresión, y desaparecida, el país sería presa de la anarquía o de la esclavitud.
Es necesario evidenciar y exhibir al radicalismo tal cual es, como una gran fuerza espiritual e ideológica, que ha arraigado profundamente en el
corazón del pueblo, y que resulta así empeño vano el pretender destruirlo empleando como armas la violencia material. Antes como ahora el exceso de persecuciones y de injusticia acrece el prestigio de quien las sufre. El triunfo inmediato electoral no interesa al partido, totalmente consciente de que a él le corresponde velar por el prestigio y la tranquilidad futura del país.
Concepto Sociológico del Radicalismo
I. — INTRODUCCION: EL PROBLEMA DEL CONOCIMIENTO
En un reciente artículo publicado en "La Nación", el agudo filósofo Ortega y Gasset, ha dicho que la política es analfabetismo. Otro eminente autor hispano, Baltasar Gracián, en su obra sobre el rey Fernando el Católico, expresó que "la capacidad es el fundamento de la política". ¿Cómo pueden coexistir opiniones tan diversas? ¿Cómo unos sitúan la esencia de la política en la acción pura, en el conflicto de intereses, como Machiavello y Ortega y Gasset; y otros en la contemplación, en la ciencia del gobierno, como Aristóteles y Gracián?
Estas antinomias pueden ser superadas por la actual concepción relativista del conocimiento. Y así, podemos decir que todas estas definiciones son exactas, según el punto de vista en que se coloque el espectador, según la perspectiva que abarque su razón o intuición.
Flotamos sobre el misterio. Nuestro conocimiento inmediato y sensorial, nos da las perspectivas lineales de las cosas. Nuestro conocimiento reflexivo, nos inmersa en el torbellino de la esencia misma de las cosas.
El mundo no es todo lo visible y lo tangible. Más allá de los datos inmediatos de la conciencia —para emplear el lenguaje de Bergson—, existen las intuiciones y conocimientos filosóficos.
Toda investigación sería debe ir a la fuente misma de las cosas, debe ser un conocimiento filosófico. No pretendemos hacer de esta tribuna un plinto académico, pero queremos dar a nuestro trabajo un contenido serio, desapasionado y objetivo.
Haremos por tanto nuestro estudio, desde un punto de vista relativista, porque la verdad no es única, sino que posee múltiples facetas, que aparecen y desaparecen, se agigantan o se escorzan, según la posición del espectador.
II. — CIENCIA Y FILOSOFÍA DE LA HISTORIA
Estamos acostumbrados a contemplar la historia de los pueblos como sucesión de hechos, como alternativas de revoluciones, batallas, elecciones, cambios de gobiernos y de leyes, creaciones de arte, de técnica, etc., dentro de un ritmo de vaivén, de progreso y decadencia.
¿Pero estos hechos, suceden al azar, por qué sí nomás, o tienen un motor interior que los impulsa?
Indudablemente, los que han estudiado estos problemas han querido dar una explicación, encontrar la causalidad de los hechos que aparecían y se desarrollaban, y han inventado en el decurso de los siglos series innumerables de teorías.
HECHOS E IDEAS
Distingamos pues la ciencia histórica, de la filosofía de la historia. La ciencia histórica, que relata fotográficamente los hechos, y la filosofía de la historia, que inquiere su significado, su profunda razón de ser. Pero en esta rama del conocimiento, la filosofía es inseparable de la ciencia, porque una historia que sea un simple diseño de algo sucedido, no tiene más valor que una anécdota, cuando no se le ha encontrado la profunda hondura de donde viene y a donde va.
La filosofía de la historia, con su afán de explicar los hechos sociales, ha inventado numerosos sistemas, numerosas coordenadas espirituales. No pasaremos revista a las interesantes concepciones que explican estos hechos, pero basta situar en dos grandes haces a los teorizadores: el espiritual y el material. Mientras que desde Platón a Spengler, se explican espiritualmente las evoluciones de los pueblos; paralelamente, desde Epicuro a Marx y Lenin, se fundamentan materialmente.
Mientras para unos el motor de los hechos sociales es la divinidad, el destino místico, las facultades psíquicas de los individuos, las personalidades heroicas, el intelecto social, o el alma social; para otros, son los intereses, la razón, las necesidades, la evolución orgánica, la evolución económica.
He aquí pues, halladas en la filosofía de la historia, las dos corrientes antinómicas de que hemos hablado en un principio, al definir a la política.
Pero con la actual doctrina del punto de vista o relativismo podemos reducirlas supramente a una verdad: por ejemplo, sin negar la realidad de la existencia del "struggle for life" darwiniano, o el motor económico de Marx, para determinadas situaciones, hombres y épocas; los en volveremos dentro de la concepción animista de Spengler, diciendo que esos motores económicos, que se hallan en la infraestructura social, son movidos a su vez por un impulso vital, metafísico, superorgánico, como es el alma de los pueblos y de las culturas.
He aquí la suprema verdad del Occidente —como entreviera Schopenhauer—: la valoración de todos los sistemas filosóficos, que abarcan perspectivas pequeñas o grandes, superficiales o profundas de las cosas, pero que son verdaderas desde el punto de vista de cada una, y para su perspectiva. Claro que la perspectiva suprema, la verdad objetiva, no existe, porque es divina.
III. — LA SOCIOLOGÍA SPENGLERIANA
Alemania ha producido una de las cumbres del pensamiento moderno: Oswald Spengler. En su magnífica obra sobre la "Decadencia de Occidente", Spengler ha abarcado con mirada de águila las perspectivas de la historia universal, y ha seguido el decurso de los pueblos, desde las profundidades de la historia de las civilizaciones milenarias, hasta las oquedades nebulosas de lo porvenir.
Ya Worringer, el eminente crítico de arte, dijo en su obra sobre el "Estilo Gótico", que "la base sobre que descansa el conocimiento histórico, es y sigue siendo siempre, nuestro propio yo, con las condiciones y limitaciones de nuestro tiempo. Por mucho que nos esforcemos en conquistar cierta aparente objetividad, nunca conseguiremos despojarnos de los supuestos esenciales que cimentan nuestro pensar y sentir presente; nunca conseguiremos apropiarnos las modalidades internas de las épocas pasadas. Los representantes del ingenuo realismo histórico, convierten las bases relativas de su humanidad y de su tiempo, en fundamentos absolutos de toda época”. “Llaman ingenuamente objetividad, al hecho de medir las opiniones y actos del pasado, con los criterios de la mayoría de los hombres actuales”, decía Nietzsche. “Y para interpretar la historia —agrega Worringer— no sirven para nada el simple empirismo y la inducción; no tienen más remedio que entregarse a sus facultades adivinatorias, dar un salto en lo incognoscible, sin otra garantía de certeza que la intuición”.
Spengler ha dado este salto en lo desconocido. Después de mirar los hechos objetivos de la historia, quiere extraer su simbolismo, su significado, y encuentra que todos los hechos de un pueblo o grupo de pueblos en una época dada, tienen igual fisonomía, un mismo significado, una idéntica melodía interna, que responden a una necesidad interior de expresarse. A ese pueblo o grupo de pueblos llama Spengler cultura.
Existieron la cultura egipcia, la india, la grecorromana, la bizantina, la occidental, etc. Las culturas, como un ser viviente, nacen, crecen, decaden y mueren, impulsadas por un principio vital, que no es causa, fuerza material, sino dirección de fuerzas: alma, destino.
IV.—EUROPA Y AMERICA
La cultura europea, la cultura de Occidente, se encuentra según Spengler en un período de declinación, de marcha hacia un final. Se halla en el mismo estadio en que se encontraba Roma al comienzo del imperio. Europa camina hacia un régimen de fuerza, del que saldrá el Estado de lo porvenir, el Estado todopoderoso, burocrático, regimentado, enorme, que él llama “Prusianismo”. Los hechos van demostrando esta concepción apriorística.
En América, en nuestra América, en América del Sud, los pueblos se levantan vírgenes. Ortega y Gasset, en el artículo que hemos citado al principio, ha estudiado las características de los pueblos coloniales. En ellos surge una fuerza nueva, que los va diferenciando de la metrópoli, de los pueblos autóctonos, hasta convertirse ellos mismos en pueblos culturales.
V.—APLICACION A LA ARGENTINA DE LOS PRINCIPIOS DE LA SOCIOLOGIA RELATIVISTA
Coloquemos en una amplia perspectiva los hechos de nuestra historia: el vuelco de una civilización opulenta y grandiosa como la hispana del “cinquecento”, a las bárbaras pampas y montañas americanas; la lucha trisecular con el medio; la emancipación, el liberalismo de Rivadavia, el caudillismo, la tiranía, la Constitución, el progreso, la revolución del 90, Yrigoyen, la reacción.
HECHOS E IDEAS
De inmediato notaremos dos calidades de hechos sociales: los que responden a un concepto de cultura europea, de metrópoli; y los que tienen una filiación colonial, americana, salvaje. Y ello se explica por la coexistencia y el choque de dos fuerzas sociales: la europea, que emanaba de la cultura de Occidente; y la americana, que daba los primeros vagidos para transformarse en cultura.
Vanni, en su Filosofía del Derecho, dice que a la conciencia social, el alma del pueblo que trata de realizarse, pueden oponerse "influencias siniestras", que clasifica en dos grupos: las provenientes de supersticiones, prejuicios, errores de toda clase; y la que comprende los intereses particulares.
Nuestra nacionalidad fué trabajada pues —y lo es aún— por estas dos fuerzas antagónicas: la tendencia argentina, y las influencias siniestras: lo europeo, unido a los intereses de clase.
No olvidemos que "en la tierra nueva tienen que volver a plantearse los problemas más primitivos" (Ortega y Gasset), y que por tanto "el colonial es siempre en este sentido, un retroceso del hombre hacia un relativo primitivismo en cuanto afecta al fondo de su psiquis, pero conservando un utillage social y material (es decir, cuanto afecta al orden externo), de plena modernidad".
Tal es nuestro trágico dualismo: lo europeo, que nos ciñe con necesidades, con ideas, con prejuicios de otra cultura; y lo autóctono, que quiere formalizarse, realizarse, trazar en los espacios su íntima espiritualidad.
Hechos europeos y fracasados, hechos que denomina Vanni siniestros, han sido pues las teorías de Moreno y de Rivadavia, la Constitución del 53, el régimen del progreso, la reacción conservadora presente. Hechos argentinos, de carácter eminentemente autóctonos y necesarios, fueron los diputados provinciales de 1811, los caudillos, Juan Manuel de Rosas, la revolución del 90, Hipólito Yrigoyen, la U. C. Radical. No pretendemos justificar éticamente a Rosas, por ejemplo, pero sí sociológicamente. Hablamos desde un punto de vista sociológico y no ético; y ya sabemos que la verdad para uno puede ser un error desde el otro punto de vista.
Coexiste pues en nuestro país una lucha secular entre estas dos energías históricas. ¿Quién vencerá? No lo sabemos, pero tenemos una fe invencible en que la patria se formalizará, en que surgirá a los cielos en lo porvenir, una cultura argentina, porque es una íntima necesidad de nuestras almas.
VI. — EL PARTIDO RADICAL COMO FUERZA SOCIAL
LA DOCTRINA DE HIPÓLITO YRIGOYEN
El momento actual de esta fuerza autóctona lo constituye el partido radical. Ricardo Rojas, así lo ha comprendido, pero se adentra demasiado en la colonia, confundiendo todo movimiento de rebelión, como producido por la fuerza cultural americana.
Hipólito Yrigoyen ha intuido el valor de la U. C. R. como fuerza formadora de nuestra nacionalidad, pero el ideal directivo de Yrigoyen ha sido incomprendido. Más aún: en el seno mismo de la U. C. R. brotaron esas influencias siniestras de que hemos hablado, formadas por errores y sobre todo por intereses particulares de determinadas personas, que explotaron los ideales de la masa partidaria, los ideales del pueblo argentino, que se volcaron espléndidos y anhelosos en la magnífica lucha de 1928: encaramados sobre el partido, destiñeron y arrumbaron el ideal de Yrigoyen y del pueblo argentino, transformando a la fuerza social en un desgaire de insanas pasiones.
Yrigoyen, dije, ha intuído la esencia social de la U. C. R.:
“Nuestro país está predestinado a ser el centro de poderosas agrupaciones humanas, y acaso el punto de partida de la renovación del mundo”, decía en el manifiesto del 4 de febrero de 1905, como intuyendo la aparición de la nueva cultura americana.
“Hay que restaurar y reconstruir las bases primordiales de la nacionalidad”, decía en el veto a la ley de intervención a San Luis, el 15 de septiembre de 1921.
“De una crisis profunda ha de salir esta nacionalidad simbólica de todo lo magno, y visiblemente destinada a la cumbre de las ascenciones humanas”, vislumbraba en el telegrama a Elpidio González, del 7 de marzo de 1915.
“El problema está planteado e impreso en el alma nacional, tal como surgió, y nada ni nadie lo modificará en su concepto, ni lo detendrá en su solución radical”; decía en la primera carta a Pedro C. Molina.
“Podrá retardarse la derrota de las fuerzas contrarias, pero al fin se precipitarán, obedeciendo a la lógica ineludible, desde que su base es absolutamente falsa y atentatoria” (tercera carta a Molina).
“La U. C. R. es la patria misma: un glorioso movimiento de opinión, representativo de la nación misma en sus esfuerzos reinvindicadores” (primera y segunda carta a Molina).
“Constituye la U. C. R. una de esas exteriorizaciones públicas de aspiraciones morales, que distinguen a los movimientos bienhechores de la humanidad, sean creadores, reconstituyentes o restauradores” (primera carta a Molina).
“Levantemos los cimientos fundamentales que habrán de sustentar una nueva era de creaciones reconstructivas en todos los órdenes, y así afianzaremos las bases de los renacimientos generales” (Mensaje 6 de julio 1922).
Y para concluir, repetiremos con sus palabras, dirigidas en la primera carta a Pedro C. Molina: “Es sublime la majestad de la misión de la U. C. R., y a ella entrega sus fervores infinitos. Por eso perdura su obra y son poderosos sus esfuerzos. Es la escuela y el punto de mira de las sucesivas generaciones”.
Con la gravedad, y si se quiere, con la obscuridad de los místicos y de los inspirados, Hipólito Yrigoyen dirigía los destinos de la patria. Sin embargo, su obra de ideal era socavada por la oscura marea de las fuerzas siniestras, que sumergieron la íntima pureza de la fuerza nacional.
VII. — FUNCION SOCIOLOGICA DEL RADICALISMO
La U. C. R. no es un partido político militante, sino por accidente.
HECHOS E IDEAS
Su esencia radica en la esencia misma de la nueva cultura que se está pergeñando.
"Su causa es la de la nación misma, decía Yrigoyen (prim. carta a Molina) y su representación, la del poder público".
Voluntad y representación, al estilo de Schopenhauer.
No nos guía la conquista del poder público, por el poder nomás, sino por accidente, porque necesitamos el poder para poder realizar la nueva nacionalidad, la cultura argentina.
Es necesario perfilar nítidamente, de una vez por todas, este movimiento social. Es necesario descargarnos de todo lo europeo que inficiona nuestra cultura. Debemos mirarnos a nosotros mismos, a nuestro primitivismo. Debemos derribar la constitución russoniana y liberal del 53, para gobernarnos de acuerdo con nuestra propia índole.
Nuestros problemas no son los de Europa. Ni fascismo, ni bolchevismo, ni liberalismo, ni socialismo, ni ninguna de las tendencias Occidentales, de la decadencia Occidental.
Nuestra obra debe ser penetrar en nuestra íntima idiosincrasia y estructurar política y socialmente a la patria dentro de moldes que surjan espontáneamente de la tierra y del pueblo.
Debemos transformar en caos todo el edificio de la república, para reconstruirlo sobre bases sólidas y autóctonas. Debemos hacer la revolución de la riqueza, nueva enseñanza pública, nuevo gobierno político, nuevamente nuestro sistema constitucional, económico, financiero, universitario y social, y crear las nuevas formas.
¿Cuáles son estas? Buscar una forma política que llene las aspiraciones de todo el pueblo argentino.
Nuestra función es integral. Unir a toda la nacionalidad, sobre bases naturales, combatiendo toda influencia siniestra, desterrando todos los problemas no argentinos: ni fascismo ni comunismo, ni democracia ni dictadura, ni capitalismo ni obrerismo, ni liberalismo o clericalismo. Argentinidad.
Y entendemos por argentinidad: nueva Constitución, nueva distribución de la riqueza, nueva enseñanza pública, nuevo gobierno político, nuevas leyes, nuevo sistema de justicia, nuevo arte, nueva religión, nueva vida individual y colectiva, en una palabra.
Tal es la función sociológica de la U. C. R. Por eso el partido radical cuenta con la inmensa mayoría del pueblo argentino. Por eso a pesar de sus contrastes externos, perdura el íntimo dinamismo, la esencia histórica.
Por eso somos místicos conductores de lo porvenir; por eso, como los corredores del Stadium latino, tomamos la antorcha de lo pasado para inmergirnos en lo porvenir, y como Lucrecio podremos decir: "quasi cursores lampada tradunt".
Pueblo argentino: a fundar lo porvenir.
La Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo y la Liga o Sociedad de las Naciones
Los no diplomáticos podemos encarar asunto tan trascendental sin eufemismos, por lo tanto con ruda franqueza y sin emplear términos rimbombantes. Con frases sencillas, vamos derecho al fondo de la cuestión, empezando con una ligera exposición de causas y efectos.
La gran conflagración de 1914-18: Hacía ya varios años que Alemania inundaba los mercados con sus productos fabriles a bajos precios. Esto, naturalmente, no les hacía buen efecto a otras potencias productoras: Inglaterra, Francia y también Italia, (pese a su pacto con Alemania), pues no podían competir con los productos "Made in Germania" y se abarrotaban de producción sin poderle dar salida; empieza el conflicto: Capital contra Capital.
Hay un tercero para estas discordias en acecho hace tiempo ya, pues ha transcurrido un lapso de casi medio siglo en que la humanidad vivía anormalmente. Vale decir, sin grandes guerras. Nos referimos a los poderosos consorcios fabricantes de armamentos, quienes ya no pueden soportar la poca demanda de su producción; los grandes accionistas protestan porque los fabulosos dividendos se han reducido a míseros intereses, razonables, de los capitales invertidos. Es necesario hacer el cliente. ¿Cómo? Pues, introduciendo la intriga entre las potencias que se miran ya con recelo entre sí por la causa precitada. Y es fatal, cuando este tercero lo quiere, la guerra se hace. Pero como los verdaderos motivos de una guerra no es posible declararlos a la faz del mundo, hay que buscar un pretexto y este se produce. Un muñeco que no vale un adarme es asesinado en Sarajevo. El teorema queda resuelto en la forma de siempre: Capital contra Capital azuzado por Capital.
Y como siempre, desde que el Capital existe, la humanidad paga su tributo de sangre para que aquel siga subsistiendo.
¿Que todavía no comprendan que ya las guerras no solucionan, ni siquiera momentáneamente, los intereses creados del Capital?
Naturalmente, al término de la guerra el Capital creyó consolidada su situación. Con cuatro años de guerra o sea cuatro años de consumición, sin producción, habría clientela, o mercados, para el máximo de producción. Por lo tanto a producir sin descanso. Para facilitar este fin el Capital se apropió de un nuevo colaborador: El Maquinismo. La voz de orden fue: Producir, producir y producir.
No transcurre mucho tiempo y se produce lo inevitable. Alarma geneHECHOS E IDEAS
ral. ¿Qué pasa? Otra vez se encuentran abarrotados. Se produce a bajos precios y sin embargo no hay quien compre.
Ambiciones desmesuradas e insaciables los ha perdido, los grandes estadistas y gobiernos que no supieron ponerse a tono con la nuevas exigencias de post-guerra, no calcularon la enorme merma de consumidores representados por el saldo trágico de la guerra: veinte millones de muertos y lisiados y cuarenta millones de desocupados a causa del Maquinismo.
Entretanto, cuando se terminó la guerra, el Presidente Wilson, iluso de buena fé, fundó la Sociedad o Liga de las Naciones. Con esto creyó que se terminarían los conflictos armados. En adelante las diferencias entre potencias, o naciones, se resolverían por arbitraje ante esa Institución Internacional. Su fracaso no tenemos para que destacarlo. Bástenos citar: Japón-China; Paraguay-Bolivia; Italia-Etiopía. Todas naciones signatarias, y las más poderosas potencias ya listas para exterminarse dentro de muy breve plazo.
¿A qué se debe el caos en que se debate Europa?
Destacaremos dos causas, a nuestro juicio, primordiales: de Fondo y Concurrente.
De Fondo: La Sociedad o Liga de las Naciones. He ahí el nudo gordiano. No es allí a donde tenían que dirigirse las naciones para terminar con las guerras. Una institución internacional esencialmente política, a base de diplomacia con todos los prejuicios y secuela de Gobiernos dependientes del Capital, siguiendo la vieja táctica, no puede solucionar satisfactoriamente los graves problemas actuales; y
Concurrente: Las enormes masas de desocupados, efecto del Maquinismo, que pesan sobre la economía mundial y que cada nación quiere resolver a su modo a base de la vieja táctica, o sea: predominio del Capital sin tener en cuenta el factor primordial que es el Trabajo.
Ha llegado, pues, el momento de cortar el nudo gordiano. No es con la Liga de Naciones que se solucionarán tan complejos, a la vez, que simples problemas.
Hay que encarar la verdad con valentía. Creemos que la solución será un hecho encarando el asunto a base del siguiente concepto:
Capital sin Trabajo no puede subsistir.
Trabajo sin Capital puede subsistir.
Esto, no obstante, no somos de los que predicamos la eliminación del Capital.
Trabajo y Capital, (nótese que no decimos capital y trabajo), conceputuamos los dos factores concurrentes al bienestar de la humanidad.
"No deben existir, pues, antagonismos entre el Capital y los verdaderos intereses que dimanan espontáneamente de la ideología y de las necesidades materiales y espirituales del Pueblo. En consecuencia debe pensarse en la democratización de las fuerzas vitales de la riqueza nacional mediante el aporte del Maquinismo y la racionalización del trabajo". (Martín S. Noel. "Hechos e Ideas", enero 1936).
A propósito he transcripto estos dos párrafos de uno de nuestros hombres estudiosos: Martín S. Noel.
HECHOS E IDEAS
No es la carcomida Europa la que nos dará la solución.
¡América! Más aún, América Latina. Y no a base de liga de naciones, y sí a base de conferencias del trabajo.
¿Porqué América? Porque creemos en el nacionalismo liberal y democrático latinoamericano.
Pero eso sí: las naciones latinoamericanas no deben caer en el error de fundar ligas de naciones en las que no caben más que representantes de sus gobiernos. Deben fundar una Institución Americana del Trabajo, llamémosla así, en la que sus representantes sean: en primer término el Trabajo, en todos sus órdenes, fabril y rural muy especialmente; en segundo término el Capital y en tercero los representantes de los respectivos gobiernos.
Debe buscarse, en esta institución, la solución del problema creado por el Maquinismo, causa primordial de todos los conflictos mundiales de la actualidad: Exceso de producción y merma de consumidores por las enormes masas de desocupados. Efectos, estos, producidos por la única causa: Maquinismo.
Hemos llegado al punto que consideramos muerto dado que las naciones se debaten sin encontrar la solución de este, para ellas, problema tan complejo. Sin embargo, no obstante haber llegado a comprender, los grandes directores de la escena mundial, que tal efecto lo ha producido tal causa, se obstinan en buscar soluciones por medio de los antiguos métodos: Las guerras.
A esta altura, leo en "La Prensa" del 25 de febrero 1935, en un artículo titulado "Los temas del Congreso Americano", los asuntos que deben plantearse en la conferencia a que ha invitado el Presidente norteamericano a los gobiernos de las Naciones Suramericanas. Exactamente lo que habíamos previsto desde que se conoció la iniciativa del Presidente Roosevelt de formar otra liga con naciones americanas.
Norteamérica, pese a su democracia, es una nación esencialmente gobernada por el Capital, vale decir, una democracia burguesa, diríamos; y su idiosincrasia racial la excluye de las que están llamadas a formar la institución, a que me refiero más arriba, capaz de solucionar satisfactoriamente los problemas que afligen, diremos, a la Humanidad. Por eso hemos dicho: América, más aún, América Latina.
Este último párrafo requeriría una larga exposición de las razones por qué excluímos esa nación del círculo que, al parecer, formamos con las naciones latinoamericanas. Sin embargo nos relevamos de ello en honor a la comprensión de los lectores, ante quienes hacemos ofrenda de estas mal hilvanadas líneas, que no tienen más pretensiones que exponer la idea y el concepto que la ininterrumpida serie de acontecimientos que se vienen desarrollando en el mundo, nos ha sugerido.
Pero, eso sí, antes de seguir, queremos dejar constancia que no es nuestro propósito formar un círculo cerrado de naciones latinoamericanas. ¡Jamás tal pretensión! Sería un círculo abierto a todas las naciones que se compenetraran de la justicia y bondad de los medios que se persiguen para llegar al fin tan ansiado.
HECHOS E IDEAS
Sin entrar en detalles de forma vamos a concretar en un sintético esbozo fundamental nuestro plan a desarrollar en la Conferencia Americana del Trabajo, que propugnamos.
Base fundamental de la Conferencia: Procurar que el Maquinismo, en vez de ser, como actualmente, pura y exclusivamente para beneficio del Capital, sea el medio por el cual, paulatinamente, vaya liberando al hombre de la esclavitud. Vale decir, que el Maquinismo debe aceptárselo en beneficio del Trabajo y no del Capital.
¿Cómo conseguir trastruque tan fundamental dado que el Capital se cree con todos los derechos, puesto que es ya único beneficiario del Maquinismo?
Por eso la Conferencia estará compuesta por representantes del Trabajo del Capital y Gobiernos signatarios.
Por eso solo América Latina con sus gobiernos democráticos y liberales es la llamada a solucionar este trascendental problema, al comprender esos gobiernos que es la única forma de salvar, también, al Capital, es decir, cooperando con el Trabajo a imponer la fórmula: Maquinismo en beneficio del Trabajo sin excluir el Capital.
Naturalmente que descontamos los gobiernos reaccionarios y de fuerza que en algunas naciones americanas estamos soportando en la actualidad, por cuanto los consideramos pasajeros, de vida efímera.
Tenemos la firme convicción que es nuestro partido el llamado a iniciar este movimiento reformador para implantar las nuevas bases de una mejor y más justa organización social que eliminará esa lucha, áspera y estéril, de clases. El gran partido U. C. Radical, pese a los momentos actuales, es la única organización política de estructura nacional que cuenta con una pléyade de hombres capaces de comprender, al retomar la dirección de la cosa pública, las nuevas rutas a emprender, marcando rumbos a las demás Naciones Latinoamericanas.
Gral. Güemes (Salta), febrero de 1936.
Salmerón, Político
El 11 de diciembre último, en el Ateneo de Madrid, Don Marcelino Domingo, figura prominente del republicanismo español, pronunciaba una conferencia sobre la personalidad política de Nicolás Salmerón, considerado conjuntamente con Pi y Margall los precursores y animadores de la democracia hispana.
Por la información telegráfica de los grandes rotativos se tuvo referencias de la Conferencia de Marcelino Domingo, llegando algunos a reproducir párrafos de la misma. Como una primicia ofrecemos a nuestros lectores el texto íntegro publicado en el diario "Política" de Madrid. (N. de la R.).
El siglo XIX es, en Europa, la iniciación y la influencia de las masas en la Historia: en España, es el siglo de las cumbres solitarias. Pocos pueblos europeos, en el siglo XIX pueden enumerar y destacar, en cantidad y calidad, las figuras representativas que sobresalen en España; pocos pueblos, al mismo tiempo, tan agitados, tan convulsos como España durante esa centuria; ningún pueblo, sin embargo, tan estéril en su actuación. Es que en los otros pueblos de Europa la acción en una dirección perseverante de las masas infunde relieve, sostiene y permite el cumplimiento de una obra a hombres de menor personalidad que aquellos españoles que, por faltar esa presencia de las masas, pasan por la Historia como llamadas de fuego o como espectros dramáticos. Gambetta, por ejemplo, es inferior en elocuencia a Castelar; como es inferior Julio Ferry en su concepción del Estado a Pi y Margall. Pero 1870 inicia en la Francia del siglo XIX un nuevo período que aún con crisis monárquicas dentro de la República, continúa: y nuestro 1873 es un "relámpago" como habría dicho Jovellanos, en la historia de España. Las masas, por su acción, convierten en caudillos, conductores y creadores a hombres que, en su alma, el valor moral más firme no es su propio aliento, sino el aliento de las masas en ella; como convierten en teóricos impotentes, incomprendidos, perseguidos o solitarios, a hombres que si recibieran o encontraran el aliento popular serían caudillos, conductores y creadores excelso.
UN SANTO LAICO
En la Europa del siglo XIX, la sensibilidad de las masas produce las cumbres rectoras; en la España del siglo XIX, la ausencia de las masas abate las cumbres que surgen espontáneamente. Una de estas cumbres señeras es la figura de Salmerón. Pedagogo, orador, filósofo y político, tiene la riqueza espiritual proteica y prolífica de un genio del Renacimiento. Y una riqueza
HECHOS E IDEAS
superior que el Renacimiento no apreció: la ética. El mundo intelectual de Salmerón era ilimitado: donde no alcanzaba su saber, alcanzaba el afán de saber, y el afán era en él una fuente inagotable de sabiduría, porque, buscando, encontraba siempre en él mismo lo que buscaba en los demás; el mundo moral de Salmerón era inviolable. Si de Salmerón no hubiera quedado el político, el filósofo, el orador y el pedagogo, habría quedado, como ejemplo de una conducta, el varón austero, inflexible, que podía ser severo con todos porque su más adusta y hosca severidad la reservaba para él. Era, antes que nada, juez de su propia alma y de su propia casa; por serlo, alcanzó la categoría de juez inmortal. Quien no sepa de las ideas, de las obras y de las palabras de Salmerón, sabrá siempre, por mucho que remonte en el tiempo, de su vida: una vida que huele a santidad; y cuando, acabada la descatolización epidérmica, ritual y fanática de España, España sea profundamente religiosa, la religión auténtica y formativa le acercará a los santos auténticos. Es a saber: los formadores, los reformadores. Uno de estos santos laicos será en lo futuro Salmerón. Si el siglo XIX español no le hubiera producido más que a él, no habría sido ya ineficuo. Cuando un pueblo o un siglo paren un gran hombre, se engrandecen. Se engrandecen aunque, como el siglo XIX español, no cumplan sino esta misión: darlo al mundo. La misión completa sería darle al mundo y darle el mundo. Pero, para darle el mundo, precisaría que el mundo se tuviera a sí mismo. Y la tragedia de España, que el siglo XIX heredó del XVIII y el XX ha recibido en herencia del siglo XIX, es ésta: que no acaba de haber en ella conciencia de nación. Y la nación no se da a nadie porque no ha acabado de tener posesión, dominio y conocimiento de sí misma.
EL DEBER DE CONOCERNOS
Está por hacer un análisis detenido del Salmerón orador, pensador y profesor. Es un estudio que se debe a la cultura española, y no sería excesivo pedir al Ateneo que, entrado ya en el siglo XIX, ahondara en él hasta descubrir sus raíces más íntimas y ofrecernos sus más sabrosos frutos. Conociendo detalladamente lo que ha quedado de Salmerón y lo que de Salmerón se ha frustrado, nos conoceremos en nuestras virtudes y en nuestros vicios. Sabiendo lo que de él fué voz en el desierto, aprenderemos dónde está el desierto en nuestras almas para poblarlo; y lo que no constituyó ejemplo en nosotros de aquella vida ejemplar, lo que no existe con capacidad de ser ejemplar en nosotros, y lo que fué siembra en el pedregal, lo que es pedregal en la tierra de nuestro espíritu; y aprenderemos también lo que fué tierra mollar para la siembra con el fin de que no se quede ni se vuelva yerma nunca. Conociendo entrañablemente a Salmerón, nos conoceremos. Y lo que más importa a los españoles, y hoy más que nunca, es conocernos. Conocernos, para no engañarnos, ni engañar. No engañarnos por el juicio que formemos en el arrebato de los entusiasmos o en el frenesí de las iras o en el hundimiento de los desánimos escépticos; no engañar tampoco a quienes se han puesto delante abriendo camino. No engañarnos, creyéndonos más o menos de lo que, en realidad, somos, para no decidirnos a ir sino
allí donde nos lleven los pies y las alas; no engañar, pidiendo a los demás lo que no somos capaces de hacer, o lo que sería peor, lo que después de pedirles que lo hicieran, por falta de disciplina, de aguante, de colaboración o de paciencia, no permitiéramos nosotros mismos que se pudiera hacer.
EL DEBATE SOBRE LA INTERNACIONAL. 1871
Yo voy a perfilar el Salmerón político, fijándome en cuatro momentos y cuatro hechos de su vida, que le definen la Internacional; el Salmerón que, en 1873, renuncia, por no firmar una sentencia de muerte, a la Presidencia de la República; el Salmerón que, en 1903, enjuicia a la monarquía haciéndola responsable de la pérdida de Cuba; el Salmerón que, en 1906, acudilla el movimiento de Solidaridad Catalana. La posición de Salmerón ante estos cuatro hechos le caracterizan debidamente. Sabiendo cómo él se condujo, sabremos cómo él es. Era el mes de octubre de 1871. El período que va de la revolución de 1808 a la República de 1873 estaba en una depresión. En una depresión que se creía definitiva por quienes la produjeron y simbolizaron. Pugnaban por meter el diente revolucionario y no hicieron sino avivarlo y extenderlo. Una de las medidas contrarrevolucionarias adoptadas fue la declaración hecha por el Gobierno de la Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores quedaba fuera de la ley. Salmerón se pronunció contra esta medida, con un discurso memorable.
Empieza en él por analizar la situación política en 1871 y la define de modo que parece que define nuestra situación en 1935. "Había una fracción importantísima del partido conservador — dice — descontenta de las novedades que en la vida pública de nuestra sociedad y en la organización del Estado ha introducido la Constitución, y se ha dicho para sí: 'No necesitamos la restauración del príncipe que represente nuestras tendencias; lo tenemos en casa; no necesitamos trastornar esta sociedad; no hemos de acudir al Ejército, que tantos motines ha hecho para que haga una reacción más; suavemente, por el plano inclinado que el actual Ministerio nos ofrece, nosotros somos los que podemos, los que hemos de venir a representar dentro de esta monarquía — de esta monarquía que era la de Saboya, a la que nunca los carlistas, que eran los que pensaban así, llamaron dinastía — el sentido, el espíritu conservador, salvando el riesgo a que otros medios nos expondrían'". No es nuevo, pues, lo que sucede ahora. Es viejo. Viejo y desacreditado. Viejo y contraproducente. Es el juego sucio de los jugadores que buscan la ventaja en la simulación, la traición y la trampa. La revolución de 1868 se encontraba, pues, en 1871, como se encuentra en 1935 la República del 14 de abril. "El partido republicano — afirma así Salmerón en su discurso — no es sólo un partido doctrinario, órgano de las clases medias, que venga a discutir únicamente la forma de Gobierno, la organización de los Poderes del Estado y la gestión administrativa, sino que patrocina una tendencia social para servir a la completa emancipación del cuarto Estado". Y remacha, a continuación, su pensamiento con estas palabras definitivas:
"El partido republicano se huelga grandemente de que hayan sido los conservadores los que le ofrezcan ocasión propicia para manifestar que abriga, sin excepción de ninguno de sus individuos, el firme propósito de servir a la emancipación social del cuarto Estado, sin el cual quedaría reducida su misión a una nueva reforma política, que aun cuando de trascendencia, está lejos de satisfacer por sí sola el ideal de la justicia”. Más de sesenta años han cumplido estas palabras. Al expresar nuestra identificación con ellas, destacamos la tradición limpia y elevada del republicanismo, cuando, lejos de abarraganarse con los antirrepublicanos entregándoles las llaves del Estado para que los antirrepublicanos, en cambio, entreguen las llaves del Tesoro, se ha inspirado y representado en las cumbres del pensamiento y de la conducta.
“¿Por qué proscribís la Internacional? —pregunta Salmerón—. Si vais a proscribir la Internacional porque profesa una teoría contraria a la propiedad individual, sabremos entonces que ponéis fuera de la ley nada menos que el derecho que existe en todo ciudadano para pedir y sostener reformas en la actual organización de la propiedad, y que para proscribirlas hacéis del régimen económico vigente un Corán cerrado a todo progreso. ¿A tanto habrá de llegar vuestro fanatismo de propietarios?” Más adelante, en el mismo discurso, juzga así el derecho de propiedad: “No es, ciertamente, algo íntimo, algo inherente, algo vigente en la naturaleza racional del hombre, por más que el derecho a ella tenga su principio y razón en la propiedad de sí mismo y de sus relaciones que el ser de propia conciencia tiene: Consistiendo, pues, en los medios materiales que necesitamos apropiarnos para realizar los fines de la vida, no se da sólo en razón de la personalidad humana de cada sujeto o individuo, sino en relación al fin de la vida racional que debe cumplirse mediante actividad y trabajo. Por consecuencia, la propiedad es justa y es legítima, en tanto que viene a servir a los fines naturales de la vida humana; y cuando esto no sucede, la propiedad es ilegítima, la propiedad es injusta, la propiedad debe desaparecer.” ¿Cabe una definición más clara y más de nuestro tiempo? No se limita Salmerón a expresar la teoría que compartimos. Formula el vaticinio diciendo: “Si proscribís a la Internacional por temor a sus afirmaciones concretas, reparad que no es tanto una Asociación la que condenáis, como sus aspiraciones, que lleva en sí el espíritu del siglo, y que negándoos a reformar la propiedad por la paz, será transformada por la guerra.” Y en la disposición de ánimo, no sólo del convencido, sino del pensamiento superior y constructivo que no ve únicamente el momento que pasa, sino que cuida del porvenir, exclama dirigiéndose a las clases conservadoras, egoístas, limitadas, ambiciosas y suicidas siempre: “No permitáis que se haga tarde para prevenir a las clases conservadoras; no olvidéis la elocuente lección de Historia de que no hay más sistema preventivo eficaz, porque no hay otro más racional y justo, que el de preparar las reformas que el curso providencial de los tiempos impone; y, sobre todo, no hagáis imposible con una injusta y desatentada proscripción que la Internacional persiga su fin por los medios de paz, porque entonces dejaríais la triste herencia de las guerras sociales.” Para muchos representantes de las clases conservadoras de ayer y hoy, sólo existe un medio: el Código, que cierra el paso. Para Salmerón, y sus continuadores sólo existe un medio también: la Constitución, que abre los caminos. El Código, aprisiona. La Constitución,
libera. El Código, castiga; la Constitución, impulsa y recoge; el Código, ve como un delito el derecho nuevo; la Constitución, reconoce el derecho nuevo como una conquista necesaria, legítima, respetable. El Código, es, a la larga, una coraza que salta en pedazos; la Constitución es, siempre, un cauce acogedor y fecundo. Los defensores del Código, ante las ideas, pervierten el presente y pierden el porvenir. Los defensores de la Constitución, como ley que interpreta las ideas, luchan cuando no vencen y vencen al fin de la lucha. Salmerón, aun muerto, vence en cada avance de España en la Historia.
CONTRA LA PENA DE MUERTE
Es julio de 1873. La República lleva medio año de vigencia. La acosan las prisas de los que sus perezas han esperado mansamente siglos enteros de monarquía. Nadie, en los propios partidos republicanos, quiere sacrificar la popularidad a la autoridad; el arrebato, justificado muchas veces, a la disciplina necesaria. En la carrera loca y desaforada de las exigencias o de las promesas, todos se disputan la meta más lejana e imposible. Cuando el Estado le representaba Fernando VII, el pueblo gritaba: "Vivan las caenas"; cuando el Estado le regían Pi y Margall, Figueras, Castelar y Salmerón, el pueblo que, a Fernando VII, en renuncia absoluta de la soberanía, lo entregaba todo, a Salmerón, Castelar, Figueras y Pi, en absorción absoluta de la soberanía, el pueblo todo lo pedía y todo quería que se le diera en un momento. ¿No se explica este afán en pedirlo todo a la contraposición moral y lógica de quien no tuvo nunca nada, y educado en la impotencia o sometido secularmente a ella, teme que si no lo logra todo en las horas históricas propicias, que han tenido siempre en España una desconsoladora fugacidad, se quede sin nada otra vez? Si al pueblo español, dándole conciencia de su poder se le hubiera educado en la responsabilidad, no tendría los abatimientos ni las exaltaciones que dibujan su gráfico en la Historia. En los abatimientos sabría que no se está vencido sino cuando se siente vencido uno mismo, y que, como dice Trotski, en política no se ha perdido nada cuando no se ha perdido todo; en las exaltaciones, sin dejar de ser ilimitado por dentro, como pedía Goethe, sabría ser limitado por fuera, y conocedor de las posibilidades humanas, convertiría el entusiasmo en deber, y en vez de ser un murmurador de lo que no se hace en un día, sería un colaborador permanente, que permitiría hacer, no en un día, sino en la vida, y no de un modo mesiánico, sino con el concurso común, lo que se puede hacer.
Es julio de 1873. Tiene la República un nuevo Gobierno que preside Salmerón. Están en insurrección cantonal Cartagena, Alieante, Valencia, Sevilla y Cádiz; se hallan alzados los carlistas en el Norte. Los republicanos, suicidándose, vacían la República; los antirrepublicanos se fortalecen aprendiendo de los republicanos a combatir las instituciones, los Poderes y las figuras que la República intenta mantener en pie. La sublevación de los republicanos estimulaba a la conspiración a los monárquicos. Si los republicanos se armaban para alzarse en cantones, los monárquicos, ya armados, convertían el Ejército en partidas insurrectas. Si los republicanos rompían la disciplina, los monárquicos, con el ejemplar y el estímulo que el hecho constituía, no se
sometían a ella. ¿En esta situación imponíase reforzar la potestad del Gobierno autorizándole para aplicar la pena de muerte? El Parlamento debatió sobre ello. Pi y Margall fué de opinión que la indisciplina militar se castigase degradando al delincuente ante sus compañeros y enviándole a presidio; otros diputados pedían que se aboliera la pena de muerte en todos los casos en que la proscribía la Ordenanza militar. Sin embargo, la propuesta de aplicación de la última pena prevaleció por 90 votos contra 85. Esta votación se celebró el 5 de septiembre. El mismo 5 de septiembre se produjo la crisis y Salmerón renunció a la Presidencia del Poder ejecutivo. ¿Se condujo bien Salmerón poniendo los escrúpulos de su conciencia por encima de los deberes fríos y dolorosos, y a veces inhumanos, del gobernante? Nosotros, los gobernantes del primer bienio, vivimos, después del 10 de agosto, un problema moral del mismo dramatismo íntimo. ¿Había de prevalecer el mandato inflexible de nuestra conciencia, para poder decir mañana, fuera cual fuese el rumbo del Estado decidido por nuestro acto: "He salvado mi conciencia"; o poniendo la realidad política por encima de la conciencia personal, había de procederse en forma que en el futuro nos permitiera decir: "He perdido la paz de mi conciencia; he traicionado mis sentimientos íntimos; no me atrevo a mirar a mi interior, que ya no es sagrado porque lo he profanado yo, pero he salvado el porvenir del Estado, que tiene, por esta defección moral mía, un rumbo seguro?" No vaciló Salmerón; no vacilamos tampoco nosotros, que no temíamos ya la mancha de sangre que pudiera quedar en nuestra alma, sino la mancha imborrable de sangre que quedará en la República.
Una crisis en 1873 por no aplicar la pena de muerte. En 1935, apresada la República; más que sentados, repantigados en el Gobierno los hombres que se han alzado contra nosotros por hacer creer a las gentes que nosotros nos habíamos alzado contra Dios, se produce otra crisis por lo contrario: porque no triunfa en Consejo de ministros la proposición de las derechas exigiendo que, sin piedad, se aplique, no en un caso, sino en muchos, la pena de muerte.
LA PERDIDA DE CUBA. 1903
En 1871, con la defensa de la Internacional, dejaba Salmerón consagrada una idea fundamental del republicanismo constructivo. En 1873, afirmaba una conducta. Es, ahora, en 1903. España ha sufrido un desastre afrentoso: el de la guerra de Cuba. En este desastre, el Estado monárquico ha quedado al descubierto: es un artefacto desarticulado, impotente, podrido. Es, como diría Carlyle, la anarquía con gendarmes. Pero, añadiendo nosotros, con gendarmes en anarquía también. La nación, ante el desastre, cobra conciencia de su ser. Se ve por dentro; abre los ojos; se palpa para adquirir certeza de su existencia y de su desventura. La bandera española desaparece del último territorio de aquella América magnífica que fué España toda ella; que ganó para España el genio audaz de unos españoles y que España perdió por la imbecilidad, la insensibilidad o el espíritu de rapina de los reyes que España tuvo. Para el genio de los españoles conquistadores, América fué una empresa heroica y gloriosa: una alta misión; para los reyes no dejó de ser, por un
solo momento, más que un botín. Cuando esa bandera, que los monárquicos aman y añoran tanto, la monarquía la deshonró y abatió en América; cuando los soldados vencidos convertidos en esqueletos y sin haber percibido los haberes miserables que devengaron en la guerra, porque la monarquía consideraba preferente la subvención a la Trasatlántica que las atenciones con el Ejército; cuando el drama del Estado quedó patente, la nación tuvo conciencia de su drama íntimo también. ¿Qué es España? —se preguntaba con los brazos en cruz el español—. ¿Dónde ha caído? ¿Por qué se ha roto totalmente la tradición magnífica de la España que fué y se ha imposibilitado totalmente que fuera hoy la España que podría ser? El español volvió a ver a España en su alma. Y la veía desnuda, hambrienta, ignorante, dividida, disminuida en la extensión que tuvo, caídos sus resortes morales, apartada de la Historia. La veía como era; cómo entre Austrias y Borbones la habían dejado; cómo los Austrias y Borbones necesitaban que fuera para que pudieran tranquilamente estar sentados y mandar sobre ella.
En esta hora en que el español reencontraba dentro de sí a España, y en que tal vez se iniciaba el proceso histórico de liberación de un pueblo, que pareció cerrado en abril de 1931, y que, según hemos aprendido después, sigue todavía; en esta hora, una vez en el Parlamento, acusó y orientó. Señaló las responsabilidades y tendió la mano hacia el camino abierto. Esta vez fué la de Salmerón. Era en la sesión del 17 de julio de 1903. Discutíase el Mensaje de la Corona. Hablaba de los grandes tipos de nación, Francia e Inglaterra, que realizaron su unidad nacional. “Nosotros solos, dice, en este proceso de la Historia contemporánea, dominados por los Austrias y por los Borbones, hemos sido los únicos que no hemos logrado ni realizar nuestra unidad nacional, ni afirmar en ella aquellas fundamentales condiciones de que depende la unidad común de la vida política, que es necesaria e indestructible base de una unidad de comunión social. El germen de la decadencia de España le pusieron los Reyes Católicos; ellos hicieron imposible la realización de la integridad de la unidad nacional; ellos, afirmando como parte fundamental del Poder político la alianza del altar y el trono, haciendo de la funesta Inquisición una institución teocrática-política, fueron los que impidieron que en España se constituyera un alma libre en cada ciudadano, y que sobre esta base se asentara el Poder libre del Estado. Aquella siniestra confusión, por la cual vino el poder de los Austrias a ingerirse en la dominación española, hizo de todo punto imposible que se integrara el suelo de la patria y que, desde la desembocadura del Tajo hasta la del Ebro, pudiera afirmarse una nacionalidad y erigirse un Estado poderoso.” La afirmación de Salmerón es terminante: la unidad nacional que hizo posible y gloriosa la existencia de Francia e Inglaterra no se cumplió en España por la condición especial de la monarquía española y por la política de los monarcas. Y como si Salmerón hablara para todos los tiempos, aun para los nuestros, para los que corren hoy, decía, dirigiéndose a los Poderes vigentes, que, a veces, parecen vigentes siempre:
“No parece sino que hay algo que preside a nuestro infausto destino, porque cuando era necesario vivificar y alentar los Poderes del Estado en
la corriente de las inspiraciones modernas, vosotros no habéis tenido más inspiración que el Vaticano."
No es el momento en que habla Salmerón el único ni el último en que la inspiración del Vaticano ha sido preferida a la corriente de las inspiraciones modernas. ¿Qué responsabilidad es la que ha contraído en Cuba la monaquía? Oigamos a Salmerón en este discurso, que tiene la grandeza y el gesto de los discursos de Fichte a la nación alemana: "Olvidando la posesión de nosotros mismos en el sagrado dominio de nuestra conciencia —dice con profundidad y belleza de expresión insuperables— no supimos ni conservar las colonias, para grandeza de la metrópoli, ni mantenerlas para honor de la humanidad; y cometiendo aquellos tristísimos errores de nuestra política colonial, llegamos a situación tal, que, tras de haber gastado 2.000 millones, tras de haber sacrificado cien mil vidas, tras de haber hecho atravesar a 200.000 hombres el Atlántico, para lucro y ventaja de la Compañía Trasatlántica, para devolvernos sólo la mitad, nosotros no supimos ni evitar la guerra internacional, ni alcanzamos a tener discreción y energía para mantener nuestra representación y despedirnos con honor, puesto que, sin él, se abatieron las armas españolas, y al abatirse se hizo contra la voluntad del Ejército, que estaba dispuesto a sellar con su sangre la última página de nuestro imperio colonial." ¿Y sabéis por qué se hizo así? —pregunta Salmerón—. "Para servir a la dinastía —contesta—; para mantener el trono."
Dichas estas palabras, Salmerón, impresionada toda la Cámara y con un silencio imponente, lee el telegrama, publicado ya por los periódicos de Europa, que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos dirigió al general Shafter, jefe de las fuerzas que sitiaron y rindieron a Santiago de Cuba, y que dice así: "Intime usted la rendición de la plaza. He pactado con Madrid los preliminares de la paz, que se basa en la rendición. Santiago de Cuba se rendirá, quedando las formas del honor con un simulacro de combate. Los refuerzos que esperan llegarán cuando no sea tiempo de resistir. Estad tranquilos, proponed la rendición, que, aun con el Ejército enfermo, entraréis triunfante. Cumplid estas órdenes al pie de la letra."
El conocimiento de este telegrama, que produjo escalofríos en el Parlamento, habría de haber desencadenado la revolución en el país. Nunca un régimen ha aparecido en la Historia con una culpabilidad mayor, ni nunca ha sido mayor la ignominia de unos gobernantes. Desangraron al país y deshonraron al Ejército. Empobrecieron a España y la clavaron en cruz en la Historia. Por salvar una dinastía que se había envilecido con las vilezas de Fernando VII y abarraganado con las barraganías de Isabel II, se perdió todo. Y antes que todo y por encima de todo se perdió el propio honor, después de haber hecho almoneda, cambalache y prenda del honor de los demás. "Ante hechos de esta naturaleza —proclamaba solemnemente Salmerón—, de por medio el honor de las armas españolas, sacrificado todo al interés de la dinastía y de su representación, yo dejaría de ser español, de sentir en mi alma los acentos de la patria, si no arrojara la representación de la reina regente a la conciencia del país. De todo eso hay que exigir y hay que hacer efectivas las debidas responsabilidades. Lo reclama, en primer término, el honor del Ejército, sobre el cual no puede pesar un acto de infamia del que no es
autor, y lo exige también este conjunto de condiciones que determinan la sanción de la vida moral de los pueblos."
No se exigieron estas responsabilidades que, por su magnitud, sólo tenían un Tribunal de categoría para juzgarlas: el pueblo, en plenitud de su soberanía. No se exigieron estas responsabilidades como no habían de exigirse años después las derivadas del desastre de Annual y de la administración de los órganos de la monarquía en Marruecos. Para dejarlas en la impunidad, las de Annual, no se encontró otro arbitrio que el golpe de Estado de 1923. El golpe de Estado de 1923, que se disfrazó con la máscara de recuperación de la autoridad, no era otra cosa que la consagración de la impunidad. Las primeras responsabilidades que, en la historia contemporánea de España, se hacen efectivas, son las de ahora... Las de ahora, en que el hecho inmoral en la gestión del Poder es lo que queda todavía de los hábitos monárquicos en la República; y el otro hecho: la publicidad y la sanción, que es lo que representa la virtud de la República, que nunca tuvo la monarquía... La monarquía albergó al delincuente en el Poder; nunca la monarquía pudo alumbrar en ella el juez... La República tiene, como herencia, que no acaba de liquidar, de la monarquía, el delincuente. Pero sabe ser lo que no supo ni pudo ser la monarquía jamás: juez... El político que delinque es la monarquía, con sus modos y sus hombres, que está todavía aferrada a la República: el espíritu de justicia que sanciona al político es la nueva categoría civil y moral que la República, siendo conciencia popular, establece, representa, interpreta y cumple.
El discurso de Salmerón, que fué un estudio de todos los problemas económicos, culturales, religiosos, civiles y militares que tenía planteados el Estado, y la solución que a ellos ofrecía la República, se cerró con estas palabras lapidarias: "Esta minoría, por mi órgano, formula el mensaje que entiende debiera dirigirse al rey: si la sangre de vuestro augusto padre; si el amor al suelo en que habéis nacido os atrae más que la sangre materna, quedaos en España sirviéndola como un ciudadano, ya que, por fatalidades de la Historia no la podéis servir como rey." Por este discurso, Salmerón se elevaba con una nueva jerarquía... Ya no sólo era el defensor de 1871 y el ejemplo de conducta de 1873... Era el guía excelso de la España que, reencontrándose, se ponía en pie... El doctrinario austero se elevaba a conductor de multitudes... Quien quisiera andar, sabía ya detrás de quién podía ir... La democracia naciente tenía ya su aristocracia.
CON SOLIDARIDAD CATALANA. 1907
El doctrinario austero elevado a conductor habla de contrastar con un acto definitivo su ejecutoria: el acto que cumple quien colmado de popularidad sacrifica la popularidad a la autoridad y al deber. Este acto lo llevó a fin Salmerón acaudillando un movimiento: el de Solidaridad Catalana. Así como el desastre de Annual, en lugar de una sanción ejemplar y punitiva trajo un golpe de Estado que convirtió a algunas responsables en gobernantes, el desastre de Cuba tuvo como remate la ley de Jurisdicciones, que imse dictó y promulgó mirando principalmente a Cataluña. Cataluña reaccionó contra la injusticia injuriosa formando un haz todas las fuerzas políticas sensibles a su dignidad civil. Al frente de ellas se alzó, vertical, luminosa, con la majestad de una cumbre, la figura apostólica de Salmerón. Fuera de estas fuerzas, en combate contra ellas, quedó Lerroux. Lerroux, que anunciaba ya, con su actuación en Barcelona, todo lo que después había de ser y que sólo ha podido sorprender a quienes tuvieran interés que esta sorpresa se produjera, o a quienes, con un optimismo pueril, que en el ejercicio del Poder no puede ser norma de conducta, pudieran pensar con candor, ligereza y contumacia imperdonables, que dejaría de ser lo que siempre había sido. Se había olvidado que, sin enmienda, el mayor poder sólo lo ve como una mayor posibilidad personal quien sólo ve como posibilidad personal el Poder.
En junio de 1907 se discute en el Parlamento el movimiento de Solidaridad Catalana. Cataluña, con su personalidad inconfundible, está presente ya en España. Es voz de los derechos de Cataluña, como en 1932 lo fue un no catalán eminente, Azaña, otro no catalán eminente también: Salmerón. Para Salmerón, como para Azaña, el problema es el mismo: para que Cataluña colabore cordialmente en la unidad histórica de España, España ha de respetar la personalidad de Cataluña como un valor espiritual enriquecedor del espíritu integral de España. España será lo que es, siendo lo que es Cataluña. Donde Cataluña calla, calla una palabra española; donde Cataluña se ahogue, se ahoga un impulso vital de España; donde la acción del Poder someta a Cataluña, queda sometido uno de los resortes más vivos y vitales de España. La unidad oficial de España no ha logrado una unidad espiritual porque el Estado monárquico desconoció los derechos del espíritu. Y los derechos del espíritu están en el hombre y en la región cuando la región tiene, como el hombre, una personalidad propia. Cuanto más Cataluña sea ella, en plenitud de su desenvolvimiento espiritual, más España será lo que puede ser, porque todo lo que, en Cataluña, es auténticamente catalán es uno de los matices diferenciales que integran esta unidad de variedades que ha sido España. España será lo que en sus entrañas es, no cuando las variedades desaparezcan asimiladas todas por una sola, sino cuando todas se coordinen y vertebren constituyendo la unidad armónica que responda a la realidad. "Lo que hay de realidad en el fondo de toda nuestra Historia —decía Salmerón en aquella fecha— es esto: que nos hemos envanecido con el recuerdo de antiguas grandezas y que hemos declinado en indolencia mental, en pereza para la acción, y por eso hemos llegado a un estado de atonía que me permitía decir que era de todo punto obligado reconocer que lo que aquí había de sano, vigoroso y fecundo era el legado regional que la tradición nos ofrecía. Podrá ser eso tan duro, tan amargo como queráis; pero eso es la realidad positiva, y tomando base de ella, yo os decía que era obligado en este momento, en el cual está denunciando la intensidad de los problemas planteados que nos hallamos en pleno período constituyente de aquello que más interesa a la vida general de la nación; que era de todo punto obligado, repito, que nos apartáramos de aquella torpe, de aquella abstracta, estéril política que ha atrofiado la vida nacional y que pretende establecer moldes abstractos, artificiales, informes, cuando está requerido por la propia realidad, que es
maestra de ciencia y que es norma reguladora de acción política, que la política se determine en una especie de expansión de moldes flexibles, adaptables a las diferentes condiciones de las regiones españolas, a fin de que no haya energía social que no tenga libre desenvolvimiento, y que de la plenitud del desarrollo resurja una intensidad más grande en la vida entera de la nación.” Fué combatido violentamente Salmerón por su posición política. La difamación, que es tan fácil en los ambientes influidos por la norma jesuítica de que todos los medios están justificados para llegar a un fin, y por aquella máxima vil y envilecedora de “calumnia, que algo queda”, que es el arma de los que, incapaces de elevarse por su propia fama, necesitan morder en la fama de los demás para salvarse en el desconcepto general, llegó a Salmerón. No le manchó, pero le entristeció; no le arredró, pero le amargó el alma. Uno de los políticos que con más encono osó encararse con él fué Melquíades Álvarez, que, atribuyéndose impúdicamente entonces una posición avanzada en el republicanismo, con una libertad de lenguaje muy propia de la consecuencia que hoy podemos apreciar en él, se atrevió a considerar reaccionaria la decisión de Salmerón... Uno de los gestos más soberbiamente despectivos de Salmerón fué aquel en que, de espaldas al histrión, sin dignarse mirarle a la cara, con una ademán significativo, le dió una respuesta... La que merecía quien habla de recibir en el futuro, como castigo a sus defeccciones, la sanción de quedar convertido en un muerto civil que pasea su vida como testimonio aleccionador y escarmentador del repudio que tiene la Historia para quienes intentaron forzar su puerta con una simulación escandalosa. “Hubiera desertado de mi deber —decía Salmerón a los que le atacaban sin que moralmente le entendieran—: hubiera desertado de mi deber y mi convicción si me hubiera apartado de aquellos que conmigo luchan por el engrandecimiento de España en la hora presente, y hubiese negado mi concurso a una hora de democracia social y de democracia política. De todo lo que puede hacerse en la política española, no me parece que haya nada que ocupe preferencia respecto de este problema, que es de carácter preconstitucional, porque es de carácter social: a saber, la formación de un pueblo. Como yo siento esto, como yo creo que lo primero que hemos de hacer es formar un pueblo en España, porque este pueblo no se ha formado, por esto yo he pedido con toda lógica unirme con los solidarios, y estimo esa unión uno de los más altos títulos de honor que, como hombre político, haya podido tener en toda mi vida.” Llamaron separatista a Salmerón los que antes habían llamado filibustero a Pi y Margall y a Pablo Iglesias... Le consideraron antipatriota los que expatriaron sus capitales cuando se proclamó la República; los que ahora, de coro barato y de difamadores de las instituciones políticas que España se ha dado, van a las bodas tristes que se celebran en Roma y que proclaman, con la disolución de una familia, el fin merecido de una dinastía; los que, con otra táctica, pero con el mismo espíritu, habían de constituir bloques en los que el que no era beneficiario delincuente era encubridor, y todos no tenían más base de inteligencia que la mutua claudicación, ni otro fin que la utilidad inmediata y práctica del Poder... No procesaron a Salmerón porque no se les ocurrió hacerlo; no le hundieron en un barco de guerra porque les faltó oportunidad o decisión; pero, tenaces en la agresión
y en el agravio, acabaron por abatir los resortes morales de la cumbre... Salmerón, enfermo del dolor de su alma, doblado el cuerpo, acentuada por momentos la vejez, apagada la llama ardiente de sus ojos, buscó respiro, alivio y salud más allá de las fronteras de España, en los Bajos Pirineos, en un valle azulado y plácido, saturado de aromas suaves y rico de armonías delicadas... Fué a buscar la vida, creyendo que su cuerpo era el enfermo, y como la enfermedad estaba en el alma, y a las heridas que en ella había y que no cicatrizaron, porque el ataque incesante saltaba las fronteras, se añadió otra, la de su nostalgia, encontró la muerte... Murió en Francia, cerca de Pau, en una casa que hoy es Sanatorio de unos misioneros africanos y en la que se pondrá una lápida evocadora que detenga al caminante cuando haya en España un Gobierno que, en nombre de los valores permanentes de la República, pueda dirigirse con autoridad pidiendo su colaboración y su asistencia al Gobierno de la República francesa.
EL ALIENTO DE SALMERÓN
He pretendido delinear el Salmerón político como una de las personalidades egregias de nuestro siglo XIX. Lo fué. Tuvo una idea clara de la acción de las democracias, que no podían ni debían ser exclusivamente políticas, sino sociales, anticipándose con las transformaciones necesarias a las exigencias que responden al espíritu de los tiempos y que, de no cumplirse, desencadenarían la guerra de conquista dentro de la sociedad irreformada y contra el Estado adversario; mantuvo una conducta recta, pura, limpia, inflexible, que transcendió de las intimidades privadas del hogar, que tuvo el valor sagrado de un templo, a los temporales más desencadenados de la vida pública, en la que la ambición del Poder no fué nunca apetencia fuera de derecho ni mucho menos botín, sino ejercicio penoso y heroico de una alta y austera misión; supo elevarse a la categoría suprema de juez cuando hubo de enjuiciar responsabilidades históricas, y a la categoría del caudillo, cuando la democracia en pie pedía un aristócrata del espíritu como el jerarca único capacitado para dirigir; quiso, en el momento en que el pensamiento y la conducta le señalaron un puesto, ocuparlo, sabiendo sacrificar toda la popularidad presente a la autoridad incombvable, al bien de su país y al juicio de la Historia, que se formula, pronto o tarde, pero que, cuando es ya definitivo, es siempre justo. Por sus cualidades, Salmerón enseñó a los españoles a mirarle; y los españoles aprendieron que para mirar a Salmerón habían de elevar los ojos. "Como el héroe del poeta —dijo de Salmerón don Francisco Giner—, todo lo probó: la gloria, la cárcel, la idolatría, la pobreza, el destierro; la candorosa popularidad infantil y la rebeldía envenenada; las cumbres amargas y magnificentes del Poder y el goce austero de la conversación interior en la serenidad insondable." Es cierto. Sabiendo de todas las mieles y de todas las hieles, en esta serenidad insondable, gozando de la conversación interior, aprendió esto: que llegaría un día en que su ejemplo sería fruto y en que, los que le clavaron como a Cristo en la cruz, estarían en la cruz también. Este día luminoso, reparador, consolador y justiciero ha llegado. Nuestro deber es alentarlo; alentar nuestro ánimo; alentar la República y España con el aliento que llega del espíritu inmortal de Salmerón.
El Problema de la Planeación Económica
Tenemos ante nosotros la exposición de la paradoja más grande de todos los tiempos, la paradoja de la miseria y de las privaciones de un mundo lleno de inmensos recursos económicos y de fuerzas de producción. En un mundo que cuenta con miles de millones de esclavos mecánicos que trabajan para él y que pueden producir suficiente trigo, algodón, madera y acero para alimentar, vestir y abrigar con decencia a todos los seres humanos, hay millones de personas desocupadas contra su voluntad, hambrientas a pesar de que ofrecen su trabajo en cambio de su manutención, humilladas a pesar de su fe en la dignidad y el valor del trabajo humano. Esta paradoja es un desafío para nuestra inteligencia y para nuestra capacidad de hacer la vida llevadera, y tenemos que enfrentarnos con ella o declararnos mental y moralmente derrotados.
Estamos reunidos para considerar las ideas y los métodos más recientes que vienen abriéndose paso a través de las confusiones económicas de los tiempos. No somos diplomáticos, ni representantes oficiales de diferentes países, autorizados para tomar decisiones. Somos ciudadanos desprovistos de carácter oficial que obramos de acuerdo con nuestra capacidad individual. Sin embargo, somos representantes y responsables en el sentido de que debemos aportar nuestras mejores ideas, acerca del problema de escasez mundial y dar nuestro voto a las ideas de un gran número de individuos que aceptan en todas partes la esperanza de inyectar fuerza y nuevo vigor a la vida económica y social del mundo.
De un modo más correcto podría considerarse como una combinación de ambas teorías. La Guerra Mundial fue la culminación trágica de los cambios económicos y políticos que requieren ajustes de carácter internacional y que se hubieran realizado pacíficamente si el mundo hubiera estado preparado para dar una labor de esta naturaleza en 1914. El presente hundimiento económico no hubiera alcanzado el carácter agudo que actualmente tiene, y las transformaciones industriales, de los últimos diez años no se hubieran aprovechado sin las dislocaciones del capital, del trabajo, del crédito y de la fuerza política que fueron causados por la guerra y el llamado Tratado de Paz.
Pero hay un tercer elemento en esta situación que es de igual importancia. El momento actual es un resultado complejo de una serie de desarrollos que se han sucedido durante décadas y que no parecen alcanzar una cima. Por lo menos veinticinco años antes de la guerra, las instituciones económicas y políticas, básicas del mundo occidental, fueron modificadas y corregidas cambiendo su base individualista por una base social; este proceso fue acelerado por la guerra. De este modo, hoy día experimentamos, en todo el mundo, además de una depresión mayor en los negocios y de la liquidación de la postguerra, el proceso de la transformación social del individualismo económico ilimitado y del liberalismo político del siglo XIX, a las nuevas formas políticas y económicas del siglo XX, ya completamente aceptadas.
Es esencial que se reconozca de un modo amplio el triple carácter de la presente crisis, si queremos encontrar el verdadero remedio. Las proposiciones individuales o por grupos, tendientes a remediar esta situación, provienen de puntos de vista personales. Aquellos que ven en esta situación una depresión de negocios, especialmente en los Estados Unidos, aseguran que pasarán pronto y de modo automático. Recurriendo a criterios muy conocidos, nos dicen que la producción restringida facilitará la liquidación de las existencias, que la demanda de reemplazo empezará muy pronto a estimular la producción, que el reajuste de salarios, que la reducción de dividendos y las tasas de intereses más bajos reducirán el monto de los costos, y que, tan luego como estos procedimientos estén funcionando, los precios aumentarán, el conjunto de los negocios despertará con nuevas energías y actividad, y en el mercado de valores dará al conjunto un impulso mediante la capitalización inmediata de las nuevas ganancias probables y el deseo de ganancias especulativas.
Por otra parte, los que ven en esta situación un resultado de la guerra, niegan la necesidad de un reajuste en las relaciones financieras y comerciales, creadas por las deudas de guerra, por políticas arancelarias nacionalistas y por transferencias de la soberanía política, que rompieron con las viejas rutinas del comercio y de los mercados. Es obvio que aquellos que ven las cosas desde este punto de vista no tengan confianza completa en su proceso automático. Consideran que los gobiernos o los líderes particulares de la industria y de la finanza deben tratar de corregir el error mediante métodos que sólo pueden ser de carácter internacional. Para ellos la moratoria de Hoover representa el primer paso dado hacia la acción internacional de esta naturaleza.
La validez de estos remedios sólo se puede aceptar para propósitos de poco alcance. Es posible que la presente depresión se corrija por sí sola de un modo gradual, sin ninguna intervención científica y sin grandes cambios de trascendencia en nuestra estructura económica y política. Pero esto sólo significa aplazar por algunos años un ajuste irremediable. Otro período de prosperidad, tal como lo tuvimos en 1925 a 1929, producido por el aumento de las ganancias y por la expansión no coordinada, proseguirá indiscutiblemente el curso para llegar al mismo fin. Los empresarios basados en la política de "laissez-faire" y los individualistas de todos los países, nos volverán a brindar tal como hoy, mercados repletos de trigo, azúcar, algodón, petróleo, cobre y materias primas, que significarán el desbande de la agricultura mundial y la quiebra práctica de muchos países productores de materias primas, con las repercusiones respectivas en la industria y en el comercio mundiales.
De hecho, existen toda clase de razones para creer que la capacidad del "laissez-faire", para mantener un equilibrio progresivo en las actividades económicas de las naciones y del mundo, se agravará más en un futuro cercano si salimos de esta situación, sin modificar nuestro método para realizar
los negocios. Para la calidad dinámica de la vida moderna, si no se regula este factor, se volverá más agudo. Nuevos procedimientos técnicos, cambios en las costumbres del consumo, en el poder económico relativo de las naciones, en la distribución de la población y el aumento de mercados nacionales y mundiales, persisten como fuerzas complejas en aumento, reduciendo cada vez más las probabilidades de un equilibrio automático y estable.
Las evidencias de esta incapacidad son suficientemente numerosas. En los Estados Unidos, último baluarte del "laissez-faire", un "Federal Farm Board" trata de controlar directamente la producción y los precios en la agricultura; un "Federal Stabilization Board" trata de planear las obras públicas; el Gobernador de un Estado importante obliga a los productores a que clausuren sus explotaciones de propiedad privada, para así elevar el precio del petróleo; un "Lumber Conservation Board" trata de encontrar el modo de eliminar la competencia inicua de los productores, y los explotadores de la industria carbonífera piden la intervención del Gobierno para sacarla de un estado caótico. No sería difícil citar ejemplos parecidos en otros países. Del mismo modo, las medidas internacionales, en relación con lo que antes se expone, son paliativos que ayudan temporalmente a la víctima mayor de la guerra, Alemania, pero son inadecuados para enfrentarse con los grandes problemas que tiene el mundo.
Pero aún concediéndoles una validez parcial a las medidas descriptas anteriormente, éstas no responden a las exigencias de los problemas de larga duración que tenemos frente a nosotros, porque ignoran el tercer elemento de la situación actual. Ignoran los métodos de producción y de distribución. Ignoran los grandes cambios internacionales de la fuerza económica, en las fuentes y dirección del crédito, en las relaciones comerciales, cambios que principiaron antes de 1914, que se acentuaron a partir de 1919, por la guerra y por la revolución, y que exigen una economía internacional nueva. Ignoran aún más, la rebelión contra las ideas y las formas tradicionales que son la base de muchos de los descontentos del conglomerado social, y cuya sombra obscurece la vida política del mundo bajo la forma de comunismo, fascismo, kuo-mintanismo y otros "ismos" de post-guerra.
Los que somos profundos conocedores del triple carácter de la presente crisis, no podemos conformarnos con medidas paliativas, tanto nacionales como internacionales. Sentimos que el mundo no puede adoptar una actitud pasiva antes los hechos económicos, permitiendo la repetición de depresiones en los negocios futuros. Sentimos que el mundo debe dar un paso decisivo, más allá de medidas internacionales incompletas. Estamos convencidos de que no se puede hacer mucho en pro, si retrocedemos basándonos en las ideas políticas y económicas de la ante-guerra. Porque el mundo de 1914 ya murió, tal como el mundo de 1789 murió ciento cincuenta años antes, y ningún intento nos devolvería la benéfica competencia, el individualismo progresivo y el liberalismo político del siglo XIX. Quedaron enterradas, bajo los escombros de sus trincheras y ahogadas en la sangre de los millones de seres que sacrificaron sus vidas por las causas perdidas de 1914, y si alguna vez llegan a ser reconstruídas, será exclusivamente en la perspectiva imaginación del historiador filosófico del futuro.
HECHOS E IDEAS
No deseamos unirnos a aquellos que piden la completa ruptura con el pasado y trastornar de un modo violento todas las instituciones. Es cierto que históricamente ninguna gran idea o forma social se abrieron paso en la vida más que como un gran espasmo de emociones violentas y de perturbaciones. Pero los que hemos visto las revoluciones de cerca, trataremos de evitarlos, tanto como las guerras, y tenemos la suficiente fe en el sentido común de la humanidad, para creer que aceptará la paciencia y que tratará de construir pacíficamente, aunque tenga que andar más despacio por este camino.
Creo que este es el espíritu con que se convocó al presente Congreso y así es como se desarrollan sus deliberaciones. Con este mismo espíritu apuntó en su agenda una idea central, que promete sacarnos de las anomalías económicas, llevándonos a la vez de un modo pacífico hacia nuestras finalidades humanas.
Esta idea es la planeación económica y social. El nacimiento de esta idea no es accidental. Es la culminación de procedimientos del pensamiento que retrocede hasta el principio de la era industrial moderna y el origen lógico de los desarrollos económicos, que por muchas décadas sentaron las bases para nuevos caminos para la realización de las cosas fundadas en la cooperación colectiva y el control social.
Pero aunque no es completamente nueva la idea de la planeación en su forma actual, se diferencia de los esquemas de socialización y control social que le precedieron.
Pone nuevas dificultades a la idea de propiedad y más aún para la coordinación objetiva de los recursos naturales, con la organización económica y las actividades. Es un principio real y práctico de acción, que se encamina hacia la realización gradual, combinada con varias formas institucionales. Contraria a la creencia ampliamente extendida, la planeación económica, no es invento exclusivo de la Rusia Soviética, y no necesita tampoco adquirir el aspecto que en este país se le dio. Como surgió de situaciones muy disímiles, puede adaptarse en formas que difieran del tipo particular del Soviet.
Lo que es esencial en la planeación económica es la doble promesa de mantener un nivel dentro de cada país, entre el crecimiento de las fuerzas productivas y las necesidades de consumo del pueblo, y luego procura una base para la acción cooperativa que haría posible una explotación pacífica de los recursos del mundo, en el interés común de todos los grupos y naciones.
Esta es una promesa muy grande, y la cuestión consiste en el poder de planeación para realizarla. La contestación en este asunto se da en los propósitos y proyectos, que constituyen los rasgos esenciales de cualquier economía planeada. El propósito consiste en el esfuerzo deliberado y consciente de satisfacer las necesidades reales de toda la gente, compatible con el estado de nuestras capacidades industriales. Y el proyecto básico consiste en determinar con anticipación la producción necesaria para tal fin y dirigir de modo colectivo el crecimiento posterior de las fuerzas productoras, en relación con el progreso alcanzado en los niveles de vida de la gente. Forzosamente debe existir, en cualquier sistema económico de esta naturaleza, un centro común que pueda ajustar conscientemente las finalidades de la vida económica y que pueda decidir sobre un empleo mejor de las fábricas en particular y de las
industrias en bien del sistema en su conjunto. Tenemos en la actualidad el ejemplo de la Unión Soviética, donde se ejerce este control y esta dirección unificada, mediante un trabajo neto de instituciones basadas en una dictadura política y en la propiedad colectiva de los medios de producción. Sin emitir un juicio sobre este sistema, se puede rehusar su acentuación como el único sistema posible en la actualidad y asegurar la posibilidad de una dirección unificada sin necesidad de una dictadura y sin recurrir a la abolición inmediata y completa de los derechos y de las instituciones de propiedad privada. Podemos prever un sistema de Consejos y agencias en parte del Gobierno y en parte voluntaria, que ejercerán un control planeado, fijando tipos técnicos y sociales para todas las industrias, mediante la supervisión del proceso de los precios; así como determinando las condiciones bajo las cuales podría otorgarse el crédito a las empresas industriales existentes y de nueva creación. Este control limitará indudablemente las fuerzas individuales y colectivas, sujetando las ganancias a finalidades de naturaleza social, pero no eliminará nunca la iniciativa individual y colectiva sobre una base privada.
Abogamos por ese tipo social progresivo de economía planeada, porque pensamos evitar las objeciones principales que han sido propaladas en contra de la planeación económica, especialmente en los Estados Unidos. Estas objeciones son tres. La más común que podemos considerar, en primer término, es que cualquier economía encierra la coacción, destruyendo toda libertad individual y poniendo fin al progreso. Este argumento será basado en la suposición de que cualquier economía planeada debe ser una función de la oportunidad para lograr ganancias ilimitadas. Ambas suposiciones son injustificadas. Ya en la actualidad tenemos industrias en las cuales la tasa de ganancias está regulada y progresan, y no hay razón para creer que una limitación general de ganancias en todas las industrias agotaría las fuentes de energía humana. También muchos procesos económicos fundamentales de la actualidad, tales como la determinación de los salarios, tasas de descuento, ahorros y una gran parte de los precios de artículos de consumo y de servicios, se desarrollan a base de condiciones de contratación colectiva y de control público, y podrían incorporarse fácilmente a un sistema de actividades planeadas.
En cuanto a progreso y libertad, sabemos que las condiciones básicas del progreso económico, principalmente el proceso de experimentación y de invención, se llevan a cabo hoy día bajo un control de conjunto y en forma organizada, y la aplicación de nuevos inventos también es controlada por sociedades existentes, que con frecuencia lo hacen para sus propios intereses. Bajo un sistema de economía planeada, podría haber tanto estímulo si no es que mayor, para la individuos de inventiva, mediante premios, controlando el empleo de nuevos inventos, de acuerdo con la política social.
El segundo argumento contra la planeación es que ésta sólo es momentánea y no constante. Para la Unión Soviética es perfectamente justificada una planeación, tendiente a alcanzar a la Europa Occidental y a América; pero nosotros estamos muy adelantados para poder usar un esquema de esta naturaleza para nuestros propósitos, que son los de mayor crecimiento y expansión. Esta objeción contiene un elemento de hecho. Define una fase importante de la situación del Soviet. Especialmente, en vista del gran atraso económico del país, el problema de la planeación es mucho más sencillo que en cualquier otra parte. El bajo nivel de vida en la Unión Soviética y la introducción de niveles más elevados crea un mercado vigoroso, facilitando comparativamente el ajuste entre abastecimiento y demanda. Todo lo que el Gobierno tiene que hacer es producir más y más; no existe el temor de una sobreproducción y no existirá tampoco por muchos años aún. Por último, pero no menos importante, la economía soviética puede obtener del mundo occidental la maquinaria, así como herramienta nueva y procedimientos, dejando de este modo la carga del progreso técnico a los países capitalistas.
Pero después de aceptar todo esto, el argumento de "proseguir" contra el de "alcanzar" es de muy poca importancia. En primer lugar, el mundo occidental tiene también sus problemas de "alcance". Estamos muy inclinados a exagerar el progreso de Europa y América, y a olvidar que grandes extensiones de tierra y millones de seres están por ahora muy lejos de una condición de vida decente y adecuada. Para estas extensiones y estos millones de seres el problema consiste en ponerse a la altura del resto. En segundo lugar, "proseguir" significa la expansión de viejas industrias, desarrollando nuevas necesidades e industrias, y como antes se dijo, se vuelve cada vez más embrollado, por la falta de una planeación económica definida.
La tercera objeción a la planeación económica consiste en que es imposible que se unan los diferentes grupos y clases de los países occidentales, para ponerse de acuerdo sobre métodos y finalidades. Por eso se dice que la planeación significa transformar la vida económica de un país en una dictadura política o industrial, y en un Gobierno de clase, ya sea capitalista o proletario. Estoy preparado para acentuar la fuerza de este argumento. En todos los países democráticos, la planeación económica representa la compensación entre los grupos de oposición y los intereses de clase. Pero yo creo que esta compensación será posible sólo después de algún tiempo, ya hechos los planes amplios y dinámicos que contuvieran la promesa de un adelanto en las actividades y en la economía. Aún los patronos de hoy y los obreros se reúnen por medio de sus organizaciones respectivas, para elaborar en común bases para la contratación y remuneración de la mano de obra. Existen todas las razones para creer que podrán ponerse de acuerdo con más rapidez sobre esquemas amplios del desarrollo económico, para así elaborar una política nacional que tendiera a un desarrollo más amplio para todos. También aquí existe una oportunidad muy grande para que los grupos científicos y técnicos logren un avenimiento, basado en lo que técnica y objetivamente sea mejor para la comunidad. Porque debemos enfrentarnos con la situación y comprender que las alternativas son más favorables hacia los dictados de un concepto racional del bienestar social y nacional, que hacia la revolución social.
Hasta ahora hemos discutido el problema de planeación económica sobre una base nacional. Es posible concebir sistemas de economía planeada, establecidos dentro de las fronteras nacionales en países aislados, sobre una base que se basta a sí misma. Hasta cierto punto la economía planeada del Soviet está organizada sobre esta base, y hay muchos que abogan por un sistema económico igual en los Estados Unidos.
En parte, la idea de bastarse a sí mismo, de un modo más o menos completo, está de acuerdo con algunas tendencias hacia el desarrollo económico. Mientras sean más los países que se industrialicen, la división internacional del trabajo, basada en la distinción entre países industriales y no industriales se perjudica, y se pone en movimiento una tendencia hacia una nueva división del trabajo, de acuerdo con las necesidades y la capacidad de los mercados locales y regionales.
Sin embargo, sería un error interpretar mal esta tendencia actualmente, e ignorar la necesidad y las posibilidades de planeación y coordinación sobre una escala mundial. No importa el grado de reorganización y de nueva dirección dados a la economía nacional. El sistema mundial económico que adelantó continuamente en los últimos cien años, seguirá creciendo aunque intervengan modificaciones en los diversos medios. Para el futuro inmediato se puede representar el caso de una manera más energética, diciendo que para la mayoría de los países cualquier intento para lograr una economía nacional, balanceada, sería fútil mientras no se ajuste antes el comercio y la finanza nacional.
En la discusión común, se da preferencia a tres políticas generales para el desarrollo económico internacional. Una es la necesidad de remoción, si no de abolición total de las barreras arancelarias, especialmente de aquellas que fueron establecidas con el espíritu agresivo del nacionalismo de post-guerra. La otra consiste en la necesidad de una cooperación bancaria para ayudar a mantener la base de un talón oro y estimular el crédito a largo plazo, mediante una tasa de interés más baja, concedida por los países ricos en capital a los países más pobres. La tercera idea consiste en la acción tendiente a restaurar y estabilizar el nivel internacional de los precios. Estas proposiciones económicas están ligadas con diferentes esquemas políticos, tales como los Estados Unidos de Europa, ampliación de la finalidad de la Liga de las Naciones, etc.
Estas proposiciones representan sugerencias tendientes a una planeación internacional e indudablemente tendrán un efecto considerable si se aplican con un espíritu de cooperación. Más aún, una vez puestas en práctica estas proposiciones, exigirán cada vez más la planeación definitiva. Estas proposiciones, especialmente las de carácter financiero, son el desistimiento de los antiguos métodos acostumbrados para los préstamos. No sólo encierran nuevas unidades internacionales, que funcionan dentro de una capacidad nueva y bajo nuevos arreglos de naturaleza legal, sino que también encierran una nueva función, por parte de estas unidades, organizando sus fondos de tal modo que produzcan los mejores resultados económicos, no sólo en los países solicitantes del préstamos, sino en el conjunto del mundo.
En vista de la situación internacional del presente, estas proposiciones y sugerencias parciales parecen ofrecer un programa suficiente, y nada más,
puede pedirse. Pero la lógica de los acontecimientos económicos no espera a nadie y no respeta los temores y prejuicios de nadie. Una vez dado un paso inicial, se emprendió un proceso que seguirá su curso, trastornando todos los cálculos cuidadosos. Por eso existe para algunos de nosotros la necesidad de emplear la imaginación, aún a riesgo de que se nos considere visionarios, tratando de delinear amplios programas con anticipación a los acontecimientos, antes de que estos últimos nos sorprendan dejándonos temblorosos.
Dentro de este espíritu de tentativa y de experimentación, me permito sugerir algo que pueda llamarse un plan quinquenal mundial. Al formular este plan procedo sobre la base de ideas que se están abriendo camino a través del laberinto de discusiones y proposiciones. Puedo formular estas ideas en una serie de proposiciones que las expongo de una manera clara.
La primera proposición es, que la unidad económica creciente del mundo pide un sentido nuevo para la solidaridad mundial, basada en iguales oportunidades para todas las naciones, haciendo que cualquier intento encaminado a perpetuar la división de los pueblos del mundo en vencedores y vencidos, explotadores y explotados, sean un crimen para el bienestar humano.
La segunda proposición es, que como la soberanía política tiene que ser y es modificada para permitir el crecimiento de la acción internacional, por conducto de la Liga de las Naciones, también la política económica nacional tiene que ser adaptada y encaminada con la mira de ejercer sus efectos sobre la economía mundial.
La tercera proposición es, que la destrucción ocasionada por la Guerra Mundial es una pérdida que ningún país por sí solo puede reparar, sin peligro para la paz del mundo, y ésta debe ser sostenida por todo el mundo.
La cuarta proposición es, que las relaciones entre deudores y acreedores del mundo se han agravado de modo desesperado, a resultas de las reparaciones, de la producción descompensada, de la baja de precios y de la política bancaria de algunos países principales, de tal modo que se hace necesario apelar a medidas fuertes para una ayuda inmediata y para una acción amplia en gran escala.
La quinta proposición es, que el futuro adelanto económico debe basarse en el trabajo arduo, en la eficiencia colectiva y el ahorro público y también en el mantenimiento, en lo posible, de los niveles avanzados con una tendencia ascendente, así como un aumento en el poder adquisitivo de las masas en los países de desarrollo inferior, pero de potencialidad más prometedora para el mundo.
Un plan mundial de prosperidad para los siguientes cinco años, basado en estos principios, tiene que pedir, en primer lugar, una moratoria general, también por cinco años, para todas las deudas de guerra y las reparaciones. Este es el primer paso necesario, para dar al mundo un verdadero descanso de sus problemas más graves y peligrosos de post-guerra. Una moratoria de esta naturaleza dejaría sin resolver la liquidación final de las Deudas y Reparaciones; pero podría presumirse que sus ampliaciones llevarían a la cancelación final, si los efectos de dicha moratoria se comprobaran tan beneficios como se espera.
Luego: este plan quinquenal exigirá una serie de empréstitos internacionales, ejecutados por la cooperación internacional de los principales países prestamistas, y proyectados de manera que impulsaran las fuentes de producción en las regiones más favorables del mundo, estimulando a la vez el aumento del poder adquisitivo del mismo. Probablemente podría hacerse esto con ayuda de un "Banco Mundial de Industrias", organizado de modo similar al Banco Internacional Hipotecario y otras instituciones recientes. Estas series de préstamos ofrecerán también una oportunidad para afectar y modificar las políticas comerciales, mediante tratados que extenderán el crédito con la condición de una tregua arancelaria o modificando las tarifas arancelarias perjudiciales al comercio.
Por último, el plan exige una serie de tratados internacionales, para la división y el control del mercado mundial, por los productores de materias primas y algunos artículos manufacturados. Sé muy bien que después de la reciente conferencia del trigo en Londres, esta proposición parecerá fútil o inútil. Pero no creo que una sola falla en una empresa, tan nueva y tan amplia, debe considerarse como fatal.
Las posibilidades de éxito crecerán, conforme la situación desmoralizadora de los precios en el mercado mundial se haga más amenazadora y mientras más clara sea la comprensión de la necesidad de combinar estos convenios internacionales de exportación, con convenios financieros para fines industriales. Para ésto se necesitan dos factores, uno es negociar con calma y el otro es contar con estadísticas de primer orden.
Finalmente, para ayudar a la elaboración de estos planes, tan amplios y con el fin de coordinarlos, se sugiere el establecimiento de un "Consejo de Planeación Mundial", como parte del mecanismo de la Liga de las Naciones, o como unidad independiente de expertos para estudiar las fuentes mundiales y las posibilidades de su explotación general del mundo. Este Consejo podría trabajar junto con un Comité formado por el Banco Internacional de Liquidaciones y otras instituciones similares que están por desarrollarse en un futuro cercano.
Cinco años son un plazo muy corto. Pero lo que puede hacerse en este plazo, mediante una aplicación adecuada de las energías, nos lo demuestra la historia de todos los países industriales.
Sería absurdo desmentir los múltiples problemas tan complicados, tanto económicos como políticos, con los que tropieza en su camino un plan quinquenal. Cada paso hacia una actividad planeada sería obstruido por las condiciones políticas existentes, por los intereses creados y por los métodos establecidos, dentro de cada país, para el desarrollo de los negocios, así como por las interrelaciones actuales de las diferentes economías locales. El aspecto psicológico en la mayoría de los países (el deseo de una hegemonía político-económica, los temores justificados o imaginarios de inseguridad personal y la esperanza de dominio sobre los demás, el odio hereditario, las ambiciones recientemente adquiridas, y toda esta maraña de
emociones, prejuicios, e irritaciones que nos legó el pasado ya muerto) está sobre una base de vida racionalizada y de planeación racional.
Pero no llegaremos a conclusiones pesimistas, en el sentido de que no podemos librarnos de la mano muerta del pasado y que tenemos que pasar aún por más tragedias mundiales, antes de poder ver la luz. Haremos todo lo que esté a nuestro alcance para ayudar a estas fuerzas, que ya trabajan en pro de la unificación y cooperación del mundo. Mientras tengamos que ver a los representantes oficiales del pueblo para obrar, podemos hacer todo lo posible para influenciar el curso de los acontecimientos, impulsando las ideas que a nuestro juicio encierran alguna promesa para el porvenir. Que se reúnan los que pueden hacer surgir un punto de vista mundial y así preparar el camino para la acción oficial del futuro. Que este Congreso tome la iniciativa de formar una institución privada —así llamémosle, “Consejo de Estudios Mundiales o Liga de Planeación Mundial”— que estimulará en todas partes el pensamiento creador y la acción imaginativa en provecho de una organización racional y planeada de la vida del mundo.
NOTAS ECONÓMICAS
La Realidad Social Argentina en la Conferencia de Santiago
I. — En la primera quincena de enero realizóse en Santiago de Chile la Conferencia de cerca cien delegados, representación de cerca de cien delegados, representando a veinte países de América. La circunstancia de que por primera vez la O. I. del Trabajo reuniera a los representantes de las naciones americanas para dilucidar los problemas atingentes con el trabajo, era un motivo más que justificado para suscitar una explicable y natural expectativa. En qué medida ésta ha correspondido a la realidad social del continente, se deduce del carácter mismo de las decisiones adoptadas, las cuales, si bien algunas de ellas revisten un interés particular en cuanto permiten una ligera com- penetración de las necesidades de la población trabajadora y medir el grado de desarrollo alcanzado por la legislación protectora del trabajo, en general, ha primado la tendencia a las disquisiciones teóricas y exagerar desmesuradamente una preocupación —que es fingida— de los gobiernos de América por estos problemas. No se aportó ningún nuevo elemento ilustrativo ni se trazó ninguna nueva orientación para encarar el estudio o solución de los problemas que afectan de una manera directa e inmediata a los trabajadores de América. La única inquietud dominante de la Conferencia ha sido la de ensalzar la presunta obra de previsión social que dicen desarrollar los Estados americanos; se han expuesto grandes proyectos, fundados en abundante erudición doctrinaria e histórica, anhelos frenéticos por concretar una amplia y generosa legislación, más un cuadro realista, auténtico, de las condiciones paupérrimas de los trabajadores del continente que permita apreciar con justicia sus exigencias, no se ha hecho. Apenas si algún delegado obrero, impulsado por un sentimiento de justicia y por la necesidad honestamente sentida de dar un mentís a las manifestaciones optimistas de los delegados gubernamentales, describió con tintes sombríos la cruda realidad social del continente. Algunos de aquellos han tenido, ha poco de clausurarse la Conferencia, que sufrir confinamientos y prisiones como un justo premio a su rebeldía frente a la mentira oficial. Tal es el caso del delegado obrero chileno, Solís.
II. — Nuestro objetivo se concentra en la actuación del representante gubernamental argentino quien, apresurémonos a decirlo, resultó de una mediocridad tal que contrasta con la reputación, legítima o no, de que goza en nuestro medio como experto en materia social. También éste, por razones de "prestigio nacional", se vio compelido a deformar nuestra realidad social, llegándose para ello hasta las más burdas alteraciones de la verdad, difícil de ser rectificables por la ausencia de representantes no oficiales.
Creyendo interpretar una necesidad nacional, nuestra representación formuló dos proposiciones que reputó de capital importancia plantear en el seno de la Conferencia: el problema de la inmigración y sobre el "trust system", aparte de otras intervenciones incidentales en los debates. Esto ocurría en el preciso instante que nuestra capital veía paralizadas casi totalmente sus actividades productivas por un acto de solidaridad gremial con los trabajadores del ramo de la construcción, que desde hacían tres meses debatían un problema tan
vital como el aumento de salarios y donde todas las gestiones realizadas por la institución encargada de regular las relaciones entre las fuerzas del trabajo, probaba su impotencia para hallar una fórmula equitativa entre las partes debido a la carencia de resortes legales adecuados. Nada parece haber sugerido este episodio gremial al gobierno y sus expertos que no fuera la adopción de nuevas medidas de seguridad policial, acrecentando su poder, sin percibir siquiera que a este episodio se encontraban asociadas espontáneamente fuerzas hasta ayer divergentes y antagónicas, de llamar seriamente la atención a cualquier gobierno responsable y consciente de su misión.
¿Qué ha probado este conflicto gremial y muchos otros que están en gestación? No es menester ninguna visión penetrante ni una sensibilidad política peculiares, para comprobar la existencia de un agudo malestar en los sectores gremiales que reclaman la adopción de medidas drásticas impostergables. Es a los órganos representativos de la Nación a quienes les compete la misión indeclinable de otorgar a las masas trabajadoras leyes fundamentales que las ampare, elevando sus condiciones morales y materiales hasta el límite que permita el interés de la producción. Esta obra legislativa se torna cada vez más perentoria, no sólo para beneficio de los reducidos sectores de la industria y el comercio, sino para los trabajadores rurales, cuyo nivel de vida acusa, como lo prueban las mismas estadísticas oficiales, descensos alarmantes en relación con la mejoría general que se advierte en las más importantes ramas de la industria, diligentemente protegidas por los poderes públicos con todo género de franquicias. Por otra parte, también lo aconseja una política económica y financiera que, mirando el interés de la economía nacional, haga extensiva a los trabajadores seguridades efectivas para una progresiva elevación de su capacidad de consumo.
Mientras esta acción oficial no se produzca resulta de un mal sabor irónico destacar solemnemente en un acto como el de la Conferencia de Santiago que la legislación social es tan perfecta, tan impecable en su elaboración y su fiscalización se realiza tan estrictamente en América que bien puede rivalizar con los países más avanzados del mundo. Solamente cuando las masas trabajadoras tengan garantizadas un mínimo de seguridad económica y sus reclamaciones de mejoramiento económico no sean motivos de ingratas especulaciones políticas para despojarlas del goce de sus derechos inalienables, sino objeto de una meditada atención gubernativa, cabría la expresión optimista de nuestro delegado oficial de que "sorprendería al observador imparcial y razonable que en el corto espacio de veinte años los países de América hayan podido desarrollar con tanta eficiencia y con tanta elevación su cuerpo de legislación social". Recién entonces podríamos ostentar con legítimo envanecimiento el precedente histórico que con tan grave suficiencia enciclopedica recordó el delegado argentino de que "en 1595 se implantó en estas tierras la jornada de ocho horas y en 1611 en Santiago del Estero, por iniciativas de Fray Fernando de Trejo y Sanabria, se había implantado el salario mínimo en una época en que más de una nación de Europa legislaba sobre el salario mínimo".
III. — Una sola preocupación resulta obsesionante para nuestros expertos en materia social: el "trust system", o sea, el régimen llamado de las proveedurías, cuyo funcionamiento ha sido reglamentado en el país por ley 11.278. Esta proposición fue formulada por primera vez en la XIX Reunión de la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, por el delegado argentino Dr. Ruiz Guiñazú y reproducida textualmente en la reciente Conferencia de Santiago. Los términos y alcances de esta iniciativa están contenidos en la siguiente proposición votada por unanimidad:
La Conferencia del Trabajo de los Estados de América, Miembros de la Organización internacional del Trabajo; Considerando; que la defensa de la integridad del salario de los trabajadores constituye uno de los aspectos más importantes de la política social de protección y mejora de las condiciones de vida de los asalariados. Que el
Bureau Internacional del Trabajo, en virtud de lo resuelto por la XIXA. Conferencia, está realizando investigaciones sobre el "trust system", las prácticas conexas al mismo y las legislaciones nacionales que se refieren a la materia. Que entre las prácticas que son fuente de graves abusos, en detrimento del poder adquisitivo de los sueldos y salarios de los trabajadores se encuentra la del funcionamiento en los lugares de trabajo de los economatos o proveedurías explotadas comercialmente por el propio empleador o vinculadas en diversas formas a los intereses económicos de este último. Que el trabajo de grupos obreros relativamente numerosos en lugares alejados de los centros urbanos de población, frecuente en las industrias agrícolas, forestal y minera de ciertos países de América, exige una consideración especial del problema de las proveedurías, con miras a permitir su funcionamiento bajo ciertas garantías y sujeto a una fiscalización de la autoridad pública;
Resuelve: Solicitar al Consejo de Administración del Bureau Internacional del Trabajo que invite a este último a completar los estudios sobre el "trust system" que está realizando, con la preparación de bases para un proyecto de convención o recomendación sobre el régimen de los economatos o proveedurías, para el que deberán tenerse en cuenta necesidades especiales de los países de América."
Conviene señalar que esta iniciativa, por la cual la representación argentina viene bregando con un celo y tesón dignos de mejor causa para hacerla extensiva al mundo civilizado, ha sido concretada en nuestro país en una ley que permanece casi sin aplicación real. Pues, bastaría mencionar el hecho que reparticiones oficiales como la Dirección de Vialidad, Ferrocarriles del Estado, etc., toleran que los contratistas que están a su servicio hayan implantado en el interior de la República las proveedurías, en su mayor parte administradas o explotadas por funcionarios públicos, para que la fórmula de que el salario debe pagarse en moneda nacional sea una ficción útil para alguna digresión teórica de nuestros expertos en materia social. Así mismo, merece señalarse que en no pocos establecimientos industriales del Norte argentino, en los establecimientos forestales y agrícolos de los territorios nacionales, el "trust system" se encuentra en pleno auge, resultando así totalmente ilusoria la integridad del salario obrero que la ley 11.278 creyó salvaguardar. Ni siquiera se han escogitado reglas que fijen un contralor sobre los precios de venta de los artículos de primera necesidad, allí donde el régimen de las proveedurías impera por motivos justificados como su alejamiento de los centros urbanos. Sin embargo, nuestra representación oficial, integrada por afamados técnicos en legislación social, esperan aconsejar la implantación de un sistema de contralor sobre aquéllas, cuando la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo haya sometido a uno de sus Congresos un "proyecto de Convención".
Insistir en formular una proposición a la que se la viola sistemáticamente en el propio país, cuando no ignorada por sus presuntos beneficios como ocurre en todos los casos, constituye una prueba de que las iniciativas que se prohíban en las Conferencias internacionales no siempre están inspiradas en un sincero sentimiento de justicia social.
IV. — Resulta igualmente sin ningún sentido práctico, pero que se explica en quien está dominado por la inquietud burocrática o académica de elaborar monografías y compilar cuadros estadísticos, la iniciativa de sugerir al Consejo de Administración de la O.I.T. "realice estudios relacionados con la inmigración de Europa a América". La proposición votada a indicación de la delegación argentina dice:
La Conferencia resuelve:
1o. — Solicitar del Bureau Internacional del Trabajo la realización de estudios especiales relacionados con la inmigración de Europa a América.
2o. — Esos estudios deberán encarar el problema en sus diversos aspectos de inmigración individual y reclutamiento colectivos, espontánea o dirigida y, muy particularmente, desde el punto de vista de la conexión entre la inmigración y la colonización, privada e oficial, señalando las condiciones de preparación para la receptividad de los inmigrantes.
30. — Pedir al Consejo de Administración que, cuando lo estime oportuno inscriba el asunto en la orden del día de la Conferencia Anual a fin de presentar un proyecto de Convención o de Recomendación en el que entre otras cosas se señalen las bases de Tratados bilaterales o plurilaterales, entre países de Europa y de América, sobre inmigración, colonización y trabajo.
Al fundamentar esta proposición el representante argentino, en un extenso discurso destacó la importancia de los estudios e iniciativas presentadas por el actual Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, como canciller y como legislador, quien "atestiguaría esta preocupación", "once tratados de tipo social realizados por la Argentina con lejanos países de allende los mares"... "Por coincidencia feliz, agrega el delegado oficial, la mayor parte de estos tratados llevan la rúbrica del actual canciller, doctor Saavedra Lamas, quien ya en 1910 y siendo diputado nacional, tuvo al respecto la primera iniciativa sobre la materia". De estas afirmaciones tan temerarias se desprendería que las iniciativas de nuestro canciller han tenido una influencia decisiva en todo cuanto concierne a la inmigración y colonización. Solamente un supino desconocimiento de los factores que han determinado el establecimiento de corrientes inmigratorias o por mera obsecuencia burocrática, podría adjudicársele al actual canciller la importancia legislativa y ministerial que se le asigna. Es una comprobación harto establecida, que las corrientes inmigratorias no se han orientado hacia el país respondiendo a ninguna iniciativa oficial ni a legislación preestablecida alguna, sino que ellas se han producido espontáneamente, como consecuencia de las amplias y generosas posibilidades de trabajo y progreso individual que ofrecía el país. Si a alguien correspondería el mérito de ello, sería en todo caso a los fundadores de nuestra nacionalidad al fundar un sistema político democrático y liberal que facilitaba la radicación de extranjeros y las garantías y seguridades de igualdad sin limitaciones que acuerdan nuestras leyes fundamentales.
Además, el representante argentino en su doble carácter de profesor docente y funcionario administrativo que fué del gobierno del Dr. Alvear, no debió ignorar que los únicos ensayos de colonización realizados en el país, no corresponden ni remotamente a iniciativas del actual canciller, sino a los gobiernos radicales. La colonización del valle de Río Negro —hoy languideciendo por efectos de la política proteccionista ejecutada en favor de la oligarquía industrial cuyana— fue realizada y llevada a feliz término por la gestión gubernativa del Dr. Alvear. Un hecho análogo ocurrió con la colonización en Entre Ríos, prohibida y estimulada por los gobiernos radicales sucedidos allí. De suerte, pues, que el aporte que pudo haber realizado con sus estudios e iniciativas el actual canciller, no se han traducido en realidades efectivas ni han surtido los efectos milagrosos que pareciera querer insinuar obsecuentemente el funcionario argentino, a la vez delegado a la Conferencia de Santiago. En cuanto a los tratados de materia social si caben ser citados honrosamente por sus efectos positivos, deberíamos remontarnos a Urquiza, el primero en celebrar tratados sobre inmigración con el Reino de las Dos Sicilias y de los gobiernos posteriores.
Por otra parte, la proposición votada y auspiciada con tanto calor por la delegación argentina es de una sinceridad muy dudosa, pues es del dominio público que las corrientes inmigratorias al país quedaron interrumpidas por efecto de las medidas restrictivas adoptadas en los comienzos del actual gobierno y en las cuales no ha sido extraño el actual canciller. Nada más absurdo e inexacto que pretender presentar como precursor de la colonización e inmigración al actual canciller.
Ahora respecto a delegar en la institución ginebrina la tarea de realizar estudios sobre la materia resulta ocioso, máxime cuando pocos países como la Argentina poseen una experiencia tan directa y provechosa de la misma. Ningún país podría aportar conocimientos más valiosos y fijar una orientación fecunda en resultados.
Si realmente nuestros expertos en materia social estuvieran inspirados en un sentido práctico de las necesidades colectivas y no se enfrascaran en divagaciones más propias de la cátedra, deberían empezar por invitar al propio gobierno argentino a remover las trabas, establecidas de intento, que impiden el restablecimiento de las corrientes inmigratorias, como única forma positiva para que el aumento de nuestra población no se reduzca a los escasos rendimientos que acusa el crecimiento vegetativo. Con ello, no sólo se imprimiría un poderoso impulso al país hacia su engrandecimiento y creciente potencialidad económica, sino como un imperativo de "nuestra Carta Constitucional que exterioriza la obligación de fomentar la inmigración europea como uno de los imperativos de buen gobierno", como oportunamente lo invocara el delegado oficial, pero escasamente pregonada con el ejemplo.
La Crisis Mundial en 1935
Con la llegada del año 1936 se cumplen siete años de la crisis mundial. Ante la llegada de esa fecha surge la natural pregunta de si la evolución económica del año que finalizó permite abrigar optimismos para el actual. Como es natural, todavía no hay estadísticas que abarquen la situación económica del mundo durante 1935. Los datos conocidos no alcanzan más que hasta agosto o septiembre y sólo con arreglo a ellos cabe hacer un balance general de la situación.
En general se observa cierta mejoría en la mayor parte de los países pero es una mejoría que no sigue la línea recta. A este propósito es interesante notar que los dos países más abocados a una guerra no están exceptuados de la regla. Así, el índice de la producción industrial del Tercer Reich, después de haber subido en mayo último a 19 por ciento por encima de la media de 1934, señala un ligero retroceso hasta el mes de agosto. La producción italiana que, con relación a 1934 subió hasta 28 por ciento en mayo, bajó en julio y agosto a cifras que no son superiores a la media en 1934 más que en 5 y 8 por ciento.
Los Estados Unidos, cuya producción señaló grandes progresos a fines de 1934 para elevarse en enero de 1935 a 15 por ciento sobre la media de 1934, sufrieron una baja en mayo de 1935. De mayo a septiembre hubo una nueva alza pero sin llegar a las cifras de enero. Dentro de pocos meses se conmemorará el tercer aniversario de la experiencia Roosevelt. ¿Cuáles han sido los resultados de ella? A primera vista parece que la producción norteamericana señala un progreso continuo desde 1932. Si se toma como base (igual a 100) la media de 1932, el índice de la producción se fija en 119 en 1933, en 123 en 1934 y en 136 durante los nueve primeros meses de 1935. Pero si se sigue la producción trimestre por trimestre, se observa que desde hace dos años es inferior el índice a las cifras "records" registradas en julio y agosto de 1933, primer período de la experiencia Roosevelt. La producción norteamericana está sujeta a oscilaciones bruscas, a través de las cuales puede advertirse una mejora lenta. Todavía, sin embargo, hasta septiembre de 1935, los Estados Unidos se hallaban lejos de los niveles "records" de 1929. Con relación a dicho año, el índice de su producción industrial no ha subido más que a 75.
Algunos países no han participado de la mejora general observada durante el año. Son, como es natural, los países obstinados en la política de deflación. Durante 1935 fue el índice francés un 6 por ciento más bajo que la media de 1934, y el índice suizo un 4 por ciento más bajo también. El índice belga, que en los tres primeros meses de 1935 sufrió una baja de alguna consideración, se repuso en cuanto se aplicó la nueva política económica.
A excepción de Suiza y de Francia, la situación de todos los países mejoró comparativamente con 1932, punto culminante de la crisis. La comparación con 1932 es por ello forzosamente ventajosa. Por eso es mejor confrontar las cifras de 1935 con
las de 1929, último año de prosperidad. Ahora con relación a 1929 los diferentes países se hallan en situación muy distintas. Algunos superaron en 1935 el nivel de 1929; otros se aproximaron bastante y otros, en fin, quedaron muy distante de él.
La producción japonesa ha excedido en 1935 la de 1929 en un 38 por ciento; la producción danesa ha superado a la de 1929 en un 19 por ciento; la de Suecia en un 7 por ciento y la noruega y la inglesa en un 4 por ciento. Los índices alemán e italiano no exceden sino en un 5 ó 6 por ciento las cifras de 1929. Los países más alejados del nivel de 1929 son los Estados Unidos (25 por ciento), Bélgica (25 por ciento), Francia (33 por ciento, Checoeslovaquia (33 por ciento) y Suiza (35 por ciento). Tan enorme desigualdad en el alza no puede menos que sugerir la pregunta de saber si cabe todavía hablar de una economía mundial. Más bien pudiera decirse que cada país intenta liquidar la crisis a su modo, acudiendo a los más variados expedientes, y que la prosperidad de unos no influye necesariamente en la situación de los demás. De todos modos es significativo que algunos países hayan excedido ya en 20 a 40 por ciento el nivel de 1929, mientras otros se hallan aún en un 25 o un 35 por ciento por bajo de dicho nivel. Lo que es cierto para los distintos países lo es también para las diferentes industrias.
En conjunto, la industria inglesa superó en 1935 en un 4 por ciento el nivel de 1929. Pero mientras la metalurgia y la construcción mecánica inglesas se encontraron poco más o menos como en 1929, la industria textil no ha llegado todavía al nivel de dicho año (le falta un 3 o un 4 por ciento), y la industria carbonera está aún en el 14 por ciento de las cifras de 1929. Por el contrario, la industria del automóvil ha superado las cifras de aquel año en más del 80 por ciento y la producción de energía eléctrica las ha superado en casi el 60 por ciento. No es esto todo. Una sola y misma industria está en progresión o estancada, según los países. Así, el índice de la construcción mecánica japonesa representa casi el doble de lo que era en 1929, en tanto que la construcción mecánica francesa ha descendido en 1935 al 61 por ciento de las cifras de la prosperidad. Una evolución sumamente rara puede observarse en la industria textil. En los Estados Unidos, en Inglaterra y en Alemania se aproxima dicha industria sensiblemente a las cifras de 1929. En Francia, en Bélgica y en Checoeslovaquia es todavía casi un 30 por ciento inferior a dichas cifras. Por el contrario excede el nivel de 1929 en 15 por ciento en Austria, en 28 por ciento en Rumanía, en 38 por ciento en Dinamarca, en 37 por ciento en el Japón y ha triplicado en Chile.
Si en conjunto va el mundo venciendo la crisis lentamente, para luego caer en una depresión duradera, es preciso reconocer, por otro lado, que la estructura económica mundial se halla camino de sufrir transformaciones muy hondas. Hay industrias particularmente afectadas, mientras otras han superado hace tiempo las cifras de 1929 y al lado de países que han salido de la crisis o están a punto de vencerla, hay otros cuyo renacimiento ni siquiera ha empezado.
Desde luego, los seis años largos de crisis han cambiado la fisonomía del mundo económico más profundamente que los terribles cuatro años de la guerra mundial.
Cómo se obtienen los precios altos
En los tiempos de la "prosperidad", un ciudadano norteamericano había inventado el método para producir pieles de gatos en gran abundancia, con los cuales se hacen hasta los auténticos "petits-gris": criaba ratones, y con la carne de los ratones daba de comer a los gatos. Mataba a los gatos para quitarles la piel y con la carne de los gatos daba de comer a los ratones. Era la suya una industria de esas que se pueden llamar "circulares", cosa nada extraña, pues hay también industrias "horizontales" y "verticales".
Pero esta admirable ordenación ha sufrido una transformación profunda y se ha
llegado ya al magnífico resultado que da el criar animales para matarlos sin que a nadie aproveche, ni siquiera a los gatos y a los ratones. Cuenta el "Excelsior" que en Francia se ha dado entierro a 140 vacas y que las órdenes del gobierno son de que hay que matar —y enterrar, es claro— 150.000 cabezas de ganado más, con el piadoso fin de que no experimenten los precios una caída fatal. Hay en el mundo muchos vegetarianos involuntarios que no comen carne porque no tienen dinero para comprarla; pero no le faltan compensaciones a nuestro mundo, admirablemente ordenado. Ejemplo al canto: las vacas, que reciben una sepultura casi cristiana.
En Holanda también la economía se pone a la altura de los tiempos modernos. Antes se criaban vacas para hacer queso y engordar lechoncitos. Pero ahora los precios van de tumbo en tumbo y se ha tomado la decisión solemne de: primero, matar las vacas y enterrarlas; segundo, destruir el queso que amontona en los almacenes; tercero, matar los cerdos de cría y destruir la carne. Así podrá operarse el milagro de mantener los precios en alto.
Voces de otros tiempos
"La producción se ha acrecentado y la riqueza multiplicado, la solidaridad se ha extendido y la guerra ha dejado de ser necesaria para asegurar la existencia de la civilización, pero el gobierno colectivo e individual todavía no ha llegado a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones de existencia que el progreso económico ha colocado a las sociedades y a los individuos. El cumplimiento de los derechos y deberes colectivos e individuales no ha realizado ningún progreso estimable; si en algún punto puede afirmarse que hemos progresado en materia de tolerancia, en cambio, ha retrocedido en otros.
"En lugar de adaptar las leyes positivas a los derechos naturales de los individuos, ¿qué hacen en cambio los gobiernos? Estos extienden arbitrariamente cada día, con leyes de monopolio y protección, la propiedad y la libertad de los unos a costa de otros, protegen los beneficios de los industriales y la renta de los propietarios contra el salario de los obreros, hasta que éstos, convertidos en dueños de la máquina legislativa, protegerán sus salarios a costa de los beneficios de los industriales y de las rentas de los propietarios; exponen todas sus exigencias a una inestabilidad permanente, ya sea elevando o bajando los obstáculos que ellos han elevado contra la libertad de trabajo y de los cambios. En vez de un acuerdo para asegurar la paz, la cual podría obtenerse con un mínimo de sacrificios, agravan continuamente la carga de la preparación de la guerra en espera de desencadenarla destructora y sangrienta sobre el mundo civil. Por todas partes las clases gobernantes tienen como mira únicamente sus intereses actuales y egoístas y se sirven de su poder para satisfacerlos, sin reparar si ellos están o no de acuerdo al interés general y permanente de la sociedad."
(G. De Molinari: Precis d'Economie Politique et de la Morale, 1893, págs. 253-54.)
Alemania
EL "ORDENAMIENTO DEL TRABAJO NACIONAL" Y LA LUCHA DE CLASES (1)
Uno de los postulados esenciales de la pretendida doctrina nacional-socialista, lo constituye la supresión de la lucha de clases. ¿Cómo ha entendido el nacionismo realizar este postulado? El lector lo podrá advertir en los lineamientos generales de la ley sobre "ordenamiento del trabajo nacional" transcripta a continuación y, que demuestra como la lucha de clases ha logrado ser "suprimida" en Alemania, por acción del nacionismo, mediante el sometimiento violento de los asalariados a un régimen jerárquico donde el "conductor" (capitalista) ejerce la protección de sus "secuaces" (asalariados), y otra serie de disposiciones legales que privan a los trabajadores de todos los derechos a la agremiación voluntaria, reconocidos por los regímenes democráticos.
"La Ley de "ordenamiento del trabajo nacional" del 20 de enero de 1934 (RGBl., I, 45), traza las normas generales que han de regir las relaciones emergentes del trabajo en Alemania. Deroga una serie de disposiciones orgánicas anteriores, tales como las leyes sobre representación obrera en las sociedades comerciales o industriales, decretos sobre contratos colectivos del trabajo y conciliación en los conflictos; y aún disposiciones recientes sobre los fideicomisarios del trabajo. Al abolir una serie de derechos de que habían disfrutado los obreros con anterioridad regula todas las relaciones emergentes del trabajo sobre bases fundamentalmente distintas de las que habían regido antes de su entrada en vigor.
"En su sección primera, la ley trata de las partes inmediatas en las relaciones del trabajo, los patronos y los empleados y obreros. De acuerdo con la ideología nacional-socialista, los patronos son considerados como "conductores" (Führer) y los empleados y obreros como "secuaces" (Gefolgschaft), unidos con el objeto de promover los fines de la empresa concebida como comunidad, para utilidad del Pueblo y el Estado. El conductor —patrón— tiene plenas facultades para resolver en todo lo que atañe a la empresa, salvo lo que esté reglamentado por ley, y le corresponde velar por el bienestar de los secuaces —empleados y obreros.
"En empresas que ocupan por lo menos 20 personas, debe constituirse un pequeño "consejo de confianza" (Vertrauensrat) que asesora al conductor y cuyo cometido, según lo declara la ley, consiste en promover la confianza entre los que cooperan en la empresa comunidad. Le incumbe deliberar sobre mejoras en el rendimiento del trabajo, sobre las condiciones generales del trabajo y su aplicación, especialmente sobre el reglamento de la empresa y sobre medidas que tiendan a asegurar el bienestar de todos los miembros de la comunidad. Debe propender a conciliar los diferendos que puedan surgir dentro de la empresa. Sus facultades comprenden también el derecho de recurrir, por el voto de la mayoría de sus miembros, para ante un funcionario del Estado, el fideicomisario del trabajo, contra las decisiones del conductor de la empresa en cuanto a las condiciones del trabajo en la misma.
(1) El resumen transcripto ha sido extraído del "Boletín Mensual del Seminario de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales", Nros. 41/42, año 1935, pág. 1518. Las partes subrayadas no están en el original. (N. de R.)
HECHOS E IDEAS
"Como se ha dicho, estos consejos son cuerpos de pocos miembros. El número de los vocales se eleva de dos en las empresas que ocupan hasta 49 personas, a 5 en aquellas que tienen hasta 399 asalariados y aumenta en razón de un vocal ulterior por cada 300 personas ocupadas en más de dicha cifra. La designación de los vocales se realiza en la siguiente forma. El conductor de la empresa, previo acuerdo con el jefe local de la organización obrera nacional-socialista, confecciona, en marzo de cada año, una lista que somete a la votación secreta por los secuaces. Si por cualquier circunstancia, por ejemplo por no haberse puesto de acuerdo el conductor y el jefe de la organización obrera local, o porque la lista confeccionada por el conductor no ha encontrado la aprobación del personal, no llega a constituirse el consejo, el fideicomisario puede designar sus miembros de oficio.
"El cargo de miembro del consejo es honorario. Pero la dirección de la empresa debe proveer a lo necesario para que el consejo pueda funcionar. El mandato dura un año y se extingue antes del plazo, si su titular sale de la empresa. Los vocales, que deben ser miembros del partido nacionalsocialista, no pueden ser despedidos, salvo en situaciones especiales, tales como el cierre de la empresa o si han cometido alguno de los actos que dan lugar al despido sin aviso previo. Sólo el fideicomisario puede revocar su mandato.
"El Estado vigila las relaciones del trabajo por intermedio de los "fideicomisarios del trabajo" (Freuhänder der Arbeit), funcionarios destacados en los distintos distritos que dependen del Ministerio del Trabajo. Su cometido es el de velar por el pacífico desenvolvimiento del trabajo. A ese fin les corresponde vigilar la formación y el funcionamiento de los consejos; designar en su caso, consejeros; resolver sobre las quejas de los consejos, revocando, en caso de creerlo oportuno, las decisiones del conductor de las empresas; resolver en los casos de despido; fijar reglamentos para las empresas o grupos de éstas; e informar sobre la situación de sus distritos, al Gobierno.
"Las empresas no pueden despedir dentro de un período de 4 semanas más del 10 por ciento de su personal, sin comunicárselo previamente por escrito al fideicomisario, el cual puede fijar un plazo hasta de dos meses, a partir del cual recién los despidos tendrán efecto. Si la empresa encuentra dificultades para mantener durante ese tiempo el personal que se propone despedir, el fideicomisario puede autorizarla para abreviar la jornada de trabajo y disminuir proporcionalmente los salarios, el todo dentro de ciertos límites.
"El fideicomisario puede hacerse asesorar por un consejo técnico compuesto en sus tres cuartas partes por personas escogidas de listas confeccionadas por la organización obrera nacionalsocialista, en cuya lista deben figurar patronos y obreros en número más o menos igual. La cuarta parte restante puede integrarse con personas ajenas a la lista que el fideicomisario considere aptas.
"La tercera sección de la ley trata de los reglamentos del trabajo. En cada empresa que ocupe por lo menos 20 asalariados, el conductor —patrón— debe otorgar por escrito un "reglamento de empresa" (Betriebsordnung). Este reglamento debe indicar el principio y el fin de la jornada de trabajo y de los intervalos; el período y la forma de pago del salario; la forma de calcularlo, cuando sea pagado por pieza o unidad; clase, monto y forma de cobro de las multas; las causas que autorizan el despido sin aviso previo, fuera de las causas legales. El reglamento puede contener también disposiciones sobre el monto del salario.
"Las multas no pueden exceder, normalmente, de medio jornal, en casos graves, de un jornal entero. Su aplicación corresponde al conductor —patrón. Los salarios fijados en el reglamento se consideran salarios mínimos que no excluyen retribuciones mayores ni premios por trabajos extraordinarios. En los contratos individuales del trabajo no pueden aumentarse o extenderse los casos legales de despido sin aviso previo. Las disposiciones del reglamento de empresa obligan a todos los componentes de la misma en carácter de condiciones mínimas."
HECHOS E IDEAS
"Los fideicomisarios pueden dictar normas generales a las que deberán ajustarse los reglamentos y contratos individuales de trabajo. También pueden dictar "reglamentos colectivos" (Tarifordnungen) para regular el trabajo en un grupo de empresas similares, cuando así lo exijan imperiosamente las circunstancias. Estos reglamentos colectivos tienen igualmente fuerza obligatoria para todos los afectados y derogan cualquier disposición contraria contenida en los reglamentos de empresa.
"La sección cuarta trata de la jurisdicción en materia de "honor social" (Soziale Ehrengerichtsbarkeit). Los miembros de la comunidad-empresa deben dedicar todos sus esfuerzos al servicio de la misma, sus intereses a los intereses comunes. Por consiguiente, una serie de actitudes no alcanzadas por la ley penal, se consideran como faltas a los deberes sociales y casos de quebrantamiento del honor social; tales por ejemplo la conducta de los empresarios que intencionadamente explotan el trabajo de los secuaces u ofenden su honor; la de los secuaces que ponen en peligro el trabajo pacífico en la empresa, haciendo malévola propaganda entre los demás o que como vocales del consejo de confianza se permiten ingénerencias improcedentes en la dirección de la empresa; la de los secuaces que someten quejas injustificadas al fideicomisario.
"Las penas consisten en reprimendas, multas, la inhabilitación para seguir siendo conductor de la empresa y la expulsión del lugar del trabajo.
"El procedimiento en materia de honor social, es independiente del procedimiento penal y puede tener lugar aunque en este último el reo haya sido absuelto. El fideicomisario interviene en estos juicios en situación de agente fiscal, que promueve el procedimiento a raíz de denuncia escrita y previo sumario instruido por él mismo. Las causas se ventilan ante un tribunal compuesto por un juez letrado y dos vocales, uno de los cuales debe ser conductor de empresa y el otro asalariado, designados ambos por el juez de una lista que le somete la organización obrera nacionalsocialista. Sus sentencias pueden ser apeladas para ante una Corte superior con sede en Berlín.
"La sección quinta de la ley trata de los despidos. Los asalariados con un año de antigüedad en la empresa, que han sido despedidos por ésta, pueden presentar demanda ante el tribunal del trabajo, pidiendo la revocación del despido, si éste debe considerarse infuco y no exigido por la situación de la empresa.
"Si el tribunal decide en favor de la revocación, la misma sentencia debe fijar una indemnización a cargo de la empresa para el caso de que ella no quisiera reincorporar al despedido. Al determinar la indemnización, el tribunal debe tener en cuenta la situación económica tanto del demandante como de la empresa. Tampoco el demandante está obligado a reintegrarse a la empresa si en el tiempo transcurrido ha celebrado un nuevo contrato de trabajo. Pero en este caso debe comunicárselo a la empresa dentro de los 3 días de notificada la sentencia, transcurridos los cuales se extingue el derecho de negarse al reintegro. En caso de que el despedido hiciere uso del mismo, sólo puede exigir que se le pague su salario desde el día del despido hasta el comienzo de su nuevo trabajo."
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LAS DEUDAS AUMENTAN Y LOS SALARIOS DISMINUYEN
Desde 1933 la deuda pública del Tercer Reich, según lo ha afirmado el ministro de Hacienda, von Schwerin Krosigk, ha aumentado en 7.000 millones de marcos, o sea aproximadamente 10.000 millones de pesos argentinos. La revista americana "The Nation" comenta con datos oficiales la reconstrucción económica llevada a cabo por el nacionalsocialismo. Señala que "180 empresas industriales alemanas, con un capital de 6.600.000 marcos realizaron durante 1934 una ganancia neta de 300.000.000 de marcos y 20 de estas empresas pasaron sus dividendos de 9.820.000 a 44.970.000 marcos.
"En 1932 trabajaban 12.800.000 obreros en toda Alemania y los salarios englobaban 26.000 millones de marcos, con un promeHECHOS E IDEAS
dio de 2.031 marcos anuales por cada obrero. En 1933 el número de obreros aumentó hasta 13.307.000, los salarios subieron sólo a 27.000 millones y el promedio por cada obrero fue de 1.976 marcos. En 1934 el número de los obreros con trabajo era de 15.580.000 y el total de los salarios de 29.586 millones, con un promedio anual por cada obrero de 1.940 marcos". Así —dice "The Nation"— se constata que en los dos primeros años de nazismo, que proclamó "el deber del Estado a asegurar a todos lo necesario para vivir y para asegurar otras ventajas al capital" ha quitado a los trabajadores la cantidad de 2.559 millones sólo en salarios". Además, ha cargado al pueblo alemán con 10.000 millones de pesos de deudas nuevas.
La "reconstrucción económica" de los Estados totalitarios continúa.
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LA LUCHA RELIGIOSA
Una noticia de Berlín informaba que el pastor doctor Rothmuller, sustituto en la iglesia de Dahlem del pastor titular Niemoeller, había declarado en el curso de un sermón que el ministro Kerrl había faltado a la palabra dada por éste de no atentar contra la libertad de predicar la palabra de Dios. La misma declaración que el doctor Rothmuller han hecho en sus parroquias respectivas 10.000 pastores protestantes en Alemania.
Como puede colegirse, la lucha religiosa toma formas nuevas por parte de los luteranos en el país de Hitler. Las disposiciones del ministro Kerrl han irritado profundamente a los pastores y a los fieles. Se ha visto claro que la pretensión del ministro es poner al frente de los luteranos alemanes una dirección compuesta por "cristianos alemanes", o sea de los que son llamados "neopaganos".
La iglesia confesional ha declarado que no se someterá a las nuevas disposiciones y, para combatir semejante oposición religiosa, prepara el gobierno del Reich nuevos decretos, con arreglos a los cuales toda declaración hecha por un sacerdote o pastor a cualquier corresponsal de la Prensa extranjera será considerada y castigada como un crimen de alta traición. En cumplimiento de esta disposición han sido ya detenidos monseñor Banasch, jefe del servicio de informaciones de la diócesis de Berlín, y el doctor Mildenberg, vicario general de la diócesis de Wurzburgo. El prelado ha sido llevado a Berlín, donde ha ido a juntarse con monseñor Banasch en la cárcel de Moabit.
Como es sabido, monseñor Banasch es acusado por la Gestapo de haber facilitado informaciones a "una potencia extranjera", que no es otra cosa sino el Vaticano. El doctor Mildenberg está acusado de complicidad.
En su empeño por dominar en todos los terrenos, así en el material como en el ideológico, el megalomano Hitler está concitando el odio del pueblo alemán, que acaso no está lejano el día en que se deshaga para siempre del opresor que padece.
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LO QUE CUESTAN LOS PREPARATIVOS MILITARES
Ya en el verano de 1932, en vísperas de la dictadura nacional-socialista, el actual ministro de Economía Nacional aseguraba a Hitler que la situación económica de Alemania era tan deporable y el país se hallaba en tal modo entrampado que no podría sucederle cosa más grave. Tres años después, a principio de agosto de 1935, en la ceremonia de la inauguración de un busto de Hitler en la Reichsbank, el mismo Schacht, al trazar el balance de la dictadura nazi, declaró con tonos sombríos que "los esfuerzos que el pueblo alemán se verá obligado a realizar para restablecer el poderío militar de Alemania exceden con mucho de cuarto hasta ahora se ha exigido a los ciudadanos de las diversas naciones durante la historia de la Humanidad". Las dos afirmaciones transcriptas no necesitan grandes comentarios. Es evidente que la carga de los armamentos cuesta carísima a Alemania. Pero, ¿cuál es la carga real de los preparativos militares actuales en Alemania? Véamoslo.
En 1913-14, en vísperas de la guerra mundial, la Alemania kaiserista invirtió en
menesteres militares 1.821 millones de marcos. El presupuesto calculado para el año financiero 1934-35 para necesidades militares consigna los gastos siguientes: para el Reichswehr y la marina, 894,3 millones de marcos y para el Ministerio del Aire 210,2 millones. Además los créditos abiertos para las tituladas "obras públicas", que tienen carácter netamente militar, ascienden a 263,5 millones de marcos, y los destinados para los campos de trabajo, a 250 millones. No debe olvidarse que la Alemania actual invierte en policía unos 752 millones de marcos por año, mientras que la Alemania imperial gastaba por el mismo concepto unos 218 millones de marcos al estallar la guerra. Este exceso de gastos de ahora, aún cuando figuran en el capítulo destinado a la policía, está en realidad invertido en atenciones militares, como lo prueba el que una gran parte de la policía se halla incorporada al ejército. Totalizados los gastos de la dictadura nazi en preparativos bélicos se llega, para el año financiero, a la enorme cantidad de 2.151,8 millones de marcos. En realidad los gastos han excedido con mucho de los cálculos presupuestados. Así, por ejemplo, las "obras públicas" han absorbido 736,1 millones de marcos y los campos de trabajo 361,1 millones, o sea una diferencia en más de 484,7 millones de marcos. Los gastos no previstos de la administración militar no se indican en las memorias presupuestas por razones fáciles de comprender. Sólo se sabe, según se desprende del artículo "gastos materiales del presupuesto del Estado", que no son otra cosa sino la pantalla de los gastos militares, que el pasivo en 1934-1935 llega a 1.097,5 millones de marcos, cuyas tres cuartas partes corresponden al ministerio de la Guerra.
Los preparativos de guerra nazis difieren sensiblemente de los del kaiser. La Alemania nacionalsocialista, salvo las consignaciones presupuestales, utiliza ampliamente, en atenciones militares, los créditos a corto plazo mediante la emisión de letras garantizadas por el gobierno para las susodichas "obras públicas". Según datos oficiales, hay en circulación letras análogas por valor de más de 5.000 millones en 1934-35. Por consiguiente, los gastos militares verdaderos, siempre según los datos oficiales, pueden estimarse en 5.500 millones de marcos frente a 1.800 millones a que ascendían en tiempo de la Alemania imperial. Se ve, pues, que los nazis gastan tres veces más de lo que el kaiser gastaba y ello antes de haber sido votada la famosa ley sobre servicio militar obligatorio en marzo de 1935 ni de haber iniciado la reconstitución de la marina, convenida en el acuerdo germano-británico del verano último. Cuando sean publicadas las leyes concernientes al ejército y a la armada, los gastos militares para el año financiero 1935-36 excederán seguramente de los de 1934-35.
Queda por averiguar la cifra aproximada de los gastos militares para el año financiero de 1935-36. A juzgar por el gasto mensual del presupuesto del Estado, que en febrero último fue de 598 millones de marcos, y que, después de aprobada la ley sobre la obligación militar en marzo de ese año, llegó a 1.405 millones de marcos —o sea una diferencia en un solo mes de 800 millones— los gastos del presupuesto para las atenciones militares del año próximo serán monstruosos. Así se explica que hasta la fecha no haya sido publicado el presupuesto para el año 1935-36 y que probablemente no se hará público en su totalidad. Se ve que el ministro Schacht no exageró al afirmar que la reconstitución del poder militar alemán exigirá sacrificios por parte de la nación como no hay precedente en la Historia.
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Rusia
¿Qué es el movimiento stakanovista?
Desde hace tiempo se habla de un movimiento stakanovista en la URSS; tratemos de exponer lo que hemos logrado saber acerca de este movimiento. Las informaciones hasta ahora recogidas son escasas. Consisten en diversos artículos aparecidos en la prensa francesa la cual utiliza datos publicados por la prensa rusa y en el discurso de Stalin dirigido a los stakanovistas el 17 de noviembre.
HECHOS E IDEAS
El movimiento stakanovista tiene por objeto aumentar la producción en las fábricas y en el campo ruso con una mejor organización del trabajo, o sea con una mayor racionalización. Otra característica del movimiento es que la iniciativa, durante los primeros tiempos, nació en la base, o sea de los obreros mismos. Actualmente el gobierno ruso se encuentra empeñado en imprimirle un mejor desarrollo a este movimiento. Stalin, en el discurso citado, declaró que: "Para desarrollar con toda su amplitud el movimiento Stakanoff en todo nuestro territorio, los stakanovistas no son suficientes: es necesario que nuestras organizaciones del partido se incorporen en esta cuestión para ayudar a los stakanovistas a llevar este movimiento a su feliz término". Más adelante Stalin declara que para vencer la resistencia de los dirigentes de las fábricas, los ingenieros y técnicos, será necesario, si la persuasión no es suficiente, "emplear medidas más energicas", y agrega que es necesario actualmente poner a la cabeza del movimiento stakanovista a los ingenieros y técnicos que le son partidarios. Parece, pues, que este movimiento ha entrado en una fase oficial.
En agosto del año pasado el minero Stakanoff de la cuenca minera del Donetz, logró con un trabajo ininterrumpido de seis horas extraer con el martillo automático, 102 toneladas de carbón en vez de 7 toneladas que era lo normal. Esta cifra de 7 toneladas mencionada por un órgano comunista parece singularmente baja, dado que con el martillo un minero alemán extrae cerca de cien toneladas diarias. La noticia de este "record", difundido en la cuenca del Donetz, provocó una gran emulación, y el record fue pronto superado por el minero Diukanoff y por otros. ¡Parece que cierto Borisoff logró superarlos a todos con 778 toneladas! La prensa dio una gran publicidad a estos hechos y los émulos de Stakanoff pulularon en todas las industrias. En la fábrica de automóviles Gorki (Ford) Bussighin logró forjar 1.050 piezas mientras que lo normal era de 675. El obrero Smetanin, en su fábrica de calzados, produjo 1.400 piezas al día, y las hermanas tejedoras llamadas Winogradova, en vez de hacer trabajar una veintena de telares, lograron dirigir 70, 100 y por último 144 telares.
¿Cómo es que este movimiento ha adquirido en pocos meses un éxito semejante? El diario "L'Oeuvre" explica que los obreros stakanovistas ven aumentar enormemente sus salarios, que pasan de 500 rublos por mes a 1.000, 1.500 y también 2.000. Los ingenieros que secundan este movimiento también ven triplicar sus emolumentos. Del artículo de "L'Oeuvre" y del mismo discurso de Stalin se descubre que fuertes corrientes de resistencia se han desarrollado entre los obreros y los técnicos contra el movimiento stakanovista. Esta resistencia ha llegado algunas veces a asumir carácter violento. Un stakanovista de la fábrica Gorki fue asesinado por dos obreros, los cuales fueron condenados a muerte. En Moscú, a un stakanovista de la fábrica de cartón, Solovin, le fueron quemados los pies durante el sueño, incendiándole sus compañeros de dormitorio el lecho. Estas resistencias se explican fácilmente: los obreros amían poco, en general, a sus compañeros que se distinguen en los records. Temen las normas técnicas elevadas, que los obreros comunes, privados de aptitudes especiales o que no se sienten en condiciones para participar en la carrera, vean sus salarios disminuidos. En su descargo puede decirse que el discurso de Stalin a los stakanovistas no es para alentarlos: en efecto, todo un párrafo de este discurso afirma que el movimiento stakanovista demuestra que las normas técnicas actuales deben ser elevadas. "Las normas técnicas actuales no corresponden ya a la realidad, dice Stalin: ellas están en retraso y se han convertido en un freno para nuestra industria. Para no frenar nuestra industria, es necesario reemplazarlas con normas técnicas nuevas más elevadas". Stalin es de opinión que es necesario establecer normas que estén entre las actuales, demasiado bajas y los records stakanovistas.
El trabajo a destajo lineal es uno de los sistemas más primitivos e inhumanos de
retribución. Las resistencias de los técnicos son comprensibles. Los stakanovistas son retribuidos según un trabajo a destajo lineal. Basta recordar que estos trabajos a destajos, transforman prácticamente los hombres en máquinas y tienen en general por consecuencia una producción cada vez más inferior. No aludimos a las minas sino a las fábricas hacia la cual los dirigentes rusos y los stakanovistas tratan de extender el movimiento actual. Sería interesante saber, por ejemplo, cuántas piezas hechas por Bussighin y sus émulos han sido descartadas por el control.
Es difícil emitir un juicio de conjunto sobre el movimiento Stakanoff. Por ejemplo, el éxito obtenido en aquellas fábricas que han sido ampliamente racionalizadas nos dejan perplejos. Es difícil saber cuánta parte del aumento de la producción del obrero en estas fábricas ha sido debido al mejor método de trabajo y cuánta a sus dotes físicas y a una mayor auto-exploitación de la máquina-hombre, lo que terminaría por tener sobre el físico de los campeones del trabajo el mismo resultado que sobre los campeones deportistas.
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Francia
LAS PROXIMAS ELECCIONES De no sobrevenir complicaciones internacionales que hagan necesaria su postergación el 3 de mayo próximo realizaránse en Francia las elecciones generales de renovación de la Cámara joven. La lucha política próxima será dirimida por dos grandes coaliciones populares, el llamado frente popular y el frente nacional. Una ligera reseña retrospectiva ilustrará sobre las posibles alternativas de esta decisiva contienda civil de la democracia francesa.
En mayo de 1932 las elecciones generales arrojaron un resultado favorable a los partidos republicanos de izquierda y a los socialistas. De un total de 614 puestos, correspondieron al partido radicalesocialista 154 bancas; los partidos republicanos socialistas y socialistas independientes —hoy reunidos en la Unión Socialista Republicana, presidida por el señor J. Paul Boncour— obtuvieron 50; la izquierda independiente, 14; los socialistas S.F.I.O. 96; la Unidad obrera (comunistas disidentes), nueve y los comunistas oficiales, nueve. Total, 332 diputados. Los grupos del centro no llegaron a 100 diputados. Los restantes fueron para las derechas. En el Senado la mayoría absoluta es del partido radicalesocialista.
Desde el comienzo de la XV Legislatura, la derecha y el centro empezaron la misma campaña que en 1924, cuando la victoria del "cartel", para lograr que una Cámara legalmente elegida y con mayoría absoluta de izquierda fuera regida por un gobierno derechista. Contribuyó a alentar los intentos derechistas el desacuerdo entre las izquierdas; los socialistas no quisieron formar parte del gobierno y en algunas votaciones los votos de la derecha coincidieron con los socialistas para derribar gobiernos radicalesocialistas. Se llegó al famoso 6 de febrero de 1934. So pretexto del escándalo Stavisky, las derechas acusaron de complicidad al Presidente del Consejo, Chautemps, quien presentó la dimisión el 27 de enero. Se formó el gabinete Daladier y precisamente contra éste se desencadenó el intento de golpe de Estado organizado por los concejales municipales monárquicos y fascistas de París: los "cruces de fuego", los "camelots du roi", protegidos por el ex-prefecto de policía Chiappe, que había sido destituido y por el expresidente de la República Doumergue. El 7 de febrero dimitió el Gabinete Daladier por no provocar represiones sangrientas del movimiento derechista y se formó el Gabinete Doumergue, cuya actuación bonapartista y revisionista de la Constitución latía oculta bajo la denominación de Unión Nacional, que llegó a preocupar a los republicanos. El Gabinete Doumergue fue derribado el 8 de noviembre de 1934: sólo lo defendieron los partidos de derecha, los "cruces de fuego" y otras ligas fascistas. El señor Flandin formó otro Gabinete de "unión nacional y tregua" que las derechas derribaron y después un efímero Gabinete formado por el Presidente de la Cámara, Bouisson, que fue derribado al presentarse ante la Cámara. El señor Laval formó el 99 Gabinete de la III República.
La política interior y exterior del Gabinete Laval, es decir, del Gabinete de "tregua" no tardó en destacarse como favorable a los sectores derechistas. Amparadas por el señor Laval, las "ligas" fascistas adoptaron actitudes amenazadoras, organizándose militarmente y anunciando golpes de Estado. Por otra parte, al estallar el conflicto de Etiopía el señor Laval, presidente del Consejo y Ministro de Negocios Extranjeros, inició su actuación favorable al fascismo del señor Mussolini y de abandono de la tesis francesa de la seguridad colectiva y del respeto absoluto del pacto de la Sociedad de las Naciones para orientarse, bajo el consejo y la presión de las derechas, hacia alianzas particulares con Roma e incluso con Berlín. En el "pacto de Roma" con el señor Mussolini, en enero de 1935, había obtenido de éste la renuncia a las reivindicaciones italianas sobre Túnez; pero, en cambio, el señor Laval se desinteresó de la cuestión abisinia, desinterés que indujo al señor Mussolini a lanzarse a la aventura amparado por el gobierno francés. La reacción de la opinión pública en Francia y en el extranjero, modificó los proyectos del señor Laval y los del señor Mussolini. La opinión francesa se mostró inquieta y preocupada por las consecuencias de la política exterior del señor Laval que han alejado todas las amistades y colaboraciones tradicionales de la política francesa. Por otra parte, los republicanos se hallaban también intranquilos ante los rumbos de la política interior, llegando incluso a considerar el Gabinete de "tregua" como el "más reaccionario de la Tercera República". Además la "tregua" no existía: ante la proximidad de las elecciones políticas, las derechas habían empezado una violenta campaña contra los radicales-socialistas, el grupo más numeroso de la mayoría. Aunque un pequeño grupo de radicales socialistas moderados parecía dispuesto a sufrir las consecuencias de una política interior y exterior muy peligrosa, la casi totalidad reaccionó en contra y tomó parte en la "concentración popular", símbolo de la clásica unión de todas las izquierdas francesas en el momento de peligro para las instituciones republicanas. La base de la concentración popular es la defensa de la democracia y de las libertades republicanas. Caído el equívoco Laval el nuevo gobierno Sarraut no tendrá otro papel, de no producirse conflictos internacionales que parecen inminentes, que el de presidir las elecciones, en las que lucharán dos grandes formaciones: una, de defensa y desarrollo de la República; otra, de reacción, integrada por un conglomerado que, con más o menos claridad y valor, reclama un régimen de fascismo disfrazado tipo de la reacción clericaloide, de las grandes coaliciones particulares de las oligarquías francesas.
PROGRAMA DEL FRENTE POPULAR
El auge del fascismo y la insolencia de las fuerzas reacionarias han determinado la formación de grandes coaliciones populares en algunos países. Además de España, donde la coalición popular, obtuvo un ruidoso triunfo, también existe en Francia; las organizaciones que participan en este movimiento son las siguientes: Liga de los Derechos del Hombre, Comité de Vigilancia de los intelectuales antifascistas, Comité Mundial contra el fascismo y la guerra, Movimiento de Acción Combatiente, partido radical y radical socialista, partido socialista, partido comunista, Unión socialista y republicana, Confederación General del Trabajo, Confederación General del Trabajo Unificada. El programa de acción común que sostiene el Frente Popular francés es el siguiente:
I. — Defensa de la libertad. — 1º Amnistía general. — 2º Contra las Ligas fascistas: a) desarme y disolución efectiva de las organizaciones para militares. b) vigencia de disposiciones legales en caso de incitación a la muerte o de atentado a la seguridad de la República. — 3º Saneamiento de la vida pública, reforzando las incompatibilidades parlamentarias. — 4º La Prensa: Defensa de la libertad de opinión. Represión eficaz de la difamación y el chantaje. Obligación de hacer público el origen de sus ingresos; término de los monopolios privados de la publicidad comercial, de los escándalos de la publicidad financiera y de los "trust" de Prensa.
II. — Defensa de la Paz. — 1º Colaboración
HECHOS E IDEAS
del pueblo y de los trabajadores en la organización de la paz. — 2º Colaboración internacional en la Sociedad de Naciones, definición del agresor y aplicación solidaria y automática de las sanciones. — 3º Esfuerzo continuo para pasar de la paz armada a la desarmada mediante la reducción y control de los armamentos. — 4º Nacionalización de las industrias de guerra y abolición del comercio privado de las armas. — 5º Repudio de la diplomacia secreta.
III. — Restauración de la capacidad de compra. — 1º Contra el paro y la crisis industrial: a) Creación de un fondo nacional de paro; b) reducción de la semana de trabajo sin reducir el salario; c) invitación a los jóvenes para establecer con su trabajo un régimen de retiros que proteja a los ancianos; d) plan rápido de grandes obras de utilidad pública con la colaboración adecuada del ahorro local. — 2º Contra la crisis agrícola y comercial: a) revalorización de los productos de la tierra, sostenida por la lucha contra los acaparadores y la vida cara, de suerte que se reduzca la diferencia entre los precios al por mayor y al detalle; b) para suprimir la explotación de productores y consumidores: creación de una Oficina nacional interprofesional de los cereales; c) ayuda a las cooperativas agrícolas; despachos nacionales para ofrecer los abonos a precio de costo; fomento del crédito agrícola y reducción de los arrendamientos; d) supresión de los embargos y facilidades para liquidar las deudas.
IV. — Por la protección del ahorro y la mejor organización. — a) reglamentación de la profesión de banquero; b) reglamentación del balance de los bancos y de las Sociedades anónimas; c) prohibición de que los funcionarios jubilados o en disponibilidad pertenezcan a los Consejos de Administración de las Sociedades anónimas; d) para sustraer el crédito y el ahorro al imperio de la oligarquía económica, convertir el Banco de Francia, que hoy es banco privado, en Banco de la Nación.
V. — Saneamiento financiero. — a) represión del derroche en las Administraciones civiles y militares; b) creación de una caja para las pensiones de guerra; c) reforma del sistema de impuestos, suavizando la presión fiscal y creando nuevos recursos con disposiciones que afecten a las grandes fortunas; rápido incremento del impuesto sobre las rentas superiores a 75.000 francos, reorganización del impuesto sobre las sucesiones, impuesto sobre los beneficios de los monopolios de hecho, evitando su repercusión en los precios de consumo; d) supresión del fraude en los valores mobiliarios, acompañada de una amnistía fiscal; e) control de la salida de los capitales y represión severísima de su evasión, llegando a la confiscación de los bienes disimulados en el extranjero o de sus contravalores en el país."
Todo hace suponer que en las próximas elecciones generales los partidos de izquierda republicana, bregarán en favor de la materialización de estos postulados que contemplan las necesidades más inmediatas de la población de Francia.
* * *
Italia
EL ARTÍCULO 16 DEL PACTO, LAS SANCIONES Y UN PROYECTO ITALIANO DE 1919
Edigio Reale, prestigioso jurista italiano residente en Suiza y profesor del Instituto de Altos Estudios Internacionales de Ginebra, en el breve trabajo que publicamos a continuación, informa acerca del pensamiento sustentado por la delegación italiana a la Conferencia de la Paz, en ocasión de discutirse el ya famoso artículo 16 del Pacto de la Sociedad de las Naciones. Como se advertirá, la representación del Gobierno italiano auspiciaba en aquel entonces un sistema de sanciones que de haberse adoptado habría sido de una severidad mucho mayor que el vigente.
"Por primera vez —dice el Prof. Reale— desde la fundación de la Sociedad de las Naciones, el sistema sancionista previsto por el Pacto, ha sido puesto a prueba. Por primera vez en la historia del mundo, una coalición pujante, alrededor de la que se agrupan los Estados, intenta imponer su voluntad, no por medio de las armas de guerra, sino con un arma nueva: la de las medidas económicas y financieras. Por conducto de los representantes más autorizados, los Estados miembros de la Liga declaran que su fin no es el de humillar al pueblo italiano ni oponerse a sus reivindicaciones legítimas, sino solo de asegurar la paz con la organización de un sistema de seguridad colectiva. Este es el significado real y el objeto de las sanciones adoptadas en Ginebra.
"Al mismo tiempo que se acordaba la aplicación de las sanciones, Ginebra estudiaaba la adopción de otras medidas que, limitadas al terreno económico y financiero, están destinadas a tener influencia inmediata y directa sobre los aprovisionamientos militares, fundadas en el artículo 16 del Pacto, que prevé la acción colectiva contra el agresor.
"Cuando, después de la guerra, los pueblos tan duramente afectados por la inmensa carnicería y las privaciones inútiles que acababan de padecer pidieron e impusieron a sus gobernantes una organización internacional que se considerara capaz de asegurar la paz, todo el mundo estuvo de acuerdo en que no se podría crear tal Sociedad con carácter estable sin prever el empleo de sanciones contra los Estados que pudieran violar los acuerdos estipulados. El derecho —declaraba en aquella ocasión uno de los redactores del Pacto— no vale nada si no está apoyado por la fuerza y ésta no es jamás legítima si no tiene propósitos de justicia. Por ello, todos los proyectos de Sociedad de Naciones que fueron formulados y propuestos en los diferentes países preveían un sistema de sanciones aplicables al Estado que hubiera violado sus obligaciones. El desacuerdo no entorpeció el principio, sino su aplicación y la extensión del mismo principio. Las sanciones militares, que pueden, a su vez engendrar la guerra, no quedaron excluidas, sino consideradas como un remedio extremo, al cual se podría apelar solamente como recurso último y cuando los demás medios para asegurar el respeto del Pacto hubiera fracasado. La experiencia que de las medidas de presión económicas se pueden obtener sobre las operaciones militares, hizo pensar en recurrir a otras sanciones, tanto económicas como financieras.
"Más todavía que por la acción militar, la pujanza armada de Alemania y de sus aliados había quedado destruida por el hambre que provocó el bloqueo. Se esperaba que el ejemplo estuviese presente en el porvenir de cualquier aventura, lo que persuadiría a los Estados para que no pensaran en acudir más a la violencia, rompiendo las obligaciones contraídas, sin provocar su aislamiento económico.
"Esta fue la esperanza, producto de la experiencia, que aconsejó la introducción en el Pacto de medidas económicas y financieras, a costa de las sanciones económicas menos eficaces, y de las militares que parecían muy peligrosas.
"El más completo y el más inteligente de los proyectos presentados en la Conferencia de la Paz fué, sin duda, el de la delegación italiana. No se podía pensar en aquel momento, que algún día el sistema sancionador sería utilizado en su primera aplicación, contra el Gobierno de Roma.
"Felizmente para el pueblo italiano, ni la Conferencia de la Paz aceptó el proyecto de la delegación italiana, ni la Sociedad de Naciones le ha seguido al presente, al enumerar los conceptos de las medidas a aplicar. Si el proyecto hubiera sido incluido en el Pacto y aplicado, el gobierno de Roma habría sido más duramente afectado de lo que lo ha sido por las recientes decisiones de la Sociedad de Naciones.
"Las decisiones previstas por el proyecto italiano comprendían desde la suspensión de las relaciones diplomáticas de todos los Estados contratantes con el Estado violador del Pacto hasta la acción militar. Las recomendaciones del Consejo en materia de sanciones serían obligatorias para los Estados miembros. La resistencia injustificada de aplicarlas al Estado a los demás Estados. Las sanciones ecolguable atraería sobre el país escionista nómicas y financieras que los delegados italianos en la Conferencia de la Paz preconizaban eran las más escrupulosas y severas. Los bienes, muebles e inmuebles que poseyera el Estado infractor del Pacto en territorio de otros Estados, así como las naves y cargamentos en tránsito habrían de ser secuestrados y todas las materias primas indispensables a la vida económica denegadas: los títulos y valores excluidos
HECHOS E IDEAS
de la cotización oficial. A la prohibición del tráfico y al boicot, así como la denegación de todo crédito, se destinarían a las fuerzas navales designadas a tal efecto por el Consejo.
"A la Conferencia de la Paz tal proyecto parecido excesivo. Prefirió inspirar la redacción del artículo 16 en las ideas formuladas por el Presidente Wilson. Así fue como las disposiciones relativas a las sanciones tuvieron una forma más general y flexible, que permite a los órganos de la Sociedad de Naciones aplicarlas más gradualmente y con menos severidad.
"Hoy a los dieciséis años, cuando por primera vez se da sentido y significado a uno de los artículos del Pacto, que parecía hasta hace algún tiempo letra muerta, su eficacia ha sido puesta en práctica. Y en tanto que el Gobierno de Roma se molesta y protesta a grandes gritos por esa severidad, de unas medidas menos graves de las que los delegados italianos invocaban, corresponde a los Estados que no acogieron con gran entusiasmo la inserción de las sanciones en el Pacto la misión de defender e imponer su ejecución."
***
LAS CONQUISTAS COLONIALES DEL PASADO Richard Lewinsohn, publica en la Revista "Vu" (No 402) un artículo sobre el costo de la guerra en Abisinia, comparándolo con las anteriores empresas coloniales de Francia, Inglaterra, Alemania y Bélgica. De las consideraciones del autor resulta como tesis central que las guerras coloniales que en el siglo pasado no exigían grandes empleos de fuerzas militares ni grandes gastos, se han convertido con el tiempo cada vez más costosas y, en general, menos lucrativas.
"Durante la época de las grandes conquistas coloniales del siglo XVII y XVIII —afirma Lewinsohn— las expediciones debían producir un beneficio inmediato. Las compañías de navegación, creadas con este objeto en Francia, Holanda e Inglaterra, consideraban que toda expedición debía sufragar los gastos de inmediato, en moneda contante. Los accionistas de estas compañías 'conquistadoras' exigían ricos dividendos. Si los resultados se mostraban insuficientes, ocurría a veces que los territorios conquistados eran abandonados. Esta fue la fórmula que orientó a los ingleses de las Indias. Hasta mediados del siglo XIX el territorio perteneció, formalmente, a las Compañías de las Indias."
La conquista de Algeria (1830) costó a Francia 400 millones de francos y la de África ecuatorial (año 1875) 10 millones. La conquista de África occidental duró cerca de cuarenta años, pero fue realizada por unidades militares muy pequeñas. La conquista de Túnez y de Madagascar fueron más costosas, porque Francia estuvo obligada a movilizar primeramente 35.000 hombres y luego un ejército de 15.000 hombres.
"El ejemplo de una conquista de territorio realizada con muy buenos resultados es la ocupación de Marruecos en 1907. Los expertos coloniales han calculado recientemente los gastos totales de esta conquista en 12.000 millones de francos franceses al tipo actual. Esta suma comprende los gastos producidos por la pacificación de las zonas montañosas marroquí durante veinte años, desde la represión de la revuelta del Riff y por el mantenimiento de una importante guarnición permanente."
En cuanto a Egipto y el Sudán, Inglaterra mantuvo sus gastos en los límites más reducidos; realizó desde sus comienzos negocios maravillosos. Solamente la conquista de África del Sud, debido a la vigorosa resistencia de los boers, impuso a Inglaterra un duro esfuerzo de hombres (300.000) y de dinero (28.000 millones de francos); pero "Inglaterra no realizó estos gastos sin un fin y cálculos precisos, pues no se trataba para ella de una cuestión de prestigio. La producción de oro y de diamantes compensó en cinco años el costo de la entera campaña."
La creación del imperio colonial belga costó muy poco. La fundación de las colonias alemanas, en África, importó gastos mínimos, que aumentaron posteriormente para reprimir las rebeliones. Con respecto a Italia, la conquista de Tripolitania costó 6.000 millones. Más todos estos antecedentes...
tes —con excepción del que se refiere a la guerra anglo-boers— son muy poca cosa frente a lo que cuesta y costará la empresa abisinia.
"Los gastos de mantenimiento de un ejército en actividad de casi 300.000 hombres en uno de los territorios más inhospitales de África, serán más bien inferior que superior si los cálculos de 600 a 700 millones de liras mensuales. Debe agregarse a estas sumas el reforzamiento de las tropas metropolitanas, el mantenimiento suplementario de 40.000 hombres en Libia, los subsidios a las familias de los combatientes, etc. No es exagerado, si estimamos en 1.000 millones de liras al mes, los gastos generales de la empresa. Los únicos gastos inmediatos de guerra que han alcanzado a una suma que no ha sido superada aún en la historia colonial es la guerra de los ingleses contra los boers. Pero aun si desde el punto de vista militar la expedición a Etiopía terminara favorablemente para los italianos, es muy probable que éstos para recuperar los gastos sufridos, encontrarán dificultades mucho mayores que los ingleses encontraron en África del Sud."
Estas son las conclusiones de Lewinsonhn, las cuales por lo que se refieren al costo mensual de la campaña, son más bien menores que la realidad.
* * *
¿EL LATIFUNDIO HA SIDO DESTRUIDO POR EL FASCISMO?
Entre las razones de mayor valor efectista invocadas por el jefe del gobierno, Sr. Mussolini, para justificar sus ambiciones imperialistas figura en primer término las limitadas posibilidades de trabajo existente en la península para su creciente población trabajadora y la escasez de materias primas para sus industrias. Se menciona, asimismo, los esfuerzos realizados por el fascismo en favor del parcelamiento de las tierras a costa de los grandes latifundios, con miras a radicar en él al excedente de su población trabajadora. Todo esto ha permitido que junto a la exaltación de su legislación agraria se trate de legitimar sus ambiciones expansionistas.
Sin embargo no está exento de valor el cuadro estadístico sobre la propiedad rural publicada por el "Annuario Statistico 1935", el cual demuestra que el problema del latifundio en Italia continúa siendo un problema por resolver, no obstante la amplia difusión publicitaria de sus "reformas".
He aquí el cuadro de referencia:
| Superficie | Número | Superficie (Hectáreas) |
|------------|--------|------------------------|
| Hasta 0.5 hectáreas | 650.885 | 144.761 |
| De 0.5 a 1 hectáreas | 386.924 | 295.573 |
| " 1 „ 3 " | 750.694 | 1.399.018 |
| " 3 „ 5 " | 289.436 | 1.132.647 |
| " 5 „ 10 " | 236.435 | 1.650.981 |
2.314.374 4.622.980 (23% del total)
HECHOS E IDEAS
MEDIANA PROPIEDAD
| Superficie | Número | Superficie (Hectáreas) |
|---------------------|--------|------------------------|
| De 10 a 20 hectáreas | 98,293 | 1,356,570 |
| " 20 " 50 " | 41,905 | 1,260,511 |
| " 50 " 100 " | 11,350 | 794,000 |
151,548 3,411,081 (23 % del total)
GRAN PROPIEDAD
| Superficie | Número | Superficie (Hectáreas) |
|---------------------|--------|------------------------|
| De 100 a 500 hectáreas | 9,557 | 2,001,043 |
| De más de 500 | 2,933 | 5,048,639 |
12,490 7,049,682 (46 % del total)
Del cuadro transcripto se desprende que el número de propiedades alcanza a 2,478,412 con una superficie total de 15,084,452 hectáreas (sobre 26,251,744 hectáreas cultivadas). Pero la conclusión más elocuente es que en Italia existen 12,490 propietarios que poseen casi la mitad de la tierra cultivada en propiedad.
México
LA NACIONALIZACION DE LAS GRANDES EMPRESAS
El plan sexenal que empezó en 1934 y que debe conducir a México, según sus promotores, hacia una prosperidad basada en medidas socializantes, continúa haciendo grandes progresos. Independientemente de la distribución de tierras entre los campesinos, que se efectúa cada vez en una escala más vasta, el Gobierno ha procedido, desde algún tiempo a esta parte, a la nacionalización de las principales actividades del país.
La fundación de una Sociedad Financiera de Crédito Minero que favorece a los pequeños propietarios de pozos de petróleo y de minas, ha eliminado ya al capital extranjero de algunas importantes empresas industriales. Por otra parte, la Petromex, sociedad de explotaciones petrolíferas por cuenta del Estado, aumenta sin cesar sus ramificaciones; esta entidad nacional tiene por objeto englobar, poco a poco, a la mayor parte de las sociedades privadas y convertirse en un vasto trust petrolífero, propiedad del Estado y dirigido por personal administrativo bajo el control del Gobierno.
La nacionalización de las sociedades de seguros se ha emprendido, igualmente, bajo la forma de una Compañía de Seguros de México, de cuyo capital un 60% está en poder del Estado. Esta sociedad eliminará —tal es, por lo menos, el objetivo perseguido por Cárdenas— todas las compañías privadas dedicadas a estas actividades y las convertirá en una empresa nacional.
Otras ramas de la industria pasan gradualmente bajo el control del Estado; así, la fabricación e importación de papel están ya, en parte, reservadas a una sociedad creada por el Gobierno. Por otra parte, las importaciones comienzan a ser atribuciones gubernamentales y se ha establecido un control de precios destinados a estabilizar la economía.
Por último se ha creado un impuesto de un 2 a 4 por ciento sobre todas las cantidades remitidas al extranjero —del que se excluyen las sumas destinadas a pagar los productos importados— con el que se grava a los capitalistas y a los terratenientes que viven fuera del país a expensas de lo que éste produce.
Puede creerse que la política del Gobierno se traduce en una mejora sensible de la situación. El presupuesto acusaba en fin de agosto último un excedente de 29 millones de pesos, a pesar del aumento de gastos para financiar los grandes trabajos; y las exportaciones se hallan en un progreso constante (644.710.000 pesos en 1934, contra 364.970.000 en 1933). Y en 1935 han aumentado en una proporción considerable.
Venezuela
RASGOS BIOGRAFICOS DEL DICTADOR GÓMEZ
Muchos hombres habrían dado un suspiro de alivio al conocer la muerte del general Juan Vicente Gómez, que durante cerca de treinta años esclavizó y explotó la República venezolana. Lo que no es tan del dominio público es la forma en que se vivía en aquel país bajo la dictadura del fenecido dictador. Creemos por ello que no carecerá de interés dar algunos detalles de la situación de Venezuela durante la presidencia Gómez, el hombre más rico de la América del Sur —el ‘New Statesman’ calcula la fortuna de Gómez en 20 millones de libras esterlinas— el más odiado y el más cruel de los dictadores de nuestra época.
Venezuela tiene una extensión territorial de 1.020.400 kilómetros cuadrados y está poblada por unos tres o cuatro millones de habitantes, dato que no se conoce exactamente, porque una buena parte del país permanece ignorada para los blancos. Incluso las fronteras no están bien delimitadas. De Venezuela sólo podía hasta ahora asegurarse una cosa: que todo cuanto había en ella pertenecía al general Gómez. Aún cuando Caracas es la capital oficial de la República, la verdadera capital era Maracaibo, a 300 kilómetros de distancia de aquélla y que eligió Gómez para residencia una vez desembarazado de Castro, cuyo puesto usurpó. En aquel lugar edificó una especie de Versalles, con 82 edificios y un palacio presidencial con 200 habitaciones. Además hizo construir seis cuarteles, un jardín zoológico, piscinas, jardines, etc. Todo ello fue levantado en pocos meses por los presidiarios. Allí vivía con su corte de corifeos y custodiado por un ejército de esbirros, porque Gómez no sólo era el hombre más rico de la América del Sur, sino el más desconfiado y el menos escrupuloso.
Una vez asegurado en el poder, se dedicó a amasar una fortuna, para lo cual utilizó primeramente servicios del financiero Dieterding a quien concedió el privilegio de explotar y exportar los yacimientos de petróleo, tan abundantes en Venezuela. Diariamente salían del puerto de Maracaibo varios buques-tanque con dirección a las refinerías de Curacao. De esta riqueza percibía Gómez una no pequeña parte. Otro negocio que concibió fue el del ganado. Todas las mañanas llegaban a los mataderos de Valencia, Palma Sola o Coro miles de cabezas de ganado procedentes de las grandes llanuras pertenecientes al gobierno; es decir, al presidente. ¿Cómo se las compuso Gómez para quedarse con todo el ganado? Muy sencillamente: aumentando los derechos de exportación sobre el mismo en tales proporciones que excedían con mucho del valor de aquél. Los ganaderos se vieron en la imposibilidad de pagar tan altos derechos, y Gómez se apropió bonitamente del ganado para siempre.
Así poco a poco Juan Vicente Gómez, que antes de su afortunada revolución —¿traición?— era hombre sin relieve alguno, logró promoverse a general a sí mismo y apoderarse de todos los veneros de riqueza del país. Claro es que para gozar con relativa tranquilidad de tanta riqueza, se rodeó de una nube de parásitos y de funcionarios que medraban a sus expensas, los cuales alejaban toda posibilidad de un golpe de mano contra el dictador. Y no es que durante su largo período de mando no se fraguaran conspiraciones contra él... El petróleo de Venezuela tenía muchos golosos y la Standard Oil era riquísima... Además aun cuando en Venezuela hubiera triunfado alguna revolución contra Gómez, quien le sucediera habría tenido que emplear los mismos métodos, porque allí el
individuo no es nada; todo lo es el petróleo...
Maracaibo, el puerto donde se embarca la mayor parte del petróleo venezolano, es una población especial. Abundan los pozos, las pipelines que esparcen un olor nauseabundo. Y junto a todo esto, los hoteles más lujosos del mundo, numerosos casinos y campos de deportes. Canalizaciones petroleras llevan el agua de las montañas a las casas de los magnates ingleses del petróleo y hay una que tiene 47 kilómetros de longitud. El petróleo lo gobierna todo, lo impregna todo, lo mismo las manos del gobierno que el agua de cuantos no pueden tener canalizaciones propias. Estos últimos tienen que comprar el agua de las lagunas, que los muchachos de la población sacan de un depósito con bidones viejos y transportan en burros por las calles. Un bidón de esta agua, calentucha y oleosa, cuesta diez centavos y filtrada y azucarada es lo que llaman allí "guarapo". Es la bebida usual allí.
Maracaibo no tiene agua potable, pero posee un maravilloso jardín, sembrado de innumerables monumentos y muchas iglesias. La población vive en casuchas miserables, desprovistas de toda comodidad. En el centro existen algunas pensiones para extranjeros que no quieren vivir en semejantes tugurios, pero son carísimas.
Cada vez que se descubría un manantial de petróleo surgía una población de tablas y chapas de hierro y si el jefe de la expedición era bien visto del presidente, éste mandaba construir un camino a través de la selva virgen. Tales caminos fueron la especialidad del general Gómez y le valieron el remoquete de "presidente de las carreteras". Hizo construir varias, pero ¡mediante qué procedimientos!
La prisión del Estado de Maracaibo, es, contemplada por fuera, un magnífico palacio, de estilo egipcio y en la fachada figura un colosal escarabajo. Sin pretenderlo aquel adorno tiene el valor de un símbolo, porque los métodos de trabajo de Venezuela difieren apenas de los empleados en tiempo de los faraones. Igual que para la erección de las pirámides y la construcción de carreteras en Siriamalli se agotan las fuerzas de los esclavos —los presidiarios— hasta la extenuación.
En Venezuela se ve por todas partes hombres con las orejas partidas. La parte superior del lóbulo cuelga inerte o en absoluto desprovista de vida. Trátase de gentes a quienes se ha querido avivar la memoria. Se les pone alrededor de la frente una banda de lino toscamente trenzado y se retuerce fuertemente por detrás de la cabeza, quedando así el cráneo comprimido hasta que se parten las orejas. El hombre así torturado confiesa no sólo sus propias fechorías, sino las ajenas, todo lo que se le exige. Y es que el Estado necesita allí muchos esclavos, presidiarios, para la construcción de carreteras, para los campos de petróleo... y para los edificios presidenciales.
Historia del Partido Radical a través de sus documentos
(Continuación)
Sometido el pueblo de la República al sojuzgamiento represivo y dictatorial del gobierno central, las libertades civiles y la integridad personal de los ciudadanos más espectables estaban a merced de las oscuras oligarquías o cacicazgos lugareños.
Pese a ello, al estado de sitio y al extranamiento de sus hombres más caracterizados, la Unión Cívica Radical da prueba, una vez más, de su abnegado espíritu de sacrificio y de la elevada finalidad que trasciende de su dolorosa trayectoria, su constante alán de llegar a la consagración de principios filosóficos y humanos que instituye el Estatuto básico de la Nación para la práctica democrática de los pueblos.
Consciente del cabal significado de su patriótica actitud, aprestase a la acción con ánimo sereno, dispuesta a intentar nuevamente la defensa de los atributos constitucionales, ejercitando los derechos inherentes de la soberanía popular. Desde el exilio, sus hombres transmitían sus nobles inquietudes a los ciudadanos, incitándolos a exteriorizar sus anhelos cívicos en las elecciones próximas a realizarse.
Las excepcionales circunstancias en que ellas se llevan a efecto en febrero de 1894, bajo el acecho de toda clase de adversidades y la presión del mandoble policial, no impidieron el triunfo de la Unión Cívica Radical en la Capital Federal y en la provincia de Buenos Aires, obteniendo en esta la mayoría para gobernador. Pero los rezagos minoritarios, dirigidos por el doctor Pellegrini, se amagaman y actualizan el pacto acuerdista para imponer la candidatura del doctor Guillermo Udaondo.
Designado senador por la Capital el doctor Bernardo de Irigoyen, en las elecciones de febrero, regresa al país después de sufrir los sinsabores del destierro y se incorpora al Senado. En debate memorable, de aquellos que dieron realce y prestigio universal a una época inolvidable en los anales parlamentarios del país, el senador Irigoyen plantea una interpelación al Ministro del Interior sobre los procederes del gobierno en las provincias, al poner en juego los resortes políticos y extralegales que le permitían las leyes de emergencia sancionadas por el Congreso, con el fin de restablecer u organizar los gobiernos respectivos. En tal sentido, requiere se le informe sobre los siguientes puntos:
"1° Las razones que determinaron al poder ejecutivo a decretar por sesenta días el estado de sitio en la Capital y en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe, después de terminar la última prorroga que sancionó el Congreso. 2° ¿Cuáles son las facultades derivadas del estado de sitio que el señor Presidente delegó en los gobernadores de las provincias?; 3° ¿Qué instrucciones se dirigieron a los interventores, después de la fecha de las publicadas en la página 22 de la memoria anual del ministerio?; 4° ¿En virtud de qué autorización constitucional o de qué ley el poder ejecutivo estableció el régimen militar en la Provincia de Tucumán, después de reformada la situación local y sometidas las compañías de línea que se incorporaron a ella?".
El 7 de enero de 1895, en sesiones de prórroga del Congreso, el doctor Bernardo de Irigoyen fundamenta un proyecto de amnistía general para los participantes de los movimientos revolucionarios producidos en las distintas provincias. Los fundamentos de ese proyecto constituyen un evangelio
HECHOS E IDEAS
de argentinismo y de conciliación con los imperativos de la dignidad colectiva, que plasman el valer civil y el ideario filosófico de los pueblos, máxime si éstos, en generoso impulso y concretando el concepto universal que impone la defensa de las instituciones y de las prácticas legales en las democracias, exhiben todas las reservas de sus sentimientos, humanizados por el sacrificio desinteresado.
Tal proyecto arrancó del Presidente de la República desusadas y amargas recriminaciones, al juzgar y calificar la conducta de los militares y marinos que habían colaborado con el pueblo en las jornadas revolucionarias. Y el 22 de enero de 1895, el Presidente Sáenz Peña abandonaba la presidencia de la República, presentando su renuncia, y reintegrándose a la vida privada.
* * *
Días inciertos e inexpugnables, con caracteres sangrantes, se suceden a la reorganización de las oligarquías provinciales, las que fueran reconstruidas sobre sus propios despojos vergonzantes, después de anular todas las garantías civiles. La opinión pública vivía en una permanente inquietud espiritual, bajo el oprobio de un régimen que gestaba su triste historia con un sistema oscuro y regresivo, conculcando todos los principios de moral política y deprimiendo las virtudes más preciadas del carácter ciudadano.
Los sagrados intereses del país y el repudio colectivo no bastaban para contener o neutralizar los excesos y violencias de la fuerza desorbitada y prepotente. La estructura social se commueve porque un hondo malestar socava hasta la tranquilidad del hogar, adonde también penetran las acechanzas de las bastardías políticas en procura de la dignidad y de las virtudes individuales.
Desangrándose el alma, debatiase el país en espasmos de dolor y de impotencia, clamando por su liberación cívica. Y así llega el 1º de julio de 1896. La Unión Cívica Radical experimenta un rudo desgarramiento en sus fibras vitales, y los pueblos de la República vibran de intensa y dolorosa emoción ante la cruel realidad de la tragedia. Un triste designio, infinitamente superior al ritmo natural o al fatalismo en la vida de un apóstol, lleva al suicidio al doctor Alem.
Sublime como abnegado sacrificio, que da relieves imperecederos a su personalidad cívica, porque es enseñanza que forja caracteres, haciendo perpetuar las idealidades en la conciencia popular, y porque es la concreción substancial que documenta así, con la inmolación de una vida útil, una oscura época de la democracia argentina. Su significado dramatiza el simbolismo histórico de la nacionalidad, porque sus atributos recogen para la posteridad, con el holocausto de su vida, la postrer invocación del hombre-símbolo, del patriota sin dobleces, cuyo patrimonio moral y la fe cívica que inmortalizan sus arrestos de gran republicano, acrecientan el acervo de las virtudes patrias y constituyen un punto de referencia que guía a las generaciones futuras. Y así, con el corazón pleno de esperanzas en el pueblo que tanto amó, fué verbo y acción hasta en la hora suprema del anochecer trágico de su noble existencia...
* * *
Desaparecido el doctor Alem, asume la dirección de la Unión Cívica Radical el doctor Hipólito Yrigoyen, quien, vislumbrando la culminación histórica del Partido en su misión restauradora, lo orienta y conduce sustentando inflexibles principios de disciplina ideológica y doctrinaria, que le dan consistencia en el sentimiento popular.
Después del rudo contraste sufrido, la Unión Cívica Radical había caído en una especie de laxitud, interrumpiendo, aunque momentáneamente, sus actividades partidarias. Sus autoridades no habían sido renovadas, tal como lo prescribe la Carta Orgánica, a excepción de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, donde funcionaban normalmente todos sus organismos.
Constituido con carácter provisional el Comité Nacional, bajo la presidencia del doctor Bernardo de Irigoyen, es convocada la Convención Nacional para el 6 de septiembre de 1897, la que, por 48 votos contra 37, resuelve gestionar ante los otros partidos la unificación de las fuerzas opositoras al oficialismo, con el propósito de consagrar una fórmula presidencial que neutralizara la posibilidad de una segunda presidencia del general Roca, cuya candidatura había sido proclamada el 11 de julio por la Convención del Partido Nacional, bajo la presidencia del doctor Pellegrini.
Hecha la comunicación por el Comité Nacional al de la provincia de Buenos Aires de tal resolución, éste la contesta, con fecha 29 de septiembre de 1897, en términos precisos y categóricos, que fundamentan la intransigencia y la protesta de sus dirigentes, quienes planteaban la disidencia, anunciando su separación del Partido.
DECLARACION DE INTRANSIGENCIA Y PROTESTA DEL COMITE DE LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES
"El Comité de la Provincia ha tomado en consideración la nota del Señor Presidente, —empieza dicho documento—, adjuntando copia de las resoluciones de la Convención Nacional y de ese Comité, referentes a la política sancionada de coalición de nuestro Partido con otras agrupaciones, y pasa a exponer los fundamentos en cuya virtud no le es dable adherirse a esa política.
"Sin duda alguna, es éste uno de los momentos más solemnes y más graves de la vida de nuestro Partido, puesto que se ha resuelto modificar la ley fundamental de su existencia.
"Al abordar tan trascendental cuestión, nuestra palabra es hoy como el primer día, expresión de convicciones profundas, inspiradas por la razón y arraigadas por la experiencia larga y dolorosa de nuestra accidentada vida política, en la que hemos actuado perseverantemente, impulsados por el anhelo de contribuir, en la medida de nuestras fuerzas, a la regeneración institucional y al engrandecimiento de la República.
"El Partido Radical en Buenos Aires ha demostrado en todas las circunstancias su firme propósito de realizar tan elevados ideales por la revolución, cuando todos los caminos legales estaban cerrados; en los comicios, bajo la intervención, primero, y bajo el régimen imperante hasta el presente.
"En diversas oportunidades ha hecho la historia de esos esfuerzos en documentos que han alcanzado viva repercusión en el país, porque eran demostración evidente de que su acción no ha tenido un día de calma ni una hora de duda, afrontando con energía y altivez todas las situaciones.
"En consecuencia, creemos tener el deber y el derecho de asumir en este caso la actitud definida que es propia de nuestras convicciones y sentimientos.
"No son por cierto razones accidentales o de estrecha intransigencia las que nos inducen; es notorio que jamás hemos procedido así y todos nuestros correligionarios saben que aun en la acción armada, hemos cuidado de la vida de los más modestos servidores del gobierno que derribábamos; y que en medio de las más punibles irregularidades políticas, nunca hemos descendido a la lucha personal.
"No son los errores cometidos por la agrupación a que se afiliara nuestro Partido; errores que han motivado la situación presente y que quién sabe cuánto esfuerzo cívico requerirá para conseguir su reparación, ni los que pudiera cometer más adelante, siendo como es una agrupación que no profesa ninguna política consistente; no es tampoco su conducta insólita para con nuestro Partido, que no es el caso reseñar ahora; son consideraciones de un orden mucho más elevado y permanente.
"Los partidos políticos encuentran su camino erizado de obstáculos. Nacen para derribarlos, acumulan fuerzas, merced a la corrección de sus procederes y a la fe que saben inspirar en la persecución que los alienta.
"Desviar el rumbo a mitad del camino, importa en todo momento renunciar a ideales que el patriotismo ha inspirado, y malgastar las fuerzas que a su sombra se abrigaron.
"Aunque el éxito niegue sus favores a nobles esfuerzos, no puede decirse que ellos se han malogrado, porque significan al país donde se producen e iluminan a las generaciones en los verdaderos senderos cívicos.
"La esperanza renace pronto, las fuerzas momentáneamente perturbadas vuelven a condensarse y la acción se inicia de nuevo aleccionada por la experiencia adquirida.
"Pero cuando la senda se abandona, el escepticismo cunde en las filas y el pueblo conceptúa quimera imposible de realizar la causa cuya justicia proclamó entusiasmado.
"El poder, a pesar de ser uno de los medios más eficaces para hacer práctico un programa, no es el fin a que pueda aspirar un partido de principios, ni el único resorte que pueda manejar para influir directamente en los destinos del país. El Partido Radical es prueba elocuente de esta afirmación, el despertamiento del espíritu público y los procedimientos democráticos aplicados en su seno, no sólo son beneficios obtenidos, sino advertencias alentadoras, para seguir imperturbable el camino que recorriera con honor, en horas más difíciles y a costa de mayores sacrificios.
"Encarrilar dos partidos que han revelado diversa tendencia y que manifiestan mantener propósitos distintos, es no sólo una transgresión a su fe política, sino también neutralizar dos fuerzas que se rechazan, acercar elementos para producir entre ellos la anarquía, inutilizar la capacidad política de cada uno y esterilizar sus iniciativas extraviando el criterio público.
"La transformación social y política de la República debe comenzar por efectuarse en los partidos, aumentando sus fuerzas con el ejemplo constante de la firmeza indeclinable de su conducta y de su patriotismo abnegado.
"Los servicios que no son prestados al país entero, no pueden ser ambicionados por colectividades que aspiran a perpetuarse en la gratitud nacional. Sólo los partidos que no tienen más objetivo que el éxito aplauden a benefactores que los acercan al poder a costa de sus propios ideales.
"Cuando se abriga fe en la causa por la que se ha combatido, se salva ante todo, la pureza del principio, en la convicción de que horas propicias le darán la victoria; porque los pueblos que llevan en su seno un porvenir grandioso avanzan siempre en las conquistas de sus verdaderos anhelos.
"Y es en nombre de estos anhelos institucionales que en una buena hora suprema nuestro Ejército y nuestra Armada, solidarizados en la causa y en el sentimiento nacional, acudieron a una de las protestas más gloriosas que registra la historia cívica de nuestra patria. Y es también en nombre de esos principios democráticos que han llegado a constituir en la educación de nuestro país una verdadera aspiración nacional que surgió y se agigantó el Partido Radical, a medida que su acción inspiraba confianza pública en la rectitud de sus procederes, y cuya inspiración salvó en un momento supremo el decoro argentino comprometido, resistiendo el acuerdo que esterilizó aquel gran sacrificio.
"Y bien, ¿podemos nosotros tronchar esa obra nacional que pertenece a la historia, a la memoria de los que han caído y a las generaciones presentes y del porvenir? ¡Jamás!, porque ello importaría un atentado a tan sagradas tradiciones y porque estamos plenamente convencidos de que la anormalidad e instabilidad política de la República, son debidas a la falta de partidos orgánicos con creencias fundamentales y propósitos definidos, y por lo tanto creemos que no puede esperarse ningún bien público, si para ello ha de requerirse la destrucción del Partido Radical, que es el único que tiene impreso ese carácter.
"Por consiguiente como teoría y moral política, la solución que se nos presenta es inaceptable.
"Como política práctica será de resultados contraproducentes.
"Clausurados los comicios al sufragio libre en toda la República, pretende reunir la oposición arrinando la bandera con que surgió el Partido Radical; el simulacro de combate que se libraría importaría aceptar un campo de acción que repugna a nuestras instituciones, y sanciona la victoria del mismo adversario a quien se pretende combatir. La contienda en ese terreno significa reconocer la legalidad del triunfo futuro en mengua de las aspiraciones de la opinión que tiene derecho a
mantener vivas sus esperanzas en días mejores. Su resultado positivo, entonces, no será otro que llevar el desaliento a las fuerzas vivas de la opinión y consolidar el predominio del Partido Autonomista Nacional, que aparecerá así prevaleciendo sobre un movimiento de opinión, que no siendo sino artificial, se presentará ante la República con los caracteres como de un supremo esfuerzo del civismo nacional.
"Por otra parte, a la sombra de esta alianza, la Unión Cívica Nacional habrá asegurado, si no aumentado, las mismas posiciones que adquiriera en siete años de vinculación con el Partido que hoy pretende resistir.
"La República habrá nuevamente caído en el mayor desconcierto y la opinión, sujeta al vaivén de los sucesos, no encontrará una institución política donde pueda acudir en busca de la reacción definitiva.
"No podemos, pues, ejecutar una política que consideramos tan contraria a la integridad de nuestro Partido como a la nuestra propia. No nos hemos consagrado a ese fin ni ha sido esa nuestra misión, ni son esas las declaraciones hechas y los compromisos contraídos. Cuando iniciamos la organización del Partido, al llamar a los ciudadanos a alistarse para la lucha, a muchos encontramos bajo la impresión del desencanto que había producido el acuerdo de 1891. Y por reiteradas ocasiones debimos afirmar que bajo nuestra dirección, en ningún caso experimentarían un nuevo desencanto. Esa es precisamente la razón determinante del artículo 1º inciso 26 de nuestra Carta Orgánica, que dice así: Exclusión de todo acuerdo o transacción que pueda impedir en el presente o en el futuro la íntegra aplicación de los principios que forman el programa de este Partido.
"Durante siete años hemos luchado bajo este concepto, acatando siempre los mandatos de la autoridad nacional del Partido; por ellos fuimos a la revolución y por ellos nos desarmamos, así como también por ellos hemos asistido a una larga tarea electoral sin tregua, que ya había tomado caracteres depresivos; pero en este caso no podemos cumplir dichos mandatos, porque para nosotros es cuestión de conciencia, y por lo tanto desde este momento queda depuesto nuestro cargo.
"Al terminar no debemos omitir el sentimiento que nos han causado los actos producidos en el seno de nuestro Partido. En raras ocasiones se han presentado tan alterados los adversarios, como los correligionarios que olvidan quizá que la sana razón hace camino al amparo de tranquila reflexión, y que sólo el error busca éxito en la brusca precipitación."
Firman el documento transcripto: Hipólito Yrigoyen, Marcelo T. de Alvear, José de Apellániz, Tomás A. Le Bretón, Ángel Gallardo, Eufemio Uballes, Ángel T. de Alvear, Leonardo Pereyra, Eduardo Bullrich, Julio Moreno, Francisco Ayerza, José León Ocampo, Francisco Wright, Manuel Rodríguez Ocampo, José Gregorio Berdier, Juan Martín de la Serna, Manuel A. Ocampo, Manuel Durañona, Cornelio Baca, Emiliano Reynoso, Norberto J. Casco, Mariano H. Alfonso, Felipe G. Senillosa y Manuel de la Fuente.
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Planteada la cuestión principista con la protesta del Comité de la provincia de Buenos Aires, la Unión Cívica Radical prosigue la recta de su trayectoria, irradiando la luz de sus principios regeneradores. Sin alterar el ritmo que regula la vida democrática de un partido, y sin ver amenguados sus prestigios y su valioso caudal de energías, mantuvo irreductible dentro del concepto doctrinario que sintetiza la ideología radical.
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El general Roca, en su segunda presidencia, desenvuelve su política con las modalidades que caracteriza al régimen subversivo que representa, vale decir, fomentando la descomposición institucional y prohibiendo el avasallamiento de todas las garantías públicas por las oligarquías provinciales, cuyos desmedidos excesos y violencias merecían su beneplácito. Intentó ensayar, con la absurda ficción de intereses inconfesados, una tendencia evolutiva, desprovista de trascendencia en la obra constructiva de un gobierno que se singulariza por su indiferencia por el progreso de las
instituciones y por el poco respeto que le dispensa a la Constitución. Tal el significado de las reformas hechas a la ley electoral, que establecía la lista unipersonal, y las introducidas a la Constitución Nacional, referentes a la representación de un diputado por cada treinta y tres mil habitantes y a la creación de tres nuevos ministerios.
Llegaba a su fin el período de la segunda presidencia del general Roca, y el oficialismo agitábase nuevamente ante el problema que planteaba la elección del sucesor. Los conciliábulos y combinaciones se sucedían entre los grupos palaciegos, y aun entre los de la oposición, girando las candidaturas alrededor de tres o cuatro personajes que se arrogaban el predominio en las esferas oficiales y en la voluntad popular: Pellegrini-Mitre-Quintana, y Roca, quien dio su "media palabra" en favor de este último.
Entretanto, el pueblo seguía elaborando su destino histórico con el ritmo exaltado que subrayan los acontecimientos. Permanecía distanciado de todos esos hombres y ajeno a las artificiosas combinaciones que tramaban para desplazarse mutuamente en la disputa del poder.
La Unión Cívica Radical, consecuente con los rígidos enunciados que fundamenta el contenido doctrinario de su Declaración de Principios del 17 de noviembre de 1892, ratifica su invariable norma de intransigencia, como una expresión de repudio al régimen, publicando el siguiente manifiesto el 29 de febrero de 1904, cuyo texto se reproduce íntegro:
MANIFIESTO DEL 29 DE FEBRERO DE 1904
"El comité nacional de la Unión Cívica Radical —comienza el citado documento— ha estudiado con criterio sereno y patriótico propósito la situación del país, para determinar la actitud que le corresponde asumir, consecuente con su programa, cumpliendo los severos deberes que éste le impone y en homenaje al engrandecimiento de la República, cuyos ideales de reparación y de justicia entiende defender con honor y abnegación.
Los ciudadanos que lo constituyen tienen la convicción de que interpretan con fidelidad el sentimiento y el voto del pueblo argentino al ratificar en estas circunstancias el programa de la Unión Cívica Radical y su decisión de persistir en la lucha dentro de la severidad moralizadora de sus principios hasta conseguir, por el esfuerzo viril de sus conciudadanos, que la República sea reintegrada a la plenitud de sus libertades y que la vida cívica reconsigue los prestigios de austeridad democrática de que la ha privado la corrupción de gobiernos y partidos.
"La convocatoria de este comité revela que el radicalismo, sin autoridades y sin disciplina de partido, ha subsistido como tendencia y se ha acentuado vigorosamente como anhelo colectivo, cubriendo con brillante juventud los claros abiertos por el escepticismo y las impaciencias y salvando el honor de su bandera y el prestigio de su causa con el decoro de los que prefirieron la abstención digna al éxito fácil. Es grato al patriotismo señalar este hecho porque representa una conquista alcanzada en silenciosa pero persistente lucha por la causa de la reacción nacional en el sentido de disciplinar una fuerza moral y política con aptitud para la defensa de los derechos del ciudadano y para servir los altos ideales que el radicalismo ha escudado con honor.
"La política del acuerdo ha rendido la prueba completa de su impotencia para satisfacer los anhelos del país y comprobado con su fracaso la razón de ser del radicalismo argentino, la justicia de sus reivindicaciones y la necesidad de su existencia como fuerza orgánica de labor continua y robusta y con orientación clara en sus propósitos.
"El acuerdo, asegurando para sus afiliados posiciones oficiales, mediante arreglos depresivos con los gobiernos, ha gastado energías y corrompido caracteres, sembrando gémenes perturbadores de la integridad política de hombres y partidos, obrando como una tentación sobre débiles e impacientes sin corregir un abuso, sin cimentar una mejora sólida, ni difundir en el gobierno el calor de una moral severa o
HECHOS E IDEAS
el sentimiento del deber cívico. Al cabo de trece años de ejercicio de esta política positivista, el país comprueba el arraigo del régimen cuya coparticipación se proclamó como el medio más lento pero seguro de extirparlo. La situación no ha sido modificada. Puede afirmarlo este comité como síntesis del juicio de sus miembros, venidos de todos los extremos de la República, con la viva sensación de los agravios que en las provincias provocan la protesta de sus pueblos y mantienen firmes la decisión para la lucha y la fe en el triunfo de sus anhelos.
"El régimen es el mismo en lo político, en lo económico y en lo administrativo.
"Desconoce la soberanía popular para hacer de la autoridad un instrumento de imposición, del voto un comercio bajo, del atrio un campo de lucha sangrienta o el teatro de una parodia burlesca y de la administración pública un patrimonio de partido, prefiriendo sobre los más dignos y competentes, los mejor recomendados por su adhesión política. Suprime la autonomía de las provincias, convierte los gobernadores y las legislaturas en instrumentos dóciles del poder federal y relega a los ciudadanos a la categoría de cosas. En materia de garantías las desconoce y elimina a todas, violando en cada caso la que estorba el cumplimiento de un propósito autoritario o ampara el derecho de una oposición batalladora. Por la supresión de los estímulos y de los prestigios morales que enaltecen la lucha democrática, la juventud está condenada a optar entre el sometimiento, como camino para llegar a las funciones públicas y el abandono de ellas, con la protesta en el espíritu y en los labios, para salvar la integridad del carácter.
"Como obra administrativa, nada ha creado y todo lo ha desquiciado.
"La ausencia de ideas claras sobre instrucción pública, se manifiesta en tres planes diferentes y contradictorios, y esta mutación incesante, que amenaza continuar, nos expone a ver crecer una generación desequilibrada y a que contemplemos con sentimiento la perspectiva de que la juventud deje de ser la más cara esperanza de la patria.
"A pesar de que la población permanece casi estacionaria, el analfabetismo aumenta y las escuelas públicas, que poco enseñan, no contribuyen tampoco a atenuar en la masa popular los vicios de origen o los defectos del medio social.
"La justicia ha caído en desconcepto, o por defectos de organización y procedimientos o por causa de los que la administran.
"El pueblo comienza a persuadirse que debe organizarla por sí mismo y es ya convencimiento difundido que una mala transacción es preferible a una sentencia favorable.
"La inmigración, que atraída por la liberalidad de nuestras instituciones y la riqueza de nuestro suelo, viniera antes numerosa y activa, se aleja hoy del país a pregonar su descrédito en el exterior, después de palpar una realidad destructora de sus mejores ilusiones.
"La vida obrera, en movimientos persistentes, ha dejado oír sus reclamaciones y las ha visto contestadas o con la violencia armada o con leyes de excepción que invisten a la policía con la facultad extraordinaria de desterrar como peligroso, sin forma de proceso ni expresión de causa, al extranjero que proteste.
"La Contaduría Nacional ha liquidado más de mil millones invertidos desde el año 1862 en obras públicas en nuestro país. Este ingente capital en vez de renta, procurra al presupuesto serios desembolsos para su mantenimiento. La magnitud de esta dilapidación emerge elocuente de la comparación con las utilidades que obras análogas producen al capital privado.
"Obras costosas en ejecución, en la capital y las provincias y proyectos en trámite, revelan el propósito de persistir en el abuso, comprometiendo el crédito nacional y la riqueza pública con la ejecución de trabajos tan innecesarios como improductivos.
"El ejército que en alas de la victoria ha trepado mayores alturas y recorrido más distancias, no ha escapado tampoco a hondas y desquiciadoras perturbaciones. Su tradición se va esfumando con la modificación de los fundamentos que han cimentado su gloria, sacrificados de continuo a la novedad inconsciente o al aparato escéHECHOS E IDEAS
nico. El criterio que sigue presidiendo su reforma, se encuentra hoy como al principio, frívolo y movedizo, marchando al acaso en busca de una organización definitiva que no alcanza.
"Nuestra marina, en la que el país cifró sus más legítimas esperanzas, llevándola con generoso esfuerzo a descolar entre las de Sud América, después de haber enterrado en pactos internacionales recientes el predominio obtenido, ha contemplado con rubor que el importe de sus mejores unidades, enajenadas con pretexto de economía, ha ido a reforzar el cálculo de recursos de un presupuesto exorbitante.
"En vano es que ocupemos un escenario que todas las civilizaciones existentes pueden envidiar: clima variado, fértil de la pradera, preñadas de riquezas las montañas, abundante el agua y hasta el mar, ligándonos al mundo con su ruta más bonancible. Por todas partes sus fuerzas vitales se desarrollan fecundas, en las artes, las industrias y el comercio. En el camino de sus progresos encuentran, sin embargo, un formidable enemigo en la voracidad fiscal, que siempre se presenta en encrucijada traídora para arrebatarle sus utilidades.
"No es ello de extrañar, pues para combatir la intensa crisis financiera que la República ha sentido, se ha llegado casi a triplicar sólo en sueldos, el enorme presupuesto que contribuyó al movimiento revolucionario del año 1890.
"La ley que fijó un precio arbitrario a la moneda, formuló la promesa de conversión, creando a este efecto, un fondo de recursos extraordinarios.
"El fondo reunido ha sido casi en su totalidad empleado en otros objetos con cargo de reposición. Esta no se ha hecho, los recursos se han eliminado, y de la ley sólo subsiste la cláusula que señala el precio a la moneda. La graduación del impuesto ha sobrepasado la utilidad productiva y en procura de recursos se compromete el patrimonio del futuro con todas las combinaciones que el crédito ha ideado, sin que nada consiga detener la conspiración de las finanzas oficiales contra la riqueza pública y privada.
"La preparación de la defensa nacional dio motivo a que la prensa formulara a su respecto objeciones fundamentales que el gobierno no ha refutado, guardando silencio hasta sobre la inversión de los cuantiosos recursos con que el pueblo contribuyó generosamente.
"El examen de la gestión diplomática anota la novedad de viajes presidenciales suntuosos a las naciones vecinas. Lo insustiado de este acto hizo suponer trascendentales proyectos de política exterior para mayor prestigio de la República. Como resultados, la opinión señala la pérdida de nuestra influencia en América, la restricción parcial por diez años de nuestra soberanía al arbitrio de una potencia extranjera y nuevos desmembramientos territoriales. No juega ninguno de los resortes del gobierno representativo. Un centralismo más que unitario, autocrata, dirige la sanción, la ejecución y en caso necesario, la aplicación de la ley. El Presidente de la República es el jefe supremo y ostensible del partido dominante en la comuna, en el Estado y la Nación.
"Las provincias, uniformadas en una tendencia común y sometidas a la tutela política del Presidente de la República, no ofrecen garantías para la lucha electoral. Lo reconocen todas las fuerzas de opinión independiente que actúan en el país y lo ha comprobado la esterilidad del sacrificio reiteradamente consumado, por las oposiciones locales, en rudas campañas, al extremo de las cuales han visto burladas por el fraude sus mayorías indiscutibles, reducidas a silencio sus protestas, por la fuerza, o arrebatado el triunfo de su virilidad y de su patriotismo mediante alguna intervención partidista, despachada por congresos dóciles. En la Capital de la República, donde por motivos de propia conveniencia se han atenuado ordinariamente los caracteres del sistema y dejado a la oposición relativa libertad, han podido y pueden verse desde las irregularidades y modificaciones en la ley hasta la complicidad policial en comités que, constituyendo un peligro para la sociedad, marcan un descenso en el nivel de nuestros hábitos electorales. Todo se ha empleado: desde el abuso de los resortes de autoridad e influencia para conseguir adhesiones, hasta
HECHOS E IDEAS
el comercio del voto que se vende, porque hay quienes lo compran, para sustituir con el poder del dinero los prestigios de autoridad moral, de competencia y de decoro personal que deben ser los únicos títulos para aspirar a los sufragios de la opinión.
"En esta tarea que arroja un germen de corrupción nuevo en nuestras prácticas políticas y siembra una semilla de funestos frutos para la moralidad del carácter, rivalizan los partidos políticos en lucha electoral. Se hallan alejados del ambiente de opinión y faltos del concurso popular que junto con la sugestión de ideales y de convicciones que operan en el espíritu encienden entusiasmos sanos para la contienda e imponen correctos procedimientos para la acción.
"Ante la magnitud de las responsabilidades históricas que esta situación engendra y ante la grandeza por otro lado del honor que sobre sus frentes de gobernantes reflejaría el cumplimiento respetuoso del deber constitucional y el comicio abierto a las influencias de la opinión, cabía la esperanza de que una inspiración patriótica iluminara la inteligencia, calentara el alma y moviera la voluntad del Presidente de la República, de sus colaboradores oficiales y de sus consejeros privados.
"Este comité ha demorado su reunión hasta el último momento para pronunciar su palabra cuando ninguna esperanza fuera posible ante la realidad de los hechos consumados.
"Es evidente ya que el país nada puede esperar de la acción gubernativa y que tampoco debe contar con el esfuerzo de agrupaciones políticas recientemente organizadas para modificar la situación y concluir con el predominio del Partido Nacional.
"El Partido Republicano ha rectificado la palabra radical del primer día, con la obra acuerdista en que, al siguiente, concretó su pensamiento y su tendencia política y ha puesto en contradicción las proclamas reivindicatorias de libertades e instituciones contra gobiernos arbitrarios la aceptación del concurso de éstos para la campaña presidencial.
"El Partido Autonomista, surgido como una disidencia personal dentro del Partido Nacional, trae como antecedente la complicidad de sus elementos principales en la obra corruptora de veinte años, contra la cual el país ha ido hasta la revolución. En el programa de sus esfuerzos, limita sus aspiraciones a disputar al oficialismo el triunfo, en los próximos comicios de esta ciudad, encarando la lucha en el terreno en que aquél la coloca.
"La República ha visto con dolorosa sorpresa que ciudadanos respetables por su figuración, gestionan altas influencias nacionales para conseguir que el presidente de la República y trece gobernadores a sus órdenes, rompan los compromisos contraídos a favor de la candidatura de la Convención de Notables y pongan al servicio de cualquier otra, todo el peso del poder oficial.
"La Unión Cívica Radical es la única fuerza que mantiene consecuencia con su primer actitud y conserva fidelidad a sus principios. En el impersonalismo de su programa no rebaja al nivel de un debate sobre personas. La gran contienda por el triunfo de los anhelos de renovación política y administrativa que palpitán en el alma nacional. No discute nombres de candidatos sino situaciones, procedimientos, formas de acción gubernativa. Considera verdad incombustible que el orden y probidad en las finanzas, patriotismo en la vida pública, justicia recta, educación bien inspirada y adecuada, distribución de riquezas y progresos, harán que una nueva vida penetre en nuestras instituciones inertes para transformarlas en un organismo poderoso, que levante nuestra patria al lugar prominente que le corresponde en el mundo. Entiende que el voto no es una dádiva que deba aceptarse donde y como los gobiernos la concedan, sin un derecho, fundamento del régimen republicano y representativo y colocado al amparo de las leyes. Piensa que de un triunfo electoral aislado en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, no derivarían ni prestigios para su bandera, ni beneficios para la causa de las instituciones. Y finalmente cree que defraudaría los anhelos de la reacción y mataría la última esperanza que el país tiene
en el esfuerzo patriótico de sus ciudadanos, si se incorporaran con sus fuerzas a la lucha electoral y fuera a legitimar con su concurrencia al acto, el fruto del fraude y de la imposición.
"En consecuencia, manteniéndose dentro de su programa y en el rumbo que le señaló el pensamiento de su primer presidente, el inolvidable y eminente ciudadano, doctor Leandro N. Alem, el Comité Nacional de la Unión Cívica Radical, RESUELVE: la abstención de todos los radicales de la República en las elecciones de diputados de la Nación, senador por la Capital, electores de presidente y vice de la Nación; protesta contra el régimen imperante, subversivo del sistema institucional y atentatorio de la dignidad cívica y declara su propósito inquebrantable de perseverar en la lucha hasta modificar radicalmente esta situación anormal y de fuerza por los medios que su patriotismo le inspire. Buenos Aires, Febrero 29 de 1904. — Pedro C. Molina, presidente; José Lino Chorroarín, vice-presidente; José Camilo Crotto, vice-presidente; Adolfo Moutier, tesorero; Vicente C. Gallo, Pablo A. Schickendantz, secretarios; vocales: Martín S. Berro, José Vicente Morán, Pelagio B. Luna, Angel S. Blanco, Luis Monteverde, Ramón Gómez, José Saravia, Ignacio Iturraspe, José N. Lencinas, Sixto Arias Moreno, Miguel Laurencena, Eleodoro Fierro, Emilio Castellanos, Electo Corvalán, José Pujato, Abel Soto, Mayor Bazán, Antenor F. Pereyra, Eugenio A. Méndez, Gregorio Cornet Palacio, Leopoldo Melo, Horacio A. Varela, José E. Páez, Domingo Frugoni Zavaña, Alfredo Arnold, Sandalio Sosa, Antonio V. Centeno, Moisés J. Oliva, Raimundo Piñero, Severo Soría, Julio Ovejero, Francisco Linares, Germán H. Kanhr, Hipólito Acuña, Ernesto Bustos, Florencio Romero, Ricardo Núñez, Cornelio C. Baca, Atanasio Iturbe, Adolfo Calvete, Arturo Goyeneche, Ricardo Caballero, Federico Marín, Enrique A. Spangenberg, Tomás A. Le Bretón, José de Apellániz, Fernando Saguier y Delfor del Valle".
(Continuará.)
"El Arte y las Masas"
Por Elias Castelnuovo
Este libro tiene que ver con el arte, la sociología y la filosofía. Su autor, ¿es acaso un filósofo? No. ¿Sociólogo? Tampoco. ¿Artista? Esto ya es más difícil de contestar. Anda por ahí mucha gente que se dice artista por el solo hecho de pintar, esculpir, tocar un instrumento o publicar escritos. Si no hubiera otro requisito que el de ejercer cualquiera de esas actividades no vacilaríamos en votar por la afirmativa. Castelnuovo tendría entonces uno de los tres títulos habilitantes para tratar con probabilidades de éxito el tema de "El arte y las masas".
Pero todos distinguimos entre los llamados artistas: grandes y mediocres, buenos y malos, verdaderos y falsos; y aún, según la clasificación más aceptada entre los mismos interesados, artistas y negados para el arte. ¿En cuál de estas categorías ha de incluirse a Castelnuovo? Entre los grandes, no, desde luego. Si le aplicásemos su propio dogmatismo quedaría entre los negados. Sin embargo, siendo en este orden de cosas más evidente que en ningún otro la existencia de matices, términos medios, sub-clases —determinados en buena parte precisamente por el factor individual, que Castelnuovo rehusa tomar en consideración— lo ubicamos entre los medianos en mérito a sus buenas intenciones.
¿Se puede, sin ser un creador original, sin facultades intelectuales sobresalientes, sin estudios metódicos, sin antecedentes en la materia resolver de buenas a primeras una cuestión que hace doscientos años discuten en vano pensadores especializados? Para mayor claridad, vamos a usar un ejemplo que ha de ser grato al autor de "El arte y las masas": ¿Cabría esperar otra cosa que un desastre, si se encomendara a un changador el llevar a cabo una exploración en la estratosfera? No es que el changador, por el mero hecho de tener un medio de vida tan rudo, carezca de inteligencia y sensibilidad por lo menos iguales a las de cualquier Gil; sólo que no tuvo medios u oportunidad para desarrollarlos convenientemente, no estando, en consecuencia, preparado para aquella tarea científica. Admitimos, no obstante, una posibilidad en el caso del escritor que inesperadamente se engolfa en el laberinto de la estética: la revelación; entendiendo por tal la maestría repentina que denotan ciertas personas sin previa preparación y a despecho de un ambiente adverso, en un arte u oficio determinado. Sabemos de algunas, entre ellas: la francesa Margarita Audoux y el argentino Fernando Gilardi, dos novelistas indiscutiblemente proletarios, por su origen, porque viven de trabajo manual y narran lo que han vivido; dos escritores natos, porque escriben con la ciencia y la elegancia con que el pez se mueve en el agua; nacieron para eso.
Castelnuovo no constituye una revelación. Es sólo un simpatizante —entusiasta, tal vez— de la causa proletaria, a la que aporta su cooperación verbal; lo cual explica por qué entró en consideraciones sobre el arte en relación con las masas, pero no lo salva.
Su libro en nada ayuda a explicar fenómenos artísticos tan importantes como el de Fernando Gilardi y Margarita Audoux, quienes, de poseer "las reglas y los métodos que... facilitan ahora, no la falsificación de una obra, sino su producción" (1), estoy seguro de que lo ignoran.
"El arte y las masas" es una réplica detallada a "¿Qué es el arte?", de Tolstol. Con el mismo procedimiento se puede hacer infinidad de libros para refutar a los demás teóricos, incluso Castelnuovo, y con
HECHOS E IDEAS
resultado igualmente estéril. Sin embargo, Castelnuovo tiene razón. Mejor dicho, la tienen Marx y Engels en tesis general y, con referencia directa al arte, Plejanov (2).
En actitud de depositario exclusivo, Castelnuovo asume el rol de intérprete y divulgador de un secreto mágico. Lo cual no sería pecado grave si el libro no estuviera plagado de afirmaciones erróneas e indemostrables; si no fuera por la facundia con que expone la génesis del arte; y si, en un afán plausible de desintelectualizar, no cayera harto a menudo en una argumentación inhábil y una ejemplificación repelente a fuerza de chabacana. Don Leopoldo Lugones, en la etapa actual de su evolución, podrá renovar en "El arte y las masas" el arsenal de dicterios con que fundamenta sus justificaciones del fascismo.
El tema no tiene, ahora y aquí, más actualidad que hace un año, para no ir muy lejos. ¿Por qué, para quién escribió su libro Castelnuovo? El proletariado no está maduro para esas cuestiones: llega a ellas después de la revolución. Y supuesto que interese a los artistas, ¿logrará su finalidad? Es de temer que no. Castelnuovo defiende una causa justa; pero lo hace de modo que inclina a favor de su contrario la opinión de los terceros.
Quizá valía la pena desenmascarar a aquellos practicantes de malas artes que, so pretexto de superioridad e independencia, se niegan a trabajar por la dignificación del hombre y visten gozosamente de librea. Aún así, Castelnuovo erró el vizcachoz; hasta el punto de tocar apenas, (3) como por equivocación, lo que debió ser la médula y el ritornello de su libro: la diferenciación esencial, clara, insistente, definitivamente establecida entre el arte burgués (individualista) y el arte proletario (socialista).
A pesar de todo, el punto de vista por él adoptado prevalecerá.
J. SAMET
(1) "El arte y las masas", pág. 71.
(2) "El arte y las masas", págs. 36 y 186.
(3) "El arte y las masas", pág. 121.
"La Crisis de la Democracia"
por Juan Lazarte
Obra pesimista, estilo oscuro, construcción y lenguaje extraño en el autor. Las ideas contenidas en "Crisis de las Democracias" no circularán para las masas que necesitan orientación. Es un grande propósito fracasado a poco de nacer. El autor determina una postura —la suya, quizás— esbozando una serie de problemas que restan irresolutos. Convenimos respecto a la realidad dramática del momento histórico que atravesamos pero el negativismo, como solución, nunca dio nada ni nos convence especialmente por lo que toca a la realidad político-social-económica argentina. El autor no desea una posición política opositora si no que se conforme con interpretar las cuestiones que contiene el volumen. Si bien es cierto que no alcanza a lograrlo más que en parte solamente. En pie resta, leal y sincera, la postura opositora.
Decir que la Democracia se viene abajo y que el parlamentarismo se halla en plena bancarrota no es, ni mucho menos, demostrarlo. "Podemos aceptar o no la Democracia, ello es completamente indiferente, cuando ya la democracia no existe en ninguna parte y en grandes pueblos la han borrado de sus aspiraciones y formas". (Pág. 10).
Que Mussolini, Hitler y otros en sus respectivos feudos hayan desgajado los mejores brotes democráticos y liberales, no autoriza a sostener que la democracia desapareció. Luego sigue asegurando: "El parlamentarismo está universalmente muerto, su cadáver descompuesto solo pide ser enterrado. El sufragio universal agotado y con menos jugo que un bagazo, se abandona por inútil. Los partidos políticos en plena disgregación no encuentran quién los salve, tan poco interés despiertan". (Pág. 10).
La formación de un nuevo espíritu humano, que surge a pasos agigantados, tienHECHOS E IDEAS
de a impedir la subyugación del hombre, llámese Estado o Iglesia y que la revolución hacia atrás —llámese fascismo o socialnacionalismo— reverdece virulentamente. Las intenciones son necesarias, mucho más si son buenas, pero ello no es suficiente: es menester la razón de los hechos. Los hechos son el espíritu de las ideas soviéticas.
La etapa de violencia por la cual atravesamos, más que un mal social, es representativa de un estado moral de la humanidad y es un pródomo de psicosis guerrera consecutiva a la carrera de predominio en que el hombre se encuentra envuelto por apetitos no refrenados. La faz educacional, de tanta y tan gravitante significación, ha sido omitida.
La técnica, como expresión de avance científico y como arte de poner las muchas fuerzas y ventajas o aplicaciones naturales en directo beneficio del reino humano, no es culpable del mal empleo de que es objeto por parte de los hombres o de los sistemas como, formalmente, lo asegura Lazarte. Sindicar a la técnica como culpable es como solicitar que volviéramos al sayo y a la carreta. Esa no es la mejor solución —ni siquiera una solución más— del problema que nos aqueja. Evidentemente es tener mala puntería.
Asegura más adelante: "La república, se dijo, es un progreso sobre la monarquía. De monarquía a república hay tanto progreso como de república a monarquía". (Pág. 25). Como puede colegirse, no podemos compartir este juicio peregrino y apresurado, paralelo en un todo al que le merece el progresismo económico. No desconocemos razones poderosas, dentro del progreso político, que son necesarias contemplar pero, así y todo disvergimos en absoluto respecto a que "no podrá tomarse como efectividad progresista la técnica de la democracia. Ejemplo que haya elecciones más o menos libres. Primero que una elección significa muy poco o nada y segundo que ninguna elección puede ser libre. Que vote un ochenta o noventa por ciento del electorado. Que los ciudadanos voten y sepan votar, es decir, mecánicamente, que se presentan y cumplen sus supuestos deberes eleccionarios, no quiere decir nada. A lo más, saben votar. Adquirieron la costumbre de votar. Después de cincuenta años de sufragio universal y politiquería, lógico es saber hacerlo. Si así no fuera sería como para dudar de la inteligencia humana y de la posibilidad de educarla". (Pág. 27). Pero, nos preguntamos, ¿a donde vamos a parar con semejantes criterios? Si la libre emisión de una opinión, tal es el voto, no es progreso democrático en lo político, francamente nada sabemos ni nada creemos se haya hecho en lo social, pese a los ingentes esfuerzos de tantos maestros y líderes. Nó, el progreso no es una metáora real como lo afirma Lazarte. (Pág. 28).
Un mundo nuevo, una civilización nueva no se comienzan, felizmente, con la negativa de primigenios derechos humanos y con las conquistas más firmes de la sociología contemporánea. El fantasma cesárico, en los días que corren, es más positivo de lo que se cree. Las corrientes fascistizantes emergen como expresiones de bajos e insepultos apetitos, los mismos que se reflejan en la coacción religiosa, en el giramiento y discrecionalismo de la cosa pública y, con las negaciones de Lazarte, no se las combate. "Si existiera un progreso político, no habría que buscarlo en este instante de los pueblos". (Pág. 29). Y donde cree hallarlo el autor de "Crisis de las Democracias"? ¿En alguna biblioteca, en un inolvidablemente guardado o en un nuevo teorizante interpretado económico de la historia? Podríamos obtenerlo, acaso de alguna maravillosa revelación?
Progreso en la libertad humana, liberalismo, democracia de los pueblos, libre emisión de sentires y vocación ya no son simples vocablos. Son sentires, principios que los pueblos amasaron con simiente generosa y ya convertidos en semillas inmortales. Están incorporados en la mano del infante sonrosado —promesa de Nueva Era— y en las albas barbas del abuelo ante cuya retina aún hierven cien figuras de días sombríos ya idos.
Se contradice el autor comentado respecto al reservorio vital que es el pueblo y a sus bondadosos quilates; ¿sino por qué afirma luego "En Italia, bajo la presión
de un condottiero de genio devenido César, la libertad muere en la vida pública para refugiarse en el seno del pueblo y alimentarse con la ilusión y el calor de una próxima revolución"? (Pág. 31). Ahora se afirma hacia el pueblo lo que líneas atrás se negó.
La existencia del progreso y de una concepción del progreso es independiente de los intelectuales y pensadores interesados y a sueldo que siempre existieron y existirán. Pero el progreso estará, a despecho de todo, latiendo promisoríamente en cada ágil iniciativa, en cada tremante juventud, tal como la luna resplandeciente no obstante los ladridos con que cada noche es recibida. El hecho de haber creencias falsas sutilmente inculcadas todos los días a las masas, no es razón para negar que las haya verdíacas y, por ende, sanas, bellas y constructivas.
Divergimos también por lo que atañe a la complicación traída por los nuevos filósofos referente al progreso; dice así el autor comentado: "El problema lo complican los nuevos filósofos, pues menester es resolver antes los problemas del destino y del grande hombre. Problemas que plantean y resuelven solo con la fe. Razón desde ya insuficiente para una explicación histórica o para una historia de ideas". (Pág. 40. Esto es incompleto; las científicas enseñanzas que legan los Bergson, Geley, Driesch, Richet y otros, dan ocasión para estudiar y plantear más laica y racionalmente los añejos problemas aludidos sobre nuevas bases, con novísimas directivas psicológicas experimentales y posibilidades hasta entonces desconocidas. Este siglo, siglo de bancarrota para los regímenes religiosos, siglo de resurgimiento inquietantemente hermoso respecto a posibilidades filosóficas, siglo promisor en lo artístico y literario y de excelsas cuán novísimas conquistas en el campo de la ciencia, hace que las cuestiones creídas más firmes y seguras en el terreno de la fe, adquieran un cariz harto distinto y, del libro de oraciones o meditaciones místicas, saltaron al gabinete de experimentación. Pero esto no es el móvil del libro ni el terreno del autor; nos lo dice la pluma ya no tan firme como en los tópicos claramente sociales. Y nosotros solamente lo traemos apuntando como consideración postulativa de la crítica del libro que tenemos ante nuestra vista.
Falsa, como única, la interpretación económica de la historia, falso el amoral materialismo ya agónico —científicamente hablando— que brillara a fin de siglo, yuyo en las sementeras sociales la coacción y el mangoneamiento, quedan en pie las ingénitas posibilidades, fructíferas inquietudes espirituales de la hora presente, fértil la angustia contemporánea y fiel a su primigenia naturaleza de bien, belleza y progreso todos los esfuerzos humanos, tendientes a asegurar la felicidad de cada uno y de todos los seres laborantes de la colmena que integramos. Inexacto lo de "El progreso no es una ley en la Historia ni una necesidad social" (Pág. 49). Sólo nos resta —para finalizar— decir que este libro es un libro de propósitos y, como tal, "Crisis de las Democracias" es un propósito fracasado. Acción tendiente a extirpar todo lo nefasto de las concepciones sociales diversas: eso es lo que urge y eso no lo dice Lazarte. No negar sistemáticamente, consecutivamente, los brotes que nos hacen ser optimistas —pese a las guerras, al fascismo y a la economía dirigida y a los malos políticos— respecto al futuro de la humanidad y al devenir del hombre.
L. M. D. Cristóforo.
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AN ENGINEERED METHOD FOR INSTALLING REFRACTORY IN CORELESS FURNACES
Mary Stewart-Grady
Gradmatic Equipment Inc. Bala, Ontario, Canada December 7, 2020
Abstract
Silica-based refractory continues to be the refractory of choice for lining coreless induction furnaces in about 75 percent of North American foundries. On March 24, 2016 the U.S Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) finalized its crystalline (quartz) silica rule which reduced the permissible exposure level (PEL) from the current 100 µg/m³ to 50 µg/m³, with an action level of 25 µg/m³ over an eight-hour time period. The new standard was fully implemented June 23, 2018.
Meeting this new standard for silica exposure in the foundry workplace when lining a coreless furnace with silica-based refractory is a sizeable challenge for most foundries.
In 1994, a refractory installation system was introduced to resolve hazardous health and safety concerns associated with relining coreless furnaces manually. The technology will line furnaces as small as 1-ton capacity (former diameter of 20 inches or 508 mm), and as large as 85-tons. A system can also be manufactured for foundries with multiple size furnaces.
Air samples taken show this lining method reduces overexposure in most cases at or below the new OSHA PEL of 50 µg/m³
The equipment permanently eliminates the laborious tasks associated with lining a furnace that can lead to compensable injury such as carpel tunnel syndrome and back injury.
In addition, significant and sustained production improvements have been obtained at foundries using the system. Lining life improvements as high as 42 percent has been reported and higher tonnage per campaign ranged between 21-35 percent. Labor savings are realized; only two workers operate the equipment regardless of the furnace size.
The refractory installation system has provided a permanent engineered solution to significantly reducing
1
airborne silica, resolving safety hazards and improving production efficiency when relining a coreless furnace with dry, vibratable refractory.
Keywords: refractory, furnace repair,
Introduction
When a coreless induction furnace needs to be relined, it is vital that it be done in a way that capitalizes on efficiencies, optimum lining life, longer production campaigns and ultimately higher tonnage through put. Since metals were first melted, a container has been required to hold the metal long enough to be melted and transferred to its final destination. This container must be adequate to withstand repeated cycles of physical shock, rapid temperature changes, and chemical attack during the production cycle. The furnace crucible, spout and cover form the container within which it becomes possible to change the physical state, chemistry and temperature of the metal. To form this container, a good refractory is required. Installing it should be easy, reliable and predictable from one campaign to the next and uniform in wear, among other qualities.
The aim of this work is to compare the traditional methods of relining a coreless induction furnace with silica-based refractory with an engineered method of refractory installation and to compare the results of each method.
Crystalline Silica Use
Silica has long been the refractory of choice because it "combines the properties of relatively good refractoriness (pure silica melts at 1723ºC) with very good thermal shock resistance and relatively low thermal conductivity." (1Silica refractory is also low cost. Despite seemingly ideal properties of silica refractory, many complexities and uncertainties exist in the conventional installation process contributing to inconsistent formation of the container and unpredictable life of the refractory lining from batch to batch. Most important, respirable crystalline silica is considered carcinogenic to humans making the installation process hazardous. (2)
Silica or silicon dioxide (SiO²), can be crystalline or amphorous. Crystalline silica is the most dangerous to employees in a workplace and most commonly found in quartz or silica-based refractory. Data from a refractory manufacturer's Material Safety Data Sheets shows that the weight percentage of silica in refractory used to line a
coreless furnace (to melt ferrous metals) range between 80 - 100% quartz silica. Refractory ingredients may also contain small amounts of boron oxide or boric acid (05%) binders, depending on the needs of the customer. That means, the silica furnace operators are exposed to as much 99+ percent pure quartz, the respirable fraction of crystalline silica; the most hazardous component. Refractory (used to melt nonferrous metals) is generally comprised mainly of aluminum and magnesium oxide and between 0-5% of cristobalite and quartz silica. (3)
Prolonged inhalation of dust containing free crystalline silica can result in a disease known as silicosis. It is characterized by progressive fibrosis of the lungs, marked by shortness of breath and impaired lung function. Complications can result in death. The World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies crystalline silica as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), an upgrade from Group 2A as probably carcinogenic in humans (4)
Foundry workers are among more than one million workers exposed to crystalline silica annually, as estimated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Foundry employees, primarily in iron and steel foundries are often exposed to crystalline silica in various metal casting processes such as sand blasting molds and cores, shakeout and knockout, finishing operations and furnace lining operations. The exposure time required to develop chronic silicosis in foundry workers can be between fifteen and as long as forty years after initial exposure, with a tendency to progress even after exposure has ceased. (5)
In 1997, Rosenman et al., reported the results of a tenyear study (1985-1995) in Michigan and found that nearly 80 percent of the 577 confirmed cases of silicosis occurred in foundries with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 3300, [gray, ductile, steel, aluminum, copper and other non-ferrous metals]. That particular study was conducted at a mid-western gray iron foundry and results were tabulated using medical records of 1,072 current and retired employees all of whom had at least 5 years of employment. (6) .
0SHA Rulemaking on Silica
Reducing and ultimately eliminating the workplace incidence of silicosis has been a primary goal of the US Department of Labor-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) since its inception.
On March 24, 2016 the U.S Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) finalized its crystalline (quartz) silica rule which reduced the permissible exposure level (PEL) from the current 100 µg/m³ to 50 µg/m³ . The new rule became effective June 23, 2016 and was fully implemented June 23, 2018.
The proposal also creates an Action Level of 25 µg/m³, half of the proposed PEL, triggering air sampling analysis, training and medical monitoring. In addition, the use of respirators would be prohibited and engineering controls, even if ineffective, would be required.
The magnitude of the challenge to reduce silica exposure of workers to 50 µg/m³ or less in foundry operations is enormous. The foundry industry uses millions of tons of silica sand annually in the production of metal castings. Additionally, every sector relies on metal castings of iron, steel and aluminum. "In fact, 90 percent of all manufactured good and capital equipment incorporate engineered casting into their makeup. We (metal casting industry) provide castings to a wide variety of industries, including, but not limited to: national defense, automotive and light truck, renewable energy processes, aerospace, medical, agriculture, construction, railroad, electric transmission, oil and gas, and water infrastructure." (7)
From the foundry industries perspective, this major, new regulatory structure for the control of crystalline silica has "significant economic consequences to major sectors of the economy, including foundries, steel, brick making, maritime and construction." (8)
Many departments within a foundry expose workers to silica dust in processes such as brass grinding, ladle and furnace relining, pressure pour operation and core making. For each department or process using silica, an engineered compliant solution would be required by OSHA, even if ineffective, under the current regulation.
Slavin's comment in his Casting Congress presentation on April 10, 2014, "despite extensive, expensive and sincere efforts, many foundries find it difficult to reliably meet the current PEL for certain operations and will not be able to meet the proposed PEL``, is shared by many in the industry. (9)
Since the focus of this work is coreless induction furnaces, what are some of the implications for foundries using silica to reline coreless induction furnaces?
Silica substitutes continue to be largely impractical for the reasons discussed in the introduction of this paper. Silica remains the best choice. This is precisely what is required to form a reliable crucible in which to make molten metals. Silica cannot be wet down to control the
dust at the point of generation. Refractory must remain dry to vibrate or compact for a denser lining which is integral to the process of forming a reliable, long lasting crucible.
Engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation is used in some melting shop areas to help reduce airborne dust when lining a coreless furnace. Health and safety departments routinely employ and train workers in safe work practices.
Unfortunately, when the atmosphere becomes thick with free floating silica dust, the urgency to complete the job as quickly as possible often outweighs the principles of improved work practices.
Personal protective equipment, (respirators) are widely used in foundries as the most common form of worker protection, however, with the passing of the new OSHA regulations, PPE respirators are not considered an acceptable control.
Common Injuries When Relining a Coreless Furnace
Repetitive Strain and Back Injury: Repetitive strain injury is an area where workers are at risk when relining a coreless furnace manually. Repetitive-trauma injury to the wrist, arm or shoulder from repeated forking or de-airing the material when filling the furnace side walls can occur. Workers often de-air in shifts during the lengthy process to reduce strain. However, fatigue quickly sets in when the lining process takes between 5 8 hours or longer for larger furnaces.
In addition, constant lifting of bags of refractory, combined with twisting and bending when lining a furnace often results in compensable injury, in particular the lower back
Refractory Installation System to Install Refractory in Coreless Furnaces; An Engineered Control
Technology to effectively balance worker health and safety with achieving predictability and longer lining life when lining a coreless furnace, has existed for nearly thirty (30) years. An innovative Refractory Installation and Vibration System (RIVS) was introduced to the industry in 1994 By Ayton (AJ) Grady for furnaces ranging in size from ten (10) ton capacity to the largest melting furnace of eighty-five (85) ton capacity. The
3
system was specifically designed to redress health and safety concerns inherent in lining a coreless furnace with silica and other dry, vibratable refractories.
The technology has been expanded to provide the same installation control for foundries with smaller furnaces ranging from approximately one (1) ton to nine (9) tons capacity or with former diameters as small as 20 inches (508 mm).
The system, regardless of the furnace size, comprises four components: a bottom vibrator plate to compact the furnace bottom material in one operation from the furnace deck; a furnace form centering tool to quickly and accurately center the form; the Refractory Installation System (RIS) to install and simultaneously de-air sidewall material; and a three-legged electric Refractory Vibration System that vibrates the internal form.
Conventional Lining of a Coreless Furnace
Installing the Furnace Bottom: Typically, 55-pound bags (25 kg) of dry-vibratable refractory are opened, then poured over the furnace edge to form the floor. The most common method used to compact the bottom material is a hand-held tamping vibrator. The worker enters
the confined space of the furnace to ram loose silica until the surface is solidly knit. Depending on the size of the furnace, this activity can be lengthy, exceeding one hour, exposing workers to airborne dust and repetitive-strain injury.
Setting the Form: The form supports the refractory until the lining has attained enough strength during the sintering process to be self-supporting. Afterwards, the form is normally expended as part of the first melt of metal. Once the bottom is compacted, the steel "liner" or former is set into place and centered. It is important that the form be centrally positioned so that the annular space between the form and outer cylindrical wall is uniform about its circumference for the entire length of the furnace. A form not centered at both the top and bottom creates irregular wall thickness and uneven wear during the melting cycle. This can lead to premature lining
failure, taking the furnace off-line unexpectedly and requiring the lining process to be repeated mid melt cycle.
The form is suspended by a hoist and lowered into the furnace. Workers are positioned around the form to guide it as it is lowered and attempt to place it concentrically within the furnace. Some use the assistance of a vertical plumb-bob to find the furnace center. Wedges and hold-down devices may be added for stabilization once the form is lowered. Usually, several trial-and-error attempts are made before pinpointing the correct position, consuming valuable time and effort.
Installing and Vibrating the Furnace
Sidewall Material: A variety of methods are available to install and vibrate sidewall material, the objective being achieving optimal material density.
Typically, layers of material are added to the furnace either by dumping individual bags of material or by pouring sacks of material directly into the sidewall. This is followed by a manual
de-airing process and repeating additional layers of material and de-airing until the annular space is filled.
Some foundries use a funnel-type apparatus to install the material in the sidewalls.
The process is competed by applying one of several
types of vibration directly to the internal form causing the material to compact once installed in the annular area.
One application uses a quadrant bolted to tabs at upper and lower positions of the form. A single vibrator is moved around the frame for four periods of vibration.
Workers enter the confined space of the form to attach the quadrant at various levels and again to move the single vibrator to each of the four quadrant locations. A second application uses a single vibrator attached to an expanding cross system attached to wooden battens. Depending on the size of the furnace, vibration occurs at one or two points of the length of the furnace form. A
third type of vibration system vibrates the internal form with a single vibrator bolted to tabs welded to the former at two locations. Variable frequency action is applied to compact the material.
In all of the above methods, workers are exposed throughout the process to free floating silica dust. In most applications, workers enter the confined space of the form to relocate the vibrator to continue the process.
Common Problems with Conventional Installation Methods
* Silica dust exposure to workers is very difficult to control. Concentration of hazardous material seldom registers at OSHA's PEL. Controlling silica dust from spreading into adjacent work areas where unprotected workers (not assigned to furnace lining) is virtually impossible.
* Installing material in the furnace bottom and sidewalls is strenuous and labor-intensive exposing workers to high levels of respirable silica dust.
* Workers' are at risk of compensable injury when physically lifting and dumping many bags of material. Repetitive strain injury is a complication that may arise from manual de-airing material.
* Worker fatigue, hazardous working conditions
and inexperience contribute to inconsistencies in even distribution and uniform density of material. Human variables' leads to unpredictable lining life from one rebuild to the next.
* Workers' are reluctant to work in hazardous, laborious conditions. Some foundries are experiencing difficulty finding replacements as the workforce ages and retire.
* Conventional external form vibration methods inadequately vibrate material in the tapered section. This can contribute to premature wear and lining failure.
With escalating pressures from OSHA to eliminate airborne silica dust, most foundries recognize they must adopt a method of installing refractory designed to bring the permissible exposure level of silica in compliance. Over-exposing a worker to the risk of silicosis and other diseases must be redressed.
In addition, foundries demand efficiencies such as longer lining life, increased tonnage and fewer annual relines to remain competitive in world markets.
Lining a Coreless Induction Furnace using a Refractory Installation and Vibration System (RIVS) - An Engineered Control
Installing the Furnace Bottom Material: The automated method of lining a coreless induction furnace is a series of processes that begins with adding material
to the furnace bottom. Bulk bags of refractory are lowered by hoist, onto the furnace floor. Very little dust is emitted from the bulk bag using this method provided the elongated sleeve of the bag remains submerged in the material while emptying the bag. Workers are relieved from the laborious task of opening and dumping multiple bags of material onto the furnace bottom. Once the material is in place and evenly distributed, the bottom is ready for vibrating.
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Furnace Bottom Vibration: The entire bottom of the furnace is compacted in one operation using a vibrator plate, equipped with two electric vibrators. The plate is lowered by hoist on top of the material and vibrated for approximately twelve to sixteen minutes depending on the size of the furnace, producing a solidly knit base. Vibration is performed by the furnace operator using a control stand, from the furnace deck.
Entering the confined space of the furnace to hand tamp the bottom material has been eliminated.
The plate is removed and the material is checked for level. A worker enters the furnace only long enough to check that the floor material is level.
Setting the Form Using Form Centering Tools
Each tool is suspended between the form and furnace at equal, circumferentially spaced locations. The tools are individually adjusted and locked in place at equal
amounts to set even spacing between the form and furnace sidewall. Once all tools are set at equal distance, the form is centered for its entire length and is lowered to the furnace floor.
When resting in place, the tools are unlocked, removed and stored until next use.
Lining Furnace Sidewalls Using the Refractory
Installation System (RIS): For purposes of clarification, the Refractory Installation System (RIS) serves two functions. It dispenses dry refractory into the annular space between the furnace wall and form and simultaneously performs the de-airing or forking function.
When the furnace form is placed and centered, the RIS is set on top of the free-standing form using an overhead hoist. After positioning, hydro is connected to operate the machine. Individual bags of material have been replaced with specially designed "super sacks" of dry refractory designed according to the amount of material required.
The sack is positioned over the hopper of the RIS and emptied. The sack is removed, the lid closed and locked into position.
The machine is engaged and rotates around the form at a rate of 360º every two (2) minutes and distributes approximately two hundred and fifty (250) pounds of material, creating layers 2 inches (50 mm) deep. Material is laid in the annular area, not dumped as when manually lining the furnace. As a result, very little dust is raised during the filling of the sidewalls. When a rotation is completed, the telescopic feeder tube raises one-half (1/2) inch (13 mm) and continues to lay additional layers of material until the sidewalls are filled.
Simultaneously, each layer of silica is de-aired at the rate of three to four hundred (300/400) strokes per revolution using dual forks. Fork tines penetrate the material four (4) inches (100 mm). As a result, each layer is penetrated at least twice, effectively mixing the layers of material and providing optimum de-airing.
The hopper is refilled when empty and the process continues until the material reaches the top of the form. When filled, the machine is removed, cleaned and stored until next use. The system replaces all of the repetitive, labor intensive activities performed by workers manually lining a furnace.
Vibrating the Sidewalls Using the Electric Refractory Vibration System (RVS): The sidewalls are vibrated using a three-legged electric vibration machine, each leg delivering 3600 VPM. Spring-loaded legs are forced by a central cylinder, against the internal form and simultaneously deliver equal distribution of force impact against three points of the form. Furnace sizes twenty (20) tons and larger require a four (4) legged vibrator.
Operated from the furnace deck, the vibrator unit is lowered to the bottom of the furnace form where vibration begins 2 inches (50 mm) above the bottom of the form floor. Vibration time is concentrated in the tapered section of the form where maximum compaction is critical to achieving maximum lining life. The legs are adjusted against the angle of the form taper using the control stand to ensure that contact is
sustained during vibration. The majority of the vibration time is focused in the tapered area to reduce or eliminate the likelihood of "elephant's foot" erosion. The machine is then slowly raised up the internal form, ensuring equal treatment for the entire length of the form. Total vibrating time ranges from fourteen (14) to twenty (20) minutes depending on the furnace size.
Findings: Environmental, Health and Safety Considerations
Statistics were gathered for furnaces ranging in size from two (2) tons to sixty (60) tons. Outcomes were similar for furnaces regardless of size. Survey results were gathered in North America and Asia.
1. Silica dust control: Air samples for respirable silica (quartz) conducted while lining a furnace with the RIS, produced results between 10 µg/m³ and 50 µg/m³ by the foundry participants tested, well within the OSHA permissible exposure level range of 50 µg/m³.
Samples were collected using a cyclone filter and quantified by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrophotometer FT-IR, Infrared Spectrophotometer (IR) or X-Ray diffraction Spectrometer (X'D), standard National Institute for Safety and Health (NIOSH) fiber counting practices accredited by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AHA). The furnace operator wore the cyclone filter for a total of six and one-half (6.5) hours during the installation of the furnace bottom material, installation of refractory into the side wall and sidewall vibration processes. Results of the test (using the method described above) measured 26 µg/m³ approximately one-half of OSHA's Permissible Exposure
Levels (PEL) of 50 µg/m³. This particular foundry was required by OSHA to employ and engineered control to bring levels into compliance with the PEL for silica. The technology was successful in bringing this foundry into compliance.
No comparative air sample reports were provided by foundries for exposure levels taken during a conventional lining as it is kept confidential. Anecdotally, foundries indicated, where testing had been done, results were significantly above OSHA's PEL during a manual lining, often generating OSHA citations for overexposure to workers.
Reduction in respirable silica dust levels continues to be the most frequently expressed motivator for introducing the technology.
2. Number of workers to reline a furnace:
Foundries using the system reported they used between four (4) and twelve (12) workers to line a furnace manually. The number was influenced by the size of the furnace. A foundry with four (4) ton capacity furnaces used four (4) or five (5) workers while a foundry with sixty (60) ton furnaces used twelve (12). Once the RIVS was introduced, the number dropped an average sixtytwo (62) percent. Regardless of the size of the furnace, only two (2) workers are required to operate the equipment. In all cases, workers were no longer required to engage in laborious activity associated with manual furnace lining. Significantly fewer workers were exposed to any level of silica exposure simply by employing the advanced technology.
3. Man hours of labor to reline a furnace: The
number of hours required to install material and vibrate a furnace conventionally varied and again related directly to the size of the furnace. Foundries using the system were asked to calculate the number of hours elapsed from the time the furnace bottom material was installed until the completion of sidewall vibration. Foundries with furnace larger than 10-tons reduced hours of labor an average seventy-six (76) percent. This significant decrease was due to reducing manpower to 2 workers. For mid-size furnaces 5-9-tons capacity, the length of time taken to line a furnace ranged from no change in one case, but averaged time savings of thirty- seven (37) percent. The foundry with the four (4) ton furnaces reduced total man-hours from thirty (30) to fourteen (14) hours for significant man hour savings.
4. Work place conditions: Working conditions and worker morale improved dramatically at all workplaces
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using the installation system to line furnaces. Workers in both unionized and non-unionized workplaces expressed that working conditions were significantly improved in two ways:
* Dramatic reduction in free floating silica dust for improved health and safety conditions;
* Dramatic reduction in manual labor with the de-airing task eliminated, solving the potential for repetitive strain injury, and elimination of dumping of multiple bags of material and possible back injury.
In addition to silica dust control for improved workplace environment, the machinery has been designed to relieve workers of the onerous physical labor of lining a furnace. One foundry noted that the air quality was excellent, the difference from day and night.
Findings: Production Improvements
Although the Refractory Installation and Vibration System was introduced to improve health and safety conditions for workers, production benefits continue to be reported at foundries using the system.
1. Refractory utilization/increased lining
density: Literature on the subject, previous studies and most foundry melting experts concur that a denser lining (achieved by de-airing and vibration), will promote longer lining life and ultimately higher production per campaign. Foundries using the system provided a record comparison of the number of pounds of material used. In every case, more material was added when installed and vibrated with the RIVS, despite the manual practice or the type of conventional vibration equipment used previously.
Silica added depended on the effectiveness of the manual process and on the size of the furnace and ranged from an additional one-hundred (100) to more than one-thousand (1,000) pounds. One of the four (4) ton furnaces in the survey added two-hundred (200) pounds refractory compared to manual lining practices.
Foundries that provided comparative density results of sintered material for each process reported the following:
Manually installed refractory measured between 120 and 130 PCF. In every case tested, RIVS installed refractory evaluated at 136 and 137 PCF, the maximum achievable density for silica.
All participants reported a marked improvement in the sintered lining of the tapered section. Several foundries that previously patched the tapered section mid-cycle, reported that they ceased to do so.
2. Lining life per campaign: Length of lining life before the introduction of the equipment related more to the effectiveness of conventional installation and vibration practices rather than furnace size. Some foundries measured increases in days or weeks while others measured in tonnage output per campaign. No correlation between furnace size and lining life was identified.
Foundry participants in the first study comprised of furnaces larger than ten (10) tons indicated that linings installed manually were lasting between three and one half (3.5) and seven (7) weeks. Foundries lining furnaces with the RIS reported lining life increases averaging forty-two (42) percent. The two foundries with four (4) ton furnaces and one (1) with two (2) ton furnaces reported lining life improvement of twenty, twenty-three and twenty-five percent (20%, 23% and 25%) respectively.
3. Tonnage per campaign: Participants expressed that a more significant indicator of improved lining life would be the ability to melt more tons of iron per campaign. Foundry survey participants melted either gray or ductile iron. Some rotated production between the two types of metals. The four (4) ton furnace, in its early stages of data collection reported an average tonnage of one thousand two-hundred (1,200) tons for a manual lining to one thousand four-hundred fifty (1,450) tons and climbing when using the installation system, for an increase of twenty-one (21) percent. Another four (4) ton furnace result reported average tonnage one thousand (1000) tons per campaign manually and are now regularly yielded one thousand three-hundred fifty (1350) tons; a thirty-five percent (35%) improvement. All participants reported an increase in production when they introduced the Refractory Installation and Vibration System. As furnaces stayed on-line longer, the lining life per campaign increased, resulting in the production of more tons of molten metal.
4. Annual relines: Denser linings and longer lining life also resulted in fewer annual furnace linings. Annual relines improvement reports ranged from a low of fifteen (15) to a high of fifty (50) percent. Smaller furnaces reported improvements as well. The two 2 foundries with four (4) ton furnaces and the two (2) ton furnaces showed that the average number of relines dropped from thirty 30 to fifteen, (15); fifty percent (50%) fewer. Fewer forms, refractory, insulating cloth, sintering costs savings etc., all contributed to cost savings and favorable return on investment.
Conclusions
Foundries surveyed regardless of the furnace size reported that the Refractory Installation and Vibration System met or exceeded their expectations in all areas reported. The RIVS reduced airborne silica dust to levels below or at the OSHA's PEL, protecting workers from exposure to hazardous airborne dust, creating a safer more comfortable workplace than experienced during a conventional lining. Fewer compensable injuries associated with manual lining were reported and corporate risk was reduced. Lining a furnace was no longer the least desirable job in the foundry.
Inconsistencies and unreliability of lining life during conventional furnace lining were largely the result of human variables such as fatigue, inexperience and unfavorable working conditions. The engineered system eliminated human variables that adversely affect consistency and optimized density of refractory lining.
The RIVS produced denser linings and lead to higher tonnage output, regardless of the furnace size or the manual installation technique or previous vibration method used. RIVS generated linings were more consistent and reliable, permitting the foundries to more accurately predict production schedules and length of melting campaigns.
The RIVS generated savings by significantly reducing the size of the workforce, working hours and materials used to line a furnace. Foundries in the survey that used alumina-based refractory reported similar results and improvements in all areas.
On the whole, the RIVS was shown to be a highly effective, permanent solution to controlling respirable silica dust when lining coreless furnaces. Additionally, significant, cost effective production improvements were experienced in foundries using the advanced technology.
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Bibliography
1. Newsome, D.R., Ogden, G. "Induction Furnace Refractories, State of the Art and Future Trends", Casting Technology International, Paper 18, page 3. (September, 1993).
2. "Crystalline Silica-Health and Safety Information". The Refractories Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 04/96.
3. Material Safety Data Sheet, Data Sheet ID# DS033 and ID#DS003, Allied Mineral Products, Inc., Columbus, OH, June, 1996.
4. Volume 68 Silica, Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans", World Heath Organization, International Agency for Research in Cancer, Last Updated 05/20/97.
5. Weill, H., Jones, R.N. Parks, W.R. "Silicosis and Related Diseases", in Occupational Lung Disorders, 3 rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, England, 1994.
6. Rosenman, K.D., Reilly, M.J., Watt, F.C. "Silicosis in the 1990's", Chest 111 (3):779-782, 1997.
7 & 8. Salmon, Stephanie, OHS Group, American Foundry Society, Washington Office, "OSHA's Proposed Crystalline Silica Rulemaking Threatens US Foundry Industry", November 28, 2018.
9. Slavin, Thomas, Slavin OHS Group, LLC,``OSHA`s Silica Proposal-What It Will Mean For Foundries``, AFS Metal Casting Congress, Schaumburg, IL, USA, April 10, 2014. (Slide No.26)
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Les fiches pratiques de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes
FINANCEMENT PARTICIPATIF
Le financement participatif ou crowdfunding («crowd» la foule et «funding» financement) est un mécanisme qui permet de récolter des fonds, généralement de petits montants, auprès d'un large public de particuliers via une plateforme sur internet.
Le financement participatif peut prendre la forme d'un don, d'un prêt avec ou sans intérêts, ou encore d'un investissement en capital.
Le porteur de projet peut être une entreprise, un particulier, une association ou une collectivité.
La réglementation applicable au financement relève de la compétence de l'Etat.
Les plateformes
Il existe trois différentes formes de plateforme de financement participatif:
[x] les plateformes de dons, qui permettent de récolter des contributions monétaires pouvant donner lieu à des contreparties non-financières diverses (CD dédicacé par l'artiste, places de spectacle, etc.),
[x] les plateformes de prêts, qui permettent le financement de projets via des prêts gratuits ou rémunérés,
[x] les plateformes d'investissement qui permettent le financement d'un projet entrepreneurial via la souscription de titres de capital ou de créance, et dont la contrepartie est la participation aux éventuels bénéfices du projet.
Un cadre juridique adapté
Afin de favoriser le développement du financement participatif dans un environnement sécurisant pour les contributeurs (donateurs, prêteurs ou investisseurs), l'Etat a encadré ce secteur d'activité et créé deux statuts juridiques :
[x] pour les plateformes d'investissement, le statut de conseiller en investissements participatifs («CIP»);
[x] pour les plateformes de prêt, le statut d'intermédiaire en financement participatif («IFP»).
Le dispositif d'agrément et de contrôle
L'Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) et l'Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR) se partagent des missions de contrôle sur les opérateurs en financement participatif.
Selon le type de financement qu'ils proposent, les opérateurs sont soumis à des obligations différentes notamment à une immatriculation auprès de l'ORIAS organisme en charge de la tenue et de la mise à jour du Registre des intermédiaires en assurance, banque et finance.
Ainsi :
- financement au moyen de titres financiers : immatriculation au registre de l'ORIAS en tant que Conseiller en Investissement Participatif (CIP)
- financement au moyen de prêts avec ou sans intérêt : immatriculation au registre de l'ORIAS en tant qu'Intermédiaire en Financement Participatif (IFP)
- financement au moyen de dons : immatriculation au registre de l'ORIAS en tant qu'Intermédiaire en Financement Participatif (IFP)
Si la plateforme encaisse des fonds pour le compte de tiers dans le cadre des opérations de financement participatif, elle doit être agréée a minima en qualité d'établissement de paiement par l'ACPR ou être enregistrée en tant qu'agent de prestataire de services de paiement (PSP). S'agissant plus spécifiquement des plateformes de dons, tout dépend ainsi de la manière dont elles interviennent dans la circulation des mouvements de fonds.
Le soutien des acteurs publics
En métropole, l'Etat a créé la marque collective « Plate-forme de financement participatif régulée par les autorités françaises » (présentée ci-après) à destination des professionnels agréés proposant des offres de titres financiers par internet, garantissant le respect de la réglementation applicable en matière de financement participatif.
Dans le cadre des aides aux acteurs de l'économie sociale et solidaire, la Banque publique d'investissement, Bpifrance, met en relation les contributeurs et les porteurs de projet à travers sa place de marché du crowdfunding, « Tous nos projets » (https://tousnosprojets.bpifrance.fr/) qui rassemble de nombreux projets en cours de financement sur des plates-formes de don, prêt et investissement.
Les risques encourus
Comme tout investissement, et de manière générale, le financement participatif présente des risques spécifiques qui sont notamment :
[x] la perte de tout ou partie du capital investi ou des fonds prêtés, notamment en cas de difficulté de l'entreprise ou du particulier porteur de projet,
[x] l'absence de cotation des titres (il y a cotation d'un titre lors de son admission sur un marché financier qui définit la valeur du titre), compliquant l'appréciation de leur valeur de cession,
[x] l'absence de liquidité des titres (un titre est « liquide » s'il s'échange beaucoup), générant des difficultés pour les céder,
[x] l'absence de dépôt des fonds auprès d'un établissement financier contrôlé, emportant un risque de détournement des paiements effectués par le biais de la plate-forme,
[x] l'absence de garantie d'affectation des fonds collectés au projet,
[x] un risque d'endettement excessif des porteurs de projet recourant à ce type de financement.
Quelques conseils
Si vous désirez participer financièrement à un projet participatif, ou recourir vous-même à ce type de financement pour financer un tel projet, renseignez-vous, avant de vous engager, sur la nature de l'opération proposée ainsi que sur les obligations pesant sur la plate-forme de financement participatif et sur le porteur de projet.
En particulier, il semble opportun :
[x] selon la nature des services fournis par le site Internet, de vérifier que l'organisme concerné figure bien sur la liste des prestataires autorisés à exercer en France;
[x] de prendre connaissance de l'ensemble des informations disponibles sur le site, qui doivent être rédigées de façon claire, complète et compréhensible ;
[x] de se renseigner sur les modalités de rachat ou de sortie de l'investissement, notamment sur les frais et les délais liés à ce type d'opération.
Textes applicables
[x] Ordonnance n°2016-1635 du 1 er décembre 2016 renforçant le dispositif français de lutte contre le blanchiment et le financement du terrorisme
[x] Ordonnance n°2014-559 du 30 mai 2014 relative au financement participatif
[x] Décret n°2014-1053 du 16 septembre 2014 relatif au financement participatif (fixe les plafonds applicables aux prêts et aux emprunts et détaille les capacités professionnelles requises pour l'exercice de l'activité d'intermédiaire)
[x] Loi 2004-575 du 21 juin 2004 sur la confiance en l'économie numérique
[x] Code monétaire et financier (conseillers en investissements participatifs) - articles L.547-1 et suivants
[x] Code monétaire et financier (intermédiaires en financement participatif) - articles L.548-1 et suivants
[x] Délibération n°14 du 6 octobre 2004 portant réglementation économique (pratiques commerciales trompeuses) - articles 65-1et suivants
Liens et adresses utiles
[x] Site de l'Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) : www.amf-france.org
[x] Site de l'ORIAS : www.orias.fr
[x] Site de l'Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR) : https://acpr.banque-france.fr/
[x] Site « Tous nos projets » de Bpi France : https://tousnosprojets.bpifrance.fr/
[x] Site du Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances, de l'Action et des Comptes publics : https://www.economie.gouv.fr/
Les éléments ci-dessus sont donnés à titre d'information. Ils ne sont pas forcément exhaustifs et ne sauraient se substituer à la réglementation applicable.
Pour tout renseignement complémentaire, reportez-vous aux textes applicables ou rapprochez-vous de la:
Direction des Affaires Economiques
Service de la protection des consommateurs 34 bis, rue Gallieni BP M2 - 98849 Nouméa Cedex
Tél : 23 22 50 - Fax : 23 22 51 e-mail : email@example.com
Actualisation le 01/09/2018
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NIEDERSCHRIFT
für die am DIENSTAG, dem 29. März 2011 um 19.00 Uhr im Rathaus Hollabrunn stattfindende Sitzung des GEMEINDERATES
Anwesende:
Bürgermeister Bernreiter als Vorsitzender Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky
die Stadträte Ganzberger, Hofbauer, Mag. Jirsa, Ing. Raffel, Reinwein, Scharinger, Schneider, Schieder und Ing. Schnötzinger
sowie die Gemeinderäte:
Ing. Bauer, Bock, Czink, Mag. Dechant, Frank, Gössl, Ing. Keck, Kyncl, Lausch, Mayer, Mitterhauser, Müllner, Rausch, Riedmayer, Ing. Schmidt, Schüttengruber-Holly, Ing. Seinitz, Spenling, Steyrer, Strobach, Suttner, Adir.Reg.Rat Widmann
Entschuldigt:
Gemeinderäte Fasching, Mag. Kolic, Lehner und Riepl
Sonstige:
Stadtamtsdirektor Mag. Stockinger
Protokollführerin:
Claudia Keck
ÖFFENTLICHER TEIL:
zu 1.) Begrüßung, Feststellung der Beschlussfähigkeit
Der Bürgermeister begrüßt die Mitglieder des Gemeinderates und stellt die Beschlussfähigkeit fest.
Gemäß § 48 Abs. 2 der NÖ Gemeindeordnung 1973 weist Bürgermeister Bernreiter ausdrücklich darauf hin, dass für die Beschlussfähigkeit des Gemeinderates die Anwesenheit von mehr als der Hälfte der Mitglieder des Gemeinderates reicht.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt eine Erklärung betreffend Dringlichkeitsanträge gemäß § 46 der NÖ Gemeindeordnung 1973 ab.
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Stadtrat Scharinger und eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl und Lausch zur Geschäftsordnung.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt bekannt, dass drei Dringlichkeitsanträge eingebracht wurden.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter teilt mit, dass er den
Dringlichkeitsantrag 1 (Beilage)
eingebracht von Gemeinderat Lausch gemäß § 46 Abs. 3 zurückweist, mit der Begründung, dass die Inhalte der Homepage der Gemeinde zur inneren Organisation der Verwaltung gehören und daher in den Wirkungskreis des Bürgermeister fallen (§ 37 Abs. 1 in Verbindung mit § 38 Abs. 1 Ziffer 3 der NÖGO 1973).
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter teilt mit, dass der
Dringlichkeitsantrag 2 (Beilage)
von Gemeinderat Lausch betreffend einer Resolution – Stopp der atomaren Bedrohung eingebracht wurde.
Gemeinderat Lausch bringt den Dringlichkeitsantrag durch Verlesung dem Gemeinderat zur Kenntnis.
Der Bürgermeister lässt über die Zuerkennung der Dringlichkeit abstimmen.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung wird dem Antrag einstimmig die Dringlichkeit zuerkannt.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter teilt mit, dass der Antrag unter dem Tagesordnungspunkt 19a.) behandelt wird.
Weiters teilt Bürgermeister Bernreiter mit, dass der
Dringlichkeitsantrag 3 (Beilage)
von Gemeinderat Lausch betreffend einer stichprobenartigen Verfassungsschutzprüfung islamischer Vereine in Hollabrunn eingebracht wurde.
Gemeinderat Lausch bringt den Dringlichkeitsantrag durch Verlesung dem Gemeinderat zur Kenntnis.
Der Bürgermeister lässt über die Zuerkennung der Dringlichkeit abstimmen.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung wird mit 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- Dafürstimmen, 1 GR Mayer-Stimmenthaltung und 22 ÖVP Gegenstimmen dem Antrag die Dringlichkeit nicht zuerkannt.
zu 2.) Flächenwidmungsplanänderungen
- Änderungen auf Grund des NÖ Straßengesetzes
KG Breitenwaida, KG Hollabrunn, KG Raschala, KG Weyerburg, KG
Wieselsfeld
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinksy berichtet:
Änderungen auf Grund des NÖ Straßengesetzes:
Es ist notwendig, im Flächenwidmungsplan Straßen bzw. Teilfläche der Straße, die aus dem öffentlichen Gut entlassen werden sollen, auszuweisen und zwar in folgenden Katastralgemeinden:
Breitenwaida, Hollabrunn, Raschala, Weyerburg und Wieselsfeld
Die Kundmachung war an der Amtstafel in der Zeit vom 10. Jänner bis 22. Feber 2011 angeschlagen.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher den
Antrag
auf Erlassung folgender
Verordnung
§ 1
Auf Grund des § 22 des NÖ Raumordnungsgesetzes 1976, LGBL. 8000-23 wird der Flächenwidmungsplan der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn dahingehend abgeändert, dass für die auf den hiezu gehörigen Plandarstellungen rot umrandeten Grundflächen die auf den Plandarstellungen in roter Signatur dargestellte Widmungs- und Nutzungsart festgelegt wird.
§ 2
Die im § 1 angeführten Umwidmungen sind in den von Architekt Dipl. Ing. Ernst Maurer, Kirchenplatz 3, 2020 Hollabrunn bzw. Kolonitzgasse 2A, 1030 Wien unter der Plannummer 320.00-2010-Ä1/2011 am 29.Dezember 2010 verfassten Plandarstellungen ersichtlich.
Die Plandarstellungen, welche mit einem Hinweis auf diese Verordnung versehen sind, liegen im Rathaus der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn während der Amtsstunden zur allgemeinen Einsicht auf.
§ 3
Diese Verordnung tritt nach ihrer Genehmigung durch die NÖ Landesregierung gemäß § 21 NÖ Raumordnungsgesetz und nach ihrer darauffolgenden Kundmachung gemäß § 21 Abs. (15) NÖ Raumordnungsgesetz mit dem auf den Ablauf der Kundmachungsfrist folgenden Tag in Kraft.
Hiezu erfolgen vier Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Frank, drei Wortmeldungen von den Stadträten Scharinger und Ganzberger und von den Gemeinderäten Gössl und Lausch.
Es wird im Protokoll aufgenommen, dass Gemeinderat Frank nicht gegen ein Hochwasserschutzprojekt in Raschala ist, sondern gegen das geplante Hochwasserschutzprojekt in Raschala, da für dieses Projekt ein Flächenabtausch mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn erforderlich ist.
Weiters erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Stadtrat Hofbauer und eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Müllner.
Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger und Bürgermeister Bernreiter geben Erläuterungen ab. Gemeinderat Gössl stellt gemäß § 51 Abs. 3 den
Antrag
die Abstimmung geheim durchzuführen.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer-Dafürstimmen und 22 ÖVP-Gegenstimmen abgelehnt.
Gemeinderat Gössl stellt gemäß § 51 Abs. 3 den
Antrag
die Abstimmung mit Stimmzettel durchzuführen.
Gemäß § 51 Abs. 3 der NÖGO 1973 ist mindestens ein Drittel der in beschlussfähiger Anzahl anwesenden Mitglieder des Gemeinderates für diesen Beschluss erforderlich.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer-Dafürstimmen und 22 ÖVP-Gegenstimmen angenommen.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter unterbricht die Sitzung für 10 Minuten.
Der Bürgermeister setzt um 20 Uhr 46 die Sitzung wieder fort.
Nun erfolgt die Abstimmung mit Stimmzettel und Bürgermeister Bernreiter verliest das Wahlergebnis.
Beschluss: 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen, 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR-Mayer Gegenstimmen.
Dafür: Erwin Bernreiter, Ing. Alfred Babinsky, Ing. Günter Schnötzinger, Martina Reinwein, Kornelius Schneider, Mag. Karl-Heinz Jirsa, Leopold Hofbauer, Markus Ganzberger, Gabriele Kyncl, Helmut Bock, Elisabeth Schüttengruber-Holly, Martin Mitterhauser, Walter Czink, Ing. Gerald Seinitz, Karl Riedmayer, Ing. Josef Keck, Johann Suttner, Ing. Thomas Bauer, Norbert Spenling, Maria Steyrer, Ing. Curt Schmidt, Alexander Rausch
Dagegen: Ing. Jakob Raffel, Günter Schieder, Werner Gössl, Mag. Friedrich Dechant, Helene Strobach, Josef Frank, Adir. Reg.Rat Franz Karl Widmann, Wolfgang Scharinger, Christian Lausch, Herbert Müllner, Ralph Mayer,
zu 3.) Bebauungsplanänderung - KG Hollabrunn
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
Es ist beabsichtigt, den Bebauungsplan in der KG Hollabrunn abzuändern und zwar:
1. Blatt 1 und 3
Landwirtschaftliche Fachschule – auf Grund der Abänderung des Flächenwidmungsplanes soll dies auch im Bebauungsplan ersichtlich gemacht werden. Geringfügig soll eine Baufluchtlinienänderung durchgeführt werden.
2. Blatt 4
Mühlenring – im Bereich des geplanten EKZ soll zusätzlich ein Teil der nicht mehr benötigten Straßenfläche als Bauland-Kerngebiet-Handelseinrichtung-c gewidmet werden. Zusätzlich soll die Bebauung auf 60%, Bauklasse I oder II abgeändert werden.
3. Blatt 7
Gymnasiumgasse – die westliche Seite weist geringe Grundstücksbreiten auf und daher soll eine Erhöhung der Bebauungsdichte auf 100% im vorderen Bereich der Liegenschaften möglich werden.
Hölzlgasse – hier soll zur besseren Lesbarkeit die Festlegung offen, gekuppelt für den gesamten westlichen Bereich gelten.
4. Blatt 8
Robert Löfflerstraße/Spitalgasse – im Zuge eines Neubaus wäre es sinnvoll, einen Teil der nicht mehr benötigten Nebenflächen des Straßenraumes an die Wohnhausanlagenerrichter zu verkaufen und daher entsprechend die Flächen als Bauland zu widmen und im Bebauungsplan kenntlich zu machen.
5. Blatt 10
Sackgasse östlich der Hölzlgasse – im Zuge der Änderung des Flächenwidmungsplanes soll eine kurze Gasse mit Umkehrplatz als Bauland gewidmet werden und diese Fläche im Bebauungsplan als Bauland-Wohnen-a ausgewiesen werden. Eine Baufluchtlinie soll in diesem Bereich gestrichen werden, um eine bessere Möglichkeit der Bebauung herbeiführen zu können.
Die Kundmachung war an der Amtstafel in der Zeit vom 17. 1. bis 28.2.2011 angeschlagen und es wurde folgende Stellungnahme abgegeben.
Bezirksbauernkammer Hollabrunn – Wunsch – Erweiterung der Bebauungsmöglichkeit Richtung Osten. Auf Grund des geplanten Neubaus soll dieser Richtung Sportplatz bzw. Richtung Osten errichtet werden und daher ist eine Erweiterung der Baufluchtlinie notwendig - positiv
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher den
Antrag auf Erlassung folgender
§ 1
Auf Grund des § 73 der NÖ Bauordnung 1996, LGBL. 8200-15 wird der Bebauungsplan der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn für die Katastralgemeinde Hollabrunn dahingehend abgeändert, dass für die auf der hiezu gehörigen Plandarstellung rot umrandeten Grundflächen die auf der Plandarstellung in roter Signatur dargestellten Bebauungsbestimmungen festgelegt werden. Die Bebauungsvorschriften zum Bebauungsplan werden nicht abgeändert.
§ 2
Die Festlegung der Einzelheiten der Bebauung und Aufschließung der einzelnen Grundflächen ist dieser Verordnung und der von Architekt Dipl.Ing. Ernst Maurer, 2020 Hollabrunn, Kirchenplatz 3 bzw. 1030 Wien, Kolonitzgasse 2A aus 7 Blättern bestehenden und mit einem Hinweis auf diese Verordnung versehenen Plandarstellung unter der Plannummer 310.22bp-2006-Ä1/2011 vom 10.1.2011 zu entnehmen.
§ 3 ALLGEMEINE EINSICHTNAHME
Die Plandarstellung, welche mit einem Hinweis auf diese Verordnung versehen ist, liegt im Rathaus der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn während der Amtsstunden zur allgemeinen Einsicht auf.
§ 4 SCHLUSSBESTIMMUNG
Diese Verordnung tritt nach ihrer Kundmachung mit dem auf den Ablauf der zweiwöchigen Kundmachungsfrist folgenden Tag in Kraft.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 4.) Vereinbarungen zwischen Land NÖ und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn
- Übernahmeerklärungen L27, L39, L25
- Sondernutzungsvertrag Kreisverkehr L27
a)
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
Auf der L27 in Hollabrunn wurden durch die Straßenmeisterei Hollabrunn ein Stahlbetonfundament für eine Figurengruppe errichtet und Geländeanhebungen im Kreisverkehr durchgeführt.
Da die Arbeiten ordnungsgemäß abgeschlossen sind, sollen diese Bauleistungen in die Verwaltung und laufende Erhaltung der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn übernommen werden.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher folgenden
Antrag
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Übernahmeerklärung für die L27.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Stadträten Ing. Raffel, Scharinger und Schieder. Weiters erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
b)
Weiters berichtet Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky:
Auf der L39 in Aspersdorf wurden durch die Straßenmeisterei Hollabrunn eine Stützmauer und ein Gehsteig errichtet.
Da die Arbeiten ordnungsgemäß abgeschlossen sind, sollen diese Bauleistungen in die Verwaltung und laufende Erhaltung der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn übernommen werden.
Es ergeht daher folgender
Antrag
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Übernahmeerklärung für die L39.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
c)
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
Im Zuge der Straßenbauarbeiten auf der L25 in Kleinkadolz wurden durch die Straßenmeisterei Hollabrunn Gehsteige, Parkflächen, Grünflächen und Straßenentwässerungseinrichtungen errichtet.
Da die Arbeiten ordnungsgemäß abgeschlossen sind, sollen diese Bauleistungen in die Verwaltung und laufende Erhaltung der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn übernommen werden.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Übernahmeerklärung für die L25.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
d)
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinksy berichtet:
Es ist beabsichtigt, die vorliegende Vereinbarung zwischen dem Land Niederösterreich (Gruppe Straße) und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn betreffend Sondernutzung von Straßengrund und zwar auf der Landesstraße 27 – Kreisverkehr – Grünanlage samt Figuren sowie Stromleitung und Mitbenützung des Stromanschlusses abzuschließen.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher den
Antrag
auf Beschluss der vorliegenden Vereinbarung zwischen dem Land Niederösterreich (Gruppe Straße) und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 5.) Vereinbarung zwischen der Johann Philipp Stiftung und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn
Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger berichtet:
Nach intensiven und wohlüberlegten Verhandlungen mit der Forstverwaltung Schönborn, bzw. deren Johann Philipp Stiftung, soll mit einem Flächenausmaß von rund 15 Hektar, einer der größten Grundtauschverfahren der letzten Jahrzehnte erfolgen.
Wesentlich ist eine Erweiterung des Kirchenwaldes nach Osten hin um ca. 10 Hektar Waldfläche, womit der Erholungswald der Hollabrunner eine beträchtliche Aufwertung erfährt.
Die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn erhält bei diesem Tausch die für die Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen erforderlichen Flächen.
Der Tausch zwischen der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn und der Stiftung ist für beide Teile eine positive Entwicklung wobei es bei diesem Tausch zu keiner Aufzahlung kommt, die Flächen werden wertgleich ausgetauscht.
In Abstimmung mit der Stiftung wurde weiters beschlossen, den Vertrag über die bereits bestehenden Wanderwege um weitere 10 Jahre zu verlängern und zusätzlich, im Anschluss an die bereits bestehende Radroute, eine neue Mountainbikestrecke zu schaffen. Diese soll über Kleinstetteldorf – Mariathal – Aussichtsturm – Hubertusdenkmal mitten durch den Schwarzwald führen.
Es ergeht daher der Antrag zum Abschluss folgender Verträge:
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl.
a) Arrondierungstauschvertrag mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung:
Folgende wertmäßig gleichwertige Grundstücke bzw. Grundstücksteilflächen sollen getauscht werden:
Grundstücke der Johann Philipp Stiftung:
Grundstücke der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn:
137.127
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Frank und zwei Wortmeldungen von Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger. Weiters erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Stadtrat Scharinger.
Nach einer Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl wird ausdrücklich vermerkt, dass die Wirksamkeit des Vertrages erst nach positiver Verordnungsprüfung durch das Land NÖ eintreten soll.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖGegenstimmen und 1 GR Mayer-Stimmenthaltung angenommen.
b) Mountainbikevertrag mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung
Die beiliegende Vereinbarung mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung für die Dauer bis 31.12.2021 soll abgeschlossen, wobei die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn für die Mountainbikestrecke die Wartung, Instandhaltung und Haftung zu übernehmen hat.
Hiezu erfolgen drei Wortmeldungen von Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger und von Gemeinderat Lausch. Weiters erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderäten Frank, Gössl und Ing. Schmidt und eine Wortmeldung von den Stadträten Hofbauer, Scharinger und von Gemeinderat Müllner. Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖGegenstimmen und 1 GR Mayer-Stimmenthaltung angenommen.
c) Wanderwegevertrag mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung
Die vorliegende Vereinbarung aus dem Jahr 2002 soll um weitere 10 Jahre verlängert werden bis 31.12.2021.
Beschluss in offener Abstimmung mit 6 SPÖ-, 2 FPÖ-Gegenstimmen,
2 Stimmenthaltung (GR Frank, GR Mayer) und 22 ÖVP- und 1 FPÖ-
(STR Scharinger) Dafürstimmen angenommen.
d) Vereinbarung betreffend Hochwasserschutz Raschala zwischen der Johann Philipp Stiftung und der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn
Abschluss einer Einverständniserklärung, dass die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn bereits vor in Kraft treten des Tauschvertrages das notwendige Bewilligungsverfahren einleiten und betreiben kann.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Gemeinderäten Lausch, Gössl, Frank und Mag. Dechant. Bürgermeister Bernreiter und Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger geben Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer Gegenstimmen angenommen.
e) Optionsvertrag mit der Johann Philipp Stiftung
Abschluss eines Optionsvertrages über eine Teilfläche des Grundstückes 785/1 (öff. Gut rund um das Forsthaus in Raschala).
Hiezu erfolgen vier Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Frank, drei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Gössl und zwei Wortmeldungen von den Gemeinderäten Lausch und Müllner. Nach Erläuterungen von Stadtrat Ing. Schnötzinger lässt der Bürgermeister abstimmen.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer Gegenstimmen angenommen.
zu 6.) KEM (Klima- und Energie-Modellregion) Land um Hollabrunn
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
Die Kleinregion Land um Hollabrunn hat sich bei der Ausschreibung zur Klima- und EnergieModellregion des Klima- und Energiefonds des Bundes beteiligt.
Die Region möchte nach einer Vielzahl erfolgreicher Aktivitäten und Projekte zum Thema „Klima und Energie" sowie einem mehrjährigen Gesprächsprozess der Entscheidungsträger konsequent die Energieautarkie aus eigenen erneuerbaren Energiequellen anstreben. Aufgrund eines konkreten Umsetzungskonzeptes soll in Jahresschritten durch Energieeffizienz, Energiesparen und Einsatz von erneuerbarer Energie ständige Ergebnissteigerungen erzielt werden.
Mit Präsidiumsbeschluss des Klima und Energiefonds vom 17.12.2010 wurde die Kleinregion Land um Hollabrunn unter der Nummer B069004 in das Förderprogramm aufgenommen.
Förderbare Projektkosten: € 152.000,--
Projektzeitraum: März 2011 bis Juli 2013
Förderquote: 60%
Eigenmittelanteil: 40%
Projektträger: Kleinregion Land um Hollabrunn
Es ist beabsichtigt, dass sich folgende Gemeinden an der Modellregion beteiligen:
Göllersdorf
Grabern
Guntersdorf
Hollabrunn
Nappersdorf / Kammersdorf
Wullersdorf
Weiters ist beabsichtigt, den Eigenmittelanteil (40 % der Kosten bzw. € 60.800,--) durch Projektpartner, Wirtschaftstreibende, Institutionen und Private zu finanzieren, damit den beteiligten Gemeinden keine zusätzlichen Kosten durch dieses Projekt erwachsen. Um das Projekt zu starten, muss jedoch eine Zusicherung der Gemeinde vorliegen, einen allfälligen Abgang abzudecken.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher folgende
Anträge:
a) Die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn beteiligt sich an der Klima- und Energie-Modellregion Land um Hollabrunn.
b) Der Verein Land um Hollabrunn wird beauftragt, als Projektträger alle erforderlichen Schritte für die Durchführung dieses Projektes entsprechend den Projektinhalten einzuleiten.
c) Die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn verpflichtet sich, dass Projekt nach den definierten Zielvorgaben zu unterstützen und übernimmt gemeinsam mit den anderen beteiligten Gemeinden die anteilige Abdeckung eines möglichen Abganges aus diesem Projekt, begrenzt aber mit € 3.500,-- p.a. für den Projektzeitraum 2011-2013.
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Gemeindrat Frank und eine Wortmeldung von Stadtrat Scharinger und den Gemeinderäten Gössl und Mayer.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 7.) Änderung der Verordnung Stellplatzausgleichsabgabe
Stadtrat Schneider berichtet:
Wird ein Gebäude errichtet, vergrößert oder dessen Verwendungszweck geändert, sind dem voraussichtlichen Bedarf entsprechend Abstellanlagen für Kraftfahrzeuge herzustellen. Ist eine Herstellung der erforderlichen Abstellanlagen auf Eigengrund oder in einer Entfernung von 300 m Wegstrecke nicht möglich, hat der Bauherr oder der Eigentümer des Bauwerkes gemäß § 41 Abs. 1 der NÖ Bauordnung für die fehlenden Stellplätze eine Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe zu entrichten.
Die derzeitig gültige Verordnung für die Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe wurde vom Gemeinderat der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn in seiner Sitzung vom 26.06.2007 beschlossen.
Dieser Verordnung lag der § 41 Abs. 3 der NÖ Bauordnung in der damalig gültigen Fassung zur Grundlage, wonach für die Höhe der Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe die durchschnittlichen Grundbeschaffungs- und Baukosten für einen Abstellplatz von 25 m² Nutzfläche heranzuziehen waren.
Die NÖ Bauordnung wurde Ende 2010 novelliert.
In der jetzt gültigen NÖ Bauordnung wurde die Entwicklung der Kraftfahrzeuggrößen berücksichtigt, welche einen erhöhten Stellplatzbedarf als auch Rangierplatzbedarf benötigen.
Nunmehr sind gemäß § 41 Abs. 3 der NÖ Bauordnung als Bemessungsgrundlage zur Festsetzung der Höhe der Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe die durchschnittlichen Grundbeschaffungs- und Baukosten für einen Abstellplatz von 30 m² Nutzfläche heranzuziehen.
Dadurch ist es notwendig die Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe neu festzusetzen.
Die durchschnittlichen Baukosten für 30 m² Nutfläche betragen € 2.100,--
Die Grundbeschaffungskosten betragen
Somit ergibt sich folgende Stellplatz-Ausgleichsabgabe:
Stadtrat Schneider stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Beschluss des vorliegenden Verordnungsentwurfes durch den Gemeinderat der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn.
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Gössl und eine Wortmeldung von Stadtrat Schieder und Gemeinderat Müllner.
Stadtrat Schneider gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR-Mayer Gegenstimmen angenommen.
zu 8.) Abänderung der Hundeabgabeverordnung
Gemeinderat Gössl verlässt den Sitzungssaal.
Stadtrat Schneider berichtet:
Nach § 2 NÖ Hundeabgabegesetz 1979, LGBL. 3702-8 ist eine erhöhte Hundeabgabe nicht nur für Hunde mit erhöhtem Gefährdungspotential, sondern auch für auffällige Hunde anzuwenden. Die Hundeabgabe für Hunde mit erhöhtem Gefährdungspotential und auffällige Hunde im Sinne der §§ 2 und 3 NÖ Hundehaltegesetz 1979 in der derzeit geltenden Fassung, muss mindestens das Zehnfache, für alle übrigen Hunde mindestens das Doppelte der für Nutzhunde festgesetzten Hundeabgabe betragen.
In der derzeitigen Hundeabgabeverordnung der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn ist eine Abgabe für auffällige Hunde nicht vorgesehen.
Es ist daher eine Abänderung der Hundeabgabeverordnung vom 28. September 2010 in diesem Sinn vorzunehmen.
Stadtrat Schneider stellt folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Abänderung der Verordnung über die Erhebung der Hundeabgabe auf Grund der Bestimmungen des NÖ Hundeabgabegesetzes 1979 in der derzeit geltenden Fassung.
1. Artikel I, Ziffer2.) erhält folgende Fassung:
2.) für Hunde mit erhöhtem Gefährdungspotential und auffällige Hunde im Sinn der §§ 2 und 2 NÖ Hundehaltegesetz, LGBl. 4001, jährlich € 70,00 pro Hund.
Diese Verordnung tritt mit 01.01.2011 in Kraft.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Lausch.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP- und 3 FPÖ Dafürstimmen und 6 SPÖ-, und 1 GR Mayer Gegenstimmen angenommen.
zu 9.) Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage Bauabschnitt 30
- Regenwasserkanal KG Enzersdorf
- Erweiterung KG Kleedorf, KG Mariathal
Gemeinderat Müllner verlässt den Sitzungssaal.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
A) Annahmeerklärung NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds
Vom NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds liegt eine Zusicherung über Fördermittel für die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage Hollabrunn, BA 30, Regenwasserkanal Enzersdorf, Erweiterung Mariathal und Kleedorf, vor. Für die vorläufig förderbaren Investitionskosten von € 445.000,00 werden vorläufig 5%, das sind € 22.250,00 gewährt. Von diesen Förderungsbeträgen werden bis zur Endabrechnung € 22.250,00 in Form eines Darlehens gewährt.
Stadtrat Hofbauer stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Annahmeerklärung des NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds vom 27.Jänner 2011 für die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage BA 30.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Weiters berichtet Stadtrat Hofbauer:
B) Förderungsvertrag Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH.
1.) Vom Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, vertreten durch die Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH, liegt ein Förderungsvertrag über die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage BA 30, vor. Für die vorläufig förderbaren Investitionskosten von € 445.000,00 beträgt der vorläufige Fördersatz 8%, die vorläufige Gesamtförderung € 56.176,00, diese wird in Form von Bauphasen- und Finanzierungszuschüssen ausbezahlt.
2.) Zur teilweisen Finanzierung für den Bauabschnitt der ABA 30 ist die Einhebung von Anschlussabgaben in diesem Bereich erforderlich.
Er stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
1.) Annahme des vorliegenden Förderungsvertrages mit der Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH., zur Erlangung der Förderung für den Bauabschnitt 30 der ABA.
2.) Antrag auf Bestätigung der Aufbringung der Anschlussabgaben für den Bauabschnitt ABA 30, lt. Finanzierungsplan in der Höhe von € 9.000,00.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
C) Darlehensaufnahme:
Vom Bundesministerium für Land und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft wurde die Förderung des Bauabschnittes 30 der Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage mit Investitionskosten von € 445.000,00 beschlossen. Zur Finanzierung der Baukosten für den Bauabschnitt 30 ist ein Darlehen von € 357.574,00, mit einer Laufzeit von 25 Jahren erforderlich.
Stadtrat Hofbauer stellt daher den
Antrag:
Genehmigung einer Darlehensaufnahme von € 357.574,00 für die Finanzierung des Bauabschnittes 30 der ABA, Vergabe an den Bestbieter.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 10.) Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage Bauabschnitt 32 - Leitungskataster Hollabrunn – KIS
Gemeinderäte Gössl und Müllner nehmen wieder an der Sitzung teil.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
A) Annahmeerklärung NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds
Vom NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds liegt eine Zusicherung über Fördermittel für die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage Hollabrunn, BA 32, Leitungskataster Hollabrunn - KIS, vor. Für die vorläufigen Leitungskatasterkosten von € 155.000,00 wird eine vorläufige Pauschale in der Höhe von € 19.000,00 bewilligt.
Stadtrat Hofbauer stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Annahmeerklärung des NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds vom 27.Jänner 2011 für die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage BA 32.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Weiters berichtet Stadtrat Hofbauer:
B) Förderungsvertrag Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH.
Vom Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, vertreten durch die Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH, liegt ein Förderungsvertrag über die Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage BA 32, vor. Für die vorläufig förderbaren Investitionskosten von € 155.000,00, die vorläufige Gesamtförderung € 76.000,00, diese wird in Form von Bauphasen- und Finanzierungszuschüssen ausbezahlt.
Er stellt den
Antrag:
Annahme des vorliegenden Förderungsvertrages mit der Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH., zur Erlangung der Förderung für den Bauabschnitt 30 der ABA.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
C) Darlehensaufnahme:
Vom Bundesministerium für Land und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft wurde die Förderung des Bauabschnittes 32 der Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage mit Investitionskosten von € 155.000,00 beschlossen. Zur Finanzierung der Baukosten für den Bauabschnitt 32 ist ein Darlehen von € 60.000,00 mit einer Laufzeit von 25 Jahren erforderlich.
Stadtrat Hofbauer stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung einer Darlehensaufnahme von € 60.000,00 für die Finanzierung des Bauabschnittes 32 der ABA, Vergabe an den Bestbieter.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 11.) Wasserversorgungsanlage Bauabschnitt 14 - Erweiterung KG Kleedorf, KG Mariathal
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
A) Annahmeerklärung NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds
Vom NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds liegt eine Zusicherung über Fördermittel für die Wasserversorgungsanlage Hollabrunn, BA 14, Erweiterung Mariathal und Kleedorf, vor. Für die vorläufig förderbaren Investitionskosten von € 73.000,00 werden vorläufig 5 %, das sind € 3.650,00 gewährt. Die Förderung besteht in der Gewährung von nicht rückzahlbaren Beiträgen und wird in Jahresquoten entsprechend dem Baufortschritt fällig.
Stadtrat Hofbauer stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung der vorliegenden Annahmeerklärung des NÖ. Wasserwirtschaftsfonds vom 27. Jänner 2011 für die Wasserversorgungsanlage BA14.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Weiters berichtet Stadtrat Hofbauer:
B) Förderungsvertrag Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH.
1.) Vom Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, vertreten durch die Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH, liegt ein Förderungsvertrag über die Wasserversorgungsanlage BA 14, vor. Für die vorläufig förderbaren Investitionskosten von € 73.000,00 beträgt die Gesamtförderung
€ 12.714,00, diese wird in Form von Investitionskostenzuschüsse ausbezahlt.
2.) Zur teilweisen Finanzierung für den Bauabschnitt der WVA 14 ist die Einhebung von Anschlussabgaben in diesem Bereich erforderlich.
Er stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
1.) Annahme des vorliegenden Förderungsvertrages mit der Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH., zur Erlangung der Förderung für den Bauabschnitt 14 der WVA.
2.) Antrag auf Bestätigung der Aufbringung der Anschlussabgaben für den Bauabschnitt 14 WVA, lt. Finanzierungsplan in der Höhe von 3.500,00 .
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
C) Darlehensaufnahme
Vom Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft wurde die Förderung des Bauabschnittes 14 der Wasserversorgungsanlage mit Investitionskosten von € 73.000,00 beschlossen. Zur Finanzierung der Baukosten für den Bauabschnitt 14 ist ein Darlehen von € 53.136,00, mit einer Laufzeit von 25 Jahren erforderlich.
Er stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung einer Darlehensaufnahme von € 53.136,00 für die Finanzierung des Bauabschnittes 14 der WVA, Vergabe an den Bestbieter.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter unterbricht die Sitzung für 20 Minuten.
Der Bürgermeister setzt um 22 Uhr 47 die Sitzung wieder fort.
zu 12.) Ruftaxi Hollabrunn
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
Für das Projekt Ruftaxi Hollabrunn beginnt mit 01.03.2011 das achte Betriebsjahr. Die Verträge der Betreiber (Fa. Gruber und ÖBB Postbus GmbH) sollen bei gleichen Konditionen für weitere zehn Monate (Zeitraum 01.03.2011 bis 31.12.2011) lt. beiliegender Verträge verlängert werden.
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Verlängerung des Projektes Ruftaxi Hollabrunn laut vorliegenden Verträgen für das achte Betriebsjahr (01.03.2011 bis 31.12.2011).
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Stadträten Ing. Raffel und Scharinger. Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 13.) Rechnungsabschluss Studentenheim September 2009/Dezember 2010
Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa berichtet:
Der Ausschuss für Kultur- Bildung und Schule hat am 10. März 2011 getagt und beschlossen dem Gemeinderat den Rechnungsabschluss 2009/Dezember 2010 zu empfehlen.
Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa stellt daher den
Antrag
auf Genehmigung des vorliegenden Rechnungsabschlusses.
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Gössl und eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Frank. Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa und Bürgermeister Bernreiter geben Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-, 1 SPÖ (GR Frank) 3 FPÖ-, 1 GR Mayer Dafürstimmen und 6 SPÖ-Stimmenthaltung angenommen.
zu 14.) Bericht Amt der NÖ Landesregierung Ergebnis der finanziellen Erhebung betreffend Konsolidierungsbedarf
Stadtrat Schneider bringt dem Gemeinderat den Bericht des Amtes der NÖ Landesregierung (IVW3-A-3102201/022-2010) durch Verlesung zur Kenntnis.
Hiezu erfolgen drei Wortmeldungen von den Gemeinderäten Gössl und Lausch. Weiters erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von den Stadträten Ing. Raffel und Scharinger und von Gemeinderat Frank. Bürgermeister Bernreiter und Stadtrat Schneider geben Erläuterungen ab. Weiters erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Müllner.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter unterbricht die Sitzung für 15 Minuten.
Der Bürgermeister setzt um 00 Uhr 32 die Sitzung wieder fort.
Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt Erläuterungen ab und es erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Stadtrat Ing. Raffel.
zu 15.) Bericht Zinsmanagement
Stadtrat Schneider berichtet:
Trotz der nachhaltigen Festigung des CHF – was das Produkt Resetable CHF linked ZinsSwap derzeit negativ beeinflusst - hält das Zinsmanagement per Saldo bei einem buchmäßigen Überschuss von EUR 364.627,92.
Der faire Wert für EUR/CHF wird von Analysten aktuell bei 1,28 bis 1,30 gesehen. Derzeit gibt es wenig fundamentale Hinweise auf eine Bewegung in die eine oder andere Richtung.
Der Wechselkurs sollte daher auch weiterhin im Spannungsfeld der Risikoaversion bleiben. Ein nachhaltiges Absinken dieser scheint nur möglich, falls die Eurozone Mitgliedsstaaten Ende März konkrete Details für eine nachhaltige Lösung der Staatsverschuldungsproblematik ankündigen.
Bis dahin scheint eine erneute Befestigung des Franken nicht ausgeschossen.
(Siehe CHF-Chart vom 10.03.2011)
Aus der CHF-Devisen-Option halten wir weiterhin bei der zinsneutralen Darstellung der beiden Währungspositionen wodurch aktuell keine Zinslasten für die Gemeinde entstehen. Angesichts des nachhaltig starken CHF und das weiterhin offene Risikopotenzial werden parallel Verhandlungen mit der RLB bezüglich Maßnahmen und Möglichkeiten zur Risikoreduktion geführt.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl. Stadtrat Schneider gibt Erläuterungen ab.
zu 16.) Rechnungsabschluss 2010
Stadtrat Schneider berichtet:
Der Rechnungsabschluss 2010 liegt zur Beschlussfassung vor. Dieser wurde ordnungsgemäß kundgemacht und im Stadtrat behandelt. Der Rechnungsabschluss schließt im ordentlichen Haushalt mit einer Gesamtsumme von € 26,730.617,37 und beinhaltet einen Sollüberschuss von € 39.273,56 welcher in das Jahr 2011 übertragen wird.
Der außerordentliche Haushalt schließt bei Einnahmen und Ausgaben von je € 7,975.277,61. Darin enthalten ist insgesamt ein Sollüberschuss von € 239.551,12 sowie ein Gesamtsollabgang von € 1,516.800,56.
Weiters bringt Stadtrat Schneider den Bericht des Prüfungsausschusses vom 17.03.2011 über die Prüfung des Rechnungsabschlusses 2010 durch Verlesung zur Kenntnis.
Stadtrat Schneider stellt folgenden
Antrag:
Genehmigung des vorliegenden Rechnungsabschlusses 2010 samt Beilagen.
Hiezu erfolgen drei Wortmeldungen von Gemeinderat Gössl und zwei Wortmeldungen von Stadtrat Schieder. Weiters erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Stadträten Hofbauer, Mag. Jirsa, Scharinger und von den Gemeinderäten Frank und Müllner. Bürgermeister Bernreiter und Stadtrat Schneider geben Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer Gegenstimmen angenommen.
zu 17.) Bericht über eine Prüfung des Prüfungsausschusses
Der Bürgermeister bringt dem Gemeinderat den Bericht des Prüfungsausschusses über eine angesagte Überprüfung der Gebühren, Abgaben, Pacht- und Mietverträge am 20. Dezember 2010 und am 11. Jänner 2011, sowie seine Stellungnahmen gemeindeordnungsgemäß zur Kenntnis. Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl und Gemeinderat Müllner. Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt Erläuterungen ab.
zu 18.) Einführung einer Sozialcard für die Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn
Stadträtin Reinwein berichtet:
Bürger der Gemeinde Hollabrunn, die die Voraussetzungen für den Erhalt der Mindestsicherung erfüllen, sind oft nicht in der finanziellen Lage, für sich oder ihre Kinder diverse Freizeiteinrichtungen oder Leistungen der Gemeinde in Anspruch zu nehmen.
Die Ermäßigungen, die mit der Sozialcard verbunden sind sollen diesen Gemeindebürgern die Möglichkeit einräumen, das diesbezügliche Angebot der Stadtgemeinde vermehrt zu nutzen.
Stadträtin Reinwein stellt daher folgenden
Antrag:
Der Gemeinderat der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn möge die Einführung der Sozialcard, zu den beiliegenden Bedingungen und für die angeführten Einrichtungen und Angebote der Stadtgemeinde beschließen.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Stadtrat Scharinger.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
zu 19.) Vergabe von Lieferungen und sonstigen Leistungen
Vizebürgermeister Ing. Babinsky berichtet:
STRASSENBAU
Summe incl. MWSt
KG Weyerburg, Ortsdurchfahrt
Straßenmeisterei Hollabrunn: Im Zuge der
Straßensanierung der kompletten Ortsdurchfahrt von Weyerburg durch die Straßenmeisterei sollen nach dem Kanal- und Wasserleitungsbau Gehsteige, Abstellflächen, Grünanlagen und Entwässerungseinrichtungen errichtet werden. Weiters ist für die Fahrbahnsanierung der Kostenanteil für die Kanal- und Wasserleitungskünetten zu tragen.
lt. Kostenschätzung Straßenmeisterei
Bedeckung 01/612-611
124.000,--
05/851-004210 96.000,--
05/850-004110 30.000,--
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
KG Hollabrunn, EVN-Kreuzung - Kreisverkehr
Straßenmeisterei Hollabrunn: Nach Fertigstellung der Verlegung des verrohrten Motzke-Grabens (2009) sowie von Kanal- und Wasserleitungen soll die Kreuzung Anton Ehrenfriedstraße (L27)/ Parkgasse (L27)/Badhausgasse/Josef Weislein- straße zu einem Kreisverkehr umgebaut werden. Durch die Stadtgemeinde ist ein Teil der Er- richtungskosten für den Kreisverkehr, die Errichtungskosten für die Nebenanlagen entlang der L27 sowie die Baukosten für die Anbindung der Josef Weisleinstraße und der Badhausgasse an den Kreisverkehr zu übernehmen.
lt. Kostenschätzung Straßenmeisterei
250.000,--
145.000,--
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Gemeinderäten Gössl und Lausch und von Stadtrat Ing. Raffel. Bürgermeister Bernreiter gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Stadtrat Hofbauer berichtet:
KANAL
KG Hollabrunn
Firma IUP, Wien: Planung incl. Statik und Planungs- koordination Abwasserbeseitigungsanlage Hollabrunn- Schmutzwasserkanalisation – Direktleitung durch das Stadtgebiet lt. Anbot vom 22.2.2011
Bedeckung 01/851-612
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa berichtet:
STUDENTENHEIM HOLLABRUNN
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl und Bürgermeister Bernreiter.
Grundsatzbeschluss:
Am 16.3.2005 wurde ein Grundsatzbeschluss über die thermische Sanierung des Studentenheimes Hollabrunn mit Gesamtherstellungskosten von ca. € 4,400.000,-- beschlossen. Auf Grund von Indexerhöhungen und Anpassungen an die geänderten gesetzlichen Vorgaben (z. B. Wärmeschutz) sowie auf Grund des neuen Wohnbauförderungsansuchens vom 14.1.2011 Erhöhung auf € 6,040.000,--
Hiezu erfolgen zwei Wortmeldungen von den Gemeinderäten Gössl und Frank. Weiters erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von den Gemeindräten Mag. Dechant und Lausch. Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa gibt Erläuterungen ab.
Es erfolgt eine weitere Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl und er stellt den
Antrag
auf Absetzung dieses Grundsatzbeschlusses von der Tagesordnung der heutigen Sitzung.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer-Dafürstimmen und 22 ÖVP-Gegenstimmen abgelehnt.
65.300,-- excl.
Beschuss Hauptantrag: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP- und 3 FPÖ Dafürstimmen und 7 SPÖ- und 1 GR Mayer-Gegenstimmen angenommen.
Nun berichtet Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa über die Vergaben:
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl und er stellt den
Antrag
auf Absetzung dieser Vergaben von der Tagesordnung der heutigen Sitzung.
Stadtrat Mag. Jirsa gibt Erklärungen ab. Dazu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Frank und eine weitere Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl.
Nun lässt Bürgermeister Bernreiter über den Antrag auf Absetzung des Tagesordnungspunktes von der Tagesordnung dieser Sitzung abstimmen.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung mit 7 SPÖ-, 3 FPÖ und 1 GR-Mayer Dafürstimmen und 22 ÖVP-Gegenstimmen abgelehnt.
Beschluss Hauptantrag: in offener Abstimmung mit 22 ÖVP-, 3 FPÖ-Dafürstimmen, 1 GR-Mayer Stimmenthaltung und 7 SPÖ-Gegenstimmen angenommen.
zu 19a) Nun wird der Dringlichkeitsantrag behandelt. Stopp der Atomaren Bedrohung – Resolution
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Ing. Keck und die Resolution des Gemeinderates an Bundeskanzler Faymann und Minister Berlakovich wird wie folgt zur Abstimmung gebracht:
Der Gemeinderat der Stadtgemeinde Hollabrunn fordert den Bundeskanzler Werner Faymann und den Bundesminister für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Nikolaus Berlakovich auf
1.) - sich für die europaweite Einleitung des Ausstieges aus der Atomenergie einzusetzen und diese mit allen politischen, juristischen und völkerrechtlichen Mitteln voranzutreiben.
2.) - sich für die sofortige Abschaltung der Hochrisikoreaktoren in Europa einzusetzen.
3.) - sich für den gleichzeitigen Umstieg von nuklearer auf erneuerbare Energien ein- zusetzen und alle energiepolitischen Maßnahmen zu ergreifen die zu einem raschen Ausbau auf internationaler, nationaler und regionaler Ebene führen, eine Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs und
4.) - gegen ein geplantes Atommülllager Maßnahmen zu ergreifen um eine Umsetzung zu verhindern.
5.) - Weiters sicherzustellen, dass keine neuen Kraftwerke gebaut werden, sowie in Planung befindliche Atomkraftwerke einer anderen Nutzung zugeführt werden und
6.) - Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, die eine mittelfristige vollständige, nachhaltige und dezentrale Energieversorgung sicherstellen.
Hiezu erfolgt eine Wortmeldung von Gemeinderat Gössl.
Beschluss: in offener Abstimmung einstimmig angenommen.
Ende öffentlicher Teil: 02 Uhr 10
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Resposta oficial de l’Ajuntament de Rajadell a la petició de informe sobre si hi havia autorització municipal de tala pel que considerem una destrossa sense pal·liatius del bosc de ribera i trams de roureda del tram del camps del Forn i molt en especial, de la Teula-meandre de la Girada, de l’Itinerari de Natura i Modernisme:
Primer – segon consta a l’expedient la Finca Castell, Mas Noguera i Bargall disposa aprovat de pla tècnic de gestió i millora forestal (PTGMF) aprovat número 3369 i vigent fins 31.12.2023,
Pla que ha estat també objecte de modificació 19-091/19 per a realització de rompudes, modificació acordada pel Consell Rector del centre de la propietat forestal en data 7 de maig de 2019
Segon- no consta als Serveis tècnics sol·licitud de tala d’arbres efectuada a l’Ajuntament.
En definitiva: Hi havia un Pla tècnic aprovat i encara vigent i no consta cap sol·licitud de tala a l’Ajuntament de Rajadell.
Estem en espera de poder disposar d’aquest pla tècnic i “millora forestal” ??
(PTGMF) que ja hem demanat oficialment, i que l’Agència Catalana de l’aigua (ACA) dirimeixi si l’afectació que a més ha fet desaparèixer part de l’Itinerari de Natura i Modernisme al terme de Rajadell, s’ajusta o no a les prescripcions del Pla tècnic que se’n diu de “millora”
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Sebastian Straub Ganzenmüllerstraße 11 85354 Freising
Tel.: 08161/8627171
Email: email@example.com
Medieninformatik, 4. Semester
Matrikelnummer: 10024453
Hauptseminar: Akteurskonstellationen und Governance-Mechanismen in der Internetpolitik Dozentin: Dr. Maria Löblich
IfKW, LMU München
Hausarbeit
Einfluss zivilgesellschaftlicher Foren auf die Internetpolitik in Deutschland
Sebastian Straub
18.08.2011
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Einleitung
„Wir brauchen mehr Nerd-Lobbyismus" [HE1] - so lautet eine Forderung auf dem größten Hackerkongress Deutschlands: dem Chaos Communication Congress. Das Internet hat sich zu einem bedeutenden wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Gut entwickelt, die Macht darüber liegt aber größtenteils in privater Hand. Die Versuche von Regierungen, das Rechtssystem der offline-Welt auf das internationale Netzwerk zu übertragen, scheitern in fast schon deprimierender Regelmäßigkeit, nicht zuletzt an der oft fehlenden Sachkenntnis verantwortlicher Politiker.
Für die Netzgemeinde ist das ein untragbarer Zustand, dass die eigene Regierung ihre Interessen zu wenig wahrnimmt und eher die Ideen der Musikindustrie zur Verfolgung von Urheberrechtsverletzungen durchsetzt, als die Freiheit des so wichtig gewordenen Netzes zu verteidigen. Auf dem Chaos Communication Congress treffen sich Hacker aus ganz Europa und darüber hinaus, um gemeinsam fachzusimpeln, aber auch um politisch aktiv zu werden.
Längst hat sich in der Netzgemeinde eine Protestkultur gebildet, ein Netzwerk von Personen, die auf Missstände aufmerksam machen und zu Aktionen aufrufen. Doch in welchem Ausmaß schaffen sie es, tatsächlich in Deutschland Politik zu machen? Und mit welchen Mitteln?
Im Zuge dieser Arbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Faktoren für den Einfluss zivilgesellschaftlicher Foren auf die Internetpolitik in Deutschland relevant sind. Konkret betrachtet wird hierbei der 27. Chaos Communication Congress und es wird, wo nötig, auch Bezug auf den dahinter stehenden Verein Chaos Computer Club genommen. Abschließend erfolgt eine Bewertung der Möglichkeiten und des tatsächlichen Einflusses dieser Plattform.
2 Gegenstand
Um eine adäquate Einordnung des Forschungsgegenstands zu ermöglichen, soll im Folgenden ein wenig Hintergrundwissen bereitgestellt werden.
Zivilgesellschaftliche Foren bezeichnen jede organisierte Zusammenkunft von Personen, die sich zwecks des Austauschs zu einem oder mehreren (politischen) Themen treffen. Diese Personen müssen dabei über keine politische oder wirtschaftliche Macht verfügen, es reicht allein die Zusammenkunft zum Zweck des Austauschs.
Den Einfluss zivilgesellschaftlicher Foren speziell auf die Internetpolitik in Deutschland zu untersuchen ist Zweck dieser Arbeit. Dabei wird in besonderem Maße Bezug auf den 27. Chaos Communication Congress genommen, der in der letzten Woche des Jahres 2010 stattgefunden hat [CCC9].
Der Chaos Communication Congress ist eine jährlich stattfindende Veranstaltung, organisiert vom deutschen Hackerverein Chaos Computer Club (kurz CCC). Zuletzt jährte
sich der Kongress zum 27. mal, die offizielle Abkürzung für dieses Ereignis lautet 27C3 [CCC7].
Der CCC, gegründet im Jahr 1981, ist einer der ältesten und zur Zeit der größte und wohl bekannteste Hackerverein Deutschlands mit Niederlassungen in 23 Städten [CCC10]. Die Mitgliedschaft steht jedem offen, der die Satzung anerkennt, jedoch ist eine formelle Mitgliedschaft zur Mitwirkung im Verein nicht erforderlich.
Mit dem 27C3 setzt der CCC seine Tradition des jährlich zum Jahreswechsel stattfindenden Kongresses fort. Er dient seit jeher als Treffpunkt der internationalen Hackerszene und findet über vier Tage, zuletzt in Berlin, statt. Im Jahr 2010 waren die 4200 Eintrittskarten in der Vorverkaufsphase schon nach wenigen Stauden restlos ausverkauft; es handelte sich ausschließlich um Dauerkarten für alle vier Kongresstage.
Auf dem Programm stehen durchgehend parallel stattfindende Vorträge und Workshops [CCC8] und verschiedenste Aussteller zeigen ihre Projekte auf dem Kongressgelände [CCC11]. Das Herz des Kongresses bildet das Hackcenter, ein großflächiges Areal für den Austausch zwischen den Teilnehmern, die oftmals den Kongress nutzen, um weit entfernt lebende Bekannte wenigstens einmal im Jahr zu treffen.
Das Motto des 27C3 lautet „We come in Peace" [CCC12].
3 Theoretische Perspektive
In diesem Abschnitt soll zunächst die theoretische Grundlage für die nachfolgenden Betrachtungen umrissen werden, welche im Wesentlichen auf der Arbeit von Jarren & Donges [JD, S. 119 ff.] basiert.
3.1 Akteursbegriff
Als Akteure bezeichnet man Personen (individuelle Akteure) oder Gruppen (kollektive Akteure), welche sich selbst als Akteur verstehen und von anderen als solche anerkannt werden. Sie verfolgen Interessen und Ziele, verfügen über Handlungsressourcen und eine normative Orientierung und sind zu strategischem Handeln fähig.
Der Akteurbegriff eignet sich damit für einen Kongress als Veranstaltung eher weniger, wenn im Folgenden von Akteur die Rede ist, so ist damit die Gesamtheit der Kongressteilnehmer gemeint.
3.2 Intermediäres System
Das intermediäre System bezeichne im Zusammenhang mit der Forschungsfrage eine Vermittlungsinstanz zwischen Bürgern und politischen Entscheidungsträgern, welche die Interessen aktiver Vertreter der Gesellschaft in politische Entscheidungen transformieren kann.
Die Vermittlung im intermediären System verläuft dabei bidirektional:
* Interessensvermittlung ausgehend von der Gesellschaft an die politischen Entscheidungsträger, um auf den politischen Prozess einzuwirken und Veränderungen zu bewirken.
* Entscheidungsvermittlung ausgehend von den Entscheidungsträgern zum Zwecke der Rechtfertigung politischer Entscheidungen gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit.
Das intermediäre System ist dabei kein automatisierter Übersetzungsdienst, sondern eher als Plattform mit Zugang von beiden Ebenen zu betrachten, die, wenn sie gut funktionieren soll, möglichst offen und für alle Akteure frei zugänglich sein sollte. Freie Handlungs- und Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten ermöglichen eine möglichst breite Vermittlung von Interessen einerseits und differenzierte Entscheidungsvermittlung andererseits.
3.3 Differenzierung der Akteure
Eine weitere Möglichkeit, Akteure zu kategorisieren, ist nach ihrem möglichen Einfluss auf politische Entscheidungen. Hierbei können unterschieden werden:
* Akteure der Interessenartikulation: Hierzu zählen Vereine und Verbände. Sie verfolgen nicht ausschließlich politische Anliegen und haben auch keine direkte Einflussmöglichkeit auf das politische Geschehen, können aber bei Bedarf auf die Beachtung ihrer Interessen pochen.
* Akteure der Interessenaggregation: Diese sind vorwiegend politische Parteien, welche selbst auch Interessen formulieren, aber in erster Linie auf bereits formulierte Interessen von Wählern und Organisationen zurückgreifen, diese prüfen und ggf. auf die eigene Agenda setzen.
* Akteure der Interessendurchsetzung: Hierbei handelt es sich um Vertreter, die im politisch-administrativen System beteiligt sind. Neben Regierung und Parlament, die aktiven Einfluss auf die Gestaltung von Gesetzen haben, gehört dazu auch die Verwaltung, welche mit der Umsetzung der fertigen Gesetze betraut ist.
Die meiste Macht haben demnach die politischen Parteien inne, da sie sowohl an der Interessensaggregation als auch an der Durchsetzung beteiligt sein können. Sie versuchen, die gesamte Gesellschaft mit ihrem Programm zu erreichen und nutzen Vereine und Verbände mit ähnlichen Zielen, um ihre Anhängerschaft zu erhöhen.
Vereine und Verbände richten sich nur an einen bestimmten Teilbereich der Gesellschaft, der durch spezifische Interessen und Ziele geeint wird, im Falle des CCC wäre das die Hackerkultur.
3.4 Einflussmöglichkeiten
Um die Einflussmöglichkeiten einzelner Akteure genauer zu betrachten, bietet es sich an, diese zu kategorisieren und die Punkte einzeln zu untersuchen.
Eine Möglichkeit ist dabei die Einteilung in strukturelle, historische und situative Faktoren nach Jarren & Donges [JD, S. 130 f.].
Strukturelle Faktoren beziehen sich auf die Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen, die ein Akteur aufgrund seiner Struktur grundsätzlich akzeptieren muss. Dazu gehören
* die Position eines Akteurs im intermediären System (Artikulation, Aggregation, Durchsetzung)
* die normativen Verpflichtungen und Selbstbindungen eines Akteurs
* die Nähe oder Distanz eines Akteurs zum politisch-administrativen System
* der Organisationstypus eines Akteurs
* Ressourcenoptionen
* Mitgliederoptionen
* Medienzugangsoptionen
Historischen Faktoren sind nicht immer rational nachvollziehbar, dafür aber definitiv nachweisbar für Akteure, die schon lange existieren. Mögliche Faktoren sind
* Handlungsmuster in der Bevölkerung oder feste Strukturen (z.B. in der Verwaltung)
* Mehrheits- und Minderheitskulturen (oft bei politischen Parteien)
* Beziehungen zwischen Handelnden (z.B. Parteien und Medien)
* Erleichtertes bzw. erschwertes Durchsetzen von Interessen
* Koalitionen, Kooperationen und Lager
* historisch bedingte Milieus
Situativen Faktoren bezeichnen vorwiegend Gegebenheiten, die sich aus der aktuellen Situation ergeben und nicht unbedingt von langfristiger Relevanz sein müssen, wie z.B.
* die zur Zeit vorherrschenden (politischen) Konstellationen
* die faktische Stellung eines Akteurs im politisch-administrativen System (z.B. Regierung oder Opposition)
* die Verfügbarkeit von Ressourcen (Geld, Mitgliederaktivitäten) in einem konkreten Fall
* situative Faktoren im politischen Prozess (Vorhandensein von „Gelegenheiten")
4 Methode
4.1 Eingrenzung des Untersuchungszeitraums
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Gründe für den Einfluss zivilgesellschaftlicher Foren auf die Internetpolitik zu untersuchen, und zwar am konkreten Beispiel des 27. Chaos Communication Congress. Ein naiver Ansatz wäre also, den Untersuchungszeitraum mit der Eröffnung und Beendigung des Kongresses zu umreißen.
Verloren gingen dabei jedoch alle Quellen, die sich auf die Vorbereitung und Organisation des Kongresses sowie die Nachwirkung beziehen. Auch die gesamte Vor- und Nachberichterstattung durch die Medien ginge verloren. Für den Beginn der Vorbereitungszeit lässt sich ein konkretes Datum nennen: Am 31.7.2010 hat der CCC laut heise offiziell mit den Vorbereitungen begonnen [HE3].
Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung wird natürlich auf dem Veranstaltungszeitraum des Kongresses vom 27.12 bis zum 30.12.2010 liegen und endet mit dem Abebben der Nachberichterstattung, die direkt mit dem Kongress zusammenhängt, Ende Januar 2011. Somit lässt sich ein konkreter Untersuchungszeitraum vom 31.7.2010 bis zum 31.1.2011 definieren.
4.2 Kategorien
Um den Einfluss von Foren wie dem Chaos Communication Congress qualitativ bewerten zu können, bietet es sich an, auf die verschiedenen Faktoren nach Jarren & Donges zurückzugreifen und diese nach Relevanz und Anwendbarkeit für den Untersuchungsgegenstand zu filtern, neu zu formulieren und zu erweitern.
Zunächst lassen sich einige Punkte herausstellen, die keiner tiefer gehenden Dokumentanalyse bedürfen, sondern sich aus dem Status des Akteurs selbst ergeben oder auf Faktenwissen basieren und leicht abgerufen werden können. Dazu gehören
* die Position des Kongresses im intermediären System
* die normativen Verpflichtungen und Selbstbindungen des Teilnehmer
* die Popularität und Ausrichtung des Kongresses
* die Geschichte des Kongresses und seine Bedeutung für die Hackerszene
Für die Dokumentanalyse relevant sind Kategorien, die sich nicht durch einfaches Abfragen von Fakten klären lassen und somit der genaueren Betrachtung verschiedener Quellen bedürfen. Kategorien, die für die Forschungsfrage von Relevanz sind und im Folgenden auch verwendet werden sollen, sind:
* Ressourcen: Auf welche Ressourcen kann der Verein und damit auch der Kongress zurückgreifen?
* Kooperation: Mit wem arbeitet der Verein zusammen und wer ist am Kongress beteiligt?
* Mediale Präsenz: Wie gestaltet sich die Berichterstattung über den Kongress?
* Mobilisierungspotential: Welche Möglichkeiten der Mobilisierung werden in welchem Ausmaß genutzt?
* Politischer Einfluss: Wie ist der direkte Einfluss auf die politischen Entscheidungsträger zu beurteilen?
4.3 Auswahl der Dokumente & Dokumentenkritik
Die Auswahl der Dokumente erfolgt anhand der Ergiebigkeit für die eben definierten Kategorien. Dabei wird für jedes untersuchte Dokument zunächst grob der Inhalt erfasst und geprüft, ob es Informationen enthält, die sich einer oder mehreren Kategorien zuordnen lassen.
Als Quelle eignet sich dabei zunächst der Veranstalter selbst, der auf seiner Internetpräsenz sämtliche Informationen rund um den Kongress anbietet. Dazu gehört eine Übersicht aller Workshops und Events mit Beschreibung sowie Videostreams zu fast allen Veranstaltungen. Auch weitere Informationen zur Organisation und Hintergründen des Events werden offen auf der Homepage angeboten.
Die zweite wichtige Stütze ist die Berichterstattung über den Kongress durch die Medien. Dabei sind neben den Printmedien und dem Rundfunk insbesondere die Onlinemagazine durch besonders intensive Berichterstattung hervorzuheben. Neben den redaktionellen Inhalten sind aber auch Blogeinträge und Tweets von Personen, die am Kongress teilgenommen haben, für den Untersuchungsgegenstand relevant.
Nachdem die Auswahl der Quellen abgeschlossen ist, erfolgt die Dokumentkritik, welche sich nach Noetzel [NOE, S. 328 ff,] in innere und äußere Kritik gliedern lässt. Die äußere Kritik, welche sich vorwiegend mit der Authentizitätsprüfung befasst, spielt für die Forschungsfrage eine eher untergeordnete Rolle, da kaum davon auszugehen ist, dass Videoaufzeichnungen und Presseberichte im Nachhinein gefälscht wurden, sollte aber dennoch zur Sicherheit überprüft werden, gerade wenn sich Dokumente widersprechen. Etwaige Widersprüche sollten unbedingt vor der abschließenden Auswertung geklärt werden, um verfälschte Resultate zu vermeiden.
4.4 Vorgehen bei der Auswertung
Für die Auswertung entscheidend ist die innere Dokumentkritik: Die sachliche Auswertung des Dokuments, insbesondere die Struktur- und Funktionsanalyse, ergibt die nötigen Informationen, welche sich den einzelnen Kategorien zuordnen lassen.
Für jedes Dokument erfolgt eine stichpunktartige Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Dokumentanalyse, geordnet nach Kategorien, so dass anschließend leichter Zugriff auf die einzelnen Teilaspekte möglich ist.
Die Ergebnisse der Dokumentanalyse werden nach Kategorien geordnet dokumentübergreifend zusammengetragen. Die Herkunft der Einzelaussagen zu jeder Kategorie bleibt bekannt, die Gesamtaussage, die pro Kategorie gebildet wird, ist damit jedoch von einzelnen Dokumenten unabhängig.
Im Anschluss daran wird eine Bewertung aufgestellt, die alle Kategorien mit einbezieht und zusammen mit den anderen Faktoren, die unabhängig von der Dokumentanalyse gesammelt wurden, die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage versucht.
5 Ergebnisse
Zunächst soll eine allgemeine Einordnung des Akteurs in das theoretische Grundgerüst des intermediären Systems nach Jarren & Donges erfolgen. Dabei wird als Akteur sowohl die Gesamtheit der Kongressteilnehmer, als auch der dahinter stehende Chaos Computer Club betrachtet. Anschließend erfolgt die Auswertung der Kategorien als Ergebnis der Dokumentanalyse.
5.1 Allgemein
Der Verein kann klar als Akteur der Interessensartikulation identifiziert werden. Er hat keine direkte politische Macht und ist nicht mit einer Organisation verbunden, die über politische Macht verfügt, hat aber dafür in der Satzung festgelegte Ziele, wie Informationsfreiheit, die auch politischer Natur sind. Der Kongress selbst dient allein schon aufgrund des Austauschs, der Vorträge und der Diskussionen der Interessensartikulation.
Die Mitglieder des Vereins sind normativ der Satzung des Clubs [CCC13] und der Hackerethik [CCC2] verschrieben. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Sammelsurium von Grundsätzen, die den respekt- und verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit den eigenen Daten und denen anderer einfordern.
Der Kongress ist mittlerweile als Veranstaltung mit internationaler Ausrichtung anerkannt, die vorwiegend vorherrschende Sprache bei Lesungen ist englisch, auch wenn die Mehrheit der anwesenden Hacker aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum stammt.
Der Verein und der Kongress können sich auf die Anerkennung und Unterstützung der internationalen Hackerszene stützen und auch immer mehr Personen von außerhalb des Vereins sympathisieren mit dessen Zielen, wie auch die Teilnehmerentwicklung des Kongresses zeigt: Der Verein selbst hat derzeit etwa 3000 Mitglieder, am Kongress teilgenommen haben über 4000 Personen, wobei zusätzlich davon auszugehen ist, dass längst nicht jedes Clubmitglied nach Berlin gereist ist.
Die Bekanntheit des Clubs hängt auch mit seiner für das Computerzeitalter vergleichsweise langen Geschichte zusammen, sowie den Aktionen, mit denen er in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten auf sich aufmerksam gemacht hat. Neben Lob und Anerkennung gab es aber auch immer wieder Kritik aus Politik und Wirtschaft, da die Hacker oftmals gegen das Gesetz verstoßen mussten, um Sicherheitslücken in als sicher propagierten Systemen zu entdecken. Auch der Kongress selbst, der zuletzt zum 27. mal in Folge stattgefunden hat, ist ein Urgestein der Hackergeschichte und eines der ältesten Ereignisse dieser Art.
5.2 Kategorien
Ressourcen
Um die verfügbaren Ressourcen des Chaos Communication Congress bewerten zu können, muss man sowohl den Kongress an sich, als auch den dahinter stehenden und für die Organisation verantwortlichen Verein betrachten.
Als primäre Ressourcen sind die besonderen Fähigkeiten und das Wissen der Hacker zu nennen, die im Chaos Computer Club vereinigt sind. Dazu kommt die Fähigkeit, Veranstaltungen und Aktionen zu organisieren, was am Beispiel des Chaos Communication Congress verdeutlicht wird und das Ansehen als sachkundiger Berater, das der Club mittlerweile in Deutschland genießt.
Die Hacker am Chaos Communication Congress haben bereits in der Vergangenheit häufig mit öffentlichkeitswirksamen Aktionen wie dem GSM-Hack [CCC1] auf Probleme bei Sicherheitssystemen und im Datenschutz aufmerksam gemacht. Auch am 27C3 wurden kritische Themen wie die Sicherheit des neuen Personalausweis [EV1] und die Netzneutralität [EV2] behandelt, welche die Verantwortlichen und die Gesellschaft zum Umdenken anregen sollen.
Über Missbrauch aufgedeckter Sicherheitslücken durch Mitglieder des CCC ist bis heute nichts bekannt, die unter ihnen anerkannte Hackerethik [CCC2] verbietet ein derartiges Vorgehen, was zu einem über die Jahre gewachsenen Vertrauensgewinn geführt hat. So arbeitet der CCC bereits auf Wunsch des Bundesverfassungsgerichts als Gutachter zur Verhandlung um die Vorratsdatenspeicherung [CCC3], welche durch das Gericht letztendlich als verfassungswidrig abgelehnt wurde.
Als weitere Ressource ist Organisationsfähigkeit zu verzeichnen, welche auch am 27C3 wieder unter Beweis gestellt wurde. Mit minimalem finanziellen Einsatz wurde ein Kongress für über 4000 Teilnehmer auf Nonprofit-Basis [CCC4] ermöglicht. Hervorzuheben sind hier die zahlreichen Unterstützer, welche die Infrastruktur größtenteils kostenlos zur Vorfügung gestellt haben [CCC5], die Einrichtungen, welche am Kongress angeboten wurden (Kindergarten, Helpdesk, Sicherheit) [CCC6] sowie das Spezialgebiet der Hacker, das technische Angebot in Form von Strom, WLAN, kostenlosem Telefon-Netz, einem eigenen Handy-Netz und einem DVB-T Sender, welcher das Programm des 27C3 in ganz Berlin ausstrahlte [DF2].
Kooperation
Intern läuft die Zusammenarbeit beim Chaos Computer Club sehr effizient, trotz des dezentralen Charakters der Vereinsstruktur [CCC13]. Gerade die von den Teilnehmern gelobte Organisation des Kongresses, an dem Clubmitglieder aus ganz Deutschland freiwillig und ohne Bezahlung mitgearbeitet haben, zeigt dies deutlich.
Im Rahmen des Kongresses war die Kooperation mit Unternehmen und Instituten, die die Veranstalter bei der Bereitstellung der Infrastruktur unterstützten, breit gefächert. Insbesondere die technische Infrastruktur wurde von diversen Unternehmen vergünstigt oder kostenlos bereitgestellt [CCC5].
Der Veranstalter arbeitete auch mit diversen Ausstellern zusammen, die auf dem Kongress kostenlos Flächen zur Verfügung gestellt bekamen, um ihre Projekte vorzustellen. Unter diesen fanden sich mehrheitlich Hackergruppen, aber auch diverse Künstler, die für den Kongress ein Radioprogramm moderierten oder Lichtkunstanalgen aufbauten und politische Gruppen wie der AK Vorrat waren vertreten [CCC11].
Kooperation mit der Politik blieb am 27C3 jedoch weitgehend aus. Zwar stand jedem der Besuch der Kongresses offen, doch folgten dem Ruf keine politischen Entscheidungsträger. Die Ursachen dafür sind wohl in den schnell ausverkaufen Tickets zu suchen, die Spontanbesuche eher ausschließen, und die allgemeine Ausrichtung des Kongresses, die sich bewusst an Clubmitglieder und Hacker im Allgemeinen richtet. Es handelt sich beim Chaos Communication Congress, so viel kann man festhalten, nicht in erster Linie um ein Politikforum, sondern einen Hackerkongress mit politischen Ambitionen.
Mediale Präsenz
Die umfassende Berichterstattung um das Geschehen am Kongress kommt von den Veranstaltern selbst. Während des Kongresses waren alle Lesungen über Antenne in ganz Berlin live zu empfangen, der Rest der Welt könnte die Veranstaltungen übers Internet per Livestream verfolgen [DF2]. Auf der Internetseite zum 27C3 sind alle weiteren Informationen wie Ticketsystem, Veranstaltungskalender, Wegweiser, etc. rund um den Kongress zu finden [CCC7]. Die Videoaufzeichnungen und Materialien zu den Lesungen sind auch im Nachhinein weiterhin frei abrufbar [CCC8, TV4].
Die Onlinepresse setzte sich recht intensiv mit dem Kongress auseinander und spiegelte auch die Bandbreite der Themen wieder. Heise berichtete beispielsweise über das Konzept des Kryptologen Daniel Bernstein zur Verschlüsselung des Datenverkehrs im Internet [HE2] und Golem berichtete über die Vorstellung der neuen Whistleblower-Plattform Openleaks [GO1].
In den herkömmlichen Medien dominierten die Hackaktionen, die traditionell am Chaos Communication Congress stattfinden, aber nur von einer Minderheit unterstützt werden. So berichtet die taz über einen Angriff auf einen Onlineshop der FDP [TA1] und Spiegel
Online titelt mit „Hacker verunstalten ARD-, FDP- und CDU-Seiten" [SP1]. Die Süddeutsche Zeitung unterstreicht hingegen die Kritik der Hacker an den Angriffen durch Gruppen wie Anonymous mit dem Titel „Hacker gegen Hacker-Angriffe" [SZ1].
Aber auch ernsthaftere Themen wie die Sicherheitslücken im Mobilfunkstandard GSM wurden im Deutschlandfunk [DF3] und von der taz [TA2] diskutiert und im Deutschlandfunk waren während des Kongresses Innenminister de Maizière und CCC-Sprecherin Constanze Kurz eingeladen, um über Netzneutralität, soziale Netzwerke und den elektronischen Personalausweis zu diskutieren [DF1]. Den Beitrag, der wohl die meisten Rezipienten erreichte, sendete das ZDF im heute journal vom Tag 1 des 27C3, in dem mehrere Mitglieder des CCC zu Wort kamen [ZDF].
Insgesamt betrachtet war die Berichterstattung in den auflagenstarken Printmedien oder dem Fernsehen eher als zurückhaltend zu betrachten, die Gesellschaft als Ganzes konnte der Kongress über die Medien noch nicht erreichen.
Mobilisierungspotential
Die Mobilisierung ist und bleibt das Mittel der Wahl beim Chaos Communication Congress. Schonungslose Aufklärung bis ins kleinste Detail bildet für ein technisch versiertes Publikum an vier Kongresstagen die reguläre Kost. Die Themen gehen dabei von rein technischen Aspekten immer mehr in Richtung Politik, und dabei ist nicht nur Internetpolitik angesprochen, auch die Grundrechte der Bürger in Bezug auf Datenschutz, Meinungsfreiheit und informationelle Selbstbestimmung werden vehement verteidigt.
Alvar Freude, Gründer des AK Zensur, eröffnete mit einem Rundumschlag gegen die Negativtrends des Jahres die Debatte nicht ohne eine Prise Polemik [EV3]. Neben Kritik am gescheiterten Jugendmedienschutzstaatsvertrag und der Warnung vor einer Neuauflage im kommenden Jahr ging es auch um Vorratsdatenspeicherung und Internetsperren. Er betonte dabei, dass die Aktionen und der Widerstand aus der Netzgemeinde bereits Erfolge erzielt haben und eine Fortsetzung der Tätigkeit unbedingt erforderlich ist. „Die Politik ignoriert uns nicht mehr ganz" [TV2] war das Fazit seiner Ausführungen.
Unter dem euphemistischen Titel „Die gesamte Technik ist sicher" setzte sich eine Arbeitsgruppe kritisch mit der Sicherheit des neuen elektronischen Personalausweis auseinander. Dabei wurden weitere Angriffsmöglichkeiten auf den Ausweis auch mit höherwertigen Lesegeräten erläutert und auch ein praktischer Versuchsaufbau gezeigt [EV1]. Dass der ePerso angreifbar ist, haben schon Hacker des CCC im August 2010 in der ARD-Sendung plusminus gezeigt [ARD] und damit öffentliche Kritik gegen dessen Einführung ausgelöst.
Einen besonderen Beitrag gab es vom US-Bürger und Internet Service Provider Nicholas Merrill [EV4], welcher durch den USA PATRIOT act, die Antiterror-Gesetze, welche unter der Bush-Regierung nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 entstanden, zur Herausgabe von persönlichen Daten seiner Kunden gezwungen wurde. Die Maßnahme kam ohne richterliche Anordnung durch das FBI und ihm wurde darüber hinaus jede Kommunikation darüber verboten. Auch heute noch droht ihm eine Haftstrafe von bis zu 10 Jahren,
sollte er über bestimmte Einzelheiten des Falls reden. Er rief die Kongressteilnehmer dazu auf, entschieden gegen staatliche Überwachung vorzugehen und das Funktionieren der Justiz im Lande zu sichern. Für seinen Beitrag erntete er stehenden Applaus und viele Solidaritätsbekundungen [TV3].
In weiteren Vorträgen ging es um die Volkszählung in Deutschland, Netzneutralität und das Urheberrecht. Die Hacker sind damit aktiv an einer Diskussion um Themen beteiligt, die auch in der Öffentlichkeit und der Politik behandelt werden, und sie nehmen bereits vielfach aktiv durch Protestaktionen oder Aufklärung Einfluss auf die Debatte.
Politischer Einfluss
Der direkte politische Einfluss des Vereins ist derzeit noch als eher gering einzustufen, da er keiner Partei nahesteht, keine Lobbyarbeit betreibt und auch keine Partei im Parlament vertreten ist, die sich die Ziele des CCC auf die Fahnen geschrieben hat.
Geschätzt sind die Hacker in der Politik schon heute als Berater, wie auch Innenminister de Maizière in einer Radiodiskussion bestätigte, zu der er und CCC-Sprecherin Constanze Kurz während des 27C3 eingeladen waren [DF1].
„Wir brauchen mehr Nerd-Lobbyismus" [HE1] war die Forderung von Alvar Freude (AK Zensur) in einer Lesung am 27C3, um ein Gegengewicht zur schon lange aktiven Lobbyarbeit durch die Musikindustrie oder Befürworter von Internetsperren zu schaffen. Auch der ehemalige Wikileaks-Mitarbeiter und CCC-Mitglied Rop Gonggrijp hat in seiner Eröffnungsrede zu mehr politischer Betätigung durch die Hacker aufgerufen, da der Politik in vielen Fällen die nötige Sachkenntnis fehle [TV1]. Die Diskussion um tatsächliche internetpolitische Betätigung war an diesem Kongress groß und mit dem Motto „We come in Peace" setzte der Veranstalter bewusst ein Zeichen an die Öffentlichkeit und die Politik.
Erkennbar ist, dass die Hacker weiter in die Mitte der Gesellschaft rücken, weswegen auch der Begriff „Netzgemeinschaft" von einigen Mitgliedern des CCC als abwertend empfunden wird, da er eine Abgrenzung vom Rest der Gesellschaft suggeriert [ST1]. Auch die zunehmende Beschäftigung der Parlamentsparteien mit der Internetpolitik, welche sich allein schon darin äußert, dass mittlerweile jede Partei einen Ansprechpartner zum Thema Internetpolitik hat, zeugt von der wachsenden Relevanz des Themas für die Gesellschaft.
Der Einfluss der Hackergemeinschaft auf die Internetpolitik, welcher sich bisher nur durch demonstrative Hacks, Aufklärung der Öffentlichkeit oder Beratertätigkeit für das Bundesverfassungsgericht erreichen ließ, könnte schon bald durch eine größere Nähe zur Politik auch ohne die bisher nötigen Umwege geschafft werden.
6 Fazit
Wie ist der Einfluss des Chaos Communication Congress auf die Internetpolitik in Deutschland zu bewerten?
Als Akteur der Interessensaggregation und der damit verbundenen Funktion als Interessensvermittler im intermediären System, kann dem Kongress schon aufgrund seiner Stellung kein direkter Einfluss auf die Politik bescheinigt werden. Dennoch besitzt jeder Akteur die grundsätzliche Möglichkeit der Durchsetzung seiner Interessen, sei es durch Lobbyarbeit, vor Gericht oder gesellschaftlichen Protest.
Und tatsächlich weist der Kongress Potential auf, wie die Analyse gezeigt hat. Das größte Gut ist dabei die Sachkenntnis der Kongressteilnehmer, die sich selbst häufig als Hacker bezeichnen. Dieser in der Öffentlichkeit häufig mit Angriffen und Verbrechen assoziierte Begriff findet beim Chaos Computer Club jedoch eine andere Ausprägung: Die Hackerethik und ein gewisses vernunftgelenktes Handeln der Mitglieder haben den Hackern über die Jahre einen guten Ruf eingebracht und sie selbst behaupten auch von sich „wir sind die Guten" [ZDF], wie sich auch im Motto des 27C3 „We come in Peace" widerspiegelt.
Die zweite Säule des Kongresses ist seine loyale Mitgliederbasis. Organisiert und ausgerichtet von Freiwilligen, die auf Bezahlung für ihre Arbeit verzichten, ist er als NonprofitVeranstaltung ausgerichtet, Kritik wegen Kommerzialisierung oder Entfremdung vom eigentlichen Zweck ist kaum zu vernehmen, auch wenn das massive Wachstum die Veranstalter vor Herausforderungen stellt. Die Teilnehmer wissen das zu schätzen und so findet sich jährlich in Berlin etwas zusammen, dass man durchaus als Hackerelite Deutschlands, vielleicht sogar Europas bezeichnen könnte.
Ein derartiges Ereignis lockt natürlich Menschen an, die nicht unbedingt dem CCC nahestehen, aber dafür sich im Bereich Internetpolitik engagieren. 28 Vorträge aus dem Themengebiet Gesellschaft [CCC8] stehen damit dem traditionell meist besetzen Thema Hacking nicht mehr weit nach. Die Vorträge werden oft genutzt, um die Hörer auf Missstände aufmerksam zu machen oder um zu Aktionen und Protesten zu mobilisieren.
Hier zeigen sich erste real messbare Auswirkungen, die sich nicht unbedingt auf den Kongress als Einzelinstanz, aber in jedem Fall auf Berichte und Protestaktionen von Netzaktivisten in ganz Deutschland zurückführen lassen. Auch wenn der Kongress selbst die breite Öffentlichkeit noch nicht erreicht, kommen die behandelten Themen durchaus in der Mitte der Gesellschaft an. Diskussionen, wie etwa um den elektronischen Personalausweis oder die Vorratsdatenspeicherung, wurden nicht selten aus dem direkten Umfeld der Hacker überhaupt erst angestoßen und werden natürlich weiterhin ausführlich auf dem Kongress diskutiert.
Die Medienberichterstattung muss an dieser Stelle differenziert betrachtet werden: Einerseits gibt es eine sehr intensive Dokumentation und Publikation der Ereignisse am Kongress durch die Veranstalter selbst, die auch von einschlägigen Onlinemedien aufgegriffen und weiter verbreitet werden. Andererseits beschränkt sich in den herkömmlichen Medien die Berichterstattung jedoch oft auf die, von den meisten Hackern als unproduktiv empfundenen, Angriffe von wenigen auf Internetseiten politischer Parteien, die sich gegen deren Interessen stellen, oder rechtsradikalen Organisationen gehören.
Ein weiteres nicht zu unterschätzendes Druckmittel der Hacker ist der Rechtsweg geworden: Wie die Absage des Bundesverfassungsgerichts an die Gesetzgebung zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung gezeigt hat, gibt es juristische Instanzen in Deutschland, welche die Bedenken des Hacker ernst nehmen und notfalls auch Gesetze kippen können. Als Gestaltungsmittel für die Politik sind Gerichte aber nicht geeignet.
Die Forderung nach einer ernst zu nehmenden politischen Lobby aus der Hackergemeinschaft war am 27C3 lauter als je zuvor. Faktisch haben sie durch fehlende Nähe zu einer politischen Partei nur sehr begrenzte Möglichkeiten, ihre Anliegen direkt an die Politik zu tragen. Zwar ist der CCC in die Lobbyliste des Bundestags eintragen und wird auch bisweilen zu Expertengesprächen eingeladen [CCC14], aber eine aktive Kommunikation mit der Politik fehlt. Der „Nerd-Lobbyismus" soll nun die oftmals fehlende Sachkenntnis der Politiker ausgleichen und neue internetpolitische Katastrophen schon im Vorhinein effektiv verhindern. Konkrete Pläne zur Umsetzung des Vorhabens nannte man aber nicht.
Damit fehlt dem Chaos Communication Congress als zweifelsohne fähige Plattform des Austauschs zu internetpolitischen Themen das entscheidende Bindeglied zur Politik. Der Protest funktioniert, das schon seit Jahren, und mit zunehmender Aufmerksamkeit durch die Medien verbreiten sich die Ansichten der Hacker auch immer schneller in der vernetzten Gesellschaft. Das Aufmerksammachen ist leichter geworden und die Zahl der Unterstützer steigt stetig. Aber was den Kongress und die Hacker immer wieder auf die Oppositionsbank verbannen wird, ist der fehlende heiße Draht, die fehlende Möglichkeit, die Politik dort zu beeinflussen, wo sie gemacht wird.
Literatur
[ARD] ARD plusminus (2010): Rückschau: Personalausweis. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://www.daserste.de/plusminus/ beitrag_dyn∼uid,xc29d2302gsn4gde∼cm.asp
[CCC1] Chaos Computer Club: CCC klont D2 Kundenkarte. Abgerufen am 15.8.2011 von http://dasalte.ccc.de/gsm/?language=de
[CCC2] Chaos Computer Club: hackerethics. Abgerufen am 14.8.2011 von http://ccc.de/de/hackerethics
[CCC3] Kurz, C. & , Rieger. F. (2009): Stellungnahme des Chaos Computer Clubs zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://18.104.22.168/vds/VDSfinal18.pdf
[CCC4] 27C3: Ticket FAQ. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Ticket_FAQ_de
[CCC5] 27C3: Supporters. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Supporters
[CCC6] 27C3: Facilities. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Facilities
[CCC7] 27C3: Homepage. Abgerufen am 14.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Main_Page
[CCC8] 27C3: Fahrplan. Abgerufen am 14.8.2011 von https://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/Fahrplan/
[CCC9] Chaos Computer Club: Der Chaos Communication Congress. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/
[CCC10] Chaos Computer Club: Chaos Computer Club. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://www.ccc.de/de/club
[CCC11] 27C3: Projects. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Projects
[CCC12] 27C3: We come in peace. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/We_come_in_peace
[CCC13] Chaos Computer Club: Satzung des CCC e.V. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://www.ccc.de/de/club/statutes
[CCC14] Chaos Computer Club Köln: Geschichte, Arbeit und Zie. Abgerufen am 18.8.2011 von
le des Chaos Computer Club http://koeln.ccc.de/c4/geschichte/index.xml
[DF1] Deutschlandfunk (2010): Chaos Communication Congress. Abgerufen am 15.8.2011 von http://www.dradio.de/dlf/ sendungen/forschak/1330229/
[SZ1] sueddeutsche.de (2010): Hacker gegen Hacker-Angriffe. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von http://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/chaoscomputer-club-hacker- gegen-hacker-angriffe-1.1040597
[TA1] taz.de (2010): FDP-Shop außer Kontrolle. Abgerufen am 15.8.2011 von https://www.taz.de/!63457/
[TA2] taz.de (2010): Feature-Phone-Tod per SMS. Abgerufen am 16.8.2011 von https://www.taz.de/!63452/
[TV1] Gonggrijp, R.: 27C3 Keynote. Abgerufen am 14.8.2011 von http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4302-en-27c3_ keynote_we_come_in_peace.html
[TV2] Freude, A.: Von Zensursula über Censilia hin zum Kindernet. Abgerufen am 15.8.2011 von http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4252-de-von_ zensursula_ueber_censilia_zum_kindernet.html
[TV3] Merrill, N.: The importance of resisting Excessive Government Surveillance. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4263-en-resisting_ excessive_government_surveillance.html
[TV4] CCC-TV: Congress 2010. Abgerufen am 15.8.2011 von http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/index.html
[ZDF] ZDF heute journal (2010): Hacker als Lotsen im Daten-Chaos. Abgerufen am 17.8.2011 von http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/beitrag/video/1223330/Hackerals-Lotsen-im-Daten-Chaos#/beitrag/video/1223330/Hackerals-Lotsen-im-Daten-Chaos
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hospitalizacji ("Ubezpieczenie na Wypadek Hospitalizacji") oraz ubezpieczenie Nieruchomości Obciążanej Hipoteką.
5.5.2. Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe ustanawiane jest na okres od Wypłaty Pożyczki do dnia uprawomocnienia postanowienia o wpisie na rzecz Banku wszystkich hipotek, do których ustanowienia zobowiązuje Umowa, o końcu miesiąca, w którym złożone przez Pożyczkobiorcę oświadczenie o rezygnacji z Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego staje się skuteczne lub w którym Bank wypowiedział Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe. Oświadczenie o rezygnacji z Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego złożone nie później niż na 14 (czternaste) dni Roboczych przed zakończeniem danego miesiąca kalendarzowego staje się skuteczne z jego końcem, a złożone po tym dniu skutkuje od końca kolejnego miesiąca.
5.5.3. Do zasad naliczania, wymagalności i zapłaty opłaty za Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe stojące się postanowienia Warunków Pożyczki o naliczaniu wymagalności i sposobie naliczowania Pożyczki oraz postanowienia Stopy Stopy Zmniejszonej, w zależności od tego, która ma na celu określić zasady naliczania dla Pożyczki. Bank zaprzestaje pobierania Opłaty za Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe z pierwszym Dniem Roboczym miesiąca, po którym oświadczenie o rezygnacji z Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego staje się skuteczne zgodnie z punktem 5.5.2. powyżej.
5.5.4. Bank może wypowiedzieć Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe ze skutkiem na koniec miesiąca.
5.5.5. Opłata za ubezpieczenie pakietowe ("Opłata za Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe") jest określona w Umowie Pożyczki. Może ona ulec zmianie w przypadkach przewidzianych w warunkach Pożyczki dla Prowizji i Opłat, a ponadto w sytuacjach:
a) wzrostu ryzyka portfelowego mierzonego dla ubezpieczonych Pożyczkobiorców o ponad 0,01%,
b) zmiany wysokości rezerw technicznych towarzystw ubezpieczeniowych o ponad 1%.
O zmianie wysokości opłaty, o której mowa powyżej, Bank każdorazowo informuje Pożyczkobiorcę.
5.5.6. Zmiany do Umowy Pożyczki i niniejszego Regulaminu w zakresie Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego oraz zmiany Opłaty za Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe nie wymagają aneksu do Umowy Pożyczki.
5.5.1. Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe – postanowienia niniejszego punktu dotyczą Umów pożyczki zawieranych przed dniem 25.07.2010 r.
126.96.36.199. Ubezpieczenie pakietowe obejmuje dokonywane przez Bank, na zasadach określonych w warunkach ubezpieczenia stanowiących załącznik do Umowy Pożyczki Ubezpieczenie Nieruchomości Obciążanej Hipoteką ("Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe").
188.8.131.52. Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe ustanawiane jest na okres od Wypłaty Pożyczki do dnia uprawomocnienia postanowienia o wpisie na rzecz Banku wszystkich hipotek, do których ustanowienia zobowiązują Umowa. o końcu miesiąca, w którym złożone przez Pożyczkobiorcę oświadczenie o rezygnacji z Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego staje się skuteczne lub w którym Bank wypowiedział Ubezpieczenie Pakietowe. Oświadczenie o rezygnacji z Ubezpieczenia Pakietowego złożone nie później niż na 14 (czternaste) dni Roboczych przed zakończeniem danego miesiąca kalendarzowego staje się skuteczne z jego końcem, a złożone po tym dniu skutkuje od końca kolejnego miesiąca.
6. DODATKOWE PRAWA I OBOWIĄZKI STRON W CZASIE TRWANIA POŻYCZKI
6.1. Dodatkowe obowiązki Pożyczkobiorcy
6.1.1. Oprócz obowiązków przewidzianych w pozostałej Dokumentacji Pożyczki oraz innych postanowieniach niniejszego Regulaminu Produktowego Pożyczkobiorca ma zobowiązania, a) zapewniać Bank w posiadzie wiernej Nieruchomości Obciążanej Hipoteką nie dość do wpisania żadnych praw osobistych i roszczeń, w szczególności prawa najmu dzierżawy i dożywocia;
b) informowania Banku o przeniesieniu tytułu prawnego do Nieruchomości, stanowiącej Nieruchomość Obciążoną Hipoteką;
c) w przypadku, gdy wysokość wszystkich, chociażby niewymagalnych zobowiązań, do których splota Pożyczkobiorca jest zobowiązany w związku z Pożyczką (wymagalność zgodnie z pkt. 6.3 Regulaminu Kredytowego) oraz niewykorzystanej kwoty Pożyczki przekracza równowartość 3 mln EUR (wyliczaną na podstawie Tabeli Kursów) Pożyczkobiorca jest zobowiązany do przedstawiania aktualnego operatu szacunkowego Nieruchomości stanowiącej Zabezpieczenie Pożyczki co najmniej raz na trzy lata; Bank jest uprawniony do żądania przedstawienia operatu szacunkowego przez Pożyczkobiorcę w każdym przypadku, gdy istnieją przyczyny znacznego zmniejszenia się wartości Nieruchomości, w stosunku do wartości nieaktualnych nieruchomości o podobnych cechach.
6.2. Dodatkowe obowiązki Banku
Pozą przypadkami określonymi w Wymaganiach Prawnych i w pozostałych Warunkach Kredytu, Bank będzie informował w okresach nie rzadszych niż kwartałowe o zmianie opracowania wynikające ze zmiany Stopy Referencyjnej Kredytu oraz o wysokości Rat do spłaty przypadających w okresach pomiędzy kolejnymi informacjami przesyłanymi przez Bank.
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Se publica "Pequeña teología de la lentitud"
Breves reflexiones de uno de los teólogos y poetas más importantes de Portugal
Fragmenta Editorial, 17 de junio de 2017 a las 09:08
(Fragmenta Editorial) - "Pasamos por las cosas sin habitarlas, hablamos con los demás sin escucharlos, reunimos información que no llegaremos a profundizar", afirma José Tolentino Mendonça en Pequeña teología de la lentitud, el segundo libro de breves reflexiones que uno de los teólogos y poetas más importantes de Portugal publica en Fragmenta, después de Hacia una espiritualidad de los sentidos (2016).
"Todo transcurre a un galope ruidoso, vehementemente y efímero. Realmente, la velocidad a la que vivimos nos impide vivir", afirma en el primer capítulo de un conjunto de dieciséis textos breves donde se explora la lentitud, el agradecimiento, el perdón, la espera, el arte de cuidar y habitar, la perseverancia, la compasión, la alegría, el deseo y el arte de no saber.
Tolentino, que es vicerrector de la Universidad Católica Portuguesa y miembro del Consejo Pontificio para la Cultura en el Vaticano, adopta en cambio una posición neutra desde el punto de vista religioso y no ahorra una mirada crítica a la forma de vida acelerada y distante con el entorno y lo demás.
El editor de Fragmenta, Ignasi Moreta, destaca "la importancia de introducir un autor como Tolentino, quien sin renunciar a su cosmovisión cristiana, adopta referentes y preocupaciones modernos con los que dialoga con el público contemporáneo. El formato pequeño del libro y la brevedad de los capítulos permite una lectura pausada", ha seguido Moreta, que coincide con lo que Tolentino dijo en su última visita a Barcelona: "Pienso que el poeta debe mantener el ritmo del poema, que es siempre la máxima contención, la máxima economía y el máximo sabor."
José Tolentino Mendonça (Madeira, Portugal, 1965) es una de las voces más originales del Portugal contemporáneo. Especialista en estudios bíblicos (es doctor en teología bíblica por el Instituto Bíblico Pontificio de Roma), ha abordado con rigor y creatividad los temas y los textos del canon cristiano en diálogo con los grandes interrogantes del presente.
Es profesor de la Universidad Católica Portuguesa, donde actualmente ejerce el cargo de vicerrector. Dirige la revista Didaskalia, editada por la Facultad de Teología de la misma universidad. Desde el 2011 es consultor del Consejo Pontificio de la Cultura, en el Vaticano.
Además de ensayista, es autor de una obra poética que goza de un gran reconocimiento en las letras portuguesas.
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Balkan Youth Championships 15 May 2014 Sliven / BUL
800 m - youth boys
start: 19:30 / Thursday /
FINAL RESULTS
| | BIB | Family name and First name | Y.B. | Country | RES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | 1 Heat | | | |
| 1 | 3188 | Gheban Madalin | 1997 | ROU | 1.54.56 |
| 2 | 3133 | Niyagol Niyagolov | 1997 | BUL | 1.55.95 |
| 3 | 3174 | Tzimagiorgis Stelios | 1997 | GRE | 1.56.22 |
| 4 | 3179 | Marin Godoroja | 1997 | MDA | 1.57.16 |
| 5 | 3212 | Velibor Nikolic | 1997 | SRB | 1.59.27 |
| 6 | 3199 | Timpau Laurentiu Constantin | 1997 | ROU | 1.59.93 |
| 7 | 3148 | Juraj Pavlek | 1998 | CRO | 2.00.43 |
| 8 | 3220 | Ilija Kiroski | 1997 | MKD | 2.05.41 |
| 8 | 3119 | Nikola Pejcic | 1997 | BIH | 2.06.67 |
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OGGETTO: AGGIUDICAZIONE PROVVISORIA PER L'AFFIDAMENTO DEL SERVIZIO ASSICURATIVO SCOLASTICO TRIENNIO 2017/2020
A seguito delle operazioni di gara per l'affidamento del servizio assicurativo scolastico per il triennio 2017/2020, è stata individuata in aggiudicazione provvisoria l'agenzia "Benacquista Assicurazioni Snc" con il punteggio di 94/100.
L'efficacia dell'aggiudicazione definitiva è comunque subordinata all'esito favorevole delle verifiche in ordine al possesso dei requisiti dichiarati in sede di presentazione della domanda di partecipazione.
IL DIRIGENTE SCOLASTICO
Susanna Picchi
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Erfüllungsort der Nacherfüllung im Kaufrecht
Da der Nacherfüllungsanspruch der modifizierte Erfüllungsanspruch ist, ist der Erfüllungsort der Nacherfüllung im Kaufrecht regelmäßig identisch mit dem ursprünglichen Leistungsort des durch den Kaufvertrag begründeten Primärleistungsanspruchs. Die Verkehrssitte und Treu und Glauben können allerdings im Einzelfall ein anderes Ergebnis fordern (im Anschluss an OLG München, Urt. v. 20.06.2007 – 20 U 2204/07).
OLG Koblenz, Urteil vom 16.07.2010 – 8 U 812/09
Sachverhalt: Die Kläger haben nach dem Kauf eines Faltanhängers gegenüber der Beklagten die „Wandlung" des Kaufvertrags erklärt und mit der Klage die Rückzahlung des Kaufpreises von 7.370 € nebst Zinsen Zug um Zug gegen Rückgabe des Anhängers geltend gemacht.
Das Landgericht hat den Klägern einen Zahlungsanspruch in Höhe von 7.320 € nebst Zinsen, Zug um Zug gegen Rückgabe des Faltanhängers, zugesprochen. Zur Begründung hat es ausgeführt, nach Durchführung der Beweisaufnahme sei davon auszugehen, dass mehrere Mängel vorhanden seien, von denen gemäß § 476 BGB vermutet werden, dass sie bereits bei Gefahrübergang vorgelegen hätten. Der Rücktritt sei nach Ablauf einer angemessenen Frist zur Nacherfüllung erklärt worden, und die Pflichtverletzung sei auch erheblich.
In Höhe von 50 € sei der Anspruch der Kläger durch Aufrechnung erloschen, weil der Beklagten insoweit gemäß § 280 I BGB ein aufrechenbarer Gegenanspruch im Zusammenhang mit einem fehlgeschlagenen Abholversuchs zugestanden habe.
Die Berufung der Beklagten hatte Erfolg.
Aus den Gründen: II. … Der mit der Klage geltend gemachte Rückzahlungsanspruch wegen Rückabwicklung des Kaufvertrags über den Faltanhänger besteht nicht, da die Kläger nicht wirksam von dem Kaufvertrag zurückgetreten sind.
Dahinstehen kann, ob die Kläger wegen der gerügten Mängel gem. § 437 Nr. 2 BGB zum Rücktritt berechtigt waren. Da sie den Anhänger nicht am Firmensitz der Beklagten zur Nachbesserung zur Verfügung gestellt haben, haben sie die Nacherfüllung nicht innerhalb der gesetzten Frist ermöglicht und damit eine Mitwirkungshandlung nicht erfüllt, die das Rücktrittsrecht voraussetzt.
Erfüllungsort für die Nacherfüllung ist hier der Firmensitz der Beklagten als dem Erfüllungsort ihrer kaufvertraglichen Leistungsverpflichtung (§ 269 I BGB; s. Auftragsbestätigung vom 25.02.2008: „LIEFERUNG: ab X., Selbstabholer").
Als Nacherfüllungsort kommt grundsätzlich in Betracht der ursprüngliche Leistungsort des durch den Kaufvertrag begründeten Primärleistungsanspruchs oder aber der Belegenheitsort der mangelhaften Sache im Zeitpunkt des Nacherfüllungsverlangens. Entscheidend ist insoweit, dass der Nacherfüllungsanspruch der modifizierte Erfüllungsanspruch ist. Die Lieferung einer mangelhaften Sache führt – mangels Bewirkens der im Kaufvertrag geschuldeten Leistung – nicht zur Erfüllung (§ 362 I BGB). Vielmehr verwandelt sich der ursprüngliche Lieferanspruch des Käufers in einen Nacherfüllungsanspruch nach §§ 437 Nr. 1, 439 BGB. An die Stelle des Anspruchs auf Übereignung der Kaufsache (§ 433 I 1 BGB) tritt das Wahlrecht zwischen Nachbesserung und Nachlieferung (§ 439 I BGB). Vor diesem dogmatischen Ansatz drängt es sich auf, dem dem Erfüllungsanspruch modifiziert entsprechenden Nacherfüllungsanspruch denselben Leistungsort zuzuweisen (OLG München, Urt. v. 20.06.2007 – 20 U 2204/07, OLGR 2007, 796).
Zwar können Verkehrssitte und Treu und Glauben im Einzelfall ein anderes Ergebnis fordern (OLG München, Urt. v. 20.06.2007 – 20 U 2204/07, OLGR 2007, 796). Vorliegend kommt unter diesen Gesichtspunkten ein solches jedoch nicht in Betracht. Insbesondere rechtfertigt die entgegen der vertraglichen Vereinbarung offensichtlich durch die Beklagte erfolgte Anlieferung des Anhängers noch keine Verschiebung des Leistungsorts für den Nacherfüllungsanspruch. Entsprechendes gilt für die von der Beklagten dokumentierte Bereitschaft, den Anhänger zur Nachbesserung am Wohnsitz der Kläger abzuholen. Die Parteien haben jedenfalls nicht dargelegt, dass der Grund dafür in einer Vereinbarung über die Verschiebung des Leistungsorts für den Nacherfüllungsanspruch liegt. Der Umstand ist deshalb der Kostentragungspflicht nach § 439 II BGB zuzuordnen, die für die Bestimmung des Leistungsorts ohne Bedeutung ist (OLG München, Urt. v. 20.06.2007 – 20 U 2204/07, OLGR 2007, 796).
Die Rechtsprechung des BGH steht der dargelegten Auffassung zum Leistungsort des Nacherfüllungsanspruchs im Kaufrecht nicht entgegen. Zwar hat der 10. Zivilsenat des BGH zum Werkvertrag entschieden, dass als Erfüllungsort der Gewährleistung nach altem wie nach neuem Recht der Ort anzusehen ist, an dem sich die Sache zum Zeitpunkt der Gewährleistung bestimmungsgemäß befindet (Urt. v. 08.01.2008 – X ZR 97/05, NJW-RR 2008, 724). Der für das Kaufvertragsrecht zuständige 8. Zivilsenat des BGH hat jedoch in einem Urteil vom 15.07.2008 (VIII ZR 211/07, NJW 2008, 2837) offengelassen, ob dies ohne Einschränkung auch für die Nacherfüllung beim Kauf beweglicher Sachen gilt.
Auch vermag der Senat insoweit nicht der Rechtsprechung des OLG Celle in einem Urteil vom 10.12.2009 – 11 U 32/09, MDR 2010, 372 – zu folgen. Danach ist Erfüllungsort der Nacherfüllung der Wohnsitz des Käufers, wenn bei dem Kauf eines Fahrzeugs für private Zwecke für die Durchführung der Nacherfüllung ein Ort im Vertrag nicht bestimmt und beiden Seiten bei Vertragsschluss klar war, dass das Fahrzeug bestimmungsgemäß beim Käufer sein wird. Zur Begründung hat sich das OLG Celle auf die nur auf das Werkvertragsrecht zugeschnittene Entscheidung dese 10. Zivilsenats des BGH vom 08.01.2008 bezogen, ohne jedoch auf die Bedenken des für das Kaufvertragsrecht zuständigen 8. Zivilsenats des BGH in dessen Urteil vom 15.07.2008 einzugehen …
Der Senat lässt die Revision zu, da die Rechtssache grundsätzliche Bedeutung hat (§ 543 II 1 Nr. 1 ZPO). Eine Entscheidung des 8. Zivilsenats des BGH zum Erfüllungsort für die Nacherfüllung bei einem Kaufvertrag über bewegliche Sachen ist bisher nicht ergangen.
Hinweis: Die gegen diese Entscheidung gerichtete Revision der Kläger hatte keinen Erfolg (BGH, Urt. v. 13.04.2011 – VIII ZR 220/10).
Probleme beim Autokauf?
Als spezialisierter Rechtsanwalt helfe ich Ihnen gerne weiter – ganz gleich, ob Sie Käufer oder Verkäufer sind. Interessiert? Nutzen Sie das Kontaktformular auf https://autokaufrecht.info/sofortberatung/ oder rufen Sie mich unverbindlich an
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Afdeling: Økonomiafdelingen SHS og Sundheds-
økonomi
Udarbejdet af:
Kasper B. Petersen og Esben Fuglsig
Journal nr.: 16/36708
E-mail:
email@example.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
Dato: 09. december 2016
Telefon: 5141 1384 /7663 1225
Oprettelse af Regional Høreklinik på Sygehus Sønderjylland
1. Baggrund
For at nedbringe ventetiden til høreapparatsbehandling har Region Syddanmark i forbindelse med forhandlingerne om budget 2017 vedtaget, at der skal oprettes en Regional Høreklinik på Sønderborg Sygehus. Den Regionale Høreklinik skal fungere som omvisiteringsfunktion og på sigt fungere som en garanti for, at borgere kan få udleveret et høreapparat på et af regionens sygehuse indenfor 3 måneder.
Med baggrund i beslutningen er Sygehus Sønderjylland (SHS) blevet bedt om at beskrive en konkret implementeringsplan samt de økonomiske konsekvenser af denne, med henblik på administrativ og efterfølgende politisk behandling primo 2017.
I indledende drøftelser mellem Region Syddanmark og SHS er målet med oprettelsen af den Regionale Høreklinik blevet præciseret således at sygehuset skal reservere et antal pladser på den Regionale Høreklinik til høreapparatsbehandling til de længst ventende patienter. For at sikre optimal udnyttelse af den Regionale Hørekliniks ressourcer skal det tilstræbes, at programmet altid er fyldt op. Såfremt der ikke kan sikre fuld booking vil SHS derfor få mulighed for at booke ledige tider til patienter fra egen venteliste.
Endvidere er der udtrykt forståelse for, at SHS grundet fysiske kapacitetsbegrænsninger i Sønderborg og rekrutteringsudfordringer, kan oprette en eller flere satellitter.
2. Udfordringer
Den primære udfordring ifht. at nedbringe ventetiden til 3 mdr. er den betydelige venteliste, som er genereret siden implementeringen af det regionale sparekatalog i B2015, og som aktuelt udgør ca. 5.400 ventende patienter på regionsniveau, fordelt jf. nedenstående tabel.
| | | OUH | | SLB | | SVS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antal patienter til alm. høreapparatsbehandling | 62 | | 55 | | 43 | |
| der i gns. kommer til klinikken om ugen (Syge- | | | | | | |
| husenes egne tal) | | 62 | | 55 | | 43 |
| Antal patienter der venter på alm. høreappa- ratsbehandling (Sygehusenes egne tal) | 1.800 | | 1.888 | | 200 | |
| Sygehusets egen produktion af høreapparater om ugen (Sygehusenes egne tal) | 38 | | 65 | | 71 | |
| Ventetid på venteinfo.dk (d. 5.10.2016) til alm. høreapparatsbehandling, angivet i uger | 121 | | 61 | | 21 | |
Note: I antal patienter til behandling om ugen forudsættes det, at der for alle sygehuses vedkommende indgår genhenvendelser.
Kilde: RSD, oktober 2016.
Der er naturligvis en stor usikkerhed mht. det reelle antal ventende patienter, idet de betydelige ventetider på over 2 år formentlig i praksis vil medføre, at en del af patienterne i mellemtiden vælger privat behandling, og derfor ikke længere er ventende, når de indkaldes til behandling.
Det ændrer dog ikke ved at antallet af ventende patienter pt. er meget højt set ifht. den samlede behandlingskapacitet og Sygehus Sønderjyllands muligheder for kapacitetsudvidelser.
Derudover knytter der sig usikkerhed til mobiliteten blandt patienterne, og dermed den reelle patienttilstrømning til den Regionale Høreklinik. Patienter uden for eget optageområde, som vil benytte den Regionale Høreklinik, selv skal betale deres transportomkostninger. Baseret på de aktuelle erfaringer omkring patientmobiliteten vil det fortsat have betydning for hvor mange af patienterne, der står på venteliste til høreapparatsbehandling på de øvrige høreklinikker i regionen, der vil gøre brug af tilbuddet. Baggrunden for denne vurdering er, at patienter der står på venteliste til høreapparatsbehandling på f.eks. OUH allerede i dag bliver orienteret om, at de andetsteds kan komme til hurtigere, men at hovedparten af patienterne fravælger dette, idet de selv skal betale deres transportomkostninger. Samtidig vurderestilgængelighed, nærhed og lokalforankring mv. ligeledes at have en negativ indvirkning på patientmobiliteten.
Der findes ingen registrering af patientønsker ifht. omvistering, så det er ikke på det foreliggende grundlag muligt præcist at vurdere patienternes mobilitet. Det skønnes dog umiddelbart at ca. halvdelen af de ventende patienter på OUH og SLB vil være interesserede i omvisitering, hvis ventetiden er markant lavere end den nuværende, mens det relativt lave antal ventende på SVS antages fortsat at ville afvente behandling lokalt.
Med den nuværende kapacitet vil sygehusene tilsammen nedbringe ventelisten med 4 patienter pr. uge, og det vil tage rigtig lang tid at afvikle ventelisten totalt, og Sygehus Sønderjyllands venteliste vil med uændret kapacitet og tilgang af patienter bare stige. Der må med andre ord forventes en væsentlig omstillingstid før målet om 3 mdr. ventetid kan realiseres - selv med betydelige udvidelser.
På baggrund af ovenstående tal vurderes kapacitetsbehovet vedr. ventende patienter uden for eget optageområde atvære ca. 1.850 patienter. Hertil kommer delvis afvikling af egen venteliste med ca. 800 patienter, svarende til at ventetiden reduceres til ca. 3 mdr. Det samlede kapacitetsbehov til afvikling af puklen udgør dermed skønsmæssigt ca. 2.650 patienter.
Efter afvikling af puklen forventes kapacitetsbehovet jf. ovenstående at være betydeligt reduceret, om end der grundet den demografiske udvikling må forventes et fortsat stigende behov for høreapparatbehandling, ligesom det må forventes, at en venteliste på ca. 3 mdr. på høreapparatbehandling alt andet lige vil tiltrække flere udenregionale patienter.
Muligheden for at udvide kapaciteten i SHS er i praksis betinget af to faktorer, nemlig fysisk kapacitet og rekrutteringsmuligheder.
Hvad førstnævnte angår, er fysikken i Sønderborg pt. udnyttet fuldt ud inden for almindelig dagtid, og en udvidelse i den eksisterende fysik kan således kun gennemføres ved at udvide åbningstiden betydeligt udover almindelig dagtid. Den løsningsmodel finder SHS uacceptabel, bl.a. grundet den negative indflydelse på arbejdsmiljøet såvel som de rekrutteringsmuligheder, der er afgørende for at kapaciteten reelt kan øges. Derudover kan en betydelig kapacitetsudvidelse økonomisk set heller ikke realiseres gennem overtid med den nuværende takststyringsmodel, hvor der alene marginalafregnes for meraktivitet.
Det er derfor en forudsætning for yderligere kapacitetsudvidelse, at der i lighed med tidligere år etableres satellitfunktioner uden for Sønderborg, som kan aflaste fysikken.
Satellitterne er samtidig afgørende for at der kan rekrutteres audiologiassistenter. På baggrund af tidligere erfaringer vurderes det fra sygehusets side, at der reelt ikke kan rekrutteres yderligere personale i Sønderborg-området, samt at mobiliteten på audiologiassistenterne ikke er tilstrækkelig til at kunne tiltrække dem fra det øvrige sønderjyske område eller øvrige dele af regionen. Satellitter i Tønder og Haderslev er således en forudsætning for at der kan rekrutteres yderligere audiologiassistenter.
I den sammenhæng er det dog også væsentligt at finde en fornuftig balance mellem ønsket om hurtig pukkelafvikling kontra nødvendigheden af nyansættelser, således SHS ikke ender med en meget stor overkapacitet efter relativt kort tid.
3. Konkret forslag til oprettelse af Regional Høreklinik
SHS antager:
- At de lokale høreklinikker på de enkelte sygehusenheder gøres ansvarlige for, at rette henvendelse til deres patienter, der står på venteliste til almindelig høreapparatsbehandling mhp. at tilbyde dem omvisitering til den Regionale Høreklinik.
- Præmissen for hvilke patienter der skal kontaktes med henblik på omvisitering er, at de har stået på venteliste til høreapparatsbehandling i mere end 12 måneder, sekundært nyhenviste patienter, der må påregne at skulle vente i over 12 måneder. Omvisiteringen er således i første omgang primært relevant for patienter fra OUH og SLB, idet ventetiden på SHS er 11 måneder, og 5 måneder på SVS.
- Udgangspunktet for behandlingen på den Regionale Høreklinik er, at det er de længst ventende patienter, der skal behandles først.
- Høreklinikkerne som omvisiterer patienter til den Regionale Høreklinik er selv ansvarlige for, at udarbejde en prioriteringsliste til brug for håndteringen af ledige tider i deres produktionsplan, som opstår pga. omvisiteringen.
- Omvisiteringen indebærer, at den enkelte høreklinik selv skal tage kontakt til patienten og tilbyde omvisitering til den Regionale Høreklinik. Ønsker patienten at tage imod omvisiteringen, skal klinikken videresende den oprindelige henvisning til den Regionale Høreklinik, der derefter sender et nyt indkaldelsesbrev til patienten.
- Til nyhenviste patienter på regionens sygehuse, kan der gøres opmærksom på muligheden for at benytte den Regionale Høreklinik ved, at indsætte oplysningerne om omvisiteriengen som en frase i selve indkaldelsesbrevet. Hvis patienten ønsker dette, kontakter vedkommende afdelingen, der har sendt indkaldesesbrevet, og beder om en omvisitering. Derefter vil patienten få et nyt indkaldelsesbrev fra den Regionale Høreklinik.
- At der skal udarbejdes nye visitationskriterier for omvisiteringen af patienterne. Det skal derudover fremgå af Regionens hjemmeside og informationsmaterialer i øvrigt, hvor mange besøg på klinikken behandlingen omfatter, samt at der er egenbetaling til- og fra behandlingen.
Med henblik på at nedbringe ventelisten for de i regionen længst ventende patienter vurderes det, at ansættelse af 0,46 servicemedarbejder, 4 audiologiassistenter, 3 teknikere/sekretærer og 0,5 læge på konsulentvilkår e.lign. er realistisk. De årlige lønudgifter vil være ca. 3,2 mio. kr. og personalet vil kunne håndtere ca. 40 patienter pr. uge i 42 produktionsuger.
Af hensyn til nærhedsprincippet foreslås der oprettet en primær satellit i Haderslev, suppleret med en mindre satellit i Tønder. SHS er bekendt med henvendelsen fra Haderslev Kommune til Region Syddanmark om at stille lokaler til rådighed, og er som udgangspunkt positive overfor at placere den primære satellit i det kommende sundhedshus. Ifølge SHS's oplysninger er sundhedshuset dog først færdigt ultimo 2017, og der vil derfor skulle findes en alternativ placering i overgangsfasen. SHS afdækker muligheden for midlertidig placering i løbet af den næste måned, herunder om nuværende lokaler til jordemoderkonsultation mv. kan anvendes. Som udgangspunkt antages det, at satellitten kun skal håndtere udleveringer og justeringer/kontroller. Hvis der også skal udføres undersøgelser kræver det opsætning af en høreboks, hvilket skønsmæssigt koster ca. 385.000 kr. for udstyret inkl. opsætning og instruktion og ca. 300.000 kr. til ombygning fra kontorlokale.
Satellitten i Tønder skal sikre at der frigøres kapacitet i Sønderborg til håndtering af de "nye" patienter på den Regionale Høreklinik, og samtidig vurderes det, at der er gode rekrutteringsmuligheder i området, og det er dermed realistisk at personale med rette kompetencer kan ansættes og funktion kan starte hurtigt. I Tønder placeres satellitten på sygehuset, bemandes med en audiologiassistent og en tekniker/sekretær, og skal ligesom satellitten i Haderslev håndtere udlevering og justering/kontrol.
Ud fra klinikledelsens rekognoscering af rekrutteringsmuligheder vurderes det ikke, at sygehuset kan ansætte en læge på fuldtid til høreapparatsopgaverne i Sønderborg. Det foreslås derfor, at det under lægelig supervision foretages opgaveglidning til audiologiassistenter samt foretages tilkøb af lægekonsulenttimer. Det forventes at ca. 50 % af førstegangsbesøgene, vedr. aldersbetinget høretab, med tiden på forsvarlig vis kan overgå til audiologiassistenterne. Derved sikres at eksisterende lægekapacitet i høreklinikken i Sønderborg samt tilkøbte lægekonsulenttimer kan udnyttes effektivt. Lægekapaciteten i Sønderborg vil således både undersøge patienter henvist til den Regionale Høreklinik og ØNHklinikken.
Patientforløbene vil som udgangspunkt følge gældende praksis, hvor patienten indledningsvist har tre besøg i klinikken til undersøgelse, udlevering og efterfølgende justering. Herefter ses patienterne som udgangspunkt en gang årligt til kontrol/justering, indtil der sker ny udlevering efter 4-6 år. I praksis forventes der dog et betydeligt frafald på de årlige kontroller, således at der kun beregnes på i alt 5 besøg pr. patient. Fagligt vurderer SHS det som mest hensigtsmæssigt for patienterne, at eventuelt behov for justering af høreapparat efter de første 3 besøg (ca. 6 måneder) foregår på de lokale sygehuse.
Rent behandlingsmæssigt kan skiftet godt håndteres forsvarligt, samtidig med at det sikrer det bedste behandlingsmæssige udbytte af høreapparatet, således at det ikke ender "hjemme i skuffen". SHS' erfaring er, at patienter der kommer til justering (også hvis høreapparatet er udleveret andet steds fra) kan tilkobles Pc'en hvorved en hørekurve kan udlæses. Det er muligt via høreapparaterne at lave en lille høreprøve og en sansetest, og man vil ud fra disse oplysninger i langt de fleste tilfælde være i stand til at justere høreapparatet, uden at lave høreprøven om. SHS vil i den forbindelse forelægge en sag for USIT vedr. sammenlægning af IT-systemet Auditbase, hvilket vil sikre adgang til alle patienters data samtidig med at de årlige driftsudgifter reduceres.
SHS anerkender dog at sigtet med den Regionale Høreklinik primært er at aflaste de øvrige klinikker kapacitetsmæssigt, og er derfor indstillet på at håndtere hele patientforløbet, såfremt patienterne på forhånd er gjort bekendt med konsekvenserne. Derudover skal der gøres opmærksom på, at det med tiden vil give kapacitetsmæssige udfordringer, i takt med at et stigende antal patienter vil efterspørge opfølgende besøg. Derved presses kapaciteten til nyhenviste patienter på ventelisterne.
Med det foreslåede setup er det umiddelbart forventningen, at ventelisten vil være afviklet efter ca. 1 år (marts/april 2018), afhængig af den faktiske mobilitet og tilstrømning af udenregionale patienter mv.
SHS vil herudover arbejde på at indføre "PRO tankegangen", dvs vha Apps, telemedicin etc, sigte efter at reducere fremmødefrekvensen løbende.
4. Forventede økonomiske konsekvenser
Ved gennemsnitlig 5 besøg pr. patient forventes meraktiviteten årligt ved 55 % afregning at være ca. 11,5 mio. kr. DRG-værdi, svarende til ca. 6 mio. kr. i afregningsværdi. Ved opstart af funktionen vil opgavesammensætningen dog være afvigende fra årsgennemsnittet, med relativt flere førstegangsundersøgelser og udleveringer og færre årskontroller.
Ved en opstart 1/3 2017 forventer SHS således en meraktivitet på 8,599 mio. DRG-værdi i 2017 ved fuld kapacitet i regionsfunktionen. Hertil kommer udgiften til udlevering af høreapparater.
Endelig kommer at SHS efter aftale med Region Syddanmark har fastansat en tidligere audiologiassistentelev som forberedelse til den forventede den Regionale Høreklinik. Dette medfører allerede i 2016 en meraktivitet på området, som SHS håndterer internt på sygehuset under det almindelige afregningsloft, samt en forventet merudlevering af høreapparater ifht. den nuværende udgiftsbaseline på ca. 1,1 mio. kr. (indarbejdet i 3. økonomi- og aktivitetsafregning). Denne ekstrakapacitet vil også være til rådighed og blive udnyttet frem mod den forventede beslutning i regionsrådet ultimo februar 2017, hvorved der reelt bliver 2 mdr. meraktivitet og ekstraudlevering til patienter på den nuværende SHSventeliste.
Da garantifunktionen omfatter aldersbetinget høretab forventer SHS som udgangspunkt, at der er behov for 2 høreapparater pr. patient. Det forventes at udgifterne pr. høreapparat i den Regionale Høreklinik tilnærmelsesvis vil være de samme som i den nuværende høreklinik, hvor aldersbetinget høretab skønsmæssigt udgør ca. 90% af aktiviteten. Med en gennemsnitlig udgift på 1.736 kr. forventes udgifterne i 2017 samlet set at beløbe sig til ca. 6,371 mio. kr. i 2016-PL inkl. overgangsordningen i januar/februar.
SHS foreslår således, at loftet for udgiftsrefusion fastsættes til 15,387 mio. kr. og loftet for meraktivitetsafregning fastsættes til 26,689 mio. kr. DRG-værdi i 2017
SHS er opmærksom på den relativt høje udleveringsfrekvens ifht. de øvrige sygehuse, og vil som følge heraf monitorere udleveringsfrekvensen fremadrettet.
Etableringen af satellitterne og den tilhørende opgaveglidning medfører herunder en række etableringsudgifter, herunder indkøb af ekstra inventar/mindre apparatur (ca. 200.000 kr.), behov for oplæring af audiologiassistenter (skønsmæssigt op til i alt 6 mdr. lønudgift uden tilhørende produktion, svarende til ca. 184.000 kr.) samt indkøb af et otomikroskop til begge satellitfunktioner (anslået ca. 350.000 kr. pr. stk.).
Udleveringen af høreapparater på den Regionale Høreklinik vil have karakter af en betydelig pukkelafvikling af patienter, der venter på høreapparatsbehandling. Den Regionale Høreklinik bør derfor evalueres i 4. kvartal 2017, for at vurdere om pukkelafviklingen på klinikken er tilendebragt, og at man fremadrettet skal tilstræbe et lavere udleveringsniveau. Der kan i den forbindelse aftales justerede lofter for meraktivitetsafregning og udgiftsrefusion med tilhørende aftaler om tilpasning over tid, af hensyn til driftsgrundlaget for klinikken og herunder ansættelsesvilkårene for personalet.
Med opstart pr. 1/3 2017 forventes de økonomiske konsekvenser for SHS at blive som vist i nedenstående tabel:
Økonomien for 2018 forventes aftalt i løbet af 2017, når patientmobilitet og ventelistestatus er kendt.
Den primære usikkerhed omkring økonomien knytter sig i praksis til rekrutteringen af speciallæge på konsulentvilkår samt den konkrete aktivitetssammensætning jf. visitationen. Uanset denne forventes det dog samlet set, at funktionen kan finansieres gennem den almindelige takststyringsmodel med 55% meraktivitetsafregning.
Grundet ønsket om igangsætning hurtigst muligt efter politisk godkendelse samt usikkerheden omkring besættelsen af stillingerne foreslås det, at SHS administrativt bemyndiges til at starte rekrutteringsprocessen snarest muligt.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train
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Enhanced Multimode DBN for Optimal Classification of Heterogeneous Cancer Images for HealthCare System
Neha Ahlawat 1 , D. Franklin Vinod 1
1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Delhi-NCR Campus, Delhi-Meerut Road, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainability aims to promote well-being and health for all individuals of all ages. Every day, thousands of images are produced in medical imaging facilities. Despite the increasing volume of data, the situation remains uncontrolled. Modern machine learning (ML) techniques allow for a new generation of image analysis using big data. Big data in healthcare has materialized and aided healthcare practitioners and scientists worldwide in detecting hidden patterns for future clinical decisionmaking [1]. The volume of Electronic Health Records (EHR) that has accumulated owing to high-end IT-based technology that has increased in the last century for the early identification of illnesses is the key challenge encountered in the real-world application arena. Because of computing requirements, old technological techniques could not discover hidden patterns [2]. In healthcare, big data has a generous requirement due to its different forms and the increased pace at which it must be processed to improve diagnostic interventions. In their evaluation process, contributors should take into account the discussed needs to develop a sustainable solution to deliver a predictive universal digital healthcare ecosystem.
forms inside the human body. Replacement of dead tissues with new cells is necessary for maintaining good health. From time to time, issues may arise during this process. Because of this, new cells thrive when we might not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. Eventually, a mass of these extra cells can form a tumour. Among female malignant tumours, breast cancer (BC) has been studied the most frequently. It is a malignancy that begins in the breast and progresses when normal breast cells begin multiplying at an abnormal and uncontrollable rate. One out of every three women diagnosed with this form of cancer will ultimately succumb to it [5].
The current annual rate of new cancer diagnoses is 1.8 million, and it is not uncommon for cancer to be discovered in more than one organ at a time. Tumours are abnormal growths of potentially malignant tissue that can exhibit themselves in any body organ [3], [4]. Malignant growths, or tumours, can manifest in various
The development of breast cancer (BC) can start in a variety of breast tissues. The majority of BC diseases (ductal malignancies) begin in the ducts that transport milk to the areola or areola, while others begin in the milk-producing glands themselves (lobular cancers). It is crucial to understand that the vast majority of breast abnormalities are benign tumours and not cancerous. Non-cancerous tumors are rare, but they are usually not life-threatening because they do not spread externally [4]. However, malignant breast tumours are extremely dangerous because they invade neighbouring tissues and harm them. Multiple vital organs can be affected by metastatic cancer when cells of a harmful tumour spread to them. It spreads through the body's circulatory and lymphatic systems and initiates a secondary tumour formation [6]. Examination methods currently used for detecting BC include MRI, mammography (x-rays),
Sonography, and other Medical (pathological) tests [7]. For patients who have undergone other tests, like mammograms, but still have concerns about the accuracy of the diagnosis, histopathology images are widely regarded as the gold standard. Cancer and its effect on surrounding tissues can be studied more thoroughly and accurately using histopathology.
In addition to breast cancer, brain tumours are among the worst cancers. Brain tumour patients frequently experience a variety of symptoms, including seizures, confusion, odd behaviour, and memory loss. The complex anatomy of the brain makes it difficult to locate a tumour with any degree of accuracy. Cancer and brain tumours both involve the abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells. Any abnormal cell growth inside the human skull has the potential to disrupt crucial organ function and spread throughout the body. Primary tumours (originating in the brain) are usually benign, while secondary tumours (those that spread from other parts of the body) are malignant. A glioma is a common malignant tumour that, if it has progressed to the final stage, can cut life expectancy drastically. This disease rapidly progresses from patient to patient by embedding itself in various brain structures [8].
In the field of medical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has assumed a pivotal role due to its increased spatial resolution and wealth of data useful for the detection and assessment of brain tumors. Computerized imaging technology is employed to spot brain disorders with pinpoint precision. Bone cancer also is a rare form of cancer that develops when cells in the bone begin to grow uncontrollably. The human skeletal system encompasses many hard tissues, including bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The human skeleton accounts for about 20% of the total body mass. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. Children's skeletons are more complex than those of adults because some bones, including those of the skull, fuse as the child develops. Differentials exist between male and female skeletons as well. The average male skeleton is significantly longer and more robust in bone mass than the average female skeleton.
On the other hand, the female skeleton features a more spacious pelvis, which is ideal for carrying a baby and giving birth. There are five main types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and structural. Different kinds of bone develop in different places and carry out various tasks. It is common for bones to contain both compact and cancellous tissue. The chemical makeup of bones demonstrates this. Bone comprises collagen fibres, an inorganic mineral, and tiny crystals. Depending on the type of bone, water can make up anywhere from 10 to 20
percent of a living organism's skeleton. The mineral bone accounts for roughly 60–70% of its dry weight [9], [10].
Along with ailments and diseases that resemble them, bone tumours appear in various shapes and sizes. Even though these conditions are not bone tumours, they typically require the same treatment. While the cancerous bone fragment is removed, the associated muscles, nerves, tendons, and blood arteries are kept as much as possible. The surgeon will remove the tumour and a portion of the surrounding healthy tissue. Since its discoveries can be used to prevent health issues, medical image processing is an important field of study. It is a reliable method for tumour detection that is also faster and more accurate. Medical imaging is changing quickly due to improvements in image processing methods. Our research work contributes to Big Data and Deep Learning (DL). In an environment of big data, CRBM-based DBN can more concisely distinguish tumour mammograms from healthy ones.
A brief introduction to cancer image classification is presented in the first section of the paper. A theoretical background is presented in section 2 of the paper. In section 3, we discuss the proposed system in detail, and in section 4, we discuss the results and discussions. Section 5 presents the conclusion.
2. RELATED WORK
This section included three subsections that reflect the relevant work for the Brain, Breast and Bone separately. Each of these subsections will detail the process of the papers, which will be stated below.
2.1 Survey on Breast Tumour
The author proposed two different SVM (Support Vector Machine) models, the C-SVM and the V-SVM, [9] for detecting breast cancer using SVM. Hybridization is performed using the WAUCE method, which calculates the weighted area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. The model in question performed more favourably compared to other studies that only employed a single SVM structure. The high time and financial investment needed to complete this study is a major drawback. This strategy is very excessive. Grading of the tumour [11] has occasionally been linked to the occurrence, advancement, and invasive carcinoma (such as breast DCIS). These links, however, are heavily influenced by the heterogeneity of tumours and mixed grading (i.e., multiple gradings). Approximately 50% of cases appear to exhibit mixed grading, which presents considerable challenges for investigators.
In a recent paper, researchers proposed a hybrid method of SVM and two-step clustering to diagnose breast cancer (HBSVM-C) [12]. They used a hybrid strategy to improve
the prediction system's ability to diagnose breast cancer. Using the WBC dataset as a test subject, the suggested system's estimated precision was 99.1%, respectively.
[13] Mammograms can be classified according to their CAD-based properties. Features are selected, and dimensions are reduced using genetic algorithms, while classification is performed using support vector machines.
A dual purpose was proposed by [14]. The primary goal is to investigate the various learning models for describing histopathology images of bosom malignant development. This review identifies the most precise models for the two, fourth, and eighth orders of the histopathological image information bases for bosom disease. Based on the supplied data, DL models achieved higher accuracy scores when pre-handling, transfer learning and augmented information approaches were considered. The final synthesis can also be inspired by the latest models that have been scrutinized little or no in previous research. The most current ImageNet informative index findings have been connected to DualPath Net, ResNeXt SENet, and NASNet models. A twooverlap and an eight-overlap model was examined.
2.2 Survey on Brain Tumour:
The author [15] suggested an algorithm for identifying and separating tumours. After the MRI image has undergone standard preprocessing measures like brightness, threshold, and Filtering, it is sent to the skull masking stage, where the region of interest (ROI) is determined. As well as splitting the shaved skull in half down the middle, morphological procedures are performed. In terms of classification, SVM classifiers come in last.
A technique for detecting and labelling tumours of the brain in MRI scans was first presented by [16]. The author paid special attention to noise cancellation methods, GLCM feature extraction, and wavelet DWT coefficient extraction. PNNs (probabilistic neural networks) were used for classification. This method can distinguish between healthy and diseased tissues with near-perfect precision.
It has been shown that using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to extract features, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce features, and ANN and KNN to classify images, the author [17] has been able to classify 80 images of brain tumours into normal and abnormal with 97% accuracy and 98% accuracy, respectively.
It was proposed by [18] that CNN be used to classify pathological images of gliomas into grades II, III, and IV. In both cases, they were successful 71% of the time and 96% of the time. In this research [19], neural networks were used to transfer perceptual information from MRI images to predict the arrangement of cortical tumours.
With a focus on Res.Net, Xception, and Mobil-Net-V2, the deployed study examines different CNN architectures. DL simulations are constructed, supported, and examined in three sections in this study. It contains 80% of the sample and was modified to fit the simulation. The surplus is distributed appropriately to certify and test the construction. The findings from this framework were the most effective, with evaluations of 98.25% precision and 98.43% F1-score, respectively.
2.3 Survey on Bone Tumour:
The author [20] proposed a research study that specifies a bone cancer recognition and classification approach utilizing fuzzy clustering and classifier. Researchers use fuzzy C-mean clustering to detect bone cancer. MRI pictures of the bone were used to evaluate the proposed method's precision. ANFIS was used to distinguish benign from malignant bone cancers.
From MR images, GLCM was extracted to train and test the ANFIS network. Bone pictures that were taken to be divided into training and test images underwent an accurate cross-validation. The classification result's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were assessed using three output matrices- accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
By employing a region-growing algorithm, [21] suggested a unique method for determining the tumour size with the point of bone cancer. A region-growing procedure was used to segment the study area. Tumor size is computed based on pixels in the retrieved tumour portion. Pixel values are used to determine the cancer stage. Choosing the right seed point is challenging because it relies on the image.
Feature extraction is essential in many applications, including image processing, data mining, and computer vision [22]. According to [23], bone malignancies can be diagnosed using a textural characteristic called the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Two trials were conducted, one with hog feature sets and another without using two ML models. Based on hog feature sets, SVM models achieved an accuracy of 92.5%. To extract features, however, a CNN appears preferable [24]. The development of a DNN model to differentiate between healthy and damaged bones was emphasized by the authors of [25]. The dataset was expanded, and overfitting was avoided by using data augmentation techniques. Five-fold cross-validation demonstrated 92.4% accuracy for the DNN model using Softmax and Adam. This study identifies whether patients with prostate cancer metastases by categorizing their bone scintigraphy images [26]. The three classifications used by the suggested technique are malignant, healthy, and degenerative.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
MRI, CT, and X-ray clinical data will be used to develop a model that predicts malignancy in brain, breast, and bone tumours. There are two components to this challenge.
1. Preprocessing: This stage ensures the cancer dataset is well prepared for classification. This stage ensures the dataset's quality in noise and duplicate removal, outlier detection and processing, and encoding for a numerical representation of categorical and nominal variables. The output of this stage is a ready dataset for further analyses and model pre-training.
2. Pre-training and Fine-tuning the Model: This step involves stacking Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) to form a deep net and training. DBN is a generativegraph multi-layered model. The process in which the model is used to predict either in a supervised or unsupervised manner is known as pre-training. RBMs are trained for each deep hidden layer. As a first step in training DBN, layers are trained sequentially, starting from the bottom visible layer (observed) features.
Apache Framework: Apache Spark is a large datafocused distributed computing platform that has evolved into one of the most powerful frameworks. One of the most widely used frameworks is Apache Spark, which effectively conserves enormous amounts of data and processes it over several systems in conjunction with other disseminated computing technologies. Kafka, HDFS, and Flume are all sources of data that Spark streaming can consume. GraphX, Spark SQL, and Spark MLlib are some of the other components of Apache Spark: the Spark core and high-level libraries. Adapting the hybrid architecture, Apache Spark is a powerful platform for big data processing. In a hybrid architecture, batch processing and stream processing are supported. Hadoop's MapReduce engine shares many of Spark's guiding principles, but Spark is more performant.
Fig.1 depicts the Apache Spark architecture, which includes a driver program that aids in carrying out the system's primary task and creating Spark Context objects. Spark Context ties in with many kinds of cluster managers to run on a cluster. It locates the executor on the cluster nodes, moves our system code to the executor, and then delivers it to the job for execution using Spark Context. The cluster manager's job is to distribute the resource across the systems. The Standalone scheduler, Hadoop YARN, and Apache Mesos are just a few examples of the several kinds of available cluster administrators. The cluster's location is supported by the worker node or secondary node [27].
Our approach creates an end-to-end deep learning pipeline built on the Spark platform using the Python packages Tensorflow, PySpark, and Elephas. The Apache Spark's potential may be increased using the Python API in Spark, which is made possible via PySpark.
DBN Architecture: A DBN consists of many layers of hidden cells. Alternatively, it can be viewed as a graphical model consisting of many Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs). As long as there is a concealment layer of RBM, that layer will always be considered the visible layer of subsequent RBM. 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , … … , 𝑣𝑝) is the visible parameter, while h = (ℎ1 , … … , ℎ𝑞) is the hidden parameter. To show twofold information, the existing RBM [Fig.2] uses two irregular factors (v, h) ∈ {0,1} p +q as the irregular factors. In equation (1), EBM's Energy function is derived:
Deep neural networks frequently encounter the problem of disappearing and increasing gradients (exploding). Due to the deep nature of the networks, weights are modified over a long period. Gradients can either vanish
ISSN-Online: 2676-7104
or explode due to weights spreading with time. It is primarily concerned with establishing a guideline to avoid gradient bursts. Clipped ReLU [28] layers adhere to the clipping boundary, and data is worth more than it is assigned to the clipping value. It reduces the problem of gradient bursting by using the Clipping approach when training RBM hidden layers.
However, time-consuming training remains a problem that cannot be ignored. Using Spark, we propose a parallel comparison divergence algorithm. As a result, it trains the CRBM with the nCD [29] model so that the training speed can be improved. The method outperforms traditional sequential algorithms in the experiments. MRI, CT, and X-ray image classification are performed using CRBM-trained layers. Compared with traditional algorithms, it shows improved precision and speed of training. Parallel iteration has been adopted into the CRBM training process. This algorithm considers normalizing parameter unknowns. As a result, the likelihood function has two subfunctions. Two parameters are involved in the model distribution: the normalizing parameter and the model distribution parameter. It is possible to determine the parameter that needs to be evaluated in a highly efficient way when the normalizing parameter and the model distribution parameter are combined. It is not a complex process to train. The algorithm is capable of improving RBM [30] when training data is available.
A diagram illustrating the proposed methodology is shown in Fig 3. All three datasets are first preprocessed and fine-tuned with an optimized parallel CRBM algorithm, which trains the layer and then fine-tunes the e-MDBN model and classifies the image into Brain, Breast and Bone cancer.
The proposed e-MDBN (enhanced Multimode Deep Belief Network) model uses weight initialization to produce classification results for Brain, Breast, and Bone cancer images. The e-MDBN was first constructed as three-layer DBNs, one for each modality (Brain, Breast, Bone). There are separate RBM structures for the brain, breasts, and bones. An explanation of the features of RBM can be found in probability distribution functions and energy functions. In Eqn. (2) homogeneous cancer images are defined as having a probability distribution.
where, 𝑛= 𝑆𝑜, 𝑃( 𝑆 𝑤 𝑆 𝑤+1 / ) indicates the conditionbased distribution of improved optimized CRBM and 𝑃( 𝑆 𝑤−1 𝑆 𝑤 / ) denotes the alternate top phase of the trained layer.
The algorithm for the proposed e-MDBN:
Step 1: Initialization of a DBN with n layers of CRBM.
Step 2: Biased vector and weight vector are included in layer-based unsupervised learning. The first CRBM is given the original input along with preset parameters. Additionally, the second CRBM's input stage receives the first CRBM's output before moving on to the final CRBM. In the end, e-MDBN is created.
Step 3: The network adjusting procedure using finetuning.
Step 4: A classifier is added to the e-MDBN at this point. The layout is derived from backpropagation, and the weight matrix of the network is revised.
Step 5: Make use of the Softmax Classifier. The Softmax classifier's input stage receives the output of e-MDBN at the conclusion.
4. RESULT AND EXPERIMENT
A description of the experimental setup, a description of the dataset, an analysis of the results, and a description of the time complexity of the experiment are presented in this section.
4.1 Datasets: The dataset includes many CT, MRI and Xray pictures of normal, Brain, Breast and Bone cancer patients. We used the breast cancer Wisconsin (original) dataset to predict breast cancer. The dataset includes 699 instances and 11 attributes, along with the class label. Eight benchmark datasets were used to assess the effectiveness of brain cancer treatments, including BRATS 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and ISLES 2016 and 2017. This study utilizes X-ray images from the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (IIEST), to diagnose bone cancer.
4.2 Image preprocessing: As part of the preprocessing, images were enhanced, transformed, cropped randomly, resized, rescaled, flipped, and rotated to increase detection accuracy. It is used to improve the image's contrast prior to further processing. It improves the robustness and accuracy of the image. A grayscale, thresholding, and median filter are used as preprocessing stages. The use of grayscale reduces the noise in RGB images. As a result, the grayscale image will be more intense in terms of light. It is used to sharpen images that are too dark or too bright by flattening the light intensity. Gaussian filters are used during the preprocessing process to remove noise and unwanted signals from the
ISSN-Online: 2676-7104
input image prior to enhancement. It improves image quality by reducing image contrast and blurring image edges. The Gaussian filter reveals hidden properties. The provided image is subsequently subjected to thresholding.
The simplest way of image segmentation is thresholding. The segmentation process is demanding because of the variety and difficulty of images. It divides an image into many sections or parts. Thresholding replaces each pixel in an input image with a black or white pixel to make it easier to analyze the data for disease classification. The process is carried out on a picture using the Region of Interest (ROI). Using the Region of Interest (ROI) method, disease sizes can be evaluated based on imagery boundaries. It filters out unnecessary pixels and focuses on a specific picture area to classify the condition.
4.3 Performance metrics:
A performance metric is the Mean Squared Error (MSE), which is used to rate the efficiency of the proposed method. [31]. Eqn. (3, 4, 5 and 6) determines the performance metrics as follows:
Accuracy (A): Correctly predicted events as a percentage of total events. The mathematical explanation is presented in Eqn. (3)
A positive event confirms the prediction of the system, where 𝑇𝑃 represents the true positive value. 𝑇𝑁 represent the true negative value. The system correctly predicts these negative events. FP represents false positives. The system predicts negative events as positive events. 𝐹𝑁 represents the false negative value. The system predicts negative outcomes for these positive events.
Precision (P): An accurate prediction occurs by Eqn. (4).
Recall (R): All positive events divided by correctly predicted events as mentioned in Eqn. (5).
Mean Squared Error (MSE): In Eqns. (6) average square values are calculated as the difference between predictions and observations.
An observation is indicated by 𝐷, a predicted result is indicated by 𝑦𝑘 , and an observation is indicated by 𝑦𝑗 .
4.4 Performance Comparison
DT, K-Nearest Neighbours, SVM, Traditional Neural Networks, and Linear Discriminant Analysis were compared with this method [32]. The result representations are shown below:
Fig. 4 shows how the proposed method compares with existing classifiers. It performs better than other existing classifiers (97.5%). Aside from KNN, SVM, DT, TNN, and LDA, other existing classifiers provide similar accuracy values, including 93%, 92%, 96%, and 96%.
Based on the performance of various existing classifiers, Figure 5 illustrates the precision of the proposed method. The e-MDBN can achieve a precision of 96.5%, while precisions of 93%, 93.5%, 94.5%, 94%, and 95% are achieved by KNN, SVM, DT, TNN and LDA, respectively. It is more precise than other approaches.
The proposed method is illustrated in Fig. 6 with a recall analysis. An accuracy rate of 97.5% was obtained using the proposed method. The KNN, SVM, and DT recall performance is very low. There is a higher recall rate with this approach than with others.
Figure 7 compares the e-MDBN with other classifiers based on their MSE. There is a reduction in MSE (11.5%) using the proposed method.
The simulation analysis indicates that the proposed eMDBN is more accurate, precise, and recallable and has a smaller MSE than the existing approaches. The proposed e-MDBN system has a lower time complexity from the analysis and a faster performance speed. It proved that the proposed e-MDBN system improved brain, breast, and bone cancer classification.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cancer classification model using e-MDBN. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness. However, time-consuming training remains a problem that cannot be ignored. This study offers a parallel comparison divergence technique that utilizes Spark. It utilizes it to train the parallel CRBM model to increase the training pace to overcome this problem. It also employs optimized parallel CRBM with nCD based on Spark. The simulation results indicate that the approach is quicker than a conventional sequential algorithm. For technology solutions to be sustainable, data capture, storage, and analytics need to be efficient and effective. New feature section techniques are used with this number of classifiers in the future.
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<urn:uuid:2ef2b6dc-9524-4e58-bc34-baf549cdc4e7>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 35,227
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